Digital Learning Kit by Khin Kyi Nyoon

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Capitalism for the Long Term by Dominic Barton The near meltdown of the financial system and the ensuing Great Recession have been, and will remain, the defining issue for the current generation of executives. Now that the worst seems to be behind us, it’s tempting to feel deep relief—and a strong desire to return to the comfort of business as usual. But that is simply not an option. In the past three years we’ve already seen a dramatic acceleration in the shifting balance of power between the developed West and the emerging East, a rise in populist politics and social stresses in a number of countries, and significant strains on global governance systems. As the fallout from the crisis continues, we’re likely to see increased geopolitical rivalries, new international security challenges, and rising tensions from trade, migration, and resource competition. For business leaders, however, the most consequential outcome of the crisis is the challenge to capitalism itself. That challenge did not just arise in the wake of the Great Recession. Recall that trust in business hit historically low levels more than a decade ago. But the crisis and the surge in public antagonism it unleashed have exacerbated the friction between business and society. On top of anxiety about persistent problems such as rising income inequality, we now confront understandable anger over high unemployment, spiraling budget deficits, and a host of other issues. Governments feel pressure to reach ever deeper inside businesses to exert control and prevent another system-shattering event. My goal here is not to offer yet another assessment of the actions policymakers have taken or will take as they try to help restart global growth. The audience I want to engage is my fellow business leaders. After all, much of what went awry before and after the crisis stemmed from failures of governance, decision making, and leadership within companies. These are failures we can and should address ourselves. In an ongoing effort that started 18 months ago, I’ve met with more than 400 business and government leaders across the globe. Those conversations have reinforced my strong sense that, despite a certain amount of frustration on each side, the two groups share the belief that capitalism has been and can continue to be the greatest engine of prosperity ever devised— and that we will need it to be at the top of its job-creating, wealthgenerating game in the years to come. At the same time, there is growing concern that if the fundamental issues revealed in the crisis remain unaddressed and the system fails again, the social contract between the capitalist system and the citizenry may truly rupture, with unpredictable but severely damaging results.

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Most important, the dialogue has clarified for me the nature of the deep reform that I believe business must lead—nothing less than a shift from what I call quarterly capitalism to what might be referred to as long-term capitalism. (For a rough definition of “long term,” think of the time required to invest in and build a profitable new business, which McKinsey research suggests is at least five to seven years.) This shift is not just about persistently thinking and acting with a next-generation view—although that’s a key part of it. It’s about rewiring the fundamental ways we govern, manage, and lead corporations. It’s also about changing how we view business’s value and its role in society. There are three essential elements of the shift. First, business and finance must jettison their short-term orientation and revamp incentives and structures in order to focus their organizations on the long term. Second, executives must infuse their organizations with the perspective that serving the interests of all major stakeholders—employees, suppliers, customers, creditors, communities, the environment—is not at odds with the goal of maximizing corporate value; on the contrary, it’s essential to achieving that goal. Third, public companies must cure the ills stemming from dispersed and disengaged ownership by bolstering boards’ ability to govern like owners. None of these ideas, or the specific proposals that follow, are new. What is new is the urgency of the challenge. Business leaders today face a choice: We can reform capitalism, or we can let capitalism be reformed for us, through political measures and the pressures of an angry public. The good news is that the reforms will not only increase trust in the system; they will also strengthen the system itself. They will unleash the innovation needed to tackle the world’s grand challenges, pave the way for a new era of shared prosperity, and restore public faith in business.

1. Fight the Tyranny of Short-Termism As a Canadian who for 25 years has counseled business, public sector, and nonprofit leaders across the globe (I’ve lived in Toronto, Sydney, Seoul, Shanghai, and now London), I’ve had a privileged glimpse into different societies’ values and how leaders in various cultures think. In my view, the most striking difference between East and West is the time frame leaders consider when making major decisions. Asians typically think in terms of at least 10 to 15 years. For example, in my discussions with the South Korean president Lee Myungbak shortly after his election in 2008, he asked us to help come up with a 60-year view of his country’s future (though we settled for producing a study called National Vision 2020.) In the U.S. and Europe, nearsightedness is the norm. I believe that having a long-term perspective is the competitive advantage of many Asian economies and businesses today. Myopia plagues Western institutions in every sector. In business, the mania over quarterly earnings consumes extraordinary amounts of senior time and attention. Average CEO tenure has dropped from 10 to six years since 1995, even as the complexity and scale of firms have grown. In politics, democracies lurch from election to election, with candidates proffering dubious short-term panaceas while letting long-term woes in areas such as economic competitiveness, health, and education fester. Even philanthropy often exhibits a fetish for the short term and the new, with grantees expected to become self-sustaining in just a few years.

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Lost in the frenzy is the notion that long-term thinking is essential for long-term success. Consider Toyota, whose journey to world-class manufacturing excellence was years in the making. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s it endured low to nonexistent sales in the U.S.—and it even stopped exporting altogether for one bleak four-year period—before finally emerging in the following decades as a global leader. Think of Hyundai, which experienced quality problems in the late 1990s but made a comeback by reengineering its cars for long-term value— a strategy exemplified by its unprecedented introduction, in 1999, of a 10-year car warranty. That radical move, viewed by some observers as a formula for disaster, helped Hyundai quadruple U.S. sales in three years and paved the way for its surprising entry into the luxury market. To be sure, long-term perspectives can be found in the West as well. For example, in 1985, in the face of fierce Japanese competition, Intel famously decided to abandon its core business, memory chips, and focus on the then-emerging business of microprocessors. This “wrenching” decision was “nearly inconceivable” at the time, says Andy Grove, who was then the company’s president. Yet by making it, Intel emerged in a few years on top of a new multi-billion-dollar industry. Apple represents another case in point. The iPod, released in 2001, sold just 400,000 units in its first year, during which Apple’s share price fell by roughly 25%. But the board took the long view. By late 2009 the company had sold 220 million iPods— and revolutionized the music business. It’s fair to say, however, that such stories are countercultural. In the 1970s the average holding period for U.S. equities was about seven years; now it’s more like seven months. According to a recent paper by Andrew Haldane, of the Bank of England, such churning has made markets far more volatile and produced yawning gaps between corporations’ market price and their actual value. Then there are the “hyperspeed” traders (some of whom hold stocks for only a few seconds), who now account for 70% of all U.S. equities trading, by one estimate. In response to these trends, executives must do a better job of filtering input, and should give more weight to the views of investors with a longer-term, buy-and-hold orientation. If they don’t, short-term capital will beget short-term management through a natural chain of incentives and influence. If CEOs miss their quarterly earnings targets, some big investors agitate for their removal. As a result, CEOs and their top teams work overtime to meet those targets. The unintended upshot is that they manage for only a small portion of their firm’s value. When McKinsey’s finance experts deconstruct the value expectations embedded in share prices, we typically find that 70% to 90% of a company’s value is related to cash flows expected three or more years out. If the vast majority of most firms’ value depends on results more than three years from now, but management is preoccupied with what’s reportable three months from now, then capitalism has a problem. Some rightly resist playing this game. Unilever, Coca-Cola, and Ford, to name just a few, have stopped issuing earnings guidance altogether. Google never did. IBM has created fiveyear road maps to encourage investors to focus more on whether it will reach its long-term earnings targets than on whether it exceeds or misses this quarter’s target by a few pennies. “I can easily make my numbers by cutting SG&A or R&D, but then we wouldn’t get the innovations we need,” IBM’s CEO, Sam Palmisano, told us recently. Mark Wiseman, executive vice president at the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board, advocates investing “for the next quarter century,” not the next quarter. And Warren Buffett has quipped that his ideal holding period is “forever.” Still, these remain admirable exceptions.

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To break free of the tyranny of short-termism, we must start with those who provide capital. Taken together, pension funds, insurance companies, mutual funds, and sovereign wealth funds hold $65 trillion, or roughly 35% of the world’s financial assets. If these players focus too much attention on the short term, capitalism as a whole will, too. In theory they shouldn’t, because the beneficiaries of these funds have an obvious interest in long-term value creation. But although today’s standard practices arose from the desire to have a defensible, measurable approach to portfolio management, they have ended up encouraging shortsightedness. Fund trustees, often advised by investment consultants, assess their money managers’ performance relative to benchmark indices and offer only short term contracts. Those managers’ compensation is linked to the amount of assets they manage, which typically rises when short-term performance is strong. Not surprisingly, then, money managers focus on such performance—and pass this emphasis along to the companies in which they invest. And so it goes, on down the line. As the stewardship advocate Simon Wong points out, under the current system pension funds deem an asset manager who returns 10% to have underperformed if the relevant benchmark index rises by 12%. Would it be unthinkable for institutional investors instead to live with absolute gains on the (perfectly healthy) order of 10%— especially if they like the approach that delivered those gains—and review performance every three or five years, instead of dropping the 10-percenter? Might these big funds set targets for the number of holdings and rates of turnover, at least within the “fundamental investing” portion of their portfolios, and more aggressively monitor those targets? More radically, might they end the practice of holding thousands of stocks and achieve the benefits of diversification with fewer than a hundred —thereby increasing their capacity to effectively engage with the businesses they own and improve long-term performance? Finally, could institutional investors beef up their internal skills and staff to better execute such an agenda? These are the kinds of questions we need to address if we want to align capital’s interests more closely with capitalism’s.

2. Serve Stakeholders, Enrich Shareholders The second imperative for renewing capitalism is disseminating the idea that serving stakeholders is essential to maximizing corporate value. Too often these aims are presented as being in tension: You’re either a champion of shareholder value or you’re a fan of the stakeholders. This is a false choice. The inspiration for shareholder-value maximization, an idea that took hold in the 1970s and 1980s, was reasonable: Without some overarching financial goal with which to guide and gauge a firm’s performance, critics feared, managers could divert corporate resources to serve their own interests rather than the owners’. In fact, in the absence of concrete targets, management might become an exercise in politics and stakeholder engagement an excuse for inefficiency. Although this thinking was quickly caricatured in popular culture as the doctrine of “greed is good,” and was further tarnished by some companies’ destructive practices in its name, in truth there was never any inherent tension between creating value and serving the interests of employees, suppliers, customers, creditors, communities, and the environment. Indeed, thoughtful advocates of value maximization have always insisted that it is long-term value that has to be maximized.

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Capitalism’s founding philosopher voiced an even bolder aspiration. “All the members of human society stand in need of each others assistance, and are likewise exposed to mutual injuries,” Adam Smith wrote in his 1759 work, The Theory of Moral Sentiments. “The wise and virtuous man,” he added, “is at all times willing that his own private interest should be sacrificed to the public interest,” should circumstances so demand. Smith’s insight into the profound interdependence between business and society, and how that interdependence relates to long-term value creation, still reverberates. In 2008 and again in 2010, McKinsey surveyed nearly 2,000 executives and investors; more than 75% said that environmental, social, and governance (ESG) initiatives create corporate value in the long term. Companies that bring a real stakeholder perspective into corporate strategy can generate tangible value even sooner. (See the sidebar “Who’s Getting It Right?”) Who’s Getting It Right? (Located at the end of this article) Creating direct business value, however, is not the only or even the strongest argument for taking a societal perspective. Capitalism depends on public trust for its legitimacy and its very survival. According to the Edelman public relations agency’s just-released 2011 Trust Barometer, trust in business in the U.S. and the UK (although up from mid-crisis record lows) is only in the vicinity of 45%. This stands in stark contrast to developing countries: For example, the figure is 61% in China, 70% in India, and 81% in Brazil. The picture is equally bleak for individual corporations in the Anglo-American world, “which saw their trust rankings drop again last year to near-crisis lows,” says Richard Edelman. How can business leaders restore the public’s trust? Many Western executives find that nothing in their careers has prepared them for this new challenge. Lee Scott, Walmart’s former CEO, has been refreshingly candid about arriving in the top job with a serious blind spot. He was plenty busy minding the store, he says, and had little feel for the need to engage as a statesman with groups that expected something more from the world’s largest company. Fortunately, Scott was a fast learner, and Walmart has become a leader in environmental and health care issues. Tomorrow’s CEOs will have to be, in Joseph Nye’s apt phrase, “tri-sector athletes”: able and experienced in business, government, and the social sector. But the pervading mind-set gets in the way of building those leadership and management muscles. “Analysts and investors are focused on the short term,” one executive told me recently. “They believe social initiatives don’t create value in the near term.” In other words, although a large majority of executives believe that social initiatives create value in the long term, they don’t act on this belief, out of fear that financial markets might frown. Getting capital more aligned with capitalism should help businesses enrich shareholders by better serving stakeholders.

3. Act Like You Own the Place As the financial sector’s troubles vividly exposed, when ownership is broadly fragmented, no one acts like he’s in charge. Boards, as they currently operate, don’t begin to serve as a sufficient proxy. All the Devils Are Here, by Bethany McLean and Joe Nocera, describes how little awareness Merrill Lynch’s board had of the firm’s soaring exposure to subprime mortgage instruments until it was too late. “I actually don’t think risk management failed,” Larry Fink, the CEO of the investment firm BlackRock, said during a 2009 debate about the future of capitalism, sponsored by the Financial Times. “I think corporate governance failed, because... the boards didn’t ask the right questions.”

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What McKinsey has learned from studying successful family-owned companies suggests a way forward: The most effective ownership structure tends to combine some exposure in the public markets (for the discipline and capital access that exposure helps provide) with a significant, committed, long-term owner. Most large public companies, however, have extremely dispersed ownership, and boards rarely perform the single-ownerproxy role. As a result, CEOs too often listen to the investors (and members of the media) who make the most noise. Unfortunately, those parties tend to be the most nearsighted ones. And so the tyranny of the short term is reinforced. The answer is to renew corporate governance by rooting it in committed owners and by giving those owners effective mechanisms with which to influence management. We call this ownership-based governance, and it requires three things: More-effective boards. In the absence of a dominant shareholder (and many times when there is one), the board must represent a firm’s owners and serve as the agent of long-term value creation. Even among family firms, the executives of the top-performing companies wield their influence through the board. But only 43% of the nonexecutive directors of public companies believe they significantly influence strategy. For this to change, board members must devote much more time to their roles. A government-commissioned review of the governance of British banks last year recommended an enormous increase in the time required of nonexecutive directors of banks —from the current average, between 12 and 20 days annually, to between 30 and 36 days annually. What’s especially needed is an increase in the informal time board members spend with investors and executives. The nonexecutive board directors of companies owned by private equity firms spend 54 days a year, on average, attending to the company’s business, and 70% of that time consists of informal meetings and conversations. Four to five days a month obviously give a board member much greater understanding and impact than the three days a quarter (of which two may be spent in transit) devoted by the typical board member of a public company. Boards also need much more relevant experience. Industry knowledge—which four of five nonexecutive directors of big companies lack—helps boards identify immediate opportunities and reduce risk. Contextual knowledge about the development path of an industry— for example, whether the industry is facing consolidation, disruption from new technologies, or increased regulation—is highly valuable, too. Such insight is often obtained from experience with other industries that have undergone a similar evolution. In addition, boards need more-effective committee structures—obtainable through, for example, the establishment of a strategy committee or of dedicated committees for large business units. Directors also need the resources to allow them to form independent views on strategy, risk, and performance (perhaps by having a small analytical staff that reports only to them). This agenda implies a certain professionalization of nonexecutive directorships and a more meaningful strategic partnership between boards and top management. It may not please some executive teams accustomed to boards they can easily “manage.” But given the failures of governance to date, it is a necessary change.

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More-sensible CEO pay. An important task of governance is setting executive compensation. Although 70% of board directors say that pay should be tied more closely to performance, CEO pay is too often structured to reward a leader simply for having made it to the top, not for what he or she does once there. Meanwhile, polls show that the disconnect between pay and performance is contributing to the decline in public esteem for business. CEOs and other executives should be paid to act like owners. Once upon a time we thought that stock options would achieve this result, but stock-option- based compensation schemes have largely incentivized the wrong behavior. When short-dated, options lead to a focus on meeting quarterly earnings estimates; even when longdated (those that vest after three years or more), they can reward managers for simply surfing industry- or economy-wide trends (although reviewing performance against an appropriate peer index can help minimize free rides). Moreover, few compensation schemes carry consequences for failure—something that became clear during the financial crisis, when many of the leaders of failed institutions retired as wealthy people. There will never be a one-size-fits-all solution to this complex issue, but companies should push for change in three key areas: • They should link compensation to the fundamental drivers of long-term value, such as innovation and efficiency, not just to share price. • They should extend the time frame for executive evaluations—for example, using rolling threeyear performance evaluations, or requiring five-year plans and tracking performance relative to plan. This would, of course, require an effective board that is engaged in strategy formation. • They should create real downside risk for executives, perhaps by requiring them to put some skin in the game. Some experts we’ve surveyed have privately suggested mandating that new executives invest a year’s salary in the company.

Redefined shareholder “democracy.” The huge increase in equity churn in recent decades has spawned an anomaly of governance: At any annual meeting, a large number of those voting may soon no longer be shareholders. The advent of high-frequency trading will only worsen this trend. High churn rates, short holding periods, and vote-buying practices may mean the demise of the “one share, one vote” principle of governance, at least in some circumstances. Indeed, many large, topperforming companies, such as Google, have never adhered to it. Maybe it’s time for new rules that would give greater weight to long-term owners, like the rule in some French companies that gives two votes to shares held longer than a year. Or maybe it would make sense to assign voting rights based on the average turnover of an investor’s portfolio. If we want capitalism to focus on the long term, updating our notions of shareholder democracy in such ways will soon seem less like heresy and more like common sense.

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While I remain convinced that capitalism is the economic system best suited to advancing the human condition, I’m equally persuaded that it must be renewed, both to deal with the stresses and volatility ahead and to restore business’s standing as a force for good, worthy of the public’s trust. The deficiencies of the quarterly capitalism of the past few decades were not deficiencies in capitalism itself—just in that particular variant. By rebuilding capitalism for the long term, we can make it stronger, more resilient, more equitable, and better able to deliver the sustainable growth the world needs. The three imperatives outlined above can be a start along this path and, I hope, a way to launch the conversation; others will have their own ideas to add. The kind of deep-seated, systemic changes I’m calling for can be achieved only if boards, business executives, and investors around the world take responsibility for bettering the system they lead. Such changes will not be easy; they are bound to encounter resistance, and business leaders today have more than enough to do just to keep their companies running well. We must make the effort regardless. If capitalism emerges from the crisis vibrant and renewed, future generations will thank us. But if we merely paper over the cracks and return to our precrisis views, we will not want to read what the historians of the future will write. The time to reflect—and to act— is now.

Who’s Getting It Right? Environmental, social, and governance initiatives can serve a wide range of stakeholders and benefit shareholders. Companies can:

Create new products and markets Three years ago Verizon developed a phone and a calling plan to address the needs of seniors and the disabled. It sold 400,000 of the new phones and doubled senior customers’ wireless spending.

Drive operational efficiency During the past several years Walmart has been working to establish tough new targets for reducing suppliers’ packaging waste. Its goal—to trim packaging by 5% between 2008 and 2013 —should generate $12 billion in savings across its global supply chain.

Motivate and retain employees Novo Nordisk’s mission to end diabetes would, if accomplished, put the company out of business. Yet the firm has an enormously committed workforce, not least in developing countries and especially in China, where its initiatives (such as the first Chinese-language website for people with diabetes) have helped it gain a 70% market share.

Spur innovation GE’s “bottom of the pyramid” development of low-cost medical imaging for the Indian and Chinese markets led to efficiency breakthroughs in design and engineering and to new products that now account for growing sales in advanced nations as well. (See “How GE Is Disrupting Itself,” HBR October 2009.)

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Retain access to inputs Coca-Cola has devised a sophisticated global water strategy that ensures that local concerns as well as local supply and demand issues are integrated into the long-range plans for each plant. This approach helps avoid both public backlashes over water use and operational problems due to water shortages. Dominic Barton is the global managing director of McKinsey & Company.

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onf ]a*smefa[m(yf)uif;} wuúodkvf ( Johns Hopking ) rS vQyfppf tif*sifeD,mbGJUESifh [m;AwfpD;yGm;a&;ausmif; ( Harvard Business School ) rS pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m r[m0dZÆmbGJU ( MBA ) Master of Business Admimistration udkqGwfcl;cJhonf/ ar16 2009wGif vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;aom vkyf&yfrsm;twGuf ]azmh('f)[Jrf wuúodkvf} ( Fordham ) \ *kPfxl;aqmifyg&*lbGJU? vlrI0efxrf; vkyfief;rsm;twGuf ]wyf(zf)wuúodkvf} ( Tufts ) \ *kPfxl;aqmif yg&*lbGJUrsm; udk&½Sdonf/ ' Bloomberg '

1975 wGif ]a&m(cf)½Sm;} ( Yorkshire ) ol ]qlqefba&mif;} ( Susan Brown) ESifh ' Bloomberg ' vufxyfonf/ orD; 2 a,muf&cJhjyD; ]tJrfrm}( Emma) 1979 ckESpfarG;ESifh ]a*smf*sDem}( Georgina ) 1983ckESpfarG;wdkUrSm tvGefMuG,f0csrf;omolwdkU\ uav;rsm;taMumif; ½dkuful;rSwfwrf;wif owif;um; Born Rich wGif yg0ifcJhMuonf/ ZeD;jzpfol Brown ESifhuGm½Sif;jyD; vuf½SdwGif ]e,l;a,m(cf)jynfe,f} bPftkyfcsKyf f Quf½o dS nf/ a&;rI;a[mif; ]'dik t f eJ mawvm} ( Diana Taylar ) ESihf cspfMudK;oG,v ]]vkyfief;½Sif\ tp}} 1977wGif ]aqmfvrGefb&m;om;} ( Salomon Brothers ) wGif tzGJU0iftjzpf ukrÜPD\½S,f,mESihf ydkifqdkifrIrsm;udk OD;wnfa&mif;0,fcJhonf/ 1981 wGif olUudk ( Salomon Brothers ) rSxkwfy,fvdkufjyD; ,if;twGuf a':vm 10 oef;udkol&½Sdonf/ xdkaiGjzifh ]tifEdkApfrm;uufpepf} ukrÜPD ( Innovative Market System Co.,) udkwnfaxmifonf/ 1982 wGif ]r&D;vf;vifh(csf)} ( Merrill Lynch ) rSm yxrqHk;tvkyftyfoljzpfvmí ukrÜPD\t"du aps;uGufpcef; 22ck zGifhvSpfay;cJh&jyD; a':vmoef;30&if;ESSD;jr§KyfESHcJhonf/ 1986wG i f uk r Ü P D u d k ' Bloomberg LP ' [k e mrnf a jymif ; onf / 1987 a&muf a omtcg pcef;aygif;5000rQ zGifhvSpfjyD;om;jzpfonf/ 2009 wGif wpfurÇmvHk; 250,000 txdjzpfvm\/ ukrÜPD\ a&'D,dktquftoG,fXmecsKyfudk e,l;a,m(cf)jrdKU 1130 WBBR-AM wGif xm;onf/ jrdKUawmf0eftjzpf EdkifiHa&;e,fodkU0if&ef ol\CEO &mxl;udk ]vufzJef;0pf(cf)} ( Lex Fenwick ) odkUvTJcJhonf/ vuf½SdwGif ,cif ' Bloomberg ' \ 'kwd,jrdKU0efa[mif; ]'ef;wa&mh(zf)}u OD;pD;vQuf½Sdonf/ jrdKUawmf0eftjzpf vkyfaqmifaomfvnf; ,if;vpmudk ' Bloomberg ' r,lay/ pwdtaeESifh wpfESpfvQif 1a':vmom,lav\/

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w,fvDzkef;vrf;nTefxJwGifvnf; omreft&yfom;taejzifh qufvuf½SdaejyD; jrdKUawmf0eftwGuf aexk d i f & ef w&m;0if a y;xm;aom *&mpD t d r f a wmf ( Gracie Mansion ) wG i f v nf ; raeay/ ]rJef[ufwef}ta½SUydkif;? ta½SU (79)vrf;? trSwf (17)½Sd olydkiftdrfwGifaeonf/ 4if;rSm]ruf'Dqif}ESifh trSwf(5) &dyfomvrf;wdkUMum;wGifjzpf\/ xdktdrftjyif ' Landon ' bmjrL'g ( Barmuda ) ESifh ]aA;vf;} ( Vail) wdkUwGifvnf; olydkiftdrfrsm;½Sdao;onf/ ' Bloomberg ' tajymt& ]e,l ; a,m(cf ) } ajratmuf & xm;ud k rMumcPpD ; í (79)vrf ; td r f r S City Hall ½S d ½H k ; cef ; od k U oG m ;onf [kqakd omfvnf; ]e,l;a,m(cf)wdik ;f rf} owif;pmrSmrl ]e,l;a,m(cf)}Xmeydik f taysmfpD;um; ' SUV ' ( Sport Utility Vehicle ) ESpfpD;jzifh tjref&xm;blwmodkU armif ; yd k U ay;&onf [ k q d k \ / 4if ; rS m ½d k ; ½d k ; &xm;rS tjref & xm;od k U ]vufZifwif&dyfomvrf;}vdkif; ( Lexington Avenue Line ) usrSajymif;rpD; &&ef j zpf a v\/ ' Bloomberg by Bloomberg ' [l a om ol \ udk,fa&;txkyÜwÅdudk ½SJ'dk;pma&;q&mwpfOD;\tultnDjzifh 1997wGif a&;om;cJh\/ ,if;pmtkyf\ ISBN rSm 0.471-15545-4 ( International Standard book No ) jzpf\/ ]]ol \ MuG , f 0 rI } } 2009 rwfv ]azmbf} ( Forbes ) r*¾Zif;t& a':vm (16) bDvsHESifh aemufwpfESpfwGif (4.5)bDvsH xyfw;kd yGm;cJo h nf[q k \ kd / tar&duefjynfaxmifp\ k pD;yGm;a&;usqif;csderf mS yif tatmifjrifq;kH bDvsHemrsm; k csdeu f pD;yGm;MuD;[lí US wGiEf pS Of ;D om½Sad v\/ 4if;wdUk rSm Wal-Mart rdom;pkrsm; wGif ' Bloomberg ' yg\/ xdt jzpfavonf/ ' Bloomberg ' \ MuG,f0rItqifhrSm 142 rS ESpfESpftwGif; 17 odkUckefwufoGm;\ ( rwfv 2007 - rwfv 2009 )/

Learning Technologies Group KNOWLEDGE

ESifh y&[dw e*dkcsrf;omonfhtxJ EdkifiHa&;t&MoZmyg½Sdvmaom ' Bloomberg ' rSm y&[dwvkyfief;rsm;udk ydkíatmifjrifpGm vSL'gef;ay;urf;vkyfudkifí vmEdkifavonf/ oli,fpOfu ynmoifcJhaom Johns Hopkins f zGUJ 0ifvMl uD; vkycf o hJ nf/ University odUk a':vmoef;300ausmf vSL'gef;cJjh yD; 1996rS2002txd ,if;\bkwt y&[dw vSL'gef;rSwfwrf; ( Chronicle of Philanthropy ) t& ' Bloomberg ' rdom;pk Foundation rS 2004ckESpfwGif a':vm138oef;? 2005ckESpfwGif a':vm 144oef;? 2006ckESpfwGif a':vm165oef;? 2007ckESpfwGif a':vm 205oef; ponfjzifhqufwdkufvSL'gef;cJhjyD; 2007ckESpf tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ eH y gwf ( 7) tMuD ; qH k ; y&[d w tusd K ;o,f y d k ; ol jzpf v monf / uav;i,f r sm;twG u f aq;vd y f ? aq;½Gufuif;pifa&; vSHKUaqmfrI? a&m*gumuG,fa&;ESifh xdef;csKyfa&;Xmersm;? ' Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School for Public Health ; World Lung Foundation ' rsm;twGuf qkrsm;pGmudk 2006ckESpfwGif ' Bloomberg ' &cJo h nf/ 2008 ckEpS w f iG f ' Bloomberg ' \ Website rS Bill Gates ESiyhf ;l wGí J aq;vdy?f aq;½GuMf uD;xde;f csKyfa&; vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf zGHUjzdK;qJwdkif;jynfrsm;½Sd tpdk;&rsm;odkUulnD&ef a':vmoef; 500 vSL'gef;rnf[k aMujimxm;onf/ ]e,l;a,m(cf)wdkif;rf} owif;pmygowif;rsmt& vGefcJhaomESpfawmfawmfrsm;rsm;u ' Bloomberg ' rSm ESpfpOf ' Carnegie Corporation ' twGuf trnfrazmfaomtvSL½SifjzpfcJhjyD; vSL'gef;vufaqmifrsm;rSm a':vm 5oef;rS oef;20txd½SdcJh\/ ,if;wkdUudk 'Carnedie Corp ' rS e,l;a,m(cf)jrdKU tzGJUtpnf;rsm;jzpfaom ][mvJrf uZmwf½Hk} ( Dance Theatre of Harlem ) rStp ]uifqm} a&m*gcHpm;ae&olrsm;ESifh rdom;pkrsm;odkU axmufyHhay;urf;aeaom *Dvf'guvyf ( Gilda's Club ) uJhodkU tusdK;tjrwftwGufr[kwfaom ( Not-forProfit ) tzGJUtpnf;rsm;odkU a0iSjzefUjzL;ay;onf/Dm 1996 ckESpfwGif olarG;&yfajr½Sd *sL;bk&m;ausmif;udkvJ aiGaMu;rsm;pGmvSL'gef;cJhonf/ ,if;]½SmvHkrf} bk&m;ausmif; ( Temple Shalom ) udk olrdbrsm;\emrnfjzpfaom ' William and Charlatte Bloomberg Jewish Community Centre of Medford [k ajymif;vJac:cJhonf/ ' Bloomberg ' \ xkyfjyefcsuft& 2009 ckwpfEpS x f w J iG f a':vmoef;aygif; 254 udk tjrwftpGe;f r,laom y&[dwtzGUJ tpnf;aygif; 1400 eD;yg;odUk h vkyu f kd tMuD;tMu,f ay;tyfvLS 'gef;cJo h nf [kq\ kd / ' Bloomberg ' u ]uRefawmf[m ay;urf;vSL'gef;&wJt ,HkMunfoljzpfw,f? b@maiGaMu;t& taumif;qHk;pDrHcefUcGJrI qdkwmawG[m aemufqHk;wpfaeUusawmh okb&mZmudkay;rJh aiGxkyfr&wJhcsufvufrSwfeJU tqHk;owfrSmbJ} [k w&m;&pGmajymMum;cJhonf/ aoaom tcg udk,fESifhtwlbmrSygroGm;onfudk qdkvdkjcif;jzpf\/ Bloomberg

]]qkrsm;ESifh *kPfxl;aqmifbGJUrsm;}} 2007

honorary degree in Public Service,

Tufts University

2007

honorary degree of Doctor of Human

Bard college

Learning Technologies Group KNOWLEDGE

2007

39th most in Fluential person in the world

Time magazine

2007

No.9 in Vanity Fair 100

Vanity Fair

2008

Honorary doctorate of laws

University of Pennsylvania

2008

The Barnard Medal of Distination ( The collage's highest honour )

Barnard Colage

2007

Gotham Awards

A New York based celebrator of Independent Film

2008

"The Hundred Year Association of New Youk's Gold Medal"

2009

Hornory doctorate

Fordham University

2009

Healthy Communities Leadership

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation

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Learning Technologies Group KNOWLEDGE

oltwGuf toHk;p&dwfudk rnfírnfrQ[lí jrdKUawmf\Oya't& uefUowfjyXef;ay;xm;\/ 'Bloomberg' u a½G;aumufyGJtwGuf ,if;vlxk\&efyHkaiGudkr,laomtcg ,if;uefUowfcsufrSmolESifh roufqdkifawmhay/ olydkifaiGrS a':vm(73)oef;udka½G;aumufyGJtwGuf oHk;aomtcg jydKifzuf ' Green ' \ 5q 1qjzpf\/ a½G;aumufyGJtwGuf ol\aMuG;aMumfoHrSm World Trade Centre twdkufcdkufcH&í pD;yGm;a&;xdcdkufusqif; &aom jrdKUawmftwGufvkyfief;tawGUtMuHK½Sdaom jrdKUawmf0efwpfOD;vdktyfonf [líjzpf\/ ' Bloomberg ' rSm ]&DywfAvpfuif} jzpfonfwGif woD;yk*¾vygwD\ vlrIukpm;a&; ( Social Theropy) acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom ]z&ufEsL;rif;} ( Fred Newman ) ESifh ]vJefe&mzlveD} ( Lenora Fulani ) wdkU\ MuD;rm;cdkifrmaom t½Sdeft0gESifh ( Ballot ) ac: vQdKU0SufrJay;pepf\tusdK;udk ' Bloombreg ' xyfí&jyef\/ ]e,l;a,m(cf)jrdKUawmf}\ aygif;pnf;jcif;Oya't& jrdKU0eftjzpfta½G;cH&olonf ygwDwpfckxufruudk udk,fpm;jyKí ta½G;cHEdkifjyD; ,if;ygwDrsm;rS&aomrJrsm;udk waygif;wnf;pkaygif;í a&wGufcGifh½Sdavonf/ jydKifbuf'Drdku&ufygwD\ Green wGifvnf; ,if;vQdKU0SufrJay;pepf ( Ballot line ) ½Sdaeonf/ 4if;rSm Working Family Party jzpf\/ ' Bloomberg ' u xyfrHí Student First ac: aemufxyfrJ&½Sd&ef Independence k kd zefw;D vku d jf yefonf/ aemufwpfcsufrmS ]e,l;a,m(cf)qdyu f rf;vJjzpf? jrdKUawmf\ tpdwt f ydik ;f Line wpfcu f w hJ pfjrdKUvH;k xuf wpfcv k jJ zpfaom ]pwufwifuRe;f } ( Staten Island ) rSm ]&DywfAvpfuif} rsm;tay:wGif usew ydkí &if;ESD;azmfa½GonfrSm tpOftvmjzpf\/ ]&DywfAvpfuif}tvHatmufrS ta½G;cHaom ' Bloomberg 'rSm þ Staten uRef;rJrsm;udkvJ &vdkufjyefonf/

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olUudk EdkifiHa&;&mwGif pOf;pOf;pm;pm;ESifh vufawGUususvkyfwwfol[k jrifMuonf/ pmtkyfMuD;twdkif; vkyfcJonf/ ol\pDrHcefUcGJrIyHkpHrSm oludk,fydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfpOfu tawGUtMuHKrsm;xif[yfae\/ tk y f c sKyf & mwG i f uRrf ; usif r I t vd k u f a umf r ½S i f e mrsm; cef U xm;jyD ; vG y f v yf p G m us,f u s,f j yef U jyef U qHk;jzwfvkyfudkifcGifhudk ay;xm;onf/ ESpfaygif; 190Mum½SdcJhaom tpOftvmudkzsufí Wall Street trading floor yHkpH? vufaxmufrsm;ESifh pDrHcefUcGJa&;0efxrf; 'gZifaygif;rsm;pGmudk tcef;us,fMuD;xJwGif pkaygif;xdkifí tvkyfvkyfaponf/ ,if;udk NewYork Times owif;pmrS EdkifiHa&;owif;axmuf ]tuf'Jrfem*leD} ( Adom Nagourney ) u eH&Hr½Sdaom½Hk; ( Bullpen ) [k ac:cJhonf/ Edkif0ifbm 2010wGif e,l;a,m(cf) jrdKUwGif;? jrdKUjyif rJcGJppfwrf;aumuf&m 19%uom ' Bloomberg ' udkoabmusMujyD; trsm;pk38%rSm vufrcHaom tjrif½SdMuonf/ ]]Ed k i f i H a &;tjrif } } ay:vpDtcsdKUudk ' Bloomberg ' taejzifh Democrat , Republican rcGJbJ twdtvif;axmufcHonfudk awGU&onf/ vGyfvyfrQwaom vlrIa&;tjrif½Sdonf/ udk,f0efzsufcsjcif;? rdef;r½SmESifhvufxyfjcif;? aoewfvufeuf xdef;csKyfjcif;? w&m;r0if 0ifa&mufvmolrsm;udk vGyfjidrf;csrf;omcGifhay;&ef ponfrsm;udk axmufcHonf/ pD;yGm;a&;? EdkifiHjcm;a&;? jynfwGif;a&;rsm;wGif ½kyfcsnf;tajymif;tvJrsm;udk Bloomberg vufrcHay/ tD&wf ( Irag ) rS tar&duefwyfrsm; b,ftcsdeftxdbJ½Sd&rnf? b,fawmhqkwf&rnfqdkonfudk qefUusifonf/ vlrIzlvHka&;ESifh &moDOwktajymif;tvJ udpörsm;wGiftpdk;&yg0ifvkyfudkifonfudk axmufco H nf/ ukeo f , G af &;vGyv f yfciG u hf kd txl;tm;ay;onf/ olUud, k o f v l J b@maiGurkd aysmufysuaf tmif f jl cif;vufxyfru I kd ]]rnforl qk?d rnfoUl udrk qdk apmifah ½Smufol ( Fiscal conservative ) [k trnfwyfonf/ vdiw vufxyfcGifh½Sd&r,f}} [kajymcJhonf/ e,l;a,m(cf)jrdKUawmf\ wif;Muyfaomrl,pfaq;0g; Oya'ud k a xmuf c H o nf / wpf c sd e f w cg uol u d k , f w d k i f aq;ajcmuf ½ I c J h z l ; aMumif ; 2001 tif w mAsL;wG i f ]]cif A sm; bmajymrvJ ? usKyf v k y f c J h z l ; w,f Mud K uf v J M ud K uf w ,f } } [k a jymcJ h o nf r S m aemif w G i f o l U yH k E S i f h o l U pum;ud k w G J í aMumfjimMuD;rsm;xGuv f m&m ' Bloomberg ' rS,if;rSwcf suf twGuf aemif w &rd a Mumif ; 2002tif w mAsL;wG i f zG i f h [ cJ h j yD ; aq;ajcmuf½ljcif;udkvJ w&m;0ifcGifhjyKoifhonf[k r,HkMunf aMumif;jyefajymcJhonf/

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The End

“As a child-focused organi ation, Save the Children in Myanmar seeks to protect to all children we are in contact with” ACA CY A

CEME T

OB PROFILE ob Title

Disaster Response and Resilience Learning Project Manager

Grade

9.1

Reports to Reporting to position:

Director of Programme Operations3

Budget Responsibility Period December 2011

Budget-holder – amount depending on level of programme fundingEnd of

Child Protection Level 2 (The responsibilities of the post require you to work directly, or have frequent contact, with children or young people, individually or in groups) ob Purpose

In order to build the capacity of Save the Children staff and CSO, INGOs, LNGOs to support the disaster affected population, the Learning & Development Manager will be responsible for assisting the project team to identify training and capacity building needs among staff and CBOs, INGOs and LNGOs a. S/he will develop and implement an appropriate training platform to address the identified skill gaps and will integrate disaster preparedness and DRR within the training program. S/he will also establish and maintain interagency relationships that will promote common standards for response personnel in future disasters. ey Accountabilities Program Management

· · · · · · · · · · · ·

Establish and implement a training platform and infrastructure for rapidly increasing local capacities in humanitarian response, preparedness and DRR in Myanmar. Implement training mechanisms, methodologies and approaches which are appropriate to a local context, but which are consistent with Save the Children’s Alliance wide approach to capacity building and emerging industry practices. Review and assist in delivering a rapid response learning and capacity building strategy in conjunction with key internal and external stakeholders. Design and deliver learning, training or development interventions for specific needs of individuals, teams, departments or programmes as identified by the Emergency Response Team. Operationalize and implement competency frameworks and assessments. Implement strategies for converting existing development capacities into emergency response and preparedness capacities. Review the design and implementation of standard training packages to ensure uniform approach to capacity building. Support learning needs analysis, and the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of learning activities and programmes. Contribute to the day to day delivery of the programmes and oversee the logistics arrangements. Develop and maintain a register and network of internal and external trainers, facilitators and consultants in conjunction with other stakeholders. Primary budget holding responsibility for all Funds related to programme. Set the programme objectives, advocacy strategy, work-plan, and annual budget.

Ensure compliance to systems and processes for planning and reporting to member head offices and donors

Programme Development ·

Maintain strategic overview of thematic area in Myanmar, and be aware of state-of-the-art technical approach in thematic area.

Explore opportunities for improvement to, and/or expansion of existing initiatives, and/or other initiatives in thematic area.

Design and develop new programmes, and develop associated funding proposals - with support from other staff.

Communications ·

Represent as a contact point with technical advisers from Save the Children Managing and Participating Member organisations.

Ensure high quality, accessible information about the DRRLP programme is available for internal and external audiences (including current donors, Save the Children Managing and Participating Member organisations, potential funders, etc.) Representing DRRLP Programme to government, the UN and other international agencies, donors and bodies including media, identifying opportunities to advocate SC’s position and raise funds through building key stakeholder relationships.

Leadership ·

Recommend to the Director of Programme Operations, structure and staffing of thematic programme under his/her jurisdiction, with the end in view of maintaining effective and efficient management and use of all resources in line with SC’s policies and guidelines.

Person Specification - Essential Criteria · · · · · · · · · · ·

Direct experience in the design and delivery of learning and development activities and knowledge of the theoretical underpinning of Human Resource Development. An understanding of the issues, processes and practices involved in the delivery of learning and development programmes in an emergency response context Proven skills in the design, organisation, and delivery of learning, training and development programmes and the production of related materials. Ability to deliver learning and development programmes to a variety of audiences using a competency-based approach tailored for emergency response environments Understanding of quality assessment in the development of learning programs and utilizing competency frameworks in training design and work-based assessments. Excellent verbal and written communication and relationship building skills in order to deal tactfully and sensitively with a wide range of people in a large organization Strong persuasion, negotiating and influencing skills, and the ability to work collaboratively. Excellent analytical skills, a flexible and initiative-taking, proactive attitude with the ability to manage and prioritize an unpredictable workload Creativity and innovation skills to design, deliver and sell new approaches to responding to the learning needs and objectives of the client groups. Attention to detail in order to ensure consistent delivery of learning programmes in line with response objectives. Commitment to personal/professional development and work-based learning.

Person Specification - Desirable Criteria · · ·

Experience in emergency response, preparedness and DRR activities in either a domestic or international setting. Experience working and building capacity in an emergency response focused organisation or environment. Experience and/or skills in design and delivery of online/distance learning.

Child Protection The responsibilities of the post/role do not require to have regular contact with children or young people but they may have infrequent contact, usually with different groups of children and young people and/or the post holder does not line manage workers employed in level 2 and 3 posts. ote Candidates are also requested to mention in the applications if there is, blood/marriage relationships with the existing Save the Children employees. For those who failed to mention or incorrectly mention the apply position’s title, Programme/ Sector name and location in their applications, we will consider those as disqualify and we will not consider for short list. Interested and qualified candidates are to send a Cover Letter and Curriculum Vitae to the Human Resources Department or by email to recruitment.ygnhr@gmail.com (or) mhhaung@savechildren.org.mm (or) Save the Children, Wizaya Plaza, 226 U Wisara Road, Bahan Township, Yangon, Myanmar, not later than p.m., Monday, 1 April 2 11. Save the Children Wi aya Pla a 22 Wisara Road, 1st Floor Bahan Township Yangon, Myanmar Phone 3 1, 3 1, 3 3 ,3