137.5 Infographic Magazine - Issue #2 by 137.5

dear beholder,

liebe(r) betrachter(in),

what you’re holding in your hands is the result of an idea, which has become a passion. A magazine that visualizes complex correlations or simple ideas nearly without text.

was du gerade in deinen Händen hältst, ist das Ergebnis einer Idee, die zu einer Leidenschaft wurde. Ein Magazin, welches nahezu ohne Text komplexe Zusammenhänge oder einfache Ideen verbildlicht.

Four times a year we’d like to offer you a colourful m ixture of visualized stories of local and international graphic designers dealing with issues from their home, the region Luxembourg and the world, which should inform and en tertain you. The year 2014 is the centenary of the beginning of the First World War. Because the situation of Luxembourg during the First World War is falling in oblivion and hasn’t even been established very well, we turned to this topic with the support of the University of Luxembourg and will pursue the issue further (#38-#42) . Some of the topics of the first edition are continued in this publication. Each serial topic will be signed by an icon. Further more, we are particularly pleased to present the contribution of Professor Stoll, who is teaching at the Uni versity of Augsburg, delivering deeper insight to the history of axonometric city views of the 20th century (#61-#62) . The perforation of the sites in our magazine makes it pos sible to remove the sites to use them as a picture or an interactive tool (#71) . Last but not least, shop is going to be updated so that the graphics are available immediately in our online store w ww.137p5.com/shop. Enjoy the second issue

Jan Hilken

Vier mal im Jahr wollen wir dir eine bunte Mischung visuali sierter Geschichten von lokalen und internatio nalen G rafikern, mit Themen aus der Heimat, der Groß region, und der Welt präsentieren, die dich informieren und zwischendurch mit einem Augenzwinkern unterhalten sollen. Das Haupttheme dieser Ausgabe handelt vom Beginn des 1.Weltkriegs in Luxemburg, welcher sich 2014 zum h undertsten Mal jährt. Da die Situation Luxemburgs zu dieser Zeit zunehmend in Vergessenheit gerät und bis lang wenig untersucht wurde, haben wir uns diesem Thema mit Unterstützung der Uni Luxemburg gewid met und werden es über diese Ausgabe hinaus weiter verfolgen (#38-#42) . Auch einige der in der ersten Ausgabe begonnenen The men werden in dieser Ausgabe fortgeführt. Jedes Serien thema wird ab sofort durch Icons gekennzeichnet. Insbesondere freuen wir uns über den Gastbeitrag von Herrn Professor Stoll der Hochschule Augsburg, welcher uns tiefere Einblicke in die Geschichte axonometrischer Stadtansichten aus dem 20. Jahrhundert bietet (#61-#62) . Die Perforierung der Seiten unseres Magazins ermöglicht das problemlose Heraustrennen der einzelnen Grafiken, um sie als Bild oder interaktiv zu verwenden (#71) . Zu guter Letzt möchten wir auf die Aktualisierung un seres Shops hinweisen, in dem du ab sofort die Grafiken auch einzeln als Poster unter www.137p5.com/shop erhälst. Jetzt wünschen wir dir gute Unterhaltung und reichlich Information mit der zweiten Ausgabe,

Jan Hilken

IN DEX VO L . # 2 2014

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blanco

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imprint

Occupationof Luxembourg PART 1 THE INVASION

On 1st August 1914 the events are overturning. After Germany declared war against Russia, as a result of the Dual Alliance [AUS.-HUN.&GER.], Germany began with the mobilization. The troop movements were based on the Schlieffen-Plan, which was aligned on a two-front war against Russia and France and launched an offensive through Belgium & Luxembourg by injuring their neutrality. EUROPE 1914

GRAND DUCHESS

PRIME MINISTER

Marie-Adélaïde

Paul Eyschen

* 14. JUN. 1894 †24.jan.1924

* 27. SEP. 1859 †11. oct.1915

The first Grand Duchess regnant of Luxembourg took to the throne at the age of 18.

Paul Eyschen was the eighth Prime Minister of Luxembourg and reigned for 27 years.

THE GOVERNMENT OF LUXEMBOURG AND THE GRAND DUCAL COURT DECIDE TO STAY INSTEAD OF GOING INTO EXILE

Triple Entente

Central Po-

Russian Allies

01.08.1914 4.00 pm:

French mobilization to the German borders.

GERMAN EMPEROR

CHANCELLOR

5.00 pm:

Wilhelm II of Germany orders mobilization. ENGLISH DISPATCHES:

British Foreign Minister Lord Grey and Chancellor von Bethman-Hollweg: Last try to resolve tensions through diplomatic channels. In response, Germany interrupts the invasion of the 16. Division from Trier to Luxembourg. German soldiers stationed over the border to Troisvierges. 7.00 pm:

Germany declares war against Russia. 11.00 pm: DIPLOMATIC EFFORTS FAILED

The Chief of the German General Staff Moltke turns his version of the Schlieffen Plan into reality. The next day, the full invasion of Luxembourg begins. 02.08.1914

THEOBALD VON

Wilhelm II.

Bethmann-Hollweg * 29. NOV. 1856 † 1.jan.1921

* 27. Jan. 1859 †4.jun.1941

“Now you can do what you want.”

#38

6.30 pm:

WILHELM II TO MOLTKE THE YOUNGER

The eldest grandson of the British Queen Victoria took to the throne at the age of 29 after the death of his father Friedrich III.

Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg was the fifth Chancellor of the German Reich and reigned from 1907 to 1917.

3.00 am:

First armed train reaches the railway station in Luxembourg City. Throughout the day German troops flow over Wasserbillig, Remich and Grevenmacher into the country. 3.00 pm:

Vanguard reaches Esch-sur-Alzette. Most troops gather in Merl and move on to the Belgian border.

LUXEMBOURG‘S MILITARY

363

4TH ARMY (GERMAN EMPIRE)

220.000

DETAIL OF THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN

Troisvierges

France

03.08.1914 6.00 pm:

to be continued

German government declares war against France. Previously, the Belgian government refused the march-through its country. 04.08.1914 At the request of the German minister the French minister in Luxembourg becomes expelled

646

Germany

6.00 am:

Wasserbillig

Luxembourg Esch

Remich

Belgium

German troops cross the bridge of Wasserbillig.

ww1 lux

series

#38

Luxembourg in World War One Maintopic Issue #2 | Nr.1

occupation of luxembourg part 1. the invasion

erster teil. die invasion

In this new series, we present the situation of Lux embourg between the years of the First World. The series starts with the occupation of Luxembourg.

Mit dieser neuen Serie, möchten wir ein Jahr hundert nach dem Ausbruch des Ersten Welt krieges die Situation Luxembourgs während der Kriegsjahre thematisieren. Den Anfang macht die erste Besetzung Luxemburgs durch das Deutsche Reich am Mobilmachungstag.

benoÎt majerus luxembourg research

majerus.hypotheses.org

gianna thommes luxembourg research

charles roemer luxembourg research

jan hilken

with friendly support of mat frËndlecher ËnnerstËtzung vun

germany graphic & layout

137p5.com

www.uni.lu

Chronicle of Luxembourg After the German occupation, Luxembourg had to justify partially its postition between the years 1914 and 1918. There were some questions about the neutrality, not least because of the economic cooperation and the lack of any defense against occupation. To understand the situation of Luxem bourg in World War One, it is necessary to take a view on the chronicle of the country.

LUCILINBURHUC 963

At that time Luxembourg (Lucilinburhuc) was only a topographic name for a rock ledge MANIFESTE DE LA NATION 1789

The term „nation“ has been used in the „Manifeste de la nation“ in connection with Luxemburg for the first time and that means the sovereign people rebelling against the monarch of that time, the Emperor Joseph II. A lthoough the attitude of the manifest doesn‘t seem to be strongly represented and stays without consequences because of the french annexation. The duchy of Luxembourg was dissolved and 1795 to 1815 the term nation refers to french nation.

RAILWAY SYSTEM LUXEMBOURG 1907 The rail network was essential to ensure the success of the Schlieffen Plan and had to be saved on the first day of mobilization. For supplying the german troops, the Wilhelmsbahn and the Prince-Henri network were used. Both have been built with money from the German Reich.

CONGRESS OF VIENNA 1815

Dividing of the Napoleanic empire. The congress of Vienna decides the foundation of the luxembourgish state in the form of an Grand Dutchy and a personal union with the United Kingdom of Netherlands as a part of the German Federation.

BELGIAN REVOLUTION

1839

The dividing of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands is executed. A part of Luxembourg gets allocated to the Kingdom of Belgium which developed from the dividing of the Netherlands. Luxembourg gets sovereign autonomy and the personal union with the Kingdom of Netherlands remains. GERMAN ZOLLVEREIN

1842

LUXEMBOURG CRISIS

1866

A s a result of the dissolving of the German Federation the destruction of the fortress of Luxembourg and the everlasting neutrality of the country is decided. The development and the connected withdrawal of the prussian garrison could have supported the Foundation of the Nations. 2ND TREAT Y OF LONDON

1867

Prussian troops leaving Federal Fortress Fortress partly torn down RAILWAY CONVENTION 187 2

Luxembourg becomes a member of the German Customs Union and a country with a strong heav y industry. OWN CONSTITUTION 1848

1848

an independent Government is formed

DECISION 1858

In 1858 the legislator decides, that the luxembourgish nationality exists since 1815.

A greement for taking over the management of Wilhelm Luxembourg Railways by the German Imperial Railway Administration DEATH OF WILHELM III (NE) 1890 Wilhelm III. dies without descendants. The personal union is dissolved Luxembourg receives its own monarch, Adolph von Nassau Weilburg. The new dynasty adopts the position of „national“ rulers and takes part in the list of middle aged royals.

#39

1816

The Fortress of Luxembourg becomes a “federal fortress” of Prussia. From this point the stationed soldiers consist of ¼ Dutch troops and and ¾ Prussian troops

ww1 lux

series

#39

Luxembourg in World War One Maintopic Issue #2 | Nr.2

chronicle of luxembourg In the framework of the realization of an exhibition, members of the Institute for history at the Univer sity of Luxembourg undertook research on Luxem bourg during the First World War. Their focus was on concrete experiences of war in Luxemburg – hunger, death, occupation – in the years 1914-1918.

Im Rahmen eines Ausstellungsprojektes unterna hmen die Mitarbeiter des Instituts für Geschichte an der Universität Luxemburg Forschungen zu Luxemburg im ersten Weltkrieg. Im Mittelpunkt standen die konkreten Erfahrungen des Krieges in Luxemburg – Hunger, Tod, Besatzung, – in den Jahren 1914-1918.

benoÎt majerus luxembourg research

majerus.hypotheses.org

gianna thommes luxembourg research

charles roemer luxembourg research

jan hilken

with friendly support of mat frËndlecher ËnnerstËtzung vun

germany graphic & layout

137p5.com

www.convex.lu

Air attacks

ON LUXEMBOURG DURING WORLD WAR ONE

Between 1914 and 1918, Luxembourg was attacked by British and French air forces. Although the attacks mainly focused on heavy industry and supply routes, the population suffered also among the numerous bombings. Clausen

NUMBER OF ATTACKS

LUXEMBOURG [capital]

Hollerich

Bonnevoie < 10 Zwickau /Triage cl assification yard < 15

< 20

< 30

< 40

#40

< 50

IRONWORKS

TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES

VICTIMS

The heavy industry is based on the rich ore deposits in the southwest of the country. Since Luxembourg joined the German ‘ Zollverein’, both benefit from these deposits.

The first dropped bombs were simple handgrenades, which had been thrown out of balloons, airships and smaler aircrafts. From the first bombing in 1911 till the end of the Great War, air attacks became an often used hit against the civil population and a tool to hinder the enemy’s logistical supply.

Bonnevoie

Clausen Differdange

10 7

24 26

Dommeldange

Dudelange Esch

3 11

2 21

X 39

287 BOMBS

Ettelbruck

Luxembourg

42,2M

ADOLF-EMIL-HÜTTE

One of the ironworks is the AdolfEmil-Hütte in Esch-sur-Alzette.

ZEPPELIN (STAAKEN) R.VI

P.&W.- BOMBS GERMANY 50KG

100KG

300KG

12,5KG

1.000KG

GERMAN PLANE THAT FLEW ATTACKS ON LONDON DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR

ww1 lux

series

#40

Luxembourg in World War One Maintopic Issue #2 | Nr.3

air aTTacks In the framework of the realization of an exhibition, members of the Institute for history at the Univer sity of Luxembourg undertook research on Luxem bourg during the First World War. Their focus was on concrete experiences of war in Luxemburg – hunger, death, occupation – in the years 1914-1918.

benoÎt majerus luxembourg research

majerus.hypotheses.org

gianna thommes luxembourg research

charles roemer luxembourg research

jan hilken

with friendly support of mat frËndlecher ËnnerstËtzung vun

germany graphic & layout

137p5.com

www.uni.lu

hunger

FOOD CRISIS IN LUXEMBOURG DURING WORLD WAR ONE | 1914 - 1918 Luxembourg was not directly involved into the great war, but made the experience of what was called TOTAL WAR. Like many other countries during those years, the people of Luxembourg were exposed to a seviere form of food shortage.

HELP

Nearly 100.000 KG of cereals, vegetables, potatoes and butter were sent to Longwy { FRANCE } & the region of Luxembourg { BELGIUM }

FOOD SUPPLY SITUATION BEFORE WAR 1

1914

NOT SELF-SUFFICIENT

dependent on imports of food products 2 3

WELL FILLED STORAGE

reserves available granary filled with imported wheat

DEMOGRAPHY OF LUXEMBOURG

STEADY DECLINE

(1.000)

grain production

(100)

LIVE BIRTHS

6.781

MORTALITY OF 60-70 YEAR OLDS CHILD MORTALITY

1918

1915

366

4.413 454 143 144

433

5.701

153 143

351

147 374

GREED

Luxembourgs farmers increase the food price

#41

4.516

DEPENDENCE

1917

1916

The food supply of Luxembourg is totally dependent on Germany

DEPENDENCE

Luxembourg signs agreement with Germnay and waives on delivery from neutral countries

MILITARY PRESENCE

Ă¸ 4500-5500 German soldiers were stationed in Luxembourg

FOOD PRICES

FILLING FOODSTOCK

POOR HARVEST

Luxembourg buys food from neutral countries (NL) (RO) (CH)

Permanently more expensive

Germany refuses transit of goods purchased by Luxembourg

MILITARY PRESENCE

FOOD SHORTAGES

MAXIMUM PRICES

SABOTAGE FOOD SUPPLY

REGULATION OF PRICES

Without success, the government introduces a limited height for food prices

GB sabotages collaboration between USA & Luxembourg

Lower quantity & quality of food.

State gets dictatorial powers to protect economic interests

ww1 lux

series

#41

Luxembourg in World War One Maintopic Issue #2 | Nr.4

the people hunger In the framework of the realization of an exhibition, members of the Institute for history at the Univer sity of Luxembourg undertook research on Luxem bourg during the First World War. Their focus was on concrete experiences of war in Luxemburg – hunger, death, occupation – in the years 1914-1918.

benoÎt majerus luxembourg research

majerus.hypotheses.org

gianna thommes luxembourg research

charles roemer luxembourg research

jan hilken

with friendly support of mat frËndlecher ËnnerstËtzung vun

germany graphic & layout

137p5.com

www.uni.lu

d’gëlle fra MONUMENT DU SOUVENIR

a The Monument of Memory, better known by the name of Gëlle Fra is situated at the Place de la Constitution in Luxembourg City. The statue of a gilded bronze lady holding a laurel wreath, was inaugurated in 1923 to commemorate the Luxembourgers who perished in World War I. Over the years, the history of the Gëlle Fra changed her original meaning for remembrance. Nowadays The Monument of souvenir is no longer just a place to remember the years of the first world war.

3,35 M RU E

ADRESS:

SEV

ELT

OO RD R EVA L U BO

1.500 KG

CHIM

monument du souvenir place de la constitution 1478 luxembourg →

1 N 21 M

lat : 49°36‘33.32“n lon: 6° 7‘45.68“e

d e

MONUMENT DU SOUVENIR

1920 competition launched funded by donations, sale of stamps 1923 Mai 23. erected - Mai 27.inaugurated

from 1920 -1923

200.000 times printed in 2 pads

FRIDDENSKINNIGIN

cost: 15.700 Franc

1940 Okt.monument teared down by the nazis 1951 new construction of the monument without the Golden Lady

BRONZE WITH GOLD PLATING

SCREW

GRANITE OBElISK

1,5m

21m tall d

SOlDIERS

cost: 27.300 Franc BRONZE WITH GOLD PLATING

1981 return of the Golden Lady refound under the Stade Josy-Barthel 1985 Jun. 23.inaugurated again

2001 Lady Rosa of Luxembourg 2010 March 3. -> Expo 2010 Shanghai 2010 Nov. Luxembourg

#42

HISTORY:

MEMORIAl PlAQUES

LADY ROSA OF LUXEMBOURG

Croatian artist Sanja Ivekovic erected a similar monument. Criticise the very secondary role, that was given to women in general memory during war times. It provokes a long controversy by satirising the common memory conventions.

Claus Cito * 26. mai 1882 † 10. Oct 1965 FURTHER WORKS: ↓

• The altar of the crypt of the Cathedral of Our Lady • Statue of the Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg • Statue Mère éplorée (inconsolable mother) at the cemetery in Leudelingen

ww1 lux

series

#42

Luxembourg in World War One Maintopic Issue #2 | Nr.5

d’gëlle fra In the framework of the realization of an exhibition, members of the Institute for history at the Univer sity of Luxembourg undertook research on Luxem bourg during the First World War. Their focus was on concrete experiences of war in Luxemburg – hunger, death, occupation – in the years 1914-1918.

benoÎt majerus luxembourg research

majerus.hypotheses.org

gianna thommes luxembourg research

charles roemer luxembourg research

jan hilken

with friendly support of mat frËndlecher ËnnerstËtzung vun

germany graphic & layout

137p5.com

www.uni.lu

herausgeber Human Made S.à r.l. Geschäftsführer: Patrick Schaefer Adresse: 35, rue J.-F. Kennedy L-7327 Steinsel / Luxembourg Tel.: +352 26 94 55 01 E-mail: hello@hum.lu Web: www.hum.lu www.137p5.com

ISSN 2354-497X

design Creative Director:

Jan Hilken / jan@hum.lu Art Director:

Felicitas Doll / felicitas@hum.lu

editing Julia Becker, Oliver Eickholt, Matthias Böttner

web Matthias Böttner / matthias@hum.lu

team Patrick Schaefer, Felicitas Doll, Julia Becker, Lena Becker, Matthias Böttner, Oliver Eickholt, Jan Hilken, Jacques Piroux

werbung Julia Becker: julia@hum.lu

abo Jahresabo (4 Ausgaben) Inland:

imprint

52 Euro (Versand inbegriffen)

Jahresabo (4 Ausgaben) Europa:

62 Euro (Versand inbegriffen)

druck Imprimerie Centrale

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Special Thanks:

Kamil Iwaszczyszyn Jill Mersch

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