D-AMINO ACIDS MARKET SIZE Scope of the Study All amino acids work together to provide the body with a continuous supply of nutrients that are necessary for it to carry out its functions. When the body does not receive sufficient amino acids from the food eaten, it affects its functioning leading to poor health. Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids that are linked and attached to each other with peptide bonds. There are twenty-eight such amino acids that play a vital role in maintaining the human body. While the body receives about twenty percent of these amino acids from the diet known as essential amino acids, eighty percent are made in the body itself known as non-essential amino acids. The liver is the organ responsible for the manufacture of these amino acids. On the other hand too much protein in the body is also harmful. As the body makes its own proteins, a by-product called ammonia is also produced in the liver as a waste product. Too much protein in the body results in high amount of ammonia as well. The kidneys and liver then have to work harder to flush this excess ammonia out of the body. Today amino acids can be taken as a supplement that is available commercially. Amino acid supplements are usually made from animal protein, vegetable protein, or yeast. While almost all amino acids can be produced in two forms – the L and D form, it is not so in the case of glycine. L and D basically refer to manner in which the amino acid is wound up. L is the left winding amino acid and D is the right winding amino acid. Human amino acids have been found to be the L type and this is usually the preferred supplement as well. D-Amino acids are important intermediates in the production of several chemicals, pharmaceuticals, food and feed additives, and agrochemicals. This report gives a market insight into the different applications of D-Amino Acids such as Pharmaceutical Intermediates, Industrial Applications, Immuno Diagnostics, Therapeutic Formulations and in Other Applications (R&D, Biosensors, Plant Biomarkers and Biocatalysts). The study includes estimates and projections for the global D-Amino Acids applications market. The market covered for Pharmaceutical Intermediates, Industrial Applications, Immunodiagnostics, and Therapeutic Formulations pertains only to D-Amino Acid applications. Projections and estimates are also illustrated by geographic regions encompassing the US, UK, Germany, Switzerland, Japan, China, India and Rest of World. Business profiles of 51 major companies are discussed in the report. The report serves as a guide to global D-Amino Acids industry covering 440 companies that are engaged in D-Amino Acids synthesis, R&D, discovery, testing and supply of products and services. Information related to recent product releases, product developments, partnerships, collaborations, and mergers and acquisitions is also covered in the report. D-Amino Acids report is an ideal research tool providing strategic business intelligence to the corporate sector. This report may help strategists, investors, laboratories, pharmaceutical companies, contract research organizations, biotechnology companies and drug approval authorities in- Gauging Competitive Intelligence Identifying Key Growth Areas and Opportunities Understanding Geographic Relevance to Product Knowing Regional Market Sizes and Growth Opportunities and Restraints Keeping Tab on Emerging Technologies Equity Analysis
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Tapping New Markets
Analytics and data presented in this report pertain to several parameters such as – Global And Regional Market Sizes, Market Shares, Market Trends Product (Global And Regional) Market Sizes, Market Shares, Market Trends Technology Trends Corporate Intelligence Key Companies By Sales, Brands, Products Consumer Behavioral Patterns Other Strategic Business Affecting Data
Research Methodology RI Technologies publishes business intelligence reports by going through a cycle of diligent research and analysis activity. Research is done using both online and offline resources. The study outline of this report is sketched on the following lines – global market analysis, regional market analysis, product segmentation, global and regional market analysis by product segment, market trends, M&A, R&D, competitive landscape, technology trends, and other key drivers. Current data helps in analyzing the future of the industry and is also helpful for doing market evaluations, and estimating the market size for the future.
This report is uniquely researched and the methodology includes: Need and Scope of Study Product Definitions Segmental Analysis Regional Analysis Exclusive Data Analytics Corporate Intelligence Feedback
Right from concept to final compilation of this report, both primary and secondary research methods are applied. We have provided exclusive feedback forms/pre-release questionnaires for this report to use the information for authentication of our own findings. Secondary research includes government publications, investment research reports, web based surveys, website information of both companies and markets, and other offline resources such as print publications and CDs. Our compilation of easy to navigate PDF reports are essential value addition resources for leading and growing companies.
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II. REPORT SYNOPSIS Amino Acids Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They are distinguished into essential and non-essential amino acids. Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and therefore should be obtained only through diet, while non-essential ones can be formed by transformation of one amino acid into another. Out of 20 α-amino acids that form the structural entities of proteins, 8 are deemed as essential. The nonessential amino acids are manufactured by the body by itself even if the same is not available in the foods that are consumed. The essential amino acids are
Lysine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Histidine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
The non-essential amino acids are
Alanine
Arginine
Asparagine
Aspartic acid
Cysteine
Citrulline
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
Glutamine
Glutamic acid
Glycine
Ornithine
Proline
Serine
Taurine
Tyrosine
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D-Amino Acids Amino acids can exist in different isomeric forms. Based on optical activity of causing rotation of plane polarized light they are distinguishable into D [dextrorotatory] and L [levorotatory] forms, which are mirror images of the molecule. While L-forms of amino acids are the ones that make up the proteins in human body, D-forms are extremely rare. D-amino acids are used both as food additives, insecticides and in the pharmaceutical industry. With the exception of glycine all amino acids contain chiral carbon atom next to the carboxyl group of molecules. The presence of chiral carbon atom in amino acid permits the stereoisomerism process. Several naturally occurring vigorous molecules like the amino acids in the proteins also contain chiral atoms; while the sugars are of D type many amino acids exhibit L chirality. The natural proteins that are made of L amino acids are called as left-handed proteins, and those that are made of D amino acids are called right-handed proteins. D-amino acids are not detected in the natural proteins and these amino acids do not participate in the metabolic activities of eukaryotic organisms. D-amino acids can be detected in the peptide antibiotics or within the cell walls of the bacteria. D-glutamic acid and D-alanine are some of the D-amino acids that can be found in the cell walls of some bacteria. D-amino acids can be found in several peptides produced by animal cells. Opiate and antimicrobial peptides are synthesized from amphibian skin, neuro peptides can be sighted to be synthesized from both snail ganglia and spiders venom. The cDNA cloning has revealed that in the locations where D-amino acid is found, a common codon matching the L-amino acid can also be found. These revelations suggest the formation of D-deposits from the L-amino acids due to a post translational effect.
D-Amino Acids - Timeline The history of the development of amino acids can be traced to Japan in 1908. A chemist known as Dr K. Ikeda was researching the component which produces flavoring in kelp. The Japanese greatly enjoy the taste of kelp preparations, specifically kombu and katsuobushi. Dr Ikeda initially performed acid hydrolysis followed by fractionation of kelp. After carrying out these procedures, he realized that one particular fraction which he had isolated had glutamic acid content. He neutralized this fraction with caustic soda and succeeded in creating a new taste which was very delicious. Thus, Dr. Ikeda can be credited with the discovery of the use of monosodium glutamate (MSG) as a compound to enhance flavors of substances. Later, Ajinomoto Co. Ltd commercialized the development of monosodium glutamate. This process was based on the isolation of MSG from vegetable proteins such as soy or wheat proteins. However, this process had certain drawbacks. Chief among these drawbacks was the high waste fraction. Moreover, the chemical synthesis of D, L-glutamate was quite futile because the sodium salt of the D-isomer is bland and flavorless.
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Global Market Analysis Global D-Amino Acids market is projected to reach about US$ XX.XX billion by 2020 from an estimated US$ XX.XX billion in 2012, increasing at a compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of XX.XX % during the analysis period 2005-2020. Exhibit 1. D-Amino Acids – Global Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in US$ Billion Year
Value
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© RIT Figures, 2013
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III. MARKET DYNAMICS
MARKET OVERVIEW
Global Market Analysis Global market for D-Amino Acids is projected to reach about US$ XX.XX billion by 2020 from US$ XX.XX billion in 2012, increasing at a Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of XX.XX % during the analysis period, 2005-2020. Global D-Amino Acids market for 2008 was reported at US$ XX.XX million. The United States is estimated as the largest market for D-Amino Acids in 2012 with a share of XX.XX % valued at US$ XX.XX million and is projected to reach US$ XX.XX million by 2020 to retain its position with a share of XX.XX %. United Kingdom is the second largest (XX.XX % market share in 2010) and China is second fastest growing (XX.XX %during 2005-2020) market during the same analysis period, while India is projected to be the fastest growing (XX.XX % during 2005-2020) market. In 2012, the market for D-Amino Acids in Germany and Switzerland is US$ XX.XX million and US$ XX.XX million respectively.
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Exhibit 2. D-Amino Acids – Global Market Estimations & Predictions (2005 – 2020) in US$ Million by Geographic Region for the US, UK Germany, Switzerland, Japan, China, India and Rest of World Year
US
UK
Germany
Switzerland
Japan
China
India
Rest of World
Total
2005
XX.XX
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2006
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2013
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2018
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XX.XX
# Includes Canada, Australia, Spain, South Africa, Philippines, and Other Countries © RIT Figure, 2013
US$ Million
2005 US
2006
2007 UK
2008
2009
Germany
2010
2011
2012
Switzerland
2013 Japan
2014
2015 China
2016
2017 India
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Industrial Applications The use of D- amino acids in deodorants is advantageous as they are utilized in various products such as cosmetics and toiletries. One such benefit is the inclusion of D- amino acids along with a carrier to form a product base as a solution, lotion, cream, ointment, powder, suspension, stick, gel, or aerosol. The carrier material consists of a medium including water, ethanol, polyhydric alcohol, silicone, fatty alcohol, fatty acid, fatty acid ester and in selected combinations. The D- amino acid components are subjected to regular trialand-error method for the determination of its minimum effective concentration. Cost becomes a decisive factor in preventing the usage of high concentrations of inhibitors. Of the total weight of the deodorant, quantity of D - amino acid component ranges between 0.01 wt. % and 5 wt. %, preferably 0.05 wt. % to 2 wt. %.
Market Analysis The world market for industrial application of D-Amino Acids reached US$ XX.XX million by 2010 and is projected to reach US$ XX.XX million by 2020. Beta lactam antibiotic testing kits hold the lion’s share in the industrial applications of D-Amino Acids. Amongst the regions, United States is the leader, as every load of raw milk delivered to dairy industries in the US for processing is tested for the presence of antibiotic residues.
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Exhibit 3. D-Amino Acids in Industrial Applications – Global Value Market Estimations and Predictions (2005-2020) in US$ Million by Geographic Region for the US, UK, Germany, Switzerland, Japan, China, India and Rest of World# (RoW) Year
US
UK
Germany Switzerland
Japan
China
India
Rest of World
Total
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XX.XX
XX.XX
# Includes Canada, Australia, Spain, South Africa, Philippines, and Other Countries © RIT Figures, 2013
US$ Million
2005 US
2006
2007 UK
2008
2009
Germany
2010
2011
2012
Switzerland
2013 Japan
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2015 China
2016
2017 India
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Immuno Diagnostics Rest of World market for D-Amino Acids in Immuno Diagnostics applications is estimated at about US$ XX.XX million in 2012 and is projected to reach US$ XX.XX million in 2020. The market is increasing at a CAGR of XX.XX % through 2005 to 2020. Spain is projected to register the fastest growth rate (XX.XX %) during the analysis period. The Canadian market is estimated as the largest market with US$ XX.XX million in 2012, while Australia occupies the second place with market worth US$ XX.XX million in 2012. Exhibit 4. D-Amino Acids in Immuno Diagnostics– Rest of World Market Estimations & Predictions (2005 2020) in US$ Million by Geographic Region for Canada, Australia, Spain, South Africa Philippines and Other Countries Year
Canada
Australia
Spain
South Africa
Philippines
Other Countries
Total
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© RIT Figures, 2013
US$ Million
2005
2006 Canada
2007
2008
2009
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2010
2011
Spain
2012
2013
2014
South Africa
2015
2016
2017
Philippines
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D-AMINO ACIDS - THE MARKET OUTLOOK D-Amino Acids market is a rapidly growing market in the intermediates sector. Majority of the products utilizing D-Amino Acids are pharmaceutical intermediates (β-Lactam Antibiotics). Asia-Pacific region is acquiring lead position in global pharmaceuticals market with the balance gradually shifting from the US and Europe to Asia-Pacific. With high growths in China, India and Singapore, the region is becoming the largest global pharmaceuticals market. International pharmaceutical companies are setting up facilities in the region and the regional pharmaceutical companies are acquiring international market share. Growth is most important for regional companies going global as well as international companies planning expansion in this region. Almost one thirds of multinational companies have expansion plans in this region either through acquisitions or through development of their own facilities within one year. Two thirds of the regional Asian companies believe that increase in global market share is important for them. Above one thirds Asian companies are on the lookout for international acquisitions and about 52% of them are trying to gain global market share. However, presently only 45% of the surveyed companies have any global presence. The antibiotic property of D-Amino Acid (D-Alanine D-Cycloserine) is used in Deodorants. It is observed that the European deodorants market is poised for a steady compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of XX.XX % for the period 2005 – 2020. The growth in the US and Asia-Pacific regions over the same period is estimated at about XX.XX % and XX.XX % respectively to achieve sales of about US$ XX.XX billion and US$ XX.XX billion, respectively. The consumption volumes have increased at a CAGR of XX.XX % from 2005 – 2009 to achieve sales of XX.XX billion units in 2009 and are estimated to exceed XX.XX billion by 2015 at a CAGR of XX.XX % for the period of 2005 – 2020.
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IV. PRODUCT/TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH Amino Acids Importance of Amino Acids In dietary supplement programs amino acids are added and given due importance. Amino acids are said to be the building blocks for good health as they are comprised of essential proteins. Conversely it could be pointed out that the very existence of proteins is dependent on the specific combination of amino acids. When amino acids get reduced or are found to be missing, there is a commensurate reduction in the effectiveness of other amino acids. The human body requires sufficient protein intake for almost every bit of development. It could be for healthy body fluids, hair growth, nails, glands, organs, tendons, ligaments and strong muscles. The maximum part of a person’s body weight after water is seen to be protein, hence it could be concluded that for the maintenance of good health the body needs proteins. It could also be reiterated that the CNS is unable to perform efficiently if amino acids are absent. The brain requires amino acids for the receipt and dispatching of information. It could be emphasized that each cell in the human body contains protein. The body’s dry weight consists of proteins to an extent of 50%. Protein is present in hormones and enzymes. In fact blood, cartilage, bone and muscle are all comprised of a good amount of proteins. Proteins help the muscles to hold water and are essential for contraction. Skin and hair are provided with a protective coating. Bones and teeth attain their robustness through proteins. Proteins help in the regeneration of tissue. The water content and acid-balance is regulated through the presence of proteins. Antibodies are also produced in the body with the help of proteins.
D-Amino Acid Prices (Retail) Exhibit 5. Product/Price Listing from Novus Biologicals, Inc. (USA) Product
Quantity
Price
3,4-Dehydro-DL-Proline
250 mg
$396.51
5-Benzyloxy-DL-Tryptophan
250 mg
$213.50
D-Alanyl-L-Leucine
250 mg
$265.35
25 g
$829.21
D-Asparagine
XX.XX
XX.XX
D-Asparagine, Monohydrate
XX.XX
XX.XX
D-Cystine
XX.XX
XX.XX
DL-Alanyl-DL-Leucine
XX.XX
XX.XX
DL-Alanyl-DL-Leucylglycine
XX.XX
XX.XX
DL-Alanyl-DL-Phenylalanine
XX.XX
XX.XX
D-Arginine Hydrochloride
© RIT, 2013
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About RI Technologies RI Technologies is a premier source of market research on the Biotechnology & Healthcare sector. We emphasize on factual insights and forecasts with maximum global coverage. RI Technologies is constantly monitoring the biotechnology & Healthcare industry, tracking market trends, and forecasting industry based on specialized analysis. The life sciences sector is an ever growing marketplace with emerging technologies in areas of discovery, design and development.
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