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aaaaa The University of the State of New York • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • Albany, New York 12234 • www.nysed.gov
cm 1
Earth Science Reference Tables
2
14
14
Carbon-14
N
C
K
{
solid liquid gas
10
Properties of Water ...............
Energy released during freezing
............ ........
Energy released during condensation
..........................
540 calories/gram 540 calories/gram
13
Density at 3.98°C
....
80 calories/gram
12
Energy gained during vaporization
80 calories/gram
11
Energy gained during melting
9
0.5 1.0 0.5 0.24 0.20 0.19 0.11 0.09 0.03
8
10
SPECIFIC HEAT (calories/gram • C°)
7
Dry air Basalt Granite Iron Copper Lead
9
4.9 × 10
Sr
Rb
9
87
87
Rubidium-87
Water
4.5 × 10
Pb
U
1.3 × 10
3
206
238
Uranium-238
5.7 × 10
MATERIAL
6
Potassium-40
40
Ar 40 Ca
40
HALF-LIFE (years)
5
DISINTEGRATION
4
Specific Heats of Common Materials
Radioactive Decay Data
RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE
3
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
1.00 gram/milliliter
14 15
EQUATIONS
16
Eccentricity of an ellipse
eccentricity = distance between foci length of major axis
Gradient
gradient =
Rate of change
rate of change =
Density of a substance
density =
18
deviation (%) =
17
difference from accepted value × 100 accepted value
Percent deviation from accepted value
19
change in field value distance
20
change in field value time
21
mass volume
22 23
2001 EDITION
EURYPTERUS
24
New York State Fossil
25
This edition of the Earth Science Reference Tables should be used in the classroom beginning in the 2000–2001 school year. The first examination for which these tables will be used is the January 2001 Regents Examination in Earth Science.
LAKE ERIE
AP P AL A
U EA T A PL
KEY
S) ND A PL (U
TUG HILL PLATEAU
. ST
International Boundary
State Boundary
Landscape Region Boundary
S ND LA W LO
THE CATSKILLS
ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS
E NC E R W LA
Major Geographic Province Boundary
ALLEGHENY PLATEAU
ERIE–ONTARIO LOWLANDS (PLAINS)
LAKE ONTARIO
INTERIOR LOWLANDS
GRENVILLE PROVINCE (HIGHLANDS)
Generalized Landscape Regions of New York State
N CH IA
DS
HU
ND S
L AT
K LO W
ON – M O H AW N LO EW W AR L K A ND S
EW N
E C N I V O R P S) D ND N A LA L G GH EN (HI
A CO IC T AN
IN L PLA STA
N
S AND GHL I H SON HUD ONG N PR A T T HA MAN
DS AN CHAMPLAIN LOWL LA TA C O N IC MO UNTAIN S
2
Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition
} }
limestones, shales, sandstones, and dolostones
}
CAMBRIAN and EARLY ORDOVICIAN sandstones and dolostones Moderately to intensely metamorphosed east of the Hudson River. CAMBRIAN and ORDOVICIAN (undifferentiated) quartzites, dolostones, marbles, and schists Intensely metamorphosed; includes portions of the Taconic Sequence and Cortlandt Complex. TACONIC SEQUENCE sandstones, shales, and slates Slightly to intensely metamorphosed rocks of CAMBRIAN through MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN ages. MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC gneisses, quartzites, and marbles Lines are generalized structure trends. Intensely Metamorphosed Rocks (regional metamorphism about 1,000 m.y.a.) MIDDLE PROTEROZOIC anorthositic rocks
ORDOVICIAN CAMBRIAN
CRETACEOUS, TERTIARY, PLEISTOCENE (Epoch) weakly consolidated to unconsolidated gravels, sands, and clays LATE TRIASSIC and EARLY JURASSIC conglomerates, red sandstones, red shales, and diabase (in Palisades Sill) PENNSYLVANIAN and MISSISSIPPIAN conglomerates, sandstones, and shales DEVONIAN limestones, shales, sandstones, and conglomerates Silurian also contains salt, gypsum, and hematite. SILURIAN
GEOLOGICAL PERIODS AND ERAS IN NEW YORK
modified from GEOLOGICAL SURVEY NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1989
Generalized Bedrock Geology of New York State
ara River ag Ni
Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition
3
}
}
Dominantly Metamorphosed Rocks
Dominantly Sedimentary Origin
NG LO
O UND AND S ISL
N
Surface Ocean Currents
4
Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition
Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition
5
KEY:
Fiji Plate
Mid-Ocean Ridge
Divergent Plate Boundary (usually broken by transform faults along mid-ocean ridges)
Philippine Plate
Convergent Plate Boundary (Subduction Zone)
subducting plate
overriding plate
Transform Plate Boundary (Transform Fault)
Sandwich Plate
Tectonic Plates
Mid-Atlantic Ri dge
Relative Motion at Plate Boundary
Mantle Hot Spot
NOTE: Not all plates and boundaries are shown.
Complex or Uncertain Plate Boundary
Rock Cycle in Earth’s Crust
Relationship of Transported Particle Size to Water Velocity
De po s it ion
SEDIMENTS
n
/or Pressure t a nd Hea tamorphism Me
re
io n lift) os (Up & Er ring the Wea lting Me
Me ltin g
li d
PEBBLES 0.2 cm
0.1 SAND
0.01
0.006 cm
0.001
SILT 0.0004 cm
0.0001
0.00001
IGNEOUS ROCK
So
1.0
CLAY
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
STREAM VELOCITY (cm/sec) *This generalized graph shows the water velocity needed to maintain, but not start, movement. Variations occur due to differences in particle density and shape.
if
ic
METAMORPHIC ROCK
BOULDERS 25.6 cm COBBLES 6.4 cm
10.0
MAGMA
Pumice
Vesicular Basaltic Glass
Vesicular Rhyolite Rhyolite
Andesite
Basalt
Granite
Diorite
Gabbro
Scoria
Peridotite
Pegmatite
LIGHT
COLOR
DARK
LOW
DENSITY
HIGH
COMPOSITION
TEXTURE
Glassy
Nonvesicular Vesicular (gas pockets)
Fine
Coarse
Nonvesicular
Very Coarse
MAFIC (Fe, Mg)
100%
100% Potassium feldspar (pink to white)
75%
Quartz (clear to white)
75% Plagioclase feldspar (white to gray)
50%
50%
Pyroxene (green) Biotite (black)
25% Amphibole (black)
0%
6
Vesicular Basalt
Vesicular Andesite
GRAIN SIZE
Noncrystalline
Basaltic Glass
Dunite
INTRUSIVE (Plutonic)
EXTRUSIVE (Volcanic)
Obsidian (usually appears black)
FELSIC (Al)
MINERAL COMPOSITION (Relative by Volume)
CHARACTERISTICS
IGNEOUS ROCKS
ENVIRONMENT OF FORMATION
Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification
10 mm 1 mm less than or to 1 mm larger 10 mm
Melting
Heat and/or Pressu
(Up We lift) athe ring & Er osio
Erosion
SEDIMENTARY ROCK Metamorphism
PARTICLE DIAMETER (cm)
100.0
(Uplift) Weathering & Erosion
e
on at i nt
at ion
Ce m
Burial
Compaction
Olivine (green)
25%
0%
Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition
Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification INORGANIC LAND-DERIVED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS TEXTURE
GRAIN SIZE
COMPOSITION
COMMENTS
ROCK NAME
a
MAP SYMBOL
a Pebbles, cobbles, and/or boulders embedded in sand, silt, and/or clay
Clastic (fragmental)
Sand (0.2 to 0.006 cm)
Silt (0.006 to 0.0004 cm)
Clay (less than 0.0004 cm)
Rounded fragments
Mostly quartz, feldspar, and clay minerals; may contain fragments of other rocks and minerals
Conglomerate Breccia
Angular fragments Fine to coarse
Sandstone
Very fine grain
Siltstone
Compact; may split easily
Shale
CHEMICALLY AND/OR ORGANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
TEXTURE
GRAIN SIZE
COMPOSITION
Varied
Halite
Varied
Gypsum
Varied
Dolomite
Microscopic to coarse
Calcite
Cemented shell fragments or precipitates of biologic origin
Limestone
Varied
Carbon
From plant remains
Coal
Crystalline
Bioclastic
COMMENTS
ROCK NAME
Rock Salt
Crystals from chemical precipitates and evaporites
Rock Gypsum Dolostone
Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification
GRAIN SIZE
TYPE OF METAMORPHISM
Regional
Fine to medium
(Heat and pressure increase with depth)
Medium to coarse
AMPHIBOLE GARNET PYROXENE
Fine
Fine
NONFOLIATED
COMPOSITION
MICA QUARTZ FELDSPAR
MINERAL ALIGNMENT BANDING
FOLIATED
TEXTURE
Variable
Contact (Heat)
Quartz
Fine to coarse
Low-grade metamorphism of shale
Foliation surfaces shiny from microscopic mica crystals
ROCK NAME
Slate
Phyllite
Platy mica crystals visible from metamorphism of clay or feldspars
Schist
High-grade metamorphism; some mica changed to feldspar; segregated by mineral type into bands
Gneiss
Various rocks changed by heat from nearby magma/lava
Hornfels
Metamorphism of quartz sandstone
Quartzite
Metamorphism of limestone or dolostone
Marble
Regional
Calcite and/or dolomite
or
Contact
Coarse
COMMENTS
Various minerals in particles and matrix
Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition
Pebbles may be distorted or stretched
Metaconglomerate
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MAP SYMBOL
MAP SYMBOL
7
GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF NEW YORK STATE F
G
H
J
I
K
Valcouroceras Tetragraptus Eucalyptocrinus Centroceras Cryptolithus Ctenocrinus Dicellograptus Manticoceras Phacops Elliptocephala Hexameroceras
Era
Period
Epoch
Life on Earth
Millions of years ago
MESOZOIC CRETACEOUS
Important Geologic Events in New York
Inferred Position of Earth’s Landmasses
EARLY MISSISSIPPIAN
DEVONIAN
323
LATE EARLY LATE
Oldest microfossils
Earliest reptiles Extensive coal-forming forests
MIDDLE
418 LATE
SILURIAN EARLY
C
F
Earliest insects Earliest land plants and animals Peak development of eurypterids
E
LATE
ORDOVICIAN
Invertebrates dominant – mollusks become abundant Diverse coral and echinoderms
MIDDLE
490
Estimated time of origin of Earth and solar system
LATE MIDDLE
Graptolites abundant Earliest fish Algal reefs Burgess shale fauna Earliest chordates, diverse trilobites Earliest trilobites Earliest marine animals with shells
EARLY
G I
443
Oldest known rocks
Passive Margin Rifting
Appalachian (Alleghanian) Orogeny caused by collision of North America and Africa along transform margin, forming Pangea
B
D
H K
N
M
Q
P
Earth’s first coral reef
X
Z
V Y
U
T
W
J
A
1300
Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition
Passive Margin
Rifting
Ediacaran fauna
Soft-bodied organisms
CRETACEOUS
119 million years ago
TRIASSIC
232 million years ago
Catskill Delta forms Erosion of Acadian Mountains
R
544 580
59 million years ago
Earth’s first forest
362
EARLY
Geochemical evidence for oldest biological fixing of carbon
Abundant sharks and amphibians Large and numerous scale trees and seed ferns Earliest amphibians, ammonoids, sharks Extinction of armored fish, other fish abundant
TERTIARY
Extensive erosion
Transform Collision
LATE PENNSYLVANIAN
Z
Intrusion of Palisades sill Pangea begins to break up
Continental Collision
290
Y
Initial opening of Atlantic Ocean North America and Africa separate
BRACHIOPODS
EARLY
GASTROPODS
PERMIAN
L
CORALS
Transition to atmosphere containing oxygen
Modern coral groups appear Earliest dinosaurs and mammals with abundant cycads and conifers Extinction of many kinds of marine animals, including trilobites First mammal-like reptiles
X
Development of passive continental margin
VASCULAR PLANTS
PALEOZOIC
LATE MIDDLE EARLY 251 LATE
W
Sands and shales underlying Long Island and Staten Island deposited on margin of Atlantic Ocean
PLACODERM FISH
TRIASSIC
206
CAMBRIAN
8
V
U
Advance and retreat of last continental ice Uplift of Adirondack region
Earliest birds Abundant dinosaurs and ammonoids
MIDDLE
EARLY 4600
S
Subduction
E A R L Y
T
142
EURYPTERIDS
M I D D L E
Tectonic Events Affecting Northeast North America
LATE
JURASSIC
E A R L Y
Earliest flowering plants Decline of brachiopods Diverse bony fishes
EARLY
First appearance of sexually reproducing organisms
Beluga Whale
A
O
S
R
Q
Bothriolepis Naples Tree Lichenaria Pleurodictyum Mucrospirifer Platyceras Cooksonia Aneurophyton Condor Eospirifer Maclurites Cystiphyllum
Time Distribution of Fossils Rock Record (Including Important Fossils of New York) in Lettered circles indicate the approximate time of existence of a specific NYS index fossil (e.g. Fossil lived at the end of the Early Cambrian).
CRINOIDS
PROTEROZOIC
PALEOGENE
P
O
Stylonurus Eurypterus Mastodont
GRAPTOLITES
4000
NEOGENE
Coelophysis
HOLOCENE 0 0.01 PLEISTOCENE 1.6 Humans, mastodonts, mammoths PLIOCENE 5.3 Large carnivores Abundant grazing mammals MIOCENE 24 Earliest grasses OLIGOCENE Large running mammals EOCENE 33.7 Many modern groups of mammals 54.8 PALEOCENE 65 Extinction of dinosaurs and ammonoids Earliest placental mammals LATE Climax of dinosaurs and ammonoids
EARLY
L A T E
ARCHEAN
P R E C A M B R I A N
3000
M I D D L E
Oldest multicellular life
TERTIARY
L A T E
1000
2000
QUATERNARY
CENOZOIC
CARBONIFEROUS
500
PHANEROZOIC
Millions of years ago 0
N
M
AMMONOIDS
Eon
L
BIRDS
E
MAMMALS
D
NAUTILOIDS
C
TRILOBITES
B
A
DINOSAURS
(Fossils not drawn to scale)
Acadian Orogeny caused by collision of North America and Avalon and closing of remaining part of Iapetus Ocean
DEVONIAN/MISSISSIPPIAN 362 million years ago
Salt and gypsum deposited in evaporite basins
Erosion of Taconic Mountains; Queenston Delta forms Taconian Orogeny caused by closing of western part of Iapetus Ocean and collision between North America and volcanic island arc
ORDOVICIAN
458 million years ago
Iapetus passive margin forms Rifting and initial opening of Iapetus Ocean Erosion of Grenville Mountains Grenville Orogeny: Ancestral Adirondack Mtns. and Hudson Highlands formed
Stromatolites 99-098 CDK(rev) 8/2000
Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition
9
a
Inferred Properties of Earth’s Interior
T LAN AT
IC
OCE
AN
DENSITY (g/cm3)
IC TLANT MID-AIDGE R
E
S LA (P
3.3–5.5
LE NT MA
PRESSURE (millions of atmospheres)
9.9–12.1
IC
&
N
RE CO KEL
12.7–13.0
IRO
IN N
ER
E
N
CO R
STI FF ER
AS
4
EARTH’S CENTER
3 2 1
0
?
6000
?
?
? ?
MEL TING POIN T
MANTLE
TEMPERATURE (°C)
?) ON (IR
O UT ER
PACIFIC OCEAN
C A T S R C E A N D C E H S CR US T
a
SP HE R
M R IG AN ID TH TL EN E O
NO RT H
AM ER I
CA
RE LE) HE P NT S A O M C TH TI LI
2.7 continental crust 3.0 oceanic crust MOHO
5000
4000
3000
2000
AC
? ? ? ?
A TU
E LT
TU RA E MP
NG TI EL M
RE
T IN PO
PARTIAL MELTING OF ULTRAMAFIC MANTLE
1000 0
0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 DEPTH (km)
10
Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition
Average Chemical Composition of Earth’s Crust, Hydrosphere, and Troposphere CRUST
ELEMENT (symbol)
Oxygen (O) Silicon (Si) Aluminum (Al) Iron (Fe) Calcium (Ca) Sodium (Na) Magnesium (Mg) Potassium (K) Nitrogen (N) Hydrogen (H) Other
Percent by Mass
Percent by Volume
46.40 28.15 8.23 5.63 4.15 2.36 2.33 2.09
94.04 0.88 0.48 0.49 1.18 1.11 0.33 1.42
HYDROSPHERE TROPOSPHERE Percent by Percent by Volume Volume
21.0
33.0
78.0 0.66
0.07
66.0 1.0
1.0
Earthquake P-wave and S-wave Travel Time 24 23 22 21 20 19 18
S
17
TRAVEL TIME (minutes)
16 15 14 13 12 11 10
P
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition
2
3 4 5 6 7 3 EPICENTER DISTANCE (×10 km)
8
9
10
11
Dewpoint Temperatures (°C) Dry-Bulb Temperature (°C) – 20 –18 –16 –14 –12 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C°) 0 – 20 –18 –16 –14 –12 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
1 – 33 – 28 – 24 – 21 –18 –14 –12 –10 –7 –5 –3 –1 1 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 19 21 23 25 27 29
2
– 36 – 28 – 22 –18 –14 –12 –8 –6 –3 –1 1 3 6 8 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
– 29 – 22 –17 – 29 –13 – 20 – 9 –15 – 24 – 6 –11 –17 – 4 – 7 –11 –19 –1 – 4 – 7 –13 – 21 1 – 2 – 5 – 9 –14 1 – 2 – 5 – 9 –14 – 28 4 4 1 – 2 – 5 – 9 –16 6 6 4 1 – 2 – 5 –10 –17 9 9 7 4 1 –1 – 6 –10 –17 11 11 9 7 4 2 – 2 – 5 –10 –19 13 14 12 10 7 4 2 –2 – 5 –10 –19 15 3 –1 – 5 –10 –19 16 14 12 10 8 5 17 6 2 –1 – 5 –10 –18 18 16 14 12 10 8 20 9 6 0 –4 –9 20 18 17 15 13 11 3 22 11 9 4 1 –3 22 21 19 17 16 14 7 24 12 10 8 5 1 24 23 21 19 18 16 14 26
Relative Humidity (%) Dry-Bulb Temperature (°C) – 20 –18 –16 –14 –12 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
12
Difference Between Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures (C°) 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
1 28 40 48 55 61 66 71 73 77 79 81 83 85 86 87 88 88 89 90 91 91 92 92 92 93 93
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
11 23 33 41 48 54 58 63 67 70 72 74 76 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 86
13 20 32 37 45 51 56 59 62 65 67 69 71 72 74 75 76 77 78 79
11 20 28 36 42 46 51 54 57 60 62 64 66 68 69 70 71 72
1 11 20 27 35 39 43 48 50 54 56 58 60 62 64 65 66
6 14 22 28 33 38 41 45 48 51 53 55 57 59 61
10 17 24 28 33 37 40 44 46 49 51 53 55
6 13 19 25 29 33 36 40 42 45 47 49
4 10 16 21 26 30 33 36 39 42 44
2 8 14 19 23 27 30 34 36 39
1 7 12 17 21 25 28 31 34
1 6 11 15 20 23 26 29
5 10 14 18 21 25
4 9 13 17 20
4 9 12 16
Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition
Pressure
Temperature Fahrenheit
Celsius 110
Water boils
220
Human body temperature Room temperature
70
140
60
120
50
20 10
–20 –30
–40
–40
–60
–50
30.50
30.30 1024.0
30.20
1020.0
30.10
310
1016.0
30.00
300
one atmosphere 1012.0 1013.2 mb
29.90 29.80
1008.0 29.70 1004.0
270
–10
–20
1028.0
280
0
0
350
290
60
20
1032.0
320
40
Ice melts
30.60
330
30
80
1036.0
360
340
40
100
30.70
30.40
80
160
1040.0
370
90
180
inches
380
100
200
millibars
Kelvin
29.60
260
1000.0
250
996.0
29.40
992.0
29.30
240 230 988.0
220
29.50
29.20 29.10
984.0
Weather Map Symbols
980.0
Station Model Temperature (°F) Present weather Visibility (mi) Dewpoint (°F)
28 1 2✱
27
Wind speed whole feather = 10 knots half feather = 5 knots total = 15 knots
Present Weather
Drizzle
Rain
Smog
Hail
✱ Snow
Sleet
Freezing Rain
Fog
Haze
Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition
Amount of cloud cover (approximately 75% covered) Barometric pressure 196 (1019.6 mb) Barometric trend +19/ (a steady 1.9-mb rise the past 3 hours) .25 Precipitation (inches past 6 hours)
✱
Snow Showers
28.90
976.0
28.80
972.0
28.70
968.0
28.60 28.50
Wind direction (from the southwest) (1 knot = 1.15 mi/hr)
Air Masses
ThunderRain storms Showers
∞
29.00
Front Symbols
cA continental arctic
Cold
cP continental polar
Warm
cT continental tropical mT maritime tropical mP maritime polar
Hurricane
Stationary Occluded
13
Selected Properties of Earth’s Atmosphere
mi
km 150
Water Vapor
Atmospheric Pressure
Temperature Zones
75 100
Thermosphere Mesopause
50 Altitude
Mesosphere Stratopause
50 25
Stratosphere
100°
10–4 10–3 10–2 10–1 10 0
0° –100° 15° –90° –55° Temperature (°C)
0
20
40
Concentration (g/m3)
Pressure (atm)
0.000,000,1
0.000,001
0.000,01
0.000,1
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
10
100
1,000
Electromagnetic Spectrum
0.000,000,01
cm 10–10
0
0.000,000,001
cm
0.000,000,000,1
Sea Level 0
Tropopause Troposphere
10–9
10–8
10–7
10–6
10–5
10–4
10–3
10–2
10–1
100
101
102
103
Gamma rays
x rays Visible
Microwaves Ultraviolet
Infrared Radio waves
Decreasing Wavelength
Increasing Wavelength Visible Light
7.0 × 10
–5
Red
6.3 × 10–5
Orange
5.8 × 10
4.9 × 10
Yellow –5
Green
5.3 × 10–5
Blue –5
4.3 × 10–5
4.0 × 10–5
Violet
Tropopause Polar Front Jet Stream DRY
Polar Front
N.E.
WET
60° N
S.W. WINDS DRY
30° N
N.E. WINDS
0°
WET
Subtropical Jet Streams
S.E. WINDS DRY N.W. WINDS WET
30° S
Planetary Wind and Moisture Belts in the Troposphere The drawing to the left shows the locations of the belts near the time of an equinox. The locations shift somewhat with the changing latitude of the Sun’s vertical ray. In the Northern Hemisphere, the belts shift northward in summer and southward in winter.
60° S
S.E.
DRY
14
Polar Front Jet Stream Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition
Luminosity and Temperature of Stars (Name in italics refers to star shown by a + )
Luminosity (Relative to the Sun)
1,000,000 Massive Stars
Blue Supergiants
Rigel
Betelgeuse
+
10,000
Luminosity is the brightness of stars compared to the brightness of our Sun as seen from the same distance from the observer.
Supergiants +
Polaris +
Ma
in S
Red Giants + Aldebaran
equ
100
enc
e
+ Sirius
1
Sun
+ +
Alpha Centauri
White Dwarfs + Procyon B
0.01
Red Dwarfs Barnard’s Star +
Small Stars 0.0001
20,000
White Stars Color
Blue Stars
5,000
10,000 Temperature (°C)
Yellow Stars
2,500 Red Stars
Solar System Data Object
Mean Distance from Sun (millions of km)
Period of Revolution
Period of Rotation
Eccentricity Equatorial of Diameter Orbit (km)
SUN
—
—
27 days
—
MERCURY
57.9
88 days
59 days
0.206
4,880
VENUS
108.2
224.7 days
243 days
0.007
EARTH
149.6
365.26 days
23 hr 56 min 4 sec
MARS
227.9
687 days
JUPITER
778.3
333,000.00
Density Number 3 of (g/cm ) Moons
1.4
–
0.553
5.4
0
12,104
0.815
5.2
0
0.017
12,756
1.00
5.5
1
24 hr 37 min 23 sec
0.093
6,787
0.1074
3.9
2
11.86 years
9 hr 50 min 30 sec
0.048
142,800
317.896
1.3
16
10 14 17 14 16
0.056
120,000
95.185
0.7
18
0.047
51,800
14.537
1.2
21
0.009
49,500
17.151
1.7
8
SATURN
1,427
29.46 years
URANUS
2,869
84.0 years
NEPTUNE
4,496
164.8 years
PLUTO
5,900
247.7 years
6 days 9 hr
0.250
2,300
0.0025
2.0
1
27.3 days
27 days 8 hr
0.055
3,476
0.0123
3.3
—
EARTH’S MOON
149.6 (0.386 from Earth)
Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition
hr min hr min hr
1,392,000
Mass (Earth = 1)
15
Either
Metallic Luster
COMMON COLORS
DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS
USE(S)
MINERAL NAME
COMPOSITION*
1–2
✔
silver to gray
black streak, greasy feel
pencil lead, lubricants
Graphite
C
2.5
✔
metallic silver
very dense (7.6 g/cm3), gray-black streak
ore of lead
Galena
PbS
5.5–6.5
✔
black to silver
attracted by magnet, black streak
ore of iron
Magnetite
Fe3O4
6.5
✔
brassy yellow
green-black streak, cubic crystals
ore of sulfur
Pyrite
FeS2
1–6.5
✔
metallic silver or earthy red
red-brown streak
ore of iron
Hematite
Fe2O3
white to green
greasy feel
talcum powder, soapstone
Talc
Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
yellow to amber
easily melted, may smell
vulcanize rubber, sulfuric acid
Sulfur
S
1
✔ ✔
2
Nonmetallic Luster
FRACTURE
HARDNESS
CLEAVAGE
LUSTER
Properties of Common Minerals
2
✔
white to pink or gray
easily scratched by fingernail
plaster of paris and drywall
Gypsum (Selenite)
CaSO4 •2H2O
2–2.5
✔
colorless to yellow
flexible in thin sheets
electrical insulator
Muscovite Mica
KAl3Si3O10(OH)2
2.5
✔
colorless to white
cubic cleavage, salty taste
food additive, melts ice
Halite
NaCl
2.5–3
✔
black to dark brown
flexible in thin sheets
electrical insulator
Biotite Mica
K(Mg,Fe)3 AlSi3O10(OH)2
3
✔
colorless or variable
bubbles with acid
cement, polarizing prisms
Calcite
CaCO3
3.5
✔
colorless or variable
bubbles with acid when powdered
source of magnesium
Dolomite
CaMg(CO3)2
4
✔
colorless or variable
cleaves in 4 directions
hydrofluoric acid
Fluorite
CaF2
5–6
✔
black to dark green
cleaves in 2 directions at 90°
mineral collections
Pyroxene (commonly Augite)
(Ca,Na) (Mg,Fe,Al) (Si,Al)2O6
5.5
✔
black to dark green
cleaves at 56° and 124°
mineral collections
6
✔
white to pink
cleaves in 2 directions at 90°
ceramics and glass
Potassium Feldspar (Orthoclase)
KAlSi3O8
6
✔
white to gray
cleaves in 2 directions, striations visible
ceramics and glass
Plagioclase Feldspar (Na-Ca Feldspar)
(Na,Ca)AlSi3O8
furnace bricks and jewelry
Olivine
(Fe,Mg)2SiO4
Quartz
SiO2
Garnet (commonly Almandine)
Fe3Al2Si3O12
6.5
✔
green to gray or brown
commonly light green and granular
7
✔
colorless or variable
glassy luster, may form hexagonal crystals
7
✔
dark red to green
glassy luster, often seen as red grains in NYS metamorphic rocks
*Chemical Symbols:
Al = aluminum C = carbon Ca = calcium
Cl = chlorine F = fluorine Fe = iron
H = hydrogen K = potassium Mg = magnesium
CaNa(Mg,Fe)4 (Al,Fe,Ti)3 Amphiboles (commonly Hornblende) Si6O22(O,OH)2
glass, jewelry, and electronics jewelry and abrasives
Na = sodium O = oxygen Pb = lead
S = sulfur Si = silicon Ti = titanium
✔ = dominant form of breakage
16 DET 633 (0-00-00,000)
Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition 9-073587 99-098 CDK