Castle Irwell - A Place Between Nature & Urban

Project Abstract Background

This project is focusing on the community design in Castle Irwell site, the central place of Kersal, Irwell Riverside and Broughton area in Salford. River Irwell has created a unique nature environment and landscape for this area. The history of being a racing course and university student accommodation also gives Castle Irwell special historic meanings. Located at the crossing of Cromwell Road and Littleton Road, Castle Irwell has the potential to provide key services for surrounding neighborhoods, which is not realized by the current construction programme. Therefore, this project aims to propose a new plan for both Castle Irwell and surrounding areas, trying to explore how can we live with nature.

• 15-minute City

Walkability has always been a popular topic for urban designers and architects since the 20th century. In 2016, Carlos Moreno raised the idea of 15-minute city, which developed quickly during the COVID-19 period. This theory emphasizes on a reduced living radius where residents get access to housing, work, education, food, leisure and cultural services in walkable distance. In addition, sustainability is important for modern urban design in terms of saving energy and providing a better living environment for residents. Therefore, the key question for this project is how we can design a walkable and self-sustaining community in Castle Irwell that provides essential social services for surrounding neighborhoods.

• Design Stages

There is going to be three design stages for this project. The first stage focuses on the city scale design of the area, including nature landscape, city land use and street network. The second stage will be the masterplan of Castle Irwell housing programme. The mixed-use community is going to provide various types of housing, working space, commercial area, education facilities and cultural related space for surrounding neighborhoods. It will also has a good connection with its surrounding nature environment. The final stage will be the design of a specific building and a building block in Castle Irwell.

Introduction

Proposal

• 15-minute City & Design Value

• Site Location

• Site history

• Flood Problem

• Current Development & Plans

• Salford Overall Proposal

Site Analysis

• Demographic Analysis

• Masterplan Analysis

• Surrounding & Nearby Neighborhoods

• Local Amenities & 15min City

• Social Supports

• Transit Analysis

• Housing Densities

• New Housing Projects Details

Walkability Analysis

• Overall Proposal

• Design Principles

• Castle Irwell Community Proposal

• Rafting Route & River Irwell

• Green Corridor - Seaford Road

Next Step

• From Studio B to Studio C

• Principles & Precedents

• Observation Script

• Analysis Routes

• Model

• Precedents

• Community Programme & 15min City

• Community Overall Concept

• Community Masterplan

• Green Routes Design

• Precedent 2

Block & Building Design

• Commercial & Office Block

• Residential Block

• Co-living Building Plan

• Room Design

• Material: CLT

• Precedent 3 Appendix

• Rising of Single Person Households

• Models & Process Drawings

• Design Notes

• Conclusion 1 Community Masterplan

• Bibliography

STUDIO

INTRODUCTION

DIVERSITY

In terms of diversity, there are two different aspects: diversity of the use of neighborhoods and diversity in culture and people. Mixed-use neighborhoods ensure optimal density and proximity of local amenities so that residents can get to these services within reduces living radius. While multicultural communities have great potential in providing a wide range of cultural related products, creating new businesses and attracting visitors.

DIGITALIZATION

Modern technology makes up possible drawbacks of reduced living radius and provides new ways of living.

DESIGN VALUES

15-MINUTE CITY

PROXIMITY

Proximity is the core value of 15-minute city, which indicates that residents can get to residential area, work space, commercial area, health facilities, education facilities, leisure space and other basic services in a reduced timespan.

DENSITY

Optimal population density can contribute to the sustainable development of a city, in which urban service delivery and resource consumption can be sustained.

SUSTAINABILITY

Sustainable community design is important for the future development of our city. High quality green infrastructure not only saves energy, but also improves living quality of local residents. Self-sustaining community can provide new job opportunities and encourage local economy. The way how we live with natural environment is also an important topic for Kersal area.

Precedent - Paris Quarter-Hour City

Great Britain

Greater Manchester

Salford

Kersal Broughton Irwell Riverside

Kersal Wetlands River Irwell

Albion Academy

Castle Irwell

Kersal Flats

Littleton Road Basin

Littleton Road

Cromwell Road Kersal Dale

1840s

The Clowes had loradship over Kersal during this time. They let Kersal remain a mostly rural area until 1840 when they began selling land where wealthy mansions were built in Higher Broughton and Kersal.

1890s

The Clowes preserved the higher ground land for wealthier owners while the working class homes were in the lower areas. This meant there was a lack of public housing in this area.

1900s

The Racecourse with the world's first execuetive exclusive stands was built around this time, as well as Littleton Road which makes the course more accessible.

1920s

First set of housing appeared around Littleton Road at the council began investing council housing for the area. The remaining maps this investment continue

appeared this time, investing in the whole maps show to grow.

1950s

The housing complex that dominated Littleton Road was built as part of the council's housinng investment. The site has remained mostly trapped in time and the housing complexes exist just as they first appeared.

1980s

University of Salford's student village replaced the race course. Kersal Flats were erected around this time before their eventual demoliton around 1990.

Digimap

1958-1970

The construction of Kersal Flats began in 1958, and the flats were completed by mid to late 1960s.

1963-1973

Racecourse closed and was knocked down in 1963 Castle Irwell student village was built in 1973.

1980

Flooding at Kersal Flats.

1990

Digimap

Eight towers of Kersal Flats were demolished.

2015-now

Castle Irwell student village was closed and replaced by Kersal Wetlands, which was completed in 2018, and a new housing project by Salboy, which is still under construction.

History of Kersal Flats (From Studio A)

INITIAL:1830~40s

Initial: 1830-40s

HISTORY OF KERSAL FLATS

A closer shot of the area that would later become Keral Way. As can be seen, clearly see the houses on Kingsley Avenue and Stanton Avenue in the back ground. Across the Irwell the old Racecourse is still in place.

QUOTE

LEWIS (1848:409) DESCRIBE KERSAL AS:

‘BROUGHTON-cum-Kersal, a township, and ecclesiastical district, in the parish of Manchester, union and hundred of Salford,...containing 3794 inhabitants. This is a wealthy suburb of Manchester, abounding in villas, good streets, and elegant ranges of houses, chiefly the residences of the merchants of that town, and nearly all built within the last fifteen years...The Manchester races take place here. Kersal Hall and Kersal Cell are old mansions, the latter belonging to Miss Atherton.’

Lewis, S. (1848) ‘A Topographical Dictionary of England: Comprising the Several counties,ci ties,...’ Topographical Dictionary of England,1,pp.409.

A bird view of Kersal flats site in 1953.

Kersal Cell from 1780 which is the second old est building in Salford and was built in 1563.

A bird view of Kersal Hall in 1500s.

Flourish: 1950-60s

FLOURISH:1950~60s

HISTORY OF KERSAL FLATS

The ground is broken as we see the beginning of the construction of Kersal Flats. This picture is dated the 30th December 1958.

Known as Kersal flats, were constructed for Salford Council in the 1950s. The construction of 492 flats began in 1952, with the first being opened in 1962. Known as ‘Communities in the Sky’, the flats became home to thousands, as part of the post-war solution to the massive housing crisis. The Kersal estate was considered one of Britain’s largest residential housing estates of its time.

12 tower blocks consisted of three 8-storey slab blocks, six 11-storey point blocks and three 10-stoArey point blocks. Each block of flats were named after famous poets such as Keats Browning, Shelley, John Bacon, Spencer, Johnson, Cowper, Chaucer, Milton, Blake, Burns and Shakespeare. Bacon Court House (Tilehurst Court) House House(Peninsula Building) Court House House House Court House House House

A view of the flats from the Oaklands Road area dated 26th February 1959. Note that the construction of Spencer, Milton, Jonson and Browning are well under way. Shelley House is still just stilts and Spencer is just a concrete foundation. Near South Radford Street John Bacon Court and Chaucer Court are half way built.

Opening: 1960-70s

OPENING:1960~70s

HISTORY OF KERSAL FLATS

Hugh Gaitskell and co-formally opening the flats next to Burns House. The lady on the left (next to Gaitskell) is Ellen Mallinson (Mayor of Salford); the gentleman in the light macintosh is Councillor Norman Wright (Chairman of the Housing Committee). The lady on the right is Alderman Maggie Whitehead, and the lady in the centre is Minnie Bacon. She was the widow of John Bacon the previous Chairman of the Housing Committee who died in 1959. It was he who initiated the flats pro ject. This photo was donated by John Bacon his grandson.

A section on the correspondence on the opening formal opening of Kersal Flats by Hugh Gaitskell on the 2nd March 1962. Hugh Gaitskell and co formally opening the flats next to Burns House.

The six letters below are arranging the date for the leader of the Labour Party to visit Ker sal Flats to formally open them.

1960s 1970s 1980s

A page of CITY OF SALFORD booklet reported the opening of Kersal flats. The Kersal flats official ly opened today.......

Gaitskell Mallinson

Councillor Alderman Bacon

Councillor Norman Wright

FALL & DECLINE:1970~80s

HISTORY OF KERSAL FLATS

A picture of Chaucer Court in 1987. You can see how far the area has deteriorated. Many of the flats are boarded up and empty. You can see that the end of the estate is not far away once it has fallen into this state.

These ‘communities in the sky’ had fallen out of favour by the late 1970s

It was believed that such development destroyed communities by bulldozing traditional housing and cramming a huge number of people into a confined space. Instead of high rise luxury living along the lines of the Scandinavian model it was considered that these concrete jungles created social alienation and social dislocation.

The rising rates of unemployment, coupled with problems of crime and anti-social behaviour in the early to mid 1980s mean that these forms of housing development were earmarked for extinction.

In relation to Kersal Flats there was a policy of moving families out of this estate from 1977 onwards. This policy gave first priority to any family with children under the age of 10 years of age. From that point onwards this housing was destined to become what it eventually became in the mid to late 1980s. A dumping ground for problematic persons,criminally orientated indi viduals, and the socially and economically dispossessed, and the area degenerated at a rate of knotts.

FLOOD IN KERSAL FLATS:1980s

HISTORY OF KERSAL FLATS in Kersal Flats: 1980s

A picture of a car almost submerged at the bottom of Milton House.

A view across the estate of the flood from Keats Court. You get a great view of the shops, Burns House and Blake.

A view of the flooding in the gardens surrounding the flats.

Demolition: 1990s

DEMOLITION:1990s

HISTORY OF KERSAL FLATS

Eight of these were demolished in 1990. The other blocks were sold to private developers to renovate for private sale. Shelley and Spencer were painted white and renamed as Tilehurst Court and Peninsula Building . Blake and Cowper were eventually demolished in 1999.

In the 1990s it was decided that the flats were a remnant of a past that was best forgotten. Thus it was decided that the majority of the flats would be demolished and that two would remain. The latter were to be renovated and upgraded by private property developers who would produce an enclosed, and secure community for those who could afford it. The two re maining flats are still used in that way today.

Shelley(Tilehurst Court) and Spencer(Peninsula Building) still stand today. The ‘Housing Act 1980’ gave tenants the ‘right to buy’ (BBC,1979). Since then much of the council estate has been sold to sitting tenants and by 2011 just over 50% of homes in the Kersal Ward were in owner-occupation.

A view from the junction of South Radford Street and Kersal Way. On the right as the road bends are the remains of Browning, Jonson, and Milton House.

A shot from the Dale of John Bacon Court and Chaucer Court falling. Below we see the rubble left behind by Chaucer Court and Keats Court.

A forlorn view of Craig Barrington (right) looking at the remains of Keats Court and Cowper House and Burns House beyond. A clear sign that an era has ended.

The Guardian on the 15th October 1990.

The crowd await the demolition on the Racecourse side of the Irwell.

History of Castle Irwell

CASTLE IRWELL AS THE REAL CASTLE

Castle Irwell was built in 1826 by John FitzGerald, who, through his wife, had inherited a vast estate in the district of Pendleton (Pendleton is an inner city suburb of Salford, Greater Manchester, England, 3.2 km from Manchester city centre).

“ There was a popular belief that Irwell Castle was built on an ancient castle site, as it occupied a pretty, wooded knoll by the river Irwell called Hylewood.” (Architects of Greater Manchster, n.d.)

In 1847, John FitzGerald granted the racecourse a 21-year lease, but he was declared bankrupt on December 28, 1848, Castle Irwell then became the property of his eldest son John Purcell FitzGerald, but he only visited this place occasionally.

When the racecourse expired in 1867, John Purcell FitzGerald refused to renew the lease, because he thought horse racing is an immoral sport.

Digimap

CASTLE IRWELL USED AS THE RACE COURSE

In 1898 the Manchester Ship Canal Company acquired the Castle Irwell land, and John Fitzgerald had died, so the Race committee was able to buy the Castle Irwell course from his executors. And the land was firstly used as course in 1902. “There were three separate tracks – flat, hurdle and steeplechase – and a hotel was built next to the course on Littleton road in 1930.” (Malcolm, 2019)

In June 1952, Queen Elizabeth II celebrated her first winner as an owner after acceding to the throne with Prince Philip at Castle Irwell.

But in 1961, a huge hole apared bythe winning post and rat problemswas found in club stand, so capital was invested to establish a new grandstand. However, this brought huge economic pressure to the investors and caused shareholders to sell the site two years later, and the final race was held on 9 November 1963 and watched by over 20,000 spectators.

1973-2015

Castle Irwell Student Village

1973-2015

CASTLE IRWELL STUDENT VILLAGE

After the “horse course” period, the University of Salford was interested in purchasing the site and opposed its sale to a property development company; this was supported by the City of Salford who wished to use part of the site for playing fields.

So in 1973 the University of Salford bought most of the site and its buildings, and later, it became student halls of residence accommodation. The Members’ Stand was retained to become an entertainment venue known as the Pavilion or ‘the Pav’, which was run by the University of Salford Students’ Union until it closed in June 2010.

The site was home to an estimated 40,000 students from the University of Salford for almost 50 years until it finally closed in June 2015. And this place as the student village has left lots of memories for people related to it.

2015-2018

Student Village to the Wetland

2015-2018

STUDENT VILLAGE TO THE WETLAND

In March 2015 work began to create a flood basin and nature reserve combined with playing fields on the north of the site to extend the River Irwell flood defence scheme already in place on Littleton Road.

The scheme, which involved the demolition of the student village and the member’s stand (known as “the Pav”, which was destroyed in a huge blaze in July 2016).

The creation of a flood basin and wetland covering most of the site, was completed in March 2018

Memories Memories from Salford University Students

MEMORIES

MEMORIES FROM SALFORD UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

“I lived in Castle Irwell in my final year, way back in 1990 (over 30 years ago) but it looks just as I remember it. This video brought back many happy memories - and also slight sadness, as it’s all now been knocked down... (Martin, 2021) ”

At the time of the fire, Manchester Evening News readers shared their memories of The Pavilion and spoke of their sadness at the old building’s loss.

Hashtags including #ThePav and #Pavmemories were being used on Twitter.

David Judic added on Twitter: “Many many memories going up in smoke tonight.”

Debra Fretwell wrote on Facebook: “RIP The Pav. Had some fantastic nights there.” Pilar Gomez wrote on Twitter: “So many memories of nights spent partying there in the 80s #thepav.”

And Natalie G Johnston added on Twitter: “The Pav is no more. Sad end to an iconic part of Salford Uni’s history.”

The university said on its website that the Pavilion was a ‘huge part of our identity and history’ and ‘the catalyst for many student memories’.

A huge farewell party was thrown last year to mark the village’s closure, with more than 600 former and current students attending

Flood in Salford

FLOOD IN SALFORD RECORDS IN HISTORY

The second week of November 1866 had seen continuous heavy rain fall across the area.

In Sep and Oct 1946, residents in Lower Broughton Road had to wade through three feet of water to reach the shops. In those two months, 5,300 homes in the city.

Flax Street Lower Broughton floods 1954. Taken from: Good Times in Old Salford by Tim Ash worth and Tony Frankland. Kersal flats, a young lad tries to

STOP 9: The Cliff (GR 827013)

RIVER IRWELL FLOOD DEFENCE SCHEME

SALFORD SUFFERS FROM FLOODS:

The lower reaches of the Irwell have flooded many times in its history, the most well documented being the floods of 1866, 1946, 1954, 1980, 2007, 2015 and 2020.

In December 1816 rapidly thawing snow caused the river to flood, sweeping away a considerable amount of property including building materials and livestock. Locals reported the height of the river to have been almost as great as a more serious flood of 1768. A local public house, the Black Boy, suffered extensive damage as the water caused the rear wall to collapse, a local brewery was flooded with the loss of all its stock, and a Mersey Flat came free of its moor ings, hitting Regent Bridge.

In 1866, the “year of the great Flood”, rain fell for three continuous days commencing on Tuesday 13 November. By the end of the first day, the river had risen 14 feet (4.3 metres) above normal at Peel Park, street lamps could not be lit and mills were brought to a stop. In all, £1 million of property was damaged, 450 hectares of land was flooded, 700 people had to be rescued from wrecked homes, but only one man died by drowning. The height of the flood was marked by an obelisk erect ed in Peel Park. The construction of the ship canal is said to have reduced the risk of flooding, by providing a larg er outlet below Regent bridge. In 1946 in Salford 5,300 properties were flooded, and 600 were flooded in 1954.

FLOOD BASIN AS SOLUTION:

To alleviate such problems two flood storage basins with a capacity of 650,000 cubic metres (850,000 cu yd) have been con structed to the west of Littleton Road, Kersal, at a cost of around £11 million. As part of the River Irwell Flood Defence Scheme, the defences help to protect some 3,000 properties in Kersal and Lower Broughton against a 1 in 75 year flood. Concerns have been raised that a 1 in a 100-year flood would breach these defences

The junction of Lower Broughton Road and Great Clowes Street provides an excellent opportunity to study the effects of mass movement on the steep slope overlooking the river and to look for signs of subsidence affecting housing in local area. The section of Great Clowes Street north of junction had to be closed because of the mass movement The Cliff. Signs of the former tram tracks are clearly visible in the area behind the partially destroyed fence immediately north of the junction. Walk along the footpath in front the houses and pass through metal gateway into the area at the top of the wooded slope. Turn back and look over the fence on The Cliff side at the exposed reddish brown sands beneath the former street. These sands are part the fluvioglacial sequences underlying this highland. Water moves preferentially through lenses of coarser material with these deposits. By descending through the woods, evidence of mass movement, in the form of tilted fences and walls, and trees whose trunks have grown at different angles as they have slipped from the vertical, can be seen. Follow the path down to the river bank, examine whether the river appears to be undercutting The Cliff. Then explore the undergrowth below The Cliff to find small streams carrying sandy material that descend from springs part-way up the slope. These suggest that one hypothesis about the dynamics of The Cliff is that spring sapping, headward erosion of these stream sources, is responsible for the mass movement. It seems that the subsidence at The Cliff is a natural process associated with the short geological time since the meltwaters during the glaciation dumped the fluvioglacial material. [Teachers may

Peel Park flood obelisk showing the 1866 flood lev A second flood line was added after the 1870 floods.

A

Figure 12: Diagram of the Littleton Road Flood Storage Basin at Lower Kersal.

of the flood from Keats Court. You shops, Burns House and Blake.

The recently completed flood storage basin in Salford reduces the risk of flooding from the River Irwell, and provides a high quality urban wetland habitat.

Clowes effects river the the on visible immediately of area over brown of Water with evidence and they path appears undergrowth material These Cliff stream that with last may

Flooding of Littleton road playing fields, Ker sal, Salford, Manchester from across the river Irwell December 2015

Littleton Road Basin is located to the west of Littleton Road. This being completed in

2005. The basins to alleviate the flood problem by protecting some 3000 properties against the 1 in 75 year flood. 2018 2020

An Environment Agency £10 million flood scheme completed in February 2018, now protects almost 2,000 homes and businesses, provides the capacity of more than 250 Olympic-sized swimming pools of water during a flood, and includes more than 5 hectares of urban wetland habitat.

Riverside Drive in Radcliffe suffered devastating flooding in 2015. 2015 2005

The scheme also incorporates leisure and amenity benefits to the local community.

Salford was placed at risk of flooding by the Environment Agency last weekend but the city’s brand new £10m flood de fences managed to stay strong. Storm Ciara battered Greater Manchester last weekend with heavy gusts, rain and many homes up and down the region flooded and damaged.

Unlike neighbouring Bury, which saw residents evacuated from their homes as the River Irwell bursts its banks and parks de stroyed as Storm Ciara swept through, Salford fared much better. The flood defence worked so well that the warning was removed later that evening by the Environment Agency.

and cause some £55 million damage to property. The defences proved successful on 22 January 2008, when the worst flooding to hit the region in thirty years caused the Irwell to burst its banks further downstream in the cen tre of Manchester.

On 2 February 2018 the Environment Agency announced the completion of A£10 million extension to the flood de fence scheme which will protect almost 2,000 homes and businesses and has created more than 5 hectares of high quality urban wetland habitat. The new development also provides a new footpath around the site which links to existing footpaths to provide a green route to and from the centre of Manchester. The 28 hectare flood basin will protect surrounding properties by holding up to 650 million litres of water during flood conditions. The scheme, utilises an ‘offline’ storage basin, created in a meander of the Irwell on the site of the old Manchester Racecourse, that will work in tandem with the existing flood storage area at Littleton Road.

Littleton Road Basin

Castle Irwell Castle residetial

Riverbank View Phase 3 third phase

Hydro Project at Charlestown Weir is government project

The Tree of Knowledge/Irwell Valley

Seafold Road Homes Homes

Pendleton Homes

Salford Proposal

SITE ANALYSIS

Demographic Analysis

Population Density Density

Conclusion on Age Groups and Populatiion Density:

The site region has a rather high population density (4815 per km 2 ), comparing to the average density of Salford and Manchester. Also, a large proportion of residents here are young people (10-39). This provides a good basis for the economic and education development of the site. However, there is a lack of economic facilities that may provide proper living environment or job opportunities for the residents, which will be discussed later in the masterplan analysis.

Religion

Buddhist Other religion No religion

- Orthodox Jewish Community in Salford

There has been an Orthodox Jewish community in Salford for approximately 100 years, building on the established Jewish community in north Manchester. Networks of support, such as voluntary societies , charitable organisations and study groups were a key feature of Jewish communities in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, and were critical to their survival. These traditions have been sustained in the UK, and continue to be an integral part of the life of the community in Salford.

The Orthodox Jewish community in Salford is part of the second largest Orthodox community in the UK, which is growing fast. The growth of the community is already putting significant extra demand on infrastructure such as schools, health facilities, green space.

It is a tightly knit community, concentrated on the Broughton Park area. It covers a large segment of the Higher Broughton and Higher Kersal in Salford. The life choices of members of the community are to a large extent governed by matters of faith, but a strong shared identity does exist – it is in effect “a community of communities ”, often referred to as the ‘Charedi’ Community. There are approximately 30 synagogues, which reflect the central significance of religion in Orthodox Jewish life.

Castle Irwell Jewish Community

Masterplan Analysis

Figure Ground Plan Street Hierarchy

Land Use Public Realm

Masterplan Analysis Conclusion

City & Nature Street Hierarchy

Manchester Salford Railway Station

• Castle Irwell is the junction of city and nature.

• It should provide a gentle transition between urban landscape and natural environment.

• Castle Irwell is located at a key crossing of the area.

• The traffic from west to east is blocked by the river and Kersal Wetlands.

Amenities Green Space

Commerical Center High Street

University

• Amenities like commercial streets, major employers are far away from Castle Irwell.

• Good education resource from the University of Salford.

Kersal Dale Peel Park

Kersal Wetlands

• Existing green spaces are not well connected.

• Kersal Wetlands is difficult to access, which is a waste of natural resources.

Surrounding Area

High Street

This high street on the east side is one of the rain roads leading to Manchester city center. A lot of automobile related shops are located here. This street provides different services to surrounding neighborhoods, therefore it is not necessary for Castle Irwell to provide extra services for these neighborhoods.

University

The University of Salford is one of the most important site in this area. A well designed walking corridor through the university to the project site is essential to attract university students and provide easy access from the railway station.

Industrial Area

The industrial area on the south-west side is causing problems such as noise and pollution. Residential community near the industry area has worse living environment than the others. It also seperates project site from the center of Salford City. Proper design is required to realize the transition from living area to industrial area.

Kersal Wetlands

Kersal Wetlands is an important flood storage basin for River Irwell. It provides important habitats for wild animals, such as swan. It is also a good place for running, cycling and dog walking. However, it separates the neighborhoods around it, making it difficult to get across the river.

• Future Plan (Left)

The 21-acre industrial site has been planned to be redeveloped into 470 homes.

Functions

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Nearby Neighborhoods

Lower Kersal

This region includes primary school, medical center, allotments and several grocery shops, making it important for West Lower Kersal area.

Lower Broughton

Here is one of the two bridges across the river, making the road busy. This region also has cafe, grocery shops and beauty shops.

Riverbank

This region includes primary schools, pharmacy and community center. Problems such as pollution and bad road condition have been caused by the industrial area.

Cromwell

This region has several grocery shops, restaurants, bakery and student accommodation. Main roads are very busy during peak hours. It's a important region between the university and Castle Irwell.

High School

This is the Albion Academy, a local high school. Student activities need to be considered during weekdays.

Local Amenities & 15min City

Required Amenities within 5min walking

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•

•

•

Required Amenities within 15min walking

• Pharmacy

• Merchandise/Large

• Public Schools

• Parks

• Working Space/Office

• Regional Transit (tram or railway)

• Community Center

• Entertainment Facilities (gym, cinema etc.)

• Cultural Venue (library, museum etc.)

Required Amenities within 20min walking

• Major Cultural

• Medical Center

• Education

• Regional Parks

• Major Employers

• Intercity

Problems of Lower Kersal area

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•

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Advantages of Lower Kersal area

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•

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Social Supports

Emmaus Salford community

Emmaus Salford provides a home and meaningful work to people who have experienced homelessness and social exclusion. A wide range of help is on hand, covering personal development, training and career development. It is a drug and alcohol free environment and we also have access to alcohol and drugs support.

Abbott Lodge

A recent development of self catering en suite rooms and selfcontained apartments providing temporary accommodation and support to homeless people. It has 20 beds and people can live here for 6-8 weeks before they find a long term accomdation.

Oaklands Day Nursery

Oaklands Nursery provides childcare to the communities of Salford. It has an 'open-door' policy which allows parents to access the enursery at any time.

Loaves and Fishes

Loaves and Fishes is a drop-in center for homeless people. It provides free meals, shower, laundry, drug and alcohol help, clothes and medical help.

Public

-Conclusion

• Bus stops can normally be found on main streets in this area.

• Salford Crescent Station is the main station for visitors to come to Castle Irwell from further distance.

• Bike lane in this area is not in good condition. There is a lack of bike facility on roads, which makes existing bike lane uncontinous.

Housing Densities

1

Kersal Flats

Type: Apartment Density: 150.9 dph

Units: 2 Bed 65m2

Lower Kersal 1

Type: Semi-detached

Density: 29.0 dph

Lower Kersal 2

Type: Terraced Density: 99.6 dph

Riverbank View Phase 3 (In Construction)

Type: Semi-detached

Detached

Density: 32.5 dph

Units: 2 Bed - 22 60m2

3 Bed - 103 72m2

4 Bed - 15 83m2

Littleton Road

Type: Terraced Density: 102.4 dph

Castle Irwell (In Construction)

Type: Semi-detached

Detached

Density: 33.3 dph

Units: 2 Bed - 41 70m2

3 Bed - 97 85m2

4 Bed - 14 112m2

Cromwell Road

Type: Terraced Density: 77.0 dph

Seaford Road East

Type: Semi-detached Density: 39.5 dph

Seaford Road West

Type: Terraced Density: 94.0 dph

Lower Broughton Road (In Construction)

Type: Apartment

Density: 250.0 dph

Units: 1 Bed - 105 53m2

2 Bed - 187 63m2

Gross Densities Conclusion

Kersal Flats 150.9 dph Medium Density

Lower Kersal 1 29.0 dph Low Density

Lower Kersal 2 99.6 dph Medium Density

Riverbank View Phase 3 32.5 dph Low Density

Littleton Road 102.4 dph Medium Density

9876 10

Castle Irwell 33.3 dph Low Density

Low Density (<90 dph)

Medium Density (90 - 250 dph)

High Density (250+dph)

Cromwell Road 77.0 dph Low Density

Seaford Road East 39.5 dph Low Density

Seaford Road West 94.0 dph Medium Density

Lower Broughton Road 250.0 dph High Density

New Housing Projects Details

-Riverbank View

Overall Plan

Phase 3 Plan

1. Roadways have been designed to reduce the possibility of ‘rat runs’ to make sure only residents and visitors use the new highways.

2. Allocated space for a new two-tier school.

3. Three acres of publicly accessible, landscaped green gardens with a community focus and conveniences such as a play area.

4. Restoring the locally listed, historic Turnstile Building to become a key gateway to the development.

5. The site walls on Cromwell Road and Littleton Road will be enhanced and refurbished to create a secure, clear sense of place for residents, pupils and visitors.

6. Area for potential commercial use to serve the surrounding area.

7. Short stay visitor lay-bys will be included in the roads

8. Each housing plot will be gated for privacy and security.

-Castle Irwell Current Plan

Salboy, which was established in 2014 as a property company, is transforming the former Castle Irwell stuent village site to a new residetial neighbourhood. About 500 family homes, 3 acres of gardens and a new school are being built in this site.

There are now 158 houes currently under construction. The site is going to have a mix of apartment and 2/3/4bed family houes , and every house will come wih at leaste one parking space. Each six plots will be gated to have additional privacy and secuity.

-Castle Irwell Current Construction

The development has been split into three planning and construction phases.

In 2020, Salboy submitted a plan for the first phase of this project, including 158 new houses under construction. To help benefit local communities, this initial phase also includes the completion of all public areas, road infrastructure, boundary wall improvements and Turnstile Building renovations.

Walkability ANALYSIS

Walkability Analysis (1.2km) INDICATOR (1.6km)

CHECKLIST

ASSESSMENT COMMENTS

-Castle Irwell Observation Script

Overview

Castle Irwell is located in the center of Lower Kersal area, connecting Kersal Wetlands and its surrounding neighborhoods. A housing project is under construction at the moment. This observation research is going to evaluate the current condition of Castle Irwell and its surrounding area accordinng to the criteria of 15-minute city.

Procedures

• Design different daily routes for different grouups of people (e.g. students, adults, elderly).

• Identify key locations on the map (e.g. grocery shops, medical center, restaurants, parks, working space).

• Follow different routes and finish checklists for each routes, focusing on walkability.

• Take photos and make drawings for significant spots (e.g. transit spots, schools, parks) and human activities.

Time 11/2/2022 Whole Day

Preparation

• 15-minute city checklist

• Simulated daily routes of different groups of people

• Routes recording app (Komoot)

• Mobile phone and camera

• Printed site map

Expected Outcome

• 15-minute city checklist report for Castle Irwell area (15min walking zone)

• Series of drawings and photos along with different route maps, showing urban condition.

•

•

• The main roads are very busy, making it difficult and dangerous to get acroos the road. It also causes the problem of pollution and noise.

• Daily needs can be met in this route (grocery stores, bus stop, pharmecy).

• Bus stops can provide temporary shelters and seats.

• There is a factory near school, making noise and bad smell.

• There is less traffic in this area, especially in the residential area, making it quiet and safe to walk.

• Few seats on the road.

• Good road condition and have natural views.

• Very clean and quiet neighborhood.

• Because of the road material and slope, it can be difficult to use a wheelchair.

• Have access to culture and education facilities.

• Have beautiful views to Kersal Wetlands

Walkability Analysis Conclusion

Local Amenities

• The diversity of local amenities can vary in different neighborhoods.

• Small scale shops can usually be found, such as grocery shops and cafe. However, there is a lack of large commerical area and high quality public space.

• The existence of railway station and university can be an advantage.

Traffic & Environment

• The traffic is very busy on Comwell Road, producing loud noise and making it difficult for pedestrains to get across the road.

• The industrial area on the south-west side makes the living environment bad for surrounding neighborhoods.

• Garbage can usually be found on roads.

Railway Station University StationShops

Traffic Congestion Garbage on Street

Pedestrian & Cycling Infrastructure

• Facilities like public bikes, seats, bus stops can be found on the main roads, but it can be difficult to find shelters or seating area in secondary streets.

• Segregated cycling and pedestrain lanes can be found but usually discontinuous or in poor quality.

Accessibility

• The overall accessibility of the area is not good.

• Cars parked on street can take up pedestrain roads.

• Some pedestrain roads are not flat because of trees or road material.

• Facilities for the disabled are not enough in the area. by

PROPOSAL

Salford Proposal

Individual Proposals

City Scale

• Green Corridor

This green corridor is located at Seaford Road, connecting the green space in University of Salford and Castle Irwell. It provides pedestrian friendly streets to walk to Castle Irwell from railway station as well.

• Rafting Route & Ports

It is an interesting boat tour route on River Irwell, starting from the Racecourse Hotel to Peel Park. It provides extra routes for visitors and pedestrians.

Community Scale

• Castle Irwell Community Masterplan

It is the core project of the overall proposal, which intends to create a walkable, mixed-use, self-sustaining community according to the principles of 15-minute city.

Building Scale (Studio C)

• Mixed-use Building

It will be mixed-use building in Castle Irwell Community. Possible functions include co-working space, student studios, transit center, commerical space and living space.

• Building Block

It includes the design of the connections between each building and exterior environment, such as green space, civic square and roads.

Design Principles

City & Nature Accessibility

• Rebuild the connection between city and nature.

• Provide high quality living environment for residents in Castle Irwell.

• Provide easy access between the west and east side of River Irwell through Castle Irwell, especially for pedestrians.

• Provide extra routes to Kersal Wetlands.

Manchester Salford Railway Station

Amenities Green Corridor

Commerical Center

University

High Street

Peel Park

• Create a new mixed-use urban center at Castle Irwell to provide services for surrounding neighborhoods.

• Connect existing green spce (e.g. Peel Park, Kersal Wetlands) with a green corridor.

• The green corridor will also be a walking street for pedestrians.

Kersal Dale Kersal Wetlands

Castle Irwell Communtiy Proposal

-Users

I need:

•

•

• of

I need:

•

I need:

• Natural

•

•

•

• Large public

Residents Visitors

People from nearby neighborhood Students

I need:

• for

•

-Low Density Proposal (Salboy)

Features

• Security & Privacy

Roadways have been designed to make sure only residents and visitors use the new highways. The site walls on Cromwell Road and Littleton Road will be enhanced and refurbished to create a secure, clear sense of place for residents. Each housing plot will be gated for privacy and security.

• Green Gardens

Three acres of publicly accessible, landscaped green gardens with a community focus and conveniences such as a play area.

Critiques

• Exclusive Design

The gated community has bad interaction with street , making it difficult to fulfill its location advantage. This design also makes the houses expensive

• Redundant Function

It is redundant to have large green space when high quality green space (Kersal Wetlands) is just few meters away. It also seems meaningless to have a school in a gated community when there are already many schools of different levels in this area.

Housing

Tenure Mix 132.8 dph (gross) 350 dph (net) 14.5 ha 5.5 ha 1,925 100% Apartment 80% Private 20% Affordable

Features • Prosperity

Site Size Housing Area No. of Dwellings Types

Critiques

• Disharmony

-High Density Proposal Section Section

High density community has great potential to become large urban center and serve people living in further distance.

High housing density may lead to high buildings, which is not in harmony with surround neighborhoods and natural environment. Tall buiildings may also destroy the city skyline and block the view from Kersal Wetlands.

-Medium Density Proposal A-A' Section

N

Nature Community Green Space

• Nature to Urban

This is the junction between natural environment and man-made buildings.

-Features

Green Space

• Community Garden & Sports Field

These open space works as a transition area between Kersal Wetlands and buildings in Castle Irwell. They provide artificial green space for human activities like farming, sports and gardening.

• Civic square

It provides high quality public space for people to gather and provides opportunities for social activities, e.g. music festival, weekend market.

• Waterbody & Greening

Small greening land and waterbody can be found around the community to create sustainable living environment.

Green Corridor

Low Density

Key Junctions

To be designed in Studio C...

• Private to Public

How to protect privacy of residents and provide safe living environment?

• Street Edge How do the buildings interact with the street and public transit?

• Diversity

There will be a diversity of housing in Castle Irwell to meet the needs of different people.

• Density

This proposal intends to be medium density to have enough residents to support local businesses.

Commerical Space

• Mixed-use commerical area Commerical area will be mixed with residentail area and encourage local businesses.

• Large scale supermarket will meet weekly or special needs of residents from surroundinng neighborhoods (15min walking zone).

Public Service

• Homeless Center & Day Care

It will have several facilities to provide social supports to homeless people, children and elderly people. Culture

• Museum & Education center

It will introduce both the history of horse racing and wildlife in Kersal Wetlands to the public.

Working Space

• Co-working space

It provides space for remote working and group meeting.

• Filming Studio

It is designed for university students to start their own filming career.

Density Housing Medium Density Housing

Commerical & Working Space Urban

Precedents for Medium Density Proposal

-Bo01, Malmö,

Sustainable Design Pinciples

Green Space & Water Body

• Biodiverse corridors consist of dense planting and water elements.

• Green space also provides living space for wildlife and makes a good connection with Kersal Wetlands

Biotecture Living Wall

• It provides both sustainable material for walls and green facades for buildings.

Renewable Energy

• The community will make good use of renewable energy like hydroelectric power. Systems like heat pumps and underfloor heating will also be used.

Recycling System

• It includes rain harvesting system, water recycling and waste recycling.

Green Space Factor (GFS)

Proposed GFS: 0.6

Surface Cover Type Factor

Semi-natural vegetation (e.g. trees, woodland, species-rich grassland) maintained or established on site. 1

Wetland or open water (semi-natural; not chlorinated) maintained or established on site. 1

Intensive green roof or vegetation over structure. Substrate minimum settled depth of 150mm. 0.8

Standard trees planted in connected tree pits with a minimum soil volume equivalent to at least two thirds of the projected canopy area of the mature tree. 0.8

Extensive green roof with substrate of minimum settled depth of 80mm (or 60mm beneath vegetation blanket) 0.7

Flower-rich perennial planting. 0.7

Rain gardens and other vegetated sustainable drainage elements. 0.7

Hedges (line of mature shrubs one or two shrubs wide). 0.7

Standard trees planted in pits with soil volumes less than two thirds of the projected canopy area of the mature tree. 0.6

Green wall –modular system or climbers rooted in soil. 0.6

Groundcover planting. 0.5

Amenity grassland (species-poor, regularly mown lawn). 0.4

Extensive green roof of sedum mat or other lightweight systems that do not meet GRO Code 2014. 0.3

Water features (chlorinated) or unplanted detention basins. 0.2

Permeable paving. 0.1

Sealed surfaces (e.g. concrete, asphalt, waterproofing, stone). 0

From: London Plan Guidance (2021) - Urban Greening Factor

GSF= ((area A X factor A) + (area B X factor B) + (area C X factor C) + etc.) total site area

Precedents for Sustainable Design

-Bo01, Malmö, Sweden

Bo01 uses 100% renewable energy. It has facilities such as a wind turbine to provide electricity, rooftop solar collectors and geothermal system. There are vacuum tubes to collect recyclable and organic waste. Water is managed visibly with a system of ponds, open channels, swales and green roofs.

-Biotecture Living Wall

This green wall system is developed by Biotecture to provide solutions for both exterior and interior walls. This vertical green space can not only enhance the urban environment but also create a special sense of place.

1. Pressure compensated Dripline Waterproof Backing Board Rear drainage layer Growing medium Rail carrier system, dripline and coverstrips

Open channel for water management

Solar Panels

McArthurGlen Ashford Designer Outlet

Rafting Route & River Irwell

-Rafting Route Design

• The design of this rafting route includes the construction of several ports along River Irwell located at The Racecourse Hotel, Kersal Bridge, Cromwell Bridge and Peel Park.

• This route aims to bring back the old memory of River Irwell and provides an interesting transport method to build a complete transit system. Photos River

-Port Design Detail

-Relation with Existing Transit System& Rafting Route Design Precedents

• Boats and River in Cambridge

The boat tour in Cambridge has been developed as a successful tourist route. Taking advantage of the natural resources in Kersal and Peel Park, the rafting route in Kersal has great potential to attract visitors.

The ports of rafting route are also good public space and waterfront lanscape. They will have basic services such as retail stores, toilets, seating area etc. They will also connect with existing transit system.

Rafting Route Connection Point

• Uferpark Attisholz Süd, Luterbach

Railway Bus Lane Bike Lane

On-street Parking Point

Street Section

-On-street Parking PrecedentZone & One-way Street

NEXT STEP

Building Design

Pinciples & Precedents for Building Design

-24h Space & Mixed-use

This idea indicates that the building should be mixed-use and have different functions so that people can use this building at any time of the day.

Effects of Colour Temperature

A good precedent is De School Amsterdam , which is a mixed-use building changed from a school. It is a combination of cafe, restaurant, gym and night club. Therefore, different activities are happening here in 24h.

An interesting way to realize a multifunctional space is changing the light conditioin. Different colour temperatures can create different atmosphere to meet the needs of different functions in the same space.

De School Amsterdam (Day & Night)

-Co-working Space

As a new popular way of working, remote working has become inevitable in our life. Flexible working space can provide temporary space for group work and meeting or online meeting. Instead of paying for an office in city center, a seat in a co-working space may just be enough for some jobs. A company called WeWork has been developing co-working office around the world. Different types of working space, shared kitchen and leisure facilities can normally be found in their design.

One St Peter's Square, WeWork

-Smart City

Smart City has great impacts on modern city and architecture design. The development of technology may change the way people live, work and play. Two important applications of smart city are shared vehicles and autonomous vehicles . They can change the planning of street network and design of parking space. Therefore, a transit center is considered in the Castle Irwell Community to provide pick-up point of shared vehicles, charging space for autonomous cars and transit stop for bus or tram.

Audi Urban Future , proposed by BIG, provides a possible future of urban landscape with popular use of driverless cars. The gaps between buildings are completely changed into public space without traditional streets.

Audi Urban Future, BIG

Precedents Redevelopment of Sjöstad, Bridge Function

ZIL-South masterplan, Moscow

KCAP Architects and Planners have unveiled the ZIL-South masterplan, a new residential district in Moscow built on the basis of a 15-minute city . The masterplan will be built on the largest brownfield area of the former ZIL industrial zone, and will feature more than 100 hectares of commercial and residential landmarks, public spaces, parks, landscapes, and interconnect routes alongside the Moskva River, all inspired by the area's pre-industrial past.

Paris 15-minute City Plan

Crossroads

The main author of 15-minute city, Carlos Moreno, is currently working with the mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo, to create a “ville du quart d’heure” – the quarter-hour city in Paris . The main goals of Paris’s new city plan include cutting car use, reducing carbon emission, reducing commute time and generating more public spaces. The city aims to create a new street organization which would be cleaner, safer and have cycle lane in every street. The diversity of shops by the street also needs to be preserved. Crossroads would be redeveloped into neighborhood squares with pedestrian zones, green space or playground for children. Schools are considered as the “capital” of each district and would be open to the public as multifunctional public space during weekends and holidays.

STUDIO

COMMUNITY MASTERPLAN

Site Analysis from Studio B

What is needed in Castle Irwell?

Culture Buildings

• Museum/Art Gallery

Kersal area has am interesting history of horse racing and historic buildings can be found around Castle Irwell. There is few culture related buildings in this area. Therefore, the historic building at the entrance of Castle Irwell can be changed into a museum or art gallery.

Housing

• Co-living houses

Instead of building more single family houses, it's important to provide a variety of house types. Co-living is a new way of living for young professions and visitors, which enables them to socailize with each other and save money.

Who will be

Low-income

Commercial

• Supermarket/Outdoor Market

There is no large scale market in Kersal area. A large supermarket is necessary to meet weekly needs of residents. Outdoor market provides temporary space for trading, which is beneficial for local economy and homemade products.

Different university distance of provide study, for young projects, such be conducted

Tourists

It is important natural resources access should efforts should travelling types of activities as art exhibition, watching

Lower Kersal home to low-income housing, local supports are Opportunities residents to Students

be the main users?

Low-income Residents

Kersal area has a long history of being low-income group. Affordable local small businesses and social are essential to local residents. Opportunities should be provided to nearby to develop local economy.

Community Programme

• Co-living

•

Students & Young Professionals

levels of schools, including can be found within walking of Castle Irwell. It is important to study, working and leisure space people. Experimental housing such as co-living house can also conducted here.

• Buildings Area (Per Building)

Office Building

•

important to make use of the rich resources of Kersal Wetlands. Easy should be provided to tourists and should be made to enhance the experience of tourists. Different activities can be provided, such exhibition, wetlands touring and bird

Community Overall Concept

Nature Green Route

This is an existing route to Kersal wetlands next to RIver Irwell. It has large area of natural green space. The natural environment of this route will be preserved to provide completely natural experience for visitors.

Shared Car Park

This car park building is designed for car sharing within the community. Residents will be able to rent a car for a short period of time as registered. The building will be the drop-off and pick-up point of all shared vehicles.

Co-living Building

Co-living building emphasizes on the concept of sharing common space, such as kitchen, living room, leisure space, study and working space. It is a new waying of living for people who would like to connect with others, which is now popular with young people.

Sunday Market

It's a temporary structure which allows nearby residents to sell local products. During workdays, it will be a civic square that provide seatings and covering.

Kersal Wetlands Entrance

A large platform and a ramp have been designed at the end of green corridor to provide tourists with convient access to Kersal Wetlands.

Garden Route

This is an existing green route and also the old entrance to Kersal wetlands. It will be changed into a garden route. There will be several residential blocks along the route, whose backyards will become the beautiful view of this route.

Culture Center

Taking advantage of the existing historic building, this area will become a new culture center, including museum and art gallery.

Urban Green Corridor

It starts from Peel Park and ends at Kersal Wetlands. This route plays an important role in connecting green space in Kersal with other parks in Salford. This is also the main route that visitors would take from the railway station to Castle Irwell. There is well designed pedestrian ways and small scale businesses along the road.

Land Use Green Routes

Car Park

Culture Building

Public Service

Commercial Building

Mixed-use House

Terraced House

Apartment Building Co-living Building

Pedestrian & Cycling Routes

Main Vehicle Routes

Peel Park

Kersal Wetlands 2 Street View

Route 1 Section

Route 3 Section

Route 2 Section

House Garden Sidewalk Cycle Lane Vegetation RiverHouseSidewalkCar LaneCycle LaneVegetationRiver

Mixed-use House Sidewalk Sidewalk HouseCycle Lane Car Lane Car Lane Cycle Lane Cycle Lane Cycle Lane Car LaneVegetation Green Corridor

Precedent

The Malings, Newcastle

Background

This area has been through 30 years of decline because of deindustrialization. It used to been the center of heavy industry therefore a lot of post industry buildings and empty warehouse were left here. It is also the home to the Maling Pottery.

Project Introduction

The community mainly consists of 3 or 4 storey terraced houses. Each family would either has a roof terrace or private garden. There is no common staircase or elecator, thus reducing management charge and increasing density. Each home has its own front door to the street to ensure privacy. The communal space between buildings create social space for neighbors to meet with each other.

Housing Type - 1bed -2bed -3bed

BLOCK & BUILDING DESIGN

Ground Floor Plan

South Elevation

Co-living Building Design

Building Programme

Land Area of Rooms

Room Type Uses Studio (46m2 each)

Roof Garden

Co-working & Study

Shared Kitchen

Laundry Room

Utility Room

Shared Living Space (949m2) Service (86m2) Circulation (227m2)

Ground Floor Plan

Private Living Space (1978m2)

Total Floor Area 3240m2

First Floor Plan Second Floor Plan

Section

Ground Floor Plan

First Floor Plan

Material: CLT

Introduction

Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) is made from timber lamellaetypically spruce- which are stacked in layers that are arrangend perpendicular to each other and then bonded under high pressure using formaldehyde free adhesives to form large format structural building components with biaxial qualities.

Product Advantages

• Ecologically sustainable and renewable construction material

• Healthy, comfortable room climate

• Lasting value

• Individuality in architecture and design

• Flexible space design

• Slender supertructure components generate more net floor area

• Light weight construction reducing foundation design and making it suitable for parcels of land otherwise unsuitable

• High capacity, dimensionally stable, large-format, assembly-friendly elements

• Reduced construction periods of the dry construction method enables faster handover to the enduser

• Delivery of the prefabricated elements directly to the construction site

• Reduction in traffic movements on/off the construction site

Precedent

Cohost -The Bridge House, Shanghai, China by AIM

Introduction

This project focuses on the concept of community and try to explore co-living for young people. It has a succession of interconnected rooms that open up to one another, like a conversation between spaces. Standing in the green lounge, you can gaze into the red playroom and see the yellow study area just beyond it.

Precedent: Capsule Room

Nakagin Capsule Tower

Nakagin Capsule Tower was built in 1972, which was the first capsule architecture design. It is a prototype for architecture of sustainability and recycleability, as each module can be plugged in to the central core and replaced or exchanged when necessary. Each capsule measures 4 x 2.5 meters, permitting enough room for one person to live comfortably. The pre-assembled interior features a circular window, built-in bed and bathroom, and is furnished with a TV, radio and alarm clock.

Koyasan Guest House (Left)

It is a mixture of Japanese capsule type hotel in which the privacy is well protected, and dormitory in which the communication among the guests is active.Each single room directly faces a hall so that you can chose proper distance with other guests ensuring the privacy.

ºC (Do-C) Ebisu (Right)

ºC (Do-C) is a new business launched by nine hours. The 9h hotels offer a new image of a contemporary capsule hotel by completely redesigning and building new capsules from scratch,

Rising of Single Person Households

“The latest statistics on household size in the EU show that in 2017 around one third of households in the EU comprised single adults without children. ”

Contact: Amanda Sharfman and Pamela Cobb pop.info@ons.gov.uk +44 1329 444661

1 . Main points

Next release: To be announced Release date: 9 March 2022

Families and households in the UK: of contents proportion of single person households in the EU

Your key to European statistics | Privacy policy Legal notice Translate the Eurostat Data Publications About Eurostat Commission Eurostat Products Eurostat Ne Rising proportion of single person households in the EU proportion of single person households in the EU 06/07/2018

The latest statistics on household size in the EU show  that in 2017 around one third of households in the EU comprised single adults without children.

The gures are from the EU labour force survey, which also reveals the di erences across EU Member States. The proportion varies from just under 20% in Malta, 22% in Portugal and Slovakia to 43% in Lithuania, 44% in Denmark and 51% in Sweden.

In 2021, there were 19.3 million families in the UK, which represents a 6.5% increase over the decade from 2011 to 2021.

In 2021, there were 3.0 million lone parent families, which accounts for 15.4% of families in the UK; the proportions ranged from 13.1% in the South East of England to 17.8% in the North East of England.

The number of families that include a couple in a legally registered partnership in the UK has increased by 3.7% in the past decade, to 12.7 million; by comparison, the number of cohabiting couple families saw an increase of 22.9% over the same period, to 3.6 million.

There were an estimated 28.1 million households in the UK in 2021, an increase of 6.3% over the last 10 years.

The number of people living alone in the UK has increased by 8.3% over the last 10 years; in 2021, the proportion of one-person households ranged from 25.8% in London to 36.0% in Scotland.

In 2021, 3.6 million people aged 20 to 34 years were living at home with their parents; this represents 28% of people in this age group, an increase from 24% a decade ago.

2 . Families and households data

Families and households

Dataset | Released 9 March 2022

Families and children in the UK by family type including married couples, cohabiting couples and lone parents. Also shows household size and people living alone.

Young adults living with their parents

Dataset | Released 9 March 2022

“The number of people living alone in the UK has increased by 8.3% over the last 10 years; in 2021, the proportion of one-person households ranged from 25.8% in London to 36.0% in Scotland.”

Total number of young adults aged 15 to 34 years and total number of young adults aged 20 to 34 years in the UK living with their parents.

Families by family type, regions of England and UK constituent countries

Dataset | Released 9 March 2022

Labour Force Survey (LFS) estimates including measures of uncertainty of the number of families by specific family types, for regions of England and also Scotland and Wales.

Households by household size, regions of England and GB constituent countries

Dataset | Released 9 March 2022

Labour Force Survey (LFS) estimates including measures of uncertainty of the number of households by

The gures also show that since 2010, when the proportion of households with just one person was 31%, there has been a gradual rise of 2.4 percentage points to 34% in 2017 in the EU. n some countries the rise has been particularly noticeable n Latvia, for example, the proportion of households with a single person increased from 25% in 2010 to 35% in 2017.

2022/6/22

For recent decades, census data can be combined with data from large cross-country surveys, to provide a global perspective on the proportion of households with only one member (i.e. the proportion of single-person households). This gives us a proxy for the prevalence of solitary living arrangements.

We produced this chart combining individual reports from statistical country offices, cross-country surveys such as the Demographic and Health Surveys, and estimates published in the EU’s Eurostat the UN’s Demographic Year Books, and the Deutschland in Daten dataset.

The chart shows that the trend of rising single-person households extends across all world regions. There are large differences between countries – from more than 40% in northern European countries to 1% in low-income Asian countries.

(NB. For the US and Canada there are long-run time series from census data that let us directly track the share of people who live alone. This is shown in this other chart, where you can see the same trend.)

National income per capita and the share of one-person households are strongly correlated: As the chart here shows, people are more likely to live alone in rich countries.

In this interactive chart you can move the slider to see changes over time. This reveals that the rise of single-person households tends to be larger in countries where GDP per capita has grown more. (NB. You can also see the correlation over time in this other scatter plot comparing average growth in GDP vs average growth in one-person households).

These correlations are partly due to the fact that people who can afford to, often choose to live alone. Indeed, rising incomes in many countries are likely part of the reason why people are more likely to live alone today than in the past.

But there must be more to it since even at the same level of incomes there are clear differences between regions. In particular Asian countries have systematically fewer one-person households than African countries with comparable GDP levels. Ghana and Pakistan, for example, have similar GDP per capita, but in Pakistan one-person households are extremely rare, while in Ghana they are common (about 1 in 4). This suggests culture and countryspecific factors also play an important role.

Additionally there are other non-cultural country-specific factors that are likely to play a role. In particular rich countries often have more extensive social support networks, so people in these countries find it easier to take risks. Living alone is more risky in poorer countries, because there’s often less supply of services and to

"The share of one-person households remained fairly steady between the early modern period and through the 19th century – typically below 10%. Then growth started in the twentieth century, accelerating in the 1960s."

"The chart shows that the trend of rising single-person households extends across all world regions. There are large differences between countries – from more in northern European countries to 1% in low-income Asian

Models & Process Drawings

Bibliography

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2. Biotecture. (2022) Biotecture Living Green Wall Specification. Biotecture. [Online] [Accessed on 15th March] https://www.biotecture. uk.com/design-and-specify/specifications-and-compliance/specifications-and-drawings/

3. C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group and C40 Knowledge Hub. (2020) How to build back better with a 15-minute city. C40 Knowledge Hub. [Online] [Accessed 5th January] https://www.c40knowledgehub.org/s/article/How-to-build-back-better-with-a-15-minutecity?language=en_US

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