journal final

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air Architecture Design Studio 2014/Semester 1 Tutor/Chen Ningyu Gui 539789

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contents About Myself PART A. CONCEPTUALISATION A.1. Design Futuring 6 A.2. Design Computation 12 A.3. Composition/Generation 18 A.4. Conclusion 24 A.5. Learning outcomes 26 A.6. Appendix - Algorithmic Explorations 28 PART B. CRITERIA DESIGN B.1. Research Field 34 B.2. Case Study 1.0 37 B.3. Case Study 2.0 45 B.4. Technique: Development 50 B.5. Technique: Prototypes 64 B.6. Technique: Proposal 66 B.7. Learning Objectives and Outcomes 70 B.8. Appendix - Algorithmic Sketches 72 PART C. DETAILED DESIGN C.1. Design Concept 80 C.2. Tectonic Elements 98 C.3. Final Model 102 C.4. Additional LAGI Brief Requirements 116 C.5. Learning Objectives and Outcomes 118

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About Myself My name is Ningyu Gui (Gavin). I am a third year environment student major in architecture. I come from Shanghai, China. I had never thought about to be an architect before I went to university. In VCE I did not take any subject related to design. After I took some architecture course in university, I found that I am getting more and more interests in architecture field. The study on architecture gave me a pure different view. Before I would consider architecture design is just a skill on aesthetic and fancy design. However, the reality is not. Architecture means more. To be a real architect needs a lot of knowledge and practises . It is a long way to go.

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To be honest, I had only two years experience on architecture field after I came to university. I am lack of hand drawing skills, and I am still practising and try to improve my hand drawing skills. The good thing is that new technology helps me to model and express my ideas when I could not express my idea on paper well in some case. Sketch-up is probably the main software which I use for modeling, as it is easy to handle. For the first time known about Rhino was in Virtual Environment. At that stage, concept like NURBS was a completely new idea for me. After a semester’s learning and practise, I got familiar with some function of Rhino, but Rhino is still not handy for me now. However I have heard about parametric design in recent years and knew that Grasshopper + Rhino is a good tool for designing.

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Boat house design, learning from Rem Koolhaas ADS:Water, by sketch up


Part. A 5


A.1. Design Futuring

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DESIGN FUTURING “DESIGN AS A KEY FORCE OF REDIRECTION TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY IN ORDER TO MOVE FROM ‘SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT’ TO THE ‘DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUSTAINMENT’”

Our planet has been facing global environmental issue regarding to climate change leads to greenhouse effect. We human have inevitable responsibility to take the large consumption on energies. It is important for us to realize that the future for our next generation is going to be harsh. Therefore we must starts to react and prevent the critical moment in our existence. The only way to solve the problem is design, that is design against the defuturing. Fry argues that the first instance in design has to be understood anthropologically. This encourages designer to communicate and engage the complexity of the designing issue as a world-shaping force^1. It is important for designer to work interdisciplinary and understand the critical situation. Designer should have future vision designing ‘sustain-ability’. According to Fry’s point of view, the design against defturing is not a ‘how to’ question, as it actually requires having a clear sense of what design needs to be mobilized for or against. In other words, we have to change our thinking^2.Designer should understand whenever we bring something into being we also destroy something. Therefore, we need to expand design thinking to use renewable resources. As architecture plays a large part of human activities, it is essential to link the idea renewable resources and sustainability into our design process. Architecture as a practice of shaping human habitats, this will create opportunity for architect to experiment and create sustainable project in order to influence the human activities and ideologies. It is our responsibility to design projects regarding to minimize the use of material and energy but also maximize the sustainability. A sustainable thinking should always become part of main design goals. We have ability and responsibility to change the way of human being.

1.Fry, Tony (2008). Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg), p3 2.Fry, Tony (2008). Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg), p4

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Precedent Project 1

FIG1

LOUISIANA PAVILION

3XN Architects Denmark,2009

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FIG2 design concept of the pavilion

As part of the ‘Green Architecture for the Future’ exhibition, 3XN architects designed a cutting edge pavilion with sustainable and intelligent materials in 2009. 3XN challenged public understanding of sustainable architecture; the pavilion uses biodegradable and energy-generating materials to build. The project is an energy-self-sufficient architecture, that generates electricity to power the integrated LED lights. It used intelligent materials to achieve this process, it has 1mm flexible solar cells on the top surface of the pavilion, and so it can convert solar to energy. It also constructed with Piezoelectic material to allow visitor’s weight to generate electricity. This is a smart design, as it allows public to engage and have a discourse of how architecture could create sustainable lifestyle. The pavilion also have two layers of special coating, one is the hydrophilic nanoparticle coating which ensures the self-cleaning of the pavilion; the second coating adds air cleaning to the pavilion, which can decompose up to 70% pollutants from industrial smog. The pavilion uses phase changing materials that enable heat retains and releases at exact 23 degrees. The pavilion is a great example of what and how architecture could deal with sustainability. From its design intents to material and final fabrication, the entire process brings the architecture to future thinking. The design process not conventionally compromise with reality. The project is great to engage the public attention and generate discourse of what could sustainability cooperate with architecture design.

notes from http://www.3xn.com/#/architecture/by-year/145-louisiana-pavilion

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Precedent Project 2

FIG3

SWING

Moradavaga Guimar達es,2012

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FIG4 The project is an interactive and playful installation by Moradavaga. The project involves the idea of electricity generation to power the lights. The idea of this project is to generate public interaction with energy production. The designer inspired from the industrial history of Guimaraes, and created the industrial machinery feeling with traditional materials such as wood and ropes. The intent is to use machinery sounds to raise discourse in local community. The key part of this design is the action of swing could create energy, because each swing would drive the wheel to move and generate powers. From the background study, it shows that the initial intent was to attract children to play and provide them knowledge of renewable energy and sustainability. However, the project actually attracted many adults to join. People are curious and interested in the mechanism of the work and the sound. The project is quite attractive that many visitors share their stories and advises to improve the energy generation. Many local schools would bring students to study the project to give more vision on the relationship between artwork and technology. From the cultural and social factors, this project is successfully raise the community interest on renewable energy on architectural and artworks. It is impressive for designers to do the similar attempts, as architecture can raise attention and discourse for local people and in order to influence the habitant of their living styles.

notes from http://eco-publicart.org/swing/

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A.2. Design Computation

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DESIGN COMPUTATION Before Renaissance, architects act more like a master masonry. Their precise craftsmanship defined the building itself. The meaning of building relies on the craftsman skill. Scaled drawing and model brought a new design process after Renaissance. It gives architects the ability to adapt any change faster than before. Thus architect put more focus on thinking and analysis to their design. Architects are no longer bother with building skills any more. Architecture design process becomes more
like a problem solving. There is no any rational way to solve it, as they confront the designer with uncertainties. According to Kalary’s idea, architecture design relies on both the analytical and creative to produce solutions to problems that cannot be solved with one facility alone^3. Nowadays digital technology has been introduced into our life, and computational design has been used in architecture. The design process is not just a thinking and problem solving process; now it is a ‘digital continuum from design to production, from form generation to fabrication design’ ^4. Computational design redefines architect to become problem solver/designer with craftsman skill. Computational design is a sophisticated scripting process involving the thinking of energy and structural performance conjunction with materiality. Architect can directly facing the issue of structural in future construction, which means any construction is-

sue and feasibility could be foreseen and solved during the design process. Digital computation is the new linkages between conception and production through rapid fabricated prototyping^5. It also renewed the architect’s traditional role as the master building with the understanding and ability to digitally create in the material realm^6. Form generation can relies on the various factors such as performativity design, tectonic models and digital materiality; it becomes an integrated process in design. However, computer unlike human brain, they have no any individual ability to self-analyze problem and lack of creativity at all. “They can only follow a line of reasoning to its logical conclusion,” ^7. Most of the digital design software
help designer modeling quicker; communicates and share ideas faster; digital design provides a more accurate way to create something which human would take ages to do. Geometry is no longer limited to square, circle, triangle or other common forms. Computational design can create forms which human can never imagined based on NURBS. In digital design process, the limit of computer is its ability of creativity, it only helps to calculate and achieve results from scripts. The most important thing in computational design is the ability of logical thinking from designer.

3.Kalay, Yehuda E. (2004). Architecture’s New Media: Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), pp. 5-25 4.Oxman, Rivka and Robert Oxman, eds (2014). Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Routledge), pp. 4 5.6 .Oxman, Rivka and Robert Oxman, eds (2014). Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Routledge), pp. 5 3.Kalay, Yehuda E. (2004). Architecture’s New Media: Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), pp. 5-25

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Precedent Project 1

FIG5

MUSEO SOUMAYA

Fernando Romero / MauricioCeballos Mexico City, 2011

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Museo Soumaya is located in Mexico City and designed by Fernando Romero and Mauricio Ceballos. It is a one of the largest private art museum in the world, and the design intent for this project is to reshape an old industrial area of Mexcio city by this large curved container like museum. This project is an example of how computation design has been employed to achieve the design outcome in structural, facade and forms. Hexagonal aluminum panels compose the facade of this building. It came up a challenge, as the facade structure was decided and being assembled in 26 curving structural columns. Therefore, the design team employed a computational tool to solve the problem, that is ‘Gaussian analysis’. It used computer to analysis and study the size and angels of each panel dealing with the curved structures. This computational process resulted over 16,000 unique hexagonal panels to solve the problem. The entire analysis process was all done by computer, as it saved plenty of time but also provide precise and rational outcome that can be built. It finally comes out more than 14,000 individual panel drawings for its facade. Laser cut machine would cut precisely for each panel and it guaranteed the efficiency and cost can be predicted. The design team can also handle the entire mechanical system, ducts, structure and piping as a central 3-D model coordinates the project. It allowed the team to control and react the real time change or issues much quicker than traditional 2-D drawings.

FIG6 the installing guild of panels

Computational design can also allow different teams to work simultaneous. As it has a central 3-D model, different design team can access the real time information for their own needs. It accelerates and simplifies the design communication and share precise information all times. Computational design provides a holistic and integrated way to deal with multi complex architecture through design to fabrication.

FIG6 the installing guild of panels

notes from L02 - Museo Soumaya

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Precedent Project 2

FIG7

TVERRFJELLHYTTA

Hjerkinn, Dovre Municipality Snøhetta Oslo AS, 2011

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Tverrfjellhytta, is the wild reindeer center pavilion locates in Hjerkinn Dovrefjell National Park. It is a 90 square meter building opens for public and serving the Wild Reindeer Foundation educational programs. It is a shelter but
also a warm place for viewing the Dovrefiell Mountain. The amazing natural environment and its rich cultural background inspired the architects to design. The most significant part of this architecture is the interior design by unique milled timber strips. The exterior form is made by the rectangular frame in raw steel and the iron was found in
the local bedrock. The interior is consisted
by timber, which is also organic and local material. Unlike the normal and boring exterior form, the interior design is in truly unique. Hundreds of different sized timber strips were milled by exclusive designed milling robot, Kuka Ha100. The robot is driven purely in digital data, as it can precisely mill a timber to the required size. Every single timber inside is master controlled by the 3D computer modeling. The use of computational design tool allows the design team can predict and control their cost and quality on their project, it means the material waste would effetely low as the robot could mill precisely. As well as other projects, computational design can allow the design team to share their information in real time. It saves time and money on doing change. The material performance and quality control could rapidly done by iteration prototyping and test. The advanced computational design encourages designer to create unique forms and gives new life to ordinary timber material. Without the help of computer, this project would be very difficult to design and even harder to construct. As every single unique timber needs accurate design and calculation, human hands and every minor mistake would leads to a failure of the entire project. The integrated computational design process seamlessly help designer create an master piece again.

FIG8 Milling by robot

FIG9

notes fromhttp://www.archdaily.com/180932/tverrfjellhytta-snohetta/

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A.3. Composition/ Generation

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COMPOSITION/GENERATION Composition is the traditional way of architecture design has been used as a design method through a long time. It usually uses few elements to starts with, such as space and mass. Architecture design is a process of problem solving, and it usually sets up with different boundaries to narrow the design outcomes during the process. The way of achieving a better result usually focus from aesthetic and function way. However, those factors added into the design process usually create certain rules to architects, so it is obvious to see that the form and plan did not change a lot from last few centuries. Architects are restricted to use conventional form and geometry forms to design and think, as compositional approach is a tool to gradually add restricts to minimize the possible outcomes and find the only one. However, the generation design process has been introduced since the digital technology developed. The design thinking of generation is completely different then traditional composition. According to Kolarevic’s idea, generative design starts with an internal generative logic, which then produces, in an automatic fashion, a range of possibilities from which the designer could choose an appropriate formal proposition for further development^8. It is opposite compare to the compositional design process, which usually starts with an external form. Generative design uses computational design tool to generate form through parametric design, and composition uses computerizing tool to help represent the imagined form. Generation process opens and widens the territory, which gives various possibilities rather than narrow down the possibility to one in compositional process.

According to Woodbury, parametric design is that every parts of a design is related and linked to each other and every parts of change would influence each other tougher in a coordinated way^9. The act of change would needs to be thinking over with related parts. Therefore the design process is more like making a program or script. Designer has control on every part of component, and those algorithmic data could link with other analytic or experimental software. Designer could generate architecture that integrated with material, structural, environmental and other issues. Any infeasible or mistake made in design can be fixed much faster than traditional way of drawing. It provides great efficiency for designer and save times. The great saving on time, and its efficient would give advantages for designers, but on the other hand, it will reduce the time for designer to find a prefect way to transfer their design into reality. ^10 Additionally, parametric design can generate much more forms which designer could not easily draw or presented. The manipulation of algorithm would form designer large amount of variable elements to test and compare. The appear of parametric design frees designer’s mind from traditional geometry forms. Parametric design provides a platform for designer to have a fully thought on psychology of perception into their design. ^11 However, there are also some disadvantages on the generation. As it requires the designer to transfer their idea into algorithmic scripts, which means it requires high skills of understanding the algorithm. It creates barrier for some of the desingers. And also, designers would feel hard to understand the scripts written by others, which would sometimes create difficulties in communication.

8.Kolarevic, Branko, Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing (New York; London: Spon Press, 2003) Suggested start with pp. 13 9.Woodbury, Robert F. (2014). ‘How Designers Use Parameters’, in Theories of the Digital in Architecture, ed. by Rivka Oxman and Robert Oxman (London; New York: Routledge), pp. 159 10.Shen, Wen (2010), ‘The Rise of PARAMETRICISM - A new era of architecture is coming…’ , in UED (Urban Environment Design), Beijing, August 2010 11.-Schumacher, P.2010, The autopoiesis of architecture. London: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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Precedent Project 1

FIG10

SERPENTINE GALLERY PAVILION

Toyo Ito/Cecil Balmond London, 2002

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FIG11 generitive process

FIG12generitive process

Serpentine Gallery Pavilion is a structural based architecture designed byToyo Ito and Cecil Balmond. It was designed for the purpose as a temporary summer pavilion, now it becomes a beach restaurant as part of a hotel. The building is based on an algorithm designed. It is simple formed but based on structural thinking, and there is no any hidden structure frames behind the facade, as the facade acts the structural itself. The starting point was really simple, that is a flat roof composed with random cross lines and supported only by the line of the exterior walls to form an absolute box. The architects start from a generative process, as they do not have any form expected or thought about. The only thing driven them is the algorism thinking on generating pattern lines. The algorithm has been set for this project is to use basic 1/2 to 1/3 rule trace lines in a square, and then trace line again and again with certain rules (Balmond 2006). After steps on this algorithm, it will create a complex and random cross surface on a box typology. The amazing thing is that this random and complex lines are still following logic and manageable. This is the beauty of the generative design, as it will gives you unpredictable outcome which it would very difficult for human brain to imagine. The computation process would provide super convenience with its consideration of structural performance and materiality. In compositional approach you will only come with one solution, but you can use computer to generate many possibilities when using generative approach. Toyo Ito argues that the digital technology gave a possibility to make imagine, calculate, manufacture and assemble within in a tight timeframe and gave a hint of spaces that are qualitatively different from what we are used to; and algorithms will be important that we will probably learn how to speak of a new kind of rationality.

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Precedent Project 2

FIG13

AQUA TOWER

Gang/Loewenberg Chicago, 2010

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FIG14 generitive process

Aqua tower is an eight-two-stores apartment tower located in Chicago. Jeanne Gang designs it, and she is the first female architect designed a skyscraper. The Aqua Tower is probably as same as other skyscraper made by concrete, metal and glasses. However, the difference of Aqua to other skyscraper is that Gang designed a ripple liked ‘skin’ that makes the skyscraper be different. The design idea was from few landmarks of Chicago, and contours those into a surface. Algorithm generated the final outcome with consideration of materiality and sustainability. Each ripple-curved balcony is unique for every single floor, which means the use of steal needs to cut in different size. However, as the advantage of generative design with computation tool, all material use has been calculated precisely “We didn’t waste six miles of formwork that couldn’t be reused,” says Loewenberg( green website). The makes the wind have no clear path to follow, which is great for high rising building to reduce wind loads. So it reduce the vibration and sway from wind blows to the building. Usually it is hard to see that skyscraper has balcony on high levels, because it is due to the wind loads. The fabric is acting as a balcony for each apartment. It provides great option for high level residents to get fresh air without feel windy or unsafe. The overhang balcony can also be environmental friendly for shading the hot summer sun in purpose.

FIG15 thermal bridge of the building er, though it is still a rectangular building. Other than the compositional design, it generates a unique rippled surface that was hard for human to manually imagine, calculate and manipulate well. The integrated process of generation gives architects a fast way to deal with the idea of green and cost efficient project with unique forms.

The generative design really made a different skyscrap-

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A.4. Conclusion

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CONCLUSION

After four weeks theory study on the future architecture and computational design, it gives me a lot of new way of thinking on what should architectural design. It is important to integrate future vision when design a project. Architecture is not just a shelter for people; it has ability to change the human thinking and habitants. Architecture can raise discourse to engage public to deftureing, to notice the critical living moment for us, to change the way of our living style, to change the thinking. Computation could easily help us to reduce the cost on fabrication. The process of computation design is a holistic design through idea to fabrication. It gives designer handy ability to control the project. As well as it completely change a new way of design through generation. We can achieve multiple outcomes rather than traditional one outcome. The study of different precedent projects had widened my vision and thinking a lot. I am really interested in the design to integrate self generative energy with biodegradable materials to create a pavilion or sculpture which allows public to understand the ability of future architecture can be, and try to influence people’s thinking and living habitant to take serious on our future.

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A.5. Learning Outcomes

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LEARNING OUTCOMES

After four weeks learning and practice, I have formed a basic idea of how am I going to take part in the LGAC project. The study of theory is very helpful for doing design. Design is not just simply an art; it must have something connect to our real world and society, otherwise design outcome is just a ‘body with no spirit’. I found that computational architecture would be the next revolutionary design method in future. It frees humans mind and imagine limitation. Computer could help architect generating ideas with great efficiency. I would try my best to learn grasshopper and design a sustainble project in the following weeks.

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A.6. Appendix

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I have selected few models which I think is quite interesting. The first one is the nest ball, when I first time saw the tutorial; I am really amazed by its form. And after I watched the tutorial and did it by myself, I feel the power of the grasshopper. It can generate such a complex structural like item by few components. At that time, I think grasshopper is such powerful software; it will become a really handy tool for other using purpose as well. Other few models which I selected is all like structural building. Points connect with points, when I made these models I felt I could understand the process of computational design better. Because I can see that grasshopper could easily deal with each joint and find the problem during modeling, the change of each model will react really in real time, so it will help me to fabricate in future. Once I have few practice with grasshopper, I felt that it is so easy to make an amazing and unique form of model by just simply connect each components. Many real projects that we can achieve by grasshopper so easily. However, it is also quite hard for me to understand the data structure of grasshopper, there are many times that I couldn’t connect each components correctly, so I just stuck to make model. Grasshopper is really hard for beginner to use, as it is not a conventional modeling software, it all uses data component to construct model. Therefore I think this is also the power of grasshopper, because it uses algorithm to generate model and forms, not geometries.

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READING NOTES AND REFERENCES

1.Fry, Tony (2008). Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg), p3 2.Fry, Tony (2008). Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (Oxford: Berg), p4 3.Kalay, Yehuda E. (2004). Architecture’s New Media: Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), pp. 5-25 4.Oxman, Rivka and Robert Oxman, eds (2014). Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Routledge), pp. 4 5.6 .Oxman, Rivka and Robert Oxman, eds (2014). Theories of the Digital in Architecture (London; New York: Routledge), pp. 5 7.Kalay, Yehuda E. (2004). Architecture’s New Media: Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), pp. 5-25 8.Kolarevic, Branko, Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing (New York; London: Spon Press, 2003) Suggested start with pp. 13 9.Woodbury, Robert F. (2014). ‘How Designers Use Parameters’, in Theories of the Digital in Architecture, ed. by Rivka Oxman and Robert Oxman (London; New York: Routledge), pp. 159 10.Shen, Wen (2010), ‘The Rise of PARAMETRICISM - A new era of architecture is coming…’ , in UED (Urban Environment Design), Beijing, August 2010 11.-Schumacher, P.2010, The autopoiesis of architecture. London: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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IMAGE REFERNCE

fig1.http://plusmood.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Louisiana-Pavilion-3XN-plusMOOD-2.jpg fig2. http://www.noliac.com/files/billeder/05%20News/Louisiana_Pavillion_1.jpg fig3. http://c.fastcompany.net/multisite_files/codesign/imagecache/inline-large/inline/2012/11/1671278-inline-02-swing-moradavaga-02.jpg fig4. http://eco-publicart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Swing_tech_2-web-1000x500.jpg fig5. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Museo_Soumaya_(acceso).JPG fig6. http://www.suckerpunchdaily.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/SOUMAYA_digrams_ LARGE.jpg fig7. http://snohetta.com/uploads/project/2/max_770984538d65039ef790cb0a909eb7f1.jpg fig8. http://s3.amazonaws.com/europaconcorsi/detail_originals/2987779/1_full.gif fig9. http://s3.amazonaws.com/europaconcorsi/detail_originals/2987779/1_full.gif fig10. http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5320/7409586176_201e76de66.jpg fig11. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Mito_Art_Tower.JPG fig12. http://studiogang.net/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/aqua1.jpg fig13. http://eco-publicart.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/swing-1-web-1000x500.jpg fig14. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Gang,_Jeanne_-_Aqua_Tower.JPG

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Part. B 33


B.1. Research Field

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STRIPS/FOLDING The LAGI 2014 design requires a sculptural form that can ‘stimulate and challenge the mind of visitors’. The design will be a both challenge and opportunity for our group, as it not just requires an eye-catching design, the ability of generating and store electricity from nature is going to be a big topic to take in mind. By studying the parametric design, the potential of design will largely increasing by the power of the tool. “Strips and Folding” is considered to be the design approach and starting point for our project. The reason of choosing it is because we are interested in its possibility of generating attractive and interesting forms by curvatures which we think it is one of the advantage of parametric design. Computational tools can manipulate the complexity of curvature easily. From my point of view, strips is a broad definition, it can also create something structural like. Complex curves can be an interesting structural form. From my understanding of folding, it is more related with surface. It can be simply a folded surface or a surface which can self supported by its calculated form. Origami is a good example of folding surface. The selection of this material system provides us a large potential for future development. Our design intent is to design a dynamic project with expressive and innovative form by using sustainable material to generate architecture discourse. Local people would be attracted to visit and interact with the project in order to engage the idea of renewable energy and sustainability.

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Precedent Projects

WIND SHAPE nArchitect Lacoste, 2006

Windshape was an ephemeral structure located in Lacoste, France as a gathering space for students and as a venue to host events. It was an inhabitable outdoor environment consisting of two eight meters high pavilions. The design intent is to create a dynamically changed structure with the Provençale wind. The different degree of tension in the string, the project would react differently from wind. Heavy wind would influence strings move dramatically and made a hissing sound. The form of the structure would have different form as wind blows each string and create a multitude of temporary forms.

FIG1

Its strings could be similar to our strips ideas. It inspired me to think about the relationship between wind, movement and vibration. It would be interesting to see if our project could create some ‘temporary’ forms in different wind.

WIND FOUNTAIN Gembong Reksa Kawula 2012

FIG2

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Wind Fountain is an entry project for the LAGI 2012. The project is designed by Gembong Reksa Kawula. This project is also an energy renewable architecture. It is shaped like artificial tree about 30 meters high. Each tree consists of 450 flexible thread and they all made of carbon fiber reinforced resin pole. Therefore wind can easily sway it. The brilliant and key part of the project is the vibrations by wind, as ‘vibrations can create stress and strain on piezoelectric crystals to generate electric current, Thread are covered with corresponding piezoelectric transducer, which is a device made of a ceramic or polymer that emits electrons when stressed.’^2 When wind blows the flexible thread, then it will create a synchronously bend in the downstream of the air wake. The bending force transfers kinetic energy into electrical regulation circuits that create power. This precedent gives us a vision of how energy can be generated in a smart way and without losing its aesthetic and interesting form. Although it is still in research, its strips like form and way of energy generated are good inspirations for our project. 1. notes from http://www.archdaily.com/4608/windshape-narchitects/ 2. notes from http://www.archdaily.com/277721/wind-fountain-competition-entry-gembong-reksa-kawula/


B.2. Case Study 1.0

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FIG3

SEROUSSI PAVILION

Alisa Andrasek and Biothing Paris, 2007

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Diff erent Line Length

Plan View

Spin Force

Change Decay

Point Att ractors

Line Att ractors

Combinati on of Above

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Different Line Length

Spin Force

Change Decay

Point Attractors

Line Attractors

Combination of Above

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Isometric View

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Spin Attracting Line

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Attracting Points Combined


Selection Criteria -Aesthetic Expression -Spacial Experience -Structural feasibility -Potential to further exploration During the exploration, we used total 6 different techniques to explore the form of this project. It is very easy to see that each technique created very unique and interesting forms. Although changing the basic curve of the definition, it would be large differences between each other, we didn’t pick from it as we fell it may not that interesting compare to others. We picked one from the spin species, as we found that one is very unique formed. From top view, we can see it looks like a tornado spinning around; from perspective view, its circular shaped top gives a very unique experience when we took close-up angle. The second one we choose is from attracting point species. We tested different attracting points in different position and values, and it finally come with the one which created separated small spaces from each cocoon, it may consider as small private room for future use. That’s why we picked this one. We picked one from attracting line species as our third one. It is truly opposite compare to the second one, as it has a large and closed area and roof. This can be an interesting pavilion to be considered. The last one we pick is a combination of each technique, it is more like a landscape sculpture project rather than a pavilion. Its large size and unpredictable lines makes it very different. From the 30 iterations, it is very interesting to explore and think each of it. All of them have different forms and interesting arrangement. We found there are many interesting interpretation could be done, such as opened planed pavilion, closed private pavilion and etc. The strips of them are also can be considered as the carbon fiber reinforced resin pole and generate energy from vibration of winds. The iteration helped us to get ideas from different tests, and it was helpful by looking and interpretation from different forms.

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B.3. Case Study 2.0

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fig.6

ARCHIPELAGO PAVILION

Marcus Abrahamsson & Benoit CrooGothenburg 2012

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Archipelago pavilion is a stainless steel parametric pavilion designed by Marcus Abrahamsson & Benoit Croo and students. The project is entirely designed with grasshopper and rhino. The design intent is to create a pavilion that provided shading and shelter for relax. The grasshopper also used to calculate the loads, shades and sun, and fabrication. Total 133 pieces of stainless steel is cut precisely and manually bolted. The spread ceiling provides people a feel of stay under a tree. The most inspired part of this project is, its ultimate expanding ability to connect more pavilions. It can connect a series of small pavilion together and create a large set of pavilions. Due to the very limited information of this project, all our observation is based on photos. From our observation, we think the key part of the building is the fabrication. It looks like seamless connected. We think the project can be divided in three parts and connected with each other. Therefore we started our first attempt, the first one we started with Voronoi to create pattern and curves, then we divide curves into points, after that loft from bottom to top. However, this way didn’t work as it missed the most important part that is the seamless connection of between each other. Therefore we continued our exploration. We changed our thinking to make Voronoi and loft to a whole surface first, then we use the surface to create mesh on it. After that, applied mesh relaxation on it so the form looks more curve and natural; then use mesh to find points and create curves to look seamless.

Voronoi to Creat Curves

Loft Curves

Mirror the Loft

Find points on surface

Creat Mesh

Mesh Relaxation Via Froce

First failed attempt as we didn’t connect three tress together

Connect Points to Curves

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Although the reverse engineering roughly looks similar, there are still many differences exists, and parts need to be improved. That is, the original pavilion has the surface pattern on it, and its shape is more dynamic and unique; compare to our model, it has no surface patterning and the form is too general. We still have a lot to improve our scripts in future.

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B.4. Technique Development

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Iteration made for a series of pavilions inspired from case study one Weakness: Each pavilion is not connected or related, would increase difficutlty for future fabrication

Continued iteration from Reverse Engineering Weakness: Small scaled pavilion with limited potention to develop on existing scripts.

After the reverse engineering, we extended the definition and did 50 matrix with the same script. Although we tried different techniques with additional scripts, the final matrix did not give us a satisfied result. We revealed the matrix and found it was quite similar in its form and shape. And the most important thing is that we realized the script could not meet our design requirement. The script from reverse engineering was a pavilion, and it could not fit the large area of site. Even we had developed another script which can create a series of pavilion and tried to adapt two scripts together, and it did not work at the end.

Kalay’s method employed to approch design

After the mid term presentation, our group decided to abandon the complex old script and started with a new one with similar logic but aiming for a large scaled project. We used idea from case study one and two to create a serious of pavilion and connected together. It finally comes with a satisfied outcome- an easy and clear script which have large potential to manipulate iterations. Selection Criteria -Constructible with our intended material -Dynamic form and expression to attract people involving, both interial space and exterial looking -To consider and satisfy the renewable energy generation

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Geometrix Pattern

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Hexagon

Skewed

Qua

Staggered Quad

Triangle - A

Triang


ads

gle - B

Diamond

Random Quad

Triangle - C

Diamond + Voronoi

The use of geometric pattern instead of voronoi would create some shape, but the combination of diamond and voronoi is a very interesting one. Unlike other conventional results, it generates shape with different sized supporting pole, which is quite interesting to look.

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Subdivide Surface

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U:7 V:3

U:10 V:4

U: V

U:18 V:15

U:20 V:18

U:2 V:2


:12 V:5

U:15 V:8

U:15 V:10

20 20

U:25 V:18

U:25 V:21

Playing with the parameter of subdivide surface is good to test with the different space created between each pole, which is also very important to manipulate and control our design intent. We chose the one with great internal space, and think it would be a good example for the pavilion which we are aiming for.

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Patterning List

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T:1 F:1

T:2 F:1

T:10 F:4

T:10 F:5

T F


T:2 F2

T:5 F:2

T:5 F:4

T:12 F:8

T:15 F:8

T:15 F:20

Patterning list is used to find different pattern of the surface which determines the space of this project. However, we find it is a little bit hard to control the result from patterning list as it generates random results. It is not good for us to control the design outcome.

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Scale Fator F:0.1

Woven Surface

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F:0.2

F


F:0.5

F:0.8

F:1

The scale factor we used without mirror function, so it can create a tree like shape which would be interesting to have a exploration, and may provide different experience for users. The woven top surface is a good species to play with, as it brings dynamic expression to the model, which gives us a more option to think about the possibility of energy generation.

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Open Roofed

Hybrid Combination

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Roof covered by surface

The final set is the combination of each teniques, however we found most of them are over complex, and the outcomes are strange and broken. Therefore we decided not to choose them.

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We haven choosen this model as our final outcome from 50 iterations. It satisifies our criteria. It can provide great spacious epxerience for people to cross or stay; possible to construct; easy for further expanding the size; has good potential to create more interesting forms. These are the reasons which we decided to choose this model.

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B.5. Prototype

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Prototype 1 This prototype used paper as material to demonstrate as a private space in pavilion. It is used to show how interior space could be separated from outside area. Paper is good to show the softness of carbon fiber may bend and vibrate in reality. We did a test just mimic the wind blow, every strip would vibrating, and the top part of strips would bend. The result is good to know as we would be encouraged to continue exploration the bending and vibration force of the project. The weakness of this prototype is joint. because we did not think about the join in this prototype, and it must be solved by using pipes or carbon fibers.

Prototype 2 We used plastic pipes to do it. The way we want to test is to mimic the property of carbon reinforced fiber as the supported structure and its swag by wind. We anticipate it can stay in the wind and swag and therefore to create bending force. We also made a simple joint to let those pipes to stand together. This prototype is a very simple but is a feasible outcome of how our project can be constructed. The weekness of this prototype is the material we used here is differnt than the one we would like to use. Plastic is quite hard to bend, and once bend it is not possible to recover.

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Prototype 3 This is the membrane test and installation. As our group design intent, we would like to use plastic membrane to cover the whole surface of carbon fibers. There are few advantages of doing this, such as provide shelter for visitors and enclose spaces. Once the entire project is covered by membrane, it will also increase the building stability and integrity. Another advantage is the building will vibrate more and together. We had also think about the installation method. Unlike the traditional installation, that membrane is put in the outside. We made strips to cross the membrane in both inside and outside, so it can increase the vibration of the building but also increase interesting surface looking.

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B.6.

Technique Proposal

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After the mid semester presentation, our group changed quite few desgin including concepts, shapes and way of generating energy. Our team would like to create a set of pavilion to generate electricity, and also create a space for people to gather, play and relax; more important is to attract people to join, and interact with the project, so people could get idea of sustainability and renewable energy. We would like to use the kinetic floor system as our one of the electrcity generating method. The floor can be easily installed and placed as walk way. Whenever people step up onto those tiles, it will harvest kinetic energy to electricity. As we can imagin, that people will get more interested as they can generate electiry by themselfs. It creats interatction between people and architecture. The increasing of awareness would encourage people to learn and know the idea of renewable energy. We also have looked at the photovoltaic panel. It is one of the most efficent renewable energy generating method. Our group decided to install solar panel on the top of the roof where people would not be able to see it, so it will not affect the aesthetic appearance. There will be LED lights installed to create a dynamic atomosphere for night and cloudy days. All the electricity are from renewable energies. Holes in the tree shape would be considred to collect rain water and plants. This will increase the public awarness on sustainable environment.

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Proposed Site View

Proposed User context

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Strucutral view every small pavilion is connected with adjacent pavilion

Memberance applied

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Photovoltaic panels

Different holes of the pavilion can be sipecifically designed to collect rain water or grow plants.

Pavegen,kinetic energy floor

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fig7 energy generated from pedestrains's steps


B.7. Learning Objectives and Outcomes

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After the interim presentation, we found there were still many areas need to be solved and overcome. We also finalized our matrix after the presentation, as we realized that the previews definition had its limitation on future exploration. Therefore we made a new script. 1. The material we use is carbon fiber poles, and guest mentioned that it looks like our project would be very light and easy to be blown away. We need to consider the joint between ground and poles. 2. One guest mentioned that we had too many ideas, that we should focus on one and develop more and deep. 3. The connection between each pole and membrane should be carefully designed. 4. Guest mentioned we should use parametric tools to make prototype, as the prototype we made was not parametric information used and was not good. 5. We need to think about the layout and why we design in this direction not that direction. 6. One of the guest said that our LED lights could be use different colour to indicate different wind direction or different force applied, rather than random coloured.

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After 8 weeks, my study on this subject has improved a lot. I feel that the importance of theoretic study is essential for architecture design. The more theory studies, I will get more deep understanding on architecture. The workflow of this journal is very helpful for future design process. It has a very systematic progress for designing and case studying. Every part of the journal requires deep research and understanding in architecture. The exploration of matrix study and parametric design tool is also very interesting. It is the first time that I used matrix to create design proposals. It teaches me another way of achieving design outcomes. The power of computation design encourages me to explore more on future. I think this would finally be the trend for architecture design.


B.8. Appendix

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We also made a few differnt set of matrix for technique development, although some of the models looks quite interesting, but the technique behind could not relate to our project, so we gave up for those matrix.


These are few abbadoned results during case study 1.0 definiation exploration.

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The fail print of our 3d model due to the lack of experience, which we sent to print a 'surface' model to print.

Recorded a video to show the effects of structural, membrance and LED lights

The reverse enginnering of windshape

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REFERNCE

Notes for wind fountain http://www.archdaily.com/277721/wind-fountain-competition-entry-gembong-reksa-kawula/ notes for wind shap ehttp://www.archdaily.com/4608/windshape-narchitects/ Fig1. http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/874772736_na-windshapeimg-1852.jpg Fig2. http://landartgenerator.org/LAGI-2012/wf252rka/ Fig3.4.5 http://www.evolo.us/architecture/alisa-andraseks-algorithmic-seroussi-pavilion/ fig 6. http://www.evolo.us/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Archipelago-Pavilion-5.jpg

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Part. C 79


C.1. Design Concept

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After the presentation, our group reviewed comments and feedbacks from guests. We found there were three main areas where we need to focus and think about. Firstly, the guests questioned feasibility of construction in our design. The project is intended to be covered by membrance, and it seems impossible to install those membrance in our project especially in huge scale. Secondly, the design idea needs to be more significant. Our project is lack of significant idea in generating renewable energy. Finally, the form can be more dynamic and interesting rather than similar to precedent projects. Our group decided to revise the brief and made some change in our project.

1. To solicit contemplation from viewers on such broad ideas as ecological systems, human habitation and development, energy and resource generation and consumption, and/or other concepts at the discretion of the design team 2. Capture energy from nature, convert it into electricity, and have the ability to store, and/or transform and transmit the electrical power to a grid connection point to be designed by others 3. Be well informed by a thorough understanding of the history, geography, details of the design site, and the broader contexts of Refshaleoen, Copenhagen. 4. Be pragmatic and constructible and employ technology that can be scalable and tested.

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Idea Generation Continued on Part B Work

1. Inspired from the 5 Finger Urban Plan of Cophenhagen

2. Interpret the diagram into simple form on site

fig 3.1

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3.locate potential points which crowd will gather on site

4.Use Voronoi to quickly calculate the boundary which cooperate with finger plan and crowd points

5. Use idea from the finger plan to allocate spatial experience

6. Combine the circulation with Voronoi Pattern to generate space

fig. 3. 1 http://www.regjeringen.no/Rpub/STM/20012002/023EN/HFIG/fig4-2.gif


Site view

The initial inspiration for us is the 5 finger urban plan for the Copenhagen. The plan uses a hand with five fingers to segregate city areas and traffic. Copenhagen has many old towns distribute around its city edge, therefore five fingers used to represents the main connection to connect those old towns. We used idea from the 5 fingers, it provides an efficient way to allocate and plan for the circulation. As in the east side is the entry where most of people would gather there; five

fingers point to different direction where to water taxi, water front, function area and etc. This is the way what we would like to design for people when they come to the pavilion. It combines with the Voronoi pattern that generate interesting patterns.

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Interior spatial experience

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We made two different prototypes to test. Although the model itself has good structure looking, we found few problems occurred during the model making. The biggest issue is the membrance cladding onto the structure. We found it is extremely hard to clad plastic membrance onto it. We tried many different ways to do it, but the result did not come as we expected. Membrance cannot fit well with curved structure and therefore impossible to cover the entire model. After the failure of cover membrance, we tried to use plastic wrap to cover it. However, the final outcome doesn’t looks well and it also waste a materials a lot. Another issue came out is the structure itself. We sought advises from tutor and guests, and they suggested that it is quite hard to achieve this kind of structure in large scale which we are looking for. They advise us cut the bottom half of the structure, and keep the top one, this would be more feasible to stay firm and stable in reality. After a very thoughtful meeting in our group, we decided to rethink our project and concepts. We realized it would be a dead end if we continue developing the connected structure in such huge site with large size. However we did not completely give up the structure and form in someway, as we think that we can take some advantage and experience from the failed structure and forms as a starting point.

Prototype -Strucutre columns interactively connect with each other. It seems impossible to clad membrance on it.

Prototype -Install with Plastic Wrap

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Site Analysis

Refshaleoen is located in the north edge of Copenhagen, and the proposed site is in the heart area of Refshaleoen. There is a water taxi terminal located in the South-West of the site which will be a potential crowd area in the site. In the opposite of the site, the iconic Little Mermaid stands there. Amalienborg (18th century complex of palaces),Kastellet (star shaped fortress), Copenhagen Opera House, paintball grounds and yatch clubs all located closed to the site. The site is proposed to be a place for people to realize and involve into to the concept of renewable energy. The site is strategic as our project should be an potential location to attract people and evaluate it as important as other place of interest in Copenhagen as marked in blue. Our design project should create radiation effect to the city of Copenhagen.

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Industry

Tourism

Water Taxi

From the reserach and study of the site, we discovered that the site is surrounded by few different purposed area. The Little Mermaid and tourism boat consist and cover the west side of the site. On the north

side, indsutry and merchants are next to the site. And southern water taxi will create crows in the south part. These three parts will be the main factors to allocate our design within the site.

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"Biomass is considered a sustainable energy resource because it is a product of organic processes which naturally regenerate at a rapid cycle (as opposed to fossil fuel energy sources which take millions of years to form naturally)"

The process of producing ethanol is going through the fermentation of sugars from high carbohydrate plants such as potato, beet, corn and wheat. After the study of local climate and data collecting, we found Copenhagen has moderate marine climate and this is good condition for wheat growing. As the diagram pointed out, the climate in Copenhagen is extremely suitable for wheat growing. The average wheat output about 800~1000 kg per hectare. Wheat has short period to mature about 100 days and can be cultivated twice a year. This property ensures itsatisfies our design idea. fig 3.2

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fig. 3. 2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_wheat_production_statistics


Wheat Ethanol Process

Wheat

Milling

Ethanol Storagev

Liquification

Fermentation

Molecular Sieve

Distillation

Car

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After the research, we found machines can be easily fitted into the hollow part. We take the advantage from the structure that milling, fermentation machines can be installed in the columns. Therefore machines would not affect the appearance in our design. Columns would be selectively open a small window to show those machines for public. Windows allows public to understand the process and how could energy be generated. Solis can also be filled in with different columns. This would provide enough nutrition for roof top wheat to grow.

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1. Assume potential people gathering points based on analysis of three differnt zones

2. Applying Voronoi definiation to optimise the effective pattern generation

3. Zoning different functional areas based on site analysis

4. Smooth edges of each the pattern to get sense of organnic

5. Create Coloumns by lofting

6. Using forces to relax the coloumns so it looks more smooth and curved

7. Open Sky light to ensure people can access sunlight at ground

8. Creating playful areas based on path

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Technique of Creating Waffle Strucutre Formwork for Concrete

Get mesh

Project lines to plane

Find intersection curv

Technique of Creating Waffle Strucutre timber pavilion

Find curves

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Contour curves and connect them

Offset curves


ves with projection

Contour curves

Offset and loft

Loft lines

Loft vertical curves

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Pavilion, milled with local Cypress Pine

Bench, concrete crafted by skilled labour

Slab, in-situ concrete and finished with timber deck

Coloumns, situ-concrete by waffle strucuture formwork with smooth finish

Fake hill play ground, grass land

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Glass fence to prevent accident

Semi- closed pavilion pro relax and private area fo

People can throw wheats into the milling machine and starts the ethanol produce process.

Open window allows people to observe the process of wheat ethanol

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Section Diagram

ovides or people Glass elevator connecting ground and deck

Fake hill adding landscape effect

Coloumn fills with soils to ensure sufficient for wheat growing

This is a cut section diagram to demostrate the design intent of the project. From the diagram, we can see each coloumns act for differnt purposes. Some of them are filled with soils and some of them are installed with biomass energy generating machines. The coloumns filled with soil allows wheat to grow in the roof top, people therefore can involve into the process of energy generation. Visitors can easily pick up wheat and drop them into the holes where connected with machines. This gives people an idea of how easy and good can renewable energy been generated by themselfs. This design is to educate and demostrate people and devlier the renewable energy idea to them.

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C.2. Tectonic Elements

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After we get the feedback from presentation, our group decided to change the form of our structure. We decided to ‘cut’ half of the structure to support as columns. This kind of shape is very common to seen in many projects. It is theoretical much stronger than previous fully curved one. However, our project is in large scale and big size. We decided to use concrete as our main material, and use waffle like structure to be the formwork for pouring concrete. The reason of choosing waffle structure is that we think it is very stable and easy to setup for timber. Also our project has different sized and curved columns, it is very important to use waffle structure because every single joint need to be connected firmly.

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C.3. Final Model


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The detailed model is fabricated by laser cut and material we used is 3mm thick MDF. It is scaled to 1:25. Each curved surface and joint are all parametrically exported to fabrication. When we set up it, it was a really convenient and quick to assemble the model up, the laser cutter precisely cuts every piece. We are pleased to see the expected outcome as we modeled it in digital. Not only laser cut, we also made a 3d-print model by powder machine. Columns in our project is all parametrically calculated in curved shape with relaxation applied. The three columns are well printed by 3d printer. Columns intergrade with laser cut white Perspex sheet to make the 1:100 model. Due to the large occupation of our project, we only select water taxi part to make the model. After the assembly, the model shows great visual appearance. The waffle structure pavilion provides great shadow effect while we take the photos. And the 1:100 model provides great spatial experience in it.


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Render


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C.4. Additional LAGI Brief Requirements


Description Biomass Wheat Park is a public project which aiming to attract all aged people to understand and have a sense about renewable energy generation. It is an educational place but more likely a leisure park for people to relax and play. We employed parametric design tool to create unconventional, unique and stylish public space to become a landmark in Copenhagen. Wheat is a raw material for daily food. It can be seen anywhere in our life. This project uses wheat as the core crop to produce ethanol and covert into biofuel for transportation to use. The park is intended to generate biofuel by itself to support the public transportation used in the park or local. We designed the entire production line that generate renewable energy from wheat growing to the final product- biofuel. The park has a ground and upper deck. Visitors can easily go onto the upper deck pick up wheat and throw into the hole which connect with machines. Then people can see the process of biofuel generation. It is also a place for people to relax and leisure. The project integrates with great place to view landscape in Copenhagen and water taxi terminal. We would like to use architecture to engage people involving into a sustainable life. Carbon- neutral city will be a great achievement for Copenhagen, and this is the place to tell people how they could share their impact in this great movement. Technology In order to achieve the aesthetic appearance, the technology we use is all covered and hide into the hallow columns. As mentioned before, we use biomass technology to covert wheat into ethanol to replace petrol. The process has few steps and need different machines to covert into energy. The first step is to

milling wheat into dry conditions. After that, wheat goes into slurry tanks then into liquefaction tanks where turns wheat into liquid. Once the liquefaction process done, all materials will go into fermentation tank to generate ethanol. The distillation tank will absorb all pure ethanol without any other impurity. After that Molecular sieve will filter again. In the last step, denaturant will turn material into user end ethanol fuel. Dimensions and List of the primary materials used The project is about 12.7 meters high. Main material used is concrete. Concrete has been used in form columns, upper slab and benches on upper deck. It has good thermal properties in absorbing heat during daytime, and decreases the heat on site. There are two pavilions on upper deck, and they are all made by local Cypress Pine to construct using waffle structural system. Glass has been used in constructing protective fence on upper deck and three elevators. Environmental Impact Our aim is to create a self-retained project on site with no negative environmental impact. The scale of our project is relatively large, it requires a lot of concrete to construct. However, compare to other materials like steel, concrete requires much lower embodied energy to produce (Leslie); it has thermal mass to reduce urban heat island effect. As our proposed, grassland will remain the same on its own; native plants and flora would not be impacted, large proportion of wheat planted on upper deck will even create a micro environment system on site. We aim to provide transportation which using our renewable ethanol to pick up and deliver visitors to the site.

Leslie, http://www.ctre.iastate.edu/pubs/sustainable/strublesustainable.pdf

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C.5. Learning Outcomes and Objectives


At the beginning of studio, the theory part of our study was really important and remarkable. Architecture is a discourse, this idea is a very power and influential concept of understanding what is architecture design, and how we are going to design, why should we design and etc. A series of self asked question is always a good starting point of design. I think those kind of questions would navigate and increase design meaning. Architectural design is no more just for shelter, it should be something meaningful and influential for whether cultural or others. Grasshopper and Rhino are very useful tool of helping our design. I learnt quite a lot skill in Grasshopper. It is a very powerful tool of helping design. We used it to demonstrate our concept in digital screen is a very handy way as we can test hundreds of different results in a fast way. The case study part is a very exciting part of studying. It gives us a excellent example of learning how to achieve famous and amazing architecture in Grasshopper easily.

design process. Our group allocates different jobs and work together. After a few weeks, I also learnt many skills from team members. It is great way to design and share knowledge. From my opinion, Studio Air is a very interesting and practical subject I have ever learnt. It teaches me how to manipulate digital model in Grasshopper and Rhino; how to generate expression of interests in future; working in a team; and more importantly, I learnt a very precise and sophisticated design process. Although there was some hard work time during the semester, it is very happy to see the final outcome. Maybe this is what called design. Thank you Chen!

Working in a team is a very interesting and efficient way of design and solving problems. Before this studio, there is no such a subject has a whole semester working in a team. This studio provide a good opportunity to work like a team. Idea generating speed is much more faster and broad than individual. There is a lot of new ideas came in group which I have never thought about it before. Teamwork also speeds up the

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REFERNCE

Leslie Struble and Jonathan Godfrey, HOW SUSTAINABLE IS CONCRETE?, http://www.ctre.iastate.edu/pubs/sustainable/ strublesustainable.pdf fig. 3. 1 http://www.regjeringen.no/Rpub/STM/20012002/023EN/HFIG/fig4-2.gif fig. 3. 2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_wheat_production_statistics


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