Eunmi Kim (Mimi)
•
Something, in the air. ; Unbeknownst to us Eunmi Kim (Mimi)
Royal College of Art, School of Communication MA Information Experience Design, Experimental DesignPathway. 6737 Words CHS Tutor : Adriana Cerne 23rd, June 2017
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Contents Table of Figures ..................................................................................................................... 2! Preface ....................................................................................................................................... 3! 1. Olfactory communication ...................................................................................................... 7! 1.1 Smell and memory ........................................................................................................... 7! 1.2 Omnipresence of smell .................................................................................................... 8! 1.3 Olfactory perception and the corresponding olfactory communication .......................... 8! 1.4 Subliminal odorant ........................................................................................................... 9! 2. Olfactory human-computer communication ........................................................................ 12! 2.1 Olfactory as a medium ................................................................................................... 12! 2.2 Multi-modality ............................................................................................................... 13! 2.3 Olfactory data................................................................................................................. 15! 3. Mechanism of smell: Chemical combination vs quantum vibration ................................... 17! 3.1 Chemical combination ................................................................................................... 17! 3.2 Quantum vibration ......................................................................................................... 18! 4. Memory and emotion ........................................................................................................... 20! 4.1 Memory .......................................................................................................................... 20! 5. Emotion: Something in the air ............................................................................................. 22! 5.1 Olfactory echo, emotional molecule .................................................................................. 22! 5.2 Biological ground........................................................................................................... 23! 6. Transcendence...................................................................................................................... 26! 6.1 Time: a non-linear relation of time, corresponding odour-memory .............................. 26! 6.2 Time and space transcendence ....................................................................................... 28! 7. Technology expands olfactory capability? .......................................................................... 31! 7.1 Smell augmentation: new smelling perceptions ............................................................ 31! 7.2 Olfactory-centric thinking .............................................................................................. 33! 7.3 Sensory transduction ...................................................................................................... 33! 7.4 Wearing perfume ........................................................................................................... 34! 8. So keep on inhalin’ / smellin’ .............................................................................................. 37!
1
Table of Figures Figure 1| Unknown, source: terrible-reflection< https://terriblereflection.tumblr.com/post/15814464008 > .............................................................................. 3! Figure 1| Perfect Sense (2011), directed by David Mackenzie ................................................ 6! Figure 2| Air molecule movement Source: 2007-2009 University of Waikato, www.sciencelearn.org.nz ........................................................................................................... 7! Figure 3| Subliminal perception .............................................................................................. 10! Figure 4| Shannon-Weaver model: Sender-receiver-based communication ........................... 12! Figure 5| Sensorama, by Morton Heilig .................................................................................. 14! Figure 6| a. AromaJet Pinoke, b. DigiScent iSmell, c. FH Hagenberg SmellBox, d. NTT Com Aroma Geur, e. TriSenx Scent Dome, f. Osmooze Personal Diffuser ............................ 15! Figure 7| Smell of data, by Leanne Wijnsma and Froukje Tan, Source: https://vimeo.com/180520417 ................................................................................................. 16! Figure 8| When a smell molecule fits into the odour receptor protein, it sends a signal to the brain ......................................................................................................................................... 17! Figure 9| Smelling your way through the city, Source: Sissel Tolaas .................................... 23! Figure 10| The brain ................................................................................................................ 25! Figure 12| Smell camera/Scent-ography, Source: Amy Radcliffe .......................................... 29! Figure 13| Smell extract experiment Source: Susana Soares (2012) from V2, Vimeo. .......... 30! Figure 14| a. Person using a sensory extension to enhance odour recognition; b. Nose plug interface.................................................................................................................................... 32! Figure 15| Nasal objects start to transform appearance and beauty concepts ......................... 32! Figure 16| Swallowable Parfum, Source: Lucy McRae ........................................................ 35! Figure 17 | Swallowable Parfum , Source: Lucy McRae ....................................................... 36! Figure 18 | Communion, Director Philippe Mora (1989) ..................................................... 37!
2
Preface
Let us – slowly yet deeply – inhale, before we go any further. How is the weather today? Do you feel wet-soil or an Indian summer breeze? Savour the ambience! What can you perceive at the
moment?
Space,
distance,
colour,
light,
temperature,
humidity, and what about ventilation? What else – a whiff from a passer-by, distant piped music? Does it make you invigorated or annoyed, or even just indifferent, not caring at all?
‘Can you feel planet earth in which we breathe?’
The
breath,
energy,
aura,
vibration,
amplitude,
frequency,
chemical, signal and particles that a person emits are in the air, inclusively. Each entity emanates atomic substances that render us idiosyncratic – distinctive from one another. Albeit infinitesimal, even impalpable, ‘All kinds of levels of micro invisibility are being communicated.’1
Figure 1| Unknown, source: terrible-reflection< https://terrible-reflection.tumblr.com/post/15814464008 > 1
Brigid Delaney, ‘Smell Expert Sissel Tolaas Breathes Deep And Then Follows Her Nose In Melbourne’, The Guardian, 18 March 2016 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/mar/18/smell-expert-sissel-tolaas-breathes-deep-and-then-follows-her-nose-in-melbourne [accessed 15 March 2017]
3
A creature who communicates is one that has interacted with organisms
and
environments,
voluntarily
or
otherwise;
‘The
human being – with language and the scientific method – is the most
interactive
Communication,
as
creature commonly
in
the
understood,
known means
universe.’ to
impart
2
or
exchange information, not merely in linguistic form, through utterance or text, but also in other various forms. Language, as William Dwight Whitney (1875) said, ‘might be defined as all symbols that can be ignited by the mouth and heard by the ears’.3
2
Bernard S. Phillips and David Christner, Saving Society: Breaking out of our bureaucratic way of life (London: Routledge, 2012), Part I, p.4.
3
William Dwight Whitney, The Life and Growth of Language: An Outline of Linguistic Science (London: King, 1875), quoted in Noam Chomsky, What Kind Of Creatures Are We?
4
However, apart from the verbal medium, what else enables us to communicate? Amongst many other answers to this question, I reckon that a sense of smell could be one.
Humans, as physical beings, are inextricably affiliated with their senses: sensory entanglement. As has been pointed out by Andy
Habermacher
(2012),
we
are
adjoined
to
our
body
–
obvious, maybe, but our embodiment is so obvious that we take it
for
granted.
4
Applying
this
sensory
entanglement
into
olfaction, we are exposed to smell in almost every single moment; hence, we could say that olfaction is an integral part of lives. Put differently, as Valdueza (2013) says, ‘What we smell has a profound impact on what we do, what we remember, what we feel and what we are rather than other senses’.5
According to Freecs (2007), the human sense of smell is a crucial deeply
sensory
transmission
influences
human
channel,
experience
and
and
this
mood.
information
It
becomes
a
mighty substance in our subconscious mind. In addition to that, identifying and decoding odour molecules seem to be almost involuntary actions; its information operates, and thereby a relationship
with
this
influences our lives.
6
unconscious
information
channel
To recapitulate, this mysterious and
elusive sense, smell, has permeated into almost every aspect of our lives from memory and emotion to consciousness as a whole; certainly, it is a major part of our experience of this planet.7
4
Andy Habermacher, ‘Embodied Cognition, Gestures and Computer Interfaces’, in andyhabermacher.blogspot.co.uk, 2012. Available from: <http://andyhabermacher.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/embodied-cognition-gestures-and.html> [accessed 15 June 2017]
5
Raquel Valdueza, ‘We Are 90% Visual Beings’, Infographic Design Agency – Ernesto Olivares, 2013 [online]. Available from: https://ernestoolivares.com/2013/01/11/we-are-90-visuals-beings [accessed 14 May 2017] ‘Freecs’, Cafe.Naver.Com, 2007 [online]. Available from: <http://cafe.naver.com/freecs/18897>
6
7
Omer Polak, Smell as a Design Tool: The S Sense Project, 2014 [online video]. Available from: <https://youtu.be/dgPoLM3E-VA>
5
In accordance with the three paragraphs above, I daresay smell is deemed as one form of the language or communication medium that allows us to experience the world. I shall articulate how influential the sense of smell in communication is, and will also recalibrate its potency. Going further, I will scrutinise how it could be utilised as art practice, and, ultimately, investigate whether it expands our capability to interact in this
world
or
not.
‘What
can
olfaction
indicate
us
about
ourselves and the world around us?’8 (Jennifer 2010)
“Without smell, an ocean of past images disappears.” 9
Figure 2| Perfect Sense (2011), directed by David Mackenzie
8 J.C. Brookes, ‘Science Is Perception: What Can Our Sense Of Smell Tell Us About Ourselves and The World Around Us?’, Philosophical Transactions Of The Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical And Engineering Sciences, 368.1924 (2010), 3491-3502. 9
Perfect Sense. Dir. David Mackenzie. BBC Films. 2011.!
6
1. Olfactory communication
‘We experience odour molecules daily – using a perfumed shower gel, flavouring our meals with herbs, or burying our nose deep in a rose.’10
Figure 3| Air molecule movement Source: 2007-2009 University of Waikato, www.sciencelearn.org.nz
1.1 Smell and memory Smell is everywhere, though intangible. Smelling is deemed an intangible and invisible experience. Imagine when you smelling or
inhaling
deeply
–
we
can
find
ourselves
with
our
eyes
closed. Both memory and smell are invisible and intangible – that is, opaque and obscure. Humans are predisposed to believe what we can see and touch. In other words, substance with physicality is regarded as a more plausible manifestation of being. ‘We can
hold
tangible
objects.
We
can
clearly
own
tangible
objects.’11But, what if intangible one?
10 11
Angelika Börsch, ‘Small Molecules Make Scents’, Science In School, 6 (2007) <http://www.scienceinschool.org/2007/issue6/scents> [accessed 15 June 2017] David R Koepsell, The Ontology Of Cyberspace (Chicago, IL: Open Court, 2003), p.28.
7
1.2 Omnipresence of smell ‘Every nano-part of this planet emits a smell,’ says Tolaas. 12 We smell almost every single moment – as long as air exists, odour molecules float; from when we were born, we breathe onwards.
Anywhere,
anytime
on
the
planet
Earth
we
are
surrounded by many substances – all with odour molecules yet with different intensity and persistency. More accurately, in fact, a human being is able to smell even when there is one odour
molecule
amongst
30,000,000,000
(30
billion)
air
molecules. Conclusively, we hem in odours on a daily or even second-by-second basis, though not deliberately.
1.3 Olfactory perception and the corresponding olfactory communication Nostrils
allow
us
identification
of
‘Olfaction
trying
identifying
is
to
differentiate
airborne
unknown
to
chemicals be
like
substances’.
the one
an
detection from
the
analytical 13
Smelling
and
other:
chemist, means
comprehending, interpreting, and analysing particles in the air, as well as doing so with our memory and our past, as if translating
air
into
our
own
experience.
According
to
Nietzsche, ‘Ich höre und rieche es’ – ‘I hear and smell it’: hearing and smelling means to guess something of the living body, although it is not exposed to sight, although it is hidden, distant, obscure, and deep – unconscious.14 ‘Our perception of and reaction to scent stimuli is continuous as we must breathe and further cannot wilfully choose to not
12 Brigid Delaney, ‘Smell Expert Sissel Tolaas Breathes Deep And Then Follows Her Nose In Melbourne’, The Guardian, 18 March 2016 <https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/mar/18/smell-expert-sissel-tolaas-breathes-deep-and-then-follows-her-nose-in-melbourne> [accessed 15 March 2017] 13
Luca Turin, quoted in Mark Anderson, ‘Study Bolsters Quantum Vibration Scent Theory’, Scientific American, 28 January 2013 https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/study-bolsters-quantum-vibration-scent-theory/ [accessed 03 June 2017]
14
Friedrich Nietzsche, Z III ‘On Apostates’ quoted in Christa Davis Acampora, ‘Nietzsche's On the Genealogy of Morals’: Critical Essays (2006) p 70-71
8
react to or subconsciously interpret olfactory stimuli.’ 15 In short, I would say that olfactory experience is omnipresent in this
world
since
our
perception
of
and
reaction
to
scent
stimuli are ongoing, back and forth perpetually. It might be outside of one’s will. With respect to stimuli, these are referred
to
as
external
energies
or
objects
that
trigger
reactions in the sensory organs. 16 However, from time to time we
perceive
smell
forthwith,
even
before
we
have
time
to
notice where this smell is coming from, of from which object it emanates. In this respect, are we capable of perceiving whilst not being aware of what external stimulus is being given?
1.4 Subliminal odorant As a matter of fact, not all stimuli can be detected; that is to
say,
very
subtle
stimuli
are
being
processed,
albeit
unconsciously, for us. The minimum stimulus that people are able to detect is called the threshold. Thresholds can be seen as
the
sensing
boundary of
the
between stimuli
conscious below
and
this
subliminal, threshold
is
and
the
called
subliminal perception. 17 Perceiving means acquiring information through
visual,
acoustic,
haptic
and
olfactory
information
channels.18
15
Linda Solay, ‘Scent in Contemporary Art: An investigation into challenges & exhibition strategies’ (unpublished master’s dissertation, Lasalle College of the Arts Singapore, Goldsmiths College, University of London, 2012).
16
Changho Park, ‘Unconscious Perception’, Terms.Naver.Com, 2014 [online] <http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=3578548&cid=59039&categoryId=59044> [accessed 22 June 2017].
17
Changho Park, ‘Unconscious Perception’, Terms.Naver.Com, 2014 [online]<http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=3578548&cid=59039&categoryId=59044> [accessed 22 June 2017].
18
The Olfactory Medium, Smell in Human-Computer Interaction – Bernadette Emsenhuber (Johannes Kepler Universitat Linz), Science, Technology & Innovation Studies, 7 (2011), p.48
9
Figure 4| Subliminal perception
The
above
figure
relationship
is
between
a
schematic
the
subjective
representation events
of
associated
the with
subliminal perception of olfactory stimuli and hypothetical neural activity.
As has been pointed out by Lee (2014) regarding perception and consciousness,
I shall paraphrase. Let us imagine strolling
down a secluded path in the spring, when growing things burst into life. Whilst we are walking when our body is activating for
movement,
pieces
of
simultaneously
information
around
we
are
transmitting
us
consciously
and
various sometimes
unconsciously; for instance, the scent of a wild flower and the breeze that kisses our hair, and also the information of the person walking in front of us will be felt through eyes, ears, skin, and nose. When our consciousness is concentrated on one of these pieces of information and selective attention is given to the information, it will be taken into account as special
in
our
consciousness.
To
elaborate,
the
perception
occurs in the process in which the sensed data transmitted
10
from the senses is interpreted as meaningful information by an upward or downward method.19
The reason why I mention the threshold of consciousness is because I found interrelation – not merely the process of how we perceive odours involuntarily, but the fact that people bring back long-forgotten memories from the depths of their un- or subconscious minds seems to be under a mutual basis: subliminal relationship.
Utilisation with the distinctive feature of smell based upon a subliminal potential.
relationship Scent
art,
sounds using
promising, its
with
perception
plenty and
of the
corresponding communication, is likely to embody an immersive experience either consciously or unconsciously. Therefore, I insist that smell is the most idiosyncratic sense we have; it has a great deal of potency that could be a kind of praxis in an artistic and communicatory way.
19 Lee Youngchang, ‘Depth Perception’, Terms.Naver.Com, 2014 [online] < http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=2118675&cid=41991&categoryId=41991 > [accessed 22 June 2017]
11
2. Olfactory human-computer communication 2.1 Olfactory as a medium The relevance of olfactory perception and the corresponding olfactory communication, as well as the attitude of cultures toward odours.
smelling, Over
installations
has
the with
transformed
last
few
odours
through
years,
have
the
ages:
artistic
gradually
social
multimedia
emerged;
scented
products have been prevalent and there has been an increasing application interesting
of
aromatherapy.
medium
for
Odours
technical
are
becoming
information
transfer
an or
communication, especially in human-computer interaction (HCI).
Figure 5| Shannon-Weaver model: Sender-receiver-based communication
Theoretically
definable
as
a
medium,
odour
is
capable
of
implying data including emotions, warnings, memories, and also genetic
code
as
pheromones.
Thus,
odour
is
theoretically
definable as a medium. According to the Shannon-Weaver model (see
Figure
4),
it
is
defined
as
a
sender-receiver-based
communication system.20
20 The Olfactory Medium, Smell in Human-Computer Interaction â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Bernadette Emsenhuber (Johannes Kepler Universitat Linz), Science, Technology & Innovation Studies, 7 (2011)
12
2.2 Multi-modality The increasing development of olfactory technology has enabled us to equip computer systems with olfactory interfaces, in particular, Synaesthesia
a
useful
manifests
olfactory a
human-computer
particularly
striking
interaction. relationship
between the sensory modalities. Apparently, multi-modality is a completely genuine multimedia experience and allows for an ultimate
natural
interaction
between
human
and
computer.
I
shall outline this with three examples.
The very first technological system associating with humans via smell was scenting cinema, called Sensorama, pioneered by Morton L. Heilig (Figure 5). Evolutionarily, it was for the sake of an immersive, multi-sensory experience that contained an olfactory channel, not just visual-acoustic technology.21
Additionally, there has been an experiment that indicates new ground in the cross-modal perception field by a research team that
psychology
department
research
team
led
by
Professor
Charles Spence at Oxford University: ‘They found that amongst individual cells, most responded to odour but a significant number were also active when a tone was played. Some cells even behaved differently when smell and sound existed together …
Imagine,
ordering
a
the cup
collaborations of
coffee
and
between
musician
and
befitted
soundtrack
chef,
will
be
feasible, one day.’ 22 Embarking on such a different perspective on trans-modality seems to have a great deal of potency on the multi-sensory experience.
21
The Olfactory Medium, Smell in Human-Computer Interaction – Bernadette Emsenhuber (Johannes Kepler Universitat Linz), Science, Technology & Innovation Studies, 7 (2011), 48-60.
22
Cassie Barton, ‘How sound and smell can create perfect harmony’, The Guardian, 22 October 2012 https://www.theguardian.com/science/2012/oct/22/soundand-smell-create-harmony [accessed 15 March 2017]
13
Figure 6| Sensorama, by Morton Heilig
14
2.3 Olfactory data
In the contemporary era, there have been HCI systems in many variations, not just for advertising purposes but also advanced as ambient indicators. !
Figure 7| a. AromaJet Pinoke, b. DigiScent iSmell, c. FH Hagenberg SmellBox, d. NTT Com Aroma Geur, e. TriSenx Scent Dome, f. Osmooze Personal Diffuser
For
instance,
application
an
with
integration an
odour
of
an
machine
to
augmented improve
reality on
the
AR(Augmented Reality) experience is presented (2002). What is more, NTT Communicationsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (2007) digitally-controlled gizmos called Aroma Geur (see Figure 2, d) laid the path to the first olfactory
emails
in
2004.
In
2005,
TriSenx
launched
their
Scent-Dome to enable websites emitting scents.23
Another example is using data but transforming data itself into smell.
Both
violation
gas
and
incidents
smell show,
have data
no
smell. leaks
As can
recent
privacy
have
serious
consequences. Smell of data is a new scent developed in response
23
The Olfactory Medium, Smell in Human-Computer Interaction â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Bernadette Emsenhuber (Johannes Kepler Universitat Linz), Science, Technology & Innovation Studies, 7 (2011), 48-60.
15
to issues regarding data security on the Internet as an alert mechanism that is more instinctive.24
Figure 8| Smell of data, by Leanne Wijnsma and Froukje Tan, Source: https://vimeo.com/180520417
24
https://smellofdata.com/ [accessed 25 April 2017]
16
3. Mechanism of smell: Chemical combination vs quantum vibration
Figure 9| When a smell molecule fits into the odour receptor protein, it sends a signal to the brain
3.1 Chemical combination Scientists have hitherto found two theories for the mechanism of
how
we
can
distinguish
the
scent
between
chemical
combination and quantum vibration. Predominantly, the former is known as the most fundamental for the public. The idea is that the millions of different odorants in the world are like as puzzle pieces (see Figure 9). Smell molecules have shapes that bind with specific odour receptor proteins, much like two puzzle pieces fit together. When a molecule comes together with a protein, that protein sends a signal to the brain.25
25
"Smell: Sensing On The Nanoscale", University Of Wisconsin-Madison Materials Research Science And Engineering Center Interdisciplinary Education Group, 2008 <http://education.mrsec.wisc.edu/nanoquest/smell/> [accessed 23 February 2017].
17
3.2 Quantum vibration
Of late, another quantum vibration theory has proved that how we
perceive
smell
is
parallel
to
quantum
electron
state
transitions. Basically, an electron on one part of a protein may move, and then arrive at another part lacking a quantum of vibrational energy, binding with an adequate frequency instead of its shape.
This sounds thrilling for two reasons: first off, it signifies apples
smell
different
like
intensity
apples
to
depends
everyone, upon
even
individual
to
flies,
yet
capability
and
distance. Briefly described, this theory finally eliminates the subjectivity of sensation – something philosophers have wondered about for ages. Is my perception the smell of an apple the same as yours? 26 Or do we have different consistent perceptions and just learn to associate them both with the concept of ‘apple’? It meant to say that there is an external objective
reality
to
the
perception
of
smell,
which
is
impressive considering that it is a quantum phenomenon.27
Secondly, if other perceptions have an unparalleled reality, it might be worth thinking if the same is true for spiritual experiences. The fact that most, if not all, have a concept of a higher reality might mean that there is an objective reality that could be tested – and that it is not a totally subjective expression that cannot be discussed in scientific terms.28
26 Nick Knisely, ‘Sense Of Smell Is A Quantum Mechanical Phenomenon’, Entangled States, 24 March 2011 https://entangledstates.org/2011/03/24/sense-ofsmell-is-a-quantum-mechanical-phenomenon/ [accessed 3 February 2017]. 27 Nick Knisely, ‘Sense Of Smell Is A Quantum Mechanical Phenomenon’, Entangled States, 24 March 2011 https://entangledstates.org/2011/03/24/sense-ofsmell-is-a-quantum-mechanical-phenomenon/ [accessed 3 February 2017]. 28 Nick Knisely, ‘Sense Of Smell Is A Quantum Mechanical Phenomenon’, Entangled States, 24 March 2011 https://entangledstates.org/2011/03/24/sense-ofsmell-is-a-quantum-mechanical-phenomenon/ [accessed 3 February 2017].
18
Upon delving into which argument is more acceptable, chemical combination
or
quantum
vibration,
scientists
set
forth
opposing notions. The ethereal quantum vibration theory can explain
the
relatively
mechanism narrower
behind
scope
than
the
sensation
the
chemical
of
smell
in
combination.
Experiments from Turin (2000, e.g. rotten eggs, the sulphur) presents we can perceive smell by an oscillatory signal like auditory sense even few types of smell though. Despite of this, it seems to be a glimpse at the scientific breakthrough, so that the realm of communication media might be broadening: Multi-modality (see Chapter 2.2). As Jim Al-Khalili’s latest experiments (2000) indicate, our quantum noses are listening to smells.29
In addition, the way we communicate might utterly transform – we
might
classify
odour
chemicals
through
our
smell
spectrogram by their frequency, timbre, resonance, etc. One day, we will be able to listen to each other’s body odour or say something like, ‘This pasta smells like impeccably-tuned guitar!’
29 Jim Al-Khalili , Let There Be Life, Episode 2 of 2 – The Secret of Quantum Physics, 2016 [BBC]. Available from: <http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04v85cj>
19
4. Memory and emotion
Among
a
variety
of
substances,
odour
molecules
seem
have
traction power. In particular, distant memories and emotions associated with our consciousness: odour-associated memory.
Smell and memory were connected in the brain. Cinnamon might have reminded you of your grandmother’s apron. The scent of cut hay could evoke a childhood fear of cows. Diesel oil might bring back your memories of your first ferry crossing; without smell, an ocean of past images disappears.30
4.1 Memory Unbeknownst teleported
to
us,
toward
people a
experience,
glimpse
into
the
sporadically,
being
past
their
through
nostrils. All of sudden, two mere nasal cavities acting as a teleporting portal bring us toward a past that has been almost buried beneath our deepest corners of the mind but one that, ultimately, resonates with us. Specifically, smell evokes a linked memory – so-called odour-evoked autobiographical memory – as a study shows, supporting a theory by Marcel Proust. Proustian
phenomenon,
is
named
after
Marcel
Proust
(1922/1960), who is the author of one often-quoted literary anecdote, À la recherche du temps perdu (In search of lost time), in which the author is vividly reminded of childhood experiences by the smell of a tea-soaked pastry:31
And soon, mechanically, weary after a dull day with the prospect of a depressing morrow, I raised to my lips a spoonful of the tea in which I had 30
Perfect Sense. Dir. David Mackenzie. BBC Films. 2011.
31
S. Chu and John J. Downes, "Odour-Evoked Autobiographical Memories: Psychological Investigations Of Proustian Phenomena", Chemical Senses, 25.1 (2000), 111-116 <https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/25.1.111>.
20
soaked a morsel of the cake. No sooner had the warm liquid, and the crumbs with it, touched my palate than a shudder ran through my whole body, and I stopped, intent upon the extraordinary changes that were taking place. … I was conscious that it was connected with the taste of tea and cake, but that it infinitely transcended those savours, could not, indeed, be of the same nature as theirs. (p. 58)32
Proust’s experiences formed the basis of what has become known as the Proust phenomenon, the ability of odours spontaneously to
cue
autobiographical
memories
that
are
highly
vivid,
33
affectively toned, and very old.
32
Proust, À la recherche du temps perdu (In search of lost time), p.58. quoted in S. Chu and John J. Downes, "Odour-Evoked Autobiographical Memories: Psychological Investigations Of Proustian Phenomena", Chemical Senses, 25.1 (2000), 111-116 <https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/25.1.111>.
33 S. Chu and John J. Downes, "Odour-Evoked Autobiographical Memories: Psychological Investigations Of Proustian Phenomena", Chemical Senses, 25.1 (2000), 111-116 <https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/25.1.111>.
21
5. Emotion: Something in the air 5.1 Olfactory echo, emotional molecule What is the most memorable and resplendent fragrance that has resonated
with
you?
Olfactory
memory
is
often
taken
into
account as a deep emotional cue, that is to say emotional, sentimental
memory
affiliated
to
the
air
and
floated
air-
molecule at that moment.
As for me, by far the most unforgettable smell was in my very first backpacking destination, India. Six years ago, when I embarked on my literal first step at Indira Gandhi Airport, I experienced the breathless heat for the first time in my life through my nostrils and, exaggeratedly, to all the holes and skin surfaces on my body. However, it was not due only to temperature
and
humidity,
but
also
to
smell,
sound,
and
feelings.
Among these, for instance, was the smell of Indian spice that pervaded not just from the airport lounge area; the spicedperspiration odour that evaporates what people eat; the light spreading from the street light; the unrecognisable language, Hindi,
and
language;
the the
speed
of
lips
unfamiliar
parting
feeling
that
ignited
between
that
passers-by;
innumerable things were reflected, maybe. All of these bizarre and surreal things were perceived through airflow.
Sissel
Tolaas
(2016)
said
that
all
air-chemicals
are
communicating, and we, human beings, communicate with it, and are
communicated
by
it.
This
happens
particularly
strongly
when it is a very hot day. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;In the different seasons different 22
smells are diffused.’ 34 Not just a different time of year or even each time of the day but a different space and place: ‘Cultural
molecule’.
comprehension
of
smells
she
that
This
Tolaas’ accrued
context work,
definitely
where
from
she
seven
aids
in
recreated
years
of
our
7,000
walking,
travelling, and smelling parts of the world.35
Figure 10| Smelling your way through the city, Source: Sissel Tolaas
Tolaas
mentioned
that
a
hot
day
reminds
her
of
other
neighbourhoods in Berlin and New York. Personally, a whiff of an extremely hot day is a collection of my reminiscences about backpacking in India. It takes me places in which incredible happenings occurred, and reminds me of what I felt and what I learned from being there. Even six years after, once in a blue moon, single
such
fossilised
waft,
like
a
memory CPR
is
from
vividly oblivion
retrieved
by
to
memory.
vivid
one
‘There’s something in the air’.36
5.2 Biological ground
34
Caro Verbeek, Inhaling history, smelling future, 2016 [Youtube]. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04v85cj
35
Sissel Tolaas quoted in Brigid Delaney, ‘Smell Expert Sissel Tolaas Breathes Deep and Then Follows Her Nose in Melbourne’, The Guardian, 18 March 2016 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/mar/18/smell-expert-sissel-tolaas-breathes-deep-and-then-follows-her-nose-in-melbourne [accessed 15 March 2017] 36
Sissel Tolaas quoted in Brigid Delaney, ‘Smell Expert Sissel Tolaas Breathes Deep and Then Follows Her Nose in Melbourne’, The Guardian, 18 March 2016 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/mar/18/smell-expert-sissel-tolaas-breathes-deep-and-then-follows-her-nose-in-melbourne [accessed 15 March 2017]
23
When
combined
with
specific
places
and
experiences
in
the
past, the odour drifts into old memories, and eventually an emotional
reaction
occurs.
To
demystify
such
a
splendid
phenomenon, I shall explain in more detail how the process happens. The essential thing is olfactory signals are not only the area of the brain responsible for the smell, but also the area of the brain responsible for emotions and memory.37
With respect to odour memory, the association of fragrance and emotion is neither counterfeit anecdote nor fabrication from poets or perfume-makers. Our olfactory receptors are directly involved with the limbic system, which is the oldest, most primitive part of the brain. The limbic system is a network of connected within
structures
near
central
nervous
the
together emotions,
to
affect
a
motivation,
the
wide and
middle
system. range
of
the
These of
memory’.
brain
linked
structures
behaviors (e.g.
‘work
including
Fox,
2017;
38
Rodriguez-Gil, 201039).
According to Rodriguez-Gil, ‘The olfactory bulbs have sensory receptors
that
are
actually
messages directly to: they
influence
part
of
the
brain
which
send
The most primitive brain centres where
emotions
and
memories
(limbic
system
structures), and ‘Higher’ centres where they modify conscious thought (neo-cortex).’40
37 38
Jonghye Han, ‘Smell and Memory’, 2004 [online] <http://bsrc.kaist.ac.kr/board/read.cgi?board=Drhan&y_number=2> Kate Fox, The Smell Report, 2017, pp.5-7 <http://www.sirc.org/publik/smell.pdf>
39
Gloria Rodriguez-Gil, ‘The Sense Of Smell: A Powerful Sense’, Tsbvi.Edu, 2010 [online] <https://www.tsbvi.edu/seehear/summer05/smell.htm>
40
Gloria Rodriguez-Gil, ‘The Sense Of Smell: A Powerful Sense’, Tsbvi.Edu, 2010 [online] <https://www.tsbvi.edu/seehear/summer05/smell.htm>
24
Figure 11| The brain Source: http://faculty.tcc.fl.edu/hss/mcguffr/bbcontent/2012/units/images/limbsys1.jpg / https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/gif/olfpic.gif
‘It is not easy to scientifically identify the quality and physical properties of odours.’41 Apparently smell is the strongest inducer of memories of early memories and by far the most phenomenal thing is that even people suffering from Alzheimer’s or other forms of dementia never lose their olfactory memories.42
41
Jonghye Han, ‘Smell and Memory’, 2004 [online] <http://bsrc.kaist.ac.kr/board/read.cgi?board=Drhan&y_number=2>
42
‘Caro Verbeek, Inhaling history, smelling future, 2016 [Youtube]. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04v85cj
25
6. Transcendence
Figure 11| English tense illustration
6.1 Time: a non-linear relation of time, corresponding odourmemory As far as I remember, the first time that I visualised time by drawing was when I learnt English tense, like Figure 12 shows above. Before then, I had never thought about what the entire time we have already passed, the present moment, and future looks like. Generally, a timeline is embodied into a straight line so that people are coerced into believing ‘time flows linearly’.
43
It means to say that we may have lived in an
awfully short and straight frame.
As I have scrutinised smell and memory, one question has been buzzing around in my head: Is our memory of smell linear, or non-linear, or could we even say metaphysical? 43
‘Arrival’, 2017 [online] < http://intheatre.tistory.com/916>
26
Perhaps this is why smell potently triggers memory: when you encounter a new fragrance, increased oscillations spanning the olfactory bulb, the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus binds the scent to the where and what. A whiff of the same scent – even years or decades later – reactivates these previously synchronized networks and pulls the associated memory trace from the depth of your mind...44
Does
the
memory
of
more
distant
past
in
a
straight
line
consistently affect the more recent past or the present? If past
memory
has
been
continually
influencing
on
an
almost
daily basis, can it be just considered as memory of the past? Because we do not usually smell entirely new smells in daily life, how we comprehend smell is by tending to trace back, decode, and retrieve from what we have smelled before. That is to say, it is seemingly the continuation of the activity that brings out memories of the past back and forth. Recognising the present based upon experience from the past is like an echoic memory that has distinguished the subtle differences between each combination of impalpable odour molecules. Due to the inevitable correlation between memory from the past and currently, is that the right way to define the memory of past
and
present
is
separated?
Can
we
say
that
past
and
present coexist with each other while influencing one another? If we might say those exist, what shape should we draw about time?
Is
it
possible
to
say
that
memory
of
smell
rather
transcends time in some way perhaps? As Proust wrote:
When nothing else subsists from the past, after the people are dead, after the 44 Shelly Xuelai Fan, ‘Brain Oscillations Bind Smell To Memory’, Neurofantastic, 13 January 2014 https://neurofantastic.com/brain/2017/1/13/brainoscillations-bind-smell-to-memory [accessed 23 April 2017]
27
things are broken and scattered … the smell and taste of things remain poised a long time, like souls ... bearing resiliently, on tiny and almost impalpable drops of their essence, the immense edifice of memory.45
6.2 Time and space transcendence Speaking of transcendence, if we can trap our memory of smell in the past into certain physical forms instead of storing only in the brain, we can sniff stored smells from the past. Is the smell that is diffusing now situated in the present or the past or in-between, or even transcendence? As Thalassa Cruso (1973) said: ‘Nothing else can equal, for the sense of smell can be extraordinarily evocative, bringing back pictures as sharp as photographs of scenes that and left the conscious mind.’46 As can be seen from Figure 13, I reckon Amy Radcliffe’s work embodies both what Thalassa Cruso mentioned and the transcendence that I articulated in the preceding chapter.
45
Marcel Proust quoted in Linda Solay, "SCENT IN CONTEMPORARY ART: AN INVESTIGATION INTO CHALLENGES & EXHIBITION STRATEGIES" (unpublished Degree of Master of Arts & Cultural Management, LASALLE College of the Arts Singapore Goldsmiths College, University of London, 2012). 46
Thalassa Cruso, ‘Everything There Is a Season: The Gardening Year’, (1973)
28
Figure 12| Smell camera/Scent-ography, Source: Amy Radcliffe
To be precise, the Madeleine ‘smell camera’ is capable of recording odours for the future, capturing the smell of the source
object
officially
in
titled
a
porous
Madeleine
resin and
is
trap.
This
described
as
device
is
being
an
analogue odour camera. In other words, the reference to a camera is a fitting one, as photographs are an obvious and essential specific
way
of
moments
recording
and
in
forever
time
retaining
memories,
captured
for
with future
generations to explore. This is a variation on that theme, just with a different sense being piqued.47
47
Dave Parrack, ‘Madeleine "smell camera" records odors for the future’, 2013 [online] < http://newatlas.com/smell-camera-madeleine/28126/ >
29
Figure 13| Smell extract experiment Source: Susana Soares (2012) from V2, Vimeo.
Another
example
experiment derived
by
from
of
capturing
Susana each
Sores
individual
odorant (2012). have
is
the
smell
Condensed
the
extract
body
peculiarity
odours of
each
human being, which is called an individual olfactory code. To sum this chapter up, transcendence as to smell seems to be possible.
Regardless
of
time
and
space,
smelling
even
the
scents that no longer exist in physical form is no longer a far-fetched idea, as long as we have already captured them in a certain form. To quote the video title itself, ‘Inhaling past, Smelling future’: 48 sniffing in the present based upon bygones in the future no matter what time and space seems to be possible. It is likely to be applicable as a new way of reminiscence for history, culture, etc. In the near future, instead of saying ‘when I look back’, people might say ‘when I smell back’.
48
Caro Verbeek, Inhaling history, smelling future, 2016 [Youtube]. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04v85cj
30
7. Technology expands olfactory capability?
As examined above, regarding a speculative way of how we can preserve
scent,
it
signifies
eventually
a
new
realm
of
olfactory experience. Since people dwell in what we call the pinnacle of the digital age, the state-of-the-art technologies have allowed mankind to interact at an unprecedented level. Particularly,
the
ICT
(Information
and
communication
technology) industry is embarking on a totally new paradigm of CMC
(computer-mediated
emerging
technology,
communication). are
we
Yet,
expanding
along
our
sense
with of
communication and our sensory capability?
7.1 Smell augmentation: new smelling perceptions Our technology has been focused on stimulating our visual and audio
capabilities,
but
new
advances
in
areas
such
as
genetics, biotechnology, and nanotechnology are changing our own nature in a way that we cannot perceive. 49 One example of this, Sniffing Others by Susana Soares, is one of two projects that were created in the context of New Organs of Perception. Smell augmentation utilising a sensory nanoparticles interface stimulates the vomeronasal organ and transmits body odour data, enabling precise pheromone recognition.50
49
V2, Sniffing others, 2012 [online]. Available from: < http://v2.nl/archive/works/sniffing-others/?searchterm= > [accessed 14 May 2017]
50
http://www.susanasoares.com/?id=76 [accessed 13 February 2017]
31
Figure 14| a. Person using a sensory extension to enhance odour recognition; b. Nose plug interface Source: Sniffing Others, Susana Soares (2012)
The
above
stimulate
illustration the
explains
vomeronasal
how
organ.
sensory
Perhaps
in
interfaces the
not
can too
distant future, as a consequence of genetic technologies, new organs
of
perception
or
the
increase
and
augmenting
of
existing perceptions might be forthcoming, like smell, which have been thus far neglected in a visually based society.51
Figure 15| Nasal objects start to transform appearance and beauty concepts Source: Sniffing Others, Susana Soares (2012)
51
V2, Sniffing others, 2012 [online]. Available from: < http://v2.nl/archive/works/sniffing-others/?searchterm= > [accessed 14 May 2017]
32
7.2 Olfactory-centric thinking Speaking
of
the
visually-dominant
tendency,
it
is
commonly
presumed that there is a hierarchy amongst the human senses. Some have claimed that we are 90% visual beings, 52 probably due to the dominancy, usage, and range of sight. In spite of this, it
seems
way
too
ocular-centric
thinking,
which
is
over-
estimated; yet the power of smell is under-estimated. Alternatively, ‘The reason we can recognise the triangle is because the shape is deeply imprinted in our brain through the air’. 53 I would rather say that the reason we can recognise the bread is because of a certain smell of it, not just by shape or
texture.
We
have
already
experienced
each
compound
of
bread’s odour molecules in the past – the smell is embedded in our consciousness through the air. So that is the reason why we can identify certain objects without seeing, touching, or hearing but smelling.
7.3 Sensory transduction To back up this opinion with examples, there are findings published in the journal Psychological Science that show that fear can be conveyed by smell, namely emotional contagion. What they found is contrary to the generally acknowledged assumption, that
‘Human
visual
communication
channels’
54
–
runs
rather,
exclusively
via
it
about
is
all
language
or
emotional
contagion, sensory transduction from smell to feeling. Humans are
able
to
smell
fear
and
disgust,
and
the
emotions
are
transmittable, according to a new study. To begin with, the 52 Raquel Valdueza, ‘We Are 90% Visual Beings’, Infographic Design Agency – Ernesto Olivares, 2013 [online]. Available from: <https://ernestoolivares.com/2013/01/11/we-are-90-visuals-beings> [accessed 14 May 2017] 53
Noam Chomsky, What kind of creatures are we? (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2016)
54
Write Gun Semin and colleagues, quoted in Tia Ghose, ‘Humans smell fear, and it’s contagious’, Live Science, 6 November 2012 https://www.livescience.com/24578-humans-smell-fear.html [accessed 08 June 2017]
33
researchers gathered perspiration from the armpits of 10 men while they watched a horror film and then let 36 women take a visual test while they unknowingly inhaled the scent of the men’s sweat. Surprisingly, when the women sniffed the ‘sweat of
fear’
they
opened
their
eyes
widely
in
a
scared
face
expression. As the authors conclude, ‘Our research suggests that emotional chemo-signals can be potential contributors to emotional contagion in situations involving dense crowds’.55
‘As other souls sail along on music, So mine, O my love, swims on your scent.’56 (‘The Head of Hair’, from Les Fleurs du Mal by Baudelaire)
7.4 Wearing perfume This has long been regarded as one method of manifesting who we
are.
Another
example
here,
of
new
ways
for
smelling
perception that utilises biotechnology, is called ‘Swallowable Parfum’ by Lucy McRae. She usually explores how technology can transform the human body, one of the ideas being that we can reprogram our own body odour, modify, and biologically enhance it.
Ultimately,
how
would
that
change
the
way
that
we
communicate with each other?57
55 Tia Ghose, ‘Humans smell fear, and it’s contagious’, Live Science, 6 November 2012 https://www.livescience.com/24578-humans-smell-fear.html [accessed 08 May 2017] 56
Charles Baudelaire, ‘The Head of Hair’, from Les Fleurs du Mal. Lucy McRae, How can technology transform the human body?, 2014 [Ted]. Available from: < https://www.ted.com/talks/lucy_mcrae_how_can_technology_transform_the_human_body/transcript?language=en > [accessed 02 May 2017]
57
34
Figure 16| Swallowable Parfum, Source: Lucy McRae
Collaborating
with
a
synthetic
biologist
creates
an
edible
cosmetic pill, basically, releasing fragrant molecules through the skin surface upon perspiration, excreting a biologically enhanced odour. Once absorbed, the capsule enables the skin to become a platform, an atomiser, a biologically enhanced second skin synthesised directly from the natural procedures of the body. Interestingly, the potency of scent depends upon each individualâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s acclimatisation to temperatures, to stress, to exercise, or to sexual arousal.58
58
https://www.lucymcrae.net/swallowable-parfum/ [accessed 02 May 2017]
35
Figure 17 | Swallowable Parfum , Source: Lucy McRae
Despite it sounding way too artificial, or unwholesome to eat, I found it extraordinary, like an artistic breakthrough that is situated between art and science. No matter how it will turn
out,
signalling
it a
seems
new
cycle
to of
have
far-reaching
evolution,
not
implications,
only
toward
the
perfume industry but in how we communicate with individual identity through bespoke scent.
36
8. So keep on inhalin’ / smellin’
Not only Nietzsche but other philosophers have used metaphors in relation to smell for describing the method of genealogy. As Witterung noted: What fine instruments of observation we have with our senses! The nose, for instance, which no philosopher ever spoke of with respect and gratitude, is even, in the meantime, the most delicate instrument we dispose of: it is able to ascertain infinitesimal differences of movement which the spectroscope itself is not even sensitive to.59
As a re su lt of Figure 18 | Communion, Director Philippe Mora (1989)
th e
foregoing, undoubtedly, smell plays a profound role in human relations. In the eighth century there was a group called sympathy.
Their
invisible
part
basic –
hypothesis
sympathetic
59
was
material
that –
there that
is
an
emits
an
Friedrich Nietzsche quoted in Nietzsche’s On the Genealogy of Morals: Critical Essays, ed. by Christa Davis Acampora (Rowman & Littlefield, 2006) pp.7071.
37
interesting sometimes
message.
It
may
also
affect
in
our
emotions
spontaneously,
a
person’s and
sense,
memories.
60
Notwithstanding that our sensation of smell is not as acute as it is with animals, it is at a very embryonically level; there is, clearly, something to be considered about smell. Ergo,
odours
are
also
becoming
an
interesting
medium
for
technical information transfer or communication. 61 Apparently, it enables us to broaden our horizon, to get multifarious experience and communication, and, ultimately, to shed light on
the
depths
of
our
consciousness.
As
both
a
multi-
disciplinary artist and a communication designer, I daresay we cannot deny the power of smell with regard to communication on this planet, and that enables me to understand the world. Someday,
we
will
be
able
to
transform
what
we
feel
about
certain smells into exact data; even like The film ‘Brainstorm, (Douglas Trumbull, 1983) may someday convey our emotion toward others, what we feel exactly, further adapting the new way of communication and into art practice.
Let us be more conscious about scents around us. Let us get a whiff of what we are surrounded by. Let us keep inhaling, keep smelling!
60
‘Freecs’, Cafe.Naver.Com, 2007 [online]. Available from: <http://cafe.naver.com/freecs/18897>
61
The Olfactory Medium, Smell in Human-Computer Interaction – Bernadette Emsenhuber (Johannes Kepler Universitat Linz), Science, Technology & Innovation Studies, 7 (2011)
38
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42
Raquel Valdueza, ‘We Are 90% Visual Beings’, Infographic Design Agency – Ernesto Olivares, 2013 [online]. Available from: https://ernestoolivares.com/2013/01/11/we-are-90visuals-beings [accessed 14 May 2017] Write Gun Semin and colleagues, quoted in Tia Ghose, ‘Humans smell fear, and it’s contagious’, Live Science, 6 November 2012 https://www.livescience.com/24578-humanssmell-fear.html [accessed 08 June 2017] V2, Sniffing others, 2012 [online]. Available from: < http://v2.nl/archive/works/sniffingothers/?searchterm= > [accessed 14 May 2017]
Films Perfect Sense. Dir. David Mackenzie. BBC Films. 2011. !
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