RMS Thesis by TRUtuna

RESILIENT MANGROVE SETTLEMENTS

RESILIENT MANGROVE SETTLEMENTS Utilizing A Generative [creative] Process to Rehabilitate Destroyed Coastal Cities

ARNOLD ALTUNA

Arnold C. Altuna

Resilient Mangrove Settlements Utilizing a Generative [creative] Process to Rehabilitate Destroyed Coastal Cities by Arnold C. Altuna

Thesis document submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE at Washington State University Pullman, Washington December 2014

Washington State University School of Design and Construction The undersigned hereby certify that the Masters thesis of Arnold Cabuhat Altuna has been approved as partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Architecture

Thesis Committee:

Paul Hirzel, Professor, M.Arch Graduate Coordinator

Darrin Griechen, Clinical Assistant Professor

John Abell, Associate Professor

Acknowledgements

I would like to acknowledge the wonderful guidance and support of my three thesis advisors. It was a privilege to work with Paul Hirzel, the chair of my thesis committee, whose expertise with architecture and site design contributed tremendously to my thesis topic. I would also like to thank Darrin Griechen for his knowledge of parametric and generative design, which provided me with the backbone for my idea. And to John Abell whose theoretical design knowledge on architecture and tectonics allowed me to approach my thesis from different angles. To my studio mates (The Hoo-Hahs) Romeo Canada, Heather Field, Cassie Lang, Gerardo Gonzales Gomez, Ryan Rideout, Steve Schmitz, Josh Thompson, and Jimmy John, for the stimulating discussions, for the sleepless nights we were working together before deadlines, and for all the fun and craziness we all had. To Cecilia Austin and Winston with Volunteer for Visayans for providing me much needed photos and local stories of Barangay 60A. Many thanks to the City of Tacloban and Barangay 60A for their strength and resilience on moving forward past this devastating disaster. To my family and friends, I am grateful for all their support and with special thanks to my parents, Irene Cabuhat Altuna and Salvador Altuna, for providing me with guidance and support.

Abstract

Cities around the world face unpredictable challenges that are increasing in intensity from natural disasters, long-term environmental climate change, public health crises, degradation in natural habitats, and extreme loss in human life. Cities and their residents are often forced to rely on short-term planning and fixes after these major events. On November 8th, 2013, the Philippines was hit by Typhoon Haiyan/Yolanda, which made landfall as one of the largest storms ever recorded as a Category 5. An estimated 9.5 million people were impacted by the storm and more than 330,000 are still believed to be in temporary housing. Floodwaters, wind gusts, torrential rain, and coastal flooding devastated cities and provinces throughout the Philippines. By designing a master plan strategy, this thesis address the impact of natural disasters on coastlines & its community by establishing a generative coastal protection prototype which will stabilize coastlines, revive natural ecosystems, and preserve coastal communities.

Table of Contents Abstract Acknowledgement Chapter 01.00 The Backstory

01.10 01.11 01.12 01.13 01.14

Problem Statement Typhoon & Storm Surge on the increase Problem: Displacement of People Problem: Ecological Loss Problem: Coastal Protection

01.20 01.21 01.22 01.23

Typhoon Haiyan/ Yolanda Damage to Philippines Time Line Of Typhoon Yolanda Project Rationale

01.30 Thesis Overview 01.31 Mangrove 01.32 Generative Design Process

Chapter 02.00 The Facts

02.10 Natural Disasters 02.11 Typhoon 02.12 Storm Surge

02.20 Shoring 02.21 Types of Shoring (Hard Infrastructure) 02.22 Types of Shoring (Soft Infrastructure)

02.30 02.31 02.32

02.40 Mangroves 02.41 Red Mangroves 02.42 Network Mangrove

02.50 02.51 02.52

Urban Settlements in the Philippines Philippines Coastal Housing Typology Mangrove Settlements

Generative Design Digital Programs And Parametric Modeling Pseudocode definition & Decision Tree

Chapter 03.00 The Exposition

03.10 Tacloban 03.11 Surrounding Context 03.12 Neighborhood (Barangays) And Population Topography 03.13 03.14 Exposure

03.20 03.21

Tacloban and Yolanda One Year Later

Chapter 04.00 The Idea | Plot

04.10 Concept 04.11 Method system - Layering system 04.12 Design Standards

Chapter 05.00 The Experiment

05.10 05.11 05.12 05.13 05.14 05.15

Parametric / Generative Design Process Parameters & Values Rhino and Grasshopper script Pseudocode Of Generative Script Modeling Specific Parameters Solution Patterns

Chapter 06.00 The Climax 06.10 Matrix of Solution Patterns 06.11 Selection Of Best Results For Barangay 60A 06.20 Barangay 60A Resilient Mangrove Settlement 06.21 Hexframe And Mangrove Installation 06.22 Housing Installation 06.23 Section 06.24 Rendering 06.25 Physical Model/ Wave Simulation 06.26 Overall Benefits

Chapter 07.00 The Resolution

07.10 Pre-Surge and Post-Surge 07.11 Public Presentation 07.12 Responses 07.13 Conclusion 07.14 List of Figures 07.15 Endnotes 07.16 Bibliography

01 | THE BACKSTORY

“

My parents, my sister and I were at the evacuation centre. Around us, people were crying and praying. I was hungry but only one thought went through my head, Are we going to get through this alive? Survivor Gale Paulette Macosa, 12

01.10 PROBLEM STATEMENT

On November 8th 2013, Super typhoon Haiyan, locally known as Yolanda was on its way to the Philippines. As it made landfall it was recorded as the most ferocious storm to have touched land. When it hit the Eastern part of the Philippines it was classified as a category 5 and generated wind speeds exceeding 195 mph (Fig. 1.01), causing a tsunami-like storm-surge that destroyed communities along the eastern seaboards of Leyte and Samar islands, claiming at least thousands of lives and displacing millions of people. This thesis focuses on a master plan strategy that would quickly generate various design solution patterns that could be easily analyzed and tested for validity. Could this generative coastal protection prototype help stabilize coastlines, revive natural ecosystems, and preserve coastal communities in a way that is suitable for the surrounding area? With the overall goal to generate a model that could develop a type of community that was suitable and fitted to the traditional way of life while providing protection against storm surges.

01.11 TYPHOON & STORM SURGE

Large typhoons around the world are being talked about as “the new normal.” The Pacific region receives approximately 20 typhoons annually (Fig. 2.02) of with an average of 3.7 typhoons hitting the Philippines. The Philippines is hit by more typhoons than any other country, and their frequency and intensity are increasing at an alarming rate. The high occurrence of typhoons brings in heavy rains from June to September during the monsoon season. Storm surges are followed by extreme flooding that have the greatest impact on low lying coastal areas. “The Pacific at this time of year is very ripe and juicy for big typhoons,” says Kerry Emanuel, a climate scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “Once or twice a year we get a Category 5 typhoon out there.” The deadly typhoon that swept through the Philippines was one of the strongest ever recorded. But storms nearly this powerful are actually common in the eastern Pacific. Typhoon Haiyan’s devastation can be chalked up to a series of bad coincidences.

Saffir / Simpson Scale Scale Number Category

Central Pressure (Millibars) (Inches)

Winds (Mph)

Surge (Feet)

Damage

>28.91

74-95

4 to 5

Minimal

>979

965-979

28.50-28.91

96-110

6 to 8

Moderate

945-964

27.91-28.47

111-130

9 to 12

Extensive

920-944

27.17-27.88

131-155

13 to 18

Extreme

<920

<27.17

>155

>18

Catastrophic

Figure 1.01 Saffir/Simpson Scale [Simpson, R.H. (1974)].

Fig 1.03 Temporary housing after Typhoon Yolanda

Fig 1.04 Surge crashing into coastal dwellings

Fig 1.05 Aerial View of Barangay 60A after Yolanda 18

4 No 0 M Bu ete ild r Zo ne

COASTAL COMMUNITY

Fig 1.06 Displacement of coastal community Source: A.Altuna

01.12

DISPLACEMENT OF PEOPLE

As a result of the damage in Tacloban and much of Leyte, thousands of people who once lived in the area are left homeless and displaced. Ninety percent of the structures are either destroyed or in state of calamity. In response to the disaster, the government established a 40 meter no build zones along the coastlines and relocated the coastal communities to higher ground. This causes the displacing of local community from their livelihood, which has a strong cultural relationship with the water.

ECOSYSTEM

Fig 1.07 Ecological loss Source: A.Altuna

01.13

ECOLOGICAL LOSS

Philippines coastal ecosystems and habitats continue to be threatened by infrastructure development, human settlements, industrial logging, and commercial agricultural land. This makes coastlines vulnerable to high speed winds, heavy rainfall, sea-level rise and stronger surges.

COASTAL PROTECTION

Fig 1.08 Coastal protection Source: A.Altuna

01.14

COASTAL PROTECTION

Typhoon Yolanda and the storm surge that caused much of the devastation was not a one-time occurrence and will likely happen again due to the effects of climate change. With the increase of these natural disasters, coastlines and its community are still unprotected and subject to more disasters.

Fig 1.09 Amount of heat energy available to Typhoon Haiyan Source: NOAA Environmental Visualization Laboratory

01.20 TYPHOON HAIYAN / YOLANDA The Philippines is hit by more typhoons than any other country, and their frequency and intensity are increasing at an alarming rate. On November 8, 2013, Typhoon Yolanda, internationally known as Haiyan, struck the Philippines and has been called the most powerful storm to make landfall in recorded history. As Yolanda moved across the cluster of islands in the heart of the country, it affected 1,473,251 families, with a casualty count of 6,3001a. The storm brought tremendously powerful winds as it made landfall in the province of Eastern Visayas, disrupting communications with a major city in its path. With sustained winds of 315 kph (195 mph) and gusts as strong as 380 kph (235 mph) makes it equivalent to a category 5 hurricane (Fig 1.01), it caused extensive damage to houses, livelihoods and infrastructure. The major destruction to tacloban was mainly from a 15 foot storm surge generated by several key factors. The winds force had a huge impact that pushed the water higher, particularly on the northern side of the typhoonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s eye where the winds move in the same direction as the storm. (Fig 2.03). The local geography and the shape of the sea floor funneled the surge into the bay between the island of Leyte and Samar. The bay is relatively deep and becomes shallow as it reaches the city of Tacloban. It was bound on the east and south by water, and mountains in the north and west. Thus the city was trapped to face the storm surge that submerged its coastal communities; the water rose so high as it came across the coastline that even those who took refuge on the second floors of buildings were swept away.

“Relief Phase”- survivors requiring immediate needs of food, water and shelter.

EVIDENCE 14’+

The storm’s surge completely sweeping away numerous villages and damaging upwards of 1.1 Million homes

KATRINA

SANDY

HAIYAN/YOLANDA

2005

2012

2013

175 mph

115 mph

195 mph

CATEGORY 5

CATEGORY 3

CATEGORY 5

DATE: MAX WIND SPEEDS: CATEGORY TYPE:

9.8 MILLION

People Affected

330,000 +

Without Homes 659,268 DISPLACED

Fig 1.10 Infographic on devastation from Yolanda

Fig 1.11 Image of Before and after Eastern coastline of Tacloban Source: CNN

Fig 1.12 Image of effects from Yolanda 24

Fig 1.13 Image of effects from Yolanda Source: CNN

01.22 TIME LINE OF TYPHOON YOLANDA

Becomes Super Typhoon. Assigns the name Yolanda and raises storm signal concerned government agencies conducted pre-emptive evacuation in areas forecasted to be strongly hit by the typhoon. Upgraded to a tropical storm and assign the name Haiyan/Yolanda

8th

6th

7th

3rd

5th

4th

2nd

Many areas have become out of reach as the typhoon destroyed power and communication lines. The government closes down major airports and ports. The super typhoon weakens in the afternoon and evening as it makes its way out of the country.

A low pressure area (LPA) develops

November 2013

Yolanda makes initial landfall on Eastern Samar at 4:40 am and goes "island hoping."

Classified as a tropical depression Becomes Typhoon, Forecast to hit Philippines. Government began preparations to minimize the effect of the typhoon

Yolanda enters the Philippine Area. Local governments conduct preemptive evacuations and declare class suspensions in various parts of the country. In a televised address in the evening, President Benigno Aquino III urges Filipinos not to take chances.

President Aquino issued Proclamation No. 682, declaring a state of calamity over Samar, Leyte, Cebu, Iloilo, Capiz, Aklan, and Palawan. More volunteers were also mobilized to repack family packs for the survivors.

15th

13th

9th

11th

As additional relief and assistance continue, power had been fully and partially restored in a number of areas in the Visayas region.

Concerned government agencies immediately cleared passageways to allow for the transport of relief goods, medical help, and other exigent assistance. Communication hubs, and additional transport vehicles and personnel were also provided to ease flow of information and services.

As relief efforts continue, Thousands of families were sheltered in evacuation centers. In addition, ports, major roads, and bridges were cleared and made passable, enabling a smoother transport of relief and assistance to different areas.

Fig 1.14 Timeline of Typhoon Yolanda Source: Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines

The aim is to address the impact of natural disasters on the Philippines Coastlines & its community by establishing a coastal protection prototype which will stabilize coastlines, revive natural ecosystems, and preserve coastal communities.

COASTAL COMMUNITY

COASTAL PROTECTION

ECOSYSTEM

Fig 1.15 Diagram of mangrove solution Source: A.Altuna

Fig 1.16 Diagram of mangroves Source: A.Altuna

01.30

THESIS OVERVIEW

Due to the future climate change concerns, the issue of rising waters and increased storm surges is becoming increasingly relevant and thus proposes new design challenges. There is an opportunity for architecture and generative design to begin to address these environmental issues by utilizing the mangroves natural protection system and incorporating a quick way to establish a coastal protection system that would be adaptable to various coastlines around surge prone areas. A new master plan strategy that responds to the rising sea levels but also responds to the recovery of the mangroves and its community is the goal of the thesis.

IDEA

PARAMETERS

PSEUDO-CODE

DESIGNER

OUTPUT

SOLUTION PATTERN Fig 1.17 Diagram of generative design process

01.31 Mangrove Mangroves are one of natures best ways for combatting against natural disasters such as storm surges, typhoons and global warming. Mangroves provide a way to dissipate wave energy and also plays an important role for ecosystems including human settlement.

01.32 Generative Design Process These complex systems of soft infrastructure systems, ecological restoration and urban development are so complicated that creating an algorithm based/computational based design process both help account for all the different informations and is very useful for generating many different solution very quickly that could be tested for validity.

02 | THE FACTS

– Survivor Rhea Macawili Milado, 24 Barangay 48-A, Tacloban

“

I was four-month pregnant when Yolanda hit. At about 5 a.m. my husband sent me and Althea to a house we thought was far enough from the coast. But it wasn’t far enough. When the big waves came, the house was instantly flooded. Althea and I struggled to get out but a big fridge blocked the door. Thankfully, one of the neighbors kicked the door in from outside, and we all fled to another, stronger and larger house.

Fig 2.01 Photo from space of Typhoon Yolanda Sourse: NASA

02.10

NATURAL DISASTERS

A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; examples include floods,volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and other geologic processes. A natural disaster can cause loss of life or property damage, and typically leaves some economic damage in its wake, the severity of which depends on the affected populationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s resilience, or ability to recover. 8 Any event or force of nature that has catastrophic consequences, such as avalanche, earthquake, flood, forest fire, hurricane, lightning, tornado,tsunami, and volcanic eruption9

31 26

23 24

26 23

19 16 16

15 16

13 11

8 5

2000

2001

7 5

5 2

2002

2003

2004

2005 2006

2007 2008

7 4

8 4

1 2009

2010

2011

2012 2013

2014

Fig 2.02 Chart of all typhoon in the northern western Pacific Ocean between 2000 and 2015.

02.11

TYPHOON

The term hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons are all the same weather phenomenon, it just depends on where they occur on how these storms differ from one another In the Atlantic and northern Pacific, the storms are called hurricanes, whereas In the northwestern Pacific, the same powerful storms are called typhoons. While In the Indian Ocean and southwestern Pacific, they are called tropical cyclones.10 In order to be classified as a hurricane, typhoon, or cyclone, a storm must reach wind speeds of at least 74 miles per hour (119 kilometers per hour). If a hurricaneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s winds reach speeds of 111 miles per hour, it is upgraded to an intense hurricane. As well as If a typhoon hits 150 miles per hour (as Haiyan/Yolanda), then it becomes a super typhoon.

EYE

DIRECTION OF WIND

WIND DRIVEN SURGE PRESSURE DRIVEN SURGE

Fig 2.03 Sketch of how a storm surge is created Source: National Hurricane Center - NOAA .gov

02.12

STORM SURGE INFORMATION

A Storm surge is an “abnormal rise of water generated by a storm, over and above predicted astronomical tide”12 (Fig 2.03). It is primarily caused by the strong winds in a typhoon, where the wind circulation around the eye blows on the ocean surface and produces a vertical circulation in the ocean. When the typhoon reaches shallower waters, the pressure of the vertical circulation is met by the coastline and pushes the water upward.

Fig 2.04 Terminology of a wave Source: Crawford, Frank S. Waves.

Amplitude

Wave Length (L)

The distance from the undisturbed ocean surface to the displaced water surface

The distance from on position on the wave to the following like position in a group of waves

Crest

Wave Period (T)

The point of maximum elevation of the water

Trough The depression of the water surface below the undisturbed ocean surface

Time between like positions on the wave

Wave Celerity (c) The speed with which the waves would seem to travel past an observer standing at that fixed position

Wave Height (H) The distance between the minimum and maximum elevation

Hard/Rigid (Structural)

Soft/Flexible (Natrual) Fig 2.05 Sketch of shoring types Source: A.Altuna

02.20

SHORING

Various coastal shoring systems protects the infrastructure from flooding due to high water level, erosion, and impact from waves and currents. These systems also protects the coast from boat traffic by reducing waves and stabilizing shorelines/ beaches. With the different types of systems such as hard / rigid (structural), and soft / flexible (natural) these systems can be used to reduce risk on coastlines, and produce environmental and social benefits. The consideration of which system for a site depends on many factors, but it is not limited to one type and can be combined as a multiple solution infrastructure.

02.21

TYPES OF SHORING (HARD INFRASTRUCTURE)

Traditional structural based shoring include levees, storm surge barrier gates, seawalls, revetments, groins, and near shore breakwaters. The purpose of these system is to reduce coastal risk by decreasing flooding, wave damage and coastal erosion.14 Hard solutions have the main role of fixing the shoreline and protecting immediate stakes. These system can be very expensive and can normally worsen other coastal areas near the protected area.

02.22

TYPES OF SHORING (SOFT INFRASTRUCTURE)

Natural shoring features are created through the action of physical, biological, geological, and chemical process in nature. They have the capability of improving the quality and resilience of economic, ecologic, and social systems. Natural/ soft infrastructure solutions are designed to work with nature by integrating the natural dynamics of the shoreline mobility to reload with sediments or revegetate coastlines. These systems have a limited lifespan, and are reversible depending on each system characteristics.

HARD INFRASTRUCTURE SOFT INFRASTRUCTURE

Sea Walls

Dams

Levees

Dunes and Berms

Constructed Reefs

Mangroves

Fig 2.06 Diagram of hard and soft infrastructures Source: A.Altuna

02.30

URBAN SETTLEMENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES

Fig 2.07 Urban dwelling on coastlines Source: CNN

The Philippines has been rapidly increasing in urbanization with almost 60% of the population living in urban areas. 15 The level of urbanization can be explained with a high national birth rate, which is higher in urban areas and with the migration from rural areas to urban that occurs when people move into cities from the countryside in search of better opportunities. Within Tacloban, majority of the coastal communities display these two aspects of a large family living moving into the city to find better job. The rapid urbanization presents several problems as land becomes scarce and more expensive and the rate of urban development does not match the growth of the population. Slums or Urban coastal settlements are defined as buildings or areas that are deteriorated, hazardous, unsanitary, crowded or lacking physical building safety (Fig 2.07). They can be broadly described as temporary to semi- permanent shelters made from salvaged materials in unwanted areas of the city. Slum areas are especially vulnerable to climate change as they are usually located in high-risk areas such as low-lying coastline, steep slopes and ravines. With the lack of standard infrastructure such as roads, drainage, water and sewerage, slum dwellers have reduced mobility in the event of flooding, typhoon or storm surges.

Fig 2.08 Urban dwelling constructed out of found materials Source: CNN

Slum dwellers are identified as the urban poor: individuals or families residing in urban areas whose income or combined household income falls below the poverty threshold. Various terms are used to describe slum dwellers from; Spontaneous settlers, makeshift dwellers, and squatters (Fig 2.08). There are also individuals or groups who occupy lands without the owner’s consent and who have sufficient income for legitimate housing but decide to use their money elsewhere, they are referred to as “professional squatters”

02.31

PHILIPPINES COASTAL HOUSING TYPOLOGY

In Philippines, the slum areas are built from found, discarded materials and lack the proper structure and protection from the harsh environment. The architecture of the tropical country shows a clear adjustment to the specific climate conditions. An important aspect that influences the used constructions materials and leftover scraps on the architecture is the financial situation of the family. With less financial income the architecture and visible construction material are more simple and derived from the natural surroundings.16 Wooden planks, boards, bamboo, and straw are basic materials for the traditional coastal houses.

02.30

MANGROVE SETTLEMENTS

Fig 2.09 Traditional mangrove settlement dwellings Source: CNN

More than half of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s people live in coastal regions, the coasts provides sites for settlement, agriculture and aquaculture, ports, industry, commerce, and recreation. Many of these coastal communities still live in traditional mangrove villages. Stated in â&#x20AC;&#x153;Man in the Mangrovesâ&#x20AC;? There are three major types of communities in or associated with the mangrove forests: Chinese fishing villages, Malay Fishing Villages, and other coastal villages. 17 (Fig. 2.10) Mangroves provide great protection to the shorelines and as well as provide many different uses for humans. For instance, Mangroves are cut down to burn and produce charcoal, where it is used for fuel and building construction. Larger mangrove trees are used to build the structure of the building, while the thinner/ smaller ones are used as poles and roofing for the roof. Local villages use mangroves trees for fishing, with many different species of fish living within the mangrove roots.

Fig 2.10 Characteristics of mangrove management systems Source: Man in the Mangrove

Black Mangrove (Avicennia)

Red Mangrove (Rhizophora)

White Mangrove (Laguncularia) Fig 2.11 Types of Mangroves Source: A.Altuna

Stilt Roots

Pheumatophore

Knee Roots

Plank Roots (Snake Like)

Buttress Roots

Fig 2.12 Characteristics of mangrove roots Source: A.Altuna

Latitudes 25 degree N

-25 degree S

Fig 2.13 Location of where mangroves grow Source: Ecology of Mangroves

02.40

MANGROVE

Mangroves are tropical plants which are found along much of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tropical and subtropical coasts (Fig 2.13). Their distribution throughout the world is affected by climate, salinity of the water, fluctuation of the tides, and the type of soil in the surrounding area. The mangroves grow in loose, wet soils, salt water, and are periodically submerged under water. Mangroves protects the shoreline by absorbing wave energy and reducing velocity of water passing through the rooted barrier. The tangled roots can filter out 90% of the salt absorbed and prevent muddy sediments from reaching coral reefs (Fig 2.12). Mangroves provide a physical habitat and nursery grounds for a wide variety of marine organisms; such as marine animals, crabs, shrimp, fish and clams. The leaves of mangroves fall into the water and become food for the bacteria and fungus which makes up the bases of the food chain. These marine species intern provide food for crab, shrimps, oysters, clams, anchovies, which in turn provide food for larger species, i.e. Seatrout, snappers, snook, and other salt water fishes. There are three main types of mangroves: Red Mangrove (Rhizophora Mangle), Black Mangrove (Avicennia Germinans), and White Mangroves (Laguncularia Racemosa). Each type of mangrove is located at different areas along the coastline (Fig 2.11). Therefore, each tree plays a distinct role in the respective areas they are located. The Philippines has a relatively high mangrove diversity of mangrove species. One in particular is the Red Mangrove, they provide the most relevant coastal storm protection and risk reduction for this region of the Philippines.

Fig 2.14 Life cycle of a Red mangrove propagule Source: A.Altuna

Protection

Strength

Stability

Fig 2.15 Diagram of mangrove characteristics Source: Handbook of mangroves in the Philippines, 2004

02.41

RED MANGROVE

The red mangroves can be distinguished by the reddish color to the back of the trunk roots. They are normally called the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Walking treeâ&#x20AC;? due to the prop roots which arch out from the trunk and branches that give the tree an appearance as if it is walking in the water (Fig 2.15). The leaves are broad and blunt at the tip with a deep green color and lighter green on the underside of the leaf. The ability of the red mangrove to survive in brackish water is a direct result of the trees ability to adapt to its environment by using its networked roots and distributed footprint (Fig. 2.19). The seedlings know as propagules are bud-like growths which grow into a torpedo shape that fall into the water. These seedlings eventually either take root in the ground below or flat and drift with the tides until suitable substrate is found. A red mangrove propagule can drift for almost a year before rooting and producing a tree. (Fig 2.14)

Fig 2.16 Image of Mangrove distributed footprint

Fig 2.17 Image of Mangrove resilience

Fig 2.18 Image of Mangrove root network 48

Topology of connections

DISTRIBUTED FOOTPRINTS They are resilient and can repopulate damaged areas quickly

Centrality

ADAPTABLE CONFIGURATION Ability to Adapt to harsh environments High Salinity Level Can survive in 25%-100% salinity

Clusters

Distance

INTERCONNECTED NETWORKS Rhizophora prop roots form a network above the substrate that present considerable resistance to the flow of water.

Distance

Fig 2.19 Diagram of distributed footprint, adaptable configuration, and interconnected roots Source: A.Altuna

Clusters

02.50 GENERATIVE DESIGN Generative design is a method in which the output is generated by a set of rules or an Algorithm, normally by using a computer program. Most generative design is based on parametric modeling that has parameters and values. Generative design has been inspired by natural design processes, whereby designs are developed as genetic variation through mutation and crossover. Within architecture it is often referred to as computational design where its mainly applied for form-finding processes and for the simulation of architectural structures. It is becoming more important in the design field, largely due to new programming platforms or script writing capabilities such as Rhinoceros & Grasshopper. It has made it relatively easy for designers with little programming experience to implement their ideas into a visual scripting platform that can be translated into an architectural model. One of the most important and distinguishing part that makes a computational model generative is the feedback loop. The feedback ranges from simple mechanisms, where the model takes its own output for input, to relatively complex ones incorporating design evaluations routines (Fig 2.20). Generative methods have their roots deep in the systems dynamic modelling and are by nature repetitive processes where the solution is developed during several iterations of design operations.

IDEA ABSTRACTION

RULES AND PARAMETERS

MODIFIES RULES

FORMALIZATION & (STARTING) PARAMETERS

PSEUDO-CODE

DESIGNER

SOLUTION PATTERN

MODIFIES SOURCE CODE OR PARAMETERS INTERPRETATION BY THE COMPUTER

OUTPUT

DESIGNER JUDGES THE OUTPUT Fig 2.20 Diagram of creating generative design

02.51 DIGITAL PROGRAMS AND PARAMETRIC MODELING As Technology evolves, Generative design is starting to be used by architects and designers to work quicker at making wildly complex patterns with the use of scripting platforms like Grasshopper. Changes made to the design are instantly propagated through all parts of the model, avoiding the need for repetitive redrawing with each iteration. Grasshopper runs in tandem as a free plug-in to Rhinoceros a 3d CAD application software that allows designers unprecedented control over the inputs of the geometry they create, and offers this control in a simple visual programming language(Fig 2.21). The clear graphical interface makes the method user friendly and intuitive for any level of designer. The simple and accessible editor means setting up parametric relationship is as simple as dragging components onto the canvas and dragging wires between them (Fig 2.22). The outputs to these components are then connected to the inputs of subsequent components to build generative algorithms in turn will create 3D geometry.

02.52 PSEUDOCODE DEFINITION & DECISION TREE A Pseudocode is needed to express this programming language into a formally-styled natural language to allow designers and architects to express the design in detailed yet readable format (Fig 2.23). By creating a visual simplified programming language that could be used to describe the detailed step of what the digital script must do. It allows a quick way to analyze to script before implementing it into a computer aided software such as Grasshopper and Rhinoceros.

Fig 2.21 Screenshot of Rhino interface Source: A.Altuna

Fig 2.22 Screenshot of Grasshopper interface Source: A.Altuna

Fig 2.23 Sketch of pseudocode L-system Source: A.Altuna 53

03 | THE EXPOSITION

â&#x20AC;&#x153;

Most families here depend on fishing and small menial jobs to earn their livelihood. So when Yolanda washed away their boats and houses, of course the first thing they focused on was rebuilding their houses and finding jobs. Survivor Valentina Son, 41

03.10 TACLOBAN Tacloban is the capital of Leyte, Philippines and is the largest city of the Eastern Visayas. It is the center of commerce, tourism, education, culture, and government for the region. It is located on the Cancabato Bay, in the San Juanico Strait which divides the islands of Leyte and Samar. Strategically located at the heart of the eastern Visayas, Tacloban is the vital trading point between the two island provinces of Leyte and Samar. It is 360 miles southeast from manila and has a population of 221,174 (according to the 2010 census). It was briefly the capital of the Philippines from 1944 to 1945. With a tropical rainforest climate, also known as an equatorial climate, Tacloban is a tropical climate with no dry season, with all months having a mean precipitation value of at least 60 millimeters or 2.4 in. It is typically hot and wet throughout the year and rainfall is both heavy and frequent. The average high temperature for the year in tacloban is 29.4 °C (84.9 °F). The warmest month on average is May with average temperature of 31 °C (87.8 °F). The coolest moths on average is January with average temperature of 23 °C (73.4 °F). The average rainfall for the year is 2294 mm (90.4 in), with the most rainfall on average in December with 305 millimeters (12.0 in) and the least on average in April with 119 millimeters (4.7 in). The decisions to make tacloban the capital was based on its ideal location of the port and its well sheltered and adequate facilities. It was first known as Kankabatok, based on the first inhabitants known as Kabatok. Its name changed came from the favorite haunt of the kankabtok which was fishing, they would use a bamboo contraption called “Taklub” to catch crabs, shrimps, or fish. When locals asked where they were going, locals would answer “to” Taklub or Tarakluban, Eventually the name became Tarakluban and translated to Tacloban

HIGHS

138 Barangay

LOWS

90.4 in

84.9 73.4 degrees

degrees

TACLOBAN

Average rain fall a year

Temperatures

221,174 Population 2010 census

Tropical Rain Forest Equatorial Climate

LEYTE PROVINCE PHILIPPINES

m2 i) 2k m 1.7 sq 20 .88 E AR (77

JUNE to DECEMBER

ND L LA TOTA

No dry Season Typhoon Season

WEST Mt Naganaga

SITE STUDY

Tacloban Fig 3.01 Infographic of Tacloban city Source: A.Altuna

EAST Cancabato Bay 57

Eastern Visayas Regional Medical Center Tacloban City Port

Leyte Park Resort Hotel

Cancabato Bay

Tacloban City Hall

Eastern Visaya State University

BARANGAY 60A

Tacloban City Convention Center

DZR Airport

San Pedro and San Pablo Bay

03.11

SURROUNDING CONTEXT

As the regional center of Eastern Visayas, Tacloban offers a range of healthcare, education, tourism, commerce, and industry services. There are a number of private and public health care facilities serving the city’s population. The Eastern Visayas Regional Medical center is a fully equipped hospital providing better medical attention not only for the city but to the whole region. Being the center of education for both Leyte and Samar, it has much to offer in terms of educational institutions both public and private. Tacloban metropolitan arena or popularly known as “Astrodome” is a 5,000 seat indoor arena which is now the perfect location for basketball tourneys and other sporting activities, concerts and other big gatherings. The arena was severely damaged during Typhoon Haiyan/Yolanda where it served as the evacuation center for the city (Fig 4.03).

Fig 3.02 Tacloban city surrounding context 59

BRGY 01: 1,100

BRGY 25: 1,842

BRGY 31: 706 BRGY 35: 274

BRGY 35-A 855 BRGY 48-A 588

BRGY 48-B: 660

BRGY 51-A 233

BRGY 51: 507

BRGY 52 1,304

BRGY 54-A: 818

BRGY 54 720

BRGY 56-A: 631 BRGY 56 1,124

BRGY 58: 1,144

BRGY 60-A: 1,640

BRGY 60 1,224

BRGY 62-B 3,492

BRGY 64: 2,222

62 Y G BR ,434 1

BRGY 88: 9,806

BRGY 62-A 2,385 BRGY 63 4,645

BRGY 75: 954 BRGY 83-A: 1,782 BRGY 76 1,024

BRGY 83-A 1,782

BRGY 86: 1,285 BRGY 83 2,548

BRGY 83-C 3,490

BRGY 85 1,572

BRGY 84 5,959

BRGY 87: 3,464 BRGY 87 3,464

BRGY 90 382

BRGY 89: 4,234

03.12

NEIGHBORHOOD (BARANGAYS) AND POPULATION

The City of Tacloban is divided into 138 barangays, which are the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district or ward. With a High population of 221,174 inhabitants, and majority of the population lives near or along the coastlines.

Fig 3.03 Tacloban city coastal population 61

BARANGAY 60A

Inter-tidal Bay Coastline Edge

Mountainous Edge

03.13

TOPOGRAPHY

Tacloban is located on the Cancabato Bay, in the San Juanico Strait. The city is covered with mainly rolling plains, mountain and hill ranges. With an elevation of approximately 3.05 meters above sea level, part of the city sits on a peninsular geography. Tacloban City is located in the northeastern part of the island of Leyte, one of the islands of Eastern Visayas. It lays 11 degrees 14’ 38.19” north latitude and 125 degrees 0’ 18.24” East longitude and has a Land area of 20,172 hectares or 201.72 sq.km.

Fig 3.04 Tacloban city wave current and topography Source: Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR-LMB)

BARANGAY 60A

High Suscept Flooding and

High Suscept Landslides

FUNN

EL EF

FECT

Fig 3.06 Typhoon Haiyan struck the Leyte Gulf, in the Philippines Source: NOAA Office of Coast Survey

tibility to Storm Surge

tibility to

03.14

EXPOSURE

Tacloban faces east into the pacific ocean where there is the largest, deepest and hottest pool of ocean water on the planet (Fig 1.09). This creates perfect conditions for intense super typhoons to form and sustain their intensity all the way to landfall. The city is located in a funnel shaped coastline, where the eastern coast of the island of Leyte meets the southern coast of the island of Samar. As a fast westerly moving typhoon pushes through the funnel, large surge of water cannot relieve its pressure and increases in size as it reaches Tacloban. The cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s landscape is relatively flat with only a meter of two above high tide level. Allowing a 4-6 meter storm surge to penetrate far inland and rip houses off their foundation several meters in.

Fig 3.05 Tacloban city hazards: surge, flooding and landslide Source: NOAA Office of Coast Survey

03.20

TACLOBAN AND YOLANDA

As super typhoon Yolanda hit Tacloban with its full force casting massive destruction across the city. The major force of devastation and loss of life was due to a 4-5 meter storm surge that swept pass through peninsula and over the Daniel Romualdez airport to hit the center of the city. As some areas were completely washed away, others were experiencing flooding 1 km inland on the eastern coastlines of the province.

Fig 3.07 Exposure to surge in Barangay 60A Source: A.Altuna

03.21 ONE YEAR LATER A Year later, the neighborhoods is a little more than a chaotic shanty town, using materials salvaged from the storm; battered corrugated iron, white UN tents, mouldy cardboards, old blankets and ragged wood frames. Residents have ignored the governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s new â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;40 meter no build zoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and with nearly 90% of the residents have moved back to rebuild heir home in the same location as their former dwellings. This leaves the inhabitants vulnerable to even light rainfall, let alone another typhoon. Life in the temporary relocation sites does not promise much in the way of hope and most of them are wasting away the days until the government provides them with new work. With an expected full reconstruction and rehabilitation to take years, and much of the hope one might expect to see is still not present.

Fig 3.08 Tacloban City one year later-Before and After images Source IMAGE: DENNIS M. SABANGAN/EPA

04 | THE IDEA / PLOT

“

My life has been spent near the sea, I have worked as a diver all my life. I don’t know what to do if that is taken away from me. -Survivor Jaime Boctot

04.10 CONCEPT In response to the environmental disaster due to Typhoon Yolanda in tacloban, I wanted to generate a system where the mangrove system becomes the interface between ocean and coastal communities.

Relief

Pressure

Fig 4.01 Concept diagram of pressure and relief Source: A.Altuna

04.11

METHODS- LAYERING SYSTEM

The project combines the coastal protection infrastructure with ecological restoration and maintains a coastal community by deploying a layered system that works in tandem with one another. WIth the concept of protecting the coastlines from periodic weather extremes with multiple layers of defense (Fig 4.02).

Wave Attenuation

Wetland

Sea-grass Tidal Flats

COASTAL COMMUNITY

Coastline Community

Inland Community

Layered Approach

ECOSYSTEM

Fig 4.02 Concept diagram of layered solution Source: A.Altuna

04.12

DESIGN STANDARDS

Coral Reef

Mangrove Terracing

Peninsula

Mangrove Plantation

The aim is to have the RMS be able to have a dense and diverse mix of users, building types and public spaces. While keeping the preferred mode of travel mainly by walking or fishing vessels. To create a neighborhood that would be integrated with the natural system of mangroves to help combat against climate change and environmental disasters. And lastly to create a neighborhood that will be resilient and durable with building types that will reduce their environmental footprints and be adaptable to climate change.

COASTAL PROTECTION

Fig 4.03 Image of Metropolitan arena after Yolanda Photo Credit: Volunteers for Visayans

05 | THE EXPERIMENT

Good design cannot be reduced to mere numbers… judgment and intuition are crucial components of architectural design.” – David Benjamin

“

05.10 PARAMETRIC / GENERATIVE DESIGN PROCESS In response to the environmental disaster caused by Typhoon Yolanda in the Philippines, I wanted to generate a system that would be suitable for repopulation for the people in that area, but with a better sense of protection. Utilizing the parametric modeling software Grasshopper and Rhino, I have generated a way to repopulate the damaged coastal area for the local residence by creating a generative design solution that can quickly be utilized to build an ecological and social resilient coastline.

Fig 5.01 Graphical description of generative script Source: A.Altuna

05.11 PARAMETERS AND VALUES Due to time constraint and scope of the research I limited the tremendous amount of parameters and values to the major information that would play a major role in the design. There are many other factors that could have been included, given more time I could develop a more robust model. Establishing 3 major categories (water, ecology, and community) with 2-3 measurable factors that will help in defining the system. The values set the rules and limits for specific site conditions and restricts the model from designing past its limits. Designing on the basis that the parameter and values could be edited to manipulate or alter the end results of a system to create various design solution. By modifying individual parameters the model could generate different versions of the solution while being certain that the constraints set by the values hold true to the site conditions.

Parameters: Rules

Values: Data

Coastal Exposure

[Boundary]

Area of Application

Wave

[Force]

Surge Height - 1ft - 15Ft+ Surge Classification

Ocean Topography

[Slope]

.25째 - 3째

Zones

[Layers]

Zones 1 to 4

Ecosystem

[Density]

Width (perpendicular to shore)

Circulations

[Flows]

Access of Channel width

Settlement Density

[Urban | Rural]

Amount of Housing per Channel and Zone

Fig 5.02 Parameters and values for generative script Source: A.Altuna

Fig 5.03 Barangay 60A -View out to Cancabato Bay Photo Credit: Volunteers for Visayans

05.12

RHINO AND GRASSHOPPER SCRIPT

Creating a generative parametric script that would process all this information and provide a quick solution pattern to repopulate a damaged area. By taking these data and connecting it to a 3d modeling software such as Rhino and Grasshopper, it will analyze each of these select parameters: exposure, topography, zonation, circulation, and community. Instead of having to manually calculate the results of parametric equations the script could automatically derive the shape of the RMS through set of parameters and values.

Fig 5.04 Grasshopper generative script/ RMS definition Source: A.Altuna

WATER SITE

INPUT

BATHYMETRY

WAVE

MANGROVE (Rhizphora)

SLOPE

DEPTH

MAX DISTANCE

HEIGHT (max)

DEPTH

.25°

.25M

10M-50M

0M - 10M

.5°

.5M

50M-100M

1M - 2M

10M - 50M

1°

100M-200M

50M - 150M

2°

1.5M

200M-300M

150M - 3000M

3°

300M+

5M +

300M +

05.13

PSEUDOCODE OF GENERATIVE SCRIPT

Simplifying the generative script into a graphical pseudocode that is detailed yet readable, can help the designer inspect that the actual programming is matching the design specifications. Once the pseudocode is accepted, it can be re-implemented into a computer aided software to generate different solution patterns.

ECOSYSTEM ZONES

COMMUNITY CHANNEL

CIRCULATION

NEIGHBORHOOD

QUANTITY

WIDTH (max)

SHORELINE ACCESS

OCEAN ACCESS

QUANTITY

MINIMUM

LOW

3-4

MEDIUM

10M +

HIGH

Fig 5.05 Pseudocode graphical representation of RMS definition Source: A.Altuna

SOLUTION PATTERN

OUTPUT

05.14 MODELING SPECIFIC PARAMETERS COASTAL EXPOSURE Selecting a specific site and establishing its boundaries to be analyzed. Values: measurable area OCEAN TOPOGRAPHY Analyzing the bathymetry of the selected site Values: Limited to by not restricted to .25째 - 3째 slope WAVE Data on existing and predicted maximum surge height Values: Limited to but not restricted to 1ft - 15ft +/ZONES: Based on the amount of protection needed against a the maximum wave height. Zones are additive, as you build out away from the shore, zone 1 remains closest to the ocean. Values: 1 zone: Max Mangroves 2 zones: High Mangroves 3 zones: Medium Mangroves 4 zones: Mid-low Mangroves 5 zones: low Mangroves CIRCULATION Based on amount of housing within the system Values: Width and branches of channels ECOSYSTEM Amount of mangrove needed to protect against a strom surge Values: Width of mangrove perpendicular to the shoreline SETTLEMENT DENSITY Based on the zone classification it will dictates what type housing will be available Values: 1 zone: No housing 2 zones: Specialized housing 3 zones: Low density housing 4 zones: Medium density housing 5 zones: High density housing

[Boundary]

Ocean Topography

[Slope]

Wave | Zones

[Force]

Circulations

[Flows]

Ecosystem

[Existing]

Settlement Density

[Urban | Rural]

ZO N OC E 1 EA N EA N OC

LO W

MI D

HIG H

R ZO E NE ZO 5

Coastal Exposure

Fig 5.06 Diagram of parameter and values implemented in grasshopper Source: A.Altuna

Fig 5.07 Diagram Boundary related to pseudocode Source: A.Altuna

WATER

SITE

BATHYMETRY

COASTAL BOUNDARY

INPUT

WAVE

MANGROVE (Rhizphora)

SLOPE

DEPTH

MAX DISTANCE

HEIGHT (max)

DEPTH

.25°

.25M

10M-50M

0M - 10M

.5°

.5M

50M-100M

1M - 2M

10M - 50M

1°

100M-200M

50M - 150M

2°

1.5M

200M-300M

150M - 3000M

3°

300M+

5M +

300M +

relin

Sho

Zon

3 e

n Zo

2 e

n Zo

1 an

Fig 5.08 Diagram Zonation related to pseudocode Source: A.Altuna

ECOSYSTEM

COMMUNITY

ZONES ZONATION

CHANNEL

CIRCULATION

QUANTITY

WIDTH (max)

SHORELINE ACCESS

OCEAN ACCESS

QUANTITY

MINIMUM

LOW

3-4

MEDIUM

10M +

HIGH

NEIGHBORHOOD

Fig 5.09 Pseudocode relationship to diagram Source: A.Altuna

SOLUTION PATTERN

OUTPUT

Fig 5.10 Diagram Bathymetry related to pseudocode Source: A.Altuna

WATER

SITE

INPUT INPUT

BATHYMETRY

WAVE

MANGROVE (Rhizphora)

SLOPE SLOPE

DEPTH DEPTH

MAX DISTANCE DISTANCE MAX

HEIGHT (max) (max) HEIGHT

DEPTH DEPTH

.25° .25°

.25M .25M

10M-50M 10M-50M

NA NA

0M--10M 10M 0M

.5° .5°

.5M .5M

50M-100M 50M-100M

1M--2M 2M 1M

10M--50M 50M 10M

1° 1°

1M 1M

100M-200M 100M-200M

3M 3M

50M--150M 150M 50M

2° 2°

1.5M 1.5M

200M-300M 200M-300M

4M 4M

150M--3000M 3000M 150M

3° 3°

2M 2M

300M+ 300M+

5M++ 5M

300M++ 300M

Fig 5.11 Diagram Channels related to pseudocode Source: A.Altuna

ECOSYSTEM ZONES

COMMUNITY

CHANNEL

CIRCULATION CIRCULATION

NEIGHBORHOOD

QUANTITY QUANTITY

WIDTH WIDTH (max) (max)

SHORELINE SHORELINE ACCESS ACCESS

OCEAN OCEAN ACCESS ACCESS

QUANTITY QUANTITY

NA NA

3M 3M

MINIMUM MINIMUM

5M 5M

LOW LOW

8M 8M

3-4 3-4

MEDIUM MEDIUM

10M 10M ++

55 ++

HIGH HIGH

Fig 5.12 Pseudocode relationship to diagram Source: A.Altuna

SOLUTION PATTERN

OUTPUT OUTPUT

relin

Sho

Zon

3 e

n Zo

2 e

n Zo

1 an

WATER BATHYMETRY

Fig 5.13 Diagram Ecosystem related to pseudocode Source: A.Altuna

WAVE

MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM (Rhizphora)

ZONES

DEPTH

DEPTH QUANTITY

SLOPE

SLOPE DEPTH

DEPTH MAX DISTANCE

.25°

.25°.25M

.25M 10M-50M

10M-50M NA

0M - 10M

0M - 10M 1

.5°

.5° .5M

.5M 50M-100M

50M-100M 1M - 2M

10M - 50M

10M - 50M 2

INPUT 1°

1° 1M

1M 100M-200M

100M-200M 3M

50M - 150M

50M - 150M 3

2°

2° 1.5M

1.5M 200M-300M

200M-300M 4M

150M - 3000M

150M - 3000M 4

3°

3° 2M

300M +

2M 300M+

MAXHEIGHT DISTANCE (max)

ECOSYSTE

300M+ 5M +

relin

Sho

Zon

3 e

n Zo

2 e

n Zo

1 an

Fig 5.14 Diagram Settlements related to pseudocode Source: A.Altuna

ECOSYSTEM

COMMUNITY

CHANNEL

ZONES

QUANTITY QUANTITY

CIRCULATION

WIDTHWIDTH (max) (max)

SHORELINE ACCESS SHORELINE ACCESS

NEIGHBORHOOD

SETTLEMENT

ACCESS OCEANOCEAN ACCESS

3-4

10M + 10M +

SOLUTION PATTERN

QUANTITY QUANTITY NA

MINIMUM MINIMUM

LOW

OUTPUT OUTPUT

MEDIUMMEDIUM

HIGH

Fig 5.15 Pseudocode relationship to diagram Source: A.Altuna

OCEAN

ZONE 1

SHORELINE

Fig 5.16 Generic test - Solution pattern 001 - Plan

05.15.1 GENERIC TEST - SOLUTION PATTERNS 001

PLAN

WATER SITE

INPUT

BATHYMETRY

WAVE

MANGROVE (Rhizphora)

SLOPE

DEPTH

MAX DISTANCE

HEIGHT (max)

DEPTH

.25°

.25M

10M-50M

0M - 10M

.5°

.5M

50M-100M

1M - 2M

10M - 50M

1°

100M-200M

50M - 150M

2°

1.5M

200M-300M

150M - 3000M

3°

300M+

5M +

300M +

INE

REL

SHO

ZON

ISOMETRIC Fig 5.17 Generic test - Solution pattern 001 - Isometric

ECOSYSTEM ZONES

COMMUNITY CHANNEL

CIRCULATION

NEIGHBORHOOD

QUANTITY

WIDTH (max)

SHORELINE ACCESS

OCEAN ACCESS

QUANTITY

MINIMUM

LOW

3-4

MEDIUM

10M +

HIGH

SOLUTION PATTERN

OUTPUT

Fig 5.15 Pseudocode - Solution pattern 001 99

OCEAN

ZONE 1

SHORELINE

Fig 5.19 Generic test - Solution pattern 002 - Plan Source: A.Altuna

05.15.2 GENERIC TEST - SOLUTION PATTERNS 002

PLAN

WATER SITE

INPUT

100

BATHYMETRY

WAVE

MANGROVE (Rhizphora)

SLOPE

DEPTH

MAX DISTANCE

HEIGHT (max)

DEPTH

.25°

.25M

10M-50M

0M - 10M

.5°

.5M

50M-100M

1M - 2M

10M - 50M

1°

100M-200M

50M - 150M

2°

1.5M

200M-300M

150M - 3000M

3°

300M+

5M +

300M +

INE

REL

SHO

ZON

ISOMETRIC Fig 5.20 Generic test - Solution pattern 002 - Isometric Source: A.Altuna

ECOSYSTEM ZONES

COMMUNITY CHANNEL

CIRCULATION

NEIGHBORHOOD

QUANTITY

WIDTH (max)

SHORELINE ACCESS

OCEAN ACCESS

QUANTITY

MINIMUM

LOW

3-4

MEDIUM

10M +

HIGH

Fig 5.21 Pseudocode - Solution pattern 002 Source: A.Altuna

SOLUTION PATTERN

OUTPUT

101

OCEAN

ZONE 1

ZONE 2

SHORELINE

Fig 5.22 Generic test - Solution pattern 003 - Plan Source: A.Altuna

05.15.3 GENERIC TEST - SOLUTION PATTERNS 003

PLAN

WATER SITE

INPUT

102

BATHYMETRY

WAVE

MANGROVE (Rhizphora)

SLOPE

DEPTH

MAX DISTANCE

HEIGHT (max)

DEPTH

.25°

.25M

10M-50M

0M - 10M

.5°

.5M

50M-100M

1M - 2M

10M - 50M

1°

100M-200M

50M - 150M

2°

1.5M

200M-300M

150M - 3000M

3°

300M+

5M +

300M +

INE

REL

SHO

ZON

ISOMETRIC Fig 5.20 Generic test - Solution pattern 003 - Isometric Source: A.Altuna

ECOSYSTEM ZONES

COMMUNITY CHANNEL

CIRCULATION

NEIGHBORHOOD

QUANTITY

WIDTH (max)

SHORELINE ACCESS

OCEAN ACCESS

QUANTITY

MINIMUM

LOW

3-4

MEDIUM

10M +

HIGH

Fig 5.21 Pseudocode - Solution pattern 003 Source: A.Altuna

SOLUTION PATTERN

OUTPUT

103

06 | THE CLIMAX

Iwan Baan

“

When the modern city does not adapt to the people... the people will adapt to the city.

105

06.10 MATRIX OF SOLUTION PATTERNS Generating multiple solution patterns for a specific site allows you the opportunity to analyze which test solution would be the best fit for the site and community. Selecting barangay 60A as my test site was because it was one of the most heavily damaged communities in Tacloban City. Its site condition was a great match for the parameters and values, and would produce various solution patterns. Applying the generative script to Barangay 60A and translating the parameter and values to the script will allow me to rum multiple test. On Fig 6.01 I came up with 6 variation of possible design solutions for this specific site. Evaluating the performance values of each of the test, I choose test solution 001 due to it having the most benefits to the environment, community and protection against a storm surge.

106

Test Solution 001

Test Solution 004

.5° 2M 300M+ 5M+ 300+

1° 1.5M 50M-100M 1M-2M 50M-150M

4 10M+ 5+

3-4 HIGH

2 5M 1

1 MINIMUM

Test Solution 002

Test Solution 005

2° 1.5M 10M-50M 1M-2M 10M-50M

.5° 1.5M 100M-200M 3M 150M-300M

1 3M 1

1 NA

Test Solution 003 3° .5M 10M-50M NA 0M-10M

1 NA NA

NA NA

3 8M 3-4

2 MEDIUM

Test Solution 006 2° 1.5M 10M-50M 1M-2M 10M-50M

1 3M 2

2 NA

Fig 6.01 Matrix diagram of solution patterns Source: A.Altuna

107

SITE

06.11

SELECTION OF BEST RESULTS FOR BARANGAY 60A

Selecting Test solution 001 with a 4 zone design strategy, this solution can accommodate the maximum local urban community and still providing protection against another storm surge. Utilizing the generative/creative design method (Fig 1.17), this allows the opportunity for the designer to generate more details on how this system is going to translate into a masterplan strategy.

108

Fig 6.02 Diagram of location of Barangay 60A case study site Source: A.Altuna

OCEAN

ZONE 1

ZONE 2

ZONE 3

ZONE 4

SHORELINE

Fig 6.03 Solution pattern for Barangay 60A case study site - Plan Source: A.Altuna

BARANGAY 60A MASTERPLAN SOLUTION PATTERN

INE

REL

SHO

ZON

E1 ZON

ISOMETRIC Fig 6.04 Solution pattern for Barangay 60A case study site - Isometric Source: A.Altuna

109

Fig 6.02 Diagram of location of Barangay 60A case study site Source: A.Altuna

ZONE 3

ZONE 4

SHORE 110

Wetlands Water Retention System Public Infrastructure Gathering Space (Nodes) Housing Ocean Entry Node

Channels

ZONE 1

ZONE 2

Graphic Zone Markers

Fig 6.06 Rendered Master Plan strategy for Barangay 60A case study site

06.20

BARANGAY 60A RESILIENT MANGROVE SETTLEMENT

By establishing nodes and focal points within the masterplan, it provides an opportunity for a communal infrastructure of specific program elements. This can provide a foundation for an organized system of shared spaces, In doing so, creating and maintaining a healthier, cleaner, and livable community. By creating major pathways and channels within the space, it provides easy access for local fishermen to and from their livelihood. Designing a modular system of equal allotment of certain types of structure can preserve the notion of clustering that is characteristic of slum communities. The regeneration of mangroves on the site provides protection to the community from typhoons, storm surges, and sea level rise. 111

06.21

HEXFRAME AND MANGROVE INSTALLATION

Phase 001: Analyze site Apply generative design process

Phase 002: Implement support component structure - HEXFRAME (Fig 6.07a) Plant new mangrove

Phase 003: As mangrove matures it provides protection and HEXFRAMES can be reused elsewhere Construct neighborhood framing structure

Phase 004: Coastal communities start to infill the framing structure and creates neighborhood As mangroves mature, dwellings units grow in tandem with mangroves

112

Fig 6.07a HEXFRAME Model Source: A.Altuna

Fig 6.07b Phases of installation of mangrove and HEXFRAME Source: A.Altuna

113

114

Fig 6.08 Barangay 60A -Existing Coastal Settlement Housing Photo Credit: Volunteers for Visayans

115

1= 06.9 SQM

2= 13.8 SQM

3= 20.8 SQM

4= 27.7 SQM

5= 34.6 SQM

6= 41.6 SQM

DISTRIBUTED FOOTPRINTS HexFrame Housing Typology

ADAPTABLE CONFIGURATION Infill Material

INTERCONNECTED NETWORKS Networked Structure 116

Fig 6.09 Diagram of Concept ideas related to mangroves Source: A.Altuna

06.22

HOUSING INSTALLATION

Similar to the mangrove characteristics (Fig 2.19), the dwelling unit typology has an adaptable configuration that provides protection and shelter against storms. With its distributed footprint, it provide the ability to densify and preserve the diverse mix of building types, publics paces and users found in traditional urban villages. Salvaging found and used materials for building systems will be durable and resilient. Creating a connected neighborhood that works with one another by using the interconnected network system of the HEXFRAME for strength and stability.

Fig 6.10 Exploded diagram of dwelling unit Source: A.Altuna

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118

1st round of HEXFRAME Installation

2nd Addition of HEXFRAME 1st round of Mangrove plantation

3rd Final Addition of HEXFRAME 2nd Addition of Mangrove plantation 1st nstallation of Housing

Fig 6.11 Phase of Installation of housing, mangroves and HEXFRAME Source: A.Altuna

Complete HEXFRAME 3rd Final Addition of Mangrove Plantation 2nd Addition of Housing

Complete HEXFRAME Complete Mangrove 3rd Final Addition of Housing Complete RMS

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WETLANDS

COMMUNITY

Help facilitate water retention and mitigates flooding events

Nodes of social engagement and interaction creates unity

MARINE HABITAT Creating habitat for marine life, using the bay as a protective living and feeding ground before venturing out into the Pacific.

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DISSIPATION OF WATER Layered system to act as buffer between ocean and land

WATER COLLECTION Water retention system to collect and store rain water

HOUSING

INTERACTION

HEXFRAME

Dwelling that becomes an extension of the exterior landscape will retain the intimate social network

Reusable framing system that provide stability for mangrove plantation and housing structure

Flexible structure that expands with each growing family and an amphibious structure that combats the rising waters

Fig 6.12 Section through RMS Source: A.Altuna

121

122

Fig 6.13 Rendering of relationship to sky, land, and nature Source: A.Altuna

123

124

Fig 6.14 Physical concept models and final models Source: A.Altuna

125

Wave is detected

Wave Approaches RMS

Wave Contacts RMS

126

Wave Breaks through RMS

RMS Dissipates Wave

Water Recedes back

6 Fig 6.15 Physical model wave simulation test Source: A.Altuna

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06.26

OVERALL BENEFITS

Opportunities are available to local schools and kids to engage in hands on education, and interactive forest rehabilitation. Ever Changing Topography provides a series of terrains that allows each visitor to choose individual paths and journeys as a personal response to daily and seasonal changes Providing an economic benefits by supporting fisheries production and aquaculture, also provide nursery grounds, shelter and food for fish and other sea creatures

128

Fig 6.17 Sketch of Mangrove and RMS installation Along Taclobans Coast Source: A.Altuna

Fig 6.18 Overall benefits to the RMS Source: A.Altuna

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COASTAL COMMUNITY

COASTAL PROTECTION

ECOSYSTEM

07 | THE RESOLUTION

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The capacity of a system, community or society potentially exposed to hazards to adapt, by resisting or changing in order to reach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning and structure. â&#x20AC;&#x153;

Hyogo Framework for Action

131

07.10 PROOF OF CONCEPT

Pre-Mangrove Application Creating a place that will provide community that is suitable and fitted for the way traditionally on how the local people have been living here prior to the tsunami, but with a better sense of protection.

Application of Generative Mangrove Settlements Generating a master plan strategy where the local residents and the mangroves to work in tandem to provide a place for community, education, economy, recreation, and protection.

Mangrove Urbanism Post Surge The overall goal was to generate a model that would allow the community to survive a storm surge in a much better way than it had been before.

132

Fig 7.01 Sequence of events: before event, installation of RMS, aftermath of event Source: A.Altuna

Fig 7.02 Physical model Source: A.Altuna

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07.11 PUBLIC PRESENTATION Finalcut

Storyboard SCENE 01- Intro RMS Opening Scene

SCENE 02 - Title Resilient Mangrove Settlements Utilizing A Generative [creative] Process to Rehabilitate Destroyed Coastal Cities

SCENE 03 - Intro to Typhoon Yolanda On November 8th 2013, the Philippines was hit by one of the most devastating typhoon ever recorded to touch land.

CATEGORY 5

195 MPH

SCENE 04 - Data on Typhoon Yolanda

STORM SURGE

15â&#x20AC;&#x2122;+

As a category 5 typhoon it generated winds up to 195 mile per hour, and a 15+foot storm surges in certain areas.

SCENE 05 - Effects of Typhoon Yolanda

330,000 +

It caused major damages trough out the Philippines, 300,000 people are without homes, 9.8 million people affected and thousands lives were tragically lost.

Without Homes

9.8

MILLION

People Affected

SCENE 06 - Tacloban Aftermath Tacloban is among one of the worst-hit cities in the Philippines destroyed by super Typhoon Yolanda

SCENE 07 - How and Why Typhoon Yolanda The cities large population, high level of urbanization, location and weak coastal areas all contributed to its unique vulnerability.

SCENE 08 - Problem #1 Displacement of Coastal Communities due to a 40 meter no build zones

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Storyboard

Finalcut

SCENE 09 - Problem #2 Ecosystem Loss of local ecosystems due to roads, urban settlements, and shrimp farming

SCENE 10 - Problem #3 Protection And unprotected coastlines against the increase storms every year

SCENE 11 - Solution Precedents Is there a way we can keep the community where there at, while restoring the local ecosystem and also providing coastal protection.

SCENE 12 - Mangrove introduction

DISTRIBUTED FOOTPRINTS

With its adaptable configuration, distributed footprint, and interconnected network of root provides protection, strength, and stability.

ADAPTABLE CONFIGURATION

NETWORK OF ROOTS

SCENE 13 - Mangrove Background Mangroves generating a way where we can repopulate damaged areas, reestablishing a local ecosystem, and providing coastal protection against natural disasters.

COASTAL COMMUNITY

ECOSYSTEM

COASTAL PROTECTION

SCENE 14 - Concept Buffer The idea is that the mangrove system becomes the interface between ocean and coastal communities.

SCENE 15 - Data Into Script

Site

With the tremendous amount of information that goes into considering a site for this proposal

Depth Slope

Bathymetry

SCENE 16 - Generative Design Generating a parametric design solution that can quickly repopulate coastlines WATER SITE

INPUT

Fig 7.03 Storyboard, narrative, and final cut of public presentation Source: A.Altuna

BATHYMETRY

ECOSYSTEM WAVE

ZONES

COMMUNITY CHANNEL

CIRCULATION

NEIGHBORHOOD

DEPTH

QUANTITY

WIDTH (max)

SHORELINE ACCESS

OCEAN ACCESS

.25°

.25M

10M-50M

0M - 10M

.5°

.5M

50M-100M

1M - 2M

10M - 50M

MINIMUM

1°

100M-200M

50M - 150M

LOW

2°

1.5M

200M-300M

150M - 3000M

3-4

MEDIUM

3°

300M+

5M +

300M +

10M +

HIGH

MAX DISTANCE

HEIGHT (max)

MANGROVE (Rhizphora)

SLOPE

SOLUTION PATTERN

QUANTITY

OUTPUT

135

Finalcut

Storyboard SCENE 17 - Application of Pseudocode Creating a generative parametric script that would process all this information and provide a quick solution pattern to repopulate a damaged area.

WATER SITE

INPUT

BATHYMETRY

ECOSYSTEM WAVE

COMMUNITY CHANNEL

ZONES

CIRCULATION

NEIGHBORHOOD

DEPTH

QUANTITY

WIDTH (max)

SHORELINE ACCESS

OCEAN ACCESS

.25°

.25M

10M-50M

0M - 10M

.5°

.5M

50M-100M

1M - 2M

10M - 50M

MINIMUM

1°

100M-200M

50M - 150M

LOW

2°

1.5M

200M-300M

150M - 3000M

3-4

MEDIUM

3°

300M+

5M +

300M +

10M +

HIGH

MAX DISTANCE

HEIGHT (max)

MANGROVE (Rhizphora)

SLOPE

SOLUTION PATTERN

QUANTITY

OUTPUT

SCENE 18 - Solution Parameters Modeling specific parameters into a simplified graphic representation of the parametric script. 18. Breaking it down to the 3 main factors: Water, Ecosystem, and Protection

SCENE 19 - Sample Test The idea would be that the master plan strategy would be dictated by site condition and provide a solution pattern that would work best for the site.

Coastal Exposure

[Boundary]

Ocean Topography

[Slope]

Wave

[Force]

Circulation

[Flow]

Ecosystem

[Existing]

Settlement Density

[Urban | Rural]

SCENE 20 - Description of Parameters This Script will be able to provide a design that would establish the boundary, topography, zonation, circulation and placement of settlements.

SCENE 21 - Matrix of Solution Selecting the solution pattern would fall into the designers hand and would allow the creativity to take place and be manipulated accordingly to fit local conditions.

SCENE 22 - Master Plan Applying this generative script to Barangay 60A. with a 5 zone design, this solution can accommodate the local urban community will still providing protection and local ecosystems.

SCENE 23 - Phase of Installation The first phase of installation would be the implementation of the HexFRAME system. Providing support for the Infant mangroves as they are being planted and nurtured.

SCENE 24 - Rendering of Community As the mangroves mature, the HexFRAME can be dismantled and reused either for new plantation of mangroves or for the structure of the housing units.

136

Storyboard

Finalcut

SCENE 25 - Housing Description Similar to the mangrove, the housing interconnected network of houses, adaptable skin configuration, and distributed foot print of supports.

SCENE 26 - Benefits Creating a place for education, economy, and recreation.

SCENE 27 - Pre Surge Creating a place that will provide community that is suitable and fitted for the way traditionally on how the local people have been living here prior to the tsunami, but with a better sense of protection.

SCENE 28 - Application of Solution . Generating a master plan where the local community could survive a surge in a much better way than it had been.

SCENE 29 - Post Surge The overall goal was to generate a model that could develop a type of community that was suitable and fitted for a specific site that would allow the community to survive a surge in a much better way than it had been before.

SCENE 30 - Around the World Potentially creating a safer, adaptable, and Resilient coastlines that is applicable to not only the Philippines but other regions around the world.

Latitudes 25 degree N

-25 degree S

LINK AND DATA YOUTUBE: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mzl-LfdHOSs Wordpress: https://arnoldaltuna.wordpress.com/ Views total 185 Views on wordpress

Fig 7.04 Storyboard, narrative, and final cut of public presentation Source: A.Altuna

137

07.12

RESPONSE

Presented video to FLAD Architects: Martin Regge, AICP, Urban Designer / Campus Planner -Very creative and enjoys the relationship between the mangroves and the urban settlers -Appreciates the aspect of thinking past just architecture and looking at the larger scale of the problem -Would like to go deeper into the gathering space, maybe have a rendering showing the activity

Kim Drake, Marketing and Communications Director -Insightful and very compelling -The story of the people and what they have gone through is evident and heartfelt -It was simple and straight forward, easy to understand for a person not in architecture.

Ben de Rubertis, Design Director -Creative, Innovative -Likes the use of the grasshopper scripting -Potentially expanding it further and looking at how the script can dictate how the housing can be oriented and clustered together. -Would have love to see the physical model with the water simulation -What are your next steps in having this be a reality, maybe create a mock up of the hexframes?

Brad Leathley, Principal, Academic Market Segment Leader -Very Creative and unique, Interesting how you would use the salvaged materials as building materials. -Have you looked at if tacloban and see if they are already implementing a mangrove restoration -Whats my next step for the housing units?

138

07.13

CONCLUSION

Tacloban City represents the potential to challenge the way we protect our city from natural disasters. There is much to learn about the interaction between the ocean and human settlement. Can a devastated city constantly being threatened by natural disasters hold on to the traditional vernacular of living by the water and working on the sea? A generative design can be used to build a master plan intervention strategy, however it is crucial that the designer is committed to providing the right parameters and values for the generative script to be able to generate the most effective solution pattern that is fitted for the site. Climate change has become a global issue, with the typhoons frequency and severity are seemingly increasing. Although the city is still vulnerable, there is a chance that the RMS system can evolve into something significant to help stabilize coastlines, revive natural ecosystems, and preserve coastal communities I am inspired by the resilience of the human spirit.

Fig 7.05 TACLOBAN WITH RMS Source: A.Altuna

139

07.14 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.01 Saffir/Simpson Scale [Simpson, R.H. (1974)].

Fig 2.13 Location of where mangroves grow

Fig 2.14 Life cycle of a Red mangrove propagule

Fig 1.04 Surge crashing into coastal dwellings

Fig 2.16 Image of Mangrove distributed footprint

Fig 1.05 Aerial View of Barangay 60A after Yolanda

Fig 2.17 Image of Mangrove resilience

Fig 1.06 Displacement of coastal community

Fig 2.18 Image of Mangrove root network

Fig 1.07 Ecological loss

Fig 2.19 Diagram of distributed footprint, adaptable configuration, and interconnected roots

Fig 2.15 Diagram of mangrove characteristics

Fig 1.08 Coastal protection Fig 2.20 Diagram of creating generative design Fig 1.09 Amount of heat energy available to Typhoon Haiyan Fig 2.21 Screenshot of Rhino interface Fig 1.10 Infographic on devastation from Yolanda Fig 2.22 Screenshot of Grasshopper interface Fig 1.11 Image of Before and after Eastern coastline of Tacloban Fig 2.23 Sketch of pseudocode L-system Fig 1.12 Image of effects from Yolanda Fig 3.01 Infographic of Tacloban city Fig 1.13 Image of effects from Yolanda Fig 3.02 Tacloban city surrounding context Fig 1.14 Timeline of Typhoon Yolanda Fig 3.03 Tacloban city coastal population Fig 1.15 Diagram of mangrove solution Fig 3.04 Tacloban city wave current and topography Fig 1.16 Diagram of mangroves Fig 3.05 Tacloban city hazards: surge, flooding and landslide Fig 1.17 Diagram of generative design process Fig 3.06 Typhoon Haiyan struck the Leyte Gulf, in the Philippines Fig 2.01 Photo from space of Typhoon Yolanda Fig 3.07 Exposure to surge in Barangay 60A Fig 2.02 Chart of all typhoon in the northern western Pacific Ocean between 2000 and 2015.

Fig 3.08 Tacloban City one year later-Before and After images

Fig 2.03 Sketch of how a storm surge is created

Fig 4.01 Concept diagram of pressure and relief

Fig 2.04 Terminology of a wave

Fig 4.02 Concept diagram of layered solution

Fig 2.05 Sketch of shoring types

Fig 4.03 Image of Metropolitan arena after Yolanda Photo Credit: Volunteers for Visayans

Fig 2.06 Diagram of hard and soft infrastructures Fig 5.01 Graphical description of generative script Fig 2.07 Urban dwelling on coastlines Fig 5.02 Parameters and values for generative script Fig 2.08 Urban dwelling constructed out of found materials Fig 2.09 Traditional mangrove settlement dwellings

Fig 5.03 Barangay 60A -View out to Cancabato Bay Photo Credit: Volunteers for Visayans

Fig 2.10 Characteristics of mangrove management systems

Fig 5.04 Grasshopper generative script/ RMS definition

Fig 2.11 Types of Mangroves

Fig 5.05 Pseudocode graphical representation of RMS definition

Fig 2.12 Characteristics of mangrove roots

Fig 5.06 Diagram of parameter and values implemented in grasshopper

Fig 5.07 Diagram Boundary related to pseudocode

Fig 6.11 Phase of Installation of housing, mangroves and HEXFRAME

Fig 5.08 Diagram Zonation related to pseudocode

Fig 6.12 Section through RMS

Fig 5.09 Pseudocode relationship to diagram

Fig 6.13 Rendering of relationship to sky, land, and nature

Fig 5.10 Diagram Bathymetry related to pseudocode

Fig 6.14 Physical concept models and final models

Fig 5.11 Diagram Channels related to pseudocode

Fig 6.15 Physical model wave simulation test

Fig 5.12 Pseudocode relationship to diagram

Fig 6.17 Sketch of Mangrove and RMS installation Along Taclobans Coast

Fig 5.13 Diagram Ecosystem related to pseudocode

Fig 6.18 Overall benefits to the RMS

Fig 5.14 Diagram Settlements related to pseudocode

Fig 7.01 Sequence of events: before event, installation of RMS, aftermath of event

Fig 5.15 Pseudocode relationship to diagram

Fig 7.02 Physical model

Fig 5.16 Generic test - Solution pattern 001 - Plan

Fig 7.03 Storyboard, narrative, and final cut of public presentation

Fig 5.17 Generic test - Solution pattern 001 - Isometric

Fig 7.04 Storyboard, narrative, and final cut of public presentation

Fig 5.18 Pseudocode - Solution pattern 001

Fig 7.05 TACLOBAN WITH RMS

Fig 5.19 Generic test - Solution pattern 002 - Plan Fig 5.20 Generic test - Solution pattern 002 - Isometric Fig 5.21 Pseudocode - Solution pattern 002 Fig 5.22 Generic test - Solution pattern 003 - Plan Fig 5.20 Generic test - Solution pattern 003 - Isometric Fig 5.21 Pseudocode - Solution pattern 003 Fig 6.01 Matrix diagram of solution patterns Fig 6.02 Diagram of location of Barangay 60A case study site Fig 6.03 Solution pattern for Barangay 60A case study site - Plan Fig 6.04 Solution pattern for Barangay 60A case study site - Isometric Fig 6.05 Diagram of location of Barangay 60A case study site Fig 6.06 Rendered Master Plan strategy for Barangay 60A case study site Fig 6.07a HEXFRAME Model Fig 6.07b Phases of installation of mangrove and HEXFRAME Fig 6.08 Barangay 60A -Existing Coastal Settlement Housing Photo Credit: Volunteers for Visayans Fig 6.09 Diagram of Concept ideas related to mangroves Fig 6.10 Exploded diagram of dwelling unit 141

07.15 END NOES (1a) “ICyclone.com.” ICyclone.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 July 2015. (1) Mullen, Jethro, Aliza Kassim, Karen Smith, Elwyn Lopez, Judy Kwon, Taylor Ward, Brandon Miller, Ivan Cabrera, and Mari Ramos. “Super Typhoon Haiyan, One of Strongest Storms Ever, Hits Central Philippines.” CNN. Cable News Network, 08 Nov. 2013. Web. 29 July 2015. (2) “One of World’s Strongest Typhoons Lashes Philippines.” Inquirer News One of Worlds Strongest Typhoons Lashes Philippines Comments. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 July 2015. (3) “Updates: Typhoon Yolanda | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines.” Updates: Typhoon Yolanda | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 July 2015. (4) Approved, Form, and Omb No. 0704-0188. Coastal Risk Reduction and Resilience: Using the Full Array of Measures (n.d.): n. pag. Web. (5) By Ker Than , for National Geographic PUBLISHED November 09, 2013. “What’s a Typhoon, Anyway?” National Geographic. National Geographic Society, n.d. Web. 29 July 2015. (6) ”Philippines Plans Mangrove Forest to Protect Coasts From Storms.”Indonesia Real Time RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 July 2015. (7) G. Bankoff, G. Frerks, D. Hilhorst (eds.) (2003). Mapping Vulnerability: Disasters, Development and People. ISBN 1-85383-964-7. (8) ”natural disaster.” Dictionary.com’s 21st Century Lexicon. Dictionary.com, LLC. 06 Jul. 2015. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/natural disaster>. (9) G. Bankoff, G. Frerks, D. Hilhorst (eds.) (2003). Mapping Vulnerability: Disasters, Development and People. ISBN 1-85383-964-7. (10) Ker Than , for National Geographic PUBLISHED November 09, 2013. “What’s a Typhoon, Anyway?” National Geographic. National Geographic Society, n.d. Web. 22 July 2015 (11) ”6 Ways Climate Change Will Affect PH Cities.” Rappler. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 July 2015. (12) ”Storm Surge.” SpringerReference (2011): n. pag. Web. (13) ”TCFAQ A8) What Is Storm Surge and How Is It Different from Storm Tide ?” TCFAQ A8) What Is Storm Surge and How Is It Different from Storm Tide ? N.p., n.d. Web. 29 July 2015. (14) Coastal Risk Reduction and Resilience,US Army Corps of Engineers Civil Works Directorate,July 2013 (15) UN-Habitat (2003) Global Report on Human Settlements 2003, The Challenge of Slums, Earthscan, London; Part IV: ‘Summary of City Case Studies’, pp195-228. (16) ”Housing in the Philippines.” Housing in the Philippines. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 July 2015. (17) Kunstadter, Peter, Eric C.F.. Bird, and Sanga Sabhasri. Man in the Mangroves: The Socio-economic Situation of Human Settlements in Mangrove Forests: Proceedings. Tokyo: United Nations U, 1986. Print. (18) ”Ecology of Mangroves.” Ecology of Mangroves. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 July 2015. (19) Resilience, Coastal Risk Reduction And. Coastal Risk Reduction and Resilience (n.d.): n. pag. Web. (20) ”Mangrove Garden Foundation - Mangrove Library | Types of Mangroves.” Mangrove Garden Foundation - Mangrove Library | Types of Mangroves. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 July 2015. (21)”Ecology of Mangroves.” Ecology of Mangroves. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 July 2015. 142

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ECOSYSTEM Finlayson, C. M., and Michael Moser. Wetlands. Oxford: Facts on File, 1991. Print. Wong, M. H. Wetlands Ecosystems in Asia: Function and Management. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2004. Print. “Full Text of “Mangrove Forest Management Guidelines Fao Forestry Paper 117”” Full Text of “Mangrove Forest Management Guidelines Fao Forestry Paper 117” N.p., n.d. Web. 29 July 2015. Beatley, Timothy. Blue Urbanism: Exploring Connections between Cities and Oceans. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print. Kunstadter, Peter, Eric C.F.. Bird, and Sanga Sabhasri. Man in the Mangroves: The Socioeconomic Situation of Human Settlements in Mangrove Forests: Proceedings. Tokyo: United Nations U, 1986. Print Stafford-Deitsch, Jeremy. Mangrove: The Forgotten Habitat. London: Immel, 1996. Print. Bowman, H. H. M. Ecology and Physiology of the Red Mangrove ..Philadelphia: n.p., 1918. Print.

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