Student Number. 20160705 M.Arch Urban Design 2021 2022 Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL
RC14 Machine Thinking Urbanism Cities Beyond Recognition Tutor: Ng Provides
Urban Agriculture, Food City, Climate Change, Food Security, Game Theory
2.1. In The Beginning
2.2. Allotments
2.3. During The War
2.4. The Post War Era
2.5. The Present Situation
2.6. Urban Agriculture in Pandemic
3.1. Cities & People
3.2. Cities And the Environment
3.3. Jobs, Skills and Food
3.4. Food, Health and The Environment
3.5. Food And Culture
3.6. Urban Agriculture for Poor
3.7. Chemical Fertilizer and Urban Agriculture
4.1. Food System Thinking
4.2. System Analysis
4.3. Environmental Impact of Food Production Systems
5.1. Cultural & Social Benefits
5.2. Health, Nutrition and Food Accessibility Benefits
5.3. Education, Skill Building and Job Training Benefits
5.4. Economic Benefits
5.5. Environmental Benefit
6. The Drawbacks of Urban Agriculture
6.1. Very Discouraging at Times
6.2. Lack of Knowledge and Experience
6.3. It's Possible that New Topsoil will be Required.
6.4. Water Shortage and Pollution
7.1. Background
7.2. Game Theory and Urban Design
7.3. Social Dilemma
7.4. Limitation of Game Theory
7.5. The Game
8.1. Background
8.2. Mechanism Design and Game Theory
9. Conclusions Bibliography.
Food is fundamental to our existence, both physiologically, and spiritually. Food provides delight and sustenance, but it is also at the heart of many inconsistencies andissuesintoday'ssociety.Thereareseveralconcernstohandleintoday'sWorld. Climate change is a major issue that affects many people throughout the world. Another key challenge of the twenty first century is food security. "Food security" is having "constant physical and economic access to adequate food to meet dietary demands for a productive and healthy life,". Urban agricultural production may have a responsibility to address urban food insecurity challenges, which will only becomemoreimportant astheseculartrendofpovertyandpopulationurbanization in emerging economies continues. Is Urban Agriculture the answer to Climate Change, Food Security and a global strategy to grow food in Cities?
Using game theory, the paper experiments with the idea of urban agriculture with respect to Climate change and food security making them as a player and adding different incentives to make rules and try to predict the solution to a worldwide problem. First part of the paper introduces urban agriculture as a part of a working food system and move from the origins of farming in an urban setup to the present situation. Second section studies how food production in a city affects different aspects of urban life. Section third explores the whole food system and its analysis of how a food system works and what can be improved. Forth sections introduces benefits and drawbacks of urban agriculture in different aspects of living. Last section explores the social gamification of urban agriculture using food security and climate change with an incentive.
The manufacturing of grain and livestock things within cities is known as urban agriculture (UA). 190 million people work in urban agriculture, adding to the food quantity for 700 million city inhabitants (UNDP, 1996). According to research cited in Ruel et al. (1998), 40 per cent of urban inhabitants in African nations are involved in some form of farming activity, and this figure jumps to 49 per cent in America. Agriculture, for example, has produced significant volumes of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the environment. This warming has a variety of consequences for our ecosystems, health, well being, food systems, and other aspects of our lives.
London has a history dating back to the year 2000. Greater London is split into 33 boroughs, each of which is controlled by a locally elected council, which is directly accountable to the national government. Since the Conservative government dismantled the Greater London Council in 1986, there has been no overarching London body (Garnett 1996). In the year 2000, however, a new democratically elected Greater London Authority (GLA) was established, led by a mayor and directed by a Greater London Assembly. The GLA is in charge of strategic planning, transportation, economic growth, and the capital's environmental sustainability, among other things. Although London contributes very little to total agricultural production in the UK, the variety & scope of such activity are diverse. Globally, there is a large urban population with such low incomes that any rise in principal food costs jeopardises their nutrition and health, as seen by increasing hunger among urban residents after food price hikes in 2007 and the first part of 2008. (Cohen & Garrett 2009). Foodstuff is grown all across the city, from profitable agribusiness on the outskirts to cultivation on allotment sites, property maintained by municipal governments and houses.
Commercial operations, individual gardening activities, and communal food growing are all approaches to food cultivation, and the goods manufactured include eggs, meat, fruit, vegetables, milk, and wine. Urban Farmingaimstocreate anurban Area withfood, Production, Consumption and Recyclingto producea food city. The purpose of this thesis is to learn about different types of urban farming practices and how they might aid in food development, climate change, and urban health using them as incentives and creating a game to understand the impact of different fields on Urban Agriculture. The objective is to look at each sort of urban farming and examine one example of how it is done. This will be followed by research on what can be the future of urban farming.
Food production in an urban areas like cities is not a revolutionary concept. It has been practised long since the beginning of Urbanism. ‘The history of urban agriculture dates back to about 3,500 B.C.’ (ASLA blog). A semi desert hamlet in Persia offered one of the earliest pieces of archaeological evidence for urban food productionsome1,500yearslater.ThissectionexploresUrbanagricultureinadifferent eraofurbanization.
Whichever came first, agriculture or urbanization? Some feel that expanding urban populations encouraged agricultural advancements,whereas othersassumethatagricultural advancements facilitatedtheemergence of cities. In any case, the evolution of both the two has always been inextricably linked. Despite Roman endeavours at urbanization, Britain remained a patchwork of villages until the 13th century, when some citiescommencedtogaintradeandcivilimportance.However,89%ofindividualsstill survived,andtowns were inextricably tied to rural areas. A substantial amount of food was also farmed within cities. For
Fig 1. K farm Hong Kong © Imagennix | Scott Brooks
The present allotment movement, on the other hand, has advanced and more governmental beginnings. In the 1650s, a unit of individuals led by Gerard Winstanley and afterwards known as the Diggers occupied property at St George's Hill in Surrey to protest the enclosure of common land previously accessible to all for browsing and agriculture by rich landowners (Garnett 1996).
Initially, allotments were proposed to compensate for the loss of common property. Some in the UK considered allotment plots as a helpful aid for the poor, some believed that awarding allotment plots in the position of civil rights was somehow wrong since it was "difficult to compensate for the loss" of these "old advantages about the lowly British farmer." The 'Small Holdings and Allotments Act' of 1908 made allotment plot provisions obligatory. By 1918, around 1,400,000 allotment plots were producing 1,900,000 tons of crops.
example, Tower Hill in London was one of the first market gardens, supplying fruit (particularly grapes) for the London market. Fig 2. Rendering of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon by Ferdinand KnabWhen the War Broke out, the government was keen to encourage allotment gardening. Local governments took over parks, wastelands, and garden lawns, according to a 1939 announcement by the Minister of Agriculture. Exhibitions for Dig for Victory were planned, as well as demonstration plots. Millions of
Fig 3. Allotments in Kensington Gardens, London
brochures on vegetable gardening were circulated, and radio broadcasts extolled its merits. To boost confidence and optimism, there were awards for the finest crop as well as fertilizer subsidies. And priests were encouraged to promote farming in their talks. There were some donors from the US, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia that provided seeds.
At the time of war, half of the working class had an allotment plot. Household hen keepers produce approximately 25% of eggs, while pig raising was immensely popular. In 1944, crops were planted on 300,000 acres of allotmentsand gardens, yielding 1.4milliontons of food 10% ofall foodthat is produced in the UK, or over half of the nation's Dietary needs (Garnett 1996).
Following the war and provisional land was taken up by houses, schools, hospitals,and industry. The desire to cultivate food has also declined. It couldn't remove its connections with wartime deprivation, and rising living circumstances meant that people didn't need or desire the "drudgery" of cultivating their own. However, the 1970s brought many beneficial developments (Garnett 1996). Environmental awareness, along with food costs & the expansion of unoccupied land, fueled curiosity about self sufficiency. According to 1970s research, "in England and Wales, local council waiting lists had increased by an astonishing 1600 per cent."
Agenda 21 is theroadmapfor sustainable development developed bythe United Nationin 1992. The notion at its core is that "integration of energy and climate problems and increased attention to them would lead to thefulfilmentoffundamentalrequirements,higherstandardoflivingforall,saferandmanagedecosystems, and a safer, more positive future."
Fig 4. An urban farm in Chicago.
The consequences of our urbanising landscapes are very different for rural and urban areas. But they cannot be seen in isolation from one another. In urban areas, there are increasing concerns around overweight and obesity, while many other urban dwellers lack access to safe and affordable nutritious foods. In rural communities, production areas are increasingly affected by climate change, land degradation and loss of production areas due to urban expansion. Yet, there is an enormous potential for rural and urban areas to complement each other in resolving these challenges.
The production of wholesome food in neglected communities with limited access to nutrition and urban food security have long been recognised as problems that may be solved with urban agriculture. It has also been recognised as a facility with extraordinary ability to foster neighbourhood togetherness and community development. Although both of these impacts are quite good, they suggest that urban food only has an influence on local communities or municipalities. Here, I'll make the case that urban farming should
play a bigger part. These locations may significantly increase food security and provide assistance during emergencies like the current epidemic when integrated into a network of food distribution. Local farmers have helped collect food throughout the epidemic and have been able to provide it to institutions that may have had trouble obtaining it. (Drescher, 2004). As the head of an urban farmers network tackling neighbourhood level food security challenges, organisations like the Urban Agriculture Cooperative in Newark were already well established in their community. They have been gathering urban grown food for years, and they also manage a number of drop off and market locations, which they were able to activate to increase food supply and battle scarcity. Small businesses that are cost sensitive employ more adaptable, modular ways of distribution that may grow as necessary.
The majority of people in the UK currently live in urban areas. Cities and towns will have to be where we produce food if we are to get active in food production. Furthermore, growing food in cities may make a significant influence on increasing the value and efficiency of living there.
Fig 5 Community members from the nearby Mae Kha Canal settlements plant vegetables and fruit trees and other auspicious trees (Photo: copyright Chiang Mai Urban Farm)
Cities have always been considered places of possibility and pleasure, even before Dick Whittington set off in search of gold paved London streets. Art, creativity, and ideas have grown in popularity. Fame and money are up for the taking. By the turn of the century, the great majority of people on the planet will have succumbed to the numerous advantages of urban living. According to UN estimates, there will be 45 cities with populations of 5 million or more by the year 2000, with 34 of them in the South. Nonetheless, between two and three million people have departed Britain's cities in the last thirty years, with the larger cities departing faster (Garnett 1996). This exodus has resulted in a loss of community identity and cohesion, as well as the destruction of the inner city and an increase in crime. It has also worsened a variety of rural challenges, including unemployment, environmental corrosion, and social conflict.
Fig 6 London’s Edible Cranbrook Community Garden
Most Towns are currently very unsustainable. Despite covering only 2% of the earth's area, cities utilize 70% of their capitals. The 'footprint' is the economic and environmental influence of a city or even a person on global resources. The overall footprint of London is almost 120 times the exterior size of 160,000 hectares, or nearly 18 million hectares (Garnett 1996). Despite having only 10% of the population of the UK, London needs the correspondent of the whole fertile terrain area of the United Kingdom to maintain.
Every year, London imports 2,400,000 tons of food from all around the world. And daily, London discards 6,600 tons of domestic garbage, only around 5% of which gets recycled, even though much of it is biodegradable organic stuff.
As a result of increased development demands, hard impermeable pavements are replacing urban green spaceand natural habitats,whileclimate change deliversmorefrequent and powerful climatechanges,such as flash flooding and heatwaves. High quality green infrastructure can also assist to reduce traffic noise, which is a major source of stress for people in the cities (Soomro n.d.). By lowering the cost of heating and cooling, greening or developing a facility may help conserve energy and other resources. Green cities improve citizens' quality of life, making them healthier and happier. This research will look at the advantages of increasing direct green infrastructure as part of the process of adapting cities to climate change.
The rural, which numerous people even see as a respite from city misery, has likewise devolved into a type of wasteland. Agriculture comprises around 75 per cent of the area, although it hired just 2% of the people in 1993 (Garnett 1996). Of all, the diet business as a whole employs many individuals and provides a significant percentage of the nation’s income by traditional criteria. Nevertheless, occupations in food production, trading, and food preparation are typically unqualified, low rank, and low paying professions that are nothing to promote a passion for cooking and occupation in the food industry not fairly the generator of financial development that some suggest. This disrespect for food is widespread in the United Kingdom. Culinary work is no more a required element of the informative program, and many youngsters exit college incompetent to prepare a simple food for themselves, much unaccompanied pursuing a job in the cookingindustry. As city residents, our awareness of how foodis grown and made is eroding; processed foods now consist of roughly 30% of typical food costs. Some people are more acquainted with severely packed chips than they are with fresh potatoes. Meat has devolved into a sanitary component of the packaged meal; its ties to the formerly living, moving, the hairy animal has been discreetly forgotten.
The BSE disaster of 1996, on the other hand, alerted numerous individuals for the initial period to the perils of factory agriculture for human health. Notwithstanding this, the majority of people are yet generally unaware of the ecological consequences of demanding agriculture. Biochemical leftovers from the style of farming not just wind up in food, but they similarly contaminate canals and rivers and harm species & their surroundings. It is not simply intensive farming that harms the environment.
Contemporary food processing, like any other modern business, consumes nonrenewable energy and resources and creates a large quantity of waste. But arguably the most well known issue associated with eating is well being. Some individuals are becoming conscious of linkages between the UK’s fat diet and its infamous place on the highest worldwide alliance table of coronary thrombosis disease mortality (Garnett 1996). A poor diet of veggies & fruits is increasingly being connected to cardiovascular. Also, despite skipping meals than we did fifty years ago, we are becoming gradually heavier. This is due not just to our fatty and sugary meals, which are high in calories, but also to the fact that relatively few of us are moderately working daily. Almost one third of adult males and more than 2/3 of adult women are unable to walk 3 miles per hour on a gentle hill (Garnett 1996).
At a similar stage, we have never remained more passionate about food, which appears to evolve into a viewer amusement a component of the vacation sector. Bestsellers and beautifully designed food books abound on bookstore shelves, and Television ratings for celebrity chef hosted cookery shows have skyrocketed. A meal is also inextricably related to the tourist and historical sectors, with cuisine guides for practically every possible taste and region. Despite this, regional specialities and local foods are becoming nearly extinct as standardized ‘tropical’ and ‘conventional style' food occupy the fridge of restaurant chains across the state.
Paradoxes are manifested in our lives; when we fail direct interaction with food and the ground that generates it we also lose a little touch with our lives and their demands. Our lifestyles appear to have been
Fig 7. Modular Vertical Urban Farms on the Streets of Brooklyndesigned to exclude regular touch with actual food. Growing food is one of the finest ways to reconnect with the whole lot that food may imply to all of us. It is a true 'hands on' pursuit that may re educate us around our relationship between food and the living environment, provide us with direct availability of fresh products, and help us build our social development.
Fig 8. In Hadejia, Jigawa State, Nigeria, farmers evaluate wheat varieties as portion of a collaborative varietal selection project led by researcher Kachalla Kyari Mala.
Urban agriculture is assisting the underprivileged in overcoming hunger and a lack of food. Food sources are improved by growing crops or rearing cattle in back yards or on vacant land, which also provides many urbanpoorpeoplewithasustainablesourceofincome.Additionally,thiskindofagricultureisbeingcarried out in novel methods in an expanding number of places, frequently by the poor. Annual urban growth in Sub Saharan Africa is 3.6 percent, roughly double the global average (Ledent 2000). Urban agriculture increases food security by offering affordable and wholesome alternatives to food that must be purchased, particularly for low income households. Urban farmers are also much more inclined to have access to a huge range of healthy meals, such as plants and animal products, for their families. Urban agricultural production has been connected to children's nutritional status improving in Kampala, Uganda (Maxwell
1998). People may also use urban agriculture to earn their main or additional income. In many African cities, earningfrom urbanfarmingisexceptionallyhigh.Urbanfarmers' economicreturnsinBamako,Mali, and Dar es Salaam have been compared to the pay of unskilled construction personnel. Urban farming may also be profitable in some regions. For instance, in Yaounde, Cameroon, farmers employing wastewater irrigation may sell vegetables for more than twice as much during the dry season, and profits from urban agriculture were projected to be 50% more than the minimum wage.
Fertilizers are chemical substances that are given to the soil or plant tissues to increase plant production and development. It can be either organic orinorganic, and both can be utilisedto giveplantsessential nutrients. The three main nutrients that plants need for development are nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus. Some fertilisers also include lime, zinc, magnesium, and other essential minerals. The growth of agriculture benefits from it. Hence, the three most prevalent forms of fertilisers are;
• Chemical
• Organic
• Biofertilizers
Chemical fertilisers: Chemical or inorganic fertilisers mostly contain the macronutrients potassium, phosphorous, and nitrogen. The main reason this chemical fertiliser is used so frequently is that it is readily soluble and accelerates crop development right away.
Full of Nutrients: Chemical fertilisers are produced quickly and artificially, but they boost plants quickly, which is why they are used widely. In contrast, organic fertilisers are produced naturally, take longer to prepare, but they are good for plants and provide all the nutrients they need without endangering humans or the environment.
Fast absorption: Fertilizers are essential for improving the health of plants when they require a rapid cure to live. Fertilizers provide the readily absorbed nutrients that plants require. They are quickly and easily absorbed by plants, and thus aids in restoring and enhancing plant health as soon as feasible.
Enhance Metabolism: Plants eat fertiliser to encourage growth, which in turn enhances metabolism. Only when an appropriate metabolic activity is processed is it feasible. Because fertilisers are easily absorbed by plants, they have a faster metabolism, which promotes plant development.
Fig 9 Use of Chemical Fertilizer in Urban Agriculture Image Courtesy AlterNet.Expensive: Because fertilisers are manufactured in factories, they are more expensive than manure that is produced organically. But because it is essential for plant nutrition, it is in great demand and hence expensive.
Fertilizers should only be used in moderation: if they are used excessively, the roots and other tissues of the plant may be harmed, and the plant may eventually perish. Depending on the needs of the plant, fertilisers are applied. Unnecessary use of them can harm plants, especially if the soil is healthy and rich.
Environment effects: Fertilizers have an indirect or indirect impact on the environment. via soil contamination, groundwater pollution, and it can also influence plant development by causing it to grow more quickly than usual. The eco system may be impacted.
Food systems include every food related actor and process from the growing and processing of food right through its consumption and how remaining waste is managed. Food systems affect our health, the environment welivein,oureconomiesandourcultures.This meansthat afoodsystem hastomeet different aspirations of many people, such as providing safe and affordable food, income, and keeping our planet healthy. Agriculture and food are critical in reaching many of the Sustainable Development Goals, not just SDG number 2, the one about zero hunger. The facts are alarming. Over 800 million people are hungry, while almost 2 billion are overweight or obese and experience serious health problems. 2 billion people depend on smallholder agriculture, most of whom are still without a living income (Oliver 2018). About 80% of deforestation and 29% of greenhouse gasses worldwide are agriculture related. These are undesired outcomes that we can only ‘repair’ if we understand the processes behind them and identify leverage points for systemic change.
A food system approach is a way to make conversation and action possible between all actors in the food systemincludingfarmers,companies,consumers,science,andgovernmentagencies.Therearefoodsystem driversthatinfluenceit,thesocio economicdrivers,suchasmarkets,digitalization,andsocietalpreferences for food. Environmental drivers that influence the activities, such as land, water, and climate. Together, these drivers and food system activities lead to a variety of outcomes socio economic, like livelihoods of billions of people, food security and nutrition outcomes such as healthy diets for all, and environmental outcomes like environmental and climate footprint. So basically, a food system approach helps you to look
Fig 10. Food System. Copyright 2017 3Keel LLP
at the full spectrum of what’s involved to get food on our plates. It’s not just about the production of food or the consumption of food it’s the interconnectedness of all these activities which is the starting point. It is about realising that if you start turning one wheel, the other wheels start turning too for better or for worse. Look at what happens if we boost let’s say the production of tomatoes and make sure that there is an improved market for tomatoes (Oliver 2018). This might be good for healthy diets. But if we are not careful, it could jeopardize the quality of soil and biodiversity. This means that you need to think through all the possible actions you can take to determine whether these will help achieve food security and sustainability or hinder it in the long run.
All changes in the food system inevitably come with trade offs like this. Fortunately, there are sometimes also synergies or multiplier effects. It is important to remember that systems are not static, but dynamic and interconnected. Changing or transforming such a system is not a matter of fixing a bike, where we replace a broken wheel with a new one, and the next time it happens, we do the same with the same result. But, food systems are not like bikes they are more like gardens. If we want to improve the health of some plants, for example, we shouldn’t just look at each plant individually. We need to create a healthy garden by looking at the interactions, improving the soil, and pruning a tree for the light to come in. In other words, instead of working directly on the problem, and unhealthy plants, we need to work on the enabling conditions of the garden. As a gardener, we need to respond adaptively to a changing context and changing dynamics.
Systems thinking is the process of understanding how the different components of a system influence one another, and how a system itself is affected by its context. The value of systems thinking to solve sustainability issues in food production might be best demonstrated using the Rubik’s Cube. In a system, five elements must be recognised: the components, and the connections between elements. A system's interaction between components is a key feature. That is, a modification in any element of the system can affect any other portion of the system.
Systems analysis emphasises a holistic approach to problem solving. Thus, we can study the behaviour of an entire system, rather than focusing on every single detail of the process. Studying a system can be done in various ways, for example in static and dynamic analysis. A static analysis focuses on the characteristics of a system at one moment in time. For example, the year 2010 or 2025 or a month in a specific year. Static
analysis is relevant when we want to understand how a system functions at a specific moment or when a system is in equilibrium. Generally, systems change over time. The behaviour of a system over time is called system dynamics. Dynamic analyses thus include a time component and look at the change of a systemovertime.Forexample,toassesshowasystemisaffectedbytheweatherandhowcropsorlivestock grow. Hierarchy is another characteristic of systems as systems consist of subsystems and are part of supra systems; at every new level in a hierarchy, new relations come forth between subsystems at that level and therefore new processes occur. As such, system properties cannot be predicted from the intrinsic values of the subsystems on their own: they can only be understood by sub and supra systems.
Such system properties are‘emergent properties’. These properties determine the possibilities for the development of a system: the higher level sets the constraints and possibilities for a system to grow, maintain or decay. For instance, individual farms are affected by what all farms together deliver to a market through prices. The driving force behind the behaviour of systems is energy or material. It is important to understand the way energy and materials move through a system. This is important because it forms the basis for understanding how ecosystems grow; how contaminants will move through an ecosystem; and how human activities or contaminants may affect ecosystems. Dynamic simulation is the process of using a model to mimic the behaviour of a system in time, step by step. An example of a dynamic model is a crop growth model. When representing a system in a mathematical model, the units of analysis for each of the components, interactions, inputs and outputs are extremely important.
First, let’s assume we want to directly assess the environmental impact of a food production system. For example, the area and duration of algal blooms in a specific water body are caused by nutrient losses from fertilised fields. Or a change in biodiversity, measured by the occurrence of certain species, as a result of land cover change or pollution. Or drinking water quality, measured as the extent to which nutrients or pesticidesexceedcertainsafelevels.Orincidentsofillnessesasaresult ofpollution.Theseareallindicators of the impacts of crop livestock systems on nature and society. Reducing the environmental impact of livestock production requires a paradigm shift animal scientists should no longer focus on increasing the efficiency of the animal but on increasing the efficiency of the entire food system. Livestock plays a key role in food security, by adding value to products that humans cannot or do not want to eat, and by adding value to land with low opportunity costs for arable production. Besides food production, agricultural land contributes to other so called ecosystem services, such as the production of fuel, regulation of water or nutrient cycles, or maintenance of high value landscapes. In the phosphate case study, you became familiar with the amount of phosphorus needed to realise targeted crop and grass yields for 2050. You saw that
while crop production is projected to be 55% higher in 2050 than in 2007, global fertiliser uses increases by only 15 20%, thanks to the important role of residual soil phosphorus.
Developing food systems, helping agricultural production, promoting economic growth, increasing social interaction, and enhancing urban ecology and environmental safety are all advantages of urban farming for people and communities. As urban farming is a multidisciplinary issue, this research incorporates material from both written and literature reviews from several academic fields, like healthcare system, geographies, economics, urban design, sociology, sustainability research, and economics (Pearson 2010). It focuses mostly on studies the Worldwide, because urban farming in the Developing World evolved beneath distinct historical conditions, in various population and physical locations, and for different causes.
Urban food production may serve as an "agent of change" for societies through fostering social links, expressing and preserving culture and tradition, and pleasing in activities that promote communal transformation (Stewart n.d.). Prominently, many people consider urban agriculture to be essential to achieving food justice. Developments that emerge from neighbourhoods and societies in which some are situated and driven by locals frequently have the highest degree of engagement as well as dedication, and hence impart the greatest value. People get involved in community development through working together and on urban agricultural initiatives. This includes organisation, advocacy, and collective action. Residents not only improve the aesthetics of their area by transforming derelict or unused sites keen on creative landscapes that give spaces to socialise & distribute culinary information, but they also broaden their cultural competencies by learning from others. Urban farming also allows people of all ages to engage, which fosters the development of intergeneration bonds.
Food production occurs when everyone has physical access to plenty of, secure, and healthy food to meet their dietary demands and food preferences at all times (Soomro n.d.). Poverty is more than just missing a meal now and then; it has long term health implications for individuals in our communities (Plumer 2016). Urban farming could be partially correct to help city inhabitants improve their food security. Though, its influence is dependent on several circumstances, including the quantity of town accessible for agriculture, as well as the availability of regulations and organisations that provision & encourage farming to encourage urban agriculture, the price of food made, & the attention of residents in producing food and product availability to underserved populations food insecurity makes you vulnerable. Aside from the potential to improve food security among city dwellers, urban agriculture has remained related to several well being advantages. As long cheap availability of fresh food, particularly in communities with fewer shops or supermarkets, may encourage people to try new meals, it may also assist reduce the consumption of processed foods.
Pestcontrolpracticesthatexcludeharmfulpesticidesandherbicidesonurbanfarmssafeguardfarm workers and customers from the potentially deadly impact of substances, while also keeping chemicals and extra nourishing, outside the water system. Aside from nutritious advantages, urban gardening gives chances for physical activity & improved health. Contributing to urban agricultural events has been linked to several therapeutic advantages such as stress reduction, cognitive stimulation, spending time in the open, interacting with nature, and producing a feeling of achievement, according to research.
Programs aimed at developing abilities & offering job tutoring for some people and individuals searching for new possibilities might be included in urban agricultural initiatives. Management, marketing, advertising, project planning, and customer service are all abilities that may be gained through formal training programs or frequent, everyday participation in urban agriculture (Plumer 2016). Agriculture methodology, conservation and ecological responsibility, landscaping and animal rearing, food origin, and nutrition are all areas where urban agriculture may give knowledge and expertise.
Urban agriculture’s inclination to strengthen a city's industry concluded employment formation, money, and the development of small companies, urban agriculture is regularly promoted as a community endeavour. The economic ability of urban farming might lead to the establishment of viable businesses by residents of economically difficult areas.
Producers' marketplaces, portable farming trucks, consumer supported agriculture (CSA) establishments, & the production of worthy items are examples of urban agriculture's economic potential. Businesses that help urban agricultural enterprises profit even during producing, manufacturing, and distributing stages may be formed simply to foster a robust urban farming industry (Plumer 2016). Encouraging local produce businessincubators,agriculturalhubs,farmermarketingcooperatives,aswellasother programscontributes to the development of a dynamic environment favourable to economic innovation. Urban gardening can also assist to reduce the cost of fresh food.
The economic advantages of urban farming extend past agriculture (Plumer 2016). Destruction and improper disposal are minimised when urban fields are placed on vacant city land, saving municipalities money on maintenance costs. An increase in tax revenue from urban farming is also related to higher property values. Rising house prices have the drawback of removing long term residents, as well as the bad repercussions.
Urban agricultural production has a lot of environmental advantages, such as promoting ecosystems, reducing rainwater runoff, reducing air pollution, and lessening the impact of urban heat islands, as well as lowering or, in the context of organic farming, removing the use of pesticides, herbicides, and synthetic fertilisers (Plumer 2016). The magnitude of such advantages is influenced by the type of urban farming installed and how well it is managed. Urban farming enhances biodiversity in many cities by affording vital
habitatsfor birds,butterflies, andbees,as well as opportunitiesfor therestorationof traditionallyimportant, legacy, and wild produces.
Everything has pros and cons, and urban farming is no exception. Nevertheless, many issues are associated with urban agriculture methods, as well as possible concerns with its influence if not approved appropriately
Crops planted could become particularly vulnerable to damage after numerous animals & pests. These sooner or later diminish farming yield by the soil and may affect the damage of the entire harvest. This is a key problem because urban growers are at present working on shoestring costs, and if this occurs, they may face considerable financial difficulties.
In the city area, there is a major scarcity of skilled and qualified personnel, predominantly individuals who have agriculture skills. The bulk of persons working in agriculture lives outside of town. They refuse to be tempted into the city to participate in cultivation due to life inequalities between where they dwell and the city. The number of persons making the jump is inadequate to convey and preserve urban agribusiness in the city (Soomro n.d.). These farmers might also find it problematic to cultivate as effectively as they performed while moving to the urban area. Seeing that, farming employment is scarce within the city.
Sincetopsoilincontaminatedurbanareasiscontinuallypoisonedbynumerouspaths,it eventuallybecomes severely polluted. This develops a detrimental influence on farming production & output. Cultivators may require the purchase of new soil if some of them want to practise productive agriculture through a high yield. Cultivators may undoubtedly produce at the highest level if they want to grow efficiently on urban land.
Excess use of the town’s water system for agriculture purposes can cause a lot of water related problems, which can be harsh in highly inhabited regions. Several municipalities tried to seek this issue by irrigating
with wastewater (Primary treatment of Wastewater). Water treatment related machinery that is low in cost andhighinefficiencycanenhancecrops’ productivitywhilepermittingtheapplicationoflow qualitywater sources. Water contamination can result in water borne diseases (Soomro n.d.). Chemical and bacterial contamination in water can cause significant ailments such as diarrhea, waterborne sickness, and parasite infections.
Competition is a necessary part of existence. Competition arises whenever two or more entities are subjected to limitations, such as a limited supply of resources in a win or lose situation. Both natural and inevitable. Ecosystems with balanced food chains are evidence that it is evolutionary; of course, this fundamental habit also applies to people. The origin of strategy is competition, in all of its varied manifestations.(Najera2019)Politicalpartiesbattleforvotes,corporationsstruggleforshareofthemarket, animals compete for resources, and people go to war over territory. Game theory is enormously relevant in a world where interdependent actors compete to improve their "value" in dynamic systems. In retrospect, it's obvious that the principles of game theory have been present throughout history. It has existed for a very long time as the primary motivator of human activity, from the military thoughts of Sun Tzu to the evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin. However, the acceptance of the three following particular publications is typically seen as the foundation of ancient game theory: The Mathematical Foundations of the Theory of Wealth by Augustin Cournot, Edgeworth's Mathematical Psychics by Francis Ysidro and Algebre et computation des probabilités by Emile Borel.
A mathematical theory known as "game theory" explains socio economic phenomena that involve human interaction, such as conflict and cooperation between decision makers (the players). Game Theory does not use the term "game" in the manner that most of us do, and it surely does not think specifically of computer games. (Moglewer 1962) Instead, Game Theory is a means of thinking about self interested people's strategic interactions. As a result, it is critical for economics, as well as machine learning, political science, psychology, and a range of other fields. The concern for how self interested actors will act in strategic interactions binds all of these fields together. Game theory also, considers how such exchanges should be arranged. for example by a government or by the designer of a computer system in order to lead to good outcomes.
The creation of frameworks and processes that will enable effective development by various individuals throughout time, as well as the design of structures, groups of buildings, spaces, and landscapes, are all part of urban design. Popular design theories, however, implicitly restructure the preferences of the individuals who influence and are influenced by such designs in order to explain the process as one of sacrificing a number of conflicting aims (Moglewer 1962). It appears that a more reasonable approach to the process may emerge if solutions to design issues are seen as the outcome of a process of bargaining rather than as a process of persuasion which includes the restructuring of preferences. For instance, the design process based on a Markovian model proposed by Batty (1974) addresses design in this way. This view of design may be established through the application of game theory. A game theoretic interpretation of design that views urban planning as a process in which a stable equilibrium is sought rather than a compromise may be developed from a Markovian design model. Such a Markovian game's equilibrium depends on the participants' power and knowledge positions, or more specifically, on their willingness and capacity to influence the design process.
In the last 10 to 20 years, emphasis on social dilemmas has grown significantly in many subject areas, especially due to populationgrowth, resource shortages,and numerous harmful emissions, this remains one of the most interesting research areas, with involvement from researchers in sociology, science, finance, arithmetic, biophysics, crucial science, and behavioral science, among others. (Moglewer 1962). Social dilemmas illustrate the interactions inside communities that necessitates joint action by highlighting the conflict among an individual’s actions and the media's private or personal goals, and acts that maximise the group's benefits. However, at the core of social dilemmas, this disjunction between the costs of the individual and the costs of the whole, or the advantages of the person and the rewards of a whole, is not taken into account into the cost benefit formula of an individual and externality, it is external parties who generate this discontinuity between the sections as a whole and the outcome in the social dilemma.
Games aregenerallypresentedas amatrixor atreegraph, atreegraphform bothindurationas acomponent enabling decisions to be made in a systematic approach over a span of time therefore maintaining a tree like representation the matrix form represents a play without time required where participants can utilise their tactics concurrent (Najera 2019). These represent the decisions made by the agent at every level of the game. The most frequent way for modelling a game is the matrix model, often known as the regular form of presentation in game theory.
Game theory has many critics, despite its useful applications. It has been noted that game theory can only go so far in terms of aiding in the prediction of practical behaviour. Any behaviour, whether righteous or wrong, can be justified on the basis of self interest. Determining, restricting, isolating, or accounting for each set of elements and variables that affect strategy and result is a persistent challenge in game theory modelling(Najera2019). It isbelievedthat Players always usedominatingmethods, as the Social Dilemma demonstrates. Assuming the experiment is manipulating the game to get players to provide information is thus the optimal approach for a game theory experiment. Therefore, in a game, cooperation is always preferred, even if it results in defeat. Even the poorest result from this method is still a desirable result. In essence, if you preserve your reputation across a much broader sequence of life circumstances, failing an experimental game after being misled isn't such a loss.
Players, Strategies, and Payoffs are the three main components of all games. Each player is a decision maker, a strategy is a choice specification for each potential circumstance in which your player may find themself, and the payoff is the benefit or loss that players feel when all people just follow their respective strategies. To understand the game concerning urban agriculture and its effect on climate change and food security.OnestaticpointneedstobedecidedasapartofthefirststudytheideaofusingChemicalFertilizers is taken into consideration. The reason for taking fertilizer as an objective of the game is that fertilizer is both good and bad for our climate and food system. As every game needs a player, the idea of using a human as a player/agent in the game is to give it a more social dimension. Players in this game will be, from the climate change perspective an environmentalist and from a food security perspective a local farmer. Both the player have their priorities based on their interests in the field. The game will be played between both to come up with a strategy or a compromise resulting in a better understanding of the role of urban agriculture.
According to game theory, a situation where two players act selfishly would ultimately lead to a poor decisionfor bothis known as a prisoner's dilemma. As in a Social Dilemma / Prisoner’s Dilemma,the game requires payoffs and Strategies. Firstly, payoffs are the benefits or losses that a player gets while executing the strategies. Payoffs in this game of Chemical fertilizer and urban agriculture, For the environmentalist thebenefit fromthegameisasustainablefuturewithouttheuseofchemical fertilizerandthelossis Climate change. Whereas for the farmer the benefit is sufficient food production using Chemical Fertilizers and the loss is food shortage to the survival of mankind. Both the players need to decide on whether chemical fertilizer to use or not. To make a decision the players can come up with strategies. The base strategy can
be if player A that is the Environmentalist propose that the use of chemical fertilizers is harmful to the climate and should be used to the minimum. On the other hand, player B, the Farmer can claim that the use of chemical fertilizer is a must to feed the cities with millions of people.
1. There are different outcomes if any player support opposes or evades.
2. In the prisoner’s dilemma, both the prisoners based on their selfish strategies will always choose for their good and betray the other making both of them serve more punishment for their crimes.
3. The use of organic manure in place of artificial fertilisers might be one of the options. Another Strategy is to use techniques like aquaponics or hydroponics to reduce water use in agriculture's irrigation system. If farmers use less water, it may be beneficial for the environment and also enhance crop production efficiency significantly.
Fig 12. The Game Table (Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.)Following are some of the possible strategies for the players to play the game of social dilemma:
1. Both the player can support, oppose or evade as a part of their strategies and the use of chemical fertilizer can be decided on the basis of the conclusion of the game.
2. There are three types of strategies that can be used by the players for their payoffs.
3. Pure strategy A decision making rule known as pure strategy selects only one specific course of action.
4. Mixed strategy In amixedstrategy, the player determines in advanceto select hiscourses of action according to a specific probability distribution.
5. Optimum strategy A strategy that places the player in the best advantageous position.
6. In mathematics, a "SADDLE POINT" is a location on the graph's surface where the slopes of all orthogonal derivatives are zero (a critical point), yet which is not the function's local extremum. It is also known as the minimax point, meaning that the game has a saddle point if the max min value and the min max value are identical. The associated approach is known as the optimal strategy. A result is a saddle point in a zero sum matrix game if it is a minimum in its row and a maximum in its column.
1. If Both the players support each other they get a 60:40 ratio on the use of chemical fertilizes
2. If Player A agrees, but Player B disagrees, then they split the cost of using chemical fertilizers 20:80.
3. If Player A backs but Player B ducks, they split the cost of chemical fertilizers 80:20.
4. If Player A opposes but Player B support, they receive an 80:20 ratio on the use of chemical fertilizers.
5. If Player A opposes, but Player B opposes, then they split the cost of using chemical fertilizers 25:75.
6. If Player A opposes but Player B evades, they split the cost of chemical fertilizers 25:75.
7. If Player A evade but Player B support, they receive a 35:65 ratio on the use of chemical fertilizers.
8. If Player A evade, but Player B opposes, the expense of utilizing chemical fertilizers will be shared at 30:70.
9. If Player A evade but Player B evades, they receive an 80:20 ratio on the use of chemical fertilizers.
Mechanism design is the science of creating game rules to accomplish a certain result, notwithstanding the possibility that each player has their interests in mind. This is accomplished by creating a framework where each actor has an incentive to act by the designer's intentions ( Zhang, Ren 2019 ) Characterizing the processes that encourage actors to honestly share their private information is the goal of mechanism design. The subject of Pareto optimality (or ex post efficiency) of group decisions produced by incentive compatible mechanisms is a second crucial theme in mechanism design. There is always at least one incentive compatible technique that achieves ex post efficiency if participants in a (quasi ) linear collaborative choice environment may be forced to participate.
According to Myerson and Satterthwaite (1983), there is no incentive compatible ex post efficient trading mechanism in bilateral trade contexts when the buyer and seller of an item know essential personal data and cannot be forced to trade (i.e., participation is voluntary). Jehiel and Moldovanu (2001) show that incentive suitable ex post efficient mechanisms exist only under a most constrictive condition in situations where individuals' private information is multi dimensional as well as their objective functions are interrelated (so that an individual's personal information directly affects the functionality of other individuals). Generally speaking, such mechanisms do not exist (Chen, 2021). To attain the intended outcome of an orderly market, mechanism design theory attempts to govern and manage the information that players have access to. Usually, this entails keeping an eye on information and activity for exchanges, market participants, buyers, and sellers at different levels. In the Mechanism design, private information is given to the players. This might be their evaluation of the item(s) being auctioned in the case of an auction. This might be their own choice among the alternatives or candidates up for election in the case of voting. Players take an action based on their data, such as placing a bid in an auction or casting a ballot in an election. Each player receives a payout when an outcome is established based on the movements, they all performed.
Since the 1950s, Mechanism Design Theory, a crucial subfield of Game Theory, which is itself a subfield ofMathematics,hasgrownandgainedsignificantinfluenceinthesocial sciences.Thetheoryof mechanism design looks at an intended result and the steps necessary to get there. The game theory examines the possibility for different entities to influence different results. The concept of mechanism design examines institutions' designs and how they impact interactions from a systematic perspective (Jehiel, Moldovanu
2001). The basic purpose of mechanism design is to create institutions that achieve certain goals, with the assumption that those involved in the institution would behave strategically and may have access to knowledge that is important to the choice at hand. In a negotiation between a buyer and a seller, the buyer would want to pretend that the object has little value to keep the price low, while the seller would prefer to appear as though the item is highly expensive, thereby boosting the price (Jehiel, Moldovanu 2001). Therefore, we don’t create a mechanism, like a voting rule, in a vacuum. For instance, there are certain candidates that we are unable to influence. Candidates will exhibit their true selves. The voters are who they are; we do not influence who they are. Furthermore, we are not allowed to see into their minds to determinewhat theyneedtocareabout.Itisobviouswhomtheyprefertowhom becauseoftheirpersonality type. What they know, what they know about other subjects, is also a component of their kind. We have no influence over any of it in the environment. The setting is made up of all of that background information that is beyond our control.
This thesis tries to understand Urban agriculture with respect to climate change and food security using game theory. I took a theoretical aspect of game theory rather than mathematical. Further research can be done in mathematical aspect of the thesis. The paper is mainly divided into 2 sections, the first section tries to introduce urban farming and its details like history, impact on people, benefits and Disadvantages. Second section talks about Game theory and introduces a new game with an important incentive as Chemical fertilizer. The game is played by 2 players representing climate change and food security with respect to urban farming. The game inspired from social dilemma/ prisoner’s dilemma. The Game is made insuchawaythat playerscanput their ideasinastrategylikehowuseofmorechemicalfertilizerisharmful for the environment but beneficial for food production. There is an introduction given to mechanism design in brief to understand what is reverse game theory. The study plays with urban agriculture in relation to climate change and food security using game theory, making them a player and adding various incentives to set rules and attempt to foresee the resolution to a global issue.
Both medically and spiritually, food is essential to our life. Food gives enjoyment and nutrition, but it is also at the root of many problems and contradictions in modern life. In today's world, there are several issues to address. Globally, many people are impacted by the serious problem of climate change. Food security is another major issue facing society in the twenty first century. In order to achieve nutritional requirements for a successful and healthy existence, one must have "continuous physical and financial access to enough food." As the secular trend of poverty and population urbanisation in emerging nations
continues, urban agriculture production may have a duty to solve urban food insecurity concerns, which will only grow more significant. Many inferences may be made from the game, such as what would happen if the farmer used organic fertilizer rather than chemical fertilizer. That will force both players to agree on a single answer. However, in a non cooperative game like Prisoner's Dilemma, none of the players agree to reach a consensus due to their self serving motivations and will always opt to compromise with one another. We may infer from the game that everyone should share a shared interest in protecting the environment and the people.
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