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ttlATlONA'.

Sole Agent for the Famous

MOYER & HAYWOOD SOUVENIFi KNiVES.

Boys, don't scab o« Election Day.

THE AMERICAN

ESPERANTO BOOK A COMPENDIUM OF THE INTERNATIONAL

LANGUAGE

ESPERANTO COMPILED AND

EDITED BY EDITOR OF "AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO." CHICAGO

ARTHUR BAKER.

A. E. A.,

APPEAL TO REASON GIRARD KANSAS ::

1907

M puESs or

jOIJN r UIGGINS CBICAOO

Baker

—

PREFACE The purpose of Esperanto is to be a second language for those persons who have relations with people whose native languages they do not know. This great need of humanity Esperanto supplies. By a few weeks of study, even without the aid of a teacher, one can qualify himself for conversation and correspondence with all the other Esperantists Their of the world, whatever their nationality. number is increasing by hundreds of thousands These facts being established beyond each year. doubt, it would be conferring an undeserved dignity upon those who oppose the language to reply to their arguments. **It has an artificial sound" "It is not artso has the voice in the telephone. The usefulneither is a steam locomotive. istic" ness of Esperanto is so thoroughly established that

—

the discussion of

its

artistic merits

may

well be

dismissed, with perhaps the observation that the

language

frequently mistaken by the uninitiated

for Italian or Spanish, popularly

supposed to be

the most musical of languages.

The aim of this book is to provide, in one volume, the means of acquiring a thorough, practical As suggested by its knowledge of Esperanto. title, the contents are especially adapted to the

American student, due regard being paid Americanisms of our language.

to the

Sources of Authority This volume Dr. Zamenhof. it

based upon the Ekzercaro^ by from

All the exercises are taken

The

and are therefore absolutely authoritative.

notes and translations, with the discussion of the

grammar, while containing

much

work,

original

The Standard Course of Esperanto^ by George W. Bullen, F. B. E. A.; Esperanta Sintakso, by Sro. Paul Grammar and Commentary, by MajorFruictier General George Cojfc The Esperanto-English vocabulary is compiled from the second edition of the Esperanto-English Dictionary, by A. Motteau, and Worterbuch Esperanto-Deutsch, by Hermann Jurgensen, the latter volume being preferred where Supplementing these, the two are not in concord. the English-Esperanto Dictionary, by J. C. O'Connor and C. F. Hayes, is drawn upon for the matter contained in the English-Esperanto vocabulary. are also indebted to the following sources

;

How Read

carefully the

first

Study part of the book, pages

It is by no means desirable to 7 to 76 inclusive. attempt to assimilate everything set forth in these

pages at once, but the student who has forgotten much of English grammar will find his memory refreshed, and the person who has considered him-

self

a good grammarian will find that Esperanto

may widen his knowledge of the subject. Upon finishing this matter, return to page 7, and commit to memory the sounds of the Esperanto letters described

on this and the four succeeding

pages.

Then take

Having

finished these

up, in their order, the exercises.

and memorized

all

the words

contained in them, you will be able to read readily

any ordinary correspondence and literature in the This book being a modest compendium of Esperanto material, it has seemed necessary to language.

include in the Esperanto-English vocabulary many unusual words and technical terms, and the wise student will not attempt to burden his memory with such as are outside his own needs and uses. You may put your knowledge of Esperanto to immediate practical use in reading, or in correspondence for any purpose whatever, with persons in any part of the world. Addresses may be obtained on request (with stamp), from Amerika Esperantisio^ Chicago*

CONTENTS

...

Alphabet Rules of the

Grammar

The Article The Substantive The Adjective Pronouns The Verb

20 .

The Participle The Adverb The Preposition The Conjunction The Interjection The Numerals Prefixes

and

Correlative

37 41

47 59 61

Suffixes

Words

Capitals and Punctuation

Order of Words Foreign

24 26

65 70 74 75 76

Names

Exercises

Correspondence La Esperantismo

77 180

184

VOCABULARIES Esperanto-English Vocabulary English-Esperanto Vocabulary

THE AMERICAN ESPERANTO BOOK THE ALPHABET The alphabet

consists of twenty-eight

letters,

each representing one sound only:

Aa, Bb, Cc, Ce, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Gg, Hh, HTi, li,

Jj, J5,

Tt, Uu,

Kk, LI,

Mm,

Nn, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss,S§,

Vv, Zz.

tFii,

The Names of the Letters A, E, I, O, U (vowels) are the sounds, and those of the consonants

are formed by adding the Esperanto noun

ending

do,

ho, ?i hho,

tso,

r ro, s so, § sho, t

toe,

cho,

yo, J zho,

ko,

wo,

do,

1 lo,

vo,

i/o, g go, ^jo,

m mo, n no, z

po,

zo.

SOUNDS The sound given each

letter is the

English, with the following exceptions:

A C C

is like

a in father.

is like ts in hats. is

like ch in chop.

E is like a in fate (but not so long). G is like g in go. G is like y in joy, or g in George.

is like

ch in loch (See explanation).

I is like ee in see.

same as

The American Esperanto Book

8 J

is like

in yet.

is like o in roll.

S S

in so.

is like s is like

U U Z

like z in seizure.

sh in

j^(?a/.

like oo in soon.

is like

z£/

in how.

is like z in 2<7n^.

* It will be observed that the letters bearing the supersign are pronounced ch, gh, hh, j'h, sh. Printers unable to procnre the special type may substitute these forms.

The Esperanto E

a matter of difl&culty to is no English vowel

writers of text-books, as there

sound which exactly represents agree that e in

it is

men and a

Authorities

it.

approximately half-way between our in /ate.

Inasmuch as

duplicates the English a in fate^

exactly

considered

best to advise the student to pronounce e like our Still, if pronounced cannot possibly be misunderstood except in two or three words; e. g. veno, vejno.

long

long,

but to cut

short.

—

While not listed as an exception pronounced with the trill usually regarded as an affectation in America, but used by most of Europeans. Copy the rrr of your German, French Trill the R.

Bohemian

friends.

Esperanto

not exactly as in English.

Beginners should pronounce it as in vote^ roll, shortening the sound as much as possible.

etc.,

The American Esperanto Book J has the sound of leisure, treasure,

as in pleasure,

g measure^

or z in seizure, azure.

J is classed as a consonant, and the sound is always blended with the preceding vowel in forming the plurals, oj, ojn^ aj, ajn, uj, ujn, and to the

its

addition

vowel ending of a word never changes the

Plumo, ploo' -mo; plumoj, plumojn, ploo' -moyn; granda, grahn -dah; grandaj, grahn-dai (^ai as in aisle or as /in file^\ position of the accent

ploo'-moy;

grandajn, grahn-dine; tiu,

tee'-oo;

tiuj, tee'-ooy;

tiujn, tee'-ooyn; plej, play.

OJ, Pronounced "oy," is not an inconsistency, many superficial students suppose, nor is aj

when given the sound of long /. If you doubt this, pronounce oh yes and ah yes very quickly and you will

observe that perfect diphthongs result.

U is a consonant, and is used after a and. e to form the diphthongs au and e\i. The sound of the letter is like w in English, and sometimes puzzles beginners, who think that they have discovered an exception to the rule that Esperanto letters have each one invariable sound.

has the sound of

has a sound which

in kow, cow, plow.

may be approximated by

a quick pronunciation of ehoo or ayoo, eliminating

most

of the oo

vowel sound.

still

better practice

TAf American Esperanto Book

combination

ehw as

pronouncing very quickly

the words eh Willie. This combination never makes

two noy

syllables: eiiropano is

pronounced ehw-ro-pa-

not eh-oo-ro-pa-no.

some difficulty to English-speaking a strong gutteral aspirate, produced from a position lower in the throat than any English sound. It is used in several European languages, but if the student has not heard it he may approximate it by pronouncing it hH. Fortunately, the presents

people.

letter is

It is

seldom used.

Combinations such as kv, kn, gv, dv, St, dm, etc., are also unfamiliar to one who speaks only English, but present

little difficulty,

although one

must remember that no letters are ever silent. The combination sc is no more difficult than many in our native language, except that we must not slur it, but bring out each detail:

Especial attention combinations:

sts.

directed to

two other

In pronouncing lingvo, and almost

every word in which n is followed by g, the inclination of the beginner is to sound the ng as in Eng-

Such words are leen-gvo, feen-gro, etc. The and similar words is pronounced as written, and should not be given the sound of gz lish.

in ek-zi-li

as found in exempt, example, etc.

Accent.

—The

tonic or principal accent

The American Esperanto Book

the syllable next to the last, no matter

now many

syllables the

word may contain;

do-va.o\ Ce-z/a-lo;

ak-ci-//-tro; ad-min-is-tran-/d!-ro.

The secondary

accents are placed where euphony, or good sound,

demands, with due respect to derivation. The important in compounding words. For example: juvelo, a jewel; kesto, case-y juvelkesto would require the secondary accent on the second syllable, or at least this should sound latter consideration is

as strongly as the

A matter

syllable

first.

necessary for every vowel, no

how many come

together;

double vowels in Esperanto: traire, do-a-o)

metiisto,

ogio, zo-o-lo-gi-o.

me-ii-ist-o;

treege,

there

are no

tra-i-re\

boao,

tre-eg-e;

zool-

Tht American Esperanto Book

RULES OF THE GRAMMAR [The paragraphs in Esperanto are the Sixteen Rules given by Zamenhof, a part oi the Fundamenio de Esperanto. The accompanying English paragraphs are a translation] I

The there

Article.

—There

indefinite article;

only a definite article, la, alike for

all sexes,

cases and numbers.

—

Remark. The use of the article is the same Those persons to whom as in other languages. the use of the article presents a difficulty may at first not use it at all. Artikolo nedifinita ne ekzistas; ekzistas nur (/a), egala per 6iuj seksoj, kazoj kaj nombroj. artikolo difinita

—

Rimarko. La uzado de la artikolo estas tia kiel en la aliaj lingvoj. La personoj, por kiuj la uzado de la artikolo prezentas malfacilajojn, povas en la unua tempo tute ne gin uzi.

sama

The

—

Substantive. Substantives have the ending o. For the formation of the plural we add the There are only two cases nominative ending j. and accusative*; the latter is obtained from the

—

'Accusative, in English grammar,

termed objective.

The American Esperanto Book

nominative by the addition of the termination n. The other cases are expressed by the help of prep-

by de, the dative*^ by al, the by per or other prepositions according to

ositions (the genitive''

ablative"

the meaning).

substantivoj havas la finigon o, Por la la multenombro oni aldonas la finiton /. Kazoj ekzistas nur du: nominativo kaj akuzativo; la lasta estas ricevata el la nominativo per la aldono de la finif o n. La ceteraj kazoj estas esprimataj per helpo de prepozicioj (la genitivo per de, la dativo per al, la ablativo ^^T per aii aliaj prepozicioj lau la senco).

formado de

Ill

The Adjective. — The adjective ends in a. and numbers as with the substantive. parative

made by means

superlative

junction ol

plej; with the

of the

Cases

The comword

pli, the

comparative the con-

used.

adjektivo fini|as per a. Kazoj kaj nomfie la substantive. La komparativo estas farata per la vorto pli, la superlativo per broj kiel

plej; fie la

komparativo oni uzas

konjunkcion

ol,

IV The Numerals. — The cardinal English grammar, possessive. *These cases do not exist in English. ••In

numerals (they

—

The American Esperanto Book

Unu, du, tri, kvar, kvin, dek, cent, mil. The tens and hundreds are formed by the simple joining of the

are not declined) are: ses, sep, ok,

numerals. numerals,

naili,

For the

we add

the multiples

—the

signification of the

ordinal

the ending of the adjective

for

;

suffix -obi; for the fractionals

-on; for the collectives, -op; for the distributives the word po.

Besides that, substantival and ad-

verbial numerals can be used.

La numeraloj fundamentaj aciataj) estas unu, du, naiy dek, cent, mil.

tri,

(ne estas deklin-

kvar, kvin,

ses, sep, ok,

dekoj kaj centoj estas for-

mataj per simpla kunigo de la numeraloj. Por la signado de la numeraloj ordaj oni aldonas la finigon de la adjektivo; por la multoblaj la sufikson -obly por la nombronaj -on, por la kolektaj -op, por la disdividaj la vorton po. Krom tio povas esti uzataj numeraloj substan-

—

tivaj kaj adverbaj.

V The Pronouns. — Personal li,

ili,

Si,

pronouns:

mi,

vi,

gi (referring to thing or animal), si, ni, vi,

oni; the possessive pronouns are formed by the

Declension

addition of the adjective ending.

with the substantives.

Pronomoj personaj: jekto ai besto),

mi, vi,

si, ni, vi, ili,

li,

fi,

oni; la

// (pri ob-

pronomoj

posedaj estas formataj per la aldono de la finigo

The American Esperanto Book adjektiva.

deklinacio estas kiel 6e la sub-

stantivoj.

VI The Verb. —The or number.

Forms

verb

not changed in person

of the verb: the present tense

takes the ending -as; the past tense, -is; the future

mode, -us; the imperative mode, -u; the infinitive mode, -i. Participles (with an adjectival or adverbial sense): active present, tense, -os; the conditional

-ant; active past, -int; active future, -ont; passive present, -at; passive past, -it

;

passive future, -ot.

by the help of a corresponding form of the verb esti and a passive participle of the required verb; the preposition with the passive is de.

All forms of the passive are formed

La verbo ne estas §an|ata lau personoj nek nombroj. Formoj de la verbo: la tempo estanta akceptas la finigon

tempo estonta

modo ordona

-os

;

-u\ la

-ont

;

pasiva estanta, -ot.

-is\

;

a\i

aktiva estinta

pasiva estonta,

estinta

la mode kondiCa -us la mode sendifina /; Partici-

poj (kun senco adjektiva

estanta -ant

tempo

-as; la

-at

;

adverba): aktiva

-int

;

aktiva estonta

pasiva estinta,

-//

Ciuj formoj de la pasiva

estas formataj per helpo de responda formo

de la verbo esti kaj participo pasiva de la bezonata verbo; la prepozicio fie la pasivo estas de.

The American Esperanto Book

VII

—

The Adverb. Adverbs end in e; degrees of comparison as with the adjective. La adverboj parado kiel 6e

finigas per

;

gradoj de

kom-

la adjektivoj.

VIII

Nominative with Prepositions.

—All preposi-

tions require the nominative.

Ciuj prepozicioj postulas la nominativon.

IX Pronunciation.

—Every

word

read as

written.

Ciu vorto estas legata,

kiel gi estas skribita.

—

Accent. The accent is always on the mate (next to the last) syllable.

La akcento

penulti-

estas 6iam sur la antaiilasta

silabo.

XI Compound words Words. Compound

—

are

formed by the simple joining of words (the principal word stands at the end); the grammatical endings are also regarded as independent words.

Vortoj kunmetitaj estas formataj per simpla kunigo de la vortoj (la Cefa vorto staras en la

The American Esperanto Book fino);

gramatikaj finigoj

ankaii kiel

memstaraj

estas

rigardataj

vortoj.

XII

—

Negation. With another negative word the word ne is omitted.

alia

nea vorto

la vorto ne estas forlasata.

XIII

—

Direction. In order to show direction, words take the ending of the accusative.

Por montri direkton,

la vortoj ricevas la

finigon de la akuzativo.

XIV The

—

Preposition Je. Every preposition has a definite and constant meaning; but if we have to use a preposition and the direct sense does not show us what special preposition we ought to take, then we use the preposition je, which has no indeInstead of the preposition je pendent meaning.

we can

also use the accusative without a preposi-

tion.

Ciu prepozicio havas difinitan kaj konstantan signifon; sed se ni devas uzi ian prepozicion kaj la rekta senco ne montras al ni, kian nome prepozicion ni devas preni, tiam ni uzas la prepozicion je, kiu memstaran signifon ne havas. Anstatau la prepozicio je oni povas ankaxi uzi la akuzativon sen prepozicio.

Th* American Esperanto Book

—

Foreign Words. The so-called foreign words, that is, those which a majority of the languages have taken from one source, are used in the Esperanto language without change, receiving only the orthography of this language; but with various words from one root it is better to use unchanged only the fundamental word, and to form the rest from this latter according to the rules of the Esperanto language.

La tiel nomataj vortoj fremdaj, t. e., tiuj kiujn la plimulto de la lingvoj prenis el unu fonto, estas uzataj en la lingvo Esperanto sen Sango, ricevante nur la ortografion de tiu Ci lingvo; sed fie diversaj vortoj de unu radiko estas pli bone uzi senSanfe nur la vorton fundamentan kaj la ceterajn formi el tiu 6i lasta laii la reguloj de la lingvo Esperanto.

Elision.

and the

—The

article

XVI final

vowel of the substantive

can be omitted and replaced by an

apostrophe.

fina

vokalo de la substantive kaj de la

artikolo povas esti forlasata kaj anstataiiigata

de apostrofo.

The American Esperanto Book

THE ARTICLE No

indefinite article, such as a,

used in

Esperanto, this being implied in the noun: hundo,

a dog\ arbo, a

The

tree.

definite article

la: la

hundo,

the dog;

use is much the same as in English, with some very important exceptions. For example, when we use a word in its generic sense, the article is employed: The sentence, Man is a slave, we translate La homo estas sklavo. La medicino estas sc\enc(y==Medicine is a science. Tiel blanka kiel la tiq^o=As white as snow. la arbo, the tree.

Its

Instead of possessive pronouns the article i s used when referring to a relative of the speaker or person addressed, or even of a third person when the identity is unmistakable. La patro^J/y (or your) father. [See Exercises 8 and 9].

Before numeral adjectives which denote day, Venn je la deka YiOTO=^Come at ten. La unua de januaro=73^^yf/'i-/ 0/ January.

hour, etc.:

The apostrophe may a of the article. adds:

be substituted for the

In Exercise 27 Dr. Zamenhof

"but only after a preposition which ends This permission is useful chiefly

a vowel." poetry,

when necessary

to eliminate a syllable.

The American Esperanto Book

THE SUBSTANTIVE A name

substantive (noun) of anything:

domo, a

a word expressing the house; birdo, a

bird\

penso, a thought; riCeco, wealth; ago, an

The

sign of the substantive

more than one thing plural sign,

the final o.

spoken

of,

we add

The nominative form used

the

katoj, cats; knaboj, boys; arboj, trees. of

the

substantive

the regular form, either singular or plural. is

act.

When

in all relations except three,

This

hereafter ex-

plained.

Possession

indicated

preceding the substantive:

The

boy's book (literally, the

The

accusative form

by the preposition de libro de la knabo= book of the boy).

La is

used where the sub-

stantive stands as the object of a transitive verb; that

is,

a verb which implies some action or change

directed against the substantive:

hundon=

The boy beat the dog.

La knabo

batis Here, the dog

Hence, we add This change is necessary in Esperanto because this is an international language, to be used by many millions of people who put the object of an action before the is

the object of the action implied.

the accusative sign, n, to

word expressing the

hundo.

action.

The American Esperanto Book

After a preposition the accusative case

not

used, except for the purpose indicated in the par-

agraph following

To show

direction or motion toward a given

when no accompanying word indicates this, the accusative form is used: Li iris Bostonon=' He went to or toward Boston. place,

Accusative Without Preposition.

—

Accordomit the preposition and substitute the accusative form. This is frequently done in expressing date, measure, etc., but there

XIV we may

ing to Rule

demanding it: Li venos lundon He will come Monday. Li venos je lundo=-^<r ivill come on Monday. Each of these forms is correct. Mi laboris ok horojn=/ worked eight hours. Mi laboris dum ok horoj=/ worked during eight is

set rule

It will be noted that in either English or Esperanto the preposition may be omitted; but in Esperanto the omission is indicated by a signal.

hours.

Order of Signs.

—The

sign of the plural pre-

cedes that of the accusative case: librojn,

Elision. ted (Rule

homojn.

—The

final o of the noun may be omitand the apostrophe (') substituted,

is usually confined to verse. Writers of Esperanto poetry are inclined to take the similar liberty with oj and ojn where no confusion as to meaning is to be feared.

but this

The American Esperanto Book

We omit the preposition, usually, translating such forms as Dominion of Canada, City of New York:

Regno Kanado, Urbo Nov-Jorko.

accusative

The

not used here to indicate an omission,

because no Esperanto preposition is left out, this language not confessing the need of a preposition in these cases. So the English preposition is wiped out of existence.

Adjective for Possessive.

—A

few

students

are confused by the use of the adjective form for

possessive case with the pronoun and not with the substantive.

There

are, however, cases in

an English possessive

translated

which

by an Esperanto

and these require careful observation: Unuhora dornio=(9«^ hour's sleep, Unuahora adjective,

%'asdiQ'=-The first hour's watch.

show,

however,

that

Close scrutiny will

these cannot be called an

exception to the Esperanto rule, as they are hardly possessives in English, and not at

The

all in

Esperanto.

superiority of Esperanto as a means of

precise expression

sentences

Mia

illustrated in the following

frato

amas mian

filinon pli ol

my daughter more than my son (,more than he loves my son). Mi amas mian filinon pli ol mia filo=/ love my daughter more In the first sentence, than my son Ooves her).

mian filon^J/y

brother loves

being accusative, must be understood as the In the latter, filo, being nominative, can be connected with the sentence filon,

object of the implied verb.

The American Esperanto Book

only as the subject of the implied verb. In English we must supply the phrase to express the meaning; in

Esperanto the case of the noun expresses the

sense beyond doubt.

The American Esperanto Book

THE ADJECTIVE An

adjective

a word used to express some

quality, attribute or limitation of a

domo,

substantive:

larga strato, a wide street; alta viro, a tall man. Blanka, larga and alta are adjectives, each expressing some quality blanlca

a white house\

The

of the substantive.

adjective sign

is final a.

Adjectives may be formed from almost any and attribute to the substantive the idea expressed by the root: ligno, woody ligna, wooden; danki, to thanks danka, thankful. Adjectives may be formed also from prepositions, adverbs, etc.; in root,

may be applied to almost ena, inner; tro, too, troa, exces-

fact the adjective ending

any word

en,

in,

sive; tie, there, tiea,

of that

number and case

the substantive to which

red apple.

place.

the adjective agrees with it

belongs:

Ruga pomo=

Rugaj ipoTCio\'=Red apples.

rugajn pomojn=^<?

likes

Li Satas

red apples.

A predicative adjective, that is, one preceded by some form of esti (if not in the word, then at least in the thought),

always nominative, even

may refer to an accusative substantive. Mi trovis mian amikon malsanan=//^a>?// my

though

sick friend.

amikon.

malsanan belongs directly to we say Mi trovis mian amikon

Here,

But

The American Esperanto Book

malsana=/ found my

the meaning is would read: Mi trovis mian amikon esti (au, ke li estas) mal^2S\.2ir=I found my friend to be (or, that he is) sick. [See remarks on Adjectival Participles^ materially changed.

friend

Literally,

sick, it

Comparison of adjectives is effected by means Some of them are:

of various words.

Q\=-More o\=Less

Pli

Malpli Tiel

than. than.

kiel=^j as. \i\Qir=^Such as. Tia kia=7yi<? same Tia sama des pli =77?^ more Ju pli des malpli=7%<? Ju malpli

as.

the more. less the less.

[For uses of these words see Exercise 4]

Degree may also be expressed by the suffixes, eg and et: varmeta, varma, v2LVTCiQga==luke'warm, warm, hot.

The malplej: plej

superlatives are expressed by plej and

plej

granda=7%^

granda=7%<?

largest.

La mal-

smallest.

—

Adverbial Ending. Where the indefinite // employed in English, as // is warm, it rains, Esperanto uses no equivalent for //; in such cases, or where a verb or phrase forms the subject, and all cases where there is neither a noun or pronoun to which the adjective refers, the qualifying word, even if adjectival in meaning, is adverbial in form: Estas necese=// is necessary. Estas agrable= It is agreeable. Esti bele estas oportune=7'<? be is

beautiful

fortunate.

Th4 American Esptranto Book

PRONOUNS.

pronoun

a word used to represent a noun use lends grace and facility to

or substantive.

Its

speech, by avoiding repetitions of the real

name

Many of the cruder languages do not possess pronouns. An Indian, for example, Esuses his own name instead of the pronoun /. for

which

peranto

stands.

especially well equipped with pronouns.

Relative pronouns, with several other kinds, are listed

use

under the head of Correlative Words, as their somewhat different from that of the personal

pronouns.

The

personal pronouns are: mi, // viyyou

(singular or plural);

li,

he; §i, she; gi, it\ ni,

;

a reflexive pronoun referring only to ; subject of proposition and always in the third perili,

they

si,

son,

meaning

oni,

one or

himself^

they

herself,

itself,

oni diras, they

themselves;

Oni

say.

always nominative.

The possessive case of pronouns by the addition of the adjective sign, my, mine nia, our,

;

via, your, yours ours

;

hers, their, etc.

ilia,

their,

;

formed mia,

lia, his ; §ia, her, hers;

theirs

;

sia, one's, his,

The American Esperanto Book

The

possessive pronoun, being an adjective is governed by the rules of the adjective. It agrees in number and case with the noun which it qualifies. Using the English words, their book^ the pronoun is understood to be plural; ilia libro, however, shows the pronoun in the singular form, though obviously referring to more than one person; it becomes plural in form only when the noun iliaj libroj. Conversely, miaj libroj is plural {,my books) shows the personal pronoun in the plural form, though certainly singular in sense. The plural sign is merely an indication that the word in

form,

—

belongs to a plural noun.

The

reflexive

pronoun

for its correct use.

It is

requires careful study always in the third per-

son and can refer only to the subject of the clause or proposition in which

used.

Johano ren-

mian patron kaj lian amikon=y^^« met fny father and his (my father's) friend. Johano renkontis mian patron kaj sian QXi\Won'=John kontis

met my father and his cise 12].

(,]oh.xi's)

friend.

[See Exer-

The American Esperanto Book

THE VERB A

a word used to express action or being. In English these words often vary accordingly as they express the action of one person or more; or the action of the speaker, the person who For example, we is addressed, or a third person. say / am, you are, he is. In Esperanto the verb does not change thus; we say: mi estas, vi estas, li estas.

verb

—

All verbs are regular. In English, several hundred verbs have special forms for expressing past or completed action, so that to use the wrong form would give rise to seemingly humorous absurdities ; for example, write^ wrote, written', fight, The various Esperanto verbs use foghte, fitten. exactly the same forms, and the entire list of these forms in their various uses is called the conjugation.

INDICATIVE MODE The as

now

place.

indicative mode expresses action or being taking place, which has, or which will take It

involves a simple, definite statement,

as distinguished from the indefinite, interrogatory, etc.

conditional,

The American Esperanto Book

ACTIVE VOICE

The

active voice represents the action as be-

ing performed (present, past or future)

Mi skribas=/ wr//^, am

Vi ludis = You played,

writing.

were playing.

Li laboros =^He will work,

be working.

Mi estas skribanta=/ am writing (emphasizing present continuity of act.)

Vi estis ludanta= You were playing. Li estos laboranta=Zr<? will be working. Mi estas skribinta^/ have written, been

writ-

ing.

estis ludinta=K?a had played, been playing. Li estos laborinta=-^<? will have worked, have

been working.

estas skribonta=/

to write,

about

to write.

estis ludonta=y<?« were about to play. Li estos laboronta=-^<? will be about to work.

PASSIVE VOICE

The

passive voice describes the action

being received:

estas

estis

amata=/ am loved. trompata=K7a were

deceived,

being deceived.

Li estos forlasata=^/r(? will be forsaken. Mi estas amita=/^aj'^ been loved. Vi estis trompita=F^« had been deceived.

were

The American Esperanto Book

Li estos forlasita=^<r

will have been forsaken.

amota=/ am

estas

to be (or, about to be)

loved.

estis

trompota^K?« were

about

deceived.

Li estos forlasota=/r<f will

be about to be for-

saken.

The Present Tense. — If

an action

in prog-

ress at the time of speaking or writing, the verb

takes the ending of the present

tense.

Johano

This means that John is now writing, but it may also mean that he writes generally, is a copyist. When necessary, however, to emphasize the fact that the action is of present duration and still incomplete, we use the participle and estas, thus: Johano estas skribanta. This can mean only that John is now, at the time of

8kribas=y<?^«

writes.

speaking, in the act of writing.

The present

tense

also used in Esperanto

to describe an act occurring at a time past, but of

For and I says to ^* him^ Go!" is vividly expressive, but ungrammatHowever, Mi minacas lian vizagon per ical. la mia pugno kaj diras al li " Fori" has all the

which a descriptive account example,

/ shakes my fist

being given.

in his face

emphasis which the English sentence receives from the use of the present tense, and is grammatically correct.

The American Esperanto Book

—When

The Past Tense. some time now wholly

an act occurred at

was occurring at such a time, the past tense is employed: Johano skribis=y(?/;;2 wrote or was in the act of writing. But again, if we wish to state clearly" that he was, at some particular time, writing, we use the partipast,

ciple

Johano

estis skribanta.

The Future Tense. — When take place at some future time, tense.

an action

we use

the future

Johano skribos=y<?/^;z will writCy or will As with the other tenses, if we wish

be writing.

so be precise, to say that at-some definite future

time John will be in the act of writing, the participle is

necessary:

Johano estos skribanta.

Completed action, indicated in English by what are called the perfect tenses, is expressed in Esperanto by some form of esti and a past participle of the principal verb: Hi estas kantintaj They have been singing (literally, 'they are were singing")- This means that now, at this time, the act of singing is complete. Hi estis kantintaj They had been singing. Estis refers to a time past, and kantintaj indicates that the act of singing was, at that time, already finished. Hi estos kantintaj They will have been singing. At the future time indicated by estos, the act of singing will have been

finished.

The American Esperanto Book

CONDITIONAL MODE. Conditional Mode describes an action something that might happen or have happened something doubtful in itself, or contingent upon something else. It is usually introduced by the conjunction, se (//). The gram-

The

that is conditional

;

mode

matical sign of the conditional for all tenses.

time

-us, alike

expressed, this

accom-

plished by a participle or another verb used in

connection.

Se Se Se

amus^//'j//<r should

Si Si

estus amanta= Were she loving. estus aminta=//' she had loved, or been

estus amonta

love.

loving,

Jf^^rr^

she about to love, or

be loving.

estus

amata= Were

she loved, or being

loved.

Se Se

estus amita=//"j//^ had been

estus amota^= Were she about

Example:

loved. to be loved.

pluvus, ni iros fiSkapti Here, the first Should it rainy ive shall go fishing. Se verb is conditional, the second indicative. estus pluvinte, ni irus fiSkapti=y/// had rained, Here, both verbs are condiii<e would go fishing. The student must not permit himself to tional.

The American Esperanto Book

be confused regarding the two meanings of should. is a conditional auxiliary, and In used in the foregoing translations.

In one sense, this as such

the other sense

expresses

duty,

"He

should

This has nothing whatever to do with the conditional mode of Esperanto, and is translated by the verb devi, ought.

love his parents."

The American Esperanto Book

IMPERATIVE MODE The imperative mode desire, purpose, etc.

indicates

command,

Its sign is -u.

In giving commands and making requests it used directly, without connecting words: Haltu! =//<//// Prenu pomon! 7a>t<f an apple! Li venu tien 6i \=Lct him come here! is

In expressing purpose by ke or por ke: Por ke Si

gin

her ask

usually preceded

ricevu pardonon.

petu=/« order tJiat she receive a pardon^ let it. Mia patro deziras ke li venu=iW>

father desires that he come.

Participles

Li insistas ke be punished.

may be used vi

with the imperative estu punata=/r/r insists that you

The American Esperanto Book

INFINITIVE The

infinitive

mode,

signifying simply to

MODE

sign

-i,

be, to love,

has no tense,,

As with

etc.

conditional and imperative modes,

may

the

receive

a suggestion of tense when accompanied by a participle.

Ami = 7<7

love.

Esti amante=7<7 be loving. Esti aniite=7l7 have been loved. Esti amonte 7'<? be about to love.

substantival sense is expressed by the which may of itself be the subject of a sentence Erari estas home pardoni, diQ=To err is human; to forgive, divine. infinitive,

;

Note that the adjectives and participles modifying the infinitive take the adverbial

form.

The American Esperanto Book

INTERROGATEy^ In questions, the indicative mode is used, and accompanied by an interrogatory word. There are (see Correlative Words) nine interrogatory words beginning with k: kia, kial, kiam, kie, kiel, kies, These words are used in precisely kio, kiom, kiu. manner as their English equivalents, same the what, why, when, where, how, etc.

Kiam

revenos

Kie ni estas?=

fF>4<'«

IVhere are

will he return?

we?

Any

sentence not introduced by one of these be changed to a question by the word 6u, meaning whether: Cu vi wenos ?= IVill you comef

may

vi nin

amas l^^Do you

love us ?

The American Esperanto Book

THE PARTICIPLE A root,

participle

a word derived from a verb

and implying

stating

though not directly

action,

as does the verb.

it,

Participles in Esper-

anto are of three classes:

Adjectival in action

— Expressing

the quality

Kantanta birdo=^ singing

with a helping verb, the act kantanta^Z"/^*? bird

itself

being

bird;

and,

birdo estas

singing.

—

Adverbial Expressing the fact of the action, usually by way of connecting it with some other without a directly governing act, and always substantive: Vidante muson, §i forkuris = 5^^/«^ a mouse, she ran away.

Substantival

—Expressing

in the active form, the act

passive:

parolanto,

person spoken

The

the act and agent and the recipient in the

the speaker;

parolato,

the

to.

participle plays a

much more important

part in Esperanto than in English, and the student

must give

careful study.

may have

the end-

The American Esperanto Book

ing of the adjective, adverb or substantive.

Its

signs are: -ant-, Present active, -int-,

Past active,

-ont-, Future active. -at-. Present passive,

Past passive. Future passive.

-it-.

-ot",

adjectival participle

and as such

ifying,

substantive, as in English

ing water.

When

may be directly

qual-

usually placed before the :

Fluanta akvo=-^A?ze/-

so used, and qualifying a plural

or accusative substantive,

takes the same case

and number Ni vidis la brulantajn We saw the burning houses. :

domojn=

When

used as a predicate, that is, when preceded by a form of esti, expressed or implied, the participle agrees with the noun as to number, but is never accusative La domoj estas brul:

7he houses are burning. Ni vidas la domojn brulantajn is translated We see the burning houses. Here, brulantajn is a directly qualifying word and hence is accusative because of domojn. But if we say Ni vidis la domojn brulantaj=f^<? antaj

saw

the houses burning^ this

houses

(first

means that we saw the

proposition) and also (second propo-

sition) discovered, or saw, that they

We saw

were burning:

the houses to be, (or, that they were) burning.

The American Esperanto Book Here, although esti and ke

ili

estas are omitted,

meaning is clearly shown by the nominative form of the participle.

the

Esperanto participles also convey a suggesMono havata estas pli grava ol is more important \i2i.yj'\\.2J= Money possessed (now) Pasero than (that which has) been possessed. A sparkaptita estas pli bona ol agio kaptota row caught is better than an eagle to be caught. tion of tense

Adverbial participles have the regular adverb ending, e, which

employed

They

invariable.

are usually

in sentences like the following

Trovinte

pomon, mi fin m.2in^\s=Having found an applcy I ate it. Promenante sur la strato, mi falis= Walking along

the street,

I fell.

tute ne atendite =Zr(? cajne

Li venis al mi me quite unexpect-

trovinte and promenante take the is no substantive to which they can directly belong. Here,

edly.

adverbial ending because there

Participles should not be used in lieu of simple adjectives and adverbs. pial

form

When

the partici-

used, action should always be distinctly

Fluanta akyo (,rmining water) is is implied amanta edzo {a loving husband) would ordinarily be incorrect, because quality, and not action, is expressed.

understood. correct,

Here,

because action

the simple adjective,

;

ama

{affectionate)

The American Esperanto Book

Li kantas Carme would be the proper word. {He sin£rs charmingly) not Carmante. ^

Substantival participles have the regular o sig^ of the substantive, and indicate, in the active form,

the person or thing performing the action

(a participle invariably

passive form they

implies action).

indicate the

recipient

In the of the

action:

—

Amanto=y^ lovep one who is now loving. Aininto=^ lover—one who did love.

Amonto= One who Ainato=v4

will love.

beloved person.

—one who has

PLTCiito^A beloved

Amoto=C?«^

about to be loved.

been loved.

The American Esperanto Book

THE ADVERB The use or

explain

of the adverb

Example

adverbs.

to qualify,

emphasize

verbs, adjectives, participles or other :

tre bela,

virino agas apenaii gentile

= 7%^

bone vestita very beautiful,

The well dressed woman ads hardly politely. four adverbs, tre, bone, apenau and gentile have the

following

positions

belongs to the adjective, bela participle,

apenau

vestita

;

the sentence ;

bone belongs

Tre to the

gentile to the verb, agas

;

As will be seen, each adverb conveys some added meaning to the word to which it belongs. to the adverb, gentile.

Adverbs regularly derived from

a root have from bel', the root for beauty, we have bele, beautifully. Besides this, there are some so-called primary adverbs, which do not belong to the word-families which spring from each root. A few of these have the ending e, but most have not. the ending e, thus

PRIMARY ADVERBS The

following

list

includes the primary adverbs

most used:

Adiau, Adieu, Goodbye. Ain. Ever (after kiam, kie,

etc.)

Thf American Esperanto Book

Almenaii, At

least.

Ankaii, Also. Ankoraii, Yet,

Still.

Apenaxi, Hardly, Scarcely. Baldaii, Soon.

Bis, Once more. Ci, The nearest.

Cial, For every reason.

Ciam, Always Cie, Every Where Ciel, In Every Way.

Ciom, All, Alio/ it. Cu, Whether. Des pli, The More. E6, Even 'For, Away. Hieraii, Yesterday.

Hodiaii, Today.

For Some Cause.

lal,

lam,

5^w<r Time,

le, 6<?W(r Where, lel,

Any Time. Any Where.

/« Some Manner.

loniy

S't;/;;^

Quantity.

Ja, Indeed.

Jam, Already Jen, //rr^, Behold, Jcs, K«. J[u pli,

7y4<r

J/<;r^.

Jus, Just Now Kial, rK>4j.

The American Esperanto Book Kie, Where.

How, As. Kiom, How Much. Kvazau, As if. Morgau, Tomorrow. Ne, Not. Nek, Neither, Nor. Kiel,

Nenial, For No Cause. Neniam, Never. Nenie, No Where. Neniel, In No Manner. Neniom, None.

Nun, Now. Nur,

Only.

Plej, Most, Pli,

More.

Plu, Further. Preskaii, Nearly. Tial, For that Cause.

Tiam, Then. Tie, There. Tie ei, Here. Tiel, In that Manner^ So.

Tiom, So Much. Tre, Very. Tro, Too. Tuj, Immediately.

^^' American Esperanto Book

DERIVED ADVERBS

Any

root or primary

word may

be given an

adverbial meaning by the addition of the adverb

ending, e, provided this can logically be done.

few such words are given

in the

following

list

Afrankite, Postage paid. Aliloke, Elsewhere. Alivorte, In other words,

Alvenante, Upon

arrival.

Antaiie, Previously.

Aparte, Separately, specially. Bonstate, In good condition. Cirkaue, Around. Ciufoje, Every time. Ciujare, Yearly.

Ciumonate, Monthly. Ciusemajne, Weekly. Ciutage, Daily. Dekstre, On the right. Efektive, Actually. Ekstere, Outwardly. Escepte, Excepting.

Gustatempe, Promptly,

at the right time.

Intence, Intentionally. Jene, As follows. Jese, Affirmatively.

KaSe,

Secretly.

Kompate, Mercifully, Sympathetically. Kompreneble, Of course.

The American Esperanto Book

Laularge, As

to width.

Laiilonge, Lengthwise, Laiivole,

will.

Laiite, Loudly.

Lerte,

Skillfully.

Male, On

the contrary.

Malfacile, With

difficulty.

Maldekstre, On the left. MalkaSe, Openly, without concealment.

Malmulte, Not much. Malproksime, In the distance,

afar.

Malpleje, Least. Malrekte, Indirectly, slantingly. Malsupre, Below. Matene, In the morning. Multe, Much.

Nelonge, Not

long,

Nedube, Doubtlessly. Nunc, At present. Nuntempe, Nowadays. Pace, Peacefully. Parole, Verbally. Pere, By indirect means.

Persone, Personally. Piedire,

On foot.

Pleje, Mostly.

Plezure, With pleasure. Plivole, Preferably.

Plue, Furthermore.

Poste, Afterwards.

The American Esperanto Book

Precipe, Especially.

Proksime, Near.

Proksimume, Approximately, Rapidire, By fast means, express. Ree, Again. Rekte, Directly. Sajne, Seemingly.

Sekve, Consequently. Senescepte, Without exception. Senintermanke, Uninterruptedly, Senpage, Free^ without pay. Sensence, Without sense. Skribe, In writing. Somere, In summer.

Speciale, Specially. Sufifie, Sufficiently.

Supre, Above. Tiamaniere, In such a manner. Treege, Extremely. Troe, Excessively. Tute, Totally, entirely, quite. Vole, Voluntarily. Volonte, Willingly,

The American Esperanto Book

THE PREPOSITION Prepositions are used to define relations between other words, or phrases La hundo ku§as antaii la fajro=77i^ dog lies before the fire. Resti apud vi estas, sen escepto, la plej bone el 6iuj plezuroj=7i; stay near yoti is, without exception^ the best of (from among) all pleasures. :

The complement (accompanying substantive) of a preposition is

unless, to

Rule

show

XIV

always

in the

nominative case,

direction, the accusative

used.

permits the omission of the prepo-

where the sense does not clearly show which one to use, and in such cases the substantive is made accusative. We can also use the general, sition

undefined preposition, je.

Every preposition except Je has a

fixed

and

be learned. So many English prepositions are used for more than one idea that ridiculous errors would arise from

constant meaning, which should

their literal translation

.•

phone, to a firm over the river, cases

talked over the

and sold over

0/ eggs that had been left over. meaning by means

prepositions, per,

two and trans,

Here, of,

tele-

eighteen

The American Esperanto Book

beyond^ would be used, in the two other cases the meaning would require words which are not prepositions, and at no point does the Esperanto preposition, super, meaning over or above^ enter into

consideration

The

following examples show most of the

ordinary uses of the prepositions

PA.— TO, Lfi

TOWARD

ires al Bostono=/r/r will go to Boston.

Mi rompis al mi la brakon=/ broke my arm. Li havas amon al la ^QXro=He has love for his father.

Donu

Ordonu

mi al

la libron=6^/?r (to)

the book.

yen\x=Oriler (to) him

(that he) come.

Aldonu that

al tiu

sumo kvin

dolarojn=^//</

sum five dollars.

ANSr AT AtJ—INSTEAD OF Anstataii konsilo, stead of advice,

Anstata^

mi deziras prunton=/«-

7oant a loan.

plori, la

vidvino devas toji=/«widow should rejoice.

stead of weeping (to weep), the

AllT At— BEFORE Arbo staras antau

domo=y4

front of the house. Iru antaii vci\=^Go before me.

tree stands in

The American Esperanto Book

Antaii niaj okuloj flugis i2intovn.o=Be/ore our flew a phantom. Antau ol morgaii, li venos=^Be/ore tomorrow^

eyes there

he will come.

Antaii

tri tagoj, li

venis=7%r^<? days ago, he

came.

The use of antaii in the last two sentences is worthy of special observation. The tense of the verb, and the conjunction ol, show in the first that a future time is mentioned while in the latter, the absence of ol and the past tense of the verb show ;

that the time referred to has passed.

APUD—7V^^^^ La

apud

fonto

near the large

granda arbo=7%<r spring

tree.

Bulonjo apud yizxo=^Boulogne-on-the-Sea.

Ck—at Atendu 6e

po^tofico= IVait at the post

estos Ce v\=^I shall be at your house

office.

(liter-

ally, at yoti).

Li venis fie la deka=-^<? came at ten. Ke 6e 6iu vorto kiun vi 6.\vo^=That at every word you speak. Ce la komparativo oni uzas la konjunkcion ol^= IVith the comparative one uses the conjunction ol.

Koro Ce koro heart.

ni parolis=Jf^<? talked heart to

The American Esperanto Book

tlRYLPilJ— AROUND Soldatoj staras Cirkaii la domo=So/diers are standing around the house.

La prezo price

estas Cirkaii kvindek cendoj^TV/^*

about fifty cents.

Mi venos '

Cirkafi la

sepa horo=/

shall come

about the seventh hour.

Li siirmetis ledan zonon Cirkaii la talio=//<' put a leather belt around his waist.

DA— OF This preposition

ing quantity, weight,

used only after words denotor measure.

number

Funto da tec = A pound of tea. Multe da pensoj=J/a«j' (of) thoughts.

homo]= Thousands of men.

Miloj da

Peco da

ligno=-«4 piece of wood.

The beginner

will

find

great care necessary to

avoid confusion as to da and de.

Compare

care-

fully the examples.

DE—

C?y^,

BY,

FROM

This preposition is used as the sign of possesand to connect the passive participle with its It also indicates origin, place of complement. sion,

beginning, etc.

La La

libro de Johano=/<?//«*j book. filino

daughter

estas

amata de

loved by her father.

sia

patro=^7y/^

The American Esperanto Book

tia kauzo=J^r<7;w such a cause.

Tio dependas de

lia

respondo=7%a/

depends

upon his reply.

De Mi

loko al \o'\s.o=^From ptace fbriros

tie

6i=/

to place.

away from

shall go

here.

Li logas malproksime de tie t\=^He lives far from here. Li lotas proksime de tie t\=He lives near here.

ilia

unua

renkonto=6'/«<r<? (from) their first

meetifig.

tri tagoj

mi ne manias =i^?r

three days

have not eaten.

Li mortis de malsato=Zr.? died of hunger,

THiM—DURING, WHILE.

Dum Dum

la li

nuna \2Lro'=During parolas= While he is

this year.

talking.

EKSTER— O UTSIDE Ekster Ekster

Aorao^^ Outside

the house.

tiuj 6i ^a.\i.zoi= Outside these causes.

EL.— OC/T OF, Plej

bona

Unu

el ni

FROM AMONG

el tvj^\=Best of all. devas \v\=One of us ought to go. Elcizita el m3iVvn.oro=^Chiseledfrom marble. Li iros el la \xvho^=IIe will go out of the city.

The American Esperanto Book

MuSo

venis el sub la lito=-^

tnouse catnefron*

under the bed.

This word

meaning

When

also translated into.

implied

this

must be followed by the

accusative of direction.

Hi iras en

pregejon=77zo'

«''<?

i'oing' into

the church.

Hi estas en la pretejo=7'/iO' are in the church, Nokto en somero=^ night in summer. En tia okazo=(9» such an occasion. Estas dudek-kvar horoj en tago=7y/<?r^ are twenty-four hours in a day,

GIS— UNTIL, AS FAR AS Vi povas veni as

far as

gis la

pordego^F<7« may come

the gate.

De Marto Atendu

gis Vi^ycF=From

March

until

May.

gis morgau=W^d!// until tomorrow,

IHTER— BET JV£ EN, AMONG Inter aliaj a{Qroi=Among other matters. Inter la du amikoi=Bctween the two friends.

Inter Marto kaj

Maio=Between March and

May.

La amikoj malkonsentis inter s\= The friends disagreed

among

themselves.

The American Esperanto Book

JE This preposition has no fixed meaning, and is used only when the sense does not clearly require

some other word

Li ridas je mia eraro=Zr<? laughs at my error, Je la unua okazo=^/ the first opportunity. Li ekkaptis la hundon je la %OT%o=^He caught the dog by the throat. Je la kvara de u\a.T\o=On the fourth 0/ March. Alta je ses {\!i\.0}^=Six feet high. Je la unua fojo en sia wivo=For the first time in his life.

KONTRAtj— OPPOSITE, AGAINST Kontraii la \iO\.t\G=Opposite the

iris kontraii la

hotel.

vento= We went against

the

wind.

La armeo marSis kontrau marched against the

la Q-vbo^^The

army

city.

pastro predikis kontrau la ebrieco=7%tf

pastor preached against drunketmess.

KRO M =BESIDES. La The

vento,

7iiind,

krom

Krom mono, she

had

forta, estas tre

besides (being) sirofig,

beauty.

§i

malvarina=

very cold.

havis \ie\QCon=Besides money

"^f^

American Esperanto Book

KVH—lV/TIf This word

never used where the relation

means or instrument, per being the

that of

correct

preposition in such cases.

Li edzigos kun Mario==/r<f wi// marry (with) Mary. Resti kun leono estas dan|ere=7'<? remain with a Hon

dangerous.

Li laboras kun pacienco=/r<!r

labors

with

patience.

Laii

"LPlO— ACCORDING TO mia oi^'\n\o=According to my opinion.

Laii la \c^o=^According

to law.

vico=/« turny according to rank. Laii lia kutima maniero=/« his customary Laii

manner.

Promenante

laii

rivtro= IVAile walking

along the river.

M ALGRAO—7V<9 TWITHSTANDING Malgraii Cio, ni atingos la ce\on=Notwithstanding everything,

will attain the purpose.

PER—BY MEANS OF This preposition indicates the means, tool or instrument by means of which an act is accomplished, and translates 7cii/h, through, by means of.

Li silentigis with a

look.

ilin

per rigardo=^<r

silenced them

The American Esperanto Book

Oni tranCas per tran6ilo=(9//^

cuts

with a

knife,

PO—AT THE RATE Po du

dolaroj

6iutage=^/

OF.

the rate

of two

dol-

lars per day.

Li aSetis

po unu dolaro=Zr<? bought of one dollar (Not "at the

tri librojn

three books at the rate

Por).

price of"; see

POR—FOR Li aCetis

tri

librojn por

unu dolaro=-^<r

bought three books for one dollar.

La patrino diras ke estas tempo por 6io= Mother says there is a time for everything. Li venis por vin danki=Zr<? came (for) to thank you.

Por ke

forget., write

ne forgesu, skribu tin=Z^j/ you down.

POST=BEHIND When means

used with reference to time, this word

after.

Post la Cevalino trotas tQwoXidiO^Behind mare

trots

colt.

Post hodiau=^//f'r

today.

Horo post horo^=JIour after hour. lom post \ovn.=Little by little. Post unu iSiTO=After one year.

the

The American Esperanto Book

Post la domO'=Behind the house. Post kiam la horlogo batos la dekan, vi devos ioTiTi^A/ier the clock strikes ten, you will have

to leave.

Post via Ttveno— After your return,

PRKTKR—PAST Preter is translated dy or past with respect to motion and relative position not time:

—

Mi iris preter la fenestroj de la went past the windows of the house.

domo=/

VR\—ABOUT, CONCERNING Mi demandis

lin

pri la

vojo=/

asked him

about the way.

Ne pensu pri ^i=Do not think about it. Li paroladis pri Afriko=^(f lectured on Africa.

PRO—BECAUSE

OF.

Li demandis Sin, pro kio Si i>\oras=JIe asked her for (on account of) what she was crying.

Pro manko de tempo=^<?r lack of time. Mi dankas vin pro la sendo de la libro=/ thank you for sending the book.

SEN— IV/TJfOC/T Li ne povas vivi sen Si=^«r cannot

live with-

out her.

Dek sen kvar six.

faras

8es=7V»

less

four makes

Prepositions

SPITE—ZA^ SPITE

OF.

Spite la gepatroj, §i edzini|is=/«

spite

of her

parents, she married.

Oni

lin

arestis,

spite lia

baraktado=7%<y

arrested him in spite of his struggles.

SUPER— 6)r^i? This preposition means over and above

in the

sense of relative position, and must never be used

such phrases as "over the teleper; "over the river," meaning across or beyond use trans "over the electric," meaning by way of use lau. translating

phone"

—use

—

;

—

Super is

found

la tero sin trovas ^.txo'^Above the earth

(finds itself) air.

Birdoj fiugis super niaj VdL.^oy=Birds flew over our heads.

SUR— (9iV Translated on or upon, and implies, in this use,

Where

contact.

direction

expressed,

lowed by the accusative, and means on

Sur

la tablo

fol-

to:

ku§as papero=/'d!/(fr

lies

upon

the table.

Li staris supre sur la monto kaj rigardis malsupren sur la kampon=-^(? stood above upon the

mountain and gazed below upon the field.

Hi ekpafis sur neofendajn vila|anojn=7%o' fired upon inofi^ensive villagers.

TAr American Esperanto Book

T'Rh— THROUGH This word means through in a strict sense, and always implies motion or relative position.

Li promenis \V3i\di3iThQ.T0=He walked through the street.

Tra

mondo

iras forta

world there goes a strong

vo\iO'=Through the

call.

TRANS—^C^ (955, BEYOND La hirundo

Hugis trans la riveron, Car trans 7%<' swallow flew across the river, because beyond the river were (found themselves) other swallows. la rivero sin trovis aliaj hinindoj

Trans

la strato=^^r<?jj the street.

The American Esperanto Book

THE CONJUNCTION. A

conjunction

a word used to join other

words, phrases or parts of sentences.

may be merely

that

Its function

and nothing more, as

may

.•

Bovo

kaj

6evalo=^;? ox and a

lish

a definite relation betw^een the parts of a sen-

tence

Pluvis

;

horse. It

tial, ni restis

also estab-

hejme=//

rained;

therefore, we remained at home.

Conjunctions do not require the careful study necessary for the correct use of the prepositions,

According to use, and need only be memorized. some words may be either conjunctions, adverbs or prepositions, but as a rule the student need not trouble himself to analyze these delicate distinctions.

Following

as conjunctions

list

of the

words most used

Alie, Otherwise.

Almenaii, At

least.

Au, Or. Aii

au, Either

or.

Car, Because, for.

Cu, Whether. Do, Indeed, therefore indeed. E6 se, Even if. Escepte se, Unless (Excepting

if).

The American Esperanto Book Ja, Indeedt in /act.

Jen

jen, Kaj, And.

Now

noWy now

Ke, That.

Kvankam,

Although.

Nek, Nor.

Nek

nek, Neither

nor,

Ol, Than.

Por

ke, In order that.

Se, //. Sed, But.

Sekve, Consequently.

Tamen, However, Tia Tia

kia, Such as.

ke, Such that.

nevertheless,

again,

Interjections

THE INTERJECTION Interjections are exclamatory words, usually less emphatic in meaning. They are not arranged in sentences, have no grammatical re-

more or

and more closely resemble the primanimal cries and exclamations than any other

sponsibilities, itive

human

part of

They may express fear, command,

speech.

pain, warning, surprise, doubt, entreaty,

approval, contempt, etc. Following is Esperanto words, some of which are always interjections, others frequently used as such

grief, joy,

list

Adiau Farewell Antauen Forward! !

Bis

Encore ! Bone! Well! Bonvenu Welcome !

Brave

Bravo

Certainly f Certe Really! Efektive Fi Fi !

For

He Ho Ho

Away

Ha! !

Ah\ Ha\ Hey Hello Oh\ Ho\ !

Alas

Hontu

Be ashamed

I ,

Shame

The American Esperanto Book

Hura

Hurrah Ja! Indeed! Look\ Jen! Behold 1

Of course

Kompreneblc Ne! No\

Nu! Well Vel Woe\ Really Vere I

The American Esperanto Book

THE NUMERALS The

cardinal numerals do not change in form words to which they belong. This is the meaning of Rule IV, which says that they are to agree with

They

not declined.

Unu,

one

du,

;

are:

two

;

three

tri,

;

kvar, four

;

kvin, five ses, six sep, seven ; ok, eight naii, nine', dek, ten; cent, hundred; mil, thousand; ;

miliono,

;

million.

The tens and hundreds are formed by joining numerals when the relation is one of multiplication ;

the smaller

dudek, twenty ; number comes first sepcent or sep cent, seven hun:

kvardek, forty dred.

The

;

and hundreds dekunu, eleven dekdu,

units are added to the tens

when placed

after

them

;

dekses, sixteen; ]s.wa.r6.&k-)sv2Lr, forty-four. [See Exercises 12 and 14].

twelve

;

Adjectival ordinals are formed by adding the adjective ending third;

nnna., first

mil naucent kaj sepa,

;

dua., second ;

nineteen

tria,

hundred and

seventh.

Adverbial ordinals are obtained by the adverb ending: unue, firstly;

kvine,

fifthly.

adding due, secondly;

The Numerals

Fractionals are made by adding the adjective, according to

kvinone,

meaning

suffix

on,

adverb or

with the ending of the substantive,

triono, one-third\

one-fifthly.

Multiples are formed by adding obi, with the unuobla, single duobla, double', trioble, triply kvaroble, quadruply.

adjective or adverb ending

;

Collective numerals are made by the addition of the suffix op: duope, two together ; kvarope, four abreast, by fours.

Substantival numerals are formed by adding the substantive ending, o. These are subject to cento, a the rules governing all substantives hundred (considered as a unit); miloj kaj miloj, thousands and thousands. :

Prefixes

and

Suffixes

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES Esperanto

is equipped with a system of prefixes which give a wide range of expression to a very small vocabulary. Taking a root word for the central thought, these affixes are used to express the various ideas arising from the central idea. In Exercise 42, Dr. Zamenhof shows us fifty-three words thus formed from one root, The only limit to such combinations is legibility and

and

suffixes

logic.

PREFIXES

BO brother

by marriage

indicates relationship

frato,

bofrato, brother-in-law.

CEF

chief

principal:

kuiristo,

cook;

Cefkuiristo, a head cook.

DE to take

means from or of\ preni,

to take

;

depreni,

from.

DIS dismemberment or separation semi, to sow; dissemi, to scatter broadcast; §iri, to tear; :

disSiri, to tear apart, tear to pieces.

duration

begin ridi,

suddenly to

laugh

;

something

ekridi,

burst out

short

out laughing.

EKS

same as the English ex

ex-president.

eksprezidanto,

The American Esperanto Book

FOR

signifies

away,

iri,

go;

foriri, to

away.

both sexes taken together

patro, father

;

gepatroj, parents.

MAL the bona, bad

;

direct opposite:

alta, high

\iQr\A^

good

mal-

malta, low.

;

denotes neutral or negative: bela, beauliful\ nebela, plain (not necessarily ugly for direct contraries use mal).

—

PR A

means

grandfather

either great

or primordial:

praavo, great grandfather

;

avo,

patro,

father) ^v^i^2Xvo\, forefathers.

to repeat or reverse

to repeat

;

veni,

SEN

;

equivalent

hare, hair

;

senhara,

diri, to say

reveni, -less^

;

rediri,

to return.

the English suffix

bald^ hairless.

SUFFIXES

denotes continued action, meaning the same substantival participle ending, -ing'. English as the song; kantado, singing. kanto, a

Ameriko, an inhabitant or partisan of an American amerikano, Kristo, Christ, America Christian. kristano, a :

;

Suffixes

J a concrete idea or object, possessing the quality indicated by the root: bela, beautiful belajo, a beautiful object

bovo, an ox

;

bovajo,

;

beef.

a collection or group of things arbo, a arharo, a forest ; woTto, a word; vortaro,

tree;

a dictionary.

affectionate diminutive for masculine

Johano,

yi?////

Johandio, fo/innie

names:

patTO, father;

;

paSjo, pa, papa.

EBL visible

;

denotes possibility: vidi,

porti, to carry

to see;

videbla,

portebla, portable.

;

denotes the abstract qualitj-

bela, beauti-

ful beleco, beauty; hona, good boneco, goodness. ;

;

EG warm

denotes increased degree or size: varma,

varmega,

;

hot

pordego,

pordo, door ;

;

a gate.

EJ to

indicates place of action or

lerni, to learn

;

place devoted

lernejo, a school.

shows tendency or inclination work laborema, industrious.

;

labori,

;

denotes a single object as

from the collective term

distinguished

mono, money

;

monero,

a coin; sablo, sand; sablero, a grain of sand.

ESTR

leader

urbestro, mayor

;

manager

§ipo, ship

;

urbo,

city

Sipestro, captain.

\ :

The American Esperanto Book

ET knife

;

degree:

size

yarmeta, iukewarm

;

tranCilo, a

tranCileto, a pen knife,

ID kato,

diminution

denotes

varma, warm

denotes the young cat

katido,

;

or a descendant of

of,

kitten

;

king

rego,

regido,

;

a prince.

IG means to enrich

;

become

to cause to

pura, clean

riCa, rich

;

riCigi,

(Ig verbs

purigi, to clean.

are always transitive).

IG means

become

rifiigi,

become rich

;

(If verbs are always intake the passive participle transitive and can never purifi,

become clean.

forms, at,

IL sew

;

or ot).

denotes

the instrument or tool

kudrilo, a needle; pafl, shoot

suffix

fratino, sister

IND

;

feminine:

the

koko, chicken

denotes worthiness

inda, amiable

;

kudri, to

pafilo, gun.

;

frato,

brother

kokino, hen.

ami,

to love

;

am-

kredi, to believe; kredinda, worthy

of belief.

ING

holder for a single object

plumingo, penholder

1ST

;

plumo, a pen;

cigaringo, cigarholder.

denotes a person professionally occupied kanti, to sing; kantisto,

with, or associated with

a professional singer

a craftsman.

;

metio, a craft;

xnetiisto,

Suffixes

NJ mother

names Marinjo or Manjo, Molly patrino,

affectionate diminutive for feminine

Mario, Mary ;

;

panjo, ma^ mamma. signifies that

which bears, contains or pro-

kremo, cream kremujo, a cream pitcher porno apple pomujo, apple tree; turko, a turk; duces

;

Turkujo, Turkey.

has no definite meaning

manumo,

cuff\

raalvarma,

cold;

mano, hand malvarmumi, ;

to catch cold.

indicates a person of the quality implied

granda, large pious

;

grandulo,

;

large person

;

pia,

piulo, a pious person.

AC, a sufiBx indicating contempt or unworthiness, being the opposite of ind, is used by many Esperantists, though not yet officially authorized by Lingva Komitato. Example: hundo, dog; hundaSo, cur; pia, pious; pia£a, sanctim,onious.

ORDER OF AFFIXES The demand

of logic

that the affix standing

nearest the root first attach its significance to the

monto, mountain; montego, a large mounmont-eg-an-ar-o, a hand of people of the large mountain mont-ar-an-eg-o, a large mountaineer; mont-et-an-ar-eg-o, a large band of people of the hills. These are exaggerated illustrations, and simplicity is no less desirable in Esperanto than anywhere else.

word: tain

;

— The American Esperanto Book

THE CORRELATIVE WORDS Among

the

few original words of Esperanto

immense majority having been taken from living European languages) are forty-five pronouns, adjectives, adverbs and conjunctive adverbs, so nicely correlated as to render most of them self(the

defining.

to application, they have five significations,

indicated I,

by the beginnings

indefinite, signifying

C, distributive or every y

some or any.

collective,

signifying each^

relative,

signifying what^

all.

K, interrogative or which.

NEN,

negative, meaning none, no.

T, demonstrative

that.

meaning, they have nine general by nine endings iom, iu.

fications, indicated ie, iel, ies, io,

ia, ial,

Ih—KIND OR QUALITY Adjectival

la'=Some kind of, any kind o/, some^ any, kind of each, every.

dai=£ach

signi-

iam,

Correlative

Words

Kia= What kind of,

as.

Nenia=iVi? kind of, no such a, no. T\Si^=^ That kind of such a kind, such ,

lAls=MOTIVE, REASON Adverbial

lal=^jFor some reason, for some cause, for any cause.

Qi3l=For

every reason, all reasons.

Kial^^=Eor what reason?

Why, wherefore. Nenial^i^?/- no reason, for no cause. Tial=Eor that reason, for that cause, therefore.

\hM = TIME Adverbial

la.m= At any time, some Q,\2im'=At all times, all

Kiain=^/ what

Neniam=^/

Tiam=At

time?

time, ever.

the time, always.

When.

no time, never.

that time, then.

IE=PLACE Adverbial

le'=Some place, any place, somewhere, anywhere. Cie=Everywhere, in every place. 'K.\Q=In what place? Where.

Nenie=/n

no place, nowhere.

Tie=77/<?rc, in that place.

The American Esperanto Book

VEAj=MANNER Adverbial

Iel=/« some way, somehow, anyhow,

any

manner.

Ciel^=/« every manner, every way,

all ways, by

all means.

Kiel=/« what manner? How, as, like. Neniel=/« no manner, in no way, by no Tiel=/« that way, thus, so, as, like.

lES ^POSSESSION Pronominal \^SF=Somebody's, anybody's, anyon^s.

des=Everybody's, each

one's,

everyone's,

YJi^^=Whose. Nenies^iV^/^<?</)''j, no one's.

Tits= That

one's,

such a person's.

lO^THING Substantival

and Pront»nm<u

\o'=Something, anything.

d<y=Every thing,

Kio= What,

all things, all.

which, that which.

N enio'=Nothing. Tio= That,

that thing.

means.

Correlative

Words

lOlli^QUANTITY Adverbial

lom^=Some

dom=All,

quantity, some, a all

0/ it, every

little.

quantity,

Kiom=JIo'W muck, how many, Neniom=iV(? quantity, none,

'riom= That

as.

much, that many, as many.

l\J=INDIVID UALITY Pronominal

Iu=j4nyone, anybody, some person, ^\\x=^Everyone, each one, each, every.

Kiu= Who,

Ciuj,

all.

which, what one.

'^^riwx^^Nobody, no one.

Ti\x=^ That person, that one, thai.

Cl,

denoting proximity,

demonstratives: tie

6i,

added to three

here, in this place

;

tio 6i,

this thing", tiu 6i, this,

demonstrative and relative

series are

used

As good as. many

as, so

Tiom much

as.

the

same

Tiel bona kiel= multe kiom=^j much as, as

comparisons

Tia

homo

]i.i2i=Such a per-

S071 as.

See Exercise 30 and accompanjring

notes.

The American Esperanto Book

CAPITALS AND PUNCTUATION The

present custom with regard to punctuation each writer to follow the methods of his own language, it being practically impossible to change the meaning of a sentence by punctuation, which is so frequently possible in English. The same latiis for

tude

permitted in the use of capital letters, but

this point

Esperanto printers have arrived at

certain seemingly international styles.

The main

points of variance between English and Esperanto in this respect are

Names

of Countries begin with capitals, but

the names of races, with the correlative adjectives

Francujo, France franco, and adverbs, do not a Frenchman franca, French france, in French, :

;

The same

rule applies to political parties, orders,

churches, etc.

The names

of the

are begun with small letters.

days

of the

week

Order of Words

ORDER OF WORDS Esperanto being intended for

ready use by

peoples of widely different language systems,

indeed wise that

it is

be so constructed that chang-

ing the order of words would not, ordinarily, change the sense.

beleta infano senzorge rompis la

novan

ludilon.

Senzorge rompis la beleta infano la novan ludilon. Beleta la infano novan la ludilon senzorge rompis,

Ludilon la novan rompis senzorge la infano

beleta.

This sentence, "The pretty child carelessly broke the new toy," cannot be erroneously transAlthough the. leted, whatever the word order. order first given is preferred, the others are not grammatically incorrect. On the whole, however, the order of words in Esperanto is so nearly the

same as follow,

English that the student first,

Esperanto style quire,

his natural will not

may

inclinations.

be at

all

safely

The

difficult to ac-

and may be attained much more easily by

reading good literature than by memorizing rules.

The American Esperanto Book

FOREIGN NAMES As rapidly as possible, all important proper names are being adopted into the Esperanto family Some of and receiving an international spelling. them are rendered according to sound, others according to meaning.

seem

Generally speaking,

would

that the best Esperantists of a given nation

are of necessity the authorities as to the spelling

of names connected with their

own

land, as they

are naturally more familiar with their origin and spirit.

There

no apparent need of attempting names of small towns

to resolve into Esperanto the

and

affairs

of local significance, unless they con-

tain letters not

found in the Esperanto alphabet.

EXERCISES The

following series of exercises belongs to the

Fundamento de Esperanto. They are a part of the unchangeable foundation of the language, carefully arranged by Dr. Zamenhof author of Esperanto. The compiler of this book has added the translations and comment, with an occasional explanatory word accompanying the vocabularies. ,

The

learner

may

begin the study of the Exer-

cises without going at

discussion of the

length into the foregoing

Grammar, but

will find the latter

useful for reference and review.

How

to Study-

Persons studying in classes will devise methods adapted to their needs and convenience, but to the person studying alone a few suggestions may prove of value. Go over carefully, all least twice, all that

said herein on pronunciation.

Then take

up, in their order, the Exercises.

Pronounce the words aloud, for this will help of hearing, though you hear only your own voice you will thus be able to converse with the first Esperantist whom you meet. to familiarize the sense ;

Memorize each vocabulary as you proceed. A good plan is to memorize also the names of famil-

American Esperanto Book

iar objects seen every day, and form sentences addressed to or about them as you see them. Learn to name them in Esperanto at sight.

When

have finished the Exercises, subscribe where you will find announcements concerning a great assortment of books, as well as addresses of persons who wish to correspond in the language. j'ou

to at least one Esperanto journal,

EXERCISE

Before attempting this Exercise, please read very carefully Page 7 and those following, on pronunciation. So many persons have asked that this book contain keyed words showing pronunciation that this is attempted here. The student must realize that the puzzling added consonants are frequently inserted only to certify the vowel sound; and especially note that eh signifies a sound between long a and short e. The accented syllable, is always the one next to the last. marked '

Nu'-bo.

Al.

Ba'-lo.

ahl

bah-lo

noo-bo

Sci'-o.

Co'-lo.

Sen'-to. tsehn-to

stsee-o

Ce'-lo. tse-lo

Ko'-lo. ko-lo

tso-lo

Ci-tro'-no. tsee-tro-no

O-fi-ci'-ro. oh-£ee-tsee-ro

Fa-ci'-la.

La'-ca.

Pa-cu-lo.

Car.

Ce-mi'zo.

fab-tsee-lah

lah-tsab

pah-tsoo-lo

cbar

cheb-mee-zo

Ci-ka'-no.

Ci-e'-lo. chee-eh-lo

chee-kah-no

Cu. choo

Fe-li'-Ca. Ci'-a. Ci'-a. feh-Iee-chab tsee-ab chee-ah

Exercises Pro-ce'-so.

Den'-to.

Ec.

EC. Ek.

Da. Lu'-do.

sehn-cheh-sah ehts

ehch ehk

dah

Sen-6e'sa.

pro-tseh-so

Plen'-di. plehn-dee

dehn-to

El.

En.

De.

Te'-ni.

ehl

ehn

deh

teh-ni.

Ve'-ro.

Fa'-li.

Fi-de'-la.

Tra'-fi.

veh-ro.

fah-lee

fee-deh-lah

trah-fee.

da. dah

Gen'-to. gehn-to

loo-do

Gip'-so.

Gus'-to.

geep-so

sehn

Gran'-

Ga'-lo. gah-lo

grahn-

Le'-gi.

Pa'-go. pah-go

leh-gee

goos-to

Sen.

Pa'-go.

Le'-to. Cis. Cus'-ta. Re'-gi. Gar-de'-no.

pah-jo

leh-jo

jees

Lon'-ga.

Reg'-no.

Sig'-ni.

lohn-gah

rehg-no

seeg-nee

Gu-a'-do. joo-ah-do

reh-jee

joos-tah

jar-deh-no

Gvar-di'-o. Lin'-gvo. gvar-dee-o

Ha'-ro.

Hi-run'-do. Ha'-ki.

hah-ro

hee-roon-do

leen-gvo

Ne-he'-la.

hah-kee

ne-heh-lah

Pac-ho'-ro.

Ses-ho'ra. Bat-hu'-fo. Ho'-ro. Ho'-ro.

pahts-hoh-ro

sehs-hoh-rah

Ko-le' ro.

Ho-le'-ro. He-mi'-o.

Bir'-do.

Tro'-vi.

Prin-tem'-po.

beer-do

troh-vee

preen-tehm-po

Fe-i'-no.

I'-el.

feh-ee-noo

ee-ehl

•

I'-am. ee-ahm

hoh-ro

Ju. yoo

ris'-to.

Kra-jo'-no.

Ma-jes'-ta.

Tuj.

rees-to

krah-yo-no

mah-yehs-tah

tooy

Ru-i'-no. roo-ee-no

Vej'-no. vay-no

fee-lo

Fo-ir'o. foh-ee-ro

Jes. yehs

Juyoo-

Do'-moj. doh-moy

Pruj'-no.

Ba-la'-i.

Pa'-Iaj.

De-i'-no.

prooy-no

bah-lah-ee

pah-ligh

deh-ee-no

Pe-re'-i. peh-reh-ee

Ja-lu'-za.

Fi'-lo.

Min. mean

Jam. yahm

In. een

hho-ro

I-mi'-ti. ee-mee-tee

h/^e-mee-o

hAo-leh-ro

koh-leh-ro

baht-hoo-fo

Mal'-plej.

Jus'-ta.

Jus.

mahl-play

zhoos-tah

zhoos zheh-tee

Jur-na'-lo.

zhah-loo-zah zhoor-nah-lo

Ma'-jo. mah-yo

Je'-ti.

Bo-na'-Jo.

Ka'-po.

bo-nah-zho

kah-po

The American Esperanto Book

Ma-ku'-lo. Kes'-to. Su-ke'-ro. ma-koo-lo

Ak'-vo.

pabts-kah-po

lee-kvo-ro

EXERCISE Le-vi'lo.

La'-vi.

Em-ba-ra'-so. 01.

Ri-pe'-ti.

Si-ge'-lo.

Sis-te'-mo.

Ve§'-to.

Ves'-to.

vehsh-to

vehss-to.

Plu.

nok'to.

*One here,

Lu'-i.

Me-zu'-ro.

of the

Pa'-So. Sta'-lo. Sta'-lo.

Un'-go.

Ki'-u.

Fratt'-lo.

Tro-u'zi.

Tra-u'-

Paii-li'-no.

Va'-na. hoh-dee-ow vah-nab

Ho-di'-aii.

tro-oo-zee

Ze-ni'to.

Na'-zo.

Plu'-mo.

Ba-la'-u.

Zo-o-lo-gi-o.

Mez-

Tre-zo'-ro.

Su'-mo. Zo'-no.

numbered

the mntter

Pe-zi'-lo. Sen'-ti.

U-ti'-la.

Zor'-gi.

Zu'-mo.

Sta'ri.

Dis-§i'ri. §an-ce'-li. Ta-pi'-So. dees-shee-ree sbahn-tseh-lee ta-pee-sho

Eii-ro'-po ehw-roh-po Sol'-vi.

A-ze'no.

Si.

Pi'-a.

Sa'ma.

Pe-si'-lo.

Ne-u'-lo.

Pe-re'-u.

Ver'so.

Im-pli'-ki.

Foj'-no.

Ar-ba'-ro.

Pa-ten'-to.

Tu-mul'to.

Laii'-di. lahw-di

He-ro-i'-no.

Ci-pre'-so.

Te-o-ri'-o.

Mem.

Pa-ro'-li.

He-ro'-i.

So-fis'mo.

No'-mo. In-di-fe-ren'-ta. In-ter-na-

Pal'-pi.

lo.

ko-keh-to

Pac-ka'-po.

Li-kvo'-ro.

ci'-a.

Ko-ke'-to.

ahk-vo

soo-keh-ro

kehs-to

sections of the

So'-no.

Ekzercaro

Pe'-zo.

omitted

being found in the beginning of this book.

Exercises Pe'-co.

Pe'-so.

Ne-ni'-o.

Ge-o-gra-fi'-o.

Spi-ri'to.

Ne-ni'-el. Spe-gu'-lo.

Kon-sci'-i.

ro'-o.

Mo'-le.

ge-ni-e'-ro.

A-di'a(i.

Fi-zi'-ko.

Lip-ha'ro.

In-dig-'ni.

Spi'-no.

In-sek'-to.

He-

He-ro-e'-to. Lu'-e.

Pa-si'-e.

Re-ser'-vi.

EXERCISE

Re'-e.

Ne'-i.

Tra-e-te'-ra.

Tra-i'-re.

Pa'-le.

Me-ti'-o.

In-

Re-zer-vi.

Pronounce carefully the following words, giving attention to the division into sj'llables, which

Always speak slowly and clearly^ never slurring a sound or leaving a letter "silent": not marked.

Citrono. Cento.

Embaraso.

Neniel. Hodiafl.

Disgiri.

Heroino.

Pezo.

Stalo.

Feino.

Sigelo.

Krajono.

sekto.

Kiu.

Ne-u-lo. Internacia.

Sukero.

Ruino.

Sono.

Zorgi.

Balau. Sanceli.

Scio.

Zoologio.

Plu.

Gardeno.

tio.

Sceno.

Reservi.

Majesta.

Cikano.

Packapo.

Seshora.

Cipreso.

Gento.

Indigni.

Pesilo.

Laiidi.

Traire.

Lipharo.

Pale.

Facila.

Traetera.

MeIn-

Sofismo.

Domoj. Spino. Majo. Signi. Ec. Bonajo. Legi. lel.

Juristo.

Cielo.

The American Esperanto Book

EXERCISE

kolombo,

patro, father. kaj, and. frato, brother.

birdo, bird. aparteni, to belong'

leono,

al, to.

lion.

dove.

esti, to be.

suno,

besto, beast rozo, rose.

brili, to shine.

floro, flower.

tajloro, tailor.

to.

sun.

Sana,

healthy,

well,

la, the (definite article).

(noun) ending. ending

o, substantive a, adjective

as, verb ending, present tense.

Leono estas besto. ' Rozo kolombo estas birdo. * La rozo

Patro kaj frato.

estas

floro

apartenas

estas Sana.

kaj

Teodoro.

^La*

La suno brilas.

La *

patro

patro estas tajloro.^

•The use

whom we

of la here signifies a definite father; the father of have been speaking; my father, your father, etc.

''After esti in all its

forms the noan

TRANSLATION *

shines. is

nominative.

and a brother. ' A lion is a beast. a flower, and a dove (or pigeon) is a The rose belongs to Theodore. ° The sun

father

rose

bird.

(The) father

tailor.

healthy.

(The) father

The American Esperanto Book

EXERCISE infano,

ne,

child.

matura, mature, jam, already.

ripe,

not.

homo, maji for human

(general being),

plori, to mourn, weep.

fiielo, heaven, sky.

blua, blue.

kie, where,

libro, book.

krajono, pencil.

sur, on, upon.

tablo, table.

ku§i, to

lie

(down).

fenestro, window.

plumo, pen

jen,

pomo,

kiu, who.

mi,

apple.

behold

lo,

trovi, to find.

§tono,

tero, earth,

stone.

n, ending of accusative (objective). is,

jam

verb ending, past tense.

Infano ne * estas matura **

ne ploras.

homo ^.

Cielo estas blua.

*In Esperanto, the negative

tute

ne=«o^

infano

Kie estas la

word precedes the verb» and

usually precedes other words to which

always:

^ *

belongs, though not

quite; certe nQ=^certainly

••Homo, a human being, man in general;

viro,

jiot.

a man;

vlrino,

a zi'oman. '^Jam r\Q=already not. Jam is used with much greater frequency than the word already in English, and it is well for the student carefully to study the sense wherever it is found,

The American Esperanto Book

libro kaj la krajono?

"^Lalibro estas sur** la tablo

kaj la krajono kuSas sur la fenestro.

estro kuSas krajono kaj plumo.

Jen estas la pomo, kiun kuSas Stono.

'See, in

list

Jen

® '

trovis.

Sur

la fen-

estas porno.

Sur

of prepositions, the uses of sur.

tero

Esperanto

prepositions require careful study. It translates with equal precision the "Jen means behold. English phrases here is and yonder is.

'Kiun

here in the accusative (objective) case, being the

object of trovis.

Pomo

the subject of estas, which

(See

Exercise 5) cannot be followed by an accusative. To understand precisely why kiun is accusative, let us remember

Note that

it is

a pronoun and stands for pomo.

sentence Jen estas pomo,

pomon mi

accusative becomes clearer.

Kiu

accusative by verbs which follow

it.

child is not a

we render

the

freqiiently thus placed in

TRANSLATION longer

trovis, the reason for the

'The child no 'The sky is blue. pencil ? ' The book is

mature man.

(already not) cries.

* Where are the book and the upon the table and the pencil lies upon the window. * Upon the window lie ' a pencil and a pen. Here * is an apple. Here is the apple which I found. ' On the ground lies a stone.

American Esperanto Book

EXERCISE

de, of, by, from. doni, give»

dento, tooth. akra, sharp. mano, hand.

vidi, to see.

resti, to stay, remain.

forta, strong.

kun, with. kuraga, brave, daring,

dangero, danger. rajdi, to ride. pri, about, concerning.

paroli, to speak.

sign of the plural. adverb ending. i, verb ending, infinitive mode. u, verb ending, imperative mode.

La dentoj de leono estas Al leono ne donu la manon. * Mi vidas

Leono

akraj*.

leonon.

estas forta.

kun leono estas dangere''. ' Kiu sur leono? ^Mi parolas pri leono.

Resti

kuragas rajdi

•Observe that the adjective, akraj, is in the plural form, as noun to which it refers is plural.

the

•"Infinitive

verb; has no subject, no tense or time of action. at any time, to stay with a lion, is dangerous.

For any person,

"Here, the word dangere takes the adverbial form (ending because it is adverbial in sense, to be translated dangerously, but because it has no noun, the subject of this sentence being the verb, resti. Should we say leono estas danfera, the adjective form would be used. e) not

lion

Do not give * To remain

your hand to a

a lion are

* I see with a lion is dangerous. 'Who dares to ride on a lion? ^I am speaking about a lion.

sharp.

lion.

TRANSLATION 7 ^ strong. The teeth

lion.

American Esperanto Book

EXERCISE

bona, good.

fiapelo, hat.

diri, to say.

kc, that (conjunction),

diligenta, diligent.

ami,

veni, to come.

kune,

filo, son.

stari, to stand. pura, clean, pure.

apud, near,

close by.

koni, to know (to be

acquainted

together.

pane, bread.

mangi,

with').

per, by means

to love.

to eat.

flari, to smell.

budo, mouth. nazo, tiose.

antaii, before.

domo,

arbo,

fiambro, room.

tree.

La *

Diru

Mi amas

Jen kuSas la Capelo de

al ^ la patro,

ke mi estas diligenta.

la patron.

staras

house.

patro estas bona.

la patro.

filo

of.

apud

Venu

la patro.

kune*'

kun

patro.

'La mano de Johano

estas pura. *Mi konas Johanon. 'Ludovicko, al**

donu Mi manias per la buSo kaj flaras nazo. " An tail la domo staras arbo. " La *°

mi panon.

per® la

patro estas en la Cambro. *See Note 'Uiru

Exercise

al= Tell

such as speak

to,

to.

The

recount

preposition al to,

etc.

used in expressions

American Esperanto Book

"Kune kun= Together zuith. Here, a word is repeated with no apparent purpose other than that of emphasis. This is often done with prepositions, especially in connection with verbs* See Note c, Exercise 31. "'Note again that the preposition is followed

by the nominawould read give to I bread. 'Panon the accusative case from the verb; donu.

tive case. Literally, this is in

®Find, on Page 54, the proper uses of per.

TRANSLATION *

(The) father

good.

'Tell (to the) father that love (the) father.

Come

know John.

^'^

Here

lies father's hat.

industrious.

John's hand

'Ludovick, give

me [some]

The

clean.

bread.

[my] mouth and smell with the " Before the house stands a tree.

with the

eat

[my]

with your father.

son stands near the father. "I

nose.

The [my]

father

the room.

suggested that the student review the preall that is said about sounds and pronunciation in the beginning of this book and test his pronunciation by tne rules. It It is

ceding exercises, read again

much

easier to correct errors before they shall

have become habits.

American Esperanto Book

EXERCISE

flugi, to fly.

kanti, to sing.

agrabla, agreeable.

akvo, water.

Car, because, for.

ili, they.

voli, to wish, to will.

trinki, to drink.

knabo,

iOT, forth, out,

boy.

n\, we.

peli, pursue, chase out.

okulo,

aiidi, to hear.

eye.

orelo, ear.

lerni, to learn.

tial, there/ore.

bati, to beat,

riccvi, to get, obtain. iri, to go.

avo, grandfather. nun, now,

onklo, uncle*

legi, to read,

sed, but.

li, he.

letero, letter (missive) litero, letter(si,h,c, etc.) skribi, to write.

birdoj

estas agrabla.

volas trinki.

flugas.

Donu La knabo '

kanto de *

al la birdoj

la birdoj

akvon, Car

forpelis*' la birdojn".

'Bonaj

vidas per la okuloj kaj atidas per la oreloj. infanoj lernas diligente. lerni, kaj tial

mon.

'Aleksandro ne volas

mi batas Aleksandron.

kaj de** la frato

ricevis libron,

'Mi venas de

ili

'Ni

la avo,

kaj

la patro

ricevis plu-

iras

nun

al la

American Esperanto Book onklo.

***

libron, sed

*The

skribas

® leteron.

used in a sense not known to English. the song of birds. La is used

article here is

refers to birds generally

" La patro ne legas

legas libron.

—

with the plural form in speaking of a species or race: birdoj,

birds in genct-al; la homoj,

a science or trade,

mankind

in general.

use the singular form, with the article:

Science, la science; medicine, la medicine. ••A preposition

meaning:

its

to enter, to

may

Iri,

thus be joined to any verb,

go;

foriri,

into; preteriri, to

to leave, to

modifying

go aivay;

*The sign of the accusative case follows that of the ''De is translated by several English prepositions. ples of da and de, Page 50.

^Skribas to sense.

eniri,

go fast. plural.

See exam-

may be translated writes or is zuriting, according See The Verb, Indicative Mode.

TRANSLATION

^ ^ The song of birds is pleasing. Birds fly. Give the birds water, as they wish to drink. *The boy drove away the birds. * We see with (by means of) the eyes and hear with the ears. * Good children learn diligently. 'Alexander does not want to learn, and therefore I beat Alexander. * From the [my] father I received a book, and from the [my] brother I received a pen. ' I come from the [my] grandfather and am going now to the [my] uncle. "I am reading a book. *^ Father '

not reading a book, but he

writing a letter.

The American Esperanto Book

EXERCISE papero, paper.

blanka, white,

kajero, copy-book.

juna, young.

fraulo, unmarried man.

fraiilino, Miss.

dolCa, sweet.

rakonti, to

mia, my.

amiko,

tell^ retute.

/ricnd.

bela, beautiful.

historio, story, history.

obstina, obstinate.

deziri, to desire.

vi, you.

tago, day.

sinjoro,

Mr.

sir,

mateno, morning. festi, to

goji, to rejoice.

kia, '

what

kind,

what

make a festival.

hodiaii, today.

nokto, night.

hela, clear, glaring, nokto, night.

en,

tn.

pala, pale.

luno, 7noon.

stelo, star.

nego, snow\

pli, 7nore.

lakto, milk.

nutri, to nourish.

ol, than.

vino, wine.

havi,

freSa, fresh,

erari, to err,

elffrom, out from.

Ciu, each, every one.

to have.

plej, most.

eiuj,

tiel, thus, so.

si, oneself.

kiel, as, how.

sia, one's.

all.

saga, wise. in, suflix of the feminine.

mal,

prefix of contrary, opposite.

Exercises

Papero estas blanka. ' Blanka papero ku§as ' La blanka papero jam * ne ku§as sur la tablo. * Jen estas la kajero de^ la juna fraiilino. ^ La patro donis al mi dolSan pomon. " Rakontu al mia juna amiko belan historion. ^ Mi ne amas obstinajn*^ homojn. * Mi deziras al vi bonan tagon, ® Bonan matenon ® *" Cojan feston (mi sinjoro " Kia goja festo (estas hodiati). deziras al vi). ^^ Sur la Cielo staras la bela suno. " En la tago ni '

sur la tablo.

vidas la helan sunon, kaj en

tre blanka, sed la ^

nego estas

"Ne,

vi.

plej juna.

blanka.

pli ^

vi eraras, sinjoro

estas malpli fre§a, ol mia.

Ernesto estas kieP vi. ^" El

pli

" Mi havas

estas pli nutra, ol vino.

panon,

nokto ni vidas la La papero estas

palan lunon kaj la belajn stelojn.

;

Lakto freSan

via pane

Ciuj miaj infanoj

" Mi estas tiel forta, Antono estas la mal-

Ciuj siaj ^ fratoj

plej saga.

*See Note

Exercise 6.

••Esperanto nouns form the possessive case with the help of

the preposition de:

libro

knabo=7%<? boy's book.

imperative mode, signifying, here, a command or request. This mode has other uses. See Page 34. with their nouns in number and case.

^Adjectives agree

There

—see

an exception

*Bonan matenon

The Adjective.

accusative here, the verb being omitted,

Mi deziras al vi bonan matenon=/ ivish you good morning. Bonan tagon!= Cooc? day I but understood.

The American Esperanto Book

92 'As in

this preposition

English,

may be en

(tn) or

dum

(during).

'See Note •"See

*E1

a. Exercise 9.

Comparison, Page

means

^Tiel

of,

25.

out of, from

among

These are correlative words, the

kiel.

demonstrative and the second relative.

as, so

They

first

being

are translated

as, etc.

^For fall explanation of the uses of si, sin, sia, see Reflexive Pronoun, Page 27, and also examples in Exercise z8.

TRANSLATION *

table. *

White paper is white. The white paper no longer

Paper

table.

Here

Father gave

the

young

a sweet apple.

lies lies

upon the upon the

lady's copy *

Tell

book.

my young

'I do not like obstinate people. ' Good morning "A wish you good day, sir "What a joyous (I wish you). joyous festival "In (on) the sky (there is today). festival " In the day we see the stands the beautiful sun. bright sun, and at night we see the pale moon and " Paper is very white, but snow beautiful stars. " Milk is more nourishing than wine. is whiter. " I have fresher bread than you. "No, you are wrong, sir your bread is less fresh than mine. " Of all my children, Ernest is the youngest. "I

friend a pretty story.

;

as strong as you.

Anthony

"Of

the least wise.

all

his [the] brothers,

Exercises

EXERCISE

feino, fairy.

unu,

vidvo, widower.

du, two.

simila,

karaktero, character.

similar.

like,

one.

vizaf o, face.

povi, can,

pensi,

ambau,

to think.

fiera, proud.

to be able.

both.

oni, one, people, they.

vivi, to live.

plena, full, complete.

portreto, portrait.

laii,

honesta,

krom,

honest.

according

to.

besides.

ec, suffix denoting abstract quality:

bona, good; boneco, goodness.

La Feino ^

Unu *

juna estis

vidvino havis du tiel

filinojn.

pli

mal-

simila al la patrino per sia karaktero

kaj vizago, ke Ciu, kin §in vidis, povis pensi, ke

"Unu here definite.

not an indefinite article, neither

In Exercise 12, Sentence

taj infanoj,

have:

is it

precisely

§iaj tnul-

unuj estas bonaj=(9/' her many children, some are good. The good children receive more or

[certain ones]

less of definite identification

from unuj.

American Esperanto Book

vidas la patrinon kaj

tiel

pli

juna

patro

unu

filino,

sia

ili

ambaiiestis

tiel

malagrablaj^

ke oni ne povis vivi kun

fieraj,

latt

;

ili.

'La

kiu estis la plena portreto de sia

boneco kaj honesteco,

el la plej belaj

krom

estis

tio

knabinoj, kiujn oni povis trovi.

•"Mai always confers a directly opposite meaning.

Although

more agreeable idea is usually expressed by the root word and the opposite by means of mal, it has no significance of bad: Alta, high, malalta, lotu; forta, strong, malforta, tueak. the

TRANSLATION *

older

certain

was so

widow had two daughters.

like her

that every one

mother

who saw

saw (sees) the mother

in character

and face

her might think that he

they were both

;

"The

so dis-

agreeable and proud that one could not live with

them.

The younger daughter, who was

image of her father was,

girls that

the exact

her goodness and honesty,

addition to that, one of the most beautiful

one could

find.

Exercises

EXERCISE

multe, much.

fari,

nur, only.

promeni, to walk. hundo, a dog.

tri, three.

^<?,

/t?

6io, everything.

dek,

fingro, finger.

alia, other.

kvin,

sep, seven,

five.

kvar, /<?ar. mil, thousand.

nau,

make,

ten,

ok, «^^/.

cent, hundred, ses,

«z«^.

minuto, minute.

j/;c.

horo,

^<?ar.

konsisti (el), consist of sekundo, second. monato, month. Januaro, January.

Aprilo, April. jaro, year, Novembro, November, semajno, week. Decembro, December. Dio, God. elekti, choose^ elect. Februaro, February. ti,

sankta,

//.

holy.

krei, to create.

dato, date.

Marto, March.

naski,

it,

to bear,

produce.

sign of past participle

am-it-e, been loved.

*Pli

homoj povas

pli*

multe*

fari

multe ol=Literally, more much than.

unu. It

should be

remembered that pli is merely a word of comparison: Pli granda=/ar^er, "more large"; pli malgfranda=swa&/-, "more small,'

The American Esperanto Book

havas nur unu buSon, sed mi havas du orelojn. 'Li promena§ kun la

dek

tri

fingroj

hundoj.

siaj°

*Li

manoj.

faris Cion '

£1

Siaj

per

multaj

infanoj unuj** estas bonaj kaj aliaj estas malbonaj. *

Kvin

kaj sep faras

dudek.

Kvar

dek du.

kaj dek

'Dek

kaj

dek faras

ok faras dudek du.

Tri-

dek kaj kvardek kvin faras sepdek kvin. '"Mil okcent

naddek

"Li havas dek unu

tri.

infanojn.

**Ses-

dek minutoj faras unu horon, kaj unu minuto konsistas el® sesdek sekundoj.

monato de

"Januaro estas

la jaro, Aprilo estas la kvara,

unua

Novembro

Decembro estas la dek-dua. " La dudeka (tago) de Februaro estas la kvindekunua tago de la jaro. " La sepan tagon de la

estas la dek-unua,

semajno Dio

elektis,

unuaj tagoj.

"Kiun

Kion Dio kreis en

daton*^ ni

havas?

sepa tago de Marto. naskita la

^i estu'pli sankta, ol lases

" Hodiatl

sesa tago?

estas la

dudek

" Georgo Va§ington

dudek duan^ de Februaro de

estis

la jaro mil

sepcent tridek dua'.

'This use of multe final e

quite confusing to the beginner.

The

frequently has a neutral rather than an adverbial sense.

Multaj birdoj, multo da birdoj and multe da birdoj all mean the adverbial form being most often used. This is similarly true of kelke da, which is used instead of

about the same, kelkaj.

Exercises

^i^j

"Be sure that you understand the use of

this

pronoun.

See

Reflexive Pronoun, Page 27.

^See Note

Exercise 11.

«See El, Page 51. *Note that the imperative form clause indicating purpose. ^ What date

have we ?

Esperanto query

is used in a subjunctive See Imperative Mode, Page 34.

Instead of

How

old are you ? the

What age have you?

Neither sur ^See Rides of the Grammar, XIV, Page 17. en (2«)expresses the sense, so we can use jo

(on), 6e {at) nor

or the accusative without a preposition.

We *The adjective ending denotes the ordinal numeral. Nineteen hundred and seven. In Esperanto the sense is always The nineteen-hundred-and-seventh.

say, in English,

TRANSLATION ^

Two men

can do more than one.

one mouth, but

with three dogs.

have two ears. *

fingers of his hands.

are good

make

* I

Of her many

and others are bad.

twelve.

make

have only

takes a walk

did everything with the ten

Ten and

ten

seventy-five.

hundred and ninety-three.

children,

some

Five and seven

make twenty.

and eighteen make twenty-two. five

Four

Thirty and forty-

One

thousand, eight

has eleven chil-

Sixty minutes make one hour, and one hour consists of sixty seconds. ^^ January is the dren.

The American Esperanto Book

pS first

ber

month

of the year, April is the fourth,

the eleventh,

December

twentieth day of February the year.

"The

selected to be

Novem'*

the twelfth.

the

fifty-first

seventh day of the week

more holy than the

The

day of

first six

God days.

" What did God date

is it

create on the sixth day? "What (have we) today. " Today is the twenty-

seventh day of March.

" George Washington was

born on the twenty-second day of February,

in the

year one thousand, seven hundred and thirty-two.

Exercises

EXERCISE

tiu, that.

varma, warm. tempo, ti7ne.

sama, same. teruro, terror. devi, ought. labori, to labor.

kontrau, against. kuiri, to cook. sen, without. inter, between, among, to

Cesi, to cease. afero, affair^ matter.

draw.

tre, very.

proksima,

loko, place.

near. porti, to carry. ig,

suffix,

ordinara, ordinary.

dauri, to continue. persono, a person.

Cerpi,

krufio, pitcher.

meaning

cause to be

pura, pure ;

purigi, purify. eg, suffix of

increased

granda, /ar^^;

degree:

grandega, immense. indicating the place devoted lernejo, a school.

ej, suffix to learn

;

ad, suffix showing continued action spirado, breathing.

lerni,

spiri, to

breathe',

n, sign of accusative case. 6i,

denotes proximity:

tie, there ;

tie

6i, here'\

tio, that\ tio 6i, this.

fojo,

time"

unu

fojo, one time, once;

fojoj,

twice.

l^a

Feino

(Daiirigo) *

Car Ciu amas ordinare personon, kiu estas li^, tial tiu 6i patrino varmege amis sian maljunan filinon, kaj en tiu^ sama tempo §i

simila al pli

— The American Esperanto Book

lOO

havis teniran

malamon

kontrati" la pli juna.

devigis Sin mangi en la kuirejo kaj laboradi sen'Inter aliaj aferoj tiu Ci malfeliCa

Cese.

devis du

fojojn*'

en Ciu tago

malproksima loko grandan kruCon.

kaj

Cerpi

iri

domen*'

alporti

infano

akvon en

tre

plenan

were used it would refer clause, and again refers to persono. the person who is loved. In the same sentence sian is used because it refers to the subject of the phrase in which and not si, because if which is the subject of this

'Li, here,

to kiu,

appears.

•Tiu sama tempo= That same time. Esperanto often uses a demonstrative adjective or pronoun instead of la.

TAalamon would

kontraii=//a/r<'rf ag-ainst. use, in English, ybr or tozuard,

In a similar sense

''Accusative because an implied preposition is omitted. tzi'o times. This is also written dufoje.

we Je

du fojoj^/br

•Domen; literally, housezvardly. Again we see the ready use of the adverbial form. Were the noun domon used here it might mean that the poor girl, in addition to her other burdens, was carrying the housel Domen has the accusative ending to show direction toward the house. See Rule XIII.

TRANSLATION

The Fairy *

As every one him

( Continued )

ordinarily loves a person

who

mother ardently loved her elder daughter, and at the same time she had a terrible hatred against the younger. ' She compelled her to eat in the kitchen and to work inceslike

santly.

had

[self], therefore this

'Among

distant place,

unhappy child draw water in a very

other things this

to go, twice every day, to

and carry home,

full,

a large pitcher.

Exercises

EXERCISE urbo, town.

joi

logi, to lodge, reside.

a6eti, to buy.

aii, or.

kulero, spoon. re, back, again.

forko, fork. mono, money.

danki, to thank. peti, request, ask. post, after, behind.

ankau, also. kiam, when.

"por, for.

bezoni, to need, want, pagi, to pay. §tofo, goods, stuff. kosti, to cost. Ciam, always. Jeti, to throw. venki, to conquer. psi§o, page. fini, to end, to finish. se, if. tuta, 7vhole, entire. da, of; used after words

expressing weight or

measure. prunti, as a loan

;

lend or borrow prunte doni, prunte preni, to take as a loan.

;

ant, ending of active participle, loving, being now loving.

give

present tense

amante, obi,

.fold:

duobla, twofold, double. duope, by or

op, suffix of collective numeral two together. in twos

;

on, suffix of fractionals

Mi havas

pomoj.

Tiu

duono,

half.

*Mi havas centon*da urbo havas milionon da logantoj.

cent pomojn. ei

The cardinal numerals are not changed. When say cento, milo, dekduo, etc., we have substantives, which take the regular case and number changes. The two forms are used interchangeably. Mil homoj, milo da homoj, are both correct. "Centon.

;

The American Esperanto Book

loa *

aCetis

dekduon

du dekduojn da

forkoj. *

jaroj) faras miljaron.

monon, kiun

dek-duon) da kuleroj kaj

(ati

vi pruntis al

por la prunto

;

trie^

Mil jaroj

(ati

milo da

Unue mi redonas ;

al vi la

due mi dankas vin

mi petas vin ankaii poste

prunti al mi, kiam mi bezonos mpnon.

'Por Ciu

tago mi ricevas kvin frankojn, sed por la hodiaJia tago mi ricevis duoblan pagon,

dek frankojn. *

" Ok

Tri estas duono de ses.

" Kvar metroj

de dek. frankojn frankojn

;

" Tiuj

Kvinope

tial,

aii

" Unu tago estas

tri-

tricent-sesdek-sesono

sin Jetis sur min, sed

ili

"Por

dek du pomojn, kaj pomoj.

Stofo kostas naii

du amikoj promenas Ciam duope®.

kvin atakantojn.

tri

estas kvar kvinonoj

da** tiu Ci

da frankoj).

cent-sesdek-kvinono jaro.

(=tio estas)

du metroj kostas kvar kaj duonon

tial

(aii

t. e.

Kvinoble*' sep estas tridek kvin.

Tiu

al Ciu el la infanoj Ci

mi venkis

miaj kvarinfanoj mi aCetis

libro

mi donis po'

havas sesdek pagojn

se mi legos* en Ciu tago po dek kvin pa^oj,

iinos la tutan libron

en kvar tagoj.

•"Note the addition of e to form adverbial ordinals: due, \x\t=^ Firstly, secondly, thirdly.

Unue,

Unuobla, single, duobia, See again the use of the adverbial ending. This has a neutral sip.nincance (Note b, Exercise 12). Kvinoble sep has a noun value and is the subject of the sentence. •"Suffix

double.

of multiplication, -obi-:

Exercises

103

This preposition, translated

^Da.

used with words See Da, De, P. 50.

of, is

indicating quantity, weight, measure, etc.

*The

collective

suflBx

'Po means at the rate per, see

Esperanto has no exact English tzuos, by threes.

Duope, triope=^>'

equivalent.

Page

of.

For

distinction

between po and

55.

^Here, although the sentence is conditional in sense, the conditional mode is not used. After se, the endings as, os and is are frequently used.

TRANSLATION *

have one hundred apples. ^

*'of" apples. ' I

itants.

* I

have a hundred

This city has a million of inhab-

bought a dozen spoons and two dozen

^A thousand years

forks.

(or,

a thousand oi years)

make a millenium. 'First, I return to j'ou money which you lent me second, I thank you ;

the loan

;

ask you also to lend to

third, I

wards, when

shall need

that

thirty-five. fifths

cost

and a

is, '

ten

francs.

Three

of ten.

nine francs half francs

therefore (or

receive double

*Five times seven

" Eight

half of six.

"Four meters ;

for

after-

'For each day

money.

receive five francs, but for today

pay,

the

of this

four-

material

two meters cost four

of francs^.

One day

The American Esperanto Book

104-

three-hundred-and-sixty-fifth, or a three-hundred-

"These two friends " Five together they

and-sixty-sixth, of a year.

always walk (two) together.

threw themselves upon me, but assailants.

three apples.

day,

overcame

"For my four children

apples, and to each of

fore, if I

them

bought twelve

gave at the rate of

" This book has

sixty pages

read at the rate of fifteen

shall finish the entire

all five

book

;

there-

pages every

in four days.

Exercises

105

EXERCISE

fonto, source.

riCa, rich

volonte, willingly. lavi, to wash.

sub, under, beneath.

teni, to hold, grasp.

oportuna, opportune.

trankvila, quiet.

soifi, to thirst.

tuj, immediately.

donaci, make a present, preni, preni,

to take.

formo, form.

to take.

gentila, polite.

vilafo, village. 6e,

at.

This word is used as a suffix to viro, a man. designate the male of animals bovviro, kokviro. :

La FeinO *

En unu*

venis al al

t'\°

§i

tago,

kiam

(Daiirigo). §i

estis

apud

tiu

malriCa virino, kiu petis §in, ke

"Tre

trinki*^.

fonto, §i

donu

volonte, mia bona," diris la

*See Note a. Exercise 11. Here, in both Esperanto and we do not use owe in a numerical sense, but as a

English,

semi-definite article. ''Five times in this sentence §i occurs.

might think that

first,

the student

could be substituted somewhere, but observe

each instance the action or thought passes from one The zvoman came to the girl and asked other the girl that the girl give a drink to the zvoman.

that in

person

to the

The American Esperanto Book

io6

Kaj

bela knabino.

akvon en

Cerpis

lavis sian** kruCon kaj

tuj

la plej

pura loko de

la fonto kaj

Ciam subtenante'

alportis^ al la virinon,

por ke la virino povu trinki

bona virino trankviligis sian

knabino:

*Kiam

oportune.

pli

la kruCon,

soifon, §i diris al

**Vi estas tiel bela, tiel

bona kaj

honesta, ke mi devas fari al vi donacon" Ci estis feino,

kiu prenis sur sin la formon de mal-

riCa vila^a virino, por^ vidi,

granda estos

kiel

"*Mi

gentileco de tiu Ci juna knabino). vi

donacon," dadrigis

kiun vi diros,

tiel

(Car tio

faras

la feino, **ke Ce** Ciu

via buSo eliros

aii floro

aii*

vorto,

multe-

kosta gtono."

*That she give her to drink. This use of the infinitive, though once common in the English, is now obsolete, and represents a peculiarity of Esperanto which the student should

remember. ••Here, sian, the reflexive

pronoun which always refers to The girl washed

the subject of the clause, is properly used

the girls pitcher.

•See Note

'The use

Exercise

of the adverbial ending here supports our previous

statements that this frequently

When

the

fluanta

participle

akvo^^/loivirig

predicate,

zvater.

qualifying

When

preceded by some form of

La akvo

estas fluanta=7'/!^

ever,

refers

has a neutral significance.

directly

the

water

noun, yet

it is adjectival:

is Jloicing. is

a part of the

esti, it is adjectival

When, how-

not connected with

Exercises ways,

either of these

107

adverbial

Fluante,

akvo sin

purigas=(When)^ott/2«^, -water furifies itself. ^ For to see,

for

to do, etc., are forms of expression often

Per means in order

used.

See uses of

fie,

Page

'Observe use of au

to,

for the purpose

49.

zxx=^either

TRANSLATION

The Fairy ^

One

came

day,

or.

(continued)

when she was near

to her a poor

give her a drink.

of.

the spring, there

woman, who asked her ^

'Very willingly,

[woman]," said the beautiful

girl.

that she

good

^And she

once washed her pitcher and drew water in the cleanest place in the spring

woman, the the

the

all

and carried

[it] to

the

the time holding the pitcher, in order that

woman could drink more conveniently. *When good woman had quieted her thirst, she said to girl: "You are so beautiful, so good and so

I must make you a gift" (for this was who had taken upon herself the form of a poor village woman, to see how great would be the ^"I make j'ou a politeness of this young girl).

honest, that

fairy,

gift,

continued the fairy, "that at every word which

you say there

shall

come out

a flower or a precious stone."

your mouth either

American Esperanto Book

io8

EXERCISE

ci, thou.

anstataii, instead of,

uzi, to use.

tranCi, to cut.

niso, a Russian.

gardeno, a garden.

voki,

fidela, faithful.

to call.

vero, truth.

vintro, winter.

hejti, to heat.

forno, stove.

il,

suffix indicating tool

to cut; tranCilo,

legas*.

ordinare vi^. bino.

nisoj.

gardeno.

instrument

tranfii,

*Ci skribas (anstatatt ci oni uzas '

Li estas knabo, kaj

estas kna-

tranCilo tranCas bone, tax gi estas akra.

*Ni estas homoj. '

a knife.

Vi estas infanoj.

Kie^ estas la knaboj?

" Kie

estas

'Ill

estas

'Hi estas en

knabinoj?

"Hi

ankaii

" Kie estas la tranCiloj? "Hi kuSas sur la tablo. " Mi vokas la knabon, kaj li " Mi vokas la knabinon, kaj Si venas. venas. " La infano ploras, Car gi*' volas mangi. " La " Knabo, vi infanoj ploras, Car ili volas manî. estas negentila.** "Sinjoro, vi estas neêntila. "Sinjoroj, vi estas neêntilaj. "Mia hundo, vi " Oni® diras, ke la vero Ciara estas tre fidela. " En la vintro oni hejtas la foinojn. venkas. estas en la gardeno.

"Kiam

oni estas riCa (aCi riCaj) oni havas multajn'

amikojn.

a :

Exercises

109

* See uses of the present tense, page 30.

Kie may have either an interrogatory or relative sense Iru kie gloro vin atendas=6'o xuhere glory tuaits thee ''

^ hs,

in English,

when unnecessary

it (gi) is

used with reference to a child,

to specify sex.

•^Ne has only a neutral significance and does not mean, mal, the direct opposite. Here, the sense is that the boy not polite, though not necessarily that he is rude.

like is

* Oni translates the English o7ie or they in such sentences as one ought, they say, etc. As the author indicates (Sentence 24), it may be followed by a plural adjective if the sense requires this. Oni is always nominative, its accusative and possessive being reflexive, sin, sia Oni devas sin gardi rilate sian reputacion=(9«e ought to watch himself zuith resfect to his reputation. :

*See Note

b, exercise 12.

TRANSLATION ^

reading.

(thou)

boy, and she it is

sharp.

Thou

art writing

—instead of

ordinarily use vi (you).

^We

girl.

The

are men.

'He

knife cuts well, *

You

is.

for

are children.

* Where ^They are Russians. are the boys? 'They are in the garden. ^^ Where are the girls ?

"They

*^ also are in the garden. Where are knives? "They lie upon the table. ^* I call ^^ I call the girl, boy, and he comes. and ^* comes ? The child cries because it wants to "The children cry, because they wish to

the the she eat.

eat.

" Boy, you are impolite. ^' Sir, you are impolite. you are impolite. ** My dog, you are very *^ faithful. They say that truth always conquers. "^ ^* In the winter they heat the stoves. When one is rich, one has many friends.

^"Sirs,

Th< American Esperanto Book

EXERCISE

kial, why, wherefore.

insulti, to insult.

frue, early.

pardoni,

longa, long.

salti, to leap,

perlo, pearl.

granda, great,

diamanto, diamond.

miri,

Sajni, to seem.

nomi,

naiva, naive.

okazi,

dum,

sendi,

to send.

during, while.

to forgive.

jump. large.

wonder. name. happen.

kapabla, capable.

La Feino *

Kiam

knabino venis domen,

tiu t\ bela

patrino insultis^ Sin, kial

***Pardonu

la fonto. feliCa

kiam tri

"ke mi

knabino,

(Dafirigo)

revenis

tiel

Sia

malfrue de

mi, patrino," diris la maltestis

tiel

longe''."

Kaj

parolis tiujn Ci vortojn, elsaltis" el Sia buSo

rozoj,

perlo j

tri

kaj

grandaj diamantoj.

tri

***Kion mi vidas!" diris Sia patrino kun grandega miro.

'"Sajnas

kaj diamantoj

'(Tio filino).

estis

al *

mi, ke

el Sia

kio tio

unua

fojo,

buSo elsaltas perloj venas, mia filino?"

nomis Sin

'LamalfeliCa infano rakontis

Cion, kio okazis al

Si,

kaj,

dum

al Si

sia

naive

parolis, elfalis el

Exercises §ia

bugo multego da diamantoj.

"mi devas

diris la patrino, ^"

ii i

Marinjo,

fratino,

rigardu,

kiam

§i

kio

parolas

;

tien*^

fiu®

akvon

kaj

;

de vi trinki, vi donos gin

estas tiel,"

bu§o de via

ne estus

al vi

agrable

"Vi devas nur

iri

kiam malriSa virino petos al gi gentile."

—

literally, insulted her zvhy. In English would not be the proper word, though obviously the

*Insultis Sin kial insult

"Se

sendi mian filinon.

eliras

havi tian saman kapablon? la fonto Carpi

writer intends to express a humiliating invasion of the girl's dignity

and "feelings."

''Longe be joined.

adverbial, there being no noun to

say

dum

tia

which

longa tempo, the

could

adjective

of course properly used. '^

See Note

Exercise

^ Accusative sign for direction.

words of direction as that adverbs

®Cu

It is

not proper to refer to

in the "accusative case," as

may have this

it is

seen

ending.

when no other estas?= ^FA^;v are you? Here, kie indicates the question. 6u vi estas en la Aatnoi^Are you in the house? {zvhether)

word indicates

it.

the sign of the question,

Kie

TRANSLATION

The Fairy ^When

(

Continued )

this beautiful girl

went home, her mother

insultingly asked (insulted) her

why

she returne

The American Esperanto Book

iia

'"Pardon me, mother,"

so late from the spring. said the

unhappy

"for staying so long."

girl,

'And when she spoke from her mouth three

these words

large diamonds. ***What do in intense

mouth

wonder.

'"It seems to

'(This was the

first

her daughter). lessly all that

number

happened fell

of diamonds.

to her,

***If

must send

;

would

woman

asks of you

be so,"

said

daughter there. sister's

mouth

" You need only go

spring to draw water,

to her politely."

and while

not be pleasing to you

have the same capability? the

art-

out of her mouth a

"Molly, look what comes out of your

'Whence

time that she [had] called her

[had]

*'l

when she speaks

daughter?"

*The unhappy child told her

she was speaking [there]

the mother,

that from her

out pearls and diamonds

leap

leaped

and three

see !" said her mother

(from what) comes this thing,

great

[there]

roses, three pearls

and when a poor

[a] to drink,

you

will give

— Exercises

EXERCISE

113

kuri, to run.

vespero, evening.

Cu, whether.

edzo, husband. nova, new.

montri,

show.

mem, self.

vesti, to clothe. zorgi, care, be anxious,

gardi,

gasto, guest.

akompani, accompany.

^is,

serdi, to search.

until.

2ip to,

pupo,

to ivatch.

forgesi, to forget.

doll.

facila, easy.

Li amas min, sed mi

lin bati,

sed

nomon.

Venu

Cu"

apartenas

mia patro estas edzino

* etc.,

tre*'

^Diru

volis

mi vian

skribu al mi tiajn longajn leterojn.

mi hodiau* vespere.

historion.

domo

ne amas.

forkuris de mi.

lin

diros

vi al

Mi rakontos

al vi

veron?

*Li estas mia onklo, Gar

li.

lia frato.

^°

Sinjoro Petro kaj lia

amas miajn infanojn

;

mi ankau

tre

Together with tomorroiu ei'ening, yesterday morning, Esperanto has today morning and today evening.

•^See Note ''Tre,

English

much,

Exercise 17.

rendered

we would

etc.

very,

modifies verbs

use another

adverb

directly, while in

very greatly,

very

The American Esperanto Book

XI4

amas

"Mi amas min

veston.

amas

" Mia

sin

gastojn

;

sed

;

mem

mi vian novan

amas vin mem, homo amas sin mem. ke li amas lin pli, ol si

mem**, vi Ciu

pri §i tiel, kiel

mi zorgas

ne zorgas pri

tute

" Miaj

ne gardas.

domo

sia

kaj

akompanis

si® kaj

eliris

gis

ilin

" Mi jam havas mian Capelon nun " Mi lavis min en mia Cambro, vian.

domo. vi

;

lavis sin en sia Cambro.

pupon

mi montris

;

" Oni ne forgesas ^

Mem

means

"La

kun ilia

serCu kaj

infano serCis sian

al la infano, kie

facile sian

pri

fratoj havis hodiati

post la vespermango niaj fratoj

gastoj el

kaj

" Mi zorgas

mem

mem,

frato diris al Stefano,

mem. tute

"Montru

iliajn (infanojn).

kuSas ^ia pupo.

unuan amon.

self in the sense of personality,

and can be

used with the personal pronouns.

and sin refer back to Si: she does not care Examine carefully all sentences using si, sia, comparing them with the accompanying translations.

•Here,

about herself.

and

sin,

TRANSLATION '

loves me, but

do not love him.

to beat him, but he ran

your name.

*Do

away from me.

not write

* I '

such long

wished

Tell

letters.

;

Exercises

Come

you a story.

tell *

me [my

father

love

Will you

to him. '"

his brother.

will

the truth?

uncle, for

Mr. Peter and his wife also love theirs

;

Show me your new

tell

very much

children

very much.

house] this evening. ^

The house belongs

115

coat.

love

you love yourself, he loves himself, and " My brother told every man loves himself. myself,

Stephen that he loves him

take care of her as

care for myself

takes no care at

all of herself

herself

already have

washed myself

herself in her room. doll

but she

house with the guests and

brothers')

(the

its

;

and does not guard

brothers had guests today

accompanied them to

himself.

evening meal our brothers went out of

after the their

all.

more than

;

hat in

their ;

now you

my room

look for yours.

and she washed

" The child was looking

showed the

" One does not

(the guests') house.

child

where

for

its doll lay.

easily forget one's first love.

The American Esperanto Book

Xl6

EXERCISE murmuri,

murmur,

vazo,

vase.

argento, silver. princo, prince. speciala, special.

certa, certain, sure.

koleri, to be angry.

servi, to serve.

serpento,

Tzno^frog.

apenaii, scarcely.

opinio, opinion.

serpent.

us, ending of verbs, conditional mode. ar, suffix of collective ;

arbo,

em,

suffix

stairs

tree

;

(Dafirigo)

tre bele*," respondislafilinomal^entile,

"ke mi

iru al la fonto

iru**,"

diris

"Mi

volas ke vi tien

patrino, **kaj iru tuj."

sed Ciam murmurante.

venis al la fonto.

vidis

vestitan*^, kiu eliris el la

estis

tiu

sama

*La

filino

*Si prenis la plej belan

argentan vazon, kiu estis en la logejo.

(tio Ci

Stuparo,

;

La Feino

iris,

;

showing a tendency or inclination: babilema, talkative.

babili, to chatter

'"Estus

Stupo, step

arbaro, forest.

unu

'Apenaii

sinjorinon, tre riCe

arbaro kaj petis de

Si trinki

feino, kiu prenis sur sin la

formon kaj vestojn de princino, por

vidi,

kiel

— Exercises

granda

estos*^ la

mi venis

malboneco detiu

knabino). *"Cu

tien 6i," diris al §i la malgentila kaj fiera

"por doni

knabino,

alportis argentan

vazon speciale por *

akvon,

^Certe,

trinki?

trinki al tiu t\ sinjorino

mem

117

tio,

Mia opinio

volas

trinki."

por® doni

estas:

prenu

"Vi

tute ne

"**Bone,

estas ^entila, " diris la feino sen kolero.

tax vi estas

tiel

servema, mi faras al vi donacon,

ke Ce 6iu vorto, kiun vi diros, eliros

via bu§o

serpento au rano."

aii

* Be sure that

used.

See Note

you understand why the adverbial form is Exercise 7, and Adverbial Ending, P. 25.

^Imperative mode in a subjunctive clause. •^

34.

the substantive to which

Vestitan, though following

belongs (sinjorinon),

See Page

considered directly qualifying

a very

If between the substantive and participle any form of esti, the participle would be

richly-dressed lady. there

intervened

nominative. ^

See Note g. Exercise 14.

Estos instead of estus.

•See Note A, Exercise

12.

TRANSLATION

The Fairy *

**It

rudely,

would be very '*for

•

(

Continued )

fine," replied the

(that

should)

daughter

go to the

xz8

The American Esperanto Book

spring.**

"I want you to go there," said the

mother, "and go at once but grumbling

all

'The daughter went,

the time.

beautiful silver vase that

was

She took the most

in the house.

She

had scarcely reached the spring [when] she saw a lady, very richly dressed, who came out of the

and asked her

forest

same

fairy,

for

a drink (this was that

who had taken upon herself the form to see how great would be

and dress of a princess,

"'Did

the badness of this girl). to her the rude

'Certainly,

and proud

girl,

take the water

'"You are not

yourself,

gift

' 1

My opinion

you wish

is,

to drink."

at all polite," said the fairy, without

""Well, since you are so

you the

said

brought a silver vase especially (for

that) to give a drink to this lady

anger.

come here,"

"to give you a drink?

that at every

obliging,

word you

make

(shall) say,

from your mouth shall come either a snake or a frog."

Exercises

EXERCISE sidi, to

119

silenti, to be silent.

sit.

hierau, yesterday.

renkonti,

saluti, greet, salute.

sabato, Saturday.

to meet.

morgaii, tomorrow.

diman6o, Sunday.

vendredo, Friday. plezuro, pleasure.

lundo, Monday. kuzo, cousin. horlogo, clock.

timi, to fear.

dormi,

to sleep.

veki, to wake.

scii, to

know.

viziti, to visit.

leciono,

puni,

instrui, to teach,

lesson.

surda, deaf.

to punish.

muta, mute.

tu§i, to touch..

spegulo, viirror. kara, dear. ordoni, order, command, babili, to chatter. kandelo, candle, gsij^> <?'^>'> glad. danci, to dance. morti, to die. petoli, to be mischievous.

which contains ruso, Rusujo, Russia cigarujo, cigar-case.

uj, suffix indicating that

a Russian

;

Nun mi *

legas.

legas^, vi legas kaj

Vi skribas, kaj

filon,

kaj

legas

;

la infanoj skribas

sidas silente kaj skribas.

vian

;

gentile

;

ili

6iuj

Ciuj

Hierau mi renkontis

salutis min.

Hodiaii

Note again the use of the simple verb, legas, where in we would say am reading.

English

The American Esperanto Book

I20

estas sabato, kaj morgaii estos dimanCo. estis

vendredo,

'Antati

tri

faris*' al

post-morgaii

kaj

tagoj^'mi vizitis vian kuzon, kaj

plezuron.

jam

logon? 'Mi gin ankoraii ne serCis

Hieraii

lundo.

estos

mia

vizito

trovis vian hor-

kiam mi finos mian laboron, mi serCos mian horlogon, sed mi ' Kiam mi venis timas, ke mi gin jam^ ne trovos. al li, li dermis; sed mi lin vekis. "Se mi estus® Sana, mi estus® feliCa. "Se li scius®, ke mi estas " Se la lernanto scius tie ei, li tuj venus® al mi. bone sian lecionon, la instruanto lin ne punus. " Kial vi ne respondas al mi ? ^* Cu vi estas surda " Infano, ne tuSu la spegumuta? " Iru for *' " Karaj infanoj, estu Ciam honestaj lon Li " kaj mi venu, pardonos al li. Ordonu al li, ke li ne babilu. ** Petu gin, ke Si sendu al mi kandelon. *'Ni estu' gajaj, ni uzu bone la vivon, Car la vivo ne estas longa. " Si volas danci. *' Morti pro la '*La infano ne Cesas patrujo estas agrable^. zXjl.

;

petoli. ''

ago.

This does not mean before three days, but three days See Antaii, Pp. 48, 49.

"^Fari is usually translated /o make, to do. Here, it means give, analogous with our English use of make when we say "m4ike you a present."

*'Jam, translated already, is used in this sentence where no such word would be required in English, and its significance can best be understood by a careful study of its uses in these Exercises. See Note c. Lesson 6.

Mr. Bullen, in his Standard Course of Esperanto, "This sentence should be carefully noted, as it illustrates the fact that Esperanto always uses the conditional in -us, where a real condition or supposition (that is. that the "

says:

Exercises

I2I

We observe here that both fact is non-existetit) is implied." verbs are conditional: // / zu&re Jtealthy (but I am not) I should

haffy

(but I

not).

'Note the various uses of the imperative in this Exercise. In English, the imperative is used for direct command or entreaty, but in Esperanto we have mi iru, ni iru, etc. ^See Note c. Exercise 7.

TRANSLATION ^

Now

are all reading.

write

they

;

reading, you are reading ^

You

;

are

are writing, and the children

all sit silently

and

write.

Yesterday

met your son and he greeted me politely. * Today ' Yesis Saturday and tomorrow will be Sunday. terday was Friday, and the day after tomorrow " Three days ago I visited your will be Monday. Have cousin, and my visit gave him pleasure. you already found your clock ? * I have not yet looked for it when I finish my work I shall look I

;

for

'When

clock, I

came

but to

fear that

him he was

shall not find

sleeping, but

it.

awoke

"If him. ^^ If I were well, I should be happy. he knew that I am here, he would come to me at ^^If the pupil knew his lesson well, the once. ^^ Why do you not teacher would not punish him. " Are you deaf or dumb ? ^^ Go answer me ? " Dear " Child, do not touch the mirror away 1

children, be always honest. ^^

" Let him come, and

Order him not to chatter. ^"Ask her to send me a candle. ^^Let us be joyful, ^^ She not long. let us use life well, for life is ^^To die for one's country is wishes to dance. ^* pleasant. The child does not cease to be misI will

forgive him.

chievous.

;

The American Esperanto Book

laa

EXERCISE rimarki, remark, nu well!

notice

krii, to cry,

jes, yes.

kulpa, blameable. kaSi, to hide, conceal. Casi, to hunt. rego, king. demandi, demand, ask. sola, alone. pro, for the sake of. ho oh! !

ho ve

a/^^/

alas!

ek denotes sudden or momentary action to cry

La Feino ^

Apenau

krii,

(Daflrigo).

Sia patrino Sin rimarkis, Si kriis al

**Nu, mia filino?" Si la

ekkrii, to cry out.

;

patrino," respondis al

*'*Jes,

mal^entilulino^, eljetante

unu ranon.

"*Ho,

Si:

unu serpenton

Cielol" ekkriis

kaj

patrino,

"kion mi vidas?

*Sia fratino en 6io estas kulpa

mi pagos

tio Ci

Sin.

al Si

*La

la plej

por

Kaj

proksima arbaro.

filo

revenis de Caso, Sin renkontis estas

tiel

Si tuj

kuris bati

malfeliCainfano forkuris kaj kaSis sin en

bela,

demandis

;

Sin,

kion

kaj pro kio Si ploras.

t\ tute

sola,

sinjoro,

mia patrino

forpelis

min

la re^o, kiu

kaj, vidante,

el la

faras^ tie

"*Ho dome."

ve,

Exercises

123

*In this word we have our first combination of two sufiSxes There is no limit to the combination of these so long as the meaning is clear. Here, the meaning is offosite-polite-ferson-feminine a rude girl or woman.

—

••Faras.

This word

time referred to

in the present tense, although the

See The Present Tense, Page

past.

TRANSLATION

The Fairy ^

(Continued)

Scarcely had her mother observed her [when]

she cried to her

mother," replied

"Well,

daughter?"

her the rude one,

blame

for everything

;

will

pay her

^And she immediately ran to beat

unhappy

child ran

nearest forest.

away and hid

;

all

alone, sir,

this *

her.

The

herself in the

and observing that she was

so beautiful, he asked her what she

*"Alas,

for

^The king's son, who was returning

from a hunt, met her

here

**'Yes,

throwing

^"Oh heaven " exclaimed mother, "what do I see? * Her sister is to

out a snake and a frog. the

30.

and

for

was

(is)

what she was

mother drove

me from

doing

crying.

the house."

Review the preceding Exercises, reading aloud the Esperanto text. Learn to think in Esperanto, grasping the idea from the Esperanto word, with no thought of English. Memorize the ideas of the vocabularies, not the definitions.

The American Esperanto Book

134

EXERCISE flui, to

movi,

flow.

move.

strato, street.

fali, to fall.

peki, to

intend,

levi, to

sin.

to intend.

riprofii, to reproach.

li/ty raise.

pasi, to pass.

mensogi, to tell a neniam, never.

neniu, nobody.

atendi,

savi, to save.

mondo,

lingvo, language.

grava, important grave.

pasero, a sparrow.

kapti, to catch.

meriti,

to merit.

lie.

to wait, expect,

world. ,

agio, eagle.

soldato,

jugi, to judge y try.

konduki,

aresti, to arrest.

tra, through.

soldier. to conduct.

at, sign of present passive participle

amate,

being loved. int, sign of the past active participle

having

aminte,

loved.

ont, sign of future active participle

amonte,

being about to love. ot, sign of future passive participle

amote,

being about to be loved.

Fluanta akvo estas

senmove. *

pli

pura

Promenante* sur^

Kiam Nikodemo batas

akvo staranta

la strato,

Jozefon,

falis.

tiam Nikodemo

— Exercises

125

*A1

estas la batanto*' kaj Jozefo estas la batato.

homo,

^Trovinte pomon,

homo ne povis Car vi

Dio

pekinta*^ senintence,

mem

'Lafalinta

mi gin mangis.

sin levi.

ripro6u vian amikon,

pli multe meritas riproCon

unufoja® mensoginto,

dum

pardonas.

facile

estas

;

estas nur

ankorau nun

"Adverbial ending, because not directly connected with See Note/", Exercise 15.

the subject.

•*

Observe use of preposition sur.

See Substantival Participle, Page 40.

This participle

ifies

homo

directly

adjectival in form, not because

an unintentionally-sinning man

mod-

—but

because it is predicative, kiu estas being omitted in English, a man zuho has sinned unintentionally. But if kiu were ;

a verb other than estas, then the participle Al would stand detached, and take the adverbial ending homo kiu, pekinte senintence, pentas, Dio facile pardonas= The Tuan zuho, havi7ig sinned unintentionally, refents, God readily pardons.

the subject of

The person a one-time ferson-^ivho-has-lied. In lie, therefore the past form, -into. the same sentence, mensoganto is in the present form because it refers to some one who is a general liar as the person ® Literally,

referred to has told a

;

speaking

tells

him, with commendable candor,

all-t he-time liar.

still,

nozv,

The American Esperanto Book

Z36

eiam mensoganto. revenos •

Venu,

;

pasinta^ jam

neniam

tempon venontan neniu ankoraii konas.

"En

ni atendas vin, Savonto de la mondo.

lingvo "Esperanto" ni vidas laestontan lingvon

" Aiigusto

de la tuta mondo.

"Mono

filo.

havata estas

" Pasero kaptita **

La tempo

" Li

estas

mia

plej

amata

grava, ol havita.

pli

bona, ol agio kaptota.

pli

soldatoj kondukis la arestitojn tra la stratoj.

" Homo, kiun

venis al mi tute neatendite.

oni devas jugi, estas jugoto.

'This meaning can be expressed time.

Tempo

Tempo, will

Tempo

pasinta=/'a*^

•^&9mXA=Ttme zvhich fias fassed. jam neniam reveno8= Time, having passed^

kiu esXas

pasinte,

never return.

TRANSLATION *

still.

Flowing water *

While walking

purer than water standing in the street, I fell.

Nicodemus beats Joseph, then Nicodemus beater and Joseph

pardons a '

Having found an

apple,

could not raise himself. friend, for

the

*God readily

the beaten.

man who has

'When

sinned unintentionally. I

ate

'Do

it.

The

fallen

man

not reproach your

you yourself more deserve reproach

;

Exercises

only once a *

liar.

127

while you are

liar,

The past time

will

Savior of the world.

now, always

never return

;

the

'Come, we await

future time no one yet knows.

you,

still,

" In

the

language

"Esperanto" we see the future language of the whole world. " Augustus is my most beloved son. ^^

Money had [now]

which has] been had.

more important than

[that

sparrow caught

" The

better than an eagle to be caught.

" He

led the arrested persons through the streets.

came

The the

the accused (person to be tried).

student has observed that while sometimes

translations

Esperanto text so English,

this

these Exercises

literally as

not invariable

translation follows the thought

the text.

"A man whom

quite unexpectedly.

they have to try

soldiers

The

;

the

make very poor frequently the

closely than

student will find fewer parenthetical

explanations as he proceeds and will rely more and

more upon his own perceptions and style of Esperanto.

grasp the

spirit

The American Esperanto Book

xa8

EXERCISE

kelke, some.

aventuro, adventure.

konsideri,

inda, worthy, valuable.

to consider,

palaco, palace. akcepti, to accept.

doto, dowry.

propra,

(one's) own.

angulo, corner, angle.

baldaii, soon. ig, to

become

pala, pale

je, indefinite preposition.

La Feino *

kiu

regido,

vidis,

;

paligi, to turn pale.

See

p. 53.

(Fino)

buSo

gia

eliris

kelke* da perloj kaj kelke da diamantoj, petis Sin,

ke al

dim

li,

de kie

tie Ci

sian tutan aventuron.

tia

kapablo havas

pli

venas.

'La

Si rakontis

regido konsideris,

grandan indon,

ol Cio,

kion oni povus doni dote al alia fratilino, forkondukis^ Sin al la palaco de sia patro, la rego, kie

edzigis je

Si.

Sed

povas

diri,

malaminda, ke Sia propra patrino

farigis^ tiel

Sin forpelis

pri Sia fratino ni

;

kaj la malfeliCa knabino, multe

kurinte kaj trovinte neniun. kiu volis Sin akcepti, baldati mortis en angulo de arbaro.

la©

Exercises *Kelke.

See No^e

Exercise 12.

^Conducted away. For, with other Esperanto adverbs and prepositions, is often thus joined to the verb instead of following

it.

• Pari, to

make;

farifi, to

become.

TRANSLATION

The Fairy *

The

issued tell

prince,

who saw

this

that

from her mouth

came.

She

told

him her

'The prince considered

whole adventure. gift

Concluded )

pearls and diamonds, begged her to

some

him whence

such a

(

had greater value than

all

that

which one

could give as a dowry to another maiden,

[and]

took her away to the palace of his father, the king,

where he married

we may say

her.

that she

own mother drove unhappy

girl,

her

But concerning her

sister

became so hateful that her

away from her

;

and the

having run about a great deal and

having found no one who wished to receive, her, soon died

a comer of the forest.

The American Esperanto Book

X30

EXERCISE

saloho, drawing-room. OS, sign of future tense of verbs

amos,

7vill

love.

al *

Nun H

la veron.

Kiam

veron

{zXx

antaiie diros al

veron

diros al mi la veron). al

Kiam

veron

la veron).

veron. la

veron

(ati

'Se mi petus farus

"Mi

mi volas

veron).

lin,

vera

(aCi

mi,

al mi, li

dirus se

estus dirinta

'Kiam mi venos, diru

estu dirinta al

estu

la veron.

eraron,

volas diri al vi la veron. diris,

diris

estos dirinta

venos

" Kiam mia patro venos, diru (aii

la veron).

venos

antatie*^ dirus al mi la veron (ad se

antaii^ ol vi

'Mi ne

la veron.

estis dirinta al

aii

;

Hierad

en la salono, lijam antatie diris

*Li diros al mi la veron.

jam

la veron.

Li Ciam diradis*

vi vidis nin

diras al

mi antatie

veron).

"Mi

volas, ke tio, kion esti dirinta la

Exercises *-'D\n, to

say ;

ad, sufi^

continues to say, to

Antau

ol,

131

continued action;

See Page

before than.

49.

''Observe that the conditional, or -us mood,

Here, the past tense

Now

tells

me the truth. *When you saw

me '

told

the

the truth.

previously have told told

the truth

;

me the truth). would tell me the truth. if

always

Yesterday he

truth.

tells

me the

truth.

me the

truth.

will

When you come to me he will me the truth (or he will have or, before you come to me he

will tell

the mistake

us in the drawing-room he had

already (previously) told tell

has no time.

inferred from antaiie.

TRANSLATION *

diradaSi

tell.

should ask him, he

should not have made

he had previously told

the truth.

When I shall come, tell me the truth. " When my father comes, tell me (previously) the truth.

•

said be true (or, I wish to have told the truth).

wish to

tell

you the

truth.

wish that what

connection with this Exercise the student

should review the conjugations of the Infinitive,

Imperative and Conditional modes.

See pp. 32-35.

The American Esperanto Book

132

EXERCISE

inviti, to invite.

komerci,

to trade,

sekvi, to follow.

konstrui,

to construct.

Suldi, to owe.

oro, gold.

ringo, ring.

lerta, skillful.

projekto, project.

infeniero, engineer,

fero, iron.

vojo, road, way.

agi, to act.

pastro,

kameno,

poto, pot.

fire-place.

kaldrono, kettle. vaporo, steam.

priest, pastor,

boli, to boil.

pordo, door.

korto, yard, court. aj,

something made from or possessing the qualmalnova, old; malnovajo, an old thing;

ity of:

frukto, fruit

* Mi ' estis amata. Mi estos Mi estus* amata. ' Estu amata. * Esti

estas amata.

amata.

Vi estas lavita.

estos lavita.

" Esti

lavita.

invitota.

" Estu

fruktajo, something made from fruit.

;

Vi estis lavita.

" Vi estus* lavita. "Estu lavita. " Li estas invitota. " Li estis

"Li

estos invitota.

" Esti

"Li

estus* invitota.

" Tiu

Ci komerde mi. "La .surtuto estas aCetita de mi, sekve ^i apartenas al

invitota.

cajo estas mi. estis

invitota.

Ciam volonte

Kiam

via

domo

aCetata'*

estis konstruata,

jam longe konstruita.

mia domo

sciigas, ke de

;

Exercises

133

nun la Suldoj de mia filo ne estos pagataj de mi. Estu trankvila mia tuta §uldo estos pagita al ^* Mia ora ringo ne estus* tiel longe vi baldaii. *'

;

serCata, se gi ne estus tiel lerte ka§ita de vi. la projekto de la infenieroj** tiu 6i

^^Laii

fervojo estas

konstruota en la daiiro de du jaroj sed mi pensas, ke gi estos konstruata pli ol tri jarojn^. ^' Honesta homo agas honeste. *' La pastro, kiu mortis antaii® nelonge (ati antau nelonga tempo), logis longe en ^* nia urbo. Cu hodiaii^ estas varme au malvarme? *' Sur la kameno inter du potoj staras fera kaldrono el la kaldrono, en kiu sin trovas bolanta akvo, tra la fenestro, kiu sin trovas apud eliras vaporo la pordo, la vaporo iras sur la korton^. ;

;

* The use of estus in Sentences 4, 10 and 16 indicates the presence of a condition or contingency, though this is not Be careful not to translate should stated, as in Sentence 24. by estus where duty is expressed use A^vzs=^ought.

—

''The passive participle action by de.

connected with the source of the

See Rule VI, Page

15.

This word means civil engineer. The word for locomotive engineer is maSinisto, or a more precise term, lokomotivFervojo (iron-zaay) is the Esperanto term for railway. isto. '^

*Do

not forget that

accusative case

used.

where a preposition

omitted the

Here, the absent preposition

dum.

Antaii nelonge is the expression usually used for not longago, a short time ago, recently. ®

'Hodiaii, hieraii and morgaii are not nouns, but adverbs. the adverbial form of varme and malvarme. The noun form, when necessary so to speak of today, tomorroiv, is la hodiaua tago, la morgaua tago.

Hence

* Accusative to

show

direction.

•

154

American Esperanto Book

TRANSLATION *

* I

loved.

* I

should be loved

was loved.

[if

25 ' I

shall be loved.

loved.

You have been washed. ' You had been "You washed. 'You will have been washed. loved.

"Be washed (past). would have been washed. " To be washed. " He is to be invited. " He was " He will be (about) to be invited. to be invited. " He would be (about) to be invited. " Be invited "To

"This be (about) to be invited. is always willingly purchased by me. " The overcoat has been bought by me consequently it belongs to me. ** When your house was being built, my house had already been built " I make [it] known that from for a long time. now on the debts of my son will not be paid by me. " Be at ease my entire debt will have been paid ** My gold ring would not be so long to you soon. searched for if it had not been so cleverly hidden by you. " According to the project of the engineers, this railway is to be built in the course of two years, but I think that it will be under con** struction more than three years. An honest man " acts honestly. The priest who died recently had " Is it warm or cold lived a long time in our city. today? (or, is today warm or cold?) *' On the hearth between two pots stands an iron kettle from the kettle, in which is (finds itself) boiling water, issues steam through the window, which is near the door, the steam goes into the yard. (future).

article (of

commerce)

;

Exercises

EXERCISE

135

ekster, outside.

voja§i, voyage f travel.

piedo, foot.

benko, bench. kanapo, sofa,

meti,

to put, place.

muso,

mouse.

lounge.

lito, bed.

super, over^ above.

aero, air,

kafo,

teo, tea.

coffee.

sukero, sugar.

kremo, cream.

interne, within.

fianco, betrothed person

hirundo, swallow.

trans, across.

rivero, river.

estro, chief.

atenta, attentive.

kvankam,

dubi,

estimi,

fi!

to doubt.

abomeno,

fie!

although.

to esteem.

abomination.

rapida, rapid, quick. et,

diminution of degree or size

malvarmeta,

cold'y

cool;

ridi,

malvarma, laugh;

rideti,

to smile.

* Mi estas en la gardeno. ' Kien *Mi iras en la gardenoh. ®La birdo en la Cambro (=ti estas en la Cambro kaj

Kie vi estas?

vi iras?

flugas

flugas en gi).

(=gi

®La

birdo flugas en la fiambron

Cambro kaj flugas nun en * Mi Mi vojagas en Hispanujo. vojagas ' Mi sidas sur sego kaj tenas la en Hispanujon. piedojn sur benketo. ^* Mi metas la manon sur la gin).

estas ekster la '

— The American Esperanto Book

136

" El sub la kanapo la muso kuris sub la " Super la tero gi kuras sub la lito. "Anstatatl kafo li donis al mi sin trovas^ aero. " Mi staras teon kun sukero*', sed sen kremo. tablon*.

nun

liton, kaj

ekster la domo, kaj

neniu krom

estis

" En la salono " La hirundo

estas interne.

kaj lia fianCino.

flugis trans la riveron, Car trans la rivero sin trovis

" Mi restas tie Ci laii la ordono de " Kiam li estis Ce** mi li staris tutan " Li diras, ke mi estas horon® apud la fenestro. atenta. "Li petas, ke mi estu' atenta. ** Kvankam vi estas riCa, mi dubas, Cu*^ vi estas feliCa. "Se vi " Se li jam scius, kiu li estas, vi lin pli estimus. " Ho, Dio kion vi faras venis, petu lin al mi. "For de tie Ci "Fi, kiel "Ha, kiel bele " Nu, iru pli rapide abomene hirundoj.

aliaj

mia

estro.

move my hand toward the table in the act of placing it Hence, n for direction. Note carefully this table.

upon the

sign of direction in Sentences 4, 6,

10, 11, 16.

as in Sentence 29, This is often used instead of estas. A similar form is sin turnu al, to address oneself to, to turn to. Ciuj sin turnu al la redaktoro=Z<r/ all address the editor.

''Observe the use of sin trovas here,

Exercise 25.

''Sukero here, because preposition, ''

kun

a preposition.

Esp>eranto often uses the pronoun thus

house.

Without the

would be teon kaj sukeron. :

6e ra.v=At my

Ce •vi=At your house.

See Note

Exercise 25.

'This meaning, in English, has two forms of expression ht asks that I be attentive, or he asks me to he attentive. In Esperanto the former is invariably used.

Exercises

137

^ Dubi in any form is followed by 6u to connect a proposition containing a verb, and by pri when followed by a noun Mi dubas £u vi estas fidela=/ doubt zvhether you are faithful Mi dubas pri via fideleco=/ doubt (concerning) your fidelity.

TRANSLATION 26 Where are j^ou? ^I am in the garden. ' Where are you going ? * I am going into the * The garden. bird flies in the room (it is in the *

room and flies about in it). ^Thebird flies into the room (it is outside the room and flies into it). 'I

traveling in Spain.

on a chair and keep

traveling into Spain.

upon a stool. " From under the sofa the mouse ran under the bed, and now it runs about under the bed. ^^ Above the earth is ^^ (finds itself) air. Instead of coffee he gave me *

I sit I

place

my hand upon

feet

the table.

tea with sugar, but without cream.

stand out-

and he is within. In the drawing-room was nobody except him and his fiancee. ** The swallow flew across the river, because beyond ^' the river were other swallows. I am remaining " When here according to the orders of my chief. side the house,

he was at

house he stood a whole hour at the

" He says

window. asks that

that

attentive.

Although you are rich, ^^ I doubt that (whether) you are happy. If you knew who he is you would esteem him more. ^^ If he has already come, ask him to come to me. ^* Oh God what are you doing? ^^ Ah, how beautiful ^* Away from here " Fie, how abominable ^* Well, go faster I

be attentive.

The American Esperanto Book

138

EXERCISE

kunmeti,

tiam,

artikolo, article. objekto, object* kompreni, understand, polo, Pole. vokalo, vowel.

then,

tia, such^ such

ekzemplo, example.

necesa, necessary. prepozicio, preposition. compound, simpla, simple. radikoj

ligi, to bind.

root.

soni, to sound. klara, clear. postuli, claim, require, gramatiko, grammar. nacio, nation. diversa, diverse, various aboni, to subscribe. Sipo, ship. matenmangi, to eat breakfast, ^

artikolo la estas uzata tiam^,

las pri personoj atl objektoj konataj.

estas tia

sama

kiel

en la

aliaj

komprenas

kiam ni paro' Cia uzado

lingvoj.

'La

per-

uzadon de la artikolo (ekzemple rusoj ati poloj, kiuj ne scias alian lingvon krom sia propra), povas en la unua tempo tute ne uzi la artikolon, Car gi estas oportuna sed ne necesa. * Anstataii la oni povas anka(i diri P, (sed nur post prepozicio, kiu finigas per vokalo). * Vortoj kunmetitaj estas kreataj per simpla kunligado de vortoj one prenas ordinare la purajn radikojn, sed, se la bonsoneco atl la klareco postulas, oni povas ankad preni la tutan vorton, t. e., la radikon kune kun gia gramatika finigo. '£ksonoj, kiuj** ne

;

zemploj

skribtablo

oni skribas) nacioj);

;

aii

intcrnacia

tutmonda (de

skribotablo (tablo, sur kiu

(=kiu la

tuta

estas inter diversaj

mondo)j unutaga

; :

Exercises

139

unu tagon); unuataga (kiu estas en unua tago); vapor§ipo (=§ipo, kiu sin movas

(kiu daiiras la

per vaporo); matenmangi, tagmangi, vespermangi;

abonpago (=pago por *

abono).

In English tiam kiaxa^=tJien zvJien. we use zuhert alone, and frequently in Esperanto simply kiam.

Observe

Tiam kiam **

this use of

Note that kiuj

definite

and emphatic.

plural because

represents more than

one person.

TRANSLATION

used when we speak of persons * Its use is the same as in the or things known. other languages. 'Persons who do not understand the use of the article (for example Russians or Poles who do not know another language beside their own), may at first not use the article at all, ^Instead for it is convenient but not necessary. /' after preposi(but only a say of la we can also ^ words Compound with vowel). a tion which ends we genjunction of words simple are formed by cleareuphony or roots, but if the pure erally take ness demands, we can also take the whole word i. e., the root together with its grammatical ending * Examples skribtablo, or skribotablo, a table on which one writes ; internacia, that which exists between or among various nations tutmonda, of the whole world unutaga, lasting one day ; unuataga^ of the first day ; vaporSipo, a ship which moves by steam ; matenmanii, tagman^i, vesperabonnianiiy to breakfast, to dine, to eat supper *

The

article la is

;

j>ago,

payment

for subscription.

The American Esperanto Book

I40

EXERCISE iam, at any time, ei>er akuzativo, accusative dependi, to depend. esprimi, to express.

nominativo, nominative.

celi, to aim.

egala, equal.

ia,

any kind

tie, there,

kauzo,

cause.

direkti, to direct.

veturi, to journey, travel

of.

flanko, side.

dekstra, right-hand.

neniel, in no way.

nc\i....nelc, neither... nor

dis'

same as the English

dissemi,

prefix dis

Ciuj prepozicioj per

'Se

nominativon.

mem

postulas Ciam nur

tie

dependas ne de '

prepozicio, sed de aliaj kadzoj.

esprimi direkton, ni

tiel

semi, sow;

iam post prepozicio uzas

la akuzativon, la akuzativo

sekve:

to scatter broadcast, disseminate.

tie

(^en

aldonas

al la

tiu loko),

Ekzemple

tien

(=al

denon, sur la tablon," kaj la vortoj

"tablon" staras

"en"

tie Ci

kaj

por

vorton la finon

tiu loko);

same ni ankaii diras "la birdo flugis en

pozicioj

la gar-

"gardenon,"

en akuzativo ne Car la pre-

"sur" tion

Car ni volas esprimi direkton,

postulas, sed nur t, e.

montri, ke la

Exercises

birdo ne sin

141

gardeno kaj

antaiie en la

trovis

sed ke gi de alia loko flugis

ilugis,

al la

tie

gardeno,

montri ke la gardeno kaj la

al la tablo (ni volas

tablo ne estis la loko de la flugado, sed nur la celo

de la flugado); en tute^egale

t\x ia

tiaj

prepozicio status au ne.

mi veturos Parizon hodiaii

dome.

okazoj ni uzas la finigon n

(aii

Jam

en Parizon).

estas

tempo

iri

disigis kaj iris en diversajn flankojn

stren kaj '

iris

maldekstren.

Mi konas neniun en

tiu t\ urbo.

"Mi

kompreni, kion vi parolas.

nek^ lian fraton

(aii

*Morga{i

"^Mi restos

domen. :

iris

dek-

Flanken, sinjoro ^^

Mi neniel povas

renkontis nek

mi ne renkontis

lin,

nek

lin,

lian

fraton). *Egale •"Note

form, lish:

nek

here used where one would expect same. nek, translated neither

though practically obsolete, nor voice nor sound.

TRANSLATION *

nor.

similar

sometimes used in Eng-

All prepositions, in themselves, always require

only the nominative. sition,

use the accusative,

ever,

the

after a prepo-

accusative there

depends not on the preposition, but on other causes. •

For example, to express

direction,

we add

to the

The American Esperanto Book

143

word the ending n tien,

consequently,

;

to that place; similarly,

bird flew into the garden,

tie,

in that place:

say "the

also

upon the table"; and the

words "garden," "table," here stand

in the

accu-

sative not because the prepositions "in"

and "on"

we wish

to express

require this, but only because direction

;

e.,

show

that the bird

was not

previously in the garden and flew about there, but that

from another place into the garden,

flew

upon the table (we wish

and table were not the place

show

that the garden

of the flying, but only

we use

the goal of the flight); in such cases

the

accusative just the same, whether any preposition *

Tomorrow

there or

* I

shall remain in the

not.

'We

time to go home. ;

went to the

To one

left.

this city.

***

what you are saying. brother (or,

shall '

go to Paris. It is

already

separated and went in

went to the right and he

different directions

one

house today.

side,

sir

know no

can in no way understand

met neither him nor

his

did not meet him, nor his brother).

Exercises

EXERCISE senco,

143

komuna, common.

sense.

ebla, possible.

ofte, often.

ridi, io laugh.

lasta,

last, latest.

sopiri, to sighy long for. regulo, rule.

verbo,

obei, to obey.

verb.

permesi,

to permit, allow.

^ Se ni bezonas* uzi prepozicion, kaj la senco ne montras al ni, kian prepozicion uzi, tiam ni povas * Sed estas bone uzi la komunan prepozicion je.

uzi la vorton je kiel eble pli^ malofte. la

Anstatati

vorto je ni povas ankaii uzi la akuzativon

prepozicio.

pro

lia

naiveco,

ridas je lia naiveco (

mi ridas

lian

aii

sen

mi ridas

naivecon)

Je la lasta fojo mi vidis lin Ce vi (aii: la lastan 'Mi veturis du tagojn kaj unu nokton. fojon).

sopiras je mia perdita feliCo (au: mian perditan

*E1 la dirita regulo sekvas, ke se ni pri verbo ne scias, 6u gi postulas post si la akuzativon (t. e. Cu gi estas aktiva) au ne, ni povas feliCon). ia

Note indicative mode following se. The need of a prepoa matter of doubt. See Note e. Exercise 20.

sition is not

Another peculiar Esperanto form, very frequently used t

Kiel eble plej frue, kiel eble plej bone, kiel eble plej multe.

The American Esperanto Book

144

Ciam uzi

akuzativon.

Ekzemple,

povas

diri

"obei

al la

patro" kaj "obei la patron" (anstataii

"obei

je la

patro").

"Sedni ne uzas

akuzativon

tiam, kiam la klareco de la senco tion

malper-

mesas ekzemple: ni povas diri "pardoni al la malamiko" kaj "pardoni la malamikon," sed ni devas Ciam diri "pardoni al la malamiko lian kul;

pon.

TRANSLATION

* If we need to use a preposition and the sense does not show us what preposition to use, then we

can use the well '

common

use the word

Instead of the word je

' I

'The

we can

travelled

my that

last time I

if,

it is

also use the accusa-

laugh at his simat your house.

saw him

two days and one night.

lost happiness.

But

as seldom as possible.

j'e

tive without a preposition. plicity.

preposition je.

From

the said rule

concerning any verb,

I it

sigh for follows

we do not know

whether or not it requires the accusative after it (i. e. whether or not it is transitive) we can always use the accusative. * For example, we can say **to obey 'to' the father" and "to obey the father." "But we do not use the accusative when the clearness of sense forbids this for example, we can say "to pardon 'to* the enemy" and "to pardon the enemy"; but we should always say "to pardon to the enemy ;

his fault."

Exercises

EXERCISE 0/ any

ial,

for any cause.

ie,

kind.

serio, series.

pronomo, pronoun,

time, ever,

adverbo, adverb.

anywhere.

iel, in

konsili, counsel, advise.

ia,

iam, at any

145

any way,

rilati,

to be related to,

prefikso, prefix.

ies, anyone's. io, anything.

ajn, ever.

iom, any

diferetici, to differ,

quantity.

helpi,

iu, anybody, somebody.

to help.

sufikso, suffix.

la,

ial,

iam,

ie,

ies,

iel,

io,

iom,

iu.

montritajn na\i vortojn ni konsilas bone ellerni*, Car

el ili

6iu povas fari al

pronomo j

aliaj

kaj adverboj.

literon k ni ricevas vortojn

grandan serion da ^

demandajn

aldonas la

aii rilatajn

kia, kial, kiam, kie, kiel, kies, kio, kiom, kiu.

aldonas la literon

tia,

Hal,

"El,

Ham,

tie,

when used study out;

ni ricevas vortojn

as a prefix,

oughly, though this out, to

tiel, ties, tio, tiotn,

not

montrajn ^

Aldon-

sometimes translated thorsense. Ellerni, to learn

its literal

ellabori, to

tin.

xvork out.

The American Esperanto Book

146

ante la literon tia, tial,

tiam,

nen ni ricevas

'Aldonante

vorton (i ni ricevas montron ple

proksima

malproksima,

pli

tiu,

;

tie,

malproksime,

'Aldonante

sime.

al la vortoj

ti (ati

kiant ajn,

kie ajn,

demandaj

povas ankorati

fari

tiama,

iiamulo, k.

aliaj vortoj

tiel

kia

aj'n,

per helpo de

(sufiksoj)

tiea,

said of Correlative

tioDs are

added here

;

ek-

ti-tiea, tieulOf

plu).

In connection with this lesson, the student should

what

kial

kio ajn,

tic el la diritaj vortoj ni

liama, kioma,

(=kaj

prok-

la vorton

kies ajn,

aliajn vortojn,

gramatikaj finigoj kaj

zemple

kiel ajn,

Ekster

kiom ajn, kiu ajn.

ekzem-

;

ti tiu) pli

tie ti aii li tie,

ajn ni ricevas vortojn sendiferencajn aj'n,

montraj la

proksiman

tiu

nenio,

nenies,

la vortoj

pli

neajn

vortojn

neniam, nenie, neniel,

nenial,

neniom, neniu.

'Aldon-

tiom^ tiu.

tie^ tiel^ ties^ iio,

ante la prefikson nenia^

vortojn komunajn

nt ricevas

Words, pp.

70-73.

review

few explana*

Tia is the demonstrative of quality, translated that, such a, With the relative, kia, it translates such as. such kind. Also, it is used as a demonstrative article, in the sense of t?ie for the purpose of giving added force, just as una is similarly (See Note a. Exercise 11). used in a less definite sense. In this sense, it loses its significance of quality, and may be followed by kiel. the relative of manner. In Exercise 27,

Exercises

147

tia sama kiel, which is correct, because But we must not say tia bona kiel, the sense here being as good as, and the correct form tiel bona kiel.

Sentence

tia

means

we have

the.

These

lo, tio, kio, 6io, nenio.

refer to objects

all

They

not used as modifying words,

and are

indicate the thing itself.

Kio estas tio? Nenio=^FAa/ t's thai? Nothing. But if we wish to use the correlatives as modifying words, we say la :

birdo^^wy kind of bird.

6iuj birdoj^^il^ birds.

Ciu means each, or every, but does not mean all, as do £iam, 6ie, £iel, 6iom, etc. lu and the other four words of this series express individuzdity, but refer,

specified, tiuj

Hence,

to persons.

when

not otherwise

to express plurals,

6iuj, kiuj,

are the correct forms.

TRANSLATION ^

Some

kind, for

somehow,

where,

some reason, some somebody's,

quantity, somebody.

The

time, some-

something,

some

nine words shown

advise [the student] to learn thoroughly, because

from them everyone can make for himself a large series of other to

them

pronouns and adverbs.

[as a prefix] the letter k,

rogative or relative words

we add

such,

the letter

therefore,

then,

we add

obtain inter-

what kind, why, when,

where, how, whose, what (thing), If

how much, who.

get demonstrative words

there,

thus, that person's.

: ;

148

The American Esperanto Book

that, that

much, that person.

get collective words

Adding the letter/

each and every kind, for

every reason, always, everywhere, in every way, everybody's, everything, the prefix ncn, for

no such,

no reason, never, nowhere, nohow, no one's,

strative

words the word

proximity

;

li,

whatever kind

//«,

obtain a meaning of that,

iiu

//,

this

"Adding to the interrogative

here.

words the word

//,

example

for

there, tie

'Adding to the demon-

nobody.

nothing, none,

tie,

'Adding

everyone.

all,

obtain negative words

aj'n,

get indifferent

words

whatever reason, whenever,

of, for

wherever, however, whosesoever, whatever, what-

'Besides

ever quantity, whoever.

words we can make

still

then),

;

for

example

eternal,

from these

other words, with the help

of the grammatical endings fixes)

this,

and other words (suf-

contemporaneous

how much,

(existing

there, a person living

there or being present, a contemporary or person of that time.

Exercises

EXERCISE humoro, humor, korpo, body,

fermi,

to shut.

kontrakti, to contract,

animo, soul. plenumi, to fulfilL

bruli, to burn.

ligno, wood.

materialo, material.

bastono,

tegmento,

funto, pound.

koloro,

roof.

tero, earth.

chest, box.

lipo,

haro, hair.

lip,

griza, gray.

vango, ist,

stick.

supre, above, upper.

color.

telero, plate.

kesto,

cheek.

person occupied with

maro,

sea;

maristo,

sailor.

Lia kolero longe dafiris. ' Li estas hodiaii en ^Li koleras kaj insultas. kolera humoro. *Li fermis kolere la pordon. ^ Lia filo mortis kaj estas nun malviva. *La korpo estas morta, la animo ' Li estas morte malsana, li ne estas senfhorta. vivos pli, ol unu tagon. * Li parolas, kaj lia parolo " fluas dolCe kaj agrable. Ni faris la kontrakton ^"Li estas bona parolanto. ne skribe, sed parole. " Starante ekstere, li povis vidi nur la eksteran "Li logas ekster la urbo. flankon de nia domo. *

" La ekstero de interno.

"Li

tin ti tuj

homo

faris,

estas pli bona, ol

kion mi volis,

kaj

lia

The American Esperanto Book

I50 dankis

por la tuja plenumo de mia deziro.

lin

"Kia granda

brulas? "Lignoestas " La fera bastono, kiu kuSis en la forao, estas nun brule* varraega. '*Cu ^'Li eliris li donis al vi jesan respondon, ati nean? el^ la dormoCambro kaj eniris en la mangoCambron. brulo

kio

bona brula materialo.

"La

birdo ne forflugis

alflugis al la **

domo

;

nur deflugis de

Por Ciu aCetita funto da teo

tiu

komercisto

Lernolibron

aldonas senpage funton da sukero. oni

devas ne

la arbo,

kaj surflugis sur la tegmenton.

tralegi,

sed tralerni.

" Li

portas

rozkoloran° superveston kaj teleroforman Capelon.

"En

mia skribotablo

sin

trovas kvar tirkestoj.

'^Liaj lipharoj estas pli grizaj, ol

*In Sentences

i. a, 3, 4.

kolero,

liaj

vangharoj.

kolera, koleras, kolere;

These sentences are designed to show with what facility an Esperanto root may be To add the partiused as a noun, adjective, verb or adverb. in 15, 16, 17, brulo, brulas, brula, brule.

ciples in their adjectival,

substantival

and adverbial forms, made possible by

with the variations and degrees of meaning

—

it would puzzle the expert measure the possible range of expression.

the use of affixes

''Eliris c,

el,

Exercise

deflugis de, alflugis

al,

Esperantist to

surflug^s sur.

See Note

"This lesson contains a number of compound words. student

may

at first find

The

difficult to distinguish these at sight,

but he will soon "catch the spirit" of Esperanto.

Failing in

he will search the vocabularies in vain for seeming roots which are only simple combinations.

this,

Exercises

151

TRANSLATION *

His anger lasted a long time.

an angry mood. *

now

shut the door angrily.

The body

lifeless.

immortal.

angry and

mortally

today in

insulting.

His son died and the soul

mortal, ill,

is is

he will not live

more than one day. * He speaks and his speech ' We made the conflows sweetly and agreeably. ^^ tract not in writing, but verbally. He is a good speaker. "Standing outside, he could see only ^^

the outside of our house. city.

The

exterior

He this

lives

outside the

man

better

than his interior. ^* He did at once what I wished, and I thanked him for the immediate fulfillment of

burning

desire. ?

What

" Wood

a big blaze

good burning

What

material.

The iron rod which lay in the furnace is now " Did he give you an affirmative or burning hot. "He went out of the bed-room a negative reply? ^^

^" and entered the dining-room. The bird did not it only flew down from the tree, flew to fly away the house and lit upon the roof. ^^For every pound of tea purchased, this dealer adds free a pound of sugar. ^^A text-book one ought not to read through, ;

but to learn through.

gown and a mortar-board table are four drawers.

than his whiskers.

wears a rose-colored

hat.

His mustache

writing-

grayer

The American Esperanto Book

152

EXERCISE

teatro, theater.

okupi,

maniero, manner.

me^aniko,

Iiemio, chemistry.

diplomatio, diplomacy. scienco, science.

fiziko, physics.

to occupy,

mechanics.

tlaso, glaso.

nigra, black.

drapo, cloth. OVO, egg,

signifi,

maro,

amaso, crowd.

bordo,

sea.

a^tuno, autumn.

lando, land, country. najbaro, neighbor.

suferi, to suffer.

mezuri,

Teatramanto

to signify,

shore.

measure.

of te vizitas la teatron kaj ricevas*

baldaii teatrajn manierojn.

Kiu okupas

sin

mehaniko, estas mehanikisto, kaj kiu okupas sin '

hemic, estas hemiisto.

Diplomatiiston oni povas

ankati nomi diplomato, sed

nomi

fiziko,

mem.

'La

fotografisto

ne povas

fizikiston oni

Car £ziko estas la

nomo de

fotografis

la science

min,

sendis mian fotografajon al mia patro.

kaj

plena

vino.

;

Glaso de

vino estas glaso, en kiu antaiie sin trovis vino, kiun oni uzas por vino

aii

glaso da vino estas glaso

'Alportu

mi metron da nigra

Exercises

(Metro de drapo signifus metron,

drapo. ku§is

153

^Mi aCetis dekon da ovoj.

Tiu

ducent kilometroin da longo.

maro

staris

amaso

arbo sin trovis multe Kelkaj

tiu ti vorto

havas

rivero la

bordo de

^**Multaj

birdoj

" Sur

multo)

(aii

plej feliCaj*',

^^En

siaj najbaroj.

nur kelke da homoj.

montras, ke

Sur

varmajn landojn.

homoj sentas sin la

vidas la suferojn de sidis

homoj.

da''

flugas en la autuno en pli la

kiu

sur drapo, a^ kiu estas uzata por drapo).

"Da"

birdoj.

kiam

ill

eambro

post ia vorto

havas signifion de mezuro.

* Note the use of ricevas

use akiras.

The

latter

where the inclination would be to would mean that he desired or culti-

vated the manner, rather than that

and

''If

some instances

at least

would be

simply "stuck to him," fully appropriate.

the student will thoroughly study the uses of da in this

exercise he should never err regarding

its

use.

Sentas sin feli£aj=/Ve/ themselves happy. Felifiaj is Supplying the full sense, we have sentas sin esti feliSaj. See also Sentence 7, *'

nominative, being a predicative adjective.

Exercise 33.

TRANSLATION ^A theater-lover often

visits

soon acquires theatrical manners.

the theater, ^

He who

and occu-

^^^ American Esperanto Book

154

pies himself with mechanics is a mechanic,

who

occupies himself with chemistry

we can

*A diplomat

we cannot the science

itself.

me and

sent

Glaso de vino

because fiziko

a glass

photograph

wine.

full of

Bring

cloth, or

bought ten eggs. *

kilometers long.

crowd of people.

warmer

birds.

which

This river

;

sat only

shows that

this

father.

glaso da vino

a meter of

(//a)

mean a meter

used for cloth).

two hundred

birds

people

feel

the

fly in

" Upon the

tree

happiest

a few people.

word has a sense

" Da

autumn

were many

when they

witness the sufferings of their neighbors.

room

the shore of the sea stood a

" Many

countries.

"Some

name

a glass in which was previously

which lay on the

black cloth {.metro de drapo would

the

The photographer photogaphed

wine, or which one uses for wine is

and he

a chemist.

but a physician

call diplomato,

call fiziko^

"In the

after a

of measure.

word

Exercises

EXERCISE mezo,

155

kreski,

middle.

larga, broad.

lumo,

mola,

lis'ht,

turmenti, beni,

to torment.

nobla,

to bless.

kredi,

koko,

renversi,

to believe.

nepo, grandson.

cock, chicken.

Mia

bovo, ox

stepfather,

ankau malgranda estas

larga pordo. estis tiel

gtono.

* Dika,

patrino, mother ; bo-

Haro

estas de

sed

ne estas

meza kresko.

ne povas

trairi tra nia

estas tre maldika.

mal-

nokto

malluma, ke ni nenion povis vidi eC antavi

nia nazo. kiel

;

dika*, ke

tiel

;

ne estas granda,

frato

to upset.

V2lVS\^o, field.

bo, relative by marriage patrino, mother-in-law.

noble.

knrba, curved.

monto, mountain. duonpatro,

soft.

senti, to feel.

rekta, straight.

^Tiu *

usually

malfreSa pano estas malmola,

Malbonaj translated

infanoj thick,

amas

stout, while a popular

and

turmenti

here means thick in a

sense not often thus expressed in English. is

grow.

dika, thick, fat.

ejcpressive

Careful English

Americanism

is fcU.

— The American Esperanto Book

156

bestojn. ^Li sentis sin

en kiu

la tagon,

estimas tiun

malfeliCa, ke

tiel

estis naskita.

malnoblan homon.

malbenis

forte^ mal-

*La

fenestro

longe estis nefermita*; mi gin fermis, sed mia frato tuj gin denove'^

mallonga,

" Rekta vojo

malfermis.

"La

kurba.

estas pli

tablo staras malrekte,

kaj kredeble baldaii renversigos.

"Li

staras supre

sur la monto kaj rigardas malsupren sur la kampon.

" Malamiko venis en nian landon. belpis al mi, ke mi malbonigis

" La edzino de mia patro avino de miaj infanoj.

kun

tri

avinon kun *"

mia nevino.

la korto staras

fratino

estas

tre

koko bela

" Mi

kvar nepinoj kaj kun

Siaj

Lia duonpatrino estas mia bofra-

" Mi havas bovon

tino.

mal-

mian tutan laboron.

" Mia onklino estas bona virino.

vian

vidis

tiel

estas mia patrino kaj la

"Sur

"Mia

kokinoj.

knabino.

" Oni

"Lajuna

kaj bovinon.

vidvino farigis denove fianCino.

••The use of forte to lend intensity to the verb

is,

think,

an improvement over the English use of adverbs from roots of

meaning similar

verb

to,

but not synonomous with, that of the

dearly love, fiercely hate,

"Ne

here,

and not mal.

etc.

The

student

will readily grasp

the difiference between opened and not closed,

''Denove

frequently used for again.

means anew.

;

Exercises

157

TRANSLATION

brother

not

tall,

medium growth.

but he

*He

also not short

so stout that he

cannot pass through our narrow door. very

fine.

The night was

see nothing, even before our

bread

as hard as stone.

torment animals.

nose.

Bad

felt

despise this

ignoble person.

long open

closed

opened

;

anew.

a curved one.

but

it,

could

This stale

unhappy '

children like to

cursed the day on which he was born.

^A hair

so dark that

that he intensely

The window was

brother immediately

straight road is shorter than

The

table

stands crookedly **

and, "understandably", will soon be upset.

stands above upon the mountain and looks below

on the

hindered *^

"An enemy

field.

so that

father's wife is

mother of

tiful girl.

spoiled

children.

cock with three hens.

aunt

entered our land.

They

whole work.

mother, and the grand" In the yard stands a

very beau-

sister is a

a good woman.

saw

your grandmother with her four granddaughters

and m}' law

niece. I

^"^His

stepmother

have an ox and a cow.

widow became again a

fiancee.

my *^

sister-in-

The young

Th€ American Esperanto Book

158

EXERCISE

viando, meat. korko, cork.

po9-o, pocket.

Stopi, to stop up.

botelo,

kombi,

somero, summer.

tiri,

comb.

draw, pull, drag-

bottle.

gliti, to skate.

frosto, frost.

vetero, weather.

haki,

segi, to saw.

fosi, to dig.

kudri,

tondi, to

sonori,

sew.

to ring-,

fajfi,

hew, chop. clip,

shear.

to whistle

sablo, sand.

inko, ink. sorbi, to absord,

tuko,

brando, brandy militi, to war, fight.

sip.

cloth.

kruta,

brava, brave. dtupo, step^ germano, a German. vasta, wide, vast.

steep.

hispano, Spaniard.

tamen, however. herbo, grass bruto, brute

paSti, to pasture.

precipe, principally.

lano, wool,

Safo, sheep

*La tranCilo tranCi

estis tiel

malakra, ke mi ne povis

per ^i la viandon, kaj mi devis uzi mian

poSan tranCilon.

*Cu

malStopi la botelon?

'Mi

havas korktirilon, por volis Slosi la pordon,

Exercises

sed mi perdis la glosilon.

harojn per argenta kombilo.

159 *

kombas

al si la

^En somero ni veturas

per diversaj veturiloj, kaj en vintro ni veturas per

'Hodiaii estas

glitveturilo.

mi prenos miajn

tial

bela frosta vetero,

glitilojn kaj iros gliti.

'Per

hakilo ni hakas, per segilo ni segas, per fosilo ni fosas, per kudrilo ni kudras, per tondilo ni tondas,

per sonorilo ni sonoras, per skribilaro

konsistas

inkujo,

tranCilo, forko, glaseto

'Oni metis

meni en arbaro. estas

gtuparo

Mi ne

telero,

antafl

kulero,

por brando, glaso por vino

" En varmega tago mi amas

kaj telertuketo.

itistaro

kelke da

sablujo,

plumoj, krajono kaj inksorbilo.

mi mangilaron, kiu konsistis

'Mia

ni fajfas.

fajfilo

pro-

Nia lando venkos, Car nia mil-

granda

kaj

levis sin al la

brava.

tegmento de

scias la lingvon hispanan,

Sur kruta la

domo.

sed per helpo

de vortaro hispana-germana mi tamen komprenis

iom vian riCaj

aroj

leteron.

" Sur

kampoj paStas da bellanaj

tiuj Ci

Safoj.

TRANSLATION *

The

knife

meat with

it,

vastaj kaj herbo-

sin grandaj brutaroj, precipe

was so and

dull that I could not cut the

had to use

pocket knife.

The American Esperanto Book

i6o '

Have you

a corkscrew to open the bottle?

wished to lock the door, but

*She combs her hair with a

summer we and fine

in winter

travel

and

with a saw needle

therefore

go skating.

outfit consists

clip,

whistle.

take

dig, with a

with a bell

writing

of an ink-stand, a sand-box,

pens, a pencil and a blotter.

shall

With an ax we chop,

scissors

ring, with a whistle

In the

Today

we saw, with a spade we

we sew, with

of various vehicles,

sleigh.

lost the key.

comb.

silver

by means

frosty weather,

skates

travel

had

some

They placed before

eating utensils, which consisted of a plate, a

spoon, a knife, a fork, a small glass for brandy,

a glass like to

for wine,

walk

and a napkin.

in the forest.

because our army

a hot day

" Our country

will

win

"On

large and brave.

steep ladder he climbed to the roof of the house.

do not know the Spanish language, but with

the help of a Spanish-German dictionary theless

somewhat understood your

letter.

never-

" Upon

these vast and fertile fields pasture large herds of stock, principally flocks of fine-wool sheep.

Exercises

EXERCISE

i6l

acida, sour.

kuko, cake. suspekti, to suspect. vinagro, vinegar.

sulfuro, sulphur.

azoto, azote.

koniiti, to preserve.

fiuida, liquid.

gusto,

alta, high.

taste.

nature, nature.

Cemizo,

kolo, neck.

cetera, the

tolo, linen.

glacio,

heroo, hero.

plaCi, to please.

lago, lake..

kovri, to cover.

nagi,

swim.

shirt. rest.

ice.

folio, leaf.

frandi, to be fond of sweets.

sensencajon, mia amiko. *Mi kun kuko kaj konfitajo. ^Akvo estas *Mi ne volis trinki la vinon, fiar gi enfluidajo. havis en si ian suspektan malklarajon. ^Surla

*Vi parolas

trinkis teen

tablo staris diversaj sukerajoj. sin

trovas

diversaj acidoj

En tiuj

t\ boteletoj

vinagro, sulfuracido,

aliaj. ^ Via vino estas nur ia abomena *La acideco de tiu Ci vinagro estas tre mal"Mi mangis bongustan ovajon. ^"^Tiu Ci granda " La alteco de tiu ne estas natura monto.

azotacido kaj acidajo. forta.

altajo

monto ne estas tre granda. ^^ Kiam mi ien veturas, mi neniam prenas kun mi multon da pakajo. "Cemizojn, kolumojn, manumojn kaj ceterajn similajn objektojn ni nomas tolajo, kvankam ili ne Ciam " Glaciajo estas dolCa glaciestas faritaj el tolo.

The American Esperanto Book

1 6a

" La riCeco de tiu Ci homo estas estas ankoraii pli granda. malsageco granda, sed lia knabinon pro Sia beleco kaj Ci **Li amas tiun igita frandajo.

boneco.

"Lia heroeco

suprajo de

tre plaCis al mi.

la lago estis kovrita per

kaj diversaj aliaj kreskajoj.

"Latuta

nagantaj

" Mi vivas kun

folioj li

granda amikeco.

TRANSLATION *You

talk nonsense,

with cake and preserves.

'I drank tea,

friend.

Water

a liquid. did not wish to drink the wine, because it had it

some suspicious unclear matter.

table stood various sweetmeats. bottles are various acids

*Upon the In these

little

vinegar, sulphuric acid,

and others. ' Your wine is only some ' kind of abominable acid stuff. The acidity of * this vinegar is very weak. I ate a good omelet. " This great eminence is not a natural mountain. ** The height of that mountain is not very great. " When I go anywhere I never take with me much baggage. " Shirts, collars, cuffs and other similar objects we call linen, though they are not always made of linen. " An ice is a sweet frozen dainty.

nitric acid

" The wealth

of this

man

great, but his foolish-

" He loves this girl because of her beauty and goodness. " His heroism pleased me very much. '* The whole surface of the lake was covered with floating leaves and various other growths. " I live with him in great friendship.

ness

is still

greater.

Exercises

163

EXERCISE

gratuli, to congratulate, altaro, altar.

kuraci,

doktoro, doctor,

to heal, treat.

hebreo, a Hebrew Cevalo, horse,

pra, great-, primordial,

persons of both sexes

ge,

patro, father

;

ge-

patroj, parents. id', descendant or young of Cevalido, a colt.

fievalo, a horse

Patro kaj patrino kune estas nomataj gepatroj.

*Petro, '

Anno

Elizabeto estas miaj

kaj

Gesinjoroj N. hodiaxi venos al mi. '

telegrafe la junajn geedzojn.

apud

la altaro.

bopatro, mi estas

bopatro de

gefratoj.

gratulis

gefianCoj staris

patro de mia edzino estas mia

lia bofilo,

mia edzino.

kaj '

mia patro estas

Ciuj parentoj de

mia

edzino estas miaj boparencoj, sekve Sia frato estas

mia bofrato,

§ia fratino estas

frato kaj fratino (gefratoj)

mia edzino.

mia bofratino

de mia edzino estas miaj bonevinoj.

estas kuracistedzino. la

mia

edzino de mia nevo kaj la nevo

kiu kuracas, estas kuracistino

hodiau

;

estas la bogefratoj de

gedoktorojn P.

;

'Virino,

edzino de kuracisto

doktoredzino A. vizitis

" Li ne estas

lavisto,

— The American Esperanto Book

z64

estas lavistinedzo.

" La

filoj,

nepoj kaj pranepoj

de rego estas regidoj. "La hebreoj estas Izrael" Cevalido estas idoj, Car ili devenas de Izraelo. nematura Cevalo, kokido nematura koko, bovido

nematura bovo, birdido

— —nematura

TRANSLATION *A

birdo.

and a mother together are called * Peter, Anne and Elizabeth are my parents. brother and sisters. ' Mr. and Mrs. N. will come congratulated *I by our house today. to 'The affitelegraph the young married couple. anced pair stood at the altar. ' My wife's father is my father-in-law, I am his son-in-law, and my father

father

wife's father-in-law.

'All relatives of

my relatives-in-law consequently her my brother is my brother-in-law, her sister is my sister-in-law my brother and sister are the brotherand sister-in-law of my wife ' My nephew's wife and my wife's niece are my nieces-in-law. 'A wife are

;

woman who a

treats the sick is a female physician

wife of a physician is a physician's wife.

wife of Dr. A. visited today Dr. and Mrs. P.

;

*"The

"He

is not a laundryman, he is a laundress' husband. "The sons, grandsons and great-grandsons of a " The Hebrews are Israelites king are princes. descended from Israel. they are ^*A colt because immature horse, chick an immature chicken, a is an a calf an immature cow, a fledgling an imma-

ture bird.

Exercises

EXERCISE

165

regno, state, kingdom, severa, severe.

provinco, province,

polico, police.

sufi6e, enough.

Kristo, Christ.

franco, a Frenchman.

konfesi,

justa, just, righteous.

religio, religion.

to confess.

regimento, regiment.

boto,

§uo, shoe.

lasi, to leave, let alone.

boot.

droni, to drown.

verki,

eC, even.

ombro, shadow.

prefi, to pray.

virga, virginal.

to compose.

an, inhabitant, member, partisan

New ul',

York

;

Nov-Jorko, Nov-Jorkano, New- Yorker.

a person noted for:

avara,

covetous',

ava-

rulo, a miser.

*La

§ipanoj

devas obei la Sipestron.

logantoj de regno estas regnanoj.

ordinare

pli ruzaj, ol

^Ciuj

Urbanoj estas

*La regnestro de saga rego. ^La Parizanoj

vila^anoj.

nia lando estas bona kaj estas gajaj homoj.

'Nia provincestro estas severa,

^Nia

urbo havas bonajn policanojn,

sed justa.

sed ne sufiCe energian policestron.

Luteranoj kaj

Kalvinanoj estas kristanoj. "Germanoj kaj francoj,

The American Esperanto Book

i66

kvankam

kiuj lo^as en Rusujo, estas Rusujanoj,

ne estas rusoj.

ili

**Li estas nelerta kaj naiva pro-

" La logantoj de unu regno estas sam-

vincano.

regnanoj, la lo^antoj de unu urbo estas samurbanoj,

de unu religio estas samreligianoj.

la konfesantoj

"Nia bona

por

regimentestro estas patro.

" La

siaj

soldatoj

**La lignisto vendas lignon, kaj

la lignajisto faras

tablojn, segojn kaj aliajn lignajn objektojn.

iston

neniu lasas en sian domon.

simple transskribas paperojn.

" Ni havas diversajn servantojn

kuiriston,

Cam-

"La

riCulo

bristinon, infanistinon kaj veturigiston.

havas multe da mono. **

"Stel-

" La kura^a

" Verkisto verkas

maristo dronis en la maro. librojn, kaj skribisto

kiel

botisto faras botojn kaj Suojn.

***

Malsa^lon

Ciu batas.

Timulo timas eC sian propran ombron. "Li estas

mensogisto kaj malnoblulo.

" Pre^

al la

Sankta

Virgulino.

TRANSLATION *

The

sailors

inhabitants

ought to obey the captain. a state are citizens.

are usually more cunning ruler '

The

our country

"All

'City people

than villagers.

The

a good and wise king.

Parisians are gay people.

Our governor

Exercises strict,

but

Our

just.

167

city has

good policemen,

but not a sufficiently energetic chief of police.

'Lutherans and Calvinists are Christians,

mans who

Russia are Russian

live

'Gercitizens,

though they are not Russians. ^"He is an awkward and simple provincial. " The inhabitants of one country are fellow-countrymen, the inhabitants of

one city are fellow-citizens, the believers of one ^^

religion are fellow-religionists.

Our regimental

commander is like a good father to his soldiers. " The shoemaker makes boots and shoes. ^* The wood

wood and the joiner makes

dealer sells

chairs,

and other wooden

a thief into his

house.

drowned

sea.

the

articles. ^*

"An

"No

The brave

lets

sailor

was

author writes books,

and a copyist simply copies papers. various servants

tables,

one

—a cook, a chambermaid,

have

a nurse,

and a coachman. " The rich man has much money, ^**

Everybody beats a

his

own shadow.

person.

Pray

fool,

to the

coward fears even

a liar and an ignoble

Holy Virgin.

The American Esperanto Book

x68

EXERCISE densa,

brui, to make a noise.

dense.

pluvo, rain.

kale§o, carriage.

pafi, to shoot. 6j,

the

masculine, nj, feminine; suffixes used after

first (i to

6) letters of names, to form endear-

ing diminutives.

tableton kaj kelke da

aCetis por la infanoj

'En

segetoj.

nia lando sin ne trovas montoj, sed

nur montetoj.

'Tuj post

la hejto la

varmega, post unu horo ^i post du

horoj gi estis

tri

horoj gi estis

trovas

sidas

jam

Sur

lia

jam nur varma,

tute

malvarma.

En somero

malvarmeton en densaj arbaroj.

apud

estis

nur iom varmeta, kaj post

tablo kaj

'Li

dormetas.

'Mallarga

kampo

nia domo.

vojeto kondukas tra tiu t\ '

estis

fomo

vizago mi vidis gojan rideton.

*Kun bruo

oni malfermis la pordegon, kaj la kaleSo enveturis

en la korton. sed pluvego.

'Tio

Ci estis

jam ne simpla pluvo,

"Grandega hundo metis sur min

sian antatian piedegon, kaj mi de teruro ne sciis,

kion

fari.

serio

" AntaCi nia militistaro

pafilegoj.

staris

granda

"Johanon, Nikolaon, Erneston,

Exercises

169

Vilhelmon, Marion, Klaron kaj Sofion

nomas JohanCjo (au aii

Nikejo

att

VilheCjo

(ail

iliaj

gepatroj

NikolCjo (ati NikoCjo

JoCjo),

Niejo), Erneejo (aii Erejo), Vilheiejo att

Vilfijo

ViCjo),

Man jo

(ad

Marinjo), Klanjo kaj Sonjo (au Sofinjo).

TRANSLATION *

some

bought for the children a little

mountains, heating,

chairs.

but only

the stove

summer we

hills.

was

it it

Immediately after an hour it was

was only somewhat was entirely cold. *In

find coolness in dense forests.

leads through this field to our I

saw a happy

and

after

hot,

near the table and dozes.

face

table

little

In our country there are no

only warm, after two hours warm, and after three hours sits

smile.

*A narrow path house. Upon his '

Noisily they opened

the gate, and the carriage drove into

the

yard.

This was no longer a simple rain, but a flood. ^''An enormous dog put his forepaw upon me, and from terror I did not know what to do. " In front of our army stood a large array of cannon. ^^John, Nicholas, Ernest, William, Mary, Clara and Sophia,

their

parents call

Johnnie,

MoUie, Clarie, Sophie.

Nick, Ernie, Willie,

The American Esperanto Book

lyo

EXERCISE

koto,

dirt,

broso, brush.

ru§a,

re<i.

honti, to be ashamed.

solena, solemn.

printempo,

infekti, to infect.

springtime, relo, rail.

pendi, to hang, vento, wind. kapo, head.

rado, wheel. Capo, caPt bonnet. blovi, to blow.

branCo, branch.

tial

la kota vetero

mia vesto

mi prenis broson kaj purigis*

pali^is de timo kaj poste fianCi^is

;

bogepatroj.

la vestojn li

kuzo,

veston.

post

;

tri

*Li

monatoj estos

edzi^a soleno estos en la nova pregejo,

kaj la edziga festo estos en la

infanigis.

rugi^is de honto.

kun f radlino Berto

la edzigo

Car

forte iv^2i((Ai^i^}3;

Tiu

domo de

liaj

estontaj

maljunulo tute malsagigis kaj

Post infekta malsano oni ofte bruligas

malhelpas

kvankam

Siaj

ni.

edzinigis

kun

sia

gepatroj volis Sin edzinigi kun

alia persono.

'En

nego

'Venigu

fluidigas.

*Forigu vian fraton,

malsanulo.

printempo

la glacio kaj la

la kuraciston,

Car mi estas

Exercises

malsana.

^"Li venigis al si el Berlino multajn " Mia onklo ne mortis per natura morto,

librojn.

sed

tamen ne mortigis

mortigita de neniu la reloj

de fervojo,

;

sin

Capon sur

mia kapo

tiu Ci

mem

kaj ankatl estis

unu tagon, promenante apud falis

sub la radojn de veturanta

vagonaro kaj mortigis. arbeto

^^Mi ne pendigis mian ;

sed la vento forblovis de

la Capon, kaj gi, flugante, pendigis sur la

branCoj de la arbeto. joro

171

^* 1

"Sidigu vin

(aii sidigu), sin-

junulo aligis al nia militistaro

kurage batalis kune kun ni kontraii

niaj

kaj

malamikoj.

Study carefully the distinction between ig and \%. The is always transitive, while the latter is intransitive purigi, to clean ; purigi, to become clean. Sentences 7 and 11 *

former

well illustrate this difference.

TRANSLATION *

dirty coat.

;

muddy weather my

the

therefore, ^

new

became very

turned pale with fear, and afterwards

Miss Bertha ;

coat

took a brush and cleaned the

he blushed with shame.

wedding

;

the

three

He became engaged

months hence

will

the

marriage ceremony will be in the

church, and the wedding festival will be in the

The American Esperanto Book

1 7a

*This old

house of his future parents-in-law.

has become quite imbecile and childish. infectious

bum

disease they often

binders us.

"After an

the clothes of

'Send your brother away,

the patient.

man

for

^She married her cousin, although her

parents wished to marry her to another person. *

In spring the ice and snow melt.

doctor, because self

die a natural death, kill

ill.

many books from himself,

Berlin.

procured for him-

My uncle

but, however,

and was not

Bring the

killed

did not

not

did

by anyone

;

one

day, while walking near the rails of the railroad,

under the wheels of a moving train and was

fell

killed.

shrub

and

;

it,

shrub.

did

not

hang

cap

upon

but the wind blew the cap from flying,

hung

itself

this

head,

on the branches of the

"Seat yourself (or, be seated),

sir.

"The

youth joined our army and fought bravely, together with us, against our enemies.

Exercises

173

EXERCISE surprizi, to surprise.

trompi,

deceive, cheat,

Sviti, sweat, perspire.

magazeno,

laca, tired, weary fulmo, lightnings

bani,

to bathe.

vendi, to sell. cigaro, cigar. tubo, tube. fumo, smoke. skatolo, small box, cas^, pantalono, pants. surtuto, overcoat. brako, arm. ing, a holder for a single object cigaringo, cigar-holder \ kandelingo, candle-stick. store.

la daflro

pafojn.

de kelke da minutoj mi aiidis du

pafado

de surprizo.

daiiris tre longe.

tutan tagon de loko al loko. estis

lin.

bela,

tre

Kiam

saltas tre lerte.

sed la tro

Lia

muUa

belan

eksaltis

saltadis la

hierafla parolo

novan,

vi ekparolis, ni atendis afldi ion

kanton.

I.a

*Li kantas

kantado estas

okupo.

ekbriloj

de fulmo trakuris tra

"La

parolado lacigas

sed baldaii ni vidis, ke ni trompigis. tre

agrabla

diaroanto havas belan brilon. la

malluma

domo, en kiu oni lernas, estas

Cielo.

lernejo, kaj la

domo, en kiu oni pregas, estas pregejo. ^'La kuiristo

^^' American Esperanto Book

174

sidas en la kuirejo.

"La kuracisto konsilis al mi iri en

Svitbanejon. "Magazeno, en kiu oni vendas cigarojn,

ad Cambro, en kiu oni tenas cigarojn, estas cigarejo; skatoleto

objekto, en kiu oni tenas cigarojn,

a£l alia

estas cigarujo

;

tubeto, en kiu oni metas cigaron, '"

kiam oni gin fumas, estas cigaringo.

Skatolo,

en kiu oni tenas plumojn, estas plumujo, kaj bas-

estas

plumingo. " En ^*

kandelo.

monujon, kaj en paperujon

;

pli

" La

brako.

plumon por skribado,

sur kiu oni tenas

toneto,

kandelingo sidas brulanta

poSo de mia pantolono mi portas

poSo de mia surtuto mi portas

grandan paperujon mi portas sub la

rusoj logas en

Rusujo kaj

germanoj

heard two

en Germanujo.

TRANSLATION *

In the course of a few minutes

'The shooting continued very long. surprise. * I jump very skilfully.

shots.

jumped from

jumped

all

day from place

to place.

'I I

'His speech of

much speaking tires him. 'When you began to speak, we expected to hear something new, but soon saw that we were deceived.

yesterday was very

*He

fine,

but too

singing a very beautiful song. 'Singing

agreeable occupation.

"The diamond has a

beau-

Exercises tiful

sparkle.

Two

learn

room

a church.

Turkish bath.

;

The cook

a cigar-

a small box or other object in which people

holder.

a cigar-case

and a

writing,

box

;

little

tube in which it,

carry

and Germans

arm.

a pen-

In the candlestick

" In the pocket of

a pocketbook

a cigar-

on which we have a pen for

little stick,

carry a purse, and in the pocket of

carry under

which we keep pens

a penholder.

burning candle.

sits in

store in which they sell cigars,

one puts a cigar when he smokes

which they keep cigars,

keep cigars

case,

which people

^*The doctor advised

the kitchen.

store

The house

a school-house, and the house in which

which they pray

or a

flashes of lightning passed ^*

across the dark sky.

175

;

my trousers my overcoat

a larger document-case

" Russians

Germany.

live in Russia,

The American Esperanto Book

176

EXERCISE dtalo,

rompi,

vitro, glass. laCidi, to

fleksi, to bend.

steel.

to break.

memori,

f raise.

remember.

Spari, to economize,

bagatelo,

vengi, to avenge. polvo, dust. eksplodi, to explode. er, one of many objects

eksciti, to excite.

trifle.

fajro, fire.

pulvo, gunpowder. of the same kind sablo, :

sand; sablero, a grain 0/ sand. 'Stalo estas fleksebla, sed fero '

Vitro estas rompebla kaj

ne estas fleksebla.

travidebla.

Ciu

Via parolo estas tute nekomprenebla kaj viaj leteroj estas Clam skribitaj ' Rakontu tute nelegeble. al mi vian malfeliCon, * Li rakontis al mi Car eble mi povos helpi al vi. kreskajo estas mangebla.

amas vian

historion

tute nekredeblan.

patron?

*Kia demando kompreneble, ke mi lin Mi kredeble ne povos veni al vi hodiati,

amas.

Car mi pensas, ke mi

mem

havos hodiaii gastojn. " Via ago estas tre *' latidinda. Tiu Ci grava tago restos por mi Ciam memorinda. " Lia edzino estas tre laborema kaj Sparema, sed Si estas anka(i tre babilema kaj kriema. " Li estas tre ekkolerema kaj ekscitigas

"Li

estas

homo ne

kredinda.

malgranda bagatelo tamen li estas pardonema, li ne portas longe la koleron kaj li " Li estas tre kredema tute ne estas vengema.

ofte Ce la plej

;

tre

eC la

plej

nekredeblajn aferojn, kiujn rakontas al

;

Exercises la plej nekredindaj

homoj,

177 ^'

Cen"Sablero "Li estas tre purema, ne trovos sur lia vesto. li

tuj kredas.

timo, pfenigo kaj kopeko estas moneroj.

mian okulon. unu polveron vi

enfalis en

kaj

efi

" Unu

fajrero estas sufiCa,

por eksplodigi pulvon.

TRANSLATION *

Steel

Glass

plant

flexible,

brittle

is edible.

hensible,

and your

but iron

41 is

not flexible.

* Not and transparent. every * Your speech is quite incompre-

letters are

always written quite

me your unhappiness, for possibly * He told me I shall be able to help you. a totally incredible story. ^Do you love your father? *What a question! Of course I love him. 'I illegibly.

Tell

shall probably not be able to come to your house today, for I think that I myself shall have guests today. " He is a man unworthy of belief. "Your ^^ act is very praiseworthy. This important day " His wife is will ever remain memorable for me. very industrious and thrifty, but she is also very ^* talkative and noisy. He is very quick-tempered, and often becomes excited at the smallest trifle however, he is very forgiving, he does not bear anger long and is not at all vengeful. ^^He is very credulous ; even the most incredible things, which the most untrustworthy people tell him, he at once believes. ^®A centime, a pfennig and a kopek are coins, "a grain of sand fell into my eye. "He is very clean, and you v/ill not find even a single speck of dust on his coat. *^One spark is sufficient to explode gunpowder.

The American Esperanto Book

178

EXERCISE

rezultato, result.

atingi, to attain.

peco, piece, episkopo, bishop.

Siri, to tear, rend.

moSto, universal

title,

grafo, earl, count.

difini, to define.

*Ni Ciuj kunvenis, por priparoli tre gravan aferon;

sed ni ne povis atingi ian rezultaton, kaj ni '

MalfeliCo ofte kunigas la homojn,

disigas

ilin.

disSiris

disiris.

kaj feliCo ofte

la leteron kaj

disjetis

angulojn de la Cambro. *Li donis al mi monon, sed mi gin tuj redonis al li. giajn pecetojn en Ciujn

'Mi

foriras, sed

atendu min, Car mi baldaiirevenos.

'La suno rebrilas en la klara akvo de la rivero. ' Mi diris al la rego via rega moSto, pardonu mini :

unu

al Lia Episdua: al lia Grafa Mo§to, Sinjoro P.; la tria: al Lia MoSto, Sinjoro D. *La sufikso urn ne havas difinitan signifon, kaj tial la (tre malmultajn) vortojn kun urn oni devas lemi, kiel simplajn vortojn. ^*Ekzemple: plenumi, kolumo, manumo. " Mi volonte plenumis lian deziron. " En malbona vetero oni povas facile malvarmumi. Sano, sana, sane, sani, sanu, san-

la tri leteroj

estis adresita

kopa MoSto, Sinjoro N.;

iga, saneco, sanilo, sanigi, sanigi, sanejo, sanisto,

sanulo, malsano, malsana, malsane, malsani, malsanulo, malsaniga, malsanigi, malsaneta, malsanema, malsanulejo, malsanulisto, malsanero, mal-

saneraro,

sanigebla,

sanigisto,

sanigilo,

sanilo,

Exercises

resanigi, resaniganto, sanigilejo, sanigejo, malsan-

emulo, sanilaro, malsanaro, malsanulido, nesana,

malsanado,

sanigo, malsanulino, ista,

malsaneco,

sanilajo,

saniginda, sanilujo,

malsanulista* k.

sanigista, sanigilista, t.

sanil-

TRANSLATION

malsanemeco,

sanigilujo, remalsano, remal-

convened to discuss a very important attain any result, and we separated. ^Unhappiness often unites people and ^ I tore up and happiness often separates them. letter and scattered its fragments into all corthe * the money, but I of room. He gave me ners ^ returned him. going immediately it to I am ^The away, but await me, as I shall soon return. ^ in the clear water the river. reflects of I sun said to the king: "Your Majesty, pardon me!" * Of the three letters, one was addressed "To His "To His Reverence, Bishop N."; the second: "To The HonExcellency, Count P."; the third 'The suffix um has no definite orable Mr. D." meaning, and therefore the (very few) words with um one should learn as simple words. ^°For ex^^ I willingly ample plenumi, kolumo, vianumo. ^^ In bad weather one can fulfilled his desire. *

all

matter, but

we could not

easily catch cold. words shown here from the root san* are and serve to illustrate the wide latitude of expression which may be had by use of the afi&xes.

*The

fifty-three

self-defining

l8o

The American Esperanto Book

CORRESPONDENCE letter, we usually omit the and write the day of the month with

In the date-line of a preposition

/<r

accusative sign following the figures

1 8^

St. Louis,

de AUgusto, igo8.

San Francisko, 2&^ de Marto, 1914.

Everyone may safely use

own

his

taste as to

the form of salutation, conforming, however, to the relations between

adresanto and adresaio.

peculiar paradox, the most formal style of address for

"My

Americans,

formality in

literal

its

Dear Madan>", is far from meaning, and should the

average European be addressed as Mia Kara he would infer at least some degree of affection. A few of the many forms of greeting are Sinjoroj:

Respektata Sinjorino

Tre Estimata Amiko Kara Kolego Kara Samideano^

The forms

of closing letters are

much

the

same

as in English

Kun

plena respekto,

Tre vcre

via,

Kun granda Sam-ide-an-o, a

felloiv-lhinker.

estimo,

etc;

etc.

Correspondence

l8l

Modelaj Leteroj Al Administranto de Amerika Esperantisto, Cikago, U. S. A. Sinjoro

Tralerninte mian lemolibron kun treega intereso, kaj dezirante lernadi pli multe pri Esperanto, kiel

ankatt uzadi mian gis

nun akiritan

scion,

mi sendas

sumo da unu dolaro kaj Aminde enskribu mian nomon

enfermite mandaton por la

dudek-kvin cendoj. kiel

abonanto

conta

je la

al via

gazeto

dum unu

jaro,

komen-

Ankau, enpresu

oktobra kajero.

kiel

eble plej frue, la sekvantan anonceton Dekses-j'ara

esperantistino

deziras

korespondadi

kun kelkaj geartistoj de fremdaj landoj pri la inierA/able sin Sango de ariajetojn, kuriozajojn, k. t. p. iurfiu al: Fno. Gladys Nelson^ 23 Paul Avenue^ Suite 16, Nov- Yorko. Esperante ke

vi baldaii

plenumos mian mendon,

estas, sinjoro,

Tre respekte

la via,

(Fraiilino) Gladys Nelson.

Urbo Nov- J or ko,

i6*° de Septembro, 1907.

23 Paul Avenue, Suite 16.

The American Esperanto Book

z8a

Toronto, Kanado, 17*" de Aprilo, 1908.

D~ W.

F. Cody, Galveston, Texas, U. §. A.

Mia Kara Samideano Respondante vian leteron pri la reciproka interSangado de manuskriptojpredikaj, mi povas diri ke mi multe aprobas la projekton. Per tiu Ci farado ni sendube ricevos multe da helpon, kaj plibonigos nian laboradon.

Mi sendas

al vi

per la sama poSto

lanotojn de mia hieraxia prediko, titolita **Ju pli da Sapo, des pli da Sankteco." Mi vere kredas keoni

ne povas purigi la morojn de la amasoj gis kiam ili havos sufiCe da riCeco por ^ui purajn domojn, puran aeron kaj purajn vestojn. Cu vi opinias ke

mi eraras? Frate via, Charles Saunders

Novembro

la 6*", 1906.

Altera Esperantista Sbcieto, rue du Marine^ Algero, Algerujo.

Sekretario de 4,

Hamm.

Respektata Sinjoro Cu vi povas doni al mi, poStkarte, adreson de juna algera esperantistino kiu kredeble Satus korespondi kun nord-amerika samideanino? Mi multe interesas pri la afero nia en Afriko, kaj deziras pli Kun kora danko pro via komplezo, detale sciigi. mi subskribas min, sinjoro. Via humila servantino. Alberta V. Edwards,

Adreso:

Griff,

Mo., U.

S. A.

Correspondence

183

Especially in correspondence with foreign per-

one should be careful to write plainly, as to many of these Esperanto script is not easy to read sons,

unless clearly written. to

name and address.

whom

particularly careful as

Americans,

many

habitually use figures of speech called slang

when the gloss is worn remember that such language cannot be must

while new, and good English off,

me that a a rare American who doesn't know what is meant by a metaphorical "peach," and most Europeans would understand if we mentioned "bird"; but to the home-grown Japanese or Maori these words would indicate translated.

certain

book

An is

Indiana

fersiko.

man

writes

He is

things pertaining to horticulture and ornithology.

The American Esperanto Book

184

LA ESPERANTISMO La

sekvanta Deklaracio

estis

Mer,

pan de AUgustOy

Unua

eldonata de la

Jnternacia Kongreso Esperantista

en Boulogne-sur-

igoS'-

Car pri la esenco de la esperantismo multaj havas tre malveran ideon, tial ni subskribintoj, reprezentantoj de la esperantismo en diversaj landoj de la mondo, kunvenintaj al la Internacia Kongreso Esperantista en Boulogne-sur-Mer, trovis necese lati la propono de la adtoro de Esperanto doni la sekvantan klarigon.

esperantismo estas penado disvastigi en

mondo

uzadon de lingvo neiitrale homa, kiu, "ne entrudante sin en la inteman vivon de la popoloj kaj neniom celante elpuSi la ekzistantajn lingvojn naciajn," donus al la homoj de malsamaj nacioj la eblon komprenigadi inter si, kiu povos servi kiel paciga lingvo en publikaj institucioj de la tuta

tiuj

landoj, kie diversaj nacioj batalas inter

la lingvo,

pri

kaj en kiu povos esti publikigataj tiuj

verko], kiuj havas egalan intereson por Ciuj popo-

Ciu alia ideo

loj.

ati

espero, kiun tiu

esperantisto ligas kun la esperantismo, afero

pure privata por kiu la

zX\.

alia

estas lia

esperantismo ne

respondas. 2.

Car en

nuna tempo neniu esploranto jam

La dubas

pri tio,

Esperantismo

185

ke lingvo internacia povas esti nur el Ciuj multegaj provoj faritaj

lingvo arta, kaj Car

en la daiiro de la lastaj du centjaroj, Ciuj prezentas

nur teoriajn projektojn, kaj lingvo efektive finita, perfekte vivipova kaj en Ciuj rilatoj pleje tafiga montrigis nur unu sola lingvo, Esperanto tial la amikoj de la ideo de lingvo internacia, konsciante ke teoria diskutado kondukos al nenio kaj ke la celo povas esti atingita nur per laborado praktika, jam de longe Ciuj grupigis Cirkaii la sola lingvo Esperanto kaj lahoras por gia disvastigado kaj la riCigado de gia literaturo. Car la aiitoro de la lingvo Esperanto tuj en 3. la komenco rifuzis unufoje por Ciam 6iujn personajn Ciuflanke elprovita,

;

rajtojn

kaj

privilegiojn

rilate

tiun

lingvon,

tial

Esperanto estas "nenies proprajo" nek en rilato materiala, nek en rilato morala. Materiala majstro de tiu 6i lingvo estas la tuta mondo kaj Ciu deziranto povas eldonadi en ad pri tiu fii lingvo Ciajn verkojn, kiajn li deziras, kaj uzadi la lingvon por 6iaj eblaj celoj ; kiel spiritaj majstroj de tiu 6i lingvo estos Ciam rigardataj tiuj personoj, kiuj de la

mondo

esperantista estos konfesataj kiel la plej

bonaj kaj plej talentaj verkistoj de tiu

lingvo.

Esperanto havas neniun personan legdonanton kaj dependas de neniu aparta homo. Opinioj kaj verkoj de la kreinto de Esperanto havas, simile al la opinioj kaj verkoj de Ciu alia esperantisto, karakteron absolute privatan kaj por neniu devigan. La sola unufoje por Ciam deviga por Ciuj esperan4.

The American Esperanto Book

i86 tistoj

fundamento de

la Lingvo

Esperanto estas

verketo "Fundamento de Esperanto," en kiu neniu

havas

la rajton fari

neniam povos pravigi aii

donitaj en la dirita verko,

Sanson.

reguloj kaj modeloj

iu deklini^as

sin perlavortoj "tiel deziras

Ciun ideon,

konsilas la atltoro de Esperanto."

kiu ne povas esti oportune esprimata per tiu materialo,

kiu trovigas en la

"Fundamento de Esperan-

to," eiu esperantisto havas la rajton esprimi en tia

maniero, kiun estas

farate en

trovas la plej ^usta, Ciu

alia

unueco de la lingvo rekomendate imitadi stilon,

kiu

lingvo.

al Ciuj

kiel

tiel

same,

kiel

Sed pro plena

esperantistoj estas

eble

plej

multe tiun

trovigas en la verkoj de la kreinto de

Esperanto, kiu la plej multe laboris por kaj en Esperanto, kaj la plej bone konas gian spiriton. Esperantisto estas nomate Ciu persono, kiu 5. scias kaj uzas la lingvon Esperanto, tute egale, por kiaj celoj

gin uzas. Apartenado al ia aktiva societo

esperantista por Ciu esperantisto estas rekomendinda, sed de deviga.

VOCABULARIES The

following

contains fiienio

all of

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

the word-roots found in the Funda-

some hundreds of others The student must understand that

de Esperanto, with

in general use.

the great majority of these roots can be changed

by the addition of the various grammatical endings and of the prefixes and suffixes so that, having appropriated a thousand Esperanto roots, he will possess a working vocabulary of several thousand ;

words.

The English-Esperanto Vocabulary is merely a supplementary help, to assist the student in finding the root connected with the idea he has in mind. It contains few feminine nouns, these being formed from the general or masculine term by adding the suffix in. Hundreds of words for which Esperanto has no root equivalent are translated by the word of

contrary meaning,

method

with the prefix

of word-building is

series of

shown

words from the root

Sano, health. Sani, to be healthy. Sana, healthy. Sane, healthfully. Sanigi, to

make

healthy.

The

tnal.

in the following

for health

•'

Vocabularies

Sanigi, to become healthy.

Malsani, to be ill. Malsano, sickness. Malsaneco, the state

of being sick.

Sanulo, a healthy person. Malsanulo, an invalid. Resanigebla, curable. Nesanigebla, incurable. Malsanulejo, a sanitarium, hospital Resaniganta, convalescent. Remalsanigi, to suffer a relapse.

Malsanema,

sickly.

Malsanero, a malady. Malsaneraro, a category of diseases. Sanemulino, a healthily-inclined female. Sanigilo, a medicine.

Sanigilaro, materia medica.

Sanigisto, a physician.

Malsaneto, a slight disease. Malsanego, a very serious malady. Sanigilujo, a medicine case. Etc., etc,, etc. to 69.

See

full list of

affixes,

pp.

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

ending abat-o, abbot abel-o, bee aberaci-o, aberration abi-o, fir abisen-o, Abysinnian a, adjective

abism-o, abyss abiturient-o, abiturient ablativ-o, ablative abomen-o, abomination abon-i, to subscribe to abnegaci-o, abnegation abrikot-o, apricot abrotan-o, southern-

wood abrupt-a, abrupt absces-o, abscess absin-to, absinthe absolut-a, absolute absolutism-o, absolutism absolv-i, to absolve absorb-i, to absorb abstemi-a, abstemious abstinenc-o, abstinence abstrakt-a, abstract absurd-a, absurd acer-o, maple acetat-o, acetate acetile-no, acetylene

acid-a, sour a6et-i, to buy ad, suffix indicating continued action paroli, to speak ; parolado, :

a speech adapt-i, to adapt

adekvat-a, adequate adept-o, adept adiau, farewell adici-i, to add adjektiv-o, adjective adjunkt-o, adjunct adjutant-o, adjutant administr-i, administer administraci-o, administration,

management

admir-i, to adniire admiral-o, admiral admiralitat-o, admiralty

admon-i,

admonish

adopt-i, to adopt ador-i, worship, adore adres-i, to address adstring-a, astringent adult-i, to commit adultery

adverb-o, adverb advent-o, advent

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

advokat-o, advocate

attorney,

aer-o, air; aerumi,

ventilate

aerometr-o, aerometer aeronautik-o, aeronautics

aerostat-o, aerostat afabl-a, affable afekci-o, affection (not love) afekt-i, to affect afer-o, affair, matter

aforism-o, aphorism afiks-o, afifix afiS-o, placard afrank-i, to pay postage • Afrik-o, Africa afust-o, gun-carriage

ag-i, to act agac-i, to set the teeth

on edge agarik-o, mushroom agat-o, agate agend-o, note-book agent-o, agent agit-i, to agitate (/^/.)

agiot-o, a speculation in stocks agl-o, eagle

aglomer-i, to agglomerate aglutin-i, to agglutinate

agoni-o, agony agord-i, to tune agrabl-a, agreeable

agraf-o, metal clasp

agregat-o, aggregate agrikultur-o, agriculture

agronomi-o, agronomy ag-o, a^e ajl-o, garlic

ajn

ever

kiam

ajn,

•whenever aj,

something made from

possessing or the quality of bovo, ox bovajo, beef\ bela, beautiful \ belajo, a beautiful thing. akaci-0, acacia :

;

akademi-o, academy akapar-i,

"corner

the market" of akar-o, mite, tick akcel-i, to hasten,

ac-

celerate

akcent-o, accent akcept-i, to accept akcesor-o, accessory akci-o, share of stock akcident-o, accident akcipitr-o, hawk akciz-o, excise akir-i, to acquire aklam-i, to acclaim akn-o, pimple

akompan-i, to accompany akomod-i,accommodate to, to fit

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

akonit-0, aconite akord-o, chord {music) akr-a, sharp akrid-o, grasshopper akrobat-o, acrobat aks-o, axle aksel-o, axle-hole

aksiom-o, axiom akt-o, act (theatrical) aktiv-a, active {gram.^ aktor-o, actor akurat-a, accurate akustik-o, accoustics aku§-i, to deliver a

woman

alg-oj, sea- weed

algebr-o, algebra Al|eri-o, Algiers al?iemi-o, alchemy ali-a, other ali-e, otherwise alibi-o, alibi

aline-o,

break

paragraph

aligator-o, alligator alk-o, elk alkali-o, alkali alkohol-o, alcohol alkov-o, alcove

almanak-o, almanac

akut-a, acute akuzativ-o, accusative akv-o, water akvafort-o, aquafortis akvarel-o, a painting

almenaii, at least almoz-o, alms

in water-color akvari-o, aquarium al, to or toward alabastr-o, alabaster

Alp-oj, Alps alpak-o, alpaca alt-a, high

alarm-o, alarm alaud-o, lark (bird) alban-o, Albanian albinos-o, albino

in printing

aln-o, alder alo-o, aloes alopati-o, allopathy

altar-o, altar alte-o, marshmallow altern-i, to alternate

alternativ-o, an alternative

album-o, album albumen-o, albumen

alumet-o, match

alcion-o, halcyon ald-o, alto ale-o, walk, path alegori-o, allegory alen-o, awl alfabet-o, alphabet

alud-i, to allude to

alun-o, alum

amalgam-o, amalgam amas-o, crowd amator-o, amateur ambasador-o, ambassador

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

ambaii, both ambici-o,ambition ambl-o, amble

ambos-o, anvil ambr-o, ambergris ambrozi-o, ambrosia ambulanc-o, ambulance amel-o, starch amen! amenl Amerik-o, America ametist-o, amethyst amfibi-a, amphibious amfiteatr-o, amphitheater

amik-o, friend

amindum-i, make

love

amnesti-o, amnesty amoniak-o, ammoniac ampleks-o, extent, size amput-i, amputate amuz-i, to amuse an,

sufiix

member,

indicating a citizen, par-

tisan, etc.:

Ameriko,

America; Amerikano, an American

anagram-0, anagram anakronism-o,anachronism analiz-i, to analyze

analogi-o, analogy analitik-o, analytics ananas-o, pineapple anarTii-o, anarchy

anatomi-o, anatomy anas-o, duck

anfiov-o, anchovy And-oj, Andes Andaluzi-o, Andalusia anekdot-o, anecdote aneks-i, to annex

anemon-o, anemone angil-o, eel

angin-o, quinsy, angina angl-a, English angl-o, Englishman anglism-o, anglicism angul-o, angle, corner angel-o, angel angelus-o, angelus anilin-o, aniline anim-o, soul aniz-o, anise ankaii, also

ankorau, yet, still ankr-o, anchor anomali-o, anomaly anonc-i, announce anonim-a, anonymous ans-o,catch, clinch, latch anser-o, goose anstatau, instead of ant, sign of present active participle: loving

amanta

antagonism-o, onism

antag-

antagonist-o, antagonist

antarkt-a, antarctic antaii, before anten-o, antenna

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

anticip-i, to anticipate antikrist-o, Antichrist antikv-a, antique antilop-o, antelope Antil-oj, the Antilles

antimon-o, antimony antipati-o, antipathy antipod-oj, antipodes

antiseps-a, antiseptic antitez-o, antithesis antologi-o, anthology antracit-o, anthracite antraks-o, anthrax antropologi-o, anthro-

pology

Anunciaci-o, Annunciation

anus-o, anus aort-o, aorta

apanag-o, appanage aparat-o, apparatus apart-a, special, separate

apartament-o,

suite,

apartment aparten-i, to belong to apati-o, apathy apelaci-o, apellation apenaii, hardly, scarcely

Apenin-oj, Appenines aper-i, to appear apetit-o, appetite aplaiid-i, to applaud

aplomb-o, aplomb apog-i, to lean upon apoge-o, apogee

apokalips-o, apocalypse apokrif-a, apocryphal

apolog-o, apologue apologi-o, apology apopleksi-o, apoplexy apostat-a, apostate apostaz-i, to apostatize apostol-o, apostle apostrof-o, apostrophe apotek-o, a chemist's '

shop apoteoz-o, apotheosis apozici-o, apposition apr-o, wild boar April-o, April aprob-i, to approve apsid-o, apsis apud, near ar, indicates a collection of things arbo, tree\ arbaro, forest arab-o, an Arab :

arabesk-o, arabesque arak-o, arrack arane-o, spider arang-i, to arrange arb-o, tree arbitr-a, arbitrary arbitraci-o, arbitration

arco, violin bow ard-o, ardor arde-o, heron ardez-o, slate aroma tr-o, areometer are-o, area aren-o, arena

)

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

areopag-0, areopagus

artemezi-o, wormwood

arest-i, to arrest argil-o, clay

arteri-o, artery artez-a, artesian

argon-o, argon

artifik-o, artifice

argument-o, argument Argus-o, Argus

artik-o, joint

arfent-o, silver

artikol-o,article(^rd!i«. artileri-o, artillery

arliaik-a, archaic

artist-o, artist

arliaism-o, archaism arlieologi-o, archeology

arti§ok-o, artichoke

ar¥iipelag-o,

archipel-

ago arTiitektur-o, architecture ar^itrav-o, architrave ar^iv-o, archives ari-o, air {music) aristokrat-o, aristocrat aritmetik-o, arithmetic ark-o, arc, bow

arkad-o, arcade arke-o, ark {Noah's) arkt-a, arctic arleken-o, harlequin

artrit-o, arthritis as, present tense ending of verbs as-o, ace, of cards asafetid-o, asafetida

asbest-o, asbestos asekur-i, to insure asert-i, to assert

asesor-o, an assistant judge asfiksi-o, asphyxia asign-i, to assign asimil-i, to assimilate asist-i, to assist

arom-o, aroma

askarid-o, spoolworm asket-o, ascetic asketism-o, asceticism association, asoci-o, organization asonanc-o, assonance asparag-o, asparagus aspekt-o, aspect aspid-o, asp, aspic

arorut-o, arrowroot arpeg-o, arpeggio arsenik-o, arsenic

aspir-i, to aspire asteroid-oj, asteroids astr-oj, stars, in general

art-o, art

astrologi-o, astrology

arm-i, to arm

arme-o, army armen-o, Armenian arnik-o, arnica arog-i (al si), to arrogate to oneself arogant-a, arrogant

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

astronomi-0,

astron-

omy sign of the present passive participle amate, being loved atak-i, to attack at-,

atavism-o, atavism ateism-o, atheism ateist-o, atheist atenc-i, to attempt atend-i, to wait atent-a, attentive atest-i, to attest ating-i, reach, attain Atlantik-a, Atlantic atlas-o, satin atlet-o, athlete

atmosfer-o, atmosphere atom-o, atom atribu-i, to attribute atribut-o, attribute atripl-o, mountain spin-

ach atrofi-o, atrophy atut-o, trump, at cards au, or, either aiid-i, to hear

auditoriTO, audience augur-o, augury August-o, August

aukci-o, auction aiireol-o, aureole aurikl-o, auricle

Auror-o, Aurora auskult-i, to listen auspic-oj, auspices austr-o, an Austrian Australi-o, Australia autentik-a, authentic autobiografi-o, auto-

biography autograf-o, autograph aiitokrat-o, autocrat

autokrati-o, autocracy

automat-o, automaton automobil-o, automobile

autor-o, author autoritat-o, authority autun-o, autumn av-o, grandfather avar-a, avaricious avel-o, hazelnut

aven-o, oats aventur-o, adventure avid-a, avid, eager aviz-i, to notify azen-o, ass, donkey

Azi-o, Asia azot-o, azote

babil-i, to chatter

bajonet-o, bayonet

babord-o, larboard

bak-i, to bake bakteri-o, bacterium bal-o, ball, dance

bacil-o, bacillus

bagatel-o,

trifle

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

bala-i, to sweep balad-o, ballad

barbir-o, barber barCo, beet-root soup barel-o, barrel, cask barier-o, barrier barikad-o, barricade bariton-o, baritone

balanc-i, to balance balast-o, ballast balbut-i, to stammer

baldaken-o,, canopy baldau, soon balen-o, whale balet-o, ballet balkon-o, balcony balon-o, balloon balot-i, to vote by ballot Balt-a, Baltic balustrad-o, balustrade

balzam-o, balsam balzamen-o, balsamine bambu-o, bamboo ban-i, to bathe

banan-o, banana band-o, band, gang bandag-o, bandage banderol-o, a strip paper

bandit-o, bandit bank-o, bank(financial) bankier-o, banker bankrot-i, to fail in business bant-o, bow of ribbon bapt-i, baptize bar-i, to obstruct

barium-o, barium bark-o, bark (boat) barometr-o, barometer baron-o, baron bas-o, base (.music)

basen-o, reservoir bask-o, skirt of garment bast-o, inner bark of tree bastard-o, bastard bastion-o, bastion baston-o, stick baSlik-o, kind of hood bat-i, to beat batal-i, to fight batalion-o, battalion batat-o, sweet potato bateri-o, battery batist-o, cambric, lawn

bavar-o, a Bavarian baz-o, chemical base bazalt-o, basalt

bazar-o, bazar bazilik-o, basilica bazilisk-o, basilisk

bed-o, garden-bed

barak-o, barracks

bedaiir-i, to regret

barakt-i, to struggle

beduen-o, Bedouin

barb-o, Iseard barbar-o, barbarian barbarism-o, barbarism

bek-o, beak bel-a, fine, beautiful

beladon-o, belladonna

Esperanto- English Vocabulary beletristik-o,

belles-

biret-o, biretta bis, once more, encore biskvit-o, biscuit

lettres

belg-o, a Belgian ben-i, to bless benefic-o, benefice

bismut-o, bismuth bistr-o, bistre bisturi-o, lancet

benk-o, bench benzin-o, benzine benzol-o, benzola

bitum-o, bitumen bivak-o, bivouac

ber-o, berry berber-o, a Berber beril-o, beryl best-o, beast bet-o, beet betul-o, birch bezon-i, to need, want bibli-o, Bible bibliogbibliografi-o,

raphy

blank-a, white blasfem-i,to blaspheme blat-o, weevil blazon-o, blazon blek-o, cry of animal blend-o, blende blind-a, blind blok-o, block blond-a, blonde blov-i, to blow blu-a, blue

bibliotek-o, library bicikl-o, bicycle bien-o, landed estate bier-o, beer bifstek-o, beefsteak

bluz-o, blouse bo, relationship by marriage patro, father ; :

hO'^Sitvo,father-in- law

bigami-o, bigamy bigot-a, bigoted bil-o, promissory note bileto, ticket

;

bilanc-o, balance-sheet bilard-o, billiards bilion-o, billion bild-o, picture, poster bind-i, to bind (books) binokl-o, binocular biografi-o, biography biologi-o, biology bird-o, bird

boa-o, boa boat-o, jDoat boben-o, bobbin, spool

bohem-o, a Bohemian boj-i, to

bark

bojkot-i, to boycott boks-i, to box bol-i, to boil

Bolivi-o, Bolivia

bomb-o, bomb bombard-i,

bombard

bombon-o, bonbon bon-a, good

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

bosk-o, grove, park bot-o, boot botanik-o, botany botel-o, bottle

bov-o, ox bracelet-o, bracelet braliiur-o, crab brak-o, arm (of body)

bronkit-o, bronchitis bronz-o, bronze bros-o, brush bro§ur-o, brochure brov-o, eyebrow bru-o, noise brul-i, to burn ; biniligi, to cause to burn

bram-o, bream (fish) braman-o, Brahmin

brun-a, brown brust-o, breast

bran-o, bran branCo, branch brand-o, brandy brank-o, gills (of

brut-o, brute bub-o, ragamuffin

bubal-o, buffalo fish)

bras-i, to brace inaui.)

brasik-o, cabbage brav-a, brave brazil-o, a Brazilian breC-o, breach bret-o, shelf breton-o, a Breton brev-o, papal breve brevier-o, breviary brid-o, bridle brigad-o, brigade brik-o, brick briketo, briquette bril-i, to shine briliant-o, a brilliant brit-a, British

broC-o, brooch brod-i, to embroider brog-i, to scald brokant-i, to haggle

brom-o, bromine bronk-o, bronchial tube

butcher bud-o, booth, small store budtet-o, budget bufii, to

buf-o, toad bufed-o, buffet bufr-o, buffer of car buk-o, buckle

buked-o, bouquet bukl-o, ringlet, curl buks-o, boxwood bul-o, ball of earth bulb-o, bulb, onion bulgar-o, a Bulgarian buljon-o, broth bulk-o, roll (bread) bulvard-o, boulevard bun-o, bun burd-o, bumble-bee burg-o, civilian, burgess

burgon-o, bud burlesk-a, burlesque burnoos-o, burnoose busprit-o, bowsprit

EsperantO'English Vocabulary

bust-o, bust bu§-o, mouth bu§el-o, bushel buter-o, butter

car-o, czar ced-i, cede, yield cedr-o, cedar cejan-o, cornflower cel-i, to

aim

cek-o, Czech

butik-o, store

buton-o, button butor-o, bittern buz-o, buzzard

cezi-o,

caesmm

thou cin, thee cianacid-o,prussic acid cibet-o, civet cidoni-o, quince cidr-o, cider ci,

;

celeri-o, celery

cifer-o, cipher, figure

celuloid-o, celluloid cembr-o, kind of pine

cigan-o, gipsy cigar-o, cigar cigared-o, cigarette cign-o, swan cikad-o, cicada

cement-o, cement cend-o, cent cent, hundred centav-o, centavo eentigram-o, centigram

centr-o, center

cikatr-o, scar cikl-o, cycle ciklon-o, cyclone ciklop-o, cyclop cikoni-o, stork cikori-o, succory

centraliz-i, centralize

cikumo, brown owl

cenzur-i, to censure cerb-o, brain cercedul-o, teal

cikut-o, hemlock cilindr-o, cylinder

centilitr-o, centilitre

centim-o, centime centimetr-o, centimeter

ceremoni-o, ceremony ceri-o, cerium cert-a, certain, sure cerv-o, deer ceter-a, the rest ; kaj ceteraj, and so forth

cim-o, bug cimbal-o, cymbal cinabr-o, cinnibar cinam-o, cinnamon cindr-o, ashes cinik-a, cynical cipres-o, cypress

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

cir-o, shoe blacking cirk-o, circus

cirkel-o, compass cirkl-o, circle cirkonstanc-o, circumstance cirkul-i, to circulate cirkuler-o, a circular

cirkumfleks-o, circumflex

Cabrak-o, caparison Cagren-o, chagrin Cam-o, chamois Cambelan-o, chamber-

quote

citadel-o, citadel citr-o, zither

citron-o, lemon civil-a, civil( not military, etc.) civiliz-i, to civilize civilizaci-o,civilization col-o, inch

Cef-,

head or principal:

e e furbo

metropolis.

Cek-o, check (on bank) 6el-o, cell (of matter;

comb)

also of insects'

lain

Cambro, room Campan-o, champagne Can-o, cock (of gun) Cap-o, furred cap 6apel-o, hat Capitr-o, chapter Car, because, for, since Car-o, chariot 6arlatan-o, charlatan fiarm-a, charming Carnir-o, hinge 6arpent-i, to do carpenter

cistern-o, cistern cit-i, to cite,

work

Cemizo,

shirt

£en-o, chain fieriz-o, cherry Cerk-o, coffin 6erp-i,

draw water

from well 6esi, to cease 6eval-o, horse ei,

the nearest

tio,

that tio Ci, this. Cia, all, all such eial, for every reason ;

Ciam, always

Casta, chaste

Cie, everywhere Ciel, in every way Ciel-o, heaven, the sky

Ce, at

Cies, everybody's

Carpi-o,

lint

fias-i, to

hunt

Esperanto- English Vocabulary 6if-i, to

crumple

£iz-i, to chisel

fiifon-o, rag

Cj,

dikan-i, chicane, cavil 2io,

all,

Ciom,

everything

all, all

fiirkau, around 6iu, each, every £irp-ij to chirp

da, of

;

endearing diminutive

for masculine

names

Petro, Peter

PeCjo,

Pete. Cil-o, a Chilian

one

£okolad-o, chocolate 6u, whether

used instead of words denot-

debit-o, selling transac-

weight,

dec-i, to be proper, decent

after

ing quantity,

number. daktil-o, date (fruit) dali-o, dahlia

dalmat-a, Dalmatian dam-oj, draughts (game

damask-o, damask dan-o, a Dane danc-i, to dance dand-o, a dandy danger-o, danger dank-i, to thank Dardanel-oj, Dardanelles

dat-o, date (time); datumi, to date dativ-o, dative datur-o, datura dauri, to continue de, of, by, since, from debet-o, a "charge," debit (indicates debt)

tion,

ready sale

Decembr-o, December decid-i, to decide decilitr-o, decilitre deciinal-a, decimal decimetr-o, decimeter deCifr-i, to decipher dediCi, to dedicate dedukt-i, to deduce defend-i, to defend deficit-o, deficit definitiv-a, definitive degel-i, to thaw

degener-i, degenerate degrad-i, to degrade dejor-i, to be on duty dek, ten dekadenc-o, decadence

dekagram-o, dekagram dekametr-o, dekameter

Esperanto-Engli<!h Vocabulary

dekan-o, dean deklam-i, to declaim deklar-i, to declare deklaraci-o, declaration deklinaci-o, declension dekliv-o, declivity dekoraci-o, decoration dekret-i, to decree dekstr-a, right ; opposite of left

deleg-i, to delegate delegaci-o, delegation delfen-o, dolphin delikat-a, delicate delir-o, delirium delt-o, delta

demagog-o, demagogue demand-i, to ask demokrat-o, democrat demokrati-o, democracy

demon-o, demon denar-o, denarius dens-a, dense dent-o, tooth denunc-i, to denounce

departement-o, department of government depeS-o, dispatch depon-i, to deposit deput-i, to depute deriv-i, to derive des pli, the more desegn-i, to design desert-o, dessert desinfekt-i, disinfect

despot-o, despot

despotism-o, despotism destin-i, to destine detal-o, detail detektiv-o, detective

determin-i, determine detru-i, to destroy dev-i, ought, must devi-i, to deviate deven-o, origin deviz-o, emblem, device dezert-o, desert dezir-i, to desire Di-o, God diabet-o, diabetes diabl-o, devil

diadem-o, diadem diafan-a, diaphanous

diafragm-o, diaphragm diagnostik-o, diagnosis diagnoz-i, to diagnose diagonal-a, diagonal diakon-o, deacon dialekt-o, dialect dialog-o, dialogue

diamant-o, diamond diametr-o, diameter diant-o, a pink diapazon-o, diapason diboe-o, debauCh didaktik-a, didactic didelf-o, kangaroo diet-o, diet difekt-i, to damage diferenc-i, to differ difin-i, to define

Esperanto- English Vocabulary difteri-o, diphtheria

diftong-o, diphthong dig-o, dike, dam digest-i, to digest

diism-o, deism dik-a, thick; also "fat" dikt-i, to dictate diktator-o, dictator

dilem-o, dilemma dilet-i, to delight in diligent-a, diligent

diman6-o, Sunday dimensi-o, dimension diminutiv-o, diminutive dinam-o, dynamo dinamik-o, dynamics dinamit-o, dynamite dinasti-o, dynasty diplom-o, diploma diplomat-o, diplomat diplomati-o, diplomacy say direkci-o, management, dir-i, to

board of directors direkt-i, to direct

direktor-o, director direktori-o, directory dis, indicates separation scattering §iri, tear ; disSiri, to tear to pieces. disciplin-o, discipline

disenteri-o, dysentery disertaci-o.dissertation disk-o, disc diskont-o, discount

diskret-a, discreet diskut-i, to discuss dispepsi-o, dyspepsia dispon-i, to dispose disput-i, to dispute distanc-o, distance distil-i, to distil

disting-i, to distinguish distr-i, to distract distribu-i, to distribute distrikt-o, district

divan-o, divan diven-i, to guess divers-a, various diver|-i, to diverge divid-i, to divide

dividend-o, dividend divizi-o, division (army do, indeed docent-o, docent, tutor dog-o, large dog, mastiff

dogm-o, dogma dot-o, doge doktor-o, doctor doktrin-o, doctrine

dokument-o, document dolar-o, dollar dol6a, sweet dolor-o, pain

dom-o, house domag-o, pity domen-o, domino don-i,'to give

donac-i, to make a gift dorlot-i, coddle, nurse

dorm-i,

to sleep

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

dorm-i, to sleep dorn-o, a thorn dors-o, back dct-i, to give a

driad-o, dryad drink-i, to tipple

drog-o, drug

dower

doz-o, dose dragon-o, dragoon drak-o, dragon

drakm-o, drachma drakon-a, draconian

dram-o, drama drap-o, cloth drapir-i, to drape drast-a, drastic draS-i, to thresh drelik-o, twilled cotton

goods, drilling dren-i, to drain dres-i, to train

c, abbreviation

zemple

;

for ek-

of derived adbela, beautiful] bele, beautifully

e, sign

verb

dromedar-Ojdromedary dron-i, to drown dronigi, cause to drown ;

druid-o, druid du, two dub-i, to doubt duel-i, fight a duel duet-o, duet duk-o, duke dukat-o, ducat dum, during, while dung-i, to hire duplikat-o, duplicate dur-o, a Spanish coin dud-o, douche

ec, abstract quality horn., good ; boneco, goodness eC, even ; eC se, even if :

£den-o, Eden

eben-a, even

edif-i,

cbl', denotes possibility: addi, to hear; aiidebla, audible

edikt-o, edict eduk-i, to educate edz-o, a husband efekt-o, effect efektiv-a, real, actual

cbon-o, ebony ebri-a, inebriate, drunk cbur-o, ivory

to edify

efemer-a, ephemeral

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

efemer-a, ephemeral

ekscit-i, to excite

efik-i, to effect

eksklusiv-a, exclusive

eg*, increased degree or size : vento, wind ;

ekskomunik-i, communicate ekskrement-o, ment

ventego, tempest egal-a, equal Egid-o, -^gis egipt-o, an Egyptian eglelin-o, haddock eglog-o, eclogue

iment ekspertiz-0, investiga-

echo

place devoted

to ler-

lern-i, to learn ; nejo, a school ek', prefix indicating an action of short duration or sudden beginning brili, to shine \ ekbrili, to flash ekip-i, to equip eklektik-a, eclectic eklezi-o, church (the :

institution) eklips-o, eclipse

ekliptik-o, ecliptic ekonom-o, superintendent eks', of the past, ex :

eksprezidanto,

excre-

eksperiment-o, exper-

egoist-o, egotist ej',

ex-

ekskurs-o, excursion ekspansi-o, expansion eksped-i, to expedite

egoism-o, egotism eTi-o,

ex-

president.

ekscelenc-o, excellency (title)

ekscentr-a, eccentric eksces-o, excess

tion by experts eksplod-i, to explode ekspluat-i, to exploit, to work out eksport-i, to export ekspozici-o, exhibition,

exposition

ekspres-a, express,positive

ekstaz-o, ecstasy ekstemporal-o, extemporization ekster, outside eksterm-i, exterminate ekstr-a, extra ekstrakt-o, extract

ekstrem-a, extreme ekvaci-O, equation ekvator-o, equator ekvilibr-o, equilibrium

ekvilibrism-o, equiliibrism equivaekvivalent-o, lent

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

ckvivok-a, equivocal ekzakt-a, mathematic-

embaras-o,

ally exact

ekzamen-i,

examine

eksegez-o, exegesis ekzekut-i, to put death, execute

ekzem-o, eczema ekzempl-o, example ekzempler-o, copy

(of

ekzil-i, to exile

out of,

from, from

among

elektromotor-o, electric motor element-o, element elevator-o, elevator

ogy embusk-o, ambush emerit-o, emeritus emfaz-o, emphasis emigraci-o, emigration eminence eminenc-o,

eminent-a, eminent emoci-o, emotion empiri-a, empirical empirism-o, empirism en,

in, into

enciklopedi-0, encyclopedia endivi-o, endive energi-o, energy

enigm-o, enigma enket-o, a poll of

mem-

bers; inquest, inquiry

elf-o, elf

eleksir-o, elixir elips-o, ellipse elimini-i, to eliminate (^math.) elizi-i, to elide

elokvent-a, eloquent em', inclination: labori,

work

emblem-o, emblem embrazur-o, embrasure embri-o, embryo

(title)

elast-a, elastic elefant-o, elephant elegant-a, elegant elegi-o, elegy elekt-i, to choose, elect elektr-o, electricity elektroliz-o.electrolysis

encum-

brance

embriologi-o, embryol-

a book, etc.) ekzerc-i, to exercise el,

emajl-o, enamel emancipi-i, emancipate

;

industrious.

laborema,

entomologi-0, entomology entrepren-i, undertake entuziasm-o, enthusi-

asm enu-i, to be tired, dull envi-i, to envy epar?ii-o, diocese

epidemi-o, epidemic

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

epiderm-o, epidermis Epifani-o, Epiphany epigraf-o, epigraph epigram-o, epigram epikurism-o, epicurism epilepsi-o, epilepsy epilog-o, epilogue

episkop-o, bishop

esplor-i, to explore

esprim-i, to express est-i, to be establ-i, to establish estetik.a, esthetic estim-i, to esteem esting-i, to extinguish estr-o, leader, chief

epistol-o, epistle epitaf-o, epitaph epitet-o, epithet

estrad-o, rostrum e§afod-o, executioner's

epitom-o, epitome

et',

epizod-o, episode epizooti-o, murrain epok-o, epoch epolet-o, epaulet epope-o, epopee er', unit, one of a colsabl-o, sand\ sablero, grain of sand

lection

erar-i, to err erik-o, heather

scaffold

diminution of size monto, degree mountain ; monteto, or

hill

etaf-o, story of building etat-0, social rank etend-i, to extend eter-o, ether etern-a, eternal etik-o, ethics etiket-o, etiquette

ermen-o, ermine

etimologi-o, etymology etiop-o, an Ethiopian etnologi-o, ethnology

ermit-o, hermit

eufemism-o euphemism

erotik-a, erotic erp-i, to harrow erupci-o, eruption escept-i, to except esenc-o, essence

eunuk-o, eunuch Europ-o, Europe

erinac-o, hedgehog erizipel-o, erysipelas

eskadr-o, squadron

eskim-o, Esquimo eskort-o, escort esoter-a, esoteric esper-i, to hope

evangeli-o, gospel eventual, eventual-a, contingent evident-a, evident evit-i, to avoid evoluci-o, evolution esofag-o, esophagus ezok-o, pike (fish)

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

fab-o, bean fabel-o, story (fiction) fabl-o, fable fabrik-o, factory facil-a, easy faden-o, thread faeton-o, phaeton fag-o, beech fajenc-o, earthenware fajf-i, to

whistle

fajl-i, to file

fajr-o, fire fak-o, section, division fakir-o, fakir faksimil-o, fac simile

fakt-o, fact faktor-o, printer's fore-

man faktori-o, business pot,

fars-o, farce

garment fast-o, fast, abstinence fatal-a, fatal fatalism-o, fatalism faiik-o, jaw, opening fav-o, ringworm

mow

fald-i, to fold

favor-a, favorable

falk-o, falcon terate falt-o, a wTinkle

to fare (as health or safety)

fason-o, shape cut of a

falang-o, phalanx falbal-o, furbelow

falsify,

farmaci-o, pharmacy fart-i,

(of

college, etc.)

fals-i, to

farize-o, pharisee farm-i, to farm

farun-o, flour fasad-o, facade fask-o, bundle

fal-i, to fall

falfi-i, to

fantom-o, phantom far-i, to make, do fara-o, Pharaoh faring-o, pharynx

de-

agency

faktur-o, invoice fakultat-o, faculty

fam-o, rumor famili-o, family familiar-a, familiar fanatik-a, fanatical fand-i, to melt (metals) fanfar-o, fanfare fanfaron-i, to boast fantazi-o, fancy

adul-

phase moon, etc.)

faz-o,

(of

fazan-o, pheasant

the

Esperanto- English Vocabulary fazeol-o, haricot bean febr-o, fever

fi!

fiel

fiakr-o, fiacre, cab

Februar-o, February

fianfi-o, a betrothed

fe6-o, dregs feder-i, to federate federaci-o, federation

fiask-o, fiasco fibr-o, fiber fibrin-o, fibrine fid-i, to trust, rely fidel-a, faithful

federalism-o, ism

federal-

man

fe-o, fay; feino, fairy fel-o, hide, pelt feliC-a, happy felieton-o, feuilleton

fier-a, proud, haughty fig-o, fig figur-i, to represent by

felp-o, velveteen

fiks-i, to fix (not repair)

felt-o, felt

fiktiv-a, fictitious

drawing,

etc.

feminism-o, feminism

fil-o,

feminist-o,

filantrop-o, philanthro-

suffragist,

feminist

femur-o, thigh fend-i, to split

son

pist

filantropi-o,

i 1

fenestr-o, window fenikopter-o, flamingo feniks-o, phoenix fenkol-o, fennel

filatel-o, philately

fenomen-Ojphenomenon

zation, firm, etc. filigran-o, filigree filik-o, fern

fer-o, iron

ferdek-o, deck of ship ferm-i, to close ferment-i, to ferment fervor-o, fervor to celebrate, to entertain

fest-i,

festen-o, banquet feston-o, festoon feti6-o, fetish feiid-a, feudal fez-o, fez (cap)

thropy filharmoni-o, philharmonics fili-O, branch of organi-

filistr-o, Philistine, vul-

garian filologi-o, philology filozof-o, philosopher filozofi-o, philosophy filtr-i, to filter fin-i, to finish final-o, finale

financ-o, finance fingr-o, finger

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

Finland-o, Finlando firm-o, a firm fisk-o, public treasury fistul-o, fistula fiS-o,

fojn-o, hay fok-o, seal foken-o, porpoise fokus-o, focus foli-o, leaf

fish

iizik-o, physics fiziologi-o, physiology

foment-i, foment fond-i, to found

fizionomi-o,

fonetik-a, phonetic fonograf-o, phonograph font-o, spring of water fontan-o, fountain

physiog-

nomy fjord-o, fjord flag-o, banner,

signal

for,

flag flagr-i, to flicker, flare

flam-o, flame fian-o, custard flanel-o, flannel flank-o, side flar-i, to smell flat-i, to flatter flav-a, yellow fleg-i, to nurse

flegm-o, phlegm fleksi-o, inflection flik-i, to

patch,

mend

formaci-o, formation formal-a, formal format-o,size and shape of a book formik-o, ant formul-o, formula forn-o, stove, oven fort-a, strong

fortepian-o, piano fortik^a, solid, substan-

flirt-i, to flirt

flok-o, flake flor-i, to flower,

away from

forges-i, to forget forg-i, to forge (metals) fork-o, fork form-o, form, shape

bloom

tial

floren-o, florin

fonim-o, forum

flos-o, raft flu-i, to flow flug-i, to fly fluid-a, liquid fiut-o, flute foir-o, a fair

fos-i, to dig

foj-o,

"time": unufojo,

one time

fosfor-o, phosphorus fost-o, stake, post photofotograf-i, to

graph frag-o, strawberry

fragment-o, fragment fraj-o, spawn

Esperanto- English frak-o, evening dress coat frakas-i, to shatter frakci-o, fraction

fraksen-o, ash (tree) framason-o, freemason framb-o, raspberry franc-o, a Frenchman frand-i, to be fond of sweets frangol-o, black alder franf-o, fringe frjank-o, franc frap-i, to knock frat-o, brother

fraul-o, unmarried fraz-o, phrase fregat-o, frigate fremd-a, foreign

Vocabulary

front-o, front of

army

fronton-o, gable frost-o, frost frot-i, to

rub

fru-e, early

frugileg-o, rook frukt-o, fruit frunt-o, forehead ftiz-o,

consumption ~

fug-o, fugue fulard-o, foulard fulg-o, soot fulm-o, lightning

fum-i, to smoke fund-o, bottom

man

frenez-a, mad, crazy fresk-o, fresco fre§-a, fresh fring-o, chaffinch fringel-o, canary fripon-o, rascal, rogue fris-o, frieze frit-i, to fry frivol-a, frivolous friz-i, to curl (the hair)

fundament-o,

founda-

tion

funebr-o, funeral funel-o, funnel fung-o, mushroom funkci-o, function funt-o, pound furag-o, forage furioz-a, furious furor-o, furore furunk-o, a boil fusten-o, fustian fu§-i, to bungle, botch

fromaf-o, cheese

fut-o, foot (measure) fuzilier-o, fusilier

gabi-o, gabion gad-o, codfish

gaj-a, gay gajn-i, to gain

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

gal-o, bile, gall

galant-o, snowdrop galanteri-o, toilet articles

galantin-o, galantine galen-o, galena galer-o, ship's galley galeri-o, gallery galicism-o, gallicism gall-a, Gallic galop-i, to gallop

galod-o, galosh galvan-a, galvanic

galvanism-o.galvanism

gam-o, gamut gamaS-o, gaiter gangli-o, ganglion

gangren-o, gangrene gant-o, glove garanti-i, to guarantee garb-o, a sheaf gard-i, to guard

gardeni-o, gardenia gargar-i, to gargle garn-i, garnish, decorate garnitur-o, garniture garnizon-o, garrison garol-o, jay gas-o, gas gast-o, guest gastronomi-o, gastron-

omy gavot-o, gavotte gaz-o, gauze gazel-o, gazelle gazet-o, gazette

ge', prefix meaning both sexes: patro, father ; gepatroj, parents.

gehen-o, gehenna gelaten-o, gelatine

gem-o, gem gencian-o, gentian genealogi-o, genealogy general-o, a general generaci-o,a generation geni-o, genius, talent genitiv-o, genitive genot-o, genet gent-o, tribe

genu-o, knee geografi-o, geography geologi-o, geology geometri-o, geometry gerani-o, geranium

german-a, German gerundi-o, gerundive gest-o, gesture gigant-o, a giant gild-o, guild

gimnastik-a, gymnastic gimnazi-o, a college gine-o, guinea (coin) gips-o, gypsum girfalk-o, gerfalcon girland-o, garland gitar-o, guitar glace-a, spick and span,

"dress-" glaci-o, ice glad-i, to iron, smooth gladiator-o, gladiator

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

glan-o, acorn gland-o, gland glas-o, drinking-glass glat-a,

smooth

glav-o, sword glazur-o, varnish glicerin-o, glycerine gliciriz-o, licorice

glikoz-o, glucose

glim-o, mica glit-i,

to glide

glob-o, globe

granit-o, granite gras-a, fat grat-i, to scratch gratul-i, to congratulate

grav-a, important graved-a, enciente gravur-i, to engrave grek-o, a Greek gren-o, grain, cereal grenad-o, grenade Grenland-o, Greenland gri-o, oatmeal

glor-i, to glorify glu-i, to stick glut-i, to swallow

grif-o, griffin grifel-o, slate-pencil,

gobi-o, gudgeon golet-o, schooner

gril-o, cricket

golf-o, gulf,

bay

gondol-o, gondola gort-o, throat goril-o, gorilla got-a, Gothic graci-a, graceful grad-o, grade, degree graf-o, earl, count grafit-o, graphite grajn-o, a grain, stone, pip (of fruit) grak-i, to croak

gram-o, gram gramatik-o, grammar gran-o, a grain, particle granat-o, pomegranate grand-a, large, great grandioz-a, grandiose, magnificent

stylus

grimac-o, grimace grinc-i, to grate, rasp grip-o, influenza griz-a, gray grog-o, grog gros-o, gooseberry grot-o, grotto

grotesk-a, grotesque gru-o, crane (bird)

grum-o, groom grumbl-i, to grumble grunt-i, to grunt

grup-o, group guan-o, guano guberni-o, government of a province or state gudr-o, tar guf-o, a large owl gulden-o, gulden

gum-o, gum

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

gurd-o. hand-organ gust-o, taste

guvcrn-i, to educate in

g^stum-i,

gvardi-o,

private

to taste

g^t-i, to drip

guard of

soldiers gvid-i, to guide

gutaperk-o, gutta percha

garden-o, garden gem-i, to groan

ginece-o, gynecium gir-o, endorsement (of

gen-i, to hinder

note, draft, etc.) *giraf-o, giraffe

gendarm-o, gendarme general-a, general

gis, till, until, as far as givr-o, hoar-frost goj-o, joy gu-i, to enjoy gust-a, just, exact

gentil-a, polite

germ-o, germ gi. it

gib-o, hump gin-o, gin

H ha ha ah Haban-o, Havana 1

halter-o, dumb-bell halucinaci-o, hallucination

hajl-o, hail

hak-i, to hack hal-o» a covered market-place

haladz-o, offensive exhalation

halebard-o, halberd helen-a, Hellenic halt-i, to stop haltigi, to cause to stop ;

hamak-o, hammock hamstr-o, hamster har-o, hair haradri-o, plover hard-i, to harden

harem-o, harem haring-o, herring

harmoni-o, harmony harp-o, harp

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

harpi-o, harpy

hermetik-a,

harpun-o, harpoon

herni-o, hernia, rupture hero-o, hero herold-o, herald

haut-o, skin hav-i, to have, possess haven-o, haven, port

heterogen-a, heterogeneous hetman-o, a Cossack

hazard-o, hazard he hey hello hebre-o, Hebrew heder-o, ivy hejm-o, home !

chief

hejt-i, to heat

hekatomb-o, hecatomb heksametr-o, hexameter

hektar-o, hectare hektograf-o, h e k

graph

hektogram-o, h gram

air-tight

hektolitr-o, hektolitre

hektometr-o, hektometer hel-a, bright, glaring helik-o, edible snail heliotrop-o, heliotrope

hiacint-0, hyacinth hidr-o, hydra hidrarg-o, mercury hidraulik-o, hydraulics hidrofobi-o, hydrophobia

hidrops-o, dropsy hien-q, hyena hierarHi-o, hierarchy hierau, yesterday hieroglif-o, hieroglyph higien-o, hygiene

himn-o, hymn hind-o, a Hindoo hiperbol-o, hyperbole hipnot-a, hypnotic

hippo-

helium-o, helium

hipodrom-o, drome

help-i, to help, assist

hipokrit-i, to pretend

hemorojd-o,

hipopotam-o, hippopotamus hipotek-o, mortgage

piles liver

hepat-o, heraldik-o, heraldry herb-o, herb, grass herbari-o, herbarium hered-i, to inherit herez-o, heresy

hermafrodit-o, hermaphrodite

hipotenuz-o, hypothenuse hipotez-o, hypothesis hirt-a, bristly hirud-o, leech

hirund-o, swallow(bird)

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

hiskiam-o, henbane hisop-o, hyssop hispan-o, a Spaniard histeri-o, hysteria histori-o, history histrik-o, porcupine histrion-o, clown

oh ho hoboj-o, hautboy, oboe hodiaii, today hok-o, hook holand-a, Dutch hold-o, hold of ship hom-o, human being !

hont-i, to be ashamed hor-o, hour horde-o, barley horizont-o, horizon horlot-o, clock horoskop-o, horoscope hortensi-o, hortensia hospital-o, hospital hotel-o, hotel ho ve! alasl huf-o, hoof hulul-o, howlet

human-a, humane humer-o, humerus

homeopati-o, homeop-

humil-a, humble humor-a, humorous hund-o, dog hungar-o, a Hungarian hura! hurrah! huz-o, large sturgeon huzar-o, hussar

athy

homogen-a,

homogen-

eous honest-a, honest honor-i, to honor honorari-o, honorarium

H Tiameleon-o, chameleon fiaos-o, chaos liemi-o, chemistry Tiimer-o, chimera Iiin-o, a Chinese person Tiirurg-o, surgeon Tiirurgi-o, surgery

Jioler-o, cholera tior-o, choir Iioral-o, chorale

Iiromotipi-o,

chromo-

type, color-printing Tironologi-o, chronol-

ogy

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

infinitive

ami, ia, an)'^

verb ending:

to love

kind of

any reason iam, ever, at any time ial, for

ibis-o, ibis id', the young of: kato, cat;

ilustr-i, to illustrate iluzi-o, illusion imag-i, to imagine imit-i, to imitate

imperi-o, empire imperial-o, roof of a vehicle

imperialism-o, imperi-

katido, kitten

alism

ide-o, idea ideal-a, ideal

impertinent-a,

idealism-o, idealism

imper-

tinent

implik-i, to implicate

ident-a, identical idili-o,

impon-i,

idyll

impose

idiom-o, idiom

import-i, to import

idiot-o, idiot idol-o, idol

impost-o, tax impotent-a, impotent impres-o, impression impuls-o, impulse imput-i, to impute imun-a, immune

ie,

someplace, anywhere

iel,

ies,

somehow, anyhow somebody's, any

person's cause to become bela, beautiful; bel-

ig', to

igi, beautify.

ignam-o, yam to

become:

ruga,

ititiokol-o, isinglass ir, tool or instrument clip;

scissors

they ilumin-i, to illuminate

incit-i, to incite to fidi, ind', worth fidinda, trusttrust :

;

tondilo,

ileks-o, holly ili,

inaugu-

ration

red\ rugigi, to blush

tondi,

inauguraci-o,

ignor-i, to ignore

if,

the feminine viro, man ; virino, woman

in', suffix of

worthy indeks-o, index indian-o, Indian indien-o, chintz indiferent-a, indifferent indig-o, indigo

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

3«

indign.i, to be indignant indigen-o, a native indikativ-o, indicative individu-o, individual induk-o, induction indulg-i, to indulge industry, industri-o, business inerci-o, inertia infan-o, child infanteri-o, infantry infekt-i, to infect infer-o, hell infinitiv-o, infinitive influ-i, to influence inform-i, to give infor-

mation infuz-i, to infuse ing', holdor for a single

plumo, pen plumingo, penholder.

object

;

ingven-o, groin ingenier-o, engineer iniciat-i, to initiate

iniciativ-o, initiative injekt-i, to inject

ink-o, ink inklin-o, inclination inklusiv-e, inclusive inkognit-o, incognito

inkub-o, nightmare inkvizaci-o, inquisition inkvizitor-o, inquisitor inokul-i, to inoculate insekt-o, insect insid-i, to ensnare

insign-o, msignia insist-i, insist

inspekt-i, to inspect inspir-i, to inspire instal-i, to install

instanc-o, instance instig-i, to instigate

instinkt-o, instinct instituci-o, institution institut-o, institute instru-i, to instruct instrukci-o, directions, instructions

instrument-o, musical instrument insul-o, island insult-i, to insult int', the past participle: aminte, having loved integral-a, integral intelekt-o, intellect inteligent-a, intelligent intenc-i, to intend intens-a, intensive inter, between, among interdikt-o, interdict interes-i, to interest interjekci-o, interjection

intermit-i, to occur at intervals

intern-a, internal interpret-i, to interpret interpunkci-o, punctuation

intervju-0, interview

Es:peranto- English

intest-o, intestine intim-a, intimate intrig-i, to intrigue invad-i, to invade invalid-o, invalid invers-a, inverse inversi-o, inversion invit-i, to invite io,

something, anything

iom, somewhat, some ir-i, to go iris-o, iris

Irland-o, Ireland ironi-o, irony inventar-o, inventory

sign

knabo,

the boy,

plural

knaboj,

boys.

ja, indeed, in fact

jaguar-o, jaguar jaht-o, yacht jak-o, a round jacket

Vocabulary

sign of past tense

is*,

Island-o, Iceland one occupied with kuraci, to heal\ kuracisto, a doctor. istm-o, isthmus it', past participle pasist',

sive amite, been loved. ital-a, Italian :

iu,

anybody,

having

somebody

izol-i, to isolate

Izrael-0, Israel

jen, behold, lo jes, yes

Jesu-o, Jesus jod-o, iodine ju pli, the more jubile-o, jubilee jud-o, Jew

jam, already, yet jamb-o, iambus Januar-o, January

juft-o, Russia leather

japan-a, Japanese jar-o, year jard-o, yard (measure) jasmen-o, jessamine je, is an indefinite prep-

jugi, to judge Juki, to itch Juli-o, July

osition

amis, did love. Islam-o, Islam

jug-o, yoke

jugland-o, walnut

jun-a, young jung-i, to harness Juni-o, June

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

juniper-o, jumper junk-o, reed, stalk junkr-o, Prussian noble jup-o, skirt

jurist-o, jurist just-a, just, righteous jut-o, jute juvel-o, jewel

}ak-o, morning-coat }aket-o, jacket 5aluz-a, jealous Jargon-o, jargon

5oke-o, jockey Jongl-i, to juggle

jaud-o, Thursday throw

jus, just, just

5ur-i, to

swear

Jurnal-o, newspaper

now

]et-i, to

K c, kaj ceteraj, and the rest k. s., kaj similaj, and similar k. sekv., kaj sekvaniaj, and following k. a., kaj aliaj, and oth-

ers k. t. p., kaj' tiel plu,

and

so forth

kab-o, cape of land kabal-o, cabal kaban-o, cabin, hut kabinet-o, cabinet, closet

kabl-o, cable kabriolet-o, cab ka-6o, batter, pap

kadavr-o, cadaver

kadenc-o, cadence kadet-o, cadet kadr-o, frame

kaduk-a, decrepit kaf-o, coffee kafr-o, kaffir

kag-o, cage kahel-o, paving kaj,

tile

and

kaj-o, quay, wharf kajer-o, copy-book, a paper book, single

number

of series

kajut-o, hut, cabin kaka-o, cocoa kakatu-o, cockatoo kakt-o, cactus kal-o, corn, callous kalci-o, calcium

Esperanto- English

kaldron-o, cauldron kalejdoskop-o, kaleidoscope kalendar-o, calendar kalandr-i, to calendar between hot rollers; to mangle in laundry kalendul-o, marigold kale§-o, carriage kalfatr-i, to calk kalibr-o, caliber kalif-o, caliph kalik-o, cup, chalice kalikot-o, calico

kalk-o, lime kalkan-o, heel

kalkanum-o,

heel of shoe, etc. kalkul-i, to calculate

kalomel-o, calomel kalson-o, pair of drawers,

pants

kalumni-i, to slander kamarad-o, comrade

kame-o, cameo kambi-o, draft,

bill of

exchange kamel-o, camel

kamen-o, fire-place kamer-o, box-room kamizol-o, short nightdress

kamlot-o, camlet kamomil-o, camomile

kamp-o,

field

kan-o, rush, reed, cane

Vocabulary

kanab-o, hemp kanaben-o, linnet Kanad-o, Canada kanajl-o, scoundrel kanal-o, canal

kanap-o, sofa, couch kanari-o, canary kanastr-o, canister kancelier-o, chancellor kand-o, candy kandel-o, candle kandelabr-o, candela-

brum kandidat-o, candidate kanibal-o, cannibal kankr-o, crawfish kanon-o, canon (church law) kanonik-o, a church official, canon kant-i, to sing kantarid-o, cantharides kantat-o, cantata

kantin-o, canteen kanton-o, canton kantor-o, chanter kanvas-o, canvas kap-o, head kapabl-a, capable kapel-o, chapel kaper-i, seize as a prize kapital-o, capital, invested money kapitan-o, captain kapitel-o,capital(a;Y/i.) kapitol-o, capitol

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

kapitulac-i, capitulate

kapon-o, capon kapor-o, caper-bush kaporal-o, corporal kapot-o, cape kapr-o, goat kapreol-o, roebuck kapric-o, caprice, whim Kaprikorn-o, Capricorn kapstan-o, capstan kapsul-o, capsule kapt-i, to catch kapu6en-o, capuchin

monk kapu6-o, capuche, cowl kar-a, dear

karaben-o, carbine karaf-o, decanter

karakter-o, disposition karakteriz-i, to characterize

karamel-o, caramel karas-o, crucian (fish) karavan-o, caravan karb-o, charcoal; terkarbo, Stonkarbo, coal karbol-o, carbol karbonad-o, carbonate karbunkol-o, carbuncle karcer-o, prison kard-o, thistle kardel-o, goldfinch kardinal-o, cardinal kares-i, to caress karier-o, career karik-o, sedge, rush

karikatur-i, caricature kariofil-o, clove kariol-o, carry-all

karmin-o, carmine karn-o, flesh karnival-o, carnival karo-o, diamonds (in cards) karob-o, carob-bean karot-o, carrot karp-o, carp Karpat-oj, Carpathians karpen-o, yoke-elm kart-o, card kartav-i, to speak thick kartel-o, cartel kartilag-o, cartilage kartofi-o, cartridge

karton-o, paper board kanisel-o, carousal kas-o, money-drawer kasaci-o, cassation kaserol-o, saucepan kask-o, helmet kaskad-o, cascade kast-o, caste kastel-o, castle kastor-o, beaver kastr-i, geld ka§-i, to hide kaStan-o, chestnut kat-o, cat katafalk-o, catafalque

katakomb-o, catacomb katalepsi-o, catalepsy katalog-o, catalogue

Esperanto' English

kataplasm-o,cataplasm katar-o, catarrh katarakt-o, cataract (of the eye) katastrof-o, catastrophe kategori-o, category katehism-o, catechism katen-oj, fetters katolik-a, catholic katun-o, cotton cloth kauci-o, bail, security kaucuk-o, rubber kaur-i, to cower, squat kaiiteriz-i, to cauterize

kauz-i, to cause

kav-o, hole, pit kavaleri-o, cavalry kavalir-o, cavalier kavalkad-o, cavalcade kavern-o, cavern, den kaviar-o, caviare kaz-o, case (grammar) kaze-o, curds kazein-o, caseins kazemat-o, casemate kazern-o, barracks kazin-o, casino ke, that (conjunction) kegl-o, skittle kel-o, cellar kelk-e, some, a few kelner-o, waiter ken-o, resinous wood

kep-o, a peaked cap ker-o, hearts (cards)

kerub-o, cherub

Vocabulary

kest-o, chest, box kestrel-o, kestrel kia, what, what kind of kial,

why

kiam, when kie, where kiel,

how

kies,

whose

kil-o, keel

kilogram-o, kilogram kilolitr-o, kiloliter

kilometr-o, kilometer kimr-o, a Welshman kinematograf-o, cine-

matograph kinin-o, quinine kio, what, what thing

kiom, how much kiras-o, cuirass, armor kirl-i, to whirl rapidly kir§-o, cherry cordial kis-i, to kiss

kitel-o,

workman's

blouse kiu, who, which klaft-o, fathom klak-i, to clack, clatter klap-o, valve, plug klar-a, clear, distinct klarnet-o, clarinet klas-o, class (category) klasifik-i, to classify klasik-a, classic klav-o, key (of piano, typewriter, etc.) klemat-o, clematis

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

whoopingcough kokon-o, cocoon kokos-o, cocoanut

kler-a, well-infonned klerik-a, of the clergy klient-o, client klimat-o, climate

koklud-o,

klin-i, to incline

koks-o, hip kol-o, neck kolbas-o, sausage koleg-o, colleague kolegi-o, college

kling-o, blade klinik-o, clinic klister-o, clyster kliS-i, to stereotype kloak-o, sewer, drain klopod-i, to strive for klor-o, chlorine kloroz-o, chlorosis kloS-a, bell-shaped klub-o, clulT (society) kluk-i, to cluck kluz-o, sluice

knab-o, boy knar-i, to grate, creak

kned-i, to knead knut-o, knout koaks-o, coke kobalt-o, cobalt koalici-o, coalition

kobold-o, goblin, imp koCinel-o, cochineal kod-o, code kodeks-o, codex

kolekt-i, to collect kolektiv-a, collective koler-o, anger kolerik-a, choleric kolibr-o, humming-bird kolik-o, colic kolimb-o, diver (bird) kolizi-o, collision

kolodi-o, collodium kolomb-o, dove, pigeon kolon-o, pillar, column kolonel-o, colonel koloni-o, colony kolor-o, color koloratur-o, colorature kolos-o, colossus kolport-i, hawk, peddle kolubr-o, adder

kolum-o,

collar

kolz-o, rape (plant)

kodicil-o, codicil kofr-o, travelling trunk koincid-i, to coincide kojn-o, wedge kok-o, cock, rooster

komandor-0, comman<

kokard-o, cockade kokcinel-o, ladybird koket-a, coquettish

komb-i, to comb kombin-i, to combine

kom-o, comma komand-i, to command (army) der (of an order)

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

komedi-o, comedy komenc-i, to commence komentari-o, commen-

sion, to intrust with

komitat-o, committee komiz-o, clerk, employe

komod-o, commode kompakt-a, compact kompani-o, company

pliment

komplot-o, plot tion (musical)

kompost-i, to set type kompren-i, understand kompromis-o, compromise kompromit-i, to implicate, compromise kotnun-a, common komuni-i, to give sacrament komunik-i, communicate

komunism-o, commun-

(corporation, etc,)

kompar-i, to compare komparativ-a, compar-

ism komut-i,

commute

kon-i, to know,

ative

a compass

(marine)

kompat-i,

kompliment-i, to com-

kompon-o, a composi-

tary

komerc-i, to trade komet-o, comet komfort-o, comfort komik-a, comic komisari-o, comissary komisi-i, to commis-

kompas-o,

to pity

kompendi-o, compendium kompens-i, compensate kompetent-a, compet-

kondamn-i,

condemn

kondi6-o, a condition,

ent

kompil-i, to compile

komplement-o,

be ac-

quainted with koncentr-a, concentric koncern-i, to concern koncert-o, concert koncesi-o, concession konciz-a, concise

stipulation

com-

plement {gram.) komplet-o, a suit

clothes

komplez-i, to be kind, obliging

komplik-i, to complicate

kondolenc-i, to condole kondor-o, condor konduk-i, lead, conduct konduktor-o, conductor kondut-i, to behave konfeder-i, to confederate

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

konfekci-o, the clothing business konferenc-o, conference konfes-i, to confess konfid-i, to confide

konfidenci-a, confiden-

konserv-i, to conserve konservativ-a, conservative

konservatori-o, conservatory konsider-i, to consider

konfirm-i, to confirm konfirmaci-o, confirmation (church)

konsil-i, to advise konsist-i, to consist konsistori-o, consistory konsol-i, to console

konfisk-i, to confiscate

konsonant-o, consonant

konfit-i, to preserve

konspir-i, to conspire konstant-a, constant konstat-i, to declare konstelaci-o, constella-

tial

konflikt-o, conflict

konform-a,

conform-

ity

konfuz-i, to confound konglomerat-o, conglomeration kongregaci-o, coagregation kongres-o, congress konifer-o, conifer konjak-o, cognac konjekt-i, to conjecture konjugaci-i, conjugate konjunkci-o, conjunction

konk-o, shell konkav-a, concave konklud-i, to conclude konkret-a, concrete konkur-i, to compete konkurs-o, competition konsci-i, be conscious konscienc-o, conscience konsent-o, consent

tion

konstern-i, to dismay konstituci-o, constitution

konstru-i, to erect konsul-o, consul konsult-i, to consult

konsum-i,

consume

kont-o, trade account kontakt-o, contact kontant-o, ready money kontent-a, satisfied kontinent-o, continent continkontingent-o, gent

kontraband-o,

smug-

gling

kontrabas-o, base viol kontrakt-i, to contract kontrast-o, contrast kontrau, against

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

korporaci-o,

corpora-

kontrol-i, control kontur-o, outline kontuz-i, to bruise

konus-o, cone konval-o, lily

tion

the

valley

konveks-a, convex konven-i, to suit konvenci-o, convention, agreement konver|-i, converge konversaci-o, conversation

konvert-i, to convert konvink-i, to convince konvulsi-o, convulsion

kopek-o, kopeck kopi-i, to copy kor-o, heart koral-o, coral

koran-o, Koran korb-o, basket kord-o, chord kordon-o, cordon korekt-i, to correct korelativ-a, correlative

korespond-i, to correspond koridor-o, corridor kork-o, cork korn-o, horn korne-o, cornea kornet-o, cornet kornic-o, cornice kornik-o, crow korp-o, body

korpus-o, army corps korsaj-o, corsage korsar-o, corsair korset-o, corset kort-o, yard, court korv-o, raven kosmetik-o, cosmetic

kosm-o, cosmos kosmopolit-a, cosmopolitan kost-i, to cost

kostum-o, costume kot-o,

mud

pay dues kotolet-o, chop, cutlet koton-o, cotton kotiz-i, to

koturn-o, quail kov-i, to brood kovert-o, envelope kovr-i, to cover kozak-o, Cossack krab-o, crab, crawfish krabr-o, hornet krafi-i, to spit

krad-o, grate krajon-o, pencil krak-i, to crack kramp-o, fulcrum kran-o, tap krani-o, cranium kratag-o, hawthorn krater-o, crater kravat-o, cravat kre-i, to create

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

kred-i, to believe kredit-o, credit kreditor-o, creditor krejcer-o, kreutzer

krom-o, chromo kron-o, crown

krem-o, cream

kronik-o, chronicle kronologi-o, chronology krop-o, crop (of birds)

kreol-o, Creole krep-o, crape

kruc-o, cross

krepusk-o, twilight

krucum-i,

kres-o, cress kresk-i, to grow kresp-o, pancake krest-o, crest, comb (of birds or fowl)

kruC-o, jug, pitcher krud-a, crude, raw kniel-a, cruel krup-o, croup krur-o, leg krust-o, crust krut-a, steep kub-o, cube kubut-o, elbow

krestomati-o, chresto-

mathy kret-o, chalk krev-i, to burst kri-i, to cry kribr-i, to sift

krim-o, crime kriminal-a, criminal kring-o, a ring-shaped cracker or biscuit kripl-a, crippled kript-o, crypt Krist-o, Christ kristal-o, crystal kriteri-o, criterion kritik-i, to criticise

kriz-o, crisis krizalid-o, chrysalis krizantem-o, chrysan-

themum kroC-i, to hook krokodil-o, crocodile krom, except

kroz-i, to cruise to crucify

kudr-i, to sew kuf-o, woman's cap kugl-o, bullet kuir-i, to cook

kuk-o, cake kukol-o, cuckoo

kukum-o, cucumber kukurb-o, pumpkin kul-o, gnat kuler-o. spoon kulp-a, guilty kult-o, cult kultur-o, culture kun, with kunikl-o, rabbit kup-o, cupping-glass

kupe-o,

compartment

railway car kupol-o, dome, cupola in

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

kupon-o, coupon kur-i, to run

kurac-i, to treat, cure

kura§-a, courageous kurator-o, curator kurb-o, curve kuri-o, papal council kurier-o, courier kurioz-a, uncommon kurs-o, course kursiv-a, cursive kurtaf-o, brokerage kurten-o, curtain kusen-o, cushion ku§-i, to be lying down

kutim-o, habit, custom kutr-o, cutter (boat)

kuv-o, tub kuz-o, cousin kvadrant-o, quadrant kvadrat-o, square kvadril-o, quadrille kvaker-o, Quaker

r, la, the labor-i, to work lac-a, tired lacert-o, lizard laC-o, lacing-string lad-o, tin laf-o, lava

lag-o, lake

lagun-o, lagoon laik-o,

layman

lak-o, varnish

kvalifik-i, to qualify kvalit-o, quality

kvankam, although kvant-o, quantity kvar, four kvaranten-o, quarantine

kvarc-o, quartz kvart-o, fourth (music) kvartal-o,

quarter

section of a town

kvartet-o, quartet

kvazau, as

kver-i, to coo

kverk-o, oak kvestor-o, questor kviet-a, calm kvin, five

kvintesenc-o, quintessence kvit-a, quit kvitanc-i, to receipt for kvocient-o, quotient

lake-o, lackey lakon-a, laconic laks-o, diarrhoea lakt-o, milk

lam-a, lame lam-o, llama lamp-o, lamp lampir-o, glow-worm lan-o, wool lanc-o, lance, spear land-o, land, country

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

lang-o, tongue lani-o, shrike lantern-o, lantern

legom-o, vegetable legumin-o, legume let-o, law

lanug-o, down lap-o, bur

lek-i, to lick

lapis-o, lapis

lekci-o, lecture leksikon-o, lexicon lektor-o, lecturer lent-o, lentil lentug-o, freckle leon-o, lion

lar-o, sea-gull lard-o, lard

larg-a, wide larik-o, larch laring-o, larynx larm-o, tear (of eye) las-i, to leave last-a, last

lat-o, lath latin-a, Latin latrin-o, cesspool, closet latuk-o, lettuce lau, according to laiib-o, arbor laiid-i, to praise

la^ntenis-o, lawn tennis laur-o, laurel laureat-o, laureate laut-e, loudly lav-i, to

wash

lavang-o, avalanche lavend-o, lavender lazur-a, azure lecion-o, lesson led-o, leather leg-i, to read legat-o, legate legend-o, legend legi-o, legion legitim-i, to legitimize

lekant-o, marguerite

leontod-o, dandelion leopard-o, leopard lepor-o, hare lepr-o, leprosy lern-i, to learn lert-a, clever

lesiv-o, wholesale washing of clothes letargi-o, lethargy leter-o, letter leutenant-o, lieutenant leiik-o, league(measure) lev-i, to lift li,

lian-o, bindweed libel-o, dragon-fly liber-a, free liberal-a, liberal (/^/.) liberalism-o, liberalism libr-o, book lice-o, lyceum, French college lien-o, spleen lig-i, to tie, to bind lign-o, wood

Esperanto- English liken-o, lichen likvid-i, to liquidate likvor-o, liquor

Vocabulary

log-i, to allure logik-o, logic

limak-o, snail

lot-i, to dwell logi-0, theater lojal-a, loyal lojt-o, lote

limf-o, lymph

lok-o, place

limonad-o, lemonade

lokomotiv-0,

lin-o, flax linari-o, red linnet lin$-i, to lynch

tive lol-o, tares

lili-o, lily

lim-o, limit

box

locomo-

lingv-o, language lingvistik-o, linguistics

long-a, long lonicer-o, honeysuckle lorn-o, field-glass

lini-o, line

lot-i, to

link-o, lynx lip-o, lip lir-o, lyre

loteri-o, lottery lu-i, to hire lud-i, to play

draw

lots

lirik-o, lyric

luks-o, luxury

list-o, list

lul-i, to lull to sleep

lit-o,

bed

lum-i, to shine

lumb-o, loins lumbrik-o, earthworm

litani-o, litany liter-o, letter (alphabet) literatur-o, literature litograf-i, to lithograph litov-a, Lithuanian

lun-o, moon lunatik-o, lunatic lund-o, Monday lup-o, wolf lupop-o, hop (plant)

litr-o, litre

liturgi-o, liturgy liut-o, lute liver-i, to deliver livr-o, pound (sterling) livre-o, livery

lustr-o, luster lut-i, to solder

luteran-o, Lutheran lutr-o, otter

lod-o, half-ounce

M ma6-o, bread

unleavened

chew madon-o, madonna

mafi-i, to

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

magi-o, magic magistrat-o, magistrate magnat-o, magnate magnet-o, magnet magnetiz-i, magnetize magnoli-o, magnolia

mahagon-o, mahogany Mahomet-o, Mahomet maizo, maize, corn Maj-o, May majest-a, majestic majolik-a, majolica major-o, army major majstr-o, master of an art, trade, etc.

makadam-o, macadam makaron-o, macaroon makaroni-o, macaroni makler-i, to do brokerage business makrop-o, kangaroo

maksim-o, maxim

maksimum-o,

maxi-

mum makul-o, spot, makzel-o, jaw

malvarmum-i,

mamo,

breast, udder

mamut-o, mammoth man-o, hand mana-o, manna mandaren-o, mandarin mandat-o, money-order mandolin-o, mandolin mandragor-o, mandrake

maneg-o,

riding-school

mang-i, to eat mani-o, mania manier-o, manner manifest-o, manifesto manik-o, sleeve manipul-i, manipulate mank-i, to be lacking manovr-o, maneuver mantel-o, a mantle, cloak

mantil-o, mantilla

manufaktur-o, stain

mal', denotes contrary

bona, good; malbona, bad.

malaj-0, Malay malari-o, malaria maleol-o, ankle

malgrau, notwithstanding

malic-a, malicious malt-o, malt

to take

cold

manu-

facture

manum-o,

cuff

manuskript-o,

manu-

script

mar-o, sea, ocean marCipan-o, marchpane mare-o, marsh marCand-i, to bargain mard-o, Tuesday oleomarmargarin-o, garine

margen-o, margin

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

marin-i, to pickle marionet-o, marionette

matematik-o,

mark-o, mark markez-o, marquee markiz-o, marquis markot-o, runner of a

maten-o, morning

plant

marli-o, catgut

marmelad-o,

raarme-

lade

marmor-o, marble marmot-o, marmot maroken-o, morocoo Mars-o, Mars mar§-i, to march mar§al-o, marshal Mart-o, March martel-o, hammer martingal-o, martingale martir-o, martyr mas-o, mass, agglomeration

masag-o, massage masiv-a, massive mask-o, mask mason-i, to do mason work mast-o, mast mastik-o, mastic mastodon-o, mastodon mastr-o, master of a house host ;

ma§-o, mesh ma§in-o, machine mat-o, mat matador-o, matador

mathe-

matics

materi-o, matter material-o, material materialism-o, materialism

matrac-o, mattress matric-o, matrix, die matrikul-i, matriculate matronin-o, matron matur-a, ripe maur-o, a Moor

mauzole-o, mausoleum mazurk-o, mazurka mebl-o, a piece of furniture

mefi-o, wick

medal-o, medal medalion-o, medallion medi-o, the medium, average, commonplace medicin-o, medicine medit-i, to meditate

medium-o, medium meduz-o,

jellyfish

me?ianik-o, mechanics

metianism-o, mechanism mejl-o, mile

Meksik-o, Mexico mel-o, badger melankoli-o, melancholy

melas-o, molasses meleagr-o, turkey

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

melis-0, garden mint melk-i, to milk melodi-o, melody

melodram-o, drama

melo-

melon-o, melon

mem,

self or selves

membr-o, member membran-o, membrane memor-i,

remember

mend-i, order (goods) mens-o, spirit, mind, distinct from matter mensog-i, to tell a lie menstruaci-o, menstruation

ment-o, mint menton-o, chin mentor-o, mentor

menu-o, menu menuet-o, minuet meridian-o, meridian merinos-o, merino merit-i, merit, deserve meriz-o, wild cherry

merkred-o, Wednesday merl-o, blackbird mes-o, mass (church) Mesi-o, Messiah mestiz-o, a half-breed (Spanish) met-i, to put metafizik-o, metaphysics

metafor-o, metaphor metal-o, metal

metalurgi-o,metallurgy metamorphosis meteor-o, meteor meti-o, a trade, handi-

metamorfoz-o,

craft

metod-o, method metr-o, meter metrik-a, metric metropol-o, metropolis

mev-o, sea-gull mez-o, midst, middle mezalianc-o,

mesalli-

ance mezur-i, to measure mi, I

miasm-o, miasma miaii-i, to

mew

miel-o, honey mien-o, mien, air migdal-o, almond migr-i, to migrate mikrob-o, microbe

mikroskop-o,

microscope miks-i, to mix mil, thousand mild-a, gentle, mild mili-o, millet miliard-o, milliard milici-o, militia

milimetr-o, millimeter milion-o, million milit-i, to fight

mimik-o, mimicry min-o, mine

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

minaret-o, minaret mineral-o, mineral mineralogi-o, mineralogy minac-i, to threaten mini-o, red lead miniatur-o, miniature

minimum-o, minimum ministr-o, minister

minus-o, minus minut-o, minute miogal-o, musk-rat miop-a, nearsighted miozot-o, myosotis mir-i, to wonder mirakl-o, miracle

mirh-o, myrrh miriad-o, myriad miriametr-o, miriameter

mirmekofag-o,

ant-

eater

mirmeleon-o,

lion-ant

mirt-o, myrtle mirtel-o, bilberry misal-o, missal misi-o, mission mister-o, mystery mistifik-i, to mystify mistik-o, a mystic mit-o, myth mitologi-o, mythology mitul-o, mussel mizer-o, misery mobiliz-i, to mobilize

mod-0,

fashion,

mode

model-o, model moder-a, moderate modern-a, modern modest-a, modest modif-i, to modify

modul-i, modulate modulaci-o, modulation mok-i, to mock mol-a, soft molekul-o, molecule molusk-o, moUusk

moment-o, moment mon-o, money monali-o, monk monar!i-o, monarch

monat-o, month mond-o, world moned-o, jackdaw monitor-o, monitor

monogram-o, gram

mono-

monokl-o, monocle monolog-o, monologue monomani-o, monomania monopol-o, monopoly monstr-o, monster monoteism-o, monotheism

mont-o, mountain montr-i, to show monument-o, monument mops-o, pug dog mor-oj, morals moral-a, moral

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

muf-o, muff mug-i, to roar

morbil-o, measles morCel-o, mushroom mord-i, to bite morfin-o, morphine morgaii, tomorrow mort-i, to die morter-o, mortar

moru-o, species

muk-o, mucus mul-o, mule mult-o, much multiplik-i, multiply mulmuslin-o, mull

mumi-o,

of cod-

mummy

mur-o, wall murmur-i, to murmur mus-o, mouse musk-o, moss muskat-o, nutmeg musked-o, musket muskol-o, muscle muslin-o, muslin mustard-o, mustard mustel-o, martin, sable mu9-o, common fly mut-a, mute muz-o, muse muze-o, museum muzik-o, music

fish

morus-o, mulberry mosk-o, musk moske-o, mosque moskit-o, mosquito unfermented most-o, wine moSt-o, title of respect mot-o, motto motiv-o, motive motor-o, motor mov-i, to move mozaik-o, mosaic mucid-a, damp, mouldy muel-i, to grind

N n, ending of the accusative or objective case; also shows direction or motion toward

naiv-a, artless najbar-o, neighbor

naci-o, nation nadir-o, nadir naft-o, naphtha na^-i, to swim

nanken-o, nankeen

najl-o, nail

najtingal-o, nightingale

nap-o, turnip narcis-o, narcissus narkot>a, narcotic

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

nask-i, to give birth to natr-o, soda natur-o, nature nau, nine nauz-i, to nauseate

nav-o, nave naz-o, nose ne, no nebul-o, fog neces-a, necessary

neg-o, snow neglig-o, negligee negoc-o, business affair, transaction negr-o, negro nek, neither nekrologi-o, necrology nektar-o, nectar neni-o, nothing nenia, none, no such nenial, for no cause neniam, never nenie, nowhere neniel, in no way nenies, nobody's nenio, nothing

neutrala, neutral nev-o, nephew ni,

niC-o, niche nigr-a, black nihilism-o, nihilism nikel-o, nickel nikotin-o, nicotine nimb-o, nimbus, halo

nimf-o,

nymph

nivel-o, level niz-o, sparrow-hawk nj' endearing diminutive of feminine names patrino, mother; pan:

jo,

mamma.

nobel-0, nobleman nobl-a, noble nokt-o, night

nom-o, name nomad-o, nomad nombr-o, number nominal-a, nominal notninativ-o, nominative

nord-o, north

neniom, none neniu, nobody

normal-a, regular norveg-o, a Norwegian

neologism-o, neologism nep-o, grandson nepotism-o, nepotism nepre, unfailingly nest-o, nest, den net-o, clean copy

nostalgi-o, ness

neuralgi-o, neuralgia neiitr-a, neuter

not-i,

homesick-

to note, to

make

memoranda notari-o, notary nov-a, new novel-o, novel

Novembr-o, November

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

novic-o, novice nu, well

nuanc-o, hue, tint nub-o, cloud nud-a, nude nuk-o, nape of the neck nuks-o, nut

numer-o, number, No. numid-o, guinea-fowl numismatik-o, numismatics

nun, now nunci-o, nuncio nur, only

nul-0, zero

nutr-i, to nourish, feed

ending of the noun or substantive oaz-o, oasis obe-i, to obey obelisk-o, obelisk objekt-o, object obr, multiple of numerals dudu, two obla, double oblat-o, wafer obligaci-o, bond oblikv-a, oblique obol-o, a small Greek coin, obolus observ-i, to observe obsfrvatori-o, observatory obstina, obstinate obstrukci-o, obstruction ocean-o, ocean od-o, ode odor-i, to give odor ofend-i, to offend

ofer-i, to sacrifice ofic-o, employment oficial-a, official oficir-o, officer oft-e, often ok, eight okaz-i, to occur

okcident-o, west okr-o, ochre oksid-o, oxide oksigen-o, oxygen oksikok-o, cranberry oktav-o, octave Oktobr-o, October okul-o, eye okult-a, occult okup-i, to occupy okzal-o, sorrel ol, than ole-o, oil oleandr-o, oleander oligarbi-o, oligarchy oliv-o, olive

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

omar-o, lobster ombr-o, shade ombrel-o, umbrella omnibus-o, omnibus on', mark of fractions: triono, one-

tri, three\

ond-o, wave they

one,

oniks-o, onyx onkl-o, uncle ont', future active participle:

amonte, about

to love

ontologi-o, ontology op', suffix or

ord-o, order

orden-o, the order of knighthood ordinar-a, ordinary ordon-i, to order, com-

mand crel-o, ear orf-o, orphan

third oni,

collective

numerals kvar, four; kvarope, by fours :

opal-o, opal oper-o, opera operaci-o, operation opi-o, opium opini-i, to opine oportun-a, convenient opozici-o, opposition optik-o, optics

optimism-o, optimism optimist-o, optimist or-o, gold orakol-o, oracle orangutang-o, orangoutang orang-o, orange orangeri-o, hot-house orator-o, orator oratori-o, oratory

organ-o, organ organism-o, organism organiz-i, to organize organik-a, organic orgen-o, organ {jnus.) orgi-o, orgy orient-o, east origin-o, origin original-o, original oriol-o, oriole orkestr-o, orchestra orkide-o, orchid

ornam-i,

adorn

ornat-o, clerical robes ornitologi-o, ornithol-

ogy ort-a, rectangular

ortodoks-a, orthodox ortografi-o,

orthogra-

phy ortopedi-o, orthopedics OS, sign of future tense: amos, will love

osced-i, to yawn, osifrag-o, osprey

gape

ost-o, bone ostr-o, oyster

ostracism-o, ostracism

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

of,

passive participle, future : amote, about to be loved

ovaci-o, ovation oval-a, oval ozon-o, ozone

ov-o, egg

pac-o, peace pacienc-o, patience padel-i, to paddle paf-i, to shoot pag-i, to pay

pagod-o, pagoda pat-o, page pagi-o, page (boy) pajl-o, straw, thatch pak-i, to pack pal-a, pale

palac-o, palace paladi-o, palladium palankin-o, palanquin palat-o, palate paletr-o, palette palis-o, stake palisandr-o, rosewood

palm-o, palm

tree

panoram-o, panorama pantalon-o, trousers

panteism-o, pantheism panteist-o, pantheist panter-o, panther pantofl-o, slipper

pantomim-o, pantomime pap-0, pope papag-o, parrot

papav-o, poppy paper-o, paper papili-o, butterfly

papirus-o, papyrus par-o, pair parad-i, to parade paradiz-o, paradise paradoks-o, paradox paraf-o,flourish, paraph

palp-i, to feel palpebr-o, eyelash palt-o, greatcoat Palestin-o, Palestine

parafin-o, paraffine parafraz-o, paraphrase paragraf-o, paragraph paralel-o, parallel

pamflet-o, pamphlet pan-o, bread panegir-o, panegyric panel-o, panel panik-o, panic

paralelogram-o, parallelogram paraliz-i, to paralyze

parapet-o, parapet parazit-o, parasite

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

parcel-o,

lot of

land

parcimoni-Ojparsimony pardon-i, to forgive parenc-o, relative parantez-o, parenthesis parfum-o, perfume parget-o, flooring park-o, park parker-e, "bj' heart"

pa§-i, to step pa§t-i, to pasture pa§tel-o, pastel crayon pat-o, frying pan

patent-o, patent patologi-o, pathology patos-o, pathos patr-o, father patriark-o, patriarch

parliaparlament-o, ment parodi-o, parody

patrici-o, patrician patriot-o, patriot patrol-o, patrol

paroii-o, parish

patron-o, patron pauz-i, pause pav-o, peacock pavian-o, baboon pavilon-o, pavilion

paroksism-o, paroxysm parol-i, to speak part-o, part parter-o, theater pit parti-o, party particip-o, participle

paru-o, titmouse pas-i, to pass

pasament-o,

lace

paser-o, sparrow pasi-o, passion pasiv-a, passive Pask-o, Easter paskvil-o, lampoon pasport-o, passport past-o, paste pastec-o, pie, tart pastel-o, lozenge, pastille

pastinak-o, parsnip pastoral pastoral-o, play or poem pastr-o, priest, pastor

pavim-o, pavement pean-o, pean pec-o, piece pe6-o, pitch pedal-o, pedal pedant-o, pedant pedel-o, beadle pedik-o, louse peg-o, woodpecker pejza§-o, landscape pek-i, to sin

Pekin-o, Pekin pekl-i, to pickle

pel -i, to chase away pelikan-o, pelican pelt-o, pelisse, pelt pelv-o, basin pen-i, to try, endeavor

penc-o, penny

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

pend-i, to hang pendol-o, pendulum penetr-i, to penetrate penik-o, artist's brush pens-i, to think pensi-o, pension pent-i, to repent pentr-i, to paint peoni-o, peony pep-i, to chirp, twitter pepsin-o, pepsin per, by, by means of percept-i, to perceive perd-i, to lose perdrik-o, partridge pere-i, to perish perfekt-a, perfect perfid-i, to betray

pergamen-o, parchment periferi-o, periphery perimetr-o, perimeter period-o, period peristil-o, peristyle

perk-o, perch (fish) perl-o, pearl

perlamot-o, mother-ofpearl

permes-i, to permit peron-o, steps (before a house) perpendikular-a, perpendicular persekut-i, prosecute, persecute persik-o, peach persist-i, to persist

person-o, person perspektiv-o, perspective

Peru-o, Peru pes-i, to weigh Orans.) pesimism-o, pessimism pesimist-o, pessimist peset-o, peseta pest-o, pest, plague pet-i, to ask, request petol-i, to be petulant,

mischievous petrol-o, petroleum petrosel-o, parsley pez-i, to weigh, to have

weight pfenig-o, pfennig pi-a, pious pice-o, fir-tree pied-o, foot piedestal-o, pedestal pig-o, magpie

pigme-o, pigmy pigment-o, pigment pik-i, to prick

piked-o, picket pilgrim-i, to make a pilgrimage pilk-o, ball (playing) pilol-o, pill pilot-o, pilot

pin-o, pine pinfi-i, to pinch pingl-o, pin pini-o, species of pint-o, pinnacle

fir

Esperanto-English Vocabulary pio6-o, pickaxe pionir-o, pioneer pip-o, pipe pipr-o, pepper pips-o, pip (disease) pir-o, pear

piramid-o, pyramid pirat-o, pirate Pirine-oj, Pyrinees pirit-o, pyrites pirol-o, bullfinch piroteknik-o, pyrotechnics pist-i, to

pound

pistak-o, pistachio pistil-o, pistil pistol-o, pistol pi§t-o, piston

piton-o, python piz-o, pea plac-o, plaza pla6-i, to please plad-o, dish plafon-o, ceiling plagiat-o, plagiarism plan-o, plan

plaiid-i, to splash

plebej-o, a plebeian pled-i, to plead (law) plej,

most

plekt-i, to

weave

plen-a, full plend-i, to complain

pleonasm-o, pleonasm plet-o, tray plezur-o, pleasure pli,

plor-i, to shed tears

plot-o, roach (fish) plu, further plug-i, to plow

plum-o, feather, pen plumb-o, lead plu§-o, plush plutokrati-o, plutocracy pluv-o, rain pluvi-o, plover po, at the rate of podagr-o, gout

poem-o, poem

plant-i, to plant

poent-o, point(in game) poet-o, poet poezi-o, poetry pokal-o, cup, goblet pol-o, a Pole polemik-o, polemics

plantag-o, plantain

polic-o, police

plastik-o, plastic art plastr-o, plaster plat-a, flat plate-o, spoonbill platen-o, platinum

poligami-o, polygamy poligon-o, buckwheat polip-o, polypus

pland-o, sole of foot planed-o, planet plank-o, floor

polis-o, insurance policy politeism-o, poly theism

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

politik-0, politics

polk-o, polka poluci-o, pollution polur-o, polish polus-o, pole (of magnet, etc.)

polv-o, dust pom-o, apple

pomad-o, pomatum pomp-o, pomp

po9-o, pocket po9t-o, post, mail pot-o, pot potas-o, potash potenc-a, powerful potencial-a, potential pov-i, to be able poz-i, to pose pozitiv-a, positive

porci-o, portion pord-o, door

pra*, great-, primordial; •^V2L^QXVQ\y forefathers praktik-o, practice pram-o, ferry-boat prav-a, right precipe, chiefly preciz-a, precise predik-i, to preach prefer-i, to prefer prefiks-o, prefix preg-i, to pray prelat-o, prelate

porfir-o, porphyry

prelud-o, prelude

pork-o, hog

prem-i, to press premi-o, premium premis-o, premise

ponard-o, poniard pont-o, bridge ponton-o, pontoon popl-o, poplar popol-o, people popular-a, popular por, for, in order to, for the purpose of porcelan-o, porcelain

port-i, to carry portal-o, portal porter-o, porter (drink)

portope-o, swordbelt portik-o, portico portret-o, portrait portugal-a, Portuguese posed-i, to possess posesiv-a, possessive post, after posten-o, military post postul-i, to require postulat-o, postulate

pren-i, to take prepari, to prepare prepozici-o, preposition prerogativ-o, prerogative

pres-i, to print presbiter-o, presbyter preskau, nearly pret-a, ready pretekst-o, pretext

pretend-i, to pretend

Esperanto- English

preter, beyond prez-o, price prezent-i, to present prezid-i, to preside pri, about, concerning prim-o, first (music) primol-o, primrose primitiv-a, primitive princ-o, prince princip-o, principle printempo, springtime prism-o, prism privat-a, private privilegi-o, privilege pro, on account of

problem-o, problem proced-i, to proceed procent-o, interest prcces-o, legal process procesi-o, procession produkt-i, to produce profan-i, to profane profesi-o, profession profesor-o, professor profet-o, prophet profil-o, profile profit-o, profit

profund-a, deep

program-o, program progres-i, to progress projekt-o, project proklam-i, to proclaim prokrast-i, to delay proksim-a, near prokur-o, procurator proletari-o, proletarian

Vocabulary

prolog-o, prologue

promen-i, to walk promes-i, to promise promoci-o, promotion promontor-o, cape pronom-o, pronoun propapropagand-o, ganda propon-i, propose proporci-o, proportion propr-a, one's own proskripci-o, proscription

prospekt-o, prospect prosper-i, to prosper prostitu-i, to prostitute protagonist-o, protagonist protekt-i, to protect protcst-i, to protest protestant-o, protest-

ant protokol-o, protocol prototip-o, prototype prov-i, to try

proverb-o, proverb provinc-o, province provincialism-o, provincialism proviz-i, to provide provizor-a, provisional proz-o, prose prozelit-o, proselyte

prozodi-o, prosody prud-a, prudish prudent-a, prudent

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

prujn o, white frost prun-o, plum prunel-o, sloe pnint-o, a loan pnis-o, a Prussian pruv-i, to prove psalm-o, psalm pseuda, pseudo, false pseudonim-o, pseudo-

nym psik-a, psychic psikologi-o, psychology publik-o, public pudel-o, spaniel

pudr-o,

toilet

powder

puf-o, puff, tuft

pugn-o,

fist

pul-o, flea

pulm-o, lung puls-o, pulse pulv-o, gunpowder

r*^^

pulvor-o, dust, powder pumik-o, pumice pump-i, to pump pun-i, to punish punc-o, crimson-red

punC-o, punch punkt-o, point, dot punt-o, lace pup-o, doll pupil-o, pupil of eye pur-a, clean, pure pupitr-o, desk Purgatori-o, Purgatory puritan-o, puritan purpur-o, purple pus-o, pus pu9-i, to push put-o, a well putor-o, polecat putr-i, to rot

rab-i, to seize and carry away, to rob

rabarb-o, rhubarb rabat-i, to rebate raben-o, rabbi rabi-o, madness, rabies rabot-i, to plane raci-a, rational

rad-o, wheel radi-o, ray

radik-o, root radikal-a, radical rafan-o, horse-radish rafin-i, to refine

rajd-i, to ride rajt-o, right raket-o, rocket, fusee rakont-i, to relate ramp-i, to crawl ran-o, frog

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

ranc-a, rancid rand-o, edge rang-o, rank ranunkol-o, ranunculus rapid-a, rapid rapir-o, foil, rapier

reg-i, to govern regal-i, to regale

regeneraci-o, regeneration

monopoly regiment-o, regiment regi-o, state

raport-i, to report

region-o, region

rapsodi-o, rhapsody

registr-i, to register reglement-o. regulation regn-o, state

ras-o, race rasp-i, to rasp rat-o, rat raiik-a, hoarse, raucus raiip-o, caterpillar rav-i, to enrapture raz-i, to shave re, again

reakci-o, reaction real-a, real real-o, real (coin) realist-o, realist

rebus-o, rebus recenz-i, to review recept-o, doctor's prescription

reciprok-a, reciprocal redakci-o, editorship redakt-i, to edit redaktor-o, editor redukt-i, to reduce redut-o, redoubt ref-o, reef (of sail) referenc-o, reference

reformaci-o,

reforma-

tion refut-i, to refute

regatt-o, regatta

regol-o, wren regres-o, regress regul-o, a rule reg-o, king retisor-o, stage-manager rejs-o, reis (coin)

reklam-o, advertising rekomend-i, to com-

mend rekompenc-i,

reward

rekord-o, record rekrut-o, recruit rekt-a, straight rektor-o, rector

rekviem-o, requiem rekvizici-o, requisition rekvizit-o, requisite rel-o, rail relief-o, relief, embos-

sed work religi-o, religion rem-i, to row rembur-i, to stuff

remiz-o, garage, coach house

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

rempar-o, bulwark

rezignaci-o, resignation

ren-o, kidney rendcvu-o, rendezvous renegat-o, renegade renesanc-o,renaissance renkont-i, to meet rent-o, income renvers-i, to upset repertuar-o, repertoire reprezent-i, represent rcputaci-o, reputation reskript-o, rescript respekt-i, to respect respectrcspektiv-c,

(to one's lot, etc.) rezin-o, resin rezoluci-o, resolution rezon-i, to reason

ively

respond-i, to respond respublik-o, republic rcst-i, to remain restoraci-o, restaurant ret-o, net, netting retin-o, retina retorik-o, rhetoric retort-o, retort {chem.) retroaktiv-a,retroactive

retrospektiv-a,

retro-

spective

reiimatism-o, rheumatism rev-i, to

dream

reveng-o, revenge reviz-i, to revise

revoluci-o, revolution revolver-o, revolver revu-o, review, journal rezerv-i, to reserve rezign-i, to resign

rezult-i, to result rib-o, currant ribel-i, to rebel ricev-i,to receive ri6-a, rich rid-i, to laugh rif-o, reef rifug-i, to take refuge rifuz-i, to refuse rigard-i, to look at rig-i, to rig rigid-a, rigid rigl-i, to bolt rigor-a, rigora rikan-i, to grin, sneer rikolt-i, to gather rilat-i, to relate

rim-o, rhyme rimark-i, to remark rimed-o, means rimen-o, strap rimes-i, to remit money ring-o, ring rinocer-o, rhinoceros rip-o, rib ripar-i, to repair ripet-i, to repeat ripoz-i, to repose riproC-i, to reproach risk-i, to risk

rism-o, ream

Esperanto- English Vocabulary risort-o, spring (metal) rit-o, rite

rostr-o, trunk, snout rot-o, company (w/7//.)

ritm-o, rythm

rotond-o, rotunda

river-o, river riverenc-o, reverence

roz-o, rose rozari-o, rosary rub-o, rubbish ruband-o, ribbon

riz-o, rice

rob-o, robe rod-o, road (sea) rojalism-o, royalism rok-o, rock rol-o, role

roman-o, a novel romanc-o, ballad romantik-a, romantic romp-i, to breok rond-o, circle ronk-i, to snore ros-o, dew

rosmar-o, walrus rosmaren-o, rosemary rost-i, to roast

sabat-o, Saturday sabl-o, sand sabr-o, saber safir-o, sapphire safran-o, saffron sagac-a, sagacious seg-o, arrow saf-a, wise sagu-o, sage sak-o, sack sakr-o, sacrum

ruben-o, ruby rubl-o, rouble rubrik-o, head-line rut-a, red ruin-oj, ruins rukt-i, to eructate rul-i, to roll

rum-o, rum ruman-o, a Roumanian rus-o, a Russian rust-i, to rust ru§-o, ruche, ruching rutin-o, routine ruz-a, cunning

sakrament-o,sacrament sakrilegi-o, sacrilege saks-o, a Saxon

Saksujo, Saxony sal-o, salt salajr-o, salary

salamandr-o, salamander

salamoniak-o, moniac salat-o, salad

sal

am-

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

sald-o, balance account salik-o, willow saliv-o, saliva

of an

salm-o, salmon

scienc-o, science sciur-o, squirrel se,

seb-o, tallow sed, but

saw segment-o, segment

salon-o, reception-room salpetr-o, saltpetre

seg-i, to

salt-i, to jump salut-i, to salute

se|-o, chair sek-a, dry sekal-o, rye sekc-i, to dissect sekci-o, section sekret-o, secret sekretari-o, secretary seks-o, sex sekst-o, sixth (music) sekt-o, sect sekulariz-i, secularize sekund-o, second sekv-i, to follow sel-o, saddle selakt-o, whey

salvi-o, sage

sam-a, same sambuk-o, elder (tree) samovar-o, samovar san-a, healthy sandal-o, sandal sang-o, blood sankci-o, sanction sangvin-a, sanguine sank^-a, holy sanskrit-o, Sanskrit sap-o, soap sard-o, a Sardinian sardin-o, sardine sark-i, to weed

sarkasm-o, sarcasm sat-a, satiated

Satan-o, Satan satir-o, satire satirus-o, satyr satrap-o, satrap satur-i, to saturate

sauc-o, sauce sav-i, to save scen-o, scene sceptr-o, scepter 8ci-i, to

know

sem-i, to sow semafor-o, semaphore semajn-o, week semid-a, Semitic seminari-o, seminary sen, without senat-o, senate senc-o, sense, meaning send-i, to send sensaci-o, sensation sent-i, to feel

sentenc-o, sentence sentimental-a, sentimental

Esperanto-English Vocabulary

Sep, seven sepi-o, cuttle-fish

Septembr-o, September seraf-o, seraph serb-o, a Servian serfi-i, to seek seren-a, serene

serenad-o, serenade serfent-o, sergeant seri-o, series serioz-a, serious serpent-o, serpent serur-o, lock serv-i, to serve servic-o, course (at a

meal) servut-o, servitude ses, six

sever-a, severe sezon-o, season sfer-o, sphere sfinks-o, sphinx si, self

Siberi-o, Siberia

silk-o, silk

silogism-o, syllogism siluet-o, silhouette silur-o, shad silvi-o, hedge-sparrow

simbol-o, symbol simetri-o, symmetry simfoni-o, symphony simi-o, monkey, ape simil-a, similar simpati-o, sympathy simpl-a, simple

simptom-o, symptom sinagog-o, synagogue sincer-a, sincere sindik-o, syndic sindikat-o, syndicate sinedri-o, sanhedrim singult-i, to hiccup sinjor-o, Mr., Sir sinod-o, synod

sinonim-o, synonym sintaks-o, syntax

siet-i, to besiege sifilis-o, syphilis

sintez-o, synthesis siren-o, siren Siri-o, Syria siring-o, lilac sirop-o, syrup

sifon-o, syphon

sistem-o, system

sigel-i, to seal

sitel-o, pail situaci-o, situation skabel-o, stool

sibl-i, to hiss

sid-i, to sit

sign-o, sign signal-o, signal signif-i, to signify silab-o, syllable silent-i, to be silent silik-o, flint

skaben-o, alderman skabi-o, itch skadr-o, squadron skal-o, scale (of map)

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

skalp-o, scalp skandal-o, scandal skandinav-o, a Scandinavian skapol-o,shoulder-blade skarab-o, beetle skarlat-o, scarlet skarp-o, scarf skatol-o, small box, case skelet-o, skeleton skeptik-a, sceptical

skerm-i, to fence skiz-i, to sketch

sklav-o, slave skolastik-a, scholastic skolop-o, woodcock

skombr-o, mackerel skorbut-o, scurvy skorpi-o, scorpion skot-o, a Scot skrap-i, to scrape skrib-i, to write skrupul-a, scrupulous sku-i, to shake skulpt-i, to sculpture

skun-o, schooner skurg-o, whip, scourge

skvam-o,

scales (fish)

slang-o, slang slav-o, a Slav smerald-o, emerald

smilak-o, sarsaparilla smirg-o, emery sobr-a, sober 80ci-o, society at large, the social body

soci-a, social-a, social

socialism-o, socialism socialist-o, socialist sociologi-o, sociology societ-o, society sod-o, soda sof-o, sofa sofism-o, sophism

be thirsty sojl-o, threshold sol-a, alone sol-o, solo soldat-o, soldier sole-o, sole (fish) soif-i, to

solen-a, solemn 8olid-a, solid, substantial, respectable solidar-a, jointly liable soliter-o, tape-worm solv-i, to solve solvent-a, solvent

somer-o, summer son-i, to give a sound sonat-o, sonata sond-i, sound, fathom song-o, dreamsonor-i, to ring sopir-i, to sigh for sopran-o, soprano sorb-i, to absorb sor6-o, witchcraft sorik-o, shrew-mouse sorp-o, black haw sort-o, fate sovag-a, wild

spac-o, space

Esperanto-English Vocabulary spalir-0, espalier

spasm-o, spasm spat-o, spavin spec-o, species special-a, special specifik-i, to specify

specimen-o, specimen spektr-o, specter spegul-o, mirror spektakl-o, spectacle scene speculaspekulaci-o, tion

spekulativ-a,

specula-

tive

sperm-o, sperm spert-a, experienced spez-o, a clearing of funds enspezi, to take in ; elspezi, to pay out spic-o, spice spik-o, ear (of grain) spin-o, spine spinac-o, spinach spindel-o, spindle spion-o, a spy spir-i, to breathe :

spirit-o, spirit spiritism-o, spiritism

spiritualism-O, spiritualism spiritus-o, spirit (alcoholic)

spite, in spite of split-o, splint, sliver

spong-o, sponge spontane-a, spontaneous sporad-a, sporadic sport-a, sport sprit-a, witty spron-o, spur sput-i, to spit, spit up blood, etc. stab-o, staff (army) stabl-o, work-bench staci-o, station stadi-o, stadium stal-o, shed, stall stalagmit-o, stalagmite stalaktit-o, stalactite

stamp-i, to stamp,

mark stan-o, pewter standard-o, flag stang-o, pole stapl-o, pile, heap star-i, to stand

stard-o, bustard stat-o, state, condition statik-a, static statistik-o, statistics statu-o, statue statur-o, stature steb-i, to stitch stel-o, star stenografi-o, stenogra-

phy step-o, steppe

stereoskop-o, scope

stereo-

Esperanto' English Vocabulary

stereotip-0, stereotype sterk-o, dung, manure

subjunktiv-0, subjunc-

sublimat-o, sublimate substanc-o, substance substantiv-o, substan-

stern-i,

stretch

sprawl out 8tertor-i, to make a harsh noise 8til-o, style stimul-i, to stimulate stipe, broom (shrub) stof-o, Russian measure stoik-a, stoical

tive

subtil-a, subtle subtrah-i, to subtract su6-i, to suck

sud-o, south sufer-i, to suifer

stomak-o, stomach

sufifi-a, sufficient

stopl-o, stubble 8trab-i, to squint strang-a, strange strat-o, street streC-i, to stretch strek-i, to streak

sufiks-o, suffix sufok-i, to suffocate

8tri-o, streak, stripe

8trig-o, owl 8trigl-i, to

curry(comb)

8trik-o, strike(workers) striknin-o, strychnine strof-o, strophe stniktur-o, structure strut-o, ostrich

8tudent-o, student 8tuk-i, to stucco 8tump-o, stub, stump

stup-o, tow sturg-o, sturgeon sturn-o, starling sub, under, beneath subit-a, sudden subjekt-o, subject subjektiv-a, subjective

sugesti-o, suggestion suk-o, sap, juice

sukcen-o, amber sukces-i, to succeed suker-o, sugar sulfur-o, sulphur sulk-o, furrow, wrinkle sultan-o, sultan

sum-o, sum sun-o, sun sup-o, soup super, above superstiC-o,

supersti-

tion

supoz-i, to suppose supr-e, above sur, on

surd-a, deaf surpriz-i, to surprise surtut-o, overcoat suspekt-i, to suspect suveren-o, sovereign

Esperanto- Ens^lish

svarm-i, teem, swarm svat-i. to act as match-

Vocabulary

sven-i, to swoon sving-i, to swing svis-o, a Swiss

maker sved-o, a Swede

S Saf-o, sheep §aft-o, shaft (machine)

8erc-i, to joke

Sah-o, shah

§ild-o, shield §iling-o, shilling 8im-i, to get mouldy,

§ajn-i, to

seem

§ak-oj, chess §akal-o, jackal §akt-o, shaft (mining) §al-o, shawl §alup-o, shallop Salm-o, straw, stalk §ani-o, chamois skin

§anc-o, luck, chance §ancel-i, to cause to hesitate, to shake §ang-i, to change §ankr-o, canker §arad-o, charade §arg-i, to load, charge (a gun, etc.) §art-i, to load (wagon, car, etc.)

§ark-o, shark §at-i, to prize, like

Saum-o, foam §el-o, shell gelak-o, shellac §elk-o, suspenders

Si,

she

to spoil

§ind-o, shingle §ink-o, ham §ip-o, ship §ir-i, to tear

§irm-i, to shield §lim-o, slime §los-i, to lock

§mac-i, to kiss noisily §mir-i, to smear with Snur-o, string §ov-i, to shove, push §ovel-i, to shovel §ovinism-o, jingoism §par-i, to be sparing §pic-o, Spitz (dog) Spin-i, to spin §pnic-i, to spurt, spout §rank-o, cupboard §rapnel-o, shrapnel §raub-o, screw 8tal-o, steel

EsperantO'English Vocab%iJary

9u-o, shoe

Stat-o, state Stel-i, to steal Stip-o, block of

Suld-i, to owe §ultr-o, shoulder Sut-i, to chute or pour out grain, sand, etc. 9vel-i, to swell fivit-i, to perspire

wood

9tof-o, goods, stuff

Ston-o, stone 9top-i, to stop up Strump-o, stocking Stup-o, stair-step

tio estas,

that

talmud-o, talmud talp-o, mole (animal)

tabak-o, tobacco taban-o, gad-fly

talk-o, talc

tabel-o, table (figures,

names, etc.) tabl-o, table (furniture) tabul-o, plank taburet-o, tabouret

taCment-o, a squad

tambur-o, drum tamburin-o, tambourine tamen, however tamtam-o, tom-tom tan-i, to tan

tandem-o tandem

tag-o, day

tangent-o, tangent tanin-o, tannin tapet-o, tapestry

tajlor-o, tailor tajd-o, tide taks-i, to estimate the value of, to price

tapiS-o, carpet tar-o, tare (of weight) tarantel-o, tarantella tarantul-o, tarantula

soldiers taft-o, taffeta

taksus-o, yew takt-o, bar (music) taktik-o, tactics talent-o, talent taler-o, thaler tali-o, waist talisman-o, talisman

tarif-o, tariff

tas-o, cup task-o, task tartar-o, cream of tartar tatar-o, a Tartar tatu-i, to tattoo taiig-i, to

fit

for

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

tavol-o, layer te-o, tea teatr-o, theater ted-i, to be tedious teg-i, cover completely tegment-o, roof

termit-o, termite

termometr-o, thermometer tern-i, to sneeze terur-o, terror

testament-i, bequeath

teism-o, theism

testik-o, testicle

teknik-a, technical

testud-o, tortoise tetan-o, lockjaw tetr-o, grouse tetra-o, hazel-hen

teks-i, to

weave

telefon-o, telephone telegraf-o, telegraph telepati-o, telepathy teler-o, plate teleskop-o, telescope tem-o, theme, subject temp-o, time temperament-o, tem-

tez-o, thesis tia, such, that kind tial, therefore tiam, then tiar-o, tiara tibi-o, tibia

perament tempi-o, temple (head) templ-o, temple

tie, there

ten-i, to keep, hold tend-o, tent

tif-o,

tenden-o, tendon tendenc-o, tendency tenor-o, tenor tent-i, to tempt teologi-o, theology teori-o, theory ter-o, earth

terapeutik-o, therapeutics

teras-o, terrace tercet-o, musical trio terebint-o, turpentine teritori-o, territory

termin-o, definition

tiel, thus, in that

way

ties, that person's

typhus

tigr-o, tiger tikl-i, to tickle tili-o, linden

tim-i, to fear

timian-o, thyme timon-o, pole or shaft of vehicle tin-o, vat tindr-o, tinder tine-o, moth tinktur-o, tincture tint-i, to jingle tio, that, that thing tiom, that much, that

many

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

tip-o, type tipografi-o, typography tir-i, to draw, pull

tiran-o, tyrant titol-o, title tiu, that person, that

tog-o, toga tol-o, linen toler-i, to tolerate

tom-o, tome, tomat-o, tomato tomb-o, tomb tombak-o, tombac ton-o, tone tond-i, to shear, clip tondr-i, to thunder topaz-o, topaz topografi-o, topography torC-o, torch tord-i, to wind, twist torent-o, torrent torf-o, peat, turf torn-i, to turn on lathe

traktat-o, treatise

tram-o, tram tran6-i,to cut trankvil-a, calm trans, across, beyond

transcend-a.transcendant transitiv-a, transitive trapez-o, trapeze trat-i, to draw (a draft, note, etc.) travesti-o, travesty tre, very tref-o, club (in cards)

trem-i, to tremble tremolo, asp, aspen tremp-i, dip, immerse tren-i, to drag trezor-o, treasure tri, three tribun-o, rostrum tribunal-o, tribunal tribut-o, tribute

tornistr-o, knapsack torped-o, torpedo tort-o, tart tost-o, toast

tricikl-o, tricycle trik-i, knit trikot-o, knitted work

tra, through

trink-i, to drink trip-oj, tripe tritik-o, wheat

trab-o, beam tradici-o, tradition traduk-i, to translate traf-i, to hit the

mark

tril-o, trill

triumf-o, triumph

tragedi-o, tragedy trane-o, trachea

trivial-a, trivial tro, too, loo much trofe-o, trophy

trajt-o, feature trakt-i, to treat of

trog-o, trough, manger tromb-o, water-spout

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

trombon-o, trombone

tuf-0, tuft

tromp-i, to deceive

tuj,

tron-o, throne trop-o, trope tropik-o, tropic

tuk-o, a cloth

immediately

tul-o, tulle tulip-6, tulip

tumult-o, tumult tunel-o, tunnel tunik-o, tunic tur-o, tower turban-o, turban turbin-o, turbine turd-o, thrush

trot-i, to trot

trotuar-o, sidewalk

trov-i, to find tru-o, hole trud-i, to intrude truf-o, truffle trul-o, trowel trump-o, a large horn

turist-o, tourist turk-o, Turk turkis-o, turquoise

trumpet-o, trumpet trunk-o, trunk (of tree) trup-o, troupe trust-o, trust, syndicate

turment-i, to torment turn-i, to turn turnir-o, tournament turt-o, dove tus-i, to cough tu§-i, to touch tut-a, entire, whole

trut-o, trout tualet-o, toilet tub-o, tube

tuber-o,

bulb or knot

(in plants)

U u, sign

amu, uj*, that

of imperative love

uln-o,

which contains:

cigarujo, cigar-case

ukaz-o, ukase ul', a person noted for time, fear\ timulo, a coward. :

ulcer-o, ulcer uleks-0, furze

ulm-o, elm ell

ultimat-o, ultimatum ultramar-a, ultramarine

um',

indefinite suffix

umbilik-o, navel unc-o, ounce ung-o, finger-nail uniform-o, uniform

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

univers-o, universe universal-a, universal universitat-o, university

unik-a, unique

unu, one ur-o, ure-ox

uragan-o, hurricane uran-o, uranium urb-o, city, town urin-i, to urinate

um-o, urn

urogal-o, heath-cock urs-o, bear urtik-o, nettle us, conditional of verb amus, might love uter-o, womb, uterus

util-a, useful utilism-o, utilitarianism

utopi-o, Utopia uvertur-o, overture uz-i, to use uzurp-i, to usurp

vad-i, to wade

vapor-o, vapor

vafi-o, waffle

varb-i, to recruit, enlist variol-o, small-pox

vag-i, to roam vagon-o, railway car vakcini-o, whortleberry vak-i, to be vacant

vaks-o, wax val-o, valley valid-a, valid valiz-o, valise valor-i, to be worth vals-i, to waltz valv-o, valve

varm-a, warm vart-i, to nurse

vasal-o, vassal vast-a, wide, vast vat-o, wadding Vatikan-o, Vatican vaz-o, vase vazelin-o, vaseline

woe

van-a, vain vandal-o, vandal vanel-o, lapwing vang-o, cheek

veget-i, to vegetate vegetar-a, vegetarian vejn-o, vein vek-i, to awake vekt-o, scale beam vel-o, sail

vanil-o, vanilla

velen-o, vellum

vant-a, vain,

velk-i, to fade

vampir-o, vampire

futile

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

velociped-o, velocipede velur-o, velvet ven-i, to come vend-i, to sell

vendred-o, Friday venen-o, poison vener-a, venereal venf-i, to avenge venki, to vanquish vent-o, wind ventol-i, to ventilate ventr-o, abdomen ver-a, true

verand-o, veranda verb-o, verb verben-o, verbena verd-a, green

vespert-o, bat vest-i, to dress vestibl-o, vestibule ve§t-o, vest vet-i, to bet veter-o, weather veteran-o, veteran veterinar-o, veterinary vetur-i, travel, journey

by vehicle vezik-o, bladder vezir-o, vizier

you viadukt-o, viaduct viand-o, meat vi,

vibr-i, to vibrate

viburn-o, viburnum

verdigr-o, verdigris verdikt-o, verdict verg-o, switch, rod

vic-o, rank, turn, order vici-o, vetch vid-i, to see

verk-i, to compose

vidv-o, widower

verm-o, worm vermut-o, vermouth

vigl-a, alert vikari-o, curate vilaf-o, village vin-o, wine

vermieel-o, vermicelli vcrs-o, verse verst-o, verst ver§-i, to pour vert-o, fore part of the

head vertag-o, terrier vertebr-o, vertebra vertikal-a, vertical

veruk-o, wan verv-o, rapture vesp-o, wasp yesper-o, evening

vinagr-o, vinegar vind-i, to swaddle vinjet-o, vignette vinkt-i, to rivet, clinch vintr-o, winter viol-o, violet violon-o, violin violonCel-o, a violoncello

vip-o, whip viper-o, viper

Esperanto- English Vocabulary

vir-0, a man virg-a, virginal virt-o, virtue virtuoz-o, virtuoso visk-o, mistletoe viski-o, whisky vist-o, whist viS-i, to

wipe

vok-i, to call vokal-o, a vowel vol-i, to will

volfram-o, wolfram volont-e, willingly

volum-o, volumeCbook) volumen-o, volume volupt-o, volupty roll, wind vom-i, to vomit vort-o, word

vitr-o, glass vitriol-o, vitriol viv-i, to live vizag-o, face vizi-o, vision vizier-o, vizor vizit-i, to visit

volv-i, to

voC-o, voice voj-o,way, road

vulkan-o, volkano vulp-o, fox

vojag-i, to voyage

vultur-o, vulture vund-i, to wound

vojevod-o, wayvode, a small Polish

vost-o, tail vual-o, veil vulgar-a, vulgar, com-

mon

official

zebr-o, zebra

zodiak-o, zodiac

zelat-o, zealot zenit-o, zenith zibel-o, sable-marten zigzag-o, zigzag zingibr-o, ginger zink-o, zinc zizel-o, zizel

zoti-o, girdle

zoologi-o, zoology zorg-i, care for, watch, see after

zuav-o, zouave zum-i, to hum

ENGLISH

ESPERANTO VOCABULARY

abandon, forlasi abash, hontigi abbot, abate abbreviate, mallongigi

abdomen, abduct, abide,

ventre

forrabi

resti, logi

ability, talente

able, pova abolish, forigi, nuligi

abomination, abomene abound, svarmi about, preska^, Cirkaii above, supre abscess, absceso absent, forestanta absolute, absoluta absorb, serbi abstract, abstrakta absurd, absurda abuse, trouzi academy, akademie accede, cedi, konsenti accelerate, akceli accent (mark), signo accent, akcento accept, akcepti accident, okazo

accompany, akompani

according to, laii accouche, aku§i account, kente, kalkule,

rakonto

accumulate, amasigi accurate, akurata accuse, kulpigi accustomed, kutima ace, aso ache, dolore acid, acido

acknowledge,

konfesi,

avizi

acorn, glano acquaint, sciigi, konigi acquiesce, konsenti acquire, akiri acrobat, akrobato act, ago, akte active, agema, aktiva actor, aktore actual, efektiva

adage, preverbo add, aldoni, adicii address, adresi adept, adepto adequate, adekvata adhere, aligi adieu, adiaii

English- Esperanto Vocabulary

adjacent, apuda adjective, adjektiva

administer, administri admiral, admiralo admire, admiri admonish, admoni adopt, adopti, alpreni adore, adori adorn, ornami adulterate, falsi adultery, adulto

Advent, Advento adverb, adverbo advertise, anonci advise, konsili, avizi affable, afabla affair, afero affect, afekti affection, amo, afekcio affirm, atesti affirmative, jesa affix, afikso

afterward, poste again, ree against, kontrafl agate, agato agent, agento agitate, agiti ago, antati

air, aero, aerumi, ario

alas

album, albumo albumen, albumeno alcohol, alkoholo algebra, algebro alias, alie alike, simila alive, viva all, Ciom, 6iuj allot, lotumi allov^, permesi allude, aludi allure, logi

almighty, Ciopova almost, preskati alms, almozo aloft, supre alone, sole

alphabet, alfabeto Alps, Alpoj already, jam also, anka(i altar, altaro

although, kvankam alto, aide altogether, tute alum, aluno

always, Ciam

agony, agonio

amalgam, amalgamo

agree, interkonsenti agriculture, agrikulturo ah! ha!

ambassador,

ahead, antatie aid, helpi, asisti aim, celo

ambasa-

doro

amber, sukceno ambition, ambicio ambush, embuski America, Ameriko

English- Esperanto Vocabulary

amidst, meze

ammonia, amoniako among, inter ample, sufiSa amuse, amuzi analogy, analogio analyze, analizi anarchy, anarHio anatomy, anatomic ancestor, prapatro anchor, ankro ancient, antikva and, kaj anger, kolero angle, angulo animal, besto ankle, maleolo

announce, anonci anonymous, anonima answer, respondi ant, formiko antelope, antilopo antipathy, antipatio

antique, antikva anvil,

any,

amboso

apology, apologio apoplexy, apopleksio apostle, apostolo

apostrophe, apostrofo apparatus, aparato appear, §ajni, aperi appetite, apetito

applaud, aplaiidi apple, pomo appoint, nomi, elekti approach, proksimigi approve, aprobi apricot, abrikoto April, Aprilo Arab, arabo arbitrary, arbitra arbitration, arbitracio arbor, laiibo arc, arko

arcade, arkado archipelago, insularo arctic, arktika ardent, fervora

arena, areno argue, argumenti arm, armi, brako

anybody, iu anybody's, ies

army, armeo aroma, aromo

anyhow, iel any quantity, iom any time, iam

around,

anything,

anywhere,

apart, aparte apathy, apatio ape, simio

Cirkaii

arrest, aresti

arrogant, aroganta arrow, sago arsenic, arseniko art, arte artery, arterio

artichoke, artigoko

English- Esperanto Vocabulary

article, artikolo, a^o artist, artisto as, kiel, tiel

ashes, cindro Asia, Azio ask, demandi, peti asphalt, asfalto aspire, aspiri, celi assault, atako assign, asigni

aunt, onklino auspices, aiispicoj Australia, Aiistralio Austrian, aiistro author, aiitoro authority, aiitoritato autocrat, aiitokrato automatic, atitomata

automobile, aiitomobilo

autumn,

aiituno

assist, asisti, belpi

avalanche, lavango

astringent, adstringa astrology, astrologio astronomy, astronomio

avaricious, avara avenge, vengi average, meza aversion, antipatio avert, deturni avid, avida avoid, eviti

at, Ce

atheism, ateismo athlete, atleto

atmosphere, atmosfero atom, atomo

attempt, atenci attend, atendi,

a^vait, atendi

av^aken, veki a>vay, for awful, terura

attack, ataki attain, atingi atenti,

servi, zorgi

awkward,

neierta

awl, aleno

attention, atento

axe, hakiio

attest, atesti attract, altiri

axis, akso

auction, atikcio

azote, azoto azure, lazura

audience,

a(iditorio

babble, babili baboon, paviano

baby, infaneto, ido

axiom, aksiomo

bachelor, fraCilo back, dorso, re, posts badge, simbolo, devizo

English- Esperanto Vocabulary

badger, melo bag, sako bagatelle, bagatelo baggage, pakajo bail, kattcio

balance, balanci balance-sheet, bilanco balcony, balkono bald, senhara ball, balo, pilko, globo

ballad, balado ballast, balasto ballet, baleto

balloon, balono ballot, baloti

balsam, balzamo

bamboo, bambuo banana, banano band, ligilo, bando bandage, bandago banish, ekzili bank, banko, bordo banker, bankiero banner, flago,standardo banquet, festeno baptize, bapti bar, bari barbarian, barbaro barber, barbiro bare, nuda bark, boji, barko barley, hordeo barometer, barometro baron, baron barrel, barelo baritone, baritone

base, fundamento basin, pelvo basket, korbo bass (music), baso bat, vesperto battery, baterio battle, batalo bayonet, bajoneto bazar, bazaro be, esti

beak, beko

beam,

trabo

bean, fabo bear, urso bear, naski, produkti beard, barbo beast, brute, besto beat, bati beautiful, bela beaver, kastoro because, Car bed, lito bee, abelo beech, fago beef, bovajo beer, biero beet, beto beetle, skarabo before, antaii beg,petegi, peti almoaon

begin, komenci behave, konduti

behind, post belch, rukti Belgian, belgo believe^ kredi

English- Esperanto Vocabulary

bell, sonorilo

belly, ventro belong, aparteni below, sub, malsupre belt, zono bench, benko, stable

bend,

fleksi

benediction, beno berry, bero besides, krom besiege, siegi

block, Stipo, kvadrato

bloko,

blot, makulo blow, blovi

blouse, bluzo, kitelo blue, blua boa, boao board, tabulo boast, fanfaroni boat, boato body, korpo

bet, veti

Bohemian, bohemo

between, inter beyond, trans

boil, boli bolt, rigli

Bible, biblio bicycle, biciklo

bomb, bombo bonbon, bombono

big, granda

bone, osto bonnet, Capo book, libro

bigamy, bigamio bile, galo bill, bilo, kalkulo, beko,

boot, boto

kambio, afiSo bind, ligi, bindi, ban-

booth, budo borax, borakso

dagi

biography, biografio biology, biologic birch, betulo bird, birdo biscuit, biskvito bishop, episkopo bit, peco

bite, mordi

black, nigra blackbird, raerlo bleat, bleki bless, beni blind, blinda

bore, bori borrow, prunte preni bosom, brusto botany, botaniko both, ambati bottle, botelo

bottom, fundo boulevard, bulvardo boundary, limo bouquet, bukedo bo>v, saluti

bow,

arCo,

pafarko,

ban to bowl, pelvo, kaliko

English-Esperanto Vocabulary kesto, skatolo box, pugnebato, logio boy, knabo brag, fanfaroni brain, cerbo brake, haltigilo bran, brano branch, branCo brave, brava bray, bleki bread, pano break, rompi breast, brusto, mamo breathe, spiri

brick, briko bridge, ponto bridle, brido brigade, brigade brigand, bandito bright, hela, brila

brighten,

briligi

brilliant, brilianto

bring, alkonduki brink, rando briny, sala brittle, facilrompa broad, larga brochure, bro§uro bronchitis, bronkito

brooch, broCo brood, kovi brook, rivereto

broom,

balailo brother, frato

brown, bruna bruise, kontuzi

brush, broso brute, bruto bucket, sitelo buckle, buko

buckwheat, poHgono bud, burgono buffalo, bubalo bug, cimo build, konstrui bulb, bulbo

Bulgarian, bulgaro bull, bovoviro bullet, kuglo

bun, bulko bundle, fasko bungle, fu§i burden, §argo bureau, komodo, oficejo burn, bruli, bruligi burnish, poluri burner, flamingo bury, enfosi, enterigi bush, arbeto bushel, bugelo business, afero, profesio, komerco, ofico bust, busto busy, okupata but, sed, krom, escepte butcher, buCi butter, butero butterfly, papilio button, butono, buton-

umi buy, aCeti by, per, apud, prater

Ettglish- Esperanto

cab, fiakro cabbage, brasiko cabin, kajuto, kabano,

Cambreto cable, gnurego cadet, kadeto cafe, restoracio, kafejo cage, kago cake, kuko calculate, kalkuli caldron, kaldrono calendar, kalendaro calf, bovido, tibikamo caliber, kalibro calico, kalikoto call, voki callous, kala

calm, kvieta, trankvila

calumny, kalumnio camp, tendaro camphor, kamforo can, povas canal, kanalo canary, kanario candidate, kandidato candle, k.indelo

candy, kando cane, kano, bastono

cannon, pafilego canon, kanono canopy, baldakeno canvas, kanvaso cap, Capo, kepo capable, kapabla

Vocabulary

capital, kapitalo, kapitelo,

granda

litero

capitol, kapitolo caprice, kaprico

captain, Sipestro, kapitano

carat, karato

caravan, karavano carbuncle, karbunkolo card, karto

cardboard, kartono care, zorgi caress, karesi

carmine, karmino carnival, karnivalo caricature, karikaturi carp, karpo carpenter, Carpenti carpet, tapiSo carriage, veturilo carrot, karoto carry, porti cartilage, kartilago cartridge, kartoCo case, kazo, kesto, ingo cash, mono, kontanto cast, fandi castle, kastelo cat, kato catalogue, katalogo catarrh, kataro catch, kapti cathedral, katedralo Catholic, Katolika

English-Esperanto Vocabulary

cauliflower, florbrasiko

charming, Carma

cause, kaiizo caution, averti cavalry, kavalerio cave, kaverno cease, Cesi cedar, cedro cede, cedi

chaste, Casta, chatter, babili

ceiling, plafono

celery, celerio cell, Celo

cellar, kelo

cement, cemento censor, cenzuri cent, cendo centime, centimo center, centro

century, centjaro ceremony, ceremonio certain, certa certify, certigi, atesti chagrin, Cagreno

chain, Ceno chair, sego chalice, kaliko chalk, kreto

chamber, Cambro chamois, Camo chamois-skin, §amo

cheap, malkara cheat, trompi cheese, fromago chemise, eemizo

chemistry, !iemio check, Ceko cherry, Cerizo chess, gakoj chest, kesto, brusto chestnut, ka§tano chew, maCi chief, Cefa child, infano

chimney, kamentubo chin, mentono china, porcelano Chinaman, tino chirp, eirpi, pepi chisel, eizi

chocolate, eokolado choice, elekto choir, lioro chop, haki Christ, Kristo

Christmas, Kristnasko church, eklezio, pregejo

chance, hazardo, §anco, okazo change, §angi chapter, Capitro

cider, cidro cigar, cigaro cigarette, cigaredo cinder, cindro

character, karaktero

cinnamon, cinamo

chariot, 6aro charlatan, Carlatano

cipher, cifero circle, rondo

English- Esperanto Vocabulary

circular, cirkulero circumstance, cirkons tan CO circus, cirko cistern, cistemo cite,

citi

citizen, urbano, ano city, urbo civil, civila, gentila civilize, civilizi class, klaso

claw, ungo, ungego clay, argilo clean, pura clear, klara clerk, komizo clever, lerta client, kliento climate, klimato

climb, suprenrampi clink, tinti clip, tondi

cloak, mantelo clock, horlogo close, proksima close, fermi cloth, drapo, tuko clothe, vesti cloud, nubo clove, kariofilo club, bastonego, trefo, klubo coal, karbo, gtonkarbo coast, marbordo, gliti coat, vesto cock, koko

cocoa, kakao cocoanut, kokoso cod, gado codicil, kodicilo

coddle, dorloti coffee, kafo coffer, kesto coffin, Cerko

coin,

monero

coke, koakso colic, koliko collar, kolumo collect, kolekti college, kolegio

colonel, kolonelo colony, kolonio colossal, kolosa color, koloro

column, kolono comb, kombi combat, batalo combine, kombini come, veni comedy, komedio comet, kometo comfort, komforto comic, komika

comma, komo command, komandi, ordoni

commander der),

(of an or-

komandoro

commence, komenci commentary, komentario

commerce, komerco

English- Esperant

commission,

komisio,

maklero

committee, komitato comimon, komuna, vulgara

commune, komunumo compact, kompakta

company, roto,

kompanio,

trupo,

anaro,

gastoj

compare, kompari compass, kompaso,

cir-

kelo

compel, devigi complicate, kompliki compute, kalkuli comrade, kamarado conceal, ka§i

concede, cedi concern, koncerni concerning, pri concert, koncerto conclude, konkludi, fini concubine, kromvirino

condemn, kondamni condition, kondiCo, state condole, kondolenci

conduct, konduki conduct, konduto cone, konuso confederate, konfederi conference, konferenco confess, konfesi confide, konfidi

conform, konformi confuse, konfuzi

Vocabulary

congress, kongreso conjecture, konjekti conscience, konscienco consent, konsento consequently, sekve console, konsoli constitution, konstitucio

construct, konstrui consul, konsulo

consume, konsumi consumption, ftizo contact, kontakto contain, enhavi

contempt, malestimo contend,

batali, disputi

content, kontenta contest, disputi, konkuri continent, kontinento continue, daiiri, datirigi contour, konturo contraband, kontrabando contract, kontrakto contradict, kontraiidiri contrary, kontraiia contrast, kontrasti contrive, elpensi control, kontroli contusion, kontuzo convene, kunveni convenient, konvena conventional, kutima converge, konvergi conversation, konversacio

English- Esperanto Vocabulary

convert, konverti convince, konkinki cook, kuiri copper, kupro copy, kopii, ekzemplero coquet, koketi coral, koralo cork, korko, Stopi

corkscrew,

korktirilo

corn, maizo, kalo corner, angulo cornice, kornico korporalo, corporal,

korpa corpse, kadavro correct, korekta correspond, korespondi corset, korseto

Cossack, kozako cost, kosto costly, multekosta cotton, kotuno

cough,

tusi

counsel, konsili, advokato count, kalkuli, grafo countenance, vizago country, lando,kamparo couple, paro courage, kurago courier, kuriero course, kurso court, jugejo, jugistaro,

amindumi courteous, gentila cousin, kuzo, kuzino

cover, kovri, tegi cowl, kapuCo

coxcomb, dando coy, rezerva crab, kankro crack, fendi, kraki cradle, lulilo crafty, ruza crane, gruo, Sarglevilo crape, krepo crater, kratero cravat, kravato

crawl, rampi crayon, krajono crazy, freneza

cream, kremo create, krei credit, kredito creditor, kreditoro credulity, kredemo creed, kredo creep, rampi Creole, kreolo crest, tufo crevice, fendo cre^v, §ipanaro cricket, grilo

crime, krimo crippled, kripla crisis, krizo criticise, kritiki

crocodile, krokodilo crop, rikolto, kropo cross, kruco, malafabia crystal, kristalo

cube, kubo

English-Esperanto Vocabulary

cuckoo, kukolo

cucumber, kukurao cuff,

manumo

current, fluo curtain, kurteno

cushion, kuseno

custom, kutimo

cuirass, kiraso culpable, kulpa cunning, ruza cup, taso

cut, tranSi cutlet, kotleto cyclone, ciklono

cupola, kupolo cure, kuraci, resanigi curl, buklo currant, ribo

cylinder, cilindro cymbal, cimbalo cypress, cipreso czar, caro

daffodil, narciso

darken, mallumigi

dagger, ponardo

darling, karuleto

dahlia, dalio daily, Ciutaga dainty, frandajo daisy, lekanteto dam, digo

darn,

damage, difekti damask, damasko dame, sinjorino damn, kondamni

daub, fu§i daughter, filino daunt, timigi

dance, danci dandy, dando Dane, dano dandelion, leontodo danger, dangero

dawn,

dangle, pendeti dare, kuragi dark, malluma

deacon, diakono dead, senviva, mortinta

fliki

dart, sego, pikilo datumi, date, date, daktilo dative, dativo

dauntless, sentima tagigo

day, tago

daybook, taglibro

daydream, revo dazzle, blindigi

deaf, surda

English- Esperanto Vocabulary

deal, komerci, disdoni dear, kara, multekosta

death, morto debate, debato

debauch, diboCo debit, debito debt, Suldo decanter, karafo

decaying, kaduka deceive, trompi

December, Decembro decent, deca decide, decidi decipher, deCifri deck, ferdeko declaim, deklami declaration, deklaracio declare, aserti

depend, dependi depute, deputi describe, priskribi desert, forlasi desert, dezerto

deserve, meriti design, desegno desire, deziri desk, skribtablo dessert, deserto destine, destini

destroy, detrui detail, detalo

deter, malhelpi devil, diablo

devoted, sindona

dew, rose diagonal, diagonala

declivity, deklivo

diagram, diagramo

decorate, ornami deep, profunda deer, cervo defend, defend!

dialect, dialekto dialogue, dialogo

deficiency, deficito define, definite delay, prokrasti delegate, delegito delegation, delegacio delicate, delikata deliver, liveri

dictate, dikti dictionary, vortaro

demand,

postuli

democrat, demokrato demon, demono denounce, denunci dense, densa deny, nei

diameter, diametro diamond, diamante

differ, diferenci

dig, fosi

digest, digesti diligent, diligenta dine, tagman^i, vesper-

mangi dip, trempi

diphthong, diftongo diploma, diplomo diplomacy, diplomatio direct, direkti, ordoni

English-Esperanto Vocabulary direct, rekta director, direktoro dirt, koto

disc, disko

discount, diskonto discover, eltrovi discreet, diskreta discuss, diskuti disgust, naiizi dish, plado

drag, treni

dragon, drako dragoon, dragono

drama, dramo draw, tiri drawers, kalsono dray, §argveturilo

dream, songi dregs, feCo dress, vesti

disinfect, dezinfekti

drill, bori

dispatch, depe§o

drink, trinki

dispel, forpeli dispute, disputi dissolve, solvi

drone, burdo

distinct, klara

distinguish, distingi disturbance, tumulto diverse, diversa divide, dividi divorce, eksedzigo do, fari doctor, doktoro, kuracisto

document, dokumento dog, hundo dogma, dogmo doll, pupo dollar, dolaro

door, pordo dose, dozo dot, punkto doubt, dubi douche, du§o dove, kolombo down, lanugo

drop, guto, fali drown, droni drug, drogo

drum, tamburo dry, seka

duck, anaso dude, dando duel, duelo duet, dueto

duke, duko dull, malakra dung, sterko durable, fortika duration, daiiro during, dum dust, polvo duty, devo, imposto dyke, digo

dynamics, dinamiko dynamite, dinamito dynasty, dinastio dysentery, disenterio dyspepsia, dispepsio

English- Esperanto Vocabulary

E each, Ciu eager, avida

elect, elekti

eagle, agio ear, orelo, spiko earl, grafo early, frua, fnie earth, tero earth env^are, fajenco earthquake, tertremo east, oriento

elm, ulmo

Easter, Pasko easy, faciia eat, man^i

ebony, ebono echo, eKo economize, Spari ecstacy, ekstazo

eczema, ekzemo Edeno, Eden edge, rando

ell,

ulno

else, alie

embarass, embarasi emblem, emblemo embrace, eirkadpremi embroider, brodi emerald, smeraldo eminent, eminenta empire, imperio employ, dungi, uzi

employment, ofico empty, malplena, vakanta

enamel, emajlo enclose, enmeti.enfermi encore, bis encounter, renkonti encroach, trudi end, iino

edict, edikto edify, edifi edit, redakti edition, eldono educate, eduki eel, angilo

energy, energio engine, magino Englishman, anglo

effect, efiki effort, peno, atenco

enlist, varbi, aligi al

egg, ovo

enough,

Egyptian, egipto

enterprise, entrepreno

eight, ok either, aii elastic, elasta

enthusiasm,entuziasmo

elbow, kubuto

endow, doti enemy, malamiko

enjoy, gui sufiCe

entice, logi entire, tuta entreat, petegi

English- Esperanto Vocabulary

envelop, envolvi envelope, koverto envy, envii epidemic, epidemic epilepsy, epilepsio episode, epizodo epitaph, epitafo epithet, epiteto

epoch, epoko

evolution, evolucio exact, preciza, ^sta

examine, ekzameni example, ekzemplo except, escepte excessive, troa

exchange, inter§ango exchange, borso excite, eksciti exclusive, eksklusiva

equal, egala equation, ekvacio equator, ekvatoro

excursion, ekskurso execute, ekzekuti exercise, ekzerco

err, erari

errand, komisio erysipelas, erizipelo escort, eskorto especial, speciala

exhibition, ekspozicio

essence, esenco, oleo

expedite, ekspedi expel, elpeli expense, elspezo experience, sperto expert, lerta explain, klarigi explode, eksplodi explore, esplori express, esprimi, sendi

establish, fondi,

ken-

stati, starigi

esteem, estimi eternal, eterna ether, etero ethics, etiko etiquette, etiketo euphonious, belsona

Europe, EGropo

exist, ekzisti expand, etendi expect, atendi

rapidire

even, eC, ebena event, okazo ever, ajn, iam every, Ciu, Cia

external, ekstera extinguish, estingi extra, ekstra

everybody, Ciu everybody's, Cies

eye, okulo

everything. 6io

eyebrow, brovo

everywhere,

eyeglasses, okulvitroj eyelid, palpebro

Cie

evident, evidenta

extend, etendi

extreme, ekstrema

English- Esperanto Vocabulary

fable, fablo

feast, festeni

facilitate, faciligi

feather, plumo February, Februaro fee, pago

facsimile, faksimilo fact, fakto

factory, fabriko fade, veiki fail,maIsukcesi,bankroti faint, sveni fair, foiro, justa faith, fido fairy, feino fall, fali

falsa, falsa, malvera

fame, famo family, familio familiar, familiara fan, ventumi fanatical, fanatika fantasy, fantazio far,

malproksima

farewell, adiaii farm, far mi fashion, maniero, modo, fasono fast, rapida fat, grasa

feed, nutri feel, palpi, senti felt, felto

female, ino

feminism, feminismo fence, skermi, barilo fennel, fenkolo ferment, fermenti fern, filiko ferry, pramo fervor, fervoro festoon, festono festival, festo fetter, kateno fever, febro

few,

iom, nemultaj, malmultaj, kelkaj

fiance, fianCo fiber, fibro fictitious, fiktiva fiel fil field,

kampo

fatal, fatala

fig, figo

fate, sorto

fight, batali figure, cifero

father, patro fathom, sondi faucet, krano fault, kulpo, eraro favor, favoro fear, timo

file, fajli fill,

plenigi

final, fina

finance, financo find, trovi

English- Esperanto Vocabulary line, delikata, bela, mal-

dika finger, fingro finish, fini fir,

abio

fire, fajro

fire-place, kameno firm, firmo, fortika first,

unua

fiscal, fiska fish, fi§o, figkapti fist,

pugno

standardo

flake, floko

flank, flanko flannel, flanelo flat,

fold, faldi

follow, sekvi fond, ama fondle, dorloti foot, piedo, futo foot, on, piedire fop, dando for, pro, por, Car

force, devigi forehead, frunto foreign, fremda,

flame, flamo

flap,

focus, fokuso fodder, furago fog, nebulo

forbear, toleri

taiiga five, kvin fixed, fiksa fit,

flag, flago,

ali-

landa foresee, antaiividi forge, forgi, falsi forest, arbaro forget, forgesi

forget-me-not, miozoto forgive, pardoni

klapo plata

flatter, flat!

fork, forko

pulo flesh, karno, viando

form, formo formal, ceremonia formation, formacio formula, formulo forsake, forlasi

flea,

flexible, fleksebla flint, siliko flirt,

koketi,

flirti

flour, faruno flo^v, flui

fortify, fortikigi forward, antaiien

flower, floro

forward, ekspedi,

flue,

kamentubo

fluid, flua flute, flute fly, flugi,

muSo

foam, Satlmo

sen-

antatienigi foster, nutri foul, malpura found, fondi di,

foundation, fondajo

English- Esperanto Vocabulary

fountain, fontano four, kvar fowl, kortbirdo fox, vulpo fraction, frakcio fragment, fragmento frame, kadro franc, franko France, Francujo frank, sincera fraternal, frata fraud, trompo freckle, lentugo

senpaga freemason, framasono free, libera,

freight, Sargo franco frequent, ofta fresco, fresko fresh, freSa

Frenchman,

gain, gajni gaiter, gamaSo gall, galo gallery, galerio gallop, galopi game, ludo, Casajo

gamut, gamo gang, bando gangrene, gangreno garden, gardeno gargle, gargari garland, girlando

friend, amiko fringe, f ran go frivolous, frivola friz, frizi

frog, rano frost, frosto froth, gaiimo fruit, frukto fry, friti fulfill,

plenumi

plena funnel, funelo full,

fur, felo

furious, furioza furnace, forno furnish, provizi furniture, meblaro further, plie, plu futile,

vanta

future, estonta

garlic, ajlo

garment, vesto garrison, garnizono garter, Strumpligilo gas, gaso

gather, kolekti gauge, mezuri gauze, gazo gay, gaja gazette, gazeto gelatine, gelateno

gendarme, gendarmo

English- Esperanto Vocabulary

gender, sekso genealogy, genealogio

group, grupo grouse, tetro

general, generala, gen-

grow, kreski grumble, grumbli

eralo

gipsy, cigano grave, tombo, grava

grunt, grunti guarantee, garantio guard, gardi, gvardio guess, diveni guest, gasto guide, gvidi guillotine, gilotino

gravy, viandsuko gray, griza grease, graso great, granda green, verda Greek, greko grimace, grimaco grind, pisti, mueli groan, gemi groin, ingveno grotesque, groteska ground, tero

guilt, kulpo

guitar, gitaro gulf, golfo

gum, gumo gun, pafilo

gunpowder, pulro gypsum, gipso

H ha! ha

habit, kutimo hack, haki hail, hajli

hair, haro half, duono halt, halti, haltigi

ham,

ginko martelo

hammer,

hand, mano hang, pendi, pendigi happiness, feliCo harbor, haveno hard, malmola

hardly, apenafl hare, leporo

harem, haremo harmony, harmonic harness, jungi harp, harpo harpoon, harpuno harrow^, erpi harsh, malmilda, severa harvest, rikolto hasten, rapidi, rapidigi hat, Capelo hatchet, hakilo

hate, malami

English- Esperanto Vocabulary

heresy, herezo hermit, ermit

have, havi haven, haveno ha^vk,

akcipitro, porti hay, fojno

kol-

hiccough,

hazard, hazardo hazel-nut, avelo he,

head, kapo, estro heal, resanigi, kuraci heap, amaso, staplo hear, addi heart, koro, kero heat, hejti, varmigi

heaven, Cielo heavy, peza

hedgehog, erinaco heed, atenti kalkano, kalkan-

umo heir, heredanto heliotrope, heliotropo

lin

li,

himself,

mem

sin, si

Hindoo, hindo hinge, Carniro hip, kokso

hire, dungi his, lia, sia hiss, sibli history, historio hit, frapi !

hoarfrost, prujno

borderi

hemisphere, duonsfero hemp, kanabo hen, kokino hence, de nun, de

him,

hell, infero helm, direktilo help, helpi

hem,

singulti

hide, kagi hierarchy, hierartiio hieroglyphic, hieroglifo high, alta

hippodrome, hipodromo hippopotamus, hipopotamo

Hebrew, hebreo heel,

hero, heroo herring, haringo hesitate, ganceligi

tic

her, Sin, Sia, si, sia herald, heroldo

herb, herbo herd, pa§ti, brutaro here, tie Ci, Ci tie

hoarse, radka hoe, sarki hog, porko hold, teni, holdo hole, truo holiday, festo holly, ilekso holy, sankta

home, hejmo homeopathy, patio

homeo-

English- Esperanto Vocabulary

honest, honesta honey, mielo honor, honoro hoof, hufo hook, hoko hope, esperi hops, lupolo horizon, horizonto horn, Korno horoscope, horoskopo horse, Cevalo host, mastro, multego hot, varmega hotel, hotelo

humerus, humero humor, hutnoro

hump,

gibo

hunger, malsato hundred, cent hunt, Casi, serCi hurrah hura hurry, rapidi !

hurt, vundi, dolori, difekti

husband, edzo husk, §elo hyacinth, hiacinto hydrogen, hidrogeno

hour, horo house, domo

hydrophobia,

how, kiel however, tamen

hyena, hieno hymn, himno hyperbole, hiperbolo

hue, nuanco

hum, zumi

human

homo humane, humana humble, humila

being,

ice, glacio idea, ideo ideal, idealo

hidrofo-

bio

hypokritical, hipokrita hypothesis, hipotezo hyssop, hisopo hysteria, histerio

illness, malsano

illuminate, ilumini

identical, identa

illusion, iluzio illustrate, ilustri image, figuro

idiom, idiomo

imagine, imagi

idol, idolo if, se

imitate, imiti

ignorance, nescio

immense, grandega

immediately,

tuj

xoo

English- Esperanto Vocabulary

immigrate, enmigri imp, koboldo impair, difekti imperative, ordona imperial, imperia import, enporti impress, impresi in, en inch, colo

inoculate, inokuli inquire, demandi inquisitive, sciama insane, freneza insect, insekto inside, interne insidious, insida insist, insisti inspiri, inspiri

incite, inciti incline, inklini, deklivo

instance, instanco instead of, anstataii

include, enhavi

instinct, instinkto institute, fondi, institute institution, institucio instruct, instrui instrument, instruraen-

income, rente indefinite, nedifinita index, tabelo

indicate, montri indicative, indikative indifferent,

indiferenta

indignant, indigna individual, individuo indorse, giri industrious, diligenta industry, an, industrio inertia, inercio infant, infano, infaneto infect, infekti infernal, infera infinite, senlima

influence, influi influenza, gripo

to,

ilo

insult, insulti intelligent, inteligenta

intend, intend intense, forta, ega inter, enterigi interest, intereso, procento interior, interna interpret, traduki interrupt, interrompi intrigue, intrigi

initiate, iniciati

intrude, trudi invalid, invalido, malsanulo invent, elpensi inventory, inventaro investigate, esplori

injury, vundo, difekto

invite, inviti

inform, informi,

sciigi

infuse, infuzi inhabit, lo^i inhale, enspiri

English- Esperanto Vocabulary

invoice, fakturo iodine, jodo Ireland, Irlando

isolate, izoli issue, eldoni

iron, fero, gladi irony, ironio is, estas island, insulo

it, gi

isthmus, istmo Italian, Italo itch, Juki ivy, hedero

jackass, azenviro jackal, gakalo jacket, jako, ]ako,Jaketo jail, karcero

jam,

lOI

joint, artiko joke, Serci journal, Jurnalo joy, gojo, joy jubilee, jubileo

fruktajo

January, Januaro Japanese, japano

judge, jugi jug, kruCo

jay, garolo

Jesus, Jesuo Jew, judo

juggle, jongli juice, suko July, Julio June, Junio

jingle, tinti job, tasko join, kunigi

just, justa, ^ste just no'w. Jus justice, justeco

jessamine, jasmeno

K kangaroo, didelfo keel, kilo

key, glosilo kick, piedfrapo kidney, reno kill, mortigi, buCi

kilogram, kilogramo kiloliter, kilolitro

kilometer, kilometro kind, speco, bonkora king, rego kiss, kisi

kitchen, kuirejo

knapsack, tornistro knead, knedi knee, genuo

English- Esperanto Vocabulary

I02

knife, tranCilo knight, kavaliro knit, triki

knout, knuto

labor, labori lace, laCi, pasamento,

punto lack,

manko

lackey, lakeo laconic, lakona lad,

knabo

lady, sinjorino lake, lago

lamb, gafido lame, lama lamp, iampo lance, lanco land, tero, iando landlord, hotelmastro, bienulo landscape, pejzago

know,

scii

knot, banto, tubero

kopeck, kopeko Koran, korano

lathe, tornilo

Latin, latina laugh, ridi laundress, lavistino laurel, laiiro law, lego

lawsuit, proceso lay, meti layer, tavolo lead, konduki lead, plumbo leaf, folio

lean, klini, malgrasa leap, salti learn, lerni, sciigi legitimate, legitima lemon, citrono

language, lingvo

lemonade, limonado

lantern, ianterno larceny, Stelo lard, lardo large, granda

lend, prunti, pruntedoni leopard, leopardo leprosy, lepro less, malpli lesson, leciono

lark, alaiido larva, larvo larynx, laringo last, lasta, dadri late, malfrua lath, late

lethargy, letargio letter, letero, litero

lettuce, latuko level, nivelo, ebena liable, responda

English-Esperanto liberal, erala

malavara,

lib-

liberate, liberigi library, biblioteko libretto, libreto license, permeso lick, leki lie, kugi,

Vocabulary

malgranda, malmulte, iom

little,

103 eta,

liturgy, liturgio live, vivi, logi liver, hepato lizard, lacerto lo 1 jen load, gargi, §argi loaf, bulkego 1

mensogi

lieutenant, leiitenanto vivo

life,

lift, levi

malpeza

light, lumo,

lightning, fulmo

lighthouse, luraturo like, §ati like, simila, tiel likely, eble, verSajne lilac, siringo lily, lilio

limb, membro, branCo lime, kalko

loan, prunto lobster, omaro locality, loko lock, glosi, seruro, buklo, kluzo lockjaw, tetano

locomotive, lokomotivo log, gtipo logic, logiko loins, lurabo lone, sola

limp, lami

long, longa look, rigardi, serCi looking-glass, spegulo

line, linio

loom,

linen, tolo, tolajo lion, leono

loosen, ellasi Lord, the, la Sinjoro lose, perdi, malgajni

limit, limo

lip,

lipo

liquid, fluida

liquidate, likvidi liquor, likvoro liquorice, glicirizo list, registro

listen, auskulti literature, literature

lithograph, liter, litre

litografi

teksilo

lot, sorto, kvanto lots, cast, loti lottery, loterio

loud, laiita louse, pediko love, ami

low, malalta, mallaiita lower, mallevi lowly, humila

English' Esperanto Vocabulary

to4

loyal, fidela luck, Sanco, bonSanco

lute, liuto

lull, luli

luxury, lukso

lung, pulmo

lyre, liro

Lutheran, luterano

M macadam, makadamo macaroni, makaroni machine, maSino

madam,

sinjorino

magazine, revue, gazeto magic, magic magnet, magneto mahogany, mahogono mail, poSto

maize, maizo majestic, majesta major, majoro majority, plimulto

make,

fari

male, viro malicious, malica man, homo, viro

manage,

administri

mania, manio manifesto, manifesto manifold, multenombra manner, maniero

manufacture,

fabriki

manure, sterko many, multe,

multaj,

mil to I

marble, marmoro March, Marto

march, marSi margin, margeno marguerite, lekanto marine, mara

mark, signo, stampo, marko marquis, markezo marriage, edzeco,edzigo marsh, marCo marshal, marSalo martyr, martiro

mask, masko mast, masto master, majstro masticate, maCi mat, mato

match, alumeto material, materialo matter, materio, puso mattress, matraco mature, matura maxim, maksimo

maximum, maksimumo May, Majo mayor, urbestro mazurka, mazurko me, min, mi meal, faruno, mango

English-Esperanto

mean, meza,

signifi

measles, morbilo measure, mezuri meat, viando medal, medalo

medicine

kuracilo,

medicino meditate, mediti medium, meza, medi-

umo meet, renkonti melancholy, melankolio

melody, melodic melon, melono melt,

fluidigi, degeli

memory, memoro menace, minaci mend, fliki mention, citi mercury, hidrargo mere, nura meridian, meridiano merit, meriti

mesh, ma§o message, depeSo Messiah, Mesio metal, metalo meteor, meteoro method, metodo meter, metro, mezurilo microbe, mikrobo middle, meza mien, mieno might, povo migrate, migri

Vocabulary

105

mild, milda milk, lakto, melki mill, muelilo millet, milio million, miliono

mind,

animo, spirito, obei, atenti, zorgi

mine, mia, mian mine, mino mineral, mineralo minister, pastro, ministro

mint, mento minute, minuto, noto mirror, spegulo miserly, avara misery, mizero misprint, preseraro miss, fraiilino mission, misio Mister, Sinjoro mix, miksi moan, gemi

mock, moki mode, modo model, modelo moderate, modera modern, moderna modest, modesta modulate, moduli Mohammedan, mahometano

moment, momento monarch, monarlio Monday, lundo money, money

x66

Lr.gUsh-Esperanto Vocabulary

money-order, mandate mongrel, hibrida

monkey, simio monograph, monografo monogram, monogramo monologue, monologo monomania, monomanio

monopoly, monopolo monster, monstro month, monato monument, monumento mood, humoro, modo moon, luno

mow,

faiei

much, multe, multo mud, koto, Slimo muff, mufo mulberry, moruso mule, mulo

multiply, multigi, multipliki

mummy, mumo municipal, urba

murder, mortigi

murmur, murmuri muscle, muskolo muse, muzo, revi

morala, morala morals, more, etiko

museum, muzeo mushroom, fungo

more, pli multe, pli,plu more, the, ju pli....des

music, muziko musket, muskedo muslin, muslino must, devas, devegas mustard, mustardo musty, Sima mute, muta, niutulo

pli

morning, mateno mortgage, hipoteko mosiac, mozaiko mosquito, moskito moss, musko most, plej, plej multe moth, tineo mother, patrino motion, movo motive, motivo motto, moto mouldy, Sima mountain, monto

mouse, muso moustache, lipharoj mouth, buSo move, movi

miutiny, ribelo

mutter, murmuri

mutton, §afaJo mutual, reciproka muzzle, buSumo my, mia, mian myriad, miriado myrrh, mirho myrtle, mirto mystery, mistero mystify, mistifiki myth, mito

mythology, mitologio

English-Esperanto Vocabulary

107

N nail, najli,

ungo

naive, naiva

naked, nuda

name, nomo nankeen, nankeno narrate, rakonti

narrow, mallarga nasal, naza nation, nacio naturally, nature, kompreneble nature, naturo naught, nulo

nausea, natizo nay, ne near, proksima, apud nearly, preskaii necessary, necesa neck, kolo necktie, kravato need, bezoni neither, nek

niece, nevmo night, nokto nine, nau noble, nobla nobleman, nobelo nobody, neniu no, no noise, bruo

nomad, nomado nominative, nominativo none, neniom noon, tagmezo nor, nek normal, normala north, nordo nose, nazo nostril, naztruo not, ne notary, notario

note, noti, rimarki,biIo nothing, nenio notice, rimarki, avizo

nephew, nevo

notify, sciigi, avizi

nerve, nervo neuter, neiitra

noun, substantive novel, romano

neutral, neutrala

November, Novembro now, nun

never, neniam nevertheless, tamen

new, nova newspaper,

Jurnalo nice, agrabla nickel, nikelo nicotine, nikotino

nowhere, nenie, nude, nuda number, nombro, mero nurse, varti, nut, nukso

flegi

nu-

io8

English- Esperanto Vocabulary

oak, kverko oar, remilo oasis, oazo oath. Jure

oil,

oatmeal, grio

omen, antadsigno

obelisk, obelisko

omnibus, omnibuso omnipotent, Ciopova

obey, obei object, celo, objekto object, kontradparoli obligation, devo oblige, devigi, fari komplezon oblique, oblikva observe, rimarki obstinate, obstina obstruct, obstrukci obtain, ricevi, akiri

obtrude, trudi occasion, okazo occupy, okupi occur, okazi ocean, oceano October, Oktobro ocular, okula odd, stranga, nepara ode, odo odor, odoro of, de, da

oleo

malnova, antikva, maljuna

old,

olive, olivo

on, sur once, unufoje one, unu onion, bulbo only, nur

onward,

antaflen

onyx, onikso opal, opalo

open, malfermi opera, opero opera-glass, lorneto operate, operacii, funkcii

opinion, opinio opium, opio

opponent, kontraiiulo opportune, ^statempa opportunity, okazo oppress, subpremi optics, optiko

optimism, optimismo

offend, ofendi offer, proponi, prezenti

opulent, riCa

office, ofico

oracle, orakolo

often, ofte

orange, orango ordain, ordeni

ohl hoi

or, atl

English-Esperanto Vocabulary

order, mendi, ordoni organ, organo, orgeno

ovary, ovujo oven, forno

109

orient, oriento

over, super

ornament, ornami

overcome, venki

orphan, orfo orthodox, ortodoksa orthography, ortografio

overhead, supra overtake, atingi

ostrich, struto other, alia

overturo, uverturo, pro-

ought, devas ounce, unco

owe,

our, nia out, el, ekster outline, skizo, konturo

o>vn, propra, posedi ox, bovo

outside, ekster, oval, ovala

oxide, oksido oyster, ostro

overthrow, renversi pono §uldi

owl, strigo,gufo,cikumo

-a, -e

pack, paki package, pakajo pad, vati

pagoda, pagodo

oxygen, oksigeno

pamphlet, pamfleto panic, paniko pantaloons, pantalono panther, pantero

pail, sitelo

pantomime, pantomimo

pain, doloro paint, pentri, kolori

pale, pala, paligi

papa, paCjo paper, papero papyrus, papiruso parade, paradi paradise, paradizo paradox, paradokso parasol, sunombrelo

palm, palmo, manplato

parchment, pergameno

paltry, triviala

pardon, pardoni pare, senSeligi

pair, paro

palace, palace palate, palato palatable, bongusta

pamper,

dorloti

English-Esperanto Vocabulary

parents, gepatroj park, parko parliament, parlamento parody, parodio parrot, papago parsimony, parcimonio parsley, petroselo parsnip, pastinako parson, pastro part, parte, porcio participate, partopreni participle, participo partition, divide partridge, perdriko party, partio pass, pasi passenger, vojaganto passion, pasio, manic passive, pasiva passport, pasporto past, estinta paste, pasto pasteboard, kartono pastel, paStelo pastille, pastelo pastor, pastro pastoral, kampara, pastorale

patch, fliki patent, patento paternal, patra pathos, patoso patience, pacienco patriarch, patriarko patriot, patrioto patrol, patrolo

pause, patizo pavement, pavimo pavilion, pavilion pay, pagi pea, pizo

peace, paco peach, persiko peacock, pavo peak, pinto pear, piro pearl, perlo pedal, pedalo pedant, pedanto peddle, kolporti pedestal, piedestalo peel, Selo pelt, felo

pen, plumo penalty, puno

penchant,

inklino,

emo

pendulum, pendolo penetrate, penetri penitent, penta penny, penco pension, pensio penurious, avara peony, peonio people, popoli, homoj pepper, pipro percentage, procento perch, perko perfect, perfekta

perform, fari, plenum] perfume, parfumo perhaps, eble peril, dangerego

English-Esperanto Vocabulary

III

period, periodo, punkto perish, perei perjury, Jurrompo permit, permesi perpetual, eiama, eterna

pigeon, kolombo pigmy, pigmeo pile, staple, amaso

persevere, persist! person, persono

pill, pilolo pillar, kolono

perspire, §viti perverse, kontrafia pest, pesto pestle, pistilo

pillow,

pet, dorloti petition, petskribo petroleum, petrolo

phantom, fantomo pharmacy, farmacio

pig, porko

pilgrim, pilgrimanto

kapkuseno

pilot, piloto, gvidanto

pimple, akno pin, pinglo

pinch,

pinfii

pine, pino, konifero

pineapple, ananaso pinnacle, pinto pioneer, pioniro

pharynx, faringo phase, fazo pheasant, fazano phenomenon, f enomeno

pit, partero, fosaJo,kavo

philanthropist,

pitch, peSo

filan-

pious, pia pirate, pirato pistol, pistolo

domago

tropo philately, filatelo

pity, kompato, pivot, pivoto

philosopher, filozofo philosophy, filozofio

placard, afiSo place, loko placid, kvieta plain, senornama,nebela

phlegm, flegmo phoenix, fenikso phonetic, fonetika

phonograph, fonografo phosphorus, fosforo photograph, fotografi piano, fortepiano picture, pentrajo, fotografajo pie, pasteCo piece, peco

plait, plekti

plan, piano plane, raboti planet, planedo plank, tabulo plant, planti plate, telero platinum, plateno play, ludi, teatrajo

112

English-Esperanto Vocabulary port, haveno

pleasant, plaCa plenty, sufiCa

portion, porcio, parto

pliable, fleksebla plot, konspiri, komploto plow, plugi

pluck, kura^o

plum, pruno plump, dika plural, multenombra plush, pluSo

pocket, poSo pod, Selo

poem, poemo poet, poeto point, punkto poison, veneno pole, stango, poluso police, polico polish, poluri polite, ^entila politics, politiko polyp, polipo

pomade, pomado pomgranate, granato pompous, pompa pond, lageto poniard, ponardo poodle, pudelo pope, papo poplar, poplo popular, populara porcelain, porcelano porcupine, histriko pore, poro pork, poikajo .

porphyry,

porfiro

portrait, portreto positive, pozitiva possess, posedi possible, ebla post, fosto post card, poStkarto

poster, afiSo pot, poto potash, potaso potato, terpomo potency, potenco poultice, kataplasmo

pound,

pisti,

bategi,

funto, livro

pour, verSi, Suti

powder, pulvo, pulvoro, pudro

power, povo, potenco practical, praktika practice, kutimo prairie, herbejo, stepo praise, laiidi prattle, babili pray, pregi preach, prediki

precentor, kantoro precise, preciza, ^sta prefer, preferi prefix, prefikso

pregnant, graveda prejudice, antaiijugo premium, premio prepare, prepari preposition, prepozicio

English- Esperanto Vocabulary

presbyter, presbitero prescription, recepto present, donaci,prezenti preserve, konfiti preside, prezidi press, premilo, presilo pretext, preteksto pretty, beleta previous, antaiia price, prezo prick, piki priest, pastro prince, prince principal, precipa principle, principo print, presi

prison, karcero private, privata privilege, privilegio prize, premio probe, sondi, esplori problem, problemo proboscis, rostro proceed, procedi procession, procesio proclaim, proklami procure, akiri prodigal, malSpara produce, produkti

profess, profesi profession, profesio professor, profesoro proficient, kompetenta profile, profile profit, profito, gajno

progeny,

ido, idaro

proletarian, proletario

promenade, promeni promise, promesi promptly, tuj, ^statempe pronoun, pronomo pronounce, elparoli proof, pruvo, prove propaganda, propagando property, pesedaje prophet, profete proportion, prepercie proposal, propene pro rata, prepercie prose, preze prosper, presperi protect, protekti protest, pretesti

proud, fiera prove, pruvi proverbo, proverb provide, previzi province, province provision, previzaje provisional, previzera

provoke, incite proximity, proksimeco prudent, prudenta prune, sekpruno Prussian, pruso psalm, psalme public, publika publish, eldeni, publikpull,

tiri

114

English-Esperanto Vocabulary

pulley, rulbloko pulse, pulso

pump, pumpi pumpkin, kukurbo punch (drink), punCo punctuate, interpunkcii puncture, trapiki punish, puni pupil, lernanto, pupilo

purchase,

aCeti

pure, pura, virta, Casta

quack, anasbleki, Cariatano

quadrant, kvadranto quadrille, kvadrilo quail, koturno quality, kvalito, eco quantity, kvanto quartet, kvarteto queen, regino

rabbi, rabeno rabbit, kuniklo radius, radiuso raft, floso

puritan, puritano purple, purpnro purpose, celo, intenco purse, monujo pus, puso push, puSi putrid, putra putty, mastiko puzzle, enigmo pyramid, piramido python, pitono

queer, stranga question, demando quick, rapida quiet, kvieta quill,

plumo

quit, lasi quite, tute

quoin, kojno quote, citi

rake, rasti rank, vice, range rape, perforto rapid, rapida

rag, eifono

raspberry, frambo

ragamuffin, bubo

rat, rate

rail, relo

rate, procento

railroad, fervojo rain, pluvo rainbo^v, Cielarko

rather,

pli

volonte

reach, atingi read, legi

Etiglish-Espcrcn'o Vocabulary

readily, volonte, facile

ready, preta real, vera, reala really, vera, efektive

ream, rismo reap, rikolti reason, rezoni rebate, rabato rebel, ribeli

rebuke, riproCi rebut, refuti receipt, kvitanci receipts, enspezoj receive, ricevi recently, antau nelonge recite, rakonti, deklami recognize, rekoni

recommend, rekomendi recompense,

rekom-

penci

recount, rakonti recruit, rekruto red, ruga reduce, malpliigi reed, kano reef, rifo reflect, rebrili, pripensi refuge, take, rifugi refund, repagi, redoni

refuse, rifuzi refute, refuti regale, regali regard, rigardi

regarding, pri region, regiono register, registri

115

regret, bedadri regulation, regulo reject, rifuzi rejoice, goji relate, rakonto relation, rilato, parenco religion, religio rely, konfidi

remain, resti remark, rimarki remedy, rimedo remember, memori remote, malproksima render, redoni rent, lui repair, ripari repeat, ripeti report, raporti

repose, ripozi represent, reprezenti reproach, riproCi

reproduce, reprodukti republic, respubliko reputation, reputacio request, peti require, postuli, bezoni rescue, savi research, esploro

resemble,

simili

reserve, rezervi resist, kontraiistari

"resolute, decida respect, respekti respond, respondi rest, pauzo, resti, ripozi restaurant, restoracio

English- Esperanto Vocabulary

ii6 result, retain, retina, retort,

rezulti, rezultato

gardi, teni retino

respondi return, redoni, reveni

revenge, revengo review, revuo, parado revolt, ribelo revolution, revolucio

re^vard, rekompenco

rheumatism,

reiima-

tismo rhinoceros, rinocero rhubarb, rabarbo rhyme, rimo

rythm, ritmo rib, ripo

ribbon, rubando rice, rizo rich, riCa ride, rajdi

rob, rabi robe, vesti, robo

robust, fortika rock, roko rogue, fripono roll, ruli, ruligi,

room, Cambro rooster, koko root, radiko rope, Snuro rose, rozo rosin, kolofono rot, putri

rouble, ruble round, ronda rouse, veki, eksciti route, vojo

row, remi, vico rub,

froti

rifle, pafilo

ruby, rubeno rude, malgentila

right, rajto, guste, dekstra, rekta, prava righteous, justa

ruin, fuino rule, regi, regulo run, kuri

rim, rando

rum, rumo rural, kampara

ridiculous, ridinda

ring, ringo, rondo ringlet, buklo rise, levigi risk, riski rival, konkuri river, rivero

road, vojo roam, vagi roar, mugi, blekegi

bulko

roof, tegmento rook, frugilego

ruse, ruzo rush, kuregi rush, junko

Russia, Ruslando Russian, ruso rust, rusti

ruthless, senkompata rye, sekalo

Mnglish-Es^tranto Vocabulary

111

S sack, sako sacred, sankta sacrifice, oferi saddle, selo

say, diri scab, skabio scaffold, eSafodo scald, brogi

sagacious, sagaca sage, salvio, saga

scale, skalo, scales, pesilo

sail, velo,

scandal, skandalo

salad, salato salary, salajro sale, vendo saline, sala

Scandinavian, skandinavo

salmon, salmo salt, sale salute, saluti

same, sama sample, specimeno sianction, sankcii

sand, sablo sane, racia sanitary, higiena

sarcasm, sarkasmo sardine, sardine Sardinian, sardo Satan, Satano satin, atlaso satire, satiro saturate, saturi

Saturday, sabato sauce, saiico sausage, kolbaso savage, sovaga save, savi, gpari

saw,

segi

skvamo

scar, cikatro scarcely, apenati scarf, skarpo scarlatina, skarlatino scarlet, skarlato scent, odoro scheme, projekto science, scienco scissors, tondilo score, dudeko Scotchman, skoto scoundrel, kanajlo scourge, skurgi scrape, skrapi scratch, grati screen, §irmiIo screw, graubo scrofula, skrofolo sculpture, skulpti sea, marc seal, sigeli, foko

search, serCi seashore, marbordo season, sezono

English- Esperanto Vocabulary

iiS

secret, sekreto secrete, kaSi sect, sekto section, sekcio, parto secular, neeklezia

serious, senoza sermon, prediko serpent, serpento servant, servisto servile, sklava seven, sep several, kelkaj, multaj,

sediment, feCo seduce, delogi

severe, severa

see, vidi

sew, kudri

seed, semo seek, serCi

sex, sekso

seat, se^o, sidi^i, sidigi

second, sekundo, dua

seem,

Sajni

seemly, deca seize, ekkapti select, elekti self, selves, mem sell, vendi

semicolon, punktokomo seminary, seminario senate, senate senator, senatano send, sendi sense, sento, senco, racio, sageco sensible, sa^a sensual, voluptema jugi, konsentence, damni, frazo separate, aparta

September, Septembro

diversaj

shade, nuance, ombraje shaft, timono shake, Sanceli, skui, tremi

shame, honto shape, ferme dividi, share, parte,

porcio,

akcio, parto-

preni

shark, Sarko sharp, akra shatter, frakasi

shave, razi shawl, Salo she, Si sheaf, garbo shear, tondi sheath, ingo

sheep, Safo

sergeant, sergento

shelf, breto shell, Selo shepherd, paStisto shield, Sildo, Sirmi shilling, Silingo

series, serio

shine,

seraph, serafo serenade, serenado serene, trankvila

brili

English- Esperanto

shingle, gindo ship, §ipo shirt, Cemizo shock, frapo shoe, §uo shoot, pafi shore, marbordo should, devas shoulder, gultro shove, §ovi shovel, goveli shov^, montri shrewd, sagaca shun, eviti

shut, fermi sick, malsana side, Hanko siege, siego sift, kribri

sign, signo, subskribi signal, signalo signify, signifi silence, silento silk, silko

silver, arfento similar, simila

Vocabulary

119

sister, fratino sit, sidi

situation, situacio, ofico six, ses

sixteen, dekses sixty, sesdek size, grandeco

skate, gliti sketch, skizi skillful, lerta skin, hatlto skirt, jupo

skull, kranio

sky, eielo slander, kalumnii slang, slango slanting, oblikva slate, ardezo slave, sklavo sleek, glata sleep, dormi sleeve, maniko slender, maldika slide, gliti slipper, pantoflo

slime, glimo fendo slope, deklivo

simple, simpla sin, peko since. Car, de tiam

slit,

sincere, sincera sinew, tendeno

smell, smile,

sing, kanti single, unuobla singular, stranga sir, sinjoro siren, sireno

smock, kitelo smoke, fumi smooth, glata, ebena smother, sufoki

smear, gmiri flari,

odori

rideti

snail, limako

I20

English - Espera nto Vocabulary

soprano, soprano

snake, serpento snare, kaptilo sneeze, terni snore, ronki snow, nego so, tiel, tia, tiom soap, sapo sober, sobra

sorrel, okzalo sort, speco soul, animo sound, sono, sondi

social, sociala, socia socialism, socialismo

soda, sodo sofa, sofo soft,

mola

spade (cards), piko

soil, tero

solar, suna solder, luti soldier, soldato sole, sola solemn, solena solid, fortika, iirma

soliloquy, monologo solution, solvo solve, solvi

some,

kelkaj,

iom, ia

somebody, iu somebody's, ies

somehow, something,

soup, supo sour, acida source, fonto, deveno south, sudo sow, porkino sow, semi space, spaco, dadro spade, fosilo

iel

somewhat, iom somewhere, ie son, file sonata, sonato song, kanto soon, baldafl soot, fulgo

kelke,

spare, indulgi

sparrow, pasero speak, paroli species, speco specter, fantomo speculate, spekulacii speed, rapideco spell, silabi spend, elspezo sphere, sfero sphinx, sfinkso spice, spico

spider, araneo spill, disverSi, disSuti

spin, Spini spine, spino spirito, animo, fantomo, energio, alkoholo spiritualism, spiritual-

spirit,

ismo spit, kraCi

English-Esperanto Vocabulary spite,

malamo

111

starboard, dekstro

spite of, in, spite splash, Spruci, plaiidi

stato, etato, stato statue, statuo

split, fendi spoil, difekti,

stature, kresko statute, regulo, lego stay, resti steak, steko, bifsteko

malbon-

igi, malbonigi spoke, radio sponge, spongo spoon, kulero spoonful, plenkulero

spring,

salti,

printempo,

risorto, fonto

spur, sprono spy, spiono squad, taemento squadron, skadro(mil.) eskadro (naval) square, kvadrato squint, strabi squirrel, sciuro stab, pikegi stable, Cevalejo staff, stango, stabo stage, scenejo stain, makulo stair, §tuparo

steal, §teli

steam, vaporo steel, gtalo

steep, kruta steer, direkti, bovo stenography, stenografio

step, gtupo, paSi step- (relation), duon-

stereotype, stereotipo, kligi

sterile, senfrukta stick, bastono stick, glui stiff, rigida stifle, sufoki still, trankvila, kvieta, tamen, ankoraii, sen-

mova, distililo movi

stake, paliso, fosto stall, budo, stale

stitch, stebi

stamin, stameno

stocking, §trumpo

stir,

stammer,

stoical, stoika

stamp, marko

stomach, stomako

balbuti stampi, po§t-

stand, stari standard,

modelo Star, stelo

standardo,

stone, §tono stool, skabelo stop, halti, haltigi, Cesi store, provizo, magazeno, butiko

English- Esperanto Vocabulary

laa

Story, historic, fabelo, etago stout (fat), dika stove, forno straight, rekta strain, streCi, kribri strait,

markolo

strand, fadeno strange, stranga

stratum, tavolo straw, pajlo strawberry, frago streak, streko

stream,

rivero, rivereto street, strato street-car, tramveturilo

subject, temo, subjekto, regato, regnano

submarine, submara subscribe, aboni, subskribi, monoferi subsequently, sekve, poste substitute, anstatadi subterfuge, artifiko succeed, sukcesi

such,

tia

sue, procesi sufBx, sufikso suffrage, voCdono sugar, sukero suit, konveni, kompleto

stretch, streCi strict, severa

sulphur, sulfuro

strike, frapi, striko string, Snureto stringent, severa, dra-

summer, somero

kona

sum,

sumo

summit, supro sumptuous, luksa sun, suno

strip, strio stripe, streko stroll, promeni

structure, strukturo struggle, barakti strut, paradi

Sunday, dimanCo superfluous, superflua superior, supera superstition, superstiCo

supper, noktomango, vespermango

supplement, aldono

stuff, Stofo, plenigi

surprise, surprizi suspect, suspekti swallow, gluti, hirundo

style, stilo, mode, faso-

no stylish,

moda

supply, provizi support, subteni suppress, subpremi

swarm, svarmi

English- Esperanto Vocabulary

swear, sweat,

Juri,

blasfemi

123

symbol, simbolo

sweet, dol6a, malacida

symmetry, simetrio sympathy, simpatio symphony, simfonio symptom, simptomo

swell, gveli

synagogue, sinagogo

s^vift, rapida

syndicate, sindikato synod, sinodo synonym, sinonimo syntax, sintakso synthesis, sintezo synip, siropo

gviti

Swede, svedo s^veep, balai

swim,

nagi swing, svingi Swiss, sviso SAVoon, sveni sword, glavo syllable, silabo

table, tabic, tabelo tactics, taktiko taffeta, tafto tail,

voSto

tailor, tajloro

take, preni tale, rakonto, fabelo talent, talento

system, sistemo

tax, taksi, imposto tea, teo teach, instrui tear, §iri tear, larmo teat, mampinto

tedious, teda telegram, telegramo

talk, paroli tall, alta

telephone, telefoni telescope, teleskopo

tallow, sebo

tell, rakonti, diri

Talmud, talmudo

temperature, temperature

tan, tani tar,

gudro

tariff, tarifo,

imposto

tart, acida, torto

taste, gusto, gustumi tattoo, tatui

tempest, ventego temple, tempio, tempio tempt, tenti ten, dek

tenant, luanto

xa4

English-Esperanto Vocabulary

tendon, tendeno tenor, tenoro tent, tendo term, templimo, termino

terminate,

fini

terrace, teraso territory, teritorio terror, teruro test, provi

testament, testamento testify, atesti tetanus, tetano text, teksto textile, teksa

than, ol thank, danki that,

tic, tiu,

thaw,

kiu, ke

degeli

thirst, soifo this, tio ei, tiu 6i thistle, kardo

thorn, dorno thou, ci, vi

though, kvankam thrash, draSi thread, fadeno threaten, minaco three, tri threshold, sojlo thrill, vibri, eksciti

throat, gorgo throne, trono throng, amaso

through, tra throw, Jeti thrush, turdo

the, la theater, teatro their, ilia, sia

thumb, dika

them, ilin, ili theme, temo

thus, tiel, tiamaniere thy, ci, via thyme, timiano

then, tiam, do, poste theology, theologio theory, teorio there, tie therefore, tial thermometer, termometro they, ili thick, dika

fingro

thunder, tondri

Thursday,

Ja(ido

ticket, bileto tickle, tikli tide, tajdo tie, ligi,

kravato

tier, vico

tiger, tigro till, gis

thief, Slelisto

time, tempo tin, stano

thigh, femuro thing, io, a|o think, pensi

tinkle, tinti tipple, drinki tipsy, ebria

English- Esperanto Vocabulary tire, lacigi, tedi, enui title, titoio to, al

toad, bufo toast, toasto

125

trace, postsigno track, vojo trade, negoci, komerci, metio tradition, tradicio tragedy, tragedio

tobacco, tabako today, hodiaii

train, dresi,

toe, piedfingro tolerate, toleri

instrui trait, trajto

tomato, tomato tomb, tombo

traitorous, perfida transcribe, transskribi translate, traduki transparent, travidebla travel, veturi, vojagi tray, pleto treadle, pedalo treasure, trezoro

tomorrow, morgaii tone, tono tongue, lango too, tro tool, ilo

tooth, dento top, supro, pinto topaz, topazo topic, temo torch, torCo torment, turmenti torpedo, torpedo torrent, torento torrid, varmega tortoise, testudo toss, Jeti total, tuto totter, ganceli touch, tu§i, palpi

tow, stupo toward, al towel, vi§ilo tower, turo town, urbo toy, ludilo

treat,

vagonaro,

kuraci,

regali,

trakti

treaty, kontrakto, terkonsento tree, arbo triangle, triangulo tribe, gento trifle, bagatelo trill, trili

trio, trio

triumph, triumfo trivial, triviala

trombone, trombono troop, bando, amaso tropic, tropiko trot, troti

trough, trogo trousers, pantolono trout, truto

in-

English- Esperanto Vocabulary

126

trump,

atuto,

trumpo

trunk, kesto, trunko, rostro

turkey, meleagro turn, turni, torni, vico turpentine, terebinto turquoise, turkiso turtle, testudo

kofro,

trust, konfidi, fidi try, peni, provi, atenci

tub, kuvo tube, tubo tuber, tubero

turtle-dove, turto

Tuesday, mardo

twelve, dekdu twine, fadeno, Snureto twinkle, brileti

tuft, tufo tulip, tulipo

twist, tordi twitter, pepi, Cirpi

tumbler, glaso tumult, tumulto

two, du type, modelo, preslitero,

tune, agordi

tipo

turf, torfo

typhus,

Turk, turko

tyrant, tirano

tifo

U udder, mamo ugly, malbela ukase, ukazo

universal, universala university, universitato unless, escepte ke

ulcer, ulcero

until, gis

unbounded, senlima

unto,

uncle, onklo

unworthy, malinda

under, sub undergo, suferi underscore, substreki understand, kompreni undertake, entrepreni unexpected, neatendita

upon, sur

unhappy,

malfeliCa

uniform, uniformo union, unuigo, unuigo unit, unuo

urge, urgi urine, urino us, nin use, uzi

usual, kutima usurp, uzurpi utilize, utiligi

Utopia, utopio utterly, tute

Etiglish- Esperanto

vacant, vakanta vacation, libertempo vaccinate, inokuli vain, vana, vanta vainly, vane valise, valizo valley, valo value, valoro valve, klapo vanilla, vanilo vanquish, venki

vapor, vaporo variola, variolo various, diversa

varnish, laki vase, vazo vaseline, vazelino vassal, vasalo vast, vasta vegetable, legomo vehicle, veturilo vein, vejno

vellum, veleno velvet, veluro

vengeance, vengo

venom, veneno

Vocabulary

127

very, tre vessel, §ipo, boato, ujo vest, ve§to veteran, veterano vex, Cagreni vice, malvirto victory, venko view, vidi, vidajo vigilant, vigla village, vilago villain, kanajlo

vinegar, vinagro violence, perforto violet, violo violin, violono virginal, virga virus, veneno vision, vido, aperajo visit, viziti

vizage, vizago vizier, veziro

voice, voeo volkano, vulkano volume, tomo, volumo

voluptuous, voluptema vomit, vomi

ventilate, ventoli

vote, baloti, voedoni

venture, riski verb, verbo

vouch,

verdict, verdikto verse, verso vertical, vertikala

vowel, vokalo

garantii, atesti

vow, promesi

Jure

vulgar, vulgara vulture, vulturo

128

English- Esperanto Vocabulary

W wad,

vati

wager, veti wages, salajro wagon, Sargveturilo >vaist, talio wait, atendi, servi

waiter, kelnero "wake, veki v^ralk, marSi, promeni >vall,

muro

walnut, juglando waltz, valso

wander, vagi ^vant, bezoni, manki >vard, kvartalo

warm, varma warn,

averti

wash, iavi watch, gardi, poShorlogo

water, akvo wave, ondo Tvax, vakso way, vojo, maniero

we,

weed, sarki week, semajno weep, plori weigh, pezi, pesi welcome, bonveno well, nu, Sana, bone, puto west, okcidento >vet,

malseka

whale, baleno what, kia, kio v^heat, tritiko wheel, rado

when, kiam where, kie whether, Cu which, kio, kiu while,

dum

whim,

kaprico >vhip, vipo w^hiskers, vangharoj

whisper,

paroleti

whistle, fajfi whist, visto white, blanka

wealth, riCeco wear, porti, eluzi weary, laca, enua weather, vetero

who,

wedge, kojno

whose, kies why, kial

Wednesday, merkredo

kiu

whole, tuto, tuta wholesale, pogrande

whom,

kiun

English-Esperanto Vocabulary

widower, vidvo

wizard, sorCisto

v^ife, edzino

wolf, lupo

^vild,

sovaga

willful, obstina will, testamenti, voH willingly, volonte ^vin, venki, gajni ^vind, vento

wind,

tordi, vindi, streCi

window,

fenestro

^voman,

virino

womb,

utero wonder, miri

woo, amindumi wool, lano

word, vorto work, labori, verko ^vorld,

monda

wine, vino wing, flugilo, flankajo wink, palpebrumi winter, vintro

^vorm, vermo worship, adori worth, valoro, indo wound, vundi

Tvipe, vi§i wisdom, sago, sageco

wrap, kovri, volvi wreath, girlando wreck, gippereo wretched, mizera

wish,

deziri, veil

wit, sprito without, sen

witness,

vidi, atesti

yacht, yalito yard, korto, jardo

yawn,

oscedi

year, jaro yearly, eiujara yell, kriegi yellow, flava

yes,

jes

yesterday, hierati yet, tamen, ankorati

129

wrinkle, sulko write, skribi, verki

ye'w, taksuso yield, cedi, kapitulaci, produkti yoke, jugo

you, vi

young, juna, ido your, yours, via youth, junulo, juneco youthful, juna Yule, kristnasko

130-316** English- Esperanto Vocabulary

zeal, fervoro

zebra, zebro zenith, zenito zero, nulo

**Total

number

zigzag, zigzago zinc, zinko zoology, zoologio

zouave, zuavo

of pages, 316.

AMERIKA ESPERANTISTO a monthly journal of Esperanto literature and news, issued at Chicago. It is edited and published by Comrade Arthur Baker, the compiler of this book. Containing articles on live topics by writers of various nations, it is of much help to those who wish to acis

quire the international style in the use of the Per year, one dollar; sample language. receive and forward copy, ten cents. subscriptions according to our usual clubbing

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