De-Mystifying Sustainable Design

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Connecting Designers with Practical and Eco-Friendly Design Methods

©2011, 13thirtyone Design LLP

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PaPErs Understanding recycled content Pre-consumer waste vs. Post-consumer waste Bleaching and de-inking Paper resources

RecYcLeD LoGo ARTwoRK Logos for your project and energy calculators Different certification mark meanings

InKS Petroleum Soy Toxic colors Minimum ink coverage

PRInTING Pre-press considerations Printing presses and their environmental impacts Printer suggestions

Eco•FRIenDLY WoRK SAMPLeS

CReATInG A GReeNeR WORKSPACe

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PAP R

1 CHeCK•YOUR RecYcLeD

coNTeNT

To simply use paper that has a percentage of post-consumer waste is great — it certainly contributes to conservation. But as designers, we have a huge impact on the paper choices our clients use in their materials. To learn what actually goes into the paper process is critical to choosing the most sustainable papers we can.

Most paper is made from wood chips or scraps chemically treated, which are then turned into paper fiber. The materials created in this reduction process are called virgin fiber (fiber that hasn’t been pressed into paper before). As such, virgin fibers take more trees to create.

By using papers that are comprised of all or some recycled materials, we reduce the amount of virgin fibers going into that paper, therefore saving resources and being more eco-friendly.

Today, most papers have a mix of virgin fibers and recycled content. Now that we understand where virgin fibers are coming from, let’s explore the recycled content.

Recycled paper comes from two categories: pre-consumer waste and post-consumer waste.

a.

PRe-CONSUMeR vs. PosT-conSuMer WaSTe Pre-consumer waste is made up of paper scraps that have never reached the general public. They’re paper scraps that stay within the manufacturing facilities; this could include magazine scraps or unsold/ordered magazine issues, paper mill scraps, etc. Alternatively, paper that has been used and recovered through a recycling process is called post-consumer waste. This is paper material that was saved from a landfill.

Papers that are created from 100% post-consumer waste do exist. Companies that make these products include: Neenah Paper Mohawk (Mohawk lines also include Strathmore, Beckett Cambric, Beckett Concept)

There are also many other paper choices available for designers and printers to choose from. Here are a few lines of alternative paper choices: Yupo (Yupo is tree-free, completely synthetic; it’s derived from polypropylene) Crane Paper 100% Cotton Paper (Note: Crane Paper is now owned by Neenah Paper) Other materials include Kenaf, Hemp and Fabric paper.

2 BLeaCHING aND De-INKING You’ve found a gorgeous paper stock that says it’s 100% post-consumer paper. It’s a bright white shade of paper - so bright, in fact, that there appears to be no difference between the recycled paper and the virgin fiber paper. Truth be told, there’s more to paper than just the recycled content when it comes to sustainability.

Once pre- and post-consumer papers have been gathered for recycling they go through a de-inking process. This process removes any inks/dyes in the paper so it’s ready for reuse. With this in mind, toxic matter is left behind in landfills often including those toxic inks, chemicals, staples and other inorganic matter. These impurities then leak into water systems and can even pollute our air.

While de-inking is harmful to the environment, bleaching is worse still. When paper goes through the bleaching process (whether recycled or virgin fiber) dioxin is produced. Dioxin is a cancer-causing chemical; one of the most toxic compounds known. This compound is released during the bleaching process and is almost identical to DDT, an agricultural insecticide farmers used on their crops which was banned in the 1960s. These chemical compounds cause cancer, reproductive malfunctions in mammals and many other severe effects.

In 1998 the EPA set a deadline for paper mills, stating that all U.S. mills should have nondetectable levels of dioxin. While some paper companies have moved to bleaching processes that utilize alternatives to chlorine (such as hydrogen peroxide), others have made great efforts to be completely chlorine free. There are three levels of chlorine-free processes. They are as follows:

LeVeL A: TOTaLLY CHLORINe FRee Totally Chlorine Free (TCF) is reserved for virgin fiber papers. TCF papers do not use pulp produced with chlorine or chlorine containing compounds as bleaching agents. The TCF emblem is the only certification mark in the world that clearly identifies: • No chlorine or chlorine compounds were used in the papermaking process.

• All virgin components need to be certified as total chlorine free and require a chain of custody for all fiber.

• The mill has no current or pending violations.

• The mill does not use old growth forest for any of the virgin pulp.

LeVeL B: PROCeSSeD CHLORIne FRee Processed Chlorine Free (PCF) is reserved for recycled content paper. This includes all recycled fibers used that meet EPA guidelines for recycled or post-consumer content. PCF papers have not been re-bleached with chlorine containing compounds. A minimum of 30% post-consumer content is required. The PCF emblem is the only certification mark in the world that clearly identifies: • No chlorine or chlorine compounds were used in the papermaking process.

• All virgin components need to be certified as total chlorine free.

• The means by which the mill determined post-consumer content are evaluated.

• The mill has no current or pending violations.

• The mill does not use old growth forest for any of the virgin pulp.

• The product contains at least 30% post-consumer content.

LeVeL C: eLeMeNTaL CHLORINe FRee PAPeR Elemental Chlorine Free Paper (ECF), as mentioned on the Paper Mill Store’s website, “is accomplished by whitening paper free of ‘elemental chlorine’ which is considered the ‘bad guy’ of chlorine. However, other chlorine compounds may be used in this process. When an ECF process is combined with recycled fibers with, unknown chlorine values, the origin and amount of chlorine in the ECF paper in unknown. However, it is important to note that removing elemental chlorine reduces dioxins and improves water quality.”

Completely Chlorine Free papers are certainly the most environmentally sound. A comprehensive list can be found on the Natural Resources Council of Maine’s website.

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handy cut -out card

ReCOMMENDaTIONS

CHLORINe FRee PAPeR

Domtar Mohawk New Leaf Riverside Rolland Vanguard Kraft Paper, Corrugated Cardboard, Chipboard (All unbleached options and typically made from 100% recycled content. These industrial papers may come in more handy on letterpress print jobs vs. off-set/digital projects.)

For a comprehensive list of paper recommendations, that contain chlorine free fibers of all levels, please visit the Natural Resources Council of Maine’s website at www.nrcm.org/paperlist

MARKS

1 LOGOS FOR YOUR PROJeCT If you have created a project for a client or for a self-promotion that utilizes a percentage of pre- or post-consumer waste, feel free to advertise this! Often, printers have libraries of the vector artwork needed to add this illustrated logo to your ďŹ les. Examples of such markings are as follows:

In regards to using the recycled logo, your printer may be able to supply you with artwork that communicates the percentage of pre- or post-consumer waste within the paper you’re using.

2

eNeRGY STaTISTICS FOR YOUR PROJeCT Many designers are now allowing room for their clients’ projects to show the exact energy savings their project created by using local papers, items with high amounts of pre- and post-consumer waste, etc. This helps the viewer to fully comprehend what the impacts of sustainable design are on our environment. Many paper lines provide their own energy calculators on their websites, and Neenah Paper just recently released an energy savings calculator app for the iPhone. Here is an example of Mohawk’s online calculator tool:

Here are a list of environmental calculators for your use: Neenah Paper Mohwak Paper Environmental Defense Fund

3 CeRTIFICaTIONS De-CODeD With all the efforts to be eco-friendly on behalf of the paper industry, there are many certifications out there you’ll see stamped on paper sample booklets, websites and even watermarked on the paper products themselves. Here’s a handy guide to help de-code a handful of these different certifications and what their marks mean:

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handy cut -out card

© 1996 Forest Stewardship Council A.C. The mark of responsible forestry.

By buying products with the FSC label you are supporting the growth of responsible forest management worldwide.

Green-e is the nation’s leading independent consumer protection program for the sale of renewable energy and greenhouse gas reductions in the retail market. Green-e offers certification and verification of renewable energy and greenhouse gas mitigation products.

Processed Chlorine Free, a term reserved only for papers made with a minimum of 30% post consumer recycled fiber, means the paper is manufactured without elemental chlorine or chlorine derivatives.

Green Seal is a symbol of recognition to customers that papers are made with a minimum of 30% post consumer fiber and that mill processes, including packaging, are environmentally preferable.

Carbon Neutral Plus is a commitment to reduce carbon emissions plus conserve Earth’s natural resources and wildlife habitat.

Environmental Choice Program is an eco-labelling scheme that was established by Environment Canada in 1988 with over 300 categories of products to help consumers identify services/products which are less harmful to the environment.

INKS

Inks are comprised of three components; pigment, vehicle and additives. The pigment is the dye or coloring of the ink. The vehicle is the liquid carrying that pigment. Finally, the additives are what help the ink dry and stick to the surface of the paper.

1 PeTROLeUM Petroleum is a very conventional vehicle for common inks that is combined with alcohol, which allows for faster drying. When petroleum and alcohol mix, however, they release VOCs (volatile organic compounds) which are harmful to our bodies and the earth. As such, the government has begun to regulate the amount of VOCs that are emitted from presses.

Because these gases are so harmful, it’s important to consider other ink alternatives.

2 VeGeTaBLe

aND SOY

Vegetable and soy-based inks break down very readily when in landfills. They also emit lower amounts of VOCs and require less chemical-filled cleaners at print shops. To give you an idea of the amounts of VOCs released from inks, it’s been stated that as petroleum-inks dry they emit 25 to 40% of VOCs while soy- and vegetable-inks release only 2 to 4%. Common sources for vegetable inks include soy, coconut, corn and walnut.

If you’re interested in talking to a printer about these petroleum ink alternatives, talk to them about no-VOC, low-VOC or reduced-VOC options. Even though some inks may include a percentage of soy or vegetable as an ink alternative, they may still contain a portion of petroleum.

THE BENEFITS: Vegetable inks produce a very strong and vivid pigment on your paper and are also less absorbent which means less dot-gain on presses. They also tend to rub off less.

THE DOWNSIDE: Vegetable and soy inks take longer to dry. Time calculations are based on paper and humidity levels in the area.

3 HaRMFUL INK aDDITIVeS While there are many color swatches out there that are less harmful to the environment than others, it’s important to recognize the elements used in some pigments that cause harmful effects on the earth. Here are some elements to watch out for: • Barium • Copper • Zinc In 2000, Pantone removed the following from their swatch-color choices due to the amounts of additives that caused eye, skin and lung irritations: • 8001-8005 • 8521 • 8540-8541 • 8560-8561 • 8580-8582 • 8600-8601 • 8640-8641 • 8660-8662 • 18680-8682

• 8700-8702 • 8720-8722 • 8740-8742 • 8760 • 8762 • 8780-8781 • 8800-8801 • 8820-8822 • 8840-8841

• 8860-8862 • 8881-8882 • 8900-8902 • 8921 • 8941-8942 • 8961 • Pantone Warm Red (offered a CMYK alternative)

While many colors have been removed from Pantone’s color palette, there are still some colors that remain on the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Section-313 of Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) List. The list identifies colors that contain compounds which could be harmful to the environment, specifically copper, zinc and barium.* This list of colors is as follows:

SeCTION 313-LISTeD COLORS* CONTaINING COPPeR, BaRIUM,

aND/OR ZINC Pantone colors said to contain VOCs are as follows: METALLIC COLORS 8680-8682

REGULAR COLORS 123-126 136-140 1365-1405 150-154 1555-1615 163-168 1625-1685 170-175 176-181 1765-1815 183-188 189-195 211-216 436-440 443-447 455-457 4625-4645 469-472 490-495 497-501 4975-5005 504-509 5185-5215 5535-5565 560-565 567-572

*Frush [Design Sostenible] compiled this list. They credit the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act, Section 313 of Title III and Re-Nourish Design from a previously-written article.

4 DeSIGNING FOR MINIMUM INK COVeRaGe When thinking about recycled paper, remember that the fibers must be de-inked before the pulp can be re-pressed into paper. Therefore, it’s important to use eco-friendly alternatives when possible. However, less ink overall means less contaminants leaking into our soils and the earth’s water table during the recycling process. When designing a project, think about ways to reduce ink coverage all together. Here are a few examples:

DIRECT MAIL POSTCARD: Convert to Email Campaign?

8.5x11 LETTERHEAD WITH BLEED: This requires a larger sheet cut down to size. Go to 8.5x11” sheet with no bleed?

Keep the standard sizes of papers in mind (8.5x11”, 11x17”, etc.) and work within those dimensions to avoid oddly-sized materials with lots of paper scrap waste. This will not only reduce your ink coverage but your paper costs as well.

TIP: A great way to save money on printing your own self-promotional projects is to print on any scrap-paper from your clients’ projects. This will allow you to take advantage of paper at a lower cost while keeping materials out of the landfill.

TIP: Memorable self-promotions usually contain mailers or other pieces that can be re-used or are so well-designed, the client can’t help but save them. Think about “the after” when designing your projects and design with longevity and re-use in mind.

PRINTING

1 PRe-PReSS CONSIDeRaTIONS

a. e-MAIL PROOFS While printed proofs are certainly necessary in various instances, are they truly appropriate for website design presentations, blog and e-newsletter layouts, and even logo designs?

Think about reviewing proofs on-screen, especially for digital projects. Not only do printed proofs waste the paper the design is printed on, but they also waste spray adhesive (which can be harmful to the environment), and mounting board.

b.

CONSeRVaTION The design process is the most opportune time to think about preserving paper. The following is a list of points to keep in mind when designing a piece of collateral that caters to conservation.

• Design with no bleed as opposed to a full-bleed when possible • Convert the piece to a double-sided design over single-sided in an effort to save paper • A design which utilizes more white space than ink coverage appears cleaner and saves ink • Design a piece that’s worth the viewer keeping or re-using

2 PRINTeRS

a.

OFF-SeT LITHOGRAPHY Off-set if the most common approach to printing professional-looking materials. Printing plates are created from negatives of the design. Chemicals such as bleach and sodium thiosulfate which are used to treat the plates are also harmful to the earth. Short-run plates are then tossed in the garbage. There are some federal regulations in place to control chemical recycling and waste, however, it’s not a well-known fact as to whether or not presses actually follow these practices regularly. Talk to your printer about using not just greener inks and paper, but about implementing greener practices as well.

b.

LASeR PRINTING Dry powder toners are used in laser printing for bonding ink to paper. The plastic polymers that make up this powder are affixed with heat infusers and once they become infused to the paper, the paper becomes very difficult to de-ink and reuse.

c.

DRYOGRaPHY A popular printing method used in Japan for years, printers seeking a more environmentally friendly printing approach are turning to dryography. Dryography (also called waterless printing) causes the inks to stay on top of the paper and not be absorbed. Uncoated paper provides crisper imagery and printing lines. Most paper types used for off-set can be used with Dryography, but because of the varnish on coated stock, uncoated papers typically win here. Best of all, soy- and vegetable-based inks can still be used in this process.

d. LeTTeRPReSS Letterpress is a method of printing comprised by photo-engraved plates or metal type covered with ink that hits the paper, leaving an indentation where the ink fills. Using handset type through this method reduces the need to create custom printing plates, resulting in less waste and chemical use. For type blocks that are no longer needed after a run, they can be melted and re-formed into another font for another project. Furthermore, letterpresses operate at a slower pace which is said to result in more accuracy and less paper waste.

There are many uncoated, recycled stock papers to choose from for this printing method.

e.

SCReeN-PRINTING Screen-printing is the process of forcing ink through a fabric screen where a stencil has been applied. The stencil is made up of a film negative which requires chemicals that are harmful to the environment. However, screen-printing is a much slower process than off-set printing.

Therefore, much less waste is created. Because ordinances have been implemented to regulate the amount of VOC emissions from screen-printing inks and alcohol, many waterbased inks are now available as an alternative. Keep in mind these water-based options work well on paper products, but aren’t ideal for acrylic and glass surfaces which ultimately require latex or vinyl. It’s safe to say that the environmental impacts of screen-printing largely depend on the surface the inks are being applied to.

f.

FLeXOGRaPHY (“FLeXO PRINTING”) This printing method uses rubber or plastic plates on a web press. Flexo is usually saved for unusually large runs or where alternative materials are used such as plastic or kraft paper.

These materials are then trimmed down to size after printing and are often folded into packaging materials. While this printing approach is extremely fast (it is said it can print anywhere from one to four colors in up to one-thousand feet per minute), it also uses waterbased inks as opposed to petroleum. Therefore, VOC emissions are very low. This is certainly an environmentally friendly option, as long as project dimensions account for less paper waste when trimming. Because the inks are water-based, de-inking paper for re-use can be troublesome, however.

g.

THeRMOGRaPHY Thermography is the approach of heating rubber or oil-based inks and dusting them with resin powder to form a raised dull or glossy finish when dry. Thermography heat tunnels for drying the inks require a lot of energy and resources. Furthermore, paper printed with thermography is not easy to re-use. The heat-set inks are infused to the paper fiber and result in contaminants in the paper when removed. In fact, thermographic inks contain more harmful chemicals than petroleum-based ones.

h.

DIGITaL PRINTING Digital printing is a “plateless” process where designs are simply sent from the computer to a four-color digital machine (think Xerox color-copier) and printed. This creates very little paper waste and many PCW paper choices are available.

In summary...

• Avoid thermographic printing when possible.

• A great way to “print” without inks are embossing and die-cutting.

• Talk to your printer about their environmentally friendly efforts (do they used PCW papers, implement low VOC-emission printing methods, and use soy- or vegetable based inks?).

• Dryography, letterpress, and digital printing are great printing options, should they be available.

• Engraving materials is worth considering for product packaging to avoid ink usage.

3 PRINTeR SUGGeSTIONS LETTERPRESS PRINTERS: Smock Printers: http://smockpaper.com/sustain/bamboo/ Julie Holcomb Printers: http://www.julieholcombprinters.com/ Bison Bookbinding and Letterpress: http://www.bisonbookbinding.com/index.php Boxcar Printing Press: http://www.boxcarpress.com/letterpress/letterpress-printing.html DRYOGRAPHY: Warren’s Waterless Printing: http://www.warrenswaterless.com Waterless Printing Association (Directory for USA): http://www.waterless.org/NfindPrinter/findprinter.asp?region=USA DIGITAL PRINTING: Greener Printer: http://www.greenerprinter.com Check out the Green Business Network: http://www.greenamericatoday.org/pubs/greenpages/results.cfm?keywords=printing&Input= Search

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SAMPL S

Title: En Root Business Cards Design: Mix Creative, Minneapolis, MN; Katrina Hase-Art Director Paper: Neenah Classic Linen, White Pearl 115 lb. Cover Printing Company: Palmer Printing, St. Cloud, MN Overview: Mix Creative helped name En Root, designed the logo, selected the brand colors, and designed this business card. En Root Marketing is a marketing firm specializing in marketing to green businesses.

Naturally, they wanted their paper selection to be environmentally friendly. Mix Creative sourced Neenah’s Classic Linen White Pearl paper, which is FSC Certified and Carbon Neutral. The printer obtained permission to have the FSC symbol printed on the design to reinforce the card’s green properties to prospective clients.

“We particularly loved that this paper had both a lovely linen texture and an elegant sheen—showing that going green doesn’t mean you have to look grainy or dirty!” says Katrina Hase, the art director on the project.”

This example and summary was found on The Paper Mill Store’s website.

Title: Think Creatively, Work Sustainably Design: At Last Marketing, Chicago Paper: Beckett Concept Prairie Sands Cover 130 lb., Intro: Beckett Concept Desert Haze Cover 80 lb., Interior Uncoated: Mohawk Options White Smooth Cover 80 lb., Interior Translucent: Glama Natural Recycled 36 lb., Interior Coated: Sappi Lustro Offset Environmental Gloss Cover 80 lb.

Printing Company: Classic Color, Broadview, IL Overview: Think Creatively, Work Sustainably by Komori is A Resource Guide for Responsible Design and Print. The book is a beautiful demonstration of print designed to tout the green features of Komori presses as well as offer eco-tips, advice and facts to printers and designers. Chapter 2 is devoted to the important role paper plays in the long-term sustainability of the printing process. Thus, the choice of papers for the book was critical and they represent the most environmentally responsible papers available.

The design of the book is breathtaking, including the integration of uncoated, translucent and glossy sheets. The Glama Natural translucent sheets show a neat effect, each printed with an image of a dismal environmental scene, while a clean and beautiful environmental scene shows through on the paper below.

Meanwhile, the uncoated Options pages show off cool finishing techniques such as spot textured varnish and embossing / debossing.The pages are bound together by a hidden aluminum spiral (recyclable, of course).

This example and summary was found on The Paper Mill Store’s website.

Title: Pangea Organics Reincarnates Packaging Design: IDEO Paper: Beckett Concept Prairie Sands Cover 130 lb., Intro: Beckett Concept Desert Haze Cover 80 lb., Interior Uncoated: Mohawk Options White Smooth Cover 80 lb., Interior Translucent: Glama Natural Recycled 36 lb., Interior Coated: Sappi Lustro Offset Environmental Gloss Cover 80 lb.

Printing Company: Classic Color, Broadview, IL Overview: The design consultancy IDEO translated Pangea Organics’ eco-conscious mission from their branding all the way through to their packaging, using strong natural solutions that help the ecosystem even after product use. Brown glass bottles were chosen instead of the usual petro-chemical plastic, which keeps the contents purer as well. The graphics were screen-printed right onto the bottle, instead of wasting excess paper and adhesive for labels. Their packages are made from recycled FSC paper, printed with an FSC-certified printer, and instead of adhesive, they simply use clever folding techniques to close the boxes.

The most interesting feature of the box is that the cardboard paper is infused with seeds, so all you have to do is drop it into dirt and water it, and viola—the packaging grows into plants! This solution demonstrates the principle of zero waste (especially for the soaps), when there is no trash left over after usage.

This example and summary was found on The Paper Mill Store’s website.

Title: 2008 Professional Women’s Network (PWN) of the St. Croix Valley Tradeshow Give-Away Design: 13thirtyone Design LLP Paper: 90GMS polypropylene non-woven tote bag with 24’ self handles and tear resistant, water repellent fabric.

Printing Company: Carlen Enterprises, Hudson, Wisconsin Overview: I wanted to hand out a promotional business piece that would really catch attention. I decided that since I operate an eco-friendly business, I needed to find something that wasn’t likely to end up in the trash. After researching costs and brainstorming, I decided I’d hand out cloth bags (for groceries and such) with a fun decal screen-printed on them. As an added bonus, I also found a local area business owner to support by sending my project to be printed there.

I went with the orange bag to keep in line with my company branding and wanted to create an attractive decal; one that people didn’t mind carrying around and that actually spoke for my business.

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WORKSPAC

1 LIGHTING Compact Flourescent Lightbulbs (CFLs) use on average 75% less energy to achieve the same amount of light. CFL bulbs also last years longer than their incandescent counterparts, meaning less waste for consumers. If lighting fixtures need to be replaced, consider Energy Star® approved products.

2 SAVe PaPeR There are lots of ways to save paper within our office settings. For starters, stop thinking hard copy and start thinking digital. Instead of printing emails, simply file them away. Print only as needed and be sure to back up your files to ensure you have multiple copies.

At the office printer, save scrap pages that may be printed on the reverse side. By creating a “reuse pile,” you’ll be re-using materials that would have otherwise been thrown out.

Furthermore, you’ll begin to save costs on the amount of paper you need to re-order.

Finally, be sure to have a paper recycle bin, if you don’t already, at your office.

3 ReCYLCeD aND USeD PRODUCTS Here’s a few items you can purchase for your office operations that are a little greener: • Recycled paper for your printer.

• Need new office furniture? Try Craigslist for offices selling their equipment or even a garage sale if you’re less concerned with making all the furniture look uniform.

• Writing Utensils: There are lots of eco-friendly office supply stores out there that offer pens and pencils created from recycled materials (try TheGreenOffice.com).

• Banners: If you require a banner for a tradeshow or just for your office space, try GreenBanners.com.

• Use recycled paper and envelopes for your office stationery and mailing needs.

4 ReFILL INKS Instead of paying full price for new ink cartridges for your printer, you can actually pay less to refill the cartridges you already own. This saves plastic and money. Here’s a short list of online locations: • Carrot Ink: http://www.carrotink.com/Refill-Kits-JR-Inkjet-category-Refill-56999--Refill_Kits.htm • Cartridge World: http://www.cartridgeworld.com/environment/think-green/

5 OTHeR SUGGeSTIONS If you can, position your office space to take advantage of natural lighting. Window light creates a TON of natural light, thus requiring less artificial light. Furthermore, it makes for a happier work zone.

Also, set your computers to energy-saving mode while working and put them to sleep when you’re away. Save electricity by shutting down your printer and other peripheral resources when not in use.

Finally, bring your lunch! We’re all guilty of buying our lunches in an effort to save time. Think about the amount of trash this creates on a daily basis per person! Instead, try to bring your lunch more often or get the whole office involved with a potluck!

Appendix

EJnet.org: Web Resources for Environmental Justice Activists. Dioxin Homepage.

Date of Publication Unknown. http://www.ejnet.org/dioxin/ Evans, Poppy, The Complete Guide to Eco-Friendly Design North Light Books, 1997 Frush: [DESIGN SOSTENIBILE]. PANTONE. Date of Publication Unknown. www.frush.it/utility/pantone.pdf Natural Resources Council of Maine. List of Chlorine-free Papers. Date of Publication Unknown. http://www.nrcm.org/paperlist.asp Perennia: Design Durable. The PANTONE MATCHING SYSTEM ® - (Safe) Metallic Coated.

Date of Publication Unknown. http://www.perennia.org/documents/Pantone_Metallic_Safe.pdf The Paper Mill Store. Chlorine Free Paper for Cleaner Rivers and Lakes. ©2004-2010. http://www.thepapermillstore.com/chlorine-free-paper/ The Paper Mill Store. Graphic Design Gallery. ©2004-2010. http://www.thepapermillstore.com/graphic-design-gallery/ Think Penny. Green Is Good. Date of Publication Unknown. http://www.thinkpenny.com/green.html United States Environmental Protection Agency. National Center for Environmental Assessment; Dioxin. Thursday, August 12th, 2010. http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/CFM/nceaQFind.cfm?keyword=Dioxin Wikepedia. Environmental Choice Program. December 23, 2009. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Choice_Program