Symbiotic Biophilia - Glasgow Green Renewal by 许朝阳

Symbiotic Biophilia Zhaoyang Xu The University of Edinburgh Master in landscape architecture: Academic Portfolio

SYMBIOTIC - BIOPHILIA Biophilic Design and a Better Living Environment

[Academic Portfolio]

Biophilic Design Biophilia is a combination of two ancient Greek words: "life" (bio) and "love" (philia). Biophilia is a human personality attribute first articulated by Erich Fromm and later by E.O. Wilson, who both agree that biophilia has a biological basis and that developing harmonious interactions between humans and the biosphere is essential (Barbiero and Berto, 2021). The main theoretical title in this project is Biophilic Design. The goal of biophilic design is to create artificial environments that are as similar as possible to the natural environment to ensure that nature has a positive impact on people’s health and well-being (Söderlund, 2019).

· Zhaoyang Xu / MLA 2

[2022] Master in landscape architecture: Academic Portfolio (2021-2022) [SEM2]

00 INTRODUCTION Structure ------- 1/2 Statement ------- 3/4 Glossary ------- 5/6

Contents

Biophilic Design

01 PROVENANCE Context ------- 7/10 Project ------- 11/18

02 INTERSECT Interdisciplinary ------- 19/30 Main Theory ------- 31/38 Argument Discussion ------- 39/40 Design Concept ------- 41/50

03 COLLISION Popular Concept ------- 51/52 Architecture ------- 53/54 Landscape Architecture ------- 55/66

04 RELEVANCE Glasgow Green Renewal ------- 67/80

05 REFERENCES Bibliography ------- 81/82 Image References ------- 83/84

Introduction / structure

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Introduction / statement

Glasgow Green Renewal Project Glasgow Green is the oldest Victorian park in the heart of Scotland's largest city, Glasgow, opened to the public following the park movement of the 1830s out of a desire to improve health in the overcrowded conditions of the fast-growing industrial town. Victorian parks have also increasingly become a symbol of civic pride, offering residents and visitors an attractive setting for their leisure time. They also took on a social role as a place for improvement for the bottom of society. However, with the development of the city's de-industrialization process, Glasgow lost its traditional industrial pillar, resulting in a series of social problems. The city has an alarmingly high death rate. A 2011 study compared it to Liverpool and Manchester, which have roughly the same levels of unemployment, poverty and inequality. The study found that Glasgow residents are 30 % more likely to die at a young age, with 60 % of excess deaths caused by just four things drugs, alcohol, suicide and violence (Why is Glasgow the UK’s sickest city?, 2022). Glasgow Green, as an urban public green space, did not undertake its function of improving the social environment, but instead became a petri dish for criminal activities (especially at night), and due to the design purpose of the Victorian park, the quality of the biological habitat inside the site is extremely low and there is a serious lack of biodiversity. The biophilic design strategy will address the existing problems of Glasgow green

from the perspective of urban residents and biodiversity, linking their activity needs, sensory experience, natural interaction, cultural pride and other aspects to propose strategies for existing green spaces. The proposed strategy will enhance the experience and diversity of activities within the park, strengthen the connection between the park and its surrounding communities and residents, and the relationship between human and more than human. And gradually expand its influence to make the park a landmark of Glasgow to attract tourists and expand the cultural influence of the city. At the same time, a future management plan for the park is proposed to ensure its longterm role as an infrastructure. The park will acknowledge, explore and celebrate the many layers of human contact with the landscape and the site’s significance to the local citizens of Glasgow and the wider region. Victorian Park will serve as a gathering place for the public, a sensory playground, and a pillar of Glasgow's healthy, outdoor lifestyle, exciting and inspiring locals and visitors alike. It will be simple to get to and hard to leave. Neighbors will adopt it as their own, and tourists will want to come back for more. In order to achieve the unity of society, culture and ecology.

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Symbiotic Biophilia Portfolio Population explosion and urbanization development have always been issues of high concern in today's society. Problems in the population growth belt include but are not limited to poverty, famine, resource depletion, widening gap between rich and poor, etc. Biophilic design proposes solutions to current urban problems, arguing that the natural environment can create happy and relaxed moods in modern people. However, in general cognition, biophilic design is already a concept in the architecture industry, some biophilic design practices deviate from the concept of biophilic design, ignoring the basic principle of biodiversity as the basis for design. This will lead to a reduction in the ecological value of the design project and affect the positive effects and efficacy of biophilic design on the human body. The portfolio will link the Glasgow Green Renewal project to illustrate the specific practice of biophilic design in design projects to demonstrate the importance and value of biodiversity as a basic support for biophilic design

Introduction / statement

Introduction / glossary

Glossary Population Explosion: A population explosion occurs when the number of individuals in a species suddenly increases ( Definition from Safeopedia, 2022).

Attention Restoration Theory: ART suggests that mental fatigue and concentration can be improved by time spent in, or looking at nature (Kaplan, 1989, 1995).

Health Issues: Health issues in this article include both physical and mental health.

Stress Reduction Theory: SRT states that looking at scenery containing natural elements like greenery or water creates positive emotions and Glasgow: feelings like interest, pleasure, and calm, Glasgow is a port city on the River Clyde and has a restorative effect, easing our in Scotland's western Lowlands (Glasgow state of alert following a stressful situation - Wikipedia, 2022). (Ulrich, 1983: 85-125). Glasgow Green: Glasgow Green is a park in the east end of Glasgow, Scotland, on the north bank of the River Clyde. Established in the 15th century, it is the oldest park in the city (Glasgow Green - Wikipedia, 2022). Biophilia Hypothesis: Idea that humans possess an innate tendency to seek connections with nature and other forms of life (Rogers, 2019). The Savanna Hypothesis: The Savanna Hypothesis states that we retain genetically based preferences for features of high-quality African savannas where our ancestors lived when their brains and bodies evolved into their modern forms (Orians, 2016).

14 Patterns of Biophilic Design: The patterns elucidates the connections between nature, human biology, and built-environment design so that we might reap the human advantages of biophilia in our projects (Terrapin Home - Terrapin Bright Green, 2022).

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Introduction / glossary

01 PROVENANCE ; Introduce the background of the project, the reasons for the theme selection, and the introduction of the basic information of the site. Population explosion and urbanization development have always been issues of high concern in today's society. Problems in the population growth belt include but are not limited to poverty, famine, resource depletion, and widening gap between rich and poor. At the same time, the spatial structure of urbanization has also made humans more and more alienated from nature, and its fast-paced operation has also brought hidden dangers of mental illness, and the impact base is constantly expanding. The Glasgow area is home to about 33% of Scotland's total population and has a very high population density. The city's unemployment rate, death rate and crime rate are significantly higher than other cities of the same size, a typical example of the negative impact of population growth. Glasgow Green is Glasgow's oldest Victorian park, and its original purpose was to improve the health of the citizens of the industrial town, but its surrounding communities did not benefit from it. This project uses Glasgow Green as a site for biophilic design research, using design to explore theoretical development.

Population Explosion

Initial Assumption

Provenance / context

Figure 1 / High Density Residential Area

For the first time in the history of Homo sapiens sapiens, the total world population surpassed one billion individuals around the turn of the nineteenth century. Since then, growth rates have risen at an exponential rate, reaching staggeringly high peaks in the twentieth century before slowing down. After reaching 7 billion people in 2010, the world's population is anticipated to reach 9 billion by 2045 (Van, 2013).

Global urbanisation goes hand in hand with population growth: whereas less than 30% of the world's population lived in cities in 1950, this number has risen to more than 50% now. It is projected that by 2050, this proportion will have increased to two-thirds. Latin

America is the continent with the most urbanised population (84%), followed by North America (82%), and Europe (at a distance) (73% ). Concerns about the repercussions of population growth began in the 1960s. The general concerns in the global population debate revolve around three interconnected consequences of the population explosion: 1) global poverty and famine; 2) depletion and pollution of natural resources essential to human survival; and 3) migration pressure from the poor South to the rich North (Van, 2004).

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Provenance / context

Figure 2 / Population Density

Provenance / context

Brought Results

Dual Health Issues Humans are becoming increasingly estranged from nature. The majority of people—over half of the world's population and nearly four out of five Americans—live in cities, where they have little access to nature (United Nations, 2015). According to surveys, Americans spend more than 90% of their time indoors, with the majority of that time spent in buildings and a lesser fraction in automobiles (Klepeis et al., 2001). Screen time has reached daily averages of 1 hour 55 minutes for children under the age of eight, and 7 hours 38 minutes for those aged eight to eighteen (Rideout et al., 2010). Adults' average daily "total media consumption" was 10 hours and 39 minutes in 2016, and it was increasing (Nielsen and Hansen, 2007). Over the last few decades, park visits, hunting, fishing, camping, and children's outdoor play have all decreased significantly (Clements , 2004).

According to studies, the likelihood of major mental illness is higher in cities than in rural areas. Growing up and living in cities has been linked to a significantly increased incidence of schizophrenia in epidemiological research (Gruebner et al., 2017). And with the acceleration of the urbanization process and the improvement of development needs, this situation has become a phenomenonlevel event in major cities. The increase in mental pressure not only affects the individual urban residents, but also It will also trigger a series of anti-social behaviors that threaten the urban order.

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Figure 3 / Mental Illness

Provenance / context

Provenance / project

Figure 4 / City of Glasgow

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Design Project - City Background

Glasgow - Scotland - UK Glasgow is a port city on the River Clyde in Scotland's western Lowlands. It's famed for its Victorian and art nouveau architecture, a rich legacy of the city's 18th–20th-century prosperity due to trade and shipbuilding (Glasgow - Wikipedia, 2022). Over 985,200 people live in the Greater Glasgow contiguous urban area, while the wider Glasgow City Region is home to over 1,800,000 people, equating to around 33% of Scotland's population. The city has one of the highest densities of any locality in Scotland at 4,023/km2 (Mid-2016 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland | National Records of Scotland, 2022). The city has an alarmingly high mortality rate. A 2011 study compared it with Liverpool and Manchester, which have roughly equal levels of unemployment, deprivation and inequality. It found that residents of Glasgow are about 30% more likely to die young, and 60% of those excess deaths are triggered by just four things - drugs, alcohol, suicide and violence.

These occurrences can be linked in part to the consequences of deindustrialization, which has resulted in the loss of traditional cultural pillars in traditional communities. Author Daniel Defoe referred to Glasgow as "the cleanest, most attractive, and best built city in Britain" in the early 1800s. The population grew during the Industrial Revolution pulled thousands of people from Ireland, the Lowlands, and the Highlands, and for many it became a living nightmare. Overcrowding was defined by the London County Council in 1891 as two or more people in a room. In the city, one-third of residents fell below this level, but in Glasgow, two-thirds of residents - or twice as many as in London - lived in overcrowded housing (Why is Glasgow the UK’s sickest city?, 2022). Glasgow is a typical case negatively affected by population growth, this project will use Glasgow as a test field for biophilic design practice.

Provenance / project

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Provenance / project

Figure 5 / Glasgow - River Clyde

Glasgow Green Park

Design Project - Site Information

Provenance / project

Figure 6 / Glasgow Green Aerial View

Glasgow Green is a park in the east end of Glasgow, Scotland, on the north bank of the River Clyde. Established in the 15th century, it is the oldest park in the city (Glasgow Green - Wikipedia, 2022). The public park movement, which began in the 1830s, was sparked by a desire to promote health in the overcrowding of quickly increasing industrial towns. The importance of public open space had become well recognised by the end of the Victorian era. Parks have increasingly become emblems of urban pride, offering residents and visitors alike attractive settings in which to spend their spare time. They also assumed a social role as centres of improvement for the lower strata of society in the ideas of its proponents (Jordan, 1994).

The main areas of inquiry for this project

are Victorian parks and their neighbouring communities. Its original mission was to enhance health in the overcrowded conditions of fast-growing industrial towns while simultaneously serving as a social centre for the bottom of society. When confronted with contemporary socioeconomic issues, Victorian parks, as representatives of urban green space, must adapt in order to respond effectively. The park will recognise, examine, and celebrate the multiple layers of human interaction with the landscape, as well as the site's value to Glasgow residents and the surrounding region after design. The foldout right side contains basic information and analysis of the site.

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Provenance / project

FOLDING -----------------FOLDING -----------------FOLDING -----------------FOLDING -----------------FOLDING -----------------FOLDING Figure 7 / Glasgow Green Recalibration

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Provenance / project

Design Project - Site Photos

Glasgow Green Park

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Figure 8 / Glasgow Green Aerial View

Provenance / project

02 INTERSECT ; Introduce the basic theory of multi-domain interaction and the specific practice of related theories. Biophilic design proposes solutions to current urban problems, arguing that the natural environment can create happy and relaxed moods in modern people. The theory of attention restoration proposed by cognitive psychologists Rachel and Stephen Kaplan and the theory of stress reduction proposed by Dr. Roger Ulrich also support the biophilic design hypothesis. Subsequently, Terrapin Bright Green proposed 14 design patterns of biophilic design in terms of theory and practice, which provided opportunities for the practice of theory in design projects. This project selects 10 of the 14 patterns of biophilic design that can be incorporated into the site through design as the theoretical support for the project concept.

Intersect / interdisciplinary

Psychoanalysis Theory

Figure 9&10 / Erich Fromm and E. O. Wilson

Main Theory

Biophilia Hypothesis Mankind spent the most of its existence outside. Only a few centuries ago, we began to live in cities and within buildings. We are said to have retained our inherent affinity for nature (known as Biophilia), as well as a predisposition to respond positively to'savannah'-type natural environments (Fig 11), including components that likely favoured our ancestors' survival: water, uniform grassy ground cover, indicating potential sources of food, canopy trees, caves and rocks offering places of refuge and valour, and a predisposition to respond positively to'savannah'-type natural environments (Barkow, Cosmides and Tooby, 1995). Looking at this type of setting is claimed to create sentiments of joy and relaxation in modern man, helping us filter out unpleasant emotions and divert ourselves from causes of everyday stress, as it helped to early man's well-being and survival.

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The Savanna Hypothesis The Savanna Hypothesis states that we retain genetically based preferences for features of high-quality African savannas where our ancestors lived when their brains and bodies evolved into their modern forms (Orians, 2016). The origin of savannas and other tropical grassland biomes has piqued researchers' curiosity, not least because it corresponds to the evolution of early hominins. The savanna hypothesis of human evolution proposes that the move from a primarily arboreal existence in forests to one in open settings favoured an upright posture and selected for bipedalism, as well as a shift in nutrition that forced travel over longer distances across the landscape (Domínguez-Rodrigo, 2014). Figure 11 / African Savanna

Intersect / interdisciplinary

Cognitive Psychology Theory

Figure 12 / Rachel and Stephen Kaplan

Theoratical Support 1

Attention Restoration Theory (ART) Attention Restoration Theory (ART) (Kaplan, 1989, 1995) suggests that mental fatigue and concentration can be improved by time spent in, or looking at nature. The capacity of the brain to focus on a specific stimulus or task is limited and results in ‘directed attention fatigue’. ART proposes that exposure to natural environments encourages more effortless brain function, thereby allowing it to recover and replenish its directed attention capacity.

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Figure 13 / Attention restoration theory Restored Attention Attention Effortless Attention

Directed Attention Fatigue

Time

Directed attention enables us to remain focused on difficult things for

long periods of time with directed attention (Kaplan, 1989, 1995).

stimuli that are intrinsically intriguing or stimulating(Kaplan, 1989, 1995).

Intersect / interdisciplinary

Involuntary attention is automatic and effortless, and it is elicited by

Intersect / interdisciplinary Figure 14 / Restorative Benefits of Nature

Compared to elderly persons who remaine at an aged care home who were exposed hour every week had better attention (O 2005).

A view of a natural setting from your window can help you heal faster and with fewer medications than a view of a developed environment (Ulrich, 1984).

Burn sufferers' pain and anxiety are dramatically reduced when they watch videos of scenic beau

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ed indoors, people d to nature for one Ottosson & Grahn,

Young adult inhabitants who had a view of nature from their home fared better on attentional ability tests than those who lived in the city and were less likely to be aggressive (Kuo & Sullivan, 2001).

Employees having a view of nature from their window reported fewer physical complaints and higher job satisfaction than those who did not have a view of nature, two variables that also affect life satisfaction (Kaplan, 1993).

uty. (Miller, Hickman, & Lemasters, 1992).

Intersect / interdisciplinary

Cognitive Restoration

Theory-related Practice

Intersect / interdisciplinary

Figure 15 / Restoration Unit at Cornell University

T h e r e a r e a p p r o a c h e s t o a s s i s t stressed-out students (Sample, 2022). folks in recharging their brains more quickly and effectively. Environmental p s y c h o l o g i s t s h a v e r e s e a r c h e d For any question or comments: h o w d i ff e r e n t s u r r o u n d i n g s a ff e c t gilad@cognitiverestoration.com this fatigue and recovery process, and they've discovered that natural habitats are extremely varied. All of the environmental qualities that assist our brains recharge are abundant in nature. The Cognitive Science Program at Cornell University was established to foster interdisciplinary linkages and resources across the physical and social sciences, encouraging students and faculty to conduct research that crosses multiple departments.

Cornell University's Cognitive Restoration exhibit aims to deliver a little dosage of nature's restorative advantages to busy,

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Figure 16 / Restoration Unit at Cornell University

Figure 17 / Restoration Unit at Cornell University

This exhibit is a communitybased mental health and wellness effor t led by two students with the Cornell Council on Mental Health's assistance. The concept was based on studies in environmental psychology and humanenvironment interactions. Each of the five locations (Fig. 18) was chosen because during final exam week, they are routinely congested with stressed-out students.

Figure 18 / Restoration Unit at Cornell University

Intersect / interdisciplinary

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Intersect / interdisciplinary

Figure 19 / Restoration Unit at Cornell University

Intersect / interdisciplinary

Cognitive Psychology Theory

Figure 20 / Dr. Roger Ulrich

Theoratical Support 2

Stress Reduction Theory In 1991, the researcher R. Ulrich developed Stress Reduction Theory (SRT), based on numerous studies, notably those carried out in hospital settings, to explain our emotional and physiological reactions in the presence of natural elements. This theory states that looking at scenery containing natural elements like greenery or water creates positive emotions and feelings like interest, pleasure, and calm, and has a restorative effect, easing our state of alert following a stressful situation. Our response is then improved rapidly and spontaneously (Ulrich, 1983: 85-125).

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Figure 21 / Effects between Stress and Recovery

1.5

Urban

Forest 0.5

Park

Skin Conductance Levels (μS)

1.5

Urban

0.5 Forest Park

0 Stress Period

Recovery Period

Intersect / interdisciplinary

The visual pleasantness of all locations differed greatly, with the woodland having the highest visual pleasantness and the city having the lowest. The olfactory pleasantness of each location differed dramatically, with the park having the highest olfactory pleasantness and the city having the lowest. The city environment had the lowest auditory pleasantness, and the auditory environment was rated lower than the visual and olfactory environments in the city. There were no discernible differences in sound between the forest and the park (Hedblom et al., 2019).

Intersect / main theories

Cognitive Psychology Theory

Figure 22 / Terrapin Bright Green

Practice of Major Theories

14 Patterns of Biophilic Design Terrapin Bright Green is a sustainable consulting organisation dedicated to making the world a better place. We believe in developing solutions that connect people to nature and replicate natural systems, thereby providing limitless chances to improve people's quality of life. We also believe that, in addition to economic and environmental performance, high-performance design involves fundamentally improving human health (Terrapin Home - Terrapin Bright Green, 2022). The 14 patterns of biophilic design integrated by the agency are well-advised to help the practice of biophilic design in design projects.

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"We believe that reconnecting people with the environment will lead to a healthy, prosperous, and regenerative future for all. (Terrapin Home - Terrapin Bright Green, 2022) With the support of the above two main theories of cognitive psychology (Stress Reduction Theory / Attention Restoration Theory), the possibility of biophilic design is demonstrated from the aspects of psychology and evolution.

Nature in the Space, Natural Analogues, and Nature of the Space are three categories of biophilic design that provide a framework for understanding and intentional implementation of a diverse range of methods into the built environment.

Intersect / main theories

Biophilic design can reduce stress, boost creativity and clarity of mind, improve our well-being, and speed up healing; these attributes are becoming increasingly relevant as the world's population continues to urbanise. For decades, theorists, research scientists, and designers have been attempting to pinpoint the characteristics of nature that have the greatest impact on our

contentment with the built environment. "14 Patterns of Biophilic Design" elucidates the connections between nature, human biology, and builtenvironment design so that we might reap the human advantages of biophilia i n o u r p r o j e c t s ( Te r r a p i n H o m e Terrapin Bright Green, 2022).

Intersect / main theories

Practice of Major Theories

Categorie 1 – Nature in the Space 1. Visual Connection with Nature A view to elements of nature, living systems and natural processes. 2. Non-Visual Connection with Nature Auditory, haptic, olfactory, or gustatory stimuli that engender a deliberate and positive reference to nature, living systems or natural processes. 3. Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli Stochastic and ephemeral connections with nature that may be analyzed statistically but may not be predicted precisely. 4. Thermal & Airflow Variability Subtle changes in air temperature, relative humidity, airflow across the skin, and surface temperatures that mimic natural environments. 5. Presence of Water A condition that enhances the experience of a place through seeing, hearing or touching water. 6. Dynamic & Diffuse Light Leverages varying intensities of light and shadow that change over time to create conditions that occur in nature. 7. Connection with Natural Systems Awareness of natural processes, especially seasonal and temporal changes characteristic of a healthy ecosystem. The direct, tactile, and ephemeral presence of nature in a location or place is addressed in Nature in the Space. Plants, water, and animals, as well as breezes, noises, scents, and other natural aspects, are all included. Potted plants, flowerbeds, bird feeders, butterfly gardens, water features, fountains, aquariums, courtyard gardens, and green walls or vegetated roofs are all examples of common features. The most powerful Nature in Space experiences are created through forging meaningful, direct connections with these natural elements, especially through diversity, mobility, and multi-sensory interactions (14 Patterns of Biophilic Design, 2014).

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34 Figure 23 / 'Nature in the Space' Effects on Humans

6. Increased visual comfort

1. Improved mental engagement/ attentiveness 2. Positively impacted cognitive performance 5. Improved concentration and memory restoration

1. Positively impacted attitude and overall happiness 2. Perceived improvements in mental health and tranquility 3. Observed and quantified behavioral measures of attention and exploration

1. Lowered blood pressure / heart rate

4. Positively impacted comfort, well-being and productivity

2. Reduced systolic blood pressure

4. Positively impacted concentration

3. Positively impacted heart rate, systolic blood pressure and sympathetic nervous system activity

4. Improved perception of temporal and spatial pleasure

5. Reduced stress, increased feelings of tranquility, lower heart rate and blood pressure

5. Enhanced perception and psychological responsiveness 5. Observed preferences and positive emotional responses

7. Enhanced positive health responses; Shifted perception of environment

(14 Patterns of Biophilic Design, 2014)

Intersect / main theories

6. Positively impacted circadian system functioning

Intersect / main theories

Practice of Major Theories

Categorie 2 – Natural Analogues 8. Biomorphic Forms & Patterns Symbolic references to contoured, patterned, textured or numerical arrangements that persist in nature. 9. Material Connection with Nature Materials and elements from nature that, through minimal processing, reflect the local ecology or geology and create a distinct sense of place. 10. Complexity & Order Rich sensory information that adheres to a spatial hierarchy similar to those encountered in nature. Organic, non-living, and indirect evocations of nature are all addressed in Natural Analogues. Objects, materials, colours, shapes, sequences, and patterns found in nature are reflected in the built world as artwork, ornamentation, furniture, décor, and textiles. Natural materials that have been treated or severely altered (e.g., wood planks, granite tabletops) all give an indirect connection to nature: while they are real, they are merely comparable to the goods in their 'natural' state. The most powerful Natural Analogue experiences are created by presenting a wealth of information in an orderly and occasionally dynamic manner (14 Patterns of Biophilic Design, 2014).

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36 Figure 24 / 'Natural Analogues' Effects on Humans

9. Decreased diastolic blood pressure

8. Observed view preference 9. Improved creative performance 9. Improved comfort

10. Observed view preference

(14 Patterns of Biophilic Design, 2014)

Intersect / main theories

10. Positively impacted perceptual and physiological stress responses

Intersect / main theories

Practice of Major Theories

Categorie 3 – Nature of the Space 11. Prospect An unimpeded view over a distance, for surveillance and planning. 12. Refuge A place for withdrawal from environmental conditions or the main flow of activity, in which the individual is protected from behind and overhead. 13. Mystery The promise of more information, achieved through partially obscured views or other sensory devices that entice the individual to travel deeper into the environment. 14. Risk/Peril An identifiable threat coupled with a reliable safeguard. Nature of the Space addresses spatial configurations in nature. This includes our natural and taught drive to see beyond our immediate surroundings, our attraction with the slightly risky or unknown, obstructed views and revelatory moments, and even phobia-inducing traits when they include a trusted aspect of safety. The most powerful Nature of the Space experiences are achieved by combining patterns of Nature in the Space and Natural Analogues with purposeful and compelling spatial designs. (14 Patterns of Biophilic Design, 2014).

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38 Figure 25 / 'Nature of the Space' Effects on Humans

14. Resulted in strong dopamine or pleasure responses

11. Reduced stress 11. Reduced boredom, irritation, fatigue 11. Improved comfort and perceived safety

13. Induced strong pleasure response

(14 Patterns of Biophilic Design, 2014)

Intersect / main theories

12. Improved concentration, attention and perception of safety

Intersect / argument discussion

Critical Argument

Biophilic Fundamentals To s u m u p , t h r o u g h a s e r i e s o f multidisciplinary research results such as the biophilic design hypothesis, attention restoration theory and stress reduction theory, the positive benefits of biophilic design on the human body have been confirmed. Specific benefits are also explained in detail in the 14 patterns of biophilic design.

biodiversity, including but not limited to a series of elements such as five senses, microclimate, water body, and natural light. Attention restoration theory and stress reduction theory also talk about the connection between the human body and the real natural environment. The design principle of biophilic design should be: bringing man-made space into the natural environment, rather than bringing the natural environment into the manmade space. This also shows that in biophilic design projects, the proportion of natural elements is much higher than that of man-made elements.

However, some theoretical practices deviate from the "natural foundation" of the theory itself. For example, Cornell University's practice (p25-28) aims to solve the mental anxiety of students, but instead of using natural space as a test site, it brings "artificial nature" into The purpose of biophilic design should be "artificial space". to solve the negative problems caused by the rapid growth of urban population while The author argue that the basis of helping to restore biodiversity in urban biophilic design is biodiversity. The natural spaces. It is a mutually beneficial diversity of creatures brings the diversity design strategy that can solve the longof space, the diversity of contact methods, term conflict between social development the diversity of contact experience and natural development. and so on. 80% of the 14 patterns of biophilic design require the support of

Intersect / argument discussion

Mutually beneficial design strategy

Bringing man-made space into the natural environment, rather than bringing the natural environment into the man-made space.

The diversity of space, the diversity of contact methods, the diversity of contact experience

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Figure 26 / Biophilic Fundamentals

Intersect / design concept

Design Project - Cocept

Dynamic – Biophilic Design Concept Biophilic design can reduce stress, enhance creativity and clarity of thought, improve our well-being and expedite healing (14 Patterns of Biophilic Design, 2014). Design strategies plan to restore the site's biodiversity and use biodiversity as a foundation to provide biophilic experiences (biodiversity is a prerequisite for biophilia) to improve people's physical and mental health and address the surrounding community. Finally, combine the nature and culture of the site to affect a wider range.

After conceptual thinking, the concept was brought into the site for iteration. The project first planned a design blueprint to expand the area of biological habitats and improve their quality by changing the topography to ensure the necessary variable of biophilic design-biodiversity. Recreate the diverse links between the community and the green space, and change the current negative status of the community through the positive impact of biophilic design on the human body. Combining the site's own cultural heritage and urban status in the later stage of the Due to the breadth of the principles of project, Glasgow Green will be built into biophilic design and the uniqueness of the city's landmark center and have a the project site, this project selects 10 of wider impact (Figure 29). the 14 patterns of biophilic design that can be incorporated into the site through design as the theoretical support for the project concept (Figure 28).

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Figure 27 / Dynamic - Concept Design

Intersect / design concept

Figure 28 / Dynamic - Iteration / Landing

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Intersect / design concept

Design Project - Cocept

Dynamic – Biophilic Design Landing At this stage, the design concept and site design will be combined with the current situation of the site. First, the three positive impacts that the final iteration of the conceptual design can bring to the site were analyzed (Figure 29): · Ecology: 1. Break the original boundary of the site and connect the inner and outer biospheres; 2. Link existing habitats within the site and improve its quality to ensure the activities of wild animals in the site; 3. Create barriers in habitats and human activity spaces, and provide contact opportunities only in some specific spaces. Society: 1. Using biophilic design principles to improve people’s physical and mental health; 2. Involve surrounding residents in the site development process to create a sense of belonging; 3. Reconnect green space and urban space. Culture: 1. Make green space a landmark space in Glasgow; 2. Attract tourists to gain a deeper understanding of Glasgow through exposure to history and culture; 3. Will serve as a precedent for Glasgow's future-oriented attitude to impact the wider region. And combined with the specific situation of the site, the above three aspects are combined to propose a fixed-point design strategy (Figure 31)

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Figure 29 / Dynamic - Iteration / Landing

Intersect / design concept

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Intersect / design concept

Figure 30 / Dynamic - Iteration / Landing

Tracing Paper -----------------Tracing Paper -----------------Tracing Paper -----------------Tracing Paper -----------------Tracing Paper

Intersect / design concept

Design Project - Cocept

Dynamic – Biophilic Design Landing After determining the design strategy, how to harmoniously integrate different design groups into the site were explored from the plan view. First, the functional divisions are defined according to the user groups and needs, secondly, the main roads are used to connect the site nodes, and finally the main activity areas of humans and non-humans are determined and the final topographic change of the site is determined (Overlay tracing paper to see more information).

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Intersect / design concept

Figure 31 / Glasgow Green Basemap

03 COLLISION; Introduce the failure cases of biophilic design in the field of architecture and the successful cases in the field of landscape, and criticize the author's own previous biophilic design cases. In general, biophilic design is already a notion in the construction industry, although certain biophilic design approaches deviate from the concept, ignoring the essential principle of biodiversity as a design foundation. This will lower the design project's ecological value and have an impact on biodesign's benefits and efficacy on the human body. Some landscape architects and planners, on the other hand, view habitat as one of the first consideration factors, designing with the goal of biodiversity development in mind from the start, and increasing chances for human contact with nature as a result. Such projects help to improve the urban biological environment, reconnect ecology and culture, and actively assist urban dwellers, demonstrating the importance of biophilic design nowadays. At the same time, this section incorporates the author's undergraduate project on biophilic design for critical thinking, discusses the biodiversity argument, and compares and contrasts with other examples and practises to consider the results of biophilic design in the implementation stage, as well as its flaws.

Collision / popular concept

Case Study Support 1

Biophilic Design in Popular C

Biophilic design has been generalized as a concept used in the construction industry that spatial and site variables to promote inhabitants' relationship to the natural world (Biophilic Similarly, the images generated by the Ai automatic image generation website testing the k are also related to architecture and artificial art. It can be seen that the term biophilic design the construction industry in popular values.

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Concept

t uses direct, indirect, and design - Wikipedia, 2022). keyword "Biophilic Design" n has been tightly bound to Figure 32 / AI-Generated Biophilic Designs

Collision / popular concept

Practice / architecture

Figure 33 / Bringing Man-m

Tracing Paper -----------------Tracing Paper -----------------Tracing Paper -----------------Tracing Paper -----------------Tracing Paper

made Space into the Nature

Collision / architecture

Case Study Support 2

Biophilic Design in Architect

Figure 34 / Tree Hotel

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This is a tree hotel in the very north of Sweden, in Harads, a little settlement near the polar circle. A 4x4x4 meter shelter in a tree covered with mirrored glass. The exterior reflects the surroundings and the sky, creating a camouflaged sanctuary. The building also alludes to the relationship between humans and nature (Tree Hotel / Tham & Videgård Arkitekter, 2010). “We look at the best architecture and design projects that bring nature into man-made spaces (Biophilic design and architecture - 10 of the best biophilic buildings - DesignCurial, 2019).” This is a typical example of biophilic design in architecture, which subtly brings the living environment into the natural space. But its concept goes against the principle of biophilic design, which coexists and the natural environment is irreplaceable. Biophilic design should be about bringing man-made space into natural space rather than natural space into man-made space. If not, the natural environment brought in will not be sufficient to support the development of biodiversity, nor will it achieve the positive effects of biophilic design.

Please cover with tracing paper to see the difference between the two environment.

Collision / architecture

Bringing man-made space into the nature will ensure biodiversity (which is also the basis of biophilic design). There is an essential difference in biophilic experience between a space that has evolved naturally over a long period of time and a natural space that is subjectively created by humans. In other words, nature created subjectively by humans can also be classified as man-made space.

Collision / landscape architecture

Case Study Support 3

Biophilic Design in Landscap

Figure 35 / Design for the Coexistence of Man and More Than Human

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pe Architecture Cornwall Park, a 425-acre jewel and adored landscape in Auckland, New Zealand's largest and most diverse metropolis, is a jewel and beloved landscape. The Landscape Architect has finished work on a 100-year master plan for Cornwall Park, one of New Zealand's most treasured public urban places. The project provided a unique opportunity to ponder over a long period of time. These layers, as well as the park's programmes and supporting infrastructure, were all balanced in the master plan. The concept that resulted increases the park's ability to support healthy urban ecologies while also educating and entertaining visitors of all ages for the next 100 years (Cornwall Park 100 Year Master Plan | 2015 ASLA Professional Awards, 2015).

The project not only ensures the interaction between humans and nature, but also ensures the privacy and security of animal habitats, providing development opportunities and space for biodiversity, and its sustainability is the basis of biophilic design.

Collision / landscape architecture

The park's centennial planning not only pays attention to urban development, but also places great emphasis on ecological development. When providing ecological services for local endangered species, it also allows people to witness this process, providing ecological education value for the project

Collision / landscape architecture

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58 Case Study Support 4

Therapeutic Landscape Design ------------- By Author (Undergraduate Project)

Collision / landscape architecture

Figure 36 / Therapeutic Landscape Theoretical Background

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Collision / landscape Practice / architecture

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Collision / landscape architecture

Figure 37 / Design Site Analysis

Collision / landscape architecture

Figure 38 / Therapeutic Landscape Concept

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Design Concept

3rd Nature Pro System Taking the 3rd natural context as the main environmental characteristics, and integrating some of the environmental features with strong healing effects in the 1st and 2nd natures, and creating an urban healing space with low intervention & ecological design methods.

Collision / landscape architecture

The third nature is more preferred by humans. Because of the sense of order, safety and accessibility of the third nature will be significantly better than the first and second nature. The third nature is completely constructed according to the living habits and aesthetic preferences of human beings, and can meet the aesthetics of contemporary people to the greatest extent. And the healing effect of the third nature will be significantly better than that of the first nature and the second nature. This kind of environment satisfies people's yearning for nature, and does not create a strong sense of contrast for people who have lived in the city for a long time, but a harmonious transition.

Collision / landscape architecture

Figure 39 / Therapeutic Landscape Aerial View

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Collision / landscape architecture

Figure 40 / Therapeutic Landscape Ecology Analysis

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Design Concept

Critical Analysis Conceptually, the project is heavily biased towards human experience and healing effects, ignoring the important role and status of nature in biophilic design. In the site of nearly 8,000 square meters, 60% of the area is designed for human activities, and the remaining 40% of the space is for the coexistence of human and nature. The original ecological forest area of the site was destroyed and replaced by artificially created forest windows that did not follow the laws of natural development, and no protection measures were taken to the original habitat. Although the design breaks the original vertical topography of the revetment on the site, the river bank is still designed as a hard revetment. The hard revetment did not increase the ecological benefits of the site, the flood risk of the site was not reduced, and it did not create additional habitats for wildlife (There are clear errors in the left analysis chart).

Collision / landscape architecture

In short, if the role of nature is ignored and the human experience is overemphasized, the biophilic landscape will not play the expected role, and the actual situation of the site will not develop in the direction planned by the design.

04 RELEVANCE; Utilize design projects from design studios (Landscape architecture design exploration: Part 2 (2021-2022)[SEM2]) to demonstrate how the specific arguments made in the above section are implemented in the project This part is the design outcome of the Biophilic Design Glasgow Green Renewal Design project. This project is completed under the guidance of the biophilic design theory, which further deepens the conceptual design of the second part "INTERSECT", and considers a series of detailed information such as plant design, material design, and human scale experience.

Glasgow Green Park

Design Project - Master Plan

67 Figure 41 / Glasgow Green Master Plan

Relevance / Glasgow green renewal

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Relevance / Glasgow green renewal

Design Project - Cocept

Design Layout / Analysis The site are divided into three main parts for zoning design, namely: culture and heritage, ecology and sports. It also increases the linking opportunities between green space and surrounding communities, and adds more entrances and exits. At the same time, a space opening strategy and lighting design strategy are proposed for the night activities of the site to ensure the safety and habitat area of creatures at night. Some undesigned spaces are reserved for residents to use spontaneously and provide opportunities for future development.

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Relevance / Glasgow green renewal

Figure 42 / Glasgow Green Master Plan Analysis

Relevance / Glasgow green renewal

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Relevance / Glasgow green renewal

Figure 43 / Glasgow Green Master Plan Analysis

Relevance / Glasgow green renewal

Design Project - Cocept

Node A / Heritage & Cultural The design strategy for this area is to protect the surrounding status quo of the cultural heritage, emphasizing the importance of nodes only through the road, making the heritage an area and gathering point for daily activities. Through the cultural characteristics of the site itself, the site is made more unique, and it also creates a sense of belonging and makes residents more willing to participate in the site.

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Figure 44 / Glasgow Green Node Renewal Node A

Relevance / Glasgow green renewal

Design Project - Cocept

Node B / Bio - Collision This is primarily the area where humans and natural habitats interact. People and animals are isolated to some extent yet remain connected due to the elevation of the terrain. People can easily acquire a range of experiences by cycling around this site or walking to engage with nature enough; animals can go across the covered bridges between different patches to increase the living environment and achieve the goal of migration. The soft pavement and dead wood on both sides of the road provide habitat for insects such as bees, and pollen can be spread to encourage biodiversity enhancement in the early stages of the project.

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Figure 45 / Glasgow Green Node Renewal Node B

Relevance / Glasgow green renewal

Design Project - Cocept

Node C / Wetland Hydrophilic The design strategy of this area is to open a creek inside the site to break the original hard revetment, and at the same time provide a hydrophilic experience for people (the Clyde River is less safe with turbulent currents, and the internal hydrophilic experience is safer). The design strategy, while providing nature educational significance, can also use the site as a larger ecological patch to promote biodiversity while reducing the risk of flooding on the Clyde River.

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Relevance / Glasgow green renewal

Design Project - Cocept

Landmark Public Space This aerial view shows the vision for the future of Glasgow Green. When people fly over Glasgow by plane, they will see this highly biodiverse green space in a large density of residential areas, such a strong contrast will show Glasgow's attitude towards human settlements and the natural environment. Biophilic design will affect Glasgow and the wider region as a design paradigm and attitude towards life, which is the future vision and conclusion for this project.

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Relevance / Glasgow green renewal

Figure 47 / Glasgow Green Node Renewal Node B

05 REFERENCES ;

Bibliography / referenced sources

Bibliography ArchDaily. 2010. Tree Hotel / Tham & Videgård Arkitekter. [online] Available at: <https://www.archdaily.com/103393/treehotel-tham-videgard-arkitekter> [Accessed 16 April 2022]. Asla.org. 2015. Cornwall Park 100 Year Master Plan | 2015 ASLA Professional Awards. [online] Available at: <https:// www.asla.org/2015awards/90554.html> [Accessed 16 April 2022]. Barbiero, G. and Berto, R., 2021. Biophilia as Evolutionary Adaptation: An Onto- and Phylogenetic Framework for Biophilic Design. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. Barkow, J., Cosmides, L. and Tooby, J., 1995. The adapted mind. New York: Oxford University Press, pp.555 -579. BBC News. 2022. Why is Glasgow the UK’s sickest city?. [online] Available at: <https:// www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-27309446> [Accessed 25 March 2022]. Clements, R., 2004. An Investigation of the Status of Outdoor Play. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 5(1), pp.68-80. Esa.un.org. 2015. World Urbanization Prospects - Population Division - United Nations. [online] Available at: <https://esa. un.org/unpd/wup/> [Accessed 13 March 2022]. Domínguez-Rodrigo, M., 2014. Is the “savanna hypothesis” a dead concept for explaining the emergence of the earliest hominins?. Current Anthropology, 55(1), pp.59-81. En.wikipedia.org. 2022. Biophilic design - Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophilic_ design#:~:text=Biophilic%20design%20 is%20a%20concept,and%20space%20 and%20place%20conditions.> [Accessed 15 April 2022]. En.wikipedia.org. 2022. Glasgow Green Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Green> [Accessed 26 March 2022].

En.wikipedia.org. 2022. Glasgow Wikipedia. [online] Available at: <https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow> [Accessed 22 March 2022]. Gruebner, O., Rapp, M., Adli, M., Kluge, U., Galea, S. and Heinz, A., 2017. Cities and Mental Health. Deutsches Ärzteblatt international,. Hedblom, M., Gunnarsson, B., Iravani, B., Knez, I., Schaefer, M., Thorsson, P. and Lundström, J., 2019. Reduction of physiological stress by urban green space in a multisensory virtual experiment. Scientific Reports, 9(1). Jordan, H., 1994. Public Parks, 1885-1914. Garden History, 22(1), p.85. Kaplan, S., 1995. The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15(3), pp.169-182. KLEPEIS, N., NELSON, W., OTT, W., ROBINSON, J., TSANG, A., SWITZER, P., BEHAR, J., HERN, S. and ENGELMANN, W., 2001. The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 11(3), pp.231252. Kuo, F. E., & Sullivan, W. C. (2001). Environment and crime in the inner city: Does vegetation reduce crime? Environment and Behavior, 33, 343-367. Miller, A. C., Hickman, L. C., & Lemasters, G. K. (1992). A distraction technique for control of burn pain. Journal of Burn Care Rehabilitation, 13, 576-580. Nielsen, T. and Hansen, K., 2007. Do green areas affect health? Results from a Danish survey on the use of green areas and health indicators. Health & Place, 13(4), pp.839850. Olmsted, F., 2022. Yosemite and the Mariposa Grove: A Preliminary Report, 1865. By Frederick Law Olmsted. [online]

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Yosemite.ca.us. Available at: <https://www. yosemite.ca.us/library/olmsted/report.html> [Accessed 31 March 2022]. Orians, G., 2016. Savanna Hypothesis, The. Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, pp.1-8. Ottosson, J., & P. Grahn. (2005). A comparison of leisure time spent in a garden with leisure time spent indoors: On measures of restoration in residents in geriatric care. Landscape Research, 30, 2355. Rogers, K., 2019. biophilia hypothesis | Description, Nature, & Human Behavior. [online] Encyclopedia Britannica. Available at: <https://www.britannica.com/science/ biophilia-hypothesis> [Accessed 2 May 2022].

York: Plenum Press, pp.85-125. Van Bavel, J., 2004. De wereldbevolkingsexplosie en duurzame ontwikkeling: een veldoverzicht. Tijdschrift voor Sociologie, 25(2), pp.227-245. Van Bavel, J., 2013. The world population explosion: causes, backgrounds and projections for the future. Facts, views & vision in ObGyn, 5(4), p.281.Barbiero, G. and Berto, R., 2021. Biophilia as Evolutionary Adaptation: An Onto- and Phylogenetic Framework for Biophilic Design. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. Soderlund, J., 2019. The emergence of biophilic design. Cham: Springer.

Safeopedia.com. 2022. What is a Population Explosion? - Definition from Safeopedia. [online] Available at: <https:// www.safeopedia.com/definition/2885/ population-explosion#:~:text=A%20 population%20explosion%20is%20 a,individuals%20in%20a%20particular%20 species.> [Accessed 16 April 2022]. Sample, T., 2022. Cognitive Restoration. [online] Cognitiverestoration.com. Available at: <http://cognitiverestoration.com/> [Accessed 27 March 2022].

Terrapinbrightgreen.com. 2014. 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design. [online] Available at: <https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/ reports/14-patterns/> [Accessed 26 April 2022]. Terrapin Bright Green. 2022. Terrapin Home - Terrapin Bright Green. [online] Available at: <https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/> [Accessed 26 April 2022]. Ulrich, R. (1983) Aesthetic and affective response to natural environment. In: I.Altman, J. Wohlwill, eds. Human behavior and the natural environment, New

Bibliography / referenced sources

Soderlund, J., 2019. The emergence of biophilic design. Cham: Springer.

Image References / referenced sources

Image References Cover Page: Zhaoyang Xu - Landmark Landscape architecture design exploration Part 2 - Edinburgh College of Art - The University of Edinburgh - 27 April 2022 Figure 1: Flickr, n.d. [image] Available at: <https://www.flickr.com/photos/ fernandoalan/7069008199/sizes/o/in/ photostream/> [Accessed 12 March 2022]. Figure 2: COBB, J., n.d. Population Density in the United States. [image] Available at: <https://www.nationalgeographic.org/ activity/population-density-in-the-United-St ates/?epik=dj0yJnU9ejJ6RnhSUkVVT1pW TkNaZnI0d0dQRVpZQVRIMGZyOTQmcD0 wJm49VU9GeC1wOU1xZ0pKSVBkUzhKW C1yZyZ0PUFBQUFBR0l1Vy1B> [Accessed 14 March 2022]. Figure 3: Made by author Figure 4: Marikar, A., 2019. [image] Available at: <https://unsplash.com/photos/ KbPhhoSe-9Y> [Accessed 22 March 2022]. Figure 5: Marikar, A., 2019. Glasgow, River Clyde. [image] Available at: <https:// unsplash.com/photos/7vJX8cIgLao> [Accessed 22 March 2022]. Figure 6: 2021. The fan zone is being set up on Glasgow Green. [image] Available at: <https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotlandglasgow-west-57355967> [Accessed 25 March 2022]. Figure 7: Zhaoyang Xu - Recalibration Landscape architecture design exploration Part 2 - Edinburgh College of Art - The University of Edinburgh - 12 April 2022 Figure 8: Zhaoyang Xu - Field trip Landscape architecture design exploration Part 2 - Edinburgh College of Art - The University of Edinburgh - 13 November 2021 Figure 9: n.d. Wilson in 2003. [image] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ E._O._Wilson> [Accessed 14 April 2022].

Figure 10: n.d. Fromm in 1974. [image] Available at: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Erich_Fromm> [Accessed 14 April 2022]. Figure 11: Hugonnard, P., 2022. Art Photography African Savannah Landscape. [image] Available at: <https://www. ukposters.co.uk/marketplace/africansavannah-landscape-v53970> [Accessed 14 April 2022]. Figure 12: n.d. [image] Available at: <https://redirect.org/the-redirect-story/> [Accessed 27 March 2022]. Figure 13 - 14: Made by author Figure 15 - 19: Meron, G., AllenParrot, R. and Sample, T., n.d. Cognitive Restoration. [image] Available at: <http:// cognitiverestoration.com/> [Accessed 27 March 2022]. Figure 20: 2022. Natural Design for Better Health: An Interview with Dr. Roger Ulrich. [image] Available at: <https://naturesacred. org/natural-design-for-better-health-aninterview-with-dr-roger-ulrich/> [Accessed 31 March 2022]. Figure 21: Hedblom, M., 2022. Baselineadjusted skin conductance values (μSiemens), separated by environment and period. Errors bars indicate Standard Error of the mean (SEM). Marginal difference (t = 1.59, P < 0.15) in SCL between Urban A and Urban B, while Park A has a significantly higher SCL than Park B (t = 4.12, P < 0.002), and Forest A has a significantly higher SCL than Forest B (t = 4.98, P < 0.001). [image] Available at: <https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598019-46099-7> [Accessed 31 March 2022]. Figure 22: Terrapin, n.d. LOGO. [image] Available at: <https://www. terrapinbrightgreen.com/> [Accessed 2 May 2022]. Figure 23 - 26: Made by author Figure 27: Zhaoyang Xu - Dynamic concept - Landscape architecture design exploration Part 2 - Edinburgh College of Art - The University of Edinburgh - 20 April 2022

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Figure 28: Zhaoyang Xu - Dynamic concept - Landscape architecture design exploration Part 2 - Edinburgh College of Art - The University of Edinburgh - 20 April 2022

Landscape concept- LAN 6010 Synthesis - Birmingham institute of Fashion and Creative Art - Birmingham City University 27 March 2020

Figure 29: Zhaoyang Xu - Dynamic landing- Landscape architecture design exploration Part 2 - Edinburgh College of Art - The University of Edinburgh - 22 April 2022

Figure 39: Zhaoyang Xu - Therapeutic Landscape Aerial View- LAN 6010 Synthesis - Birmingham institute of Fashion and Creative Art - Birmingham City University - 10 April 2020

Figure 30: Zhaoyang Xu - Dynamic landing- Landscape architecture design exploration Part 2 - Edinburgh College of Art - The University of Edinburgh - 22 April 2022

Figure 40: Zhaoyang Xu - Therapeutic Landscape Ecological Analysis- LAN 6010 Synthesis - Birmingham institute of Fashion and Creative Art - Birmingham City University - 19 April 2020

Figure 31: Zhaoyang Xu - BasemapLandscape architecture design exploration Part 2 - Edinburgh College of Art - The University of Edinburgh - 23 April 2022

Figure 41: Zhaoyang Xu - Master Plan Landscape architecture design exploration Part 2 - Edinburgh College of Art - The University of Edinburgh - 10 April 2022

Figure 32: 2022. [image] Available at: <https://app.wombo.art/> [Accessed 15 April 2022].

Figure 42: Zhaoyang Xu - Master Plan Analysis- Landscape architecture design exploration Part 2 - Edinburgh College of Art - The University of Edinburgh - 12 April 2022

Figure 33: Made by author Figure 34: Lindman, Å., 2010. Tree Hotel. [image] Available at: <https://www.archdaily. com/103393/tree-hotel-tham-videgardarkitekter> [Accessed 16 April 2022].

Figure 36: Zhaoyang Xu - Therapeutic Landscape Theoretical Background- LAN 6010 Synthesis - Birmingham institute of Fashion and Creative Art - Birmingham City University - 22 March 2020 Figure 37: Zhaoyang Xu - Site Analysis Theoretical Background- LAN 6010 Synthesis - Birmingham institute of Fashion and Creative Art - Birmingham City University - 22 March 2020 Figure 38: Zhaoyang Xu - Therapeutic

Figure 44: Zhaoyang Xu - Node A Landscape architecture design exploration Part 2 - Edinburgh College of Art - The University of Edinburgh - 15 April 2022 Figure 45: Zhaoyang Xu - Node B Landscape architecture design exploration Part 2 - Edinburgh College of Art - The University of Edinburgh - 17 April 2022 Figure 46: Zhaoyang Xu - Node C Landscape architecture design exploration Part 2 - Edinburgh College of Art - The University of Edinburgh - 19 April 2022 Figure 47: Zhaoyang Xu - Landmark Landscape architecture design exploration Part 2 - Edinburgh College of Art - The University of Edinburgh - 27 April 2022

Image References / referenced sources

Figure 35: Miskell, B., 2015. Master plan initiatives connect habitat within the park for the endangered copper skink and make this threatened ecology visible to visitors.. [image] Available at: <https://www.asla. org/2015awards/90554.html> [Accessed 16 April 2022].

Figure 43: Zhaoyang Xu - Master Plan Analysis- Landscape architecture design exploration Part 2 - Edinburgh College of Art - The University of Edinburgh - 12 April 2022

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