(Endocrine System)
1
(Endocrine System)
2
• แแแแแแแแ2 แแแแแแแแแ • 1. แแแแแแแแแ(exocrine gland) แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ • 2. แแแแแแแแแแ(endocrine gland) แแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ extracellular fluid แแแแแแแแแแแแแแ 3
(endocrine gland)
(target organ)
4
hormone
5
(endocrine cell)
chemical control chemical messenger molecular messenger
(Hypophysis, Pituitary gland), (Thyroid gland), (Parathyroid gland), (Adrenal gland), (Pineal gland, Epiphysis)
Islets of Langerhans, (Ovary) (Testes), (Placenta), (Kidney)
9
Hormones
Neurotransmitters
Local signalling molecules
Pheromones
(exocrine glands)
10
(hormone) • •
11
,
ADH growth hormone
Estrogen, Oxytocin
Melatonin
12
1. 2.
3.
4.
13
(
)
5. 6. 7.
8.
(synergistic effect) (antagonism effect) 14
2
(Steroid hormone)
(NonSteroid hormone)
15
(Steroid hormone) ►
mesoderm ►
Cyclopentanohydrophenantrene ring ► ►
estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol 16
(NonSteroid hormone) 4
1. hormone
(protein peptides hormone)
– – (receptor) 2 (cAMP) –
phospholylation (target cell) (pituitary gland) (hypothalamus)
17
2.
(glycoprotein hormone) • FSH, LH, TSH
2.
(amino acid derivative) • (epinephrine), (norepinephrine)
2.
(fatty acid derivative) prostaglandin 18
• (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) • •
19
20
• (RER) • • (golgi apparatus) secretory granules • prohormone prehormone 21
1. (Polypeptide hormone) 2. (Steroid hormone) 3. (Amine hormone) 4. (Fatty acid hormone)
4
• catecholamine exocytosis granules •
secretory
secretory granules • catecholamine 23
►
(Neural)
►
(Hormonal)
►
(Humoral)
25
(feedback
control)
2 1. feedback control) 2. feedback control)
(Positive (Negative
Feedback Control
27
negative feedback
homeostasis
PTH
(antagonistic)
Calcitonin
2
• 2 – –
30
• • •
transcription translation
32
•
• (c-AM P)
First messenger
Receptor G-Protein secondary messenger Inactive proteinkinase A
Active proteinkinase A
Phospholylation of cell 34
• • (glucoronide) (sulphate) • • 35
(stalk) releasing hormone hypothalamo-pituitary portal system pituitary stalk
►
-
releasing hormone
►
ADH
2 oxytocin
(anterior pituitary)
6 • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) • Lutenizing hormone (LH) • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) • Growth hormone (GH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) ► ►
(ovaries) (testes)
►
FSH (ovarian follicle) ► FSH tubule
seminiferous
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Ovary Estrogen Progesterone
Lutenizing hormone (LH) ► ► LH
grafian follicles
►LH
(corpus
luteum) ►
leydig cell
LH testosterone
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) ► ►
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ► ►
cortex) aldosterone
(adrenal cortisol
Growth hormone (GH) Somatotrophin (STH) ► ► ► GH
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHI H) Somatostatin delta cell
Prolactin ► ►
GH ► ►
(dopamine)
(posterior pituitary) Oxytocin Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) vasopressin
Oxytocin ► ►
-
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) vasopressin ► ► ► ►
ADH (dehydration)
(thyroid gland) (thyroxin) แแแแtetraiodothyronine (T4 ) แแแtriiodothyronine (T3) ► Calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin) ►
(thyroxin) ► ►
oxidation mitochondria ► GH ► ►
Kreb’s cycle
metamorphosis
metamorphosis
Calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin) ► ►
parafollicular cell (C-cell) ►
( )
►
calcitonin (PO4-)
(parathyroid gland) ►
Ca2+
►
negative feedback Ca2+ PTH
(pancrease) ►
islets of langerhans - alpha cells - beta cells (I nsulin) - delta cells (somatostatin)
(glucagon)
Insulin ►
(β - cell) I slet of Langerhans
► ► ►
(adipose tissue) ►
Glucagon (α -cell)
► ► α -cell ► ► ►
(gluconeogenesis)
Somatostatin ►
growth inhibiting hormone
►
GH
► ►
hyperglycemia meletis)
delta cells (diabetes
(adrenal glands) ►
2
(adrenal cortex) (adrenal medulla)
(adrenal cortex) ►
mesoderm ACTH
1.
3
zona glomerulosa mineralocorticoid
(aldosterone) Na+ aldosterone Na+
zona fasciculata
2.
(cortisol)
zona reticularis
2.
(Testosterone)
(Estrogen)
(adrenal medulla) ►
(sympathetic) ► ►
cathecholamine Epinephrine (adrenaline) ~ 80 % Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
(Adrenalin hormone) ► ► ► ►
(Epinephrine hormone)
(Noradrenalin hormone) ►
(Norepinephrin hormone)
► ►
Adrenal or Suprarenal Gland (แแแแแแแแ แแ) ► แแ2 แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแ ► แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแ(adrenal cortex) แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ (adrenal medulla)
(pineal gland) ►
cerebrum
►
neuroendocrine gland parasympathetic sympathetic ► M elatonin
Pineal gland
Pineal Gland (แแแแแแแแแแแ)
• แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแdiencephalon แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแcerebrum แแแแแแแแแแแแแแ • แแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแ แแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแmelatonin แแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแcircardian rhythm (24hour body clock) แแแonset of puberty
Melatonin ► ►
melanocyte stimulating hormone
► ► ►
gonadotropin melatonin (clock of life)
(Gonad) ►
2 (Testes)
(ovary)
(Testes) ► ►
LH
interstitial cell (seminiferous tubule) (androgen) (Testosterone)
► Testosterone ►
sperm
(Testes)
►
LH (androgen)
(Ovary)
Estrogens ►
follicles graafian follicles granulose cells theca cells estrogens -estradiol, estriol estrone ► -estradiol estrogens ► ►
► estrogens
(heat)
Progesterone ►
(corpus luteum) (endometrium) ►corpus luteum
PGF2α
►Relaxin
►PGF2α granular cell luteum (luteolysis)
follicle corpus
2
FSH
LH
2
(menstruation) FSH
LH
(Uterus) ►
prostaglandins accessory gland prostate
►
gland ►
corpus luteum (luteolysis)
(placental hormone) ►
Pregnant M are Serum Gonadotropin (PM SG) Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
Pregnant M are Serum Gonadotropin (PM SG) ►
placental gonadotropin
►
40-85
►
follicles
FSH
►
1
1
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) ►
syncytiotro blastic primate
cells ► ► ►
8 LH
(placenta)
man Chorionic Gonadotrophin :HCG)
(Thymus gland) ►
2 (
)
► ►
(Thymosin)
►
(T-lymphocyte)
(T-cell)
► ►
(Gastrin) (Secretin)
►
(Cholecystokinin;CCK) (pancreozymin) ► (Enterogastron)
(Gastrin) ► ►
parietal cell chief cell
►
pepsinogen
(Secretin) ► ► ►
CCK
(Cholecystokinin;CCK) ► ► ►
(Enterogastron) ► ► ► ►
Endocrine Disorders ► แแแแแแแแ2 แแแแแแแแแแแ
Excessive production of hormone (แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ) Defficient production of hormone (แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ)
Acromegaly:
growth hormone adult ( epiphyseal plate )
► Dwarfism or Short
stature
แแแแแแแแแแGH แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแ(normal intelligence) แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ (Normal body proportion) แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแpuberty แแแแแแแแแแแ
► Cretinism (แแแแแแแแ):
แแแthyroid hormone (hypothyroidism) แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแ Signs&Symptoms ►แแแแแแแ ►แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ
แแแpuberty แแแ ►แแแแแแแแ ►Neurological impairment ►แแแแแแแ ►แแแแแ
► Goiter:
Thyroid gland แแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแhyper or hypothyroid แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ
► Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s
disease)
แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแ
► Cushing’s syndrome:
Glucocorticoid แแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ(adipose tissue) แแแแแแแแแแ(Moon face), แแ(Buffalo hump) แแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแ
แแแแแแ
111
(Parathyroid hormone) 4 (parathormone, PTH)
2
Parathyroid Gland ► 2 แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ
thyroid gland ► แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ
(Feedback M echanism of the Hormones) ►แแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ
แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแfeedback mechanism ►แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแ positive feedback ►แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ negative feedback ►แแแแแแแfeedback แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ(direct and indirect feedback)
(Feedback M echanism of the Hormones) ►Direct
feedback แแแแแแแแแแแแแsteroids แแแแแแแแแ แแ feedback แแแแแแแแแ hypothalamus ►Indirect feedback แแแแแแแแแแthyroxin แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ thyroid แแ feedback แแแแแแแแแแ hypothalamus
??????????????????????????????????
?????????? Lateral hypothalamus (LH) orexin system ??????????????????????????????? (??????????? ?????????? ???? ????????????????) ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? (HR: Heart rate, BP: Blood pressure) ?????????: Rodgers R.J. 2002 ??? Darren S ??? J.C.Jerman. 2002
(Insect Hormones) แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ3 แแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ(brain hormone, BH) แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ ecdysone แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ molting hormone (MH) แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแjuvenile hormone (J H) แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ pheromones
(Brain hormone, BH) Neurosecretory cells แแแแแแแแแแแแแแ neurohormone แแแแแแแแแแแpolypeptide แแแแแแ prothoracotropic hormone แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแaxon แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแhaemolymph แแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ(แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ) แแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแprothoracic gland แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ molting hormone (MH) แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแecdysone
(Ecdysone or molting hormone, MH) MH แแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแprothoracic
gland แแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ (metamorphosis) แแแMH แแแแแแแแแแแแ (gene) แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแDNA, RNA แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ
(Juvenile homone, JH) แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแcorpus allatum แแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ(larva) แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแJ H แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแJ H แแแแแแแ แแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ(pupa) แแแแแแแแแแแJ H แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ
(Juvenile homone, JH) แแแแแ แแแแแแ MH แแแ prothoracic gland แแแ J H แแแ corpus allatum แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแ J H แแแ แแแแแ MH แแแแแแ แแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแ แแแแแ J H แแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแ J H แแแแแ MH แแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ
(Pheromone) Pheromone แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ species แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแ pheromones แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ (exocrine glands) แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ) pheromone แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ (male’s antennae) แแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ(behavior) แแแแแแแแแแแแแแ
(Nerve impulses) Releaser effect Primer
Releaser
Primer effect
แแแแแ
แแแแแแแ
แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ
แแแแแแแแแแแ (Pineal gland)
แแแแแแแแแ (Melatonin)
แแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแ (Annual reproductive cycle)
แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ (Posterior pituitary gland)
แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแ
แแแแแแแแแแ แแ แแแแแแแแแแ (Parturition) แแแแแแแแ แแ แแแแแแแแแ
แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ (Anterior pituitary gland)
แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ (LH)
แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ (Corpus luteum) แแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแ
แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแ (FSH)
แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแ (Ovulation) (แแแแแแแ LH แแแแแแแแแแแแ) แแแแแแแแแแแแแ (Spermatogenesis)
แแแแแแแแแ (Prolactin)
แแแแแแแแแแ แแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ (Parental behavior) แแแแ
แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแ (ACTH)
แแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ (Adrenal gland) แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ
แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ (Intermediate แแแแแแแ (MSH) pituitary gland)
แแแแแแแแแแแแ (Color change)
แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ
แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแ แแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแ
แแแแแแแแแแแ
???????????????????????????????????????????????
แแแแแแ แแแแแ F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
แแแแแแแแแแ
แแแแแแแ
แแแแแแแแแแ (Oleic acid), แแแแแแแแแแแแแ (Carproic acid), แแแแแแแแแแแแแแ (Trimethylamine), แแแ 5-แแแแแแแแแแแแแแ (5aminovaleric acid), แแแแแแแ-แแแแแแแแ(nbutyric acid), แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ(αmethylbutyric acid) แแแแแแแแแแ (Oleic acid), แแแแแแแแแแแแแ (Palmitic acid), แแแแแแแแแแแแแ(Carproic acid), แแแแแ-แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ (Phydroxyphenylacetic acid) แแแแแแแแแแ (Oleic acid), แแแแแแแแแแแแ (Azelaic acid), แแแแแแแแแแ (Pimelic acid), แแแแแแแแแแแแแ (Palmitic acid)
แแแแแแ
แแแ-5-แแแแแแแแแแแแแแ 3-แแแแแ-แแแ (3-βcholestan acid 3β-ol), แแแแแแแแแแ (Oleic acid), แแแแแแแแแแ (Pimelic acid), แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ(n-butyric acid) แแแแแแแแแแแแแ (Palmitic acid), แแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแ (Isobutyric acid), แแแ 5-แแแแแแแแแแแแแแ (5-aminovaleric acid), แแแแแแแ-แแแแแแแแ(nbutyric acid), แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ(αmethylbutyric acid), แแแแแแแแแแแแแแ
แแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ (Sexual facial marking) แแแแแแแแแแแ แแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ (Facial marking) แแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ (Scratching) แแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ (Allomarking) แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแ (Territorial แแแแIrritative aggression แแแแแแแ
(Facial rubbing) Ethogram
F1, F2, F3, F4 F5 F4
??????????????????????????????????? 1. Labial glands. 2. Auricular glands. 3. Perianal glands. 4. Vulva ???? Preputial glands. 5. Interdigitous glands.