Material creat per Marian Ruiz Sim贸n- Projecte AICLE- Escola T煤rbula 2015-16 www.pillsofscienceandotherthings.blogspot.com.es
The main
characteristics of protoctists
are:
mostly unicellular, some are multicellular (algae) can be heterotrophic or autotrophic most live in water (though some live in moist soil or even the human body) all are eukaryotic (have a nucleus)
Two types of organisms: protozoa, which are single-celled
algae, which are single-celled or multi-
heterotrophic organisms,
celled autotrophic organisms.
Material creat per Marian Ruiz Sim贸n- Projecte AICLE- Escola T煤rbula 2015-16 www.pillsofscienceandotherthings.blogspot.com.es
HOW DO YOU KNOW IT IS A PROTOZOA ?
Most protozoans can be seen only with a microscope. It is just a single cell.
Protozoans are found on land and in water. They are ecologically important primary consumers and as vital links in the food chain.
Some protozoans are parasites.
Reproduce asexually by binary fission.
Protozoans have different shapes: oval, round, half-moon,etc
On the basis of movement they are organized in different groups:
Flagellates have one or more flagella, whip-like organelles often used for movement.
The amoeboids form pseudopods, temporary cytoplasmic projections that are involved in locomotion and ingesting food
Ciliates have hair-like organelles called cilia, which are identical in structure to flagella but typically shorter and present in much larger numbers.
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Classification of protozoa
single-celled organisms with flagella .
They can live as unicellular, in colonies or as parasites, when they live in a aquatic environments forming
FLAGELLATES
plankton.
Chloroplasts are found in some forms. They absorb food across membrane.
Examples: Euglena, Volvox, Trypanosoma, Leishmania.
RHIZOPODS
There is no definite shape
The locomotory organs are pseudopods.
There is no permanent mouth or anus.
Examples: Amoeba
The body is covered by cilia, used for locomotion.
CILIATES
They have a fixed permanent shape
Examples: Paramecium, Vorticella, etc., Paramecium is filter feeder.
SPOROZOA
Reproduction takes place by spore formation. All Sporozoans are parasites of animals. They can transfer and move from one host to another in the spore stage. Because their spores are light and small, they can be easily diffused by wind, water and other agents from one host to another.
Examples: Plasmodium, the malaria parasite. Material creat per Marian Ruiz Simón- Projecte AICLE- Escola Túrbula 2015-16 www.pillsofscienceandotherthings.blogspot.com.es
Importance of protozoa
Primary food source for animals living in the water
Oxygen molecules released by protozoa during photosynthesis are used by aquatic animal in respiration or energy production.
There are protozoa that live in symbiotic relationship with higher organism. These protozoa provide their host with food. In exchange for food, the host provides protozoa home and protection.
Protozoa can also be used as biological indicators (bioindicators). Bioindicators are organisms used to monitor the health of a particular environment (e.g. river).
Cause Diseases, some of them are: Malaria is spread by mosquitoes that are infected by the parasites Plasmodium. Malaria signs and symptoms include shaking, headache, chills, fatigue and muscle aches.
African sleeping sickness is caused by protozoa in the Trypanosoma genus. These organisms are carried by the tsetse fly and transmitted to humans via tsetse fly bites. Signs and symptoms of African sleeping sickness
can
include
insomnia,
progressive
confusion,
seizures,
irritability, personality changes, weight loss, loss of concentration, slurred speech and difficulty talking and walking.
mosquito
tsetse fly
Material creat per Marian Ruiz Simón- Projecte AICLE- Escola Túrbula 2015-16 www.pillsofscienceandotherthings.blogspot.com.es
HOW DO YOU KNOW IT IS AN ALGAE ?
They are made up of eukaryotic cells, and have cell wall.
Algae are protists that perform photosynthesis, they have autotrophic nutrition. Algae are very similar to plants. They have chlorophyll and produce food using oxygen and the energy from the Sun.
They are ecologically producers and the base of the food chain.
Do you know which the difference between an algae and a plant is? An algae doesn't have specialized organs or tissues
Cellular organization of algae:
Unicellular
Filamentous
Colonial
Multicellular
Material creat per Marian Ruiz Simón- Projecte AICLE- Escola Túrbula 2015-16 www.pillsofscienceandotherthings.blogspot.com.es
Algae are often divided up by their color such as red, brown, and green, according to their photosynthetic pigments
Importance of Algae o They are producers of organic matter in marine environments. They form phytoplankton.
o Produce over 50% of the oxygen we breathe. o They are important in pharmaceutical and food industry. o They can be used to identify possible environmental problems.
Material creat per Marian Ruiz Sim贸n- Projecte AICLE- Escola T煤rbula 2015-16 www.pillsofscienceandotherthings.blogspot.com.es
The Monera kingdom includes all bacteria. The main
characteristics of bacteria are:
Cell organization: unicellular and prokaryotic Size: microscopic. Habitat: Bacteria can live in every environment, even in the most extreme, where no other form of life could possibly survive.
Types of bacteria:
They have have a spherical shape
They are rod-shaped
They are curve-shaped or spiral-shaped.
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Nutrition: - most are
heterotrophic.
Depending on the way they obtain the
organic matter can be classified into three types: symbionts live in association between two or more species which benefits each member; Our gastrointestinal apparatus contains up to 500 different bacterial species, that produce vitamins and other useful substances. parasites.
One
organism
(the
parasite)
benefits
from
the
relationship obtaining food from the other (the host) that is harmed. saprophytes live on dead or decomposing material - some are
autotrophs, as cyanobacteria that performs photosynthesis.
Reproduction: •
Many can survive unfavorable conditions such as extreme dryness or heat by producing an extra spore coat.
•
Most reproduce asexually by binary fission approximately every 20 minutes and
splits
into two smaller cells.
Material creat per Marian Ruiz Simón- Projecte AICLE- Escola Túrbula 2015-16 www.pillsofscienceandotherthings.blogspot.com.es
Importance of bacteria: Beneficial uses of bacteria: o Provide oxygen into the atmosphere. o Help make antibiotics. o Food production like yogurt and cheese
Harmful effects of bacteria: o Cause Diseases. Ways to get disease.
Through air
). Eating contaminated food Through touch
Sexual contact
Examples of bacterial diseases: ▪
Dental caries .
▪
Strep throat.
▪
Salmonella.
▪
Typhoid fever.
Material creat per Marian Ruiz Simón- Projecte AICLE- Escola Túrbula 2015-16 www.pillsofscienceandotherthings.blogspot.com.es