2021_MA_LA portfolio_UNSW by Yumeng Jiao

Resilient Design: Coexist with urban flooding LAND7313 Landscape Capstone Studio 2 - Final Design Research Report Yumeng Jiao z5293646 August 2021

CONTENT

Introduction

Theoretical Frameworks and Assumptions

Site Context and Rationale

Precedents

Design Process

Design Concept and Narrative

Design Resolution

Research Conclusions

01 Introduction

1.1 What are we facing now?

Climate Change in Sydney Dust storm

The city was blanketed in dust carried east by winds up to 100kph. (Amber Hooper: User submitted) 2009.

Haze

Smoke caused by the bushfire haze over Sydney in 2019. Image: Getty

Floods

People paddle their boat through flood waters at Londonderry on the western outskirts of Sydney, March 22, 2021 (AP Photo/Mark Baker)

Flooding events in urban settings have become a common climate change- induced disaster this century (Ashley et al. 2007, p.10). On average, each major flood event can cause thousands of deaths and hundreds of millions of dollars in economic damage (Johnson et al.2016, p.22).

Floods in Wolli Creek and Bardwell Creek basins with great loss

1.2 What should we pay attention to?

Mission In view of the increasingly serious urban flood problems, designers and planners all over the world have proposed various solutions, and resilient design is one of the most popular concepts at present. Meerow, Newel and Stults (2016, p. 45) defined urban resilience as an adaptive ability to meet disturbances, adapt to changes, and transform the systems to adapt to the present and future environment. This conveys that adaptive capacity is the essence of resilient design in complex urban context, and the adaptive design for building adaptive ability becomes one of the important strategies of resilient design (Novotny, Ahern & Brown 2010, p.146).

Goal Coexist with urban flooding

Design Research Question

How to adapt urban environment to urban flooding by resilient design?

Research methods and techniques Methods: Case study and system thinking. Through the case studies, I can get a clear understanding of the common methods and landscape performance of resilience design in dealing with urban flooding. Using the systematic thinking method, I was able to comprehensively consider different influencing factors and pay attention to the dynamic development of the site. Techniques: GIS, digital drawings and models.

02 Theoretical Frameworks and Assumptions

2.1 Main theoretical concepts Urban Flooding According to Ashley et al. 's book, urban floods are increasingly frequent. They are usually caused by heavy rains or subsequent runoff and mainly occur in the built-up areas of cities (2007, p.30). In Hamin et al. 's book, a more detailed list of the causes of urban flooding is given: “Urban flooding is caused by a combination of forces, including the predominance of impervious surfaces in cities (i.e., buildings and pavement); changes in the hydrologic system from natural rivers, floodplains, and wetlands to hard-surfaced channelized rivers; and underground drainage pipes of the modern engineered stormwater system”.

Resilient Design In the book ‘Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World’ (2006, pp.1-2), Walker and Salt position resilience as an ability to deliver current services in a way that is able to satisfy the possibilities of future development, as well as a concept related to sustainability. This statement, when interpreted from the perspective of landscape and planning, can be understood to mean that the environment has the ability to adapt and recover in response to disasters and challenges (Ahern, 2011, p.343).

Green Infrastructure Green infrastructure was defined by Benedict and McMahon (2006, p. 1) as “an interconnected network of natural areas and other open spaces that conserves natural ecosystem values and functions, sustains clean air and water, and provides a wide array of benefits to people and wildlife.” On the basis of this definition, Ahern (2007, p.268) interprets GI as “spatially and functionally integrated systems and networks of protected landscapes supported with protected, artificial and hybrid infrastructures of built landscapes that provide multiple, complementary ecosystem and landscape functions to a broad public, in support of sustainability”. It can be seen from the above two definitions that GI is systematic, with connectivity, sustainability, ecological protection functions, and providing the enhancement of air, water and other natural resources.

Adaptive Design Novotny et al. (2010, p.145) summarized five resilient design strategies, one of which was building adaptive capacity that was interpreted as an action that provides opportunities for innovative “learn-by-doing” and “safe-to-fail” design experiments (2010, p.146). This implication suggests that the adaptive design approach can provide a pattern in which design actions can be parallel or even ahead of knowledge, and have the ability to tolerate risk in the event of failure. To reduce this risk, how do we build adaptive capacity? Novotny et al. (2010, p. 158) made three points based on previous research: first, understanding the dynamic characteristics of the systems; second, constantly looking for the most effective interventions, which is the experimental aspect of design; and third, learning by design. According to all above, adaptive design can be proved a suitable match for the uncertain and dynamic urban flooding.

Relationship of Green Infrastructure and Adaptive Design The design concept of GI focuses on the multifunctional potential of the site, not only on flood prevention or resettlement (Lennon et al. 2014, p.750). This dovetails with the first adaptive strategy -- multifunctional land use (Palazzo 2019, pp.141). Green infrastructure is positioned as a key part to achieve this strategy. The green network that it provides is of great importance for sustainable stormwater management. Thus, green infrastructure can be a means to achieve adaptive design.

2.2 Conceptual diagram

impermeable surfaces

construction of urban structures

cause

Urban Floods to cope with

Previous way construction first, flood control later

Better new way

Adaptive design

Build a landscape that is tolerant of flooding

Green infrastructure

2.3 Theoretical Framework

Resilient Design for Urban Flooding Green infrastructure

Adaptive design

How to design GI for flood mitigation within the framework of adaptive design?

Theoretical position (Herrington) Systems theory and cybernetics Infrastructure(GI)

System thinking ways of adaptive design in flood mitigation GI people(activities) local condition(natural environment/connections/communities) flood flora and fuana materials flood damage benefits maintenance

Project Vision

03 Site Context and Rationale

3.1 Surburban Context - Bardwell and Wolli Creek Green Corridor

N Aboriginal Sites Bardwell Valley Parklands and Wolli Creek Turrella Reserve Waterworth Park

Turrella Station Wolli Creek Regional Park

Girrahween Park

Coo

ks R

Bardwell Park Station

eek

C olli

Coolibah Reserve

Shepherd Parade Reserve Off Leash Dog Exercise Areas ek

C ell

ive

Arncliffe Station

Bardwell Valley Golf Course Silver Jubilee Park

Bardwell Creek Reserve

Bexley Pool

Bexley Golf Course

Bexley Park

Coolibah Reserve The Coolibah Reserve is located in the middle of the Bardwell and Wolli Creek Green Corridor and adjacent to the East Hills Railway. It is at the confluence of Wolli Creek and Bardwell Creek, as well as the connection between Girrahween Park and Bardwell Valley Golf Course. So it is of great value at the planning level.

3.2 Social and Cultural Context Current provisioning and cultural ecosystem services

Age-sex pyramid, 2016

Birthplace, 2016

Bayside Council Area

Coutry of birth(top 10 largest, 2016)

85 and over 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

AGE

85 and over 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

In 2016, 46.0% of people in Bayside Council area were born overseas, compared with 36.7% in Greater Sydney.

Cultural heritage values. China Nepal Greece

Food products for animals

Cultural communication

Bangladesh UK Philippines

provide biological materials sources of energy

Indonesia Lebanon

Education values

North Macedonia India 0

% of persons

% of the population

As can be seen from the chart, the largest population group in this region is the young adults aged 25-34. There are fewer old people, more newborns and a balanced ratio of men and women.

As can be seen from the figure, the composition of overseas population in this region is complex, among which the population from China is the largest.

The Estimated Resident Population of Bayside Council area was 2019. The population density is 35.73 persons per hectare.

178,396

How do the site perceived and valued by the local community?

as of the 30th June

Elements of natural environment

Sense of personal safety

Welcoming to all people

Sense of belonging in the community

There are people like me

(age, gender, interests, ethnic backgrounds etc.)

Space and activities

(age, gender, interests, ethnic backgrounds etc.)

The natural environment is of greatest importance to the local community, so efforts should be made to improve natural elements such as vegetation and water quality.

Nature of space Space for domestic use

Historical sites

Sports space

Leisure space

Users

Characteristics

SITE OF DAM ACROSS WOLLI CREEK Family

Residents

Visitors

Open space Good sun exposure Play grounds for kids

Open or half open space Rest facilities available Beautiful scenery

WOLLI CREEK WEIR

(No visible remains, partly covered by East Hills Railway

Teenagers

embankment. )

SITE OF SMALL FARM (Small farm covered by landfill. )

Open space/ Wide area Flat terrain Sports facilities

SITE OF DAM ACROSS BARDWELL CREEK (Beneath East Hills Railway )

Activities picnic

Children play

Get close to animals

Photo taking

Walk the dog

Take a walk

Take a rest

Social activities

Outdoor drawing

Ball games

Jogging

Yoga

Possible The drawing shows some historical sites adjacent to the site. These are in danger of being damaged when the flood comes.

3.3 History Socio-economic history YUMENG jIAO

1850s - the construction of a limekiln next to the dam in Wolli Creek by the 1850s brought industry to this part of the river.

FUTURE

1804 - European settlement - land being used mainly for farming Original inhabitants - Aboriginal uses of the Wolli Creek catchment from the 1820s to the 1870s

1830s - Market gardening

The Wolli creek catchment was essentially still a natural river interspersed with cleared patches, houses and small wharves, linked by the river and a network of cart tracks and walking trails.

Late 1800s into the early 1900s Railway lines/ Sydney Airport site selection/ Botany Bay - Residential and industrial growth

1950s to 1960s medium-density housing 1990s to 2010s urban renewal - Population growth

Flooding history 2

Flooding to a level of 3-4 m in park on several occasions

3 1

Flooding reaches the rear of properties on Edith St

Flooding to a level of > 1 m caused ignificant damages of property on annan St.

Observed flooding at Coolabah Reserve

5 6

Flooding reached the fence of 50 Hannan St

Flooding on Bardwell Rd at Coolibah Reserve

7 e

eserv

hR oliba

Flooding over Bardwell Rd by Bardwell Creek

Main Flooding Events

1983

1984

Source: 1. https://economy.id.com.au/baysidensw 2. Local Strategic Planning Statement- a land-use vision to 2036. Bayside Council, 2020. 3. Millennium Ecosystem Assessmen. 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. I sland Press, Washington, DC.

1986

1988

1991

1992

1996

1998

2005

2014

2015

3.4 Geographical Context Terrain

N 1 2

EDITH

HANNA

M ST

5.0m 3.2m

3.5m

2.5m

1.6m

East Hills Railway

1.5m 4

0m 20m

26m

riparian zone

grove and lawn

22m

14m

riparian zone

natural watercourse

JOHN S

1: 500

Section A - A'

31m

14m

natural watercourse

DA EY

RL 4

A 13

6 7

5.0m

6.9m

10m

12m

1.7m

Section B - B'

60m

20m

grove and lawn

riparian zone

24m

12m

natural watercourse

BARDW

ELL RD

riparian zone

1: 500

DARLE

4.0m

4.1m

3.7m

2.6m

1.0m 0m

riparian zone

20m

10m

107m

riparian zone

natural watercourse

Section C - C'

grove and lawn

1: 500

4.0m 1.7m

2.0m

3.3m 1.8m

1.5m

31m

grove and lawn

Section D - D'

1: 500

ORTH ST

WENTW

20m

riparian zone

16m

22m

natural watercourse

riparian zone

28m

natural watercourse

Y RD

Perimeter: 1km Area: 3.79ha The time it takes adults to walk around the boundary: 14min (1.2m/s)

3.4 Geographical Context Topography

Facilities

Context lush vegetation

playground

lush vegetation

Coolibah Reserve

45m

playground

riparian area

lawn and groves

The exit to the residential area

pavilion with tables and chairs

overgrown weeds

13m

high 45m 1m low

The terrain of the site is higher in the east and west part and lower in the middle. The terrain in the west varies greatly and is steeper than that in the east.

Water condition intersection

S A pavilion with seats

① lush vegetation ② The water quality of rivers needs to be improved ③ Weeds in the riparian

There is only one playground in the site, but there are few facilities which are not well constructed and lacks attraction.

Catchment E

Circulation

wetland

Site area

flow direction

The Bardwell River Way runs north-south through the site and joins Wolli Creek at the northern end of the site. Although Sydney has had more rainfall in the first half of years, the river flow on the site is still low (when there is no flood). The wetlands in the middle are almost dry. Water quality is poor and ground cover plants are sparse in the riparian zone.

S entrance

The land use within the catchment consists primarily of medium density urban residential development and commercial developments (including some light industrial areas), together with areas of open space such Bexley Golf Club, Bardwell Golf Club and several parks. The site is located downstream of Bardwell Creek and has the largest number of tributaries and the highest flood control pressure. When the upstream flood control pressure is too large, the site will also face a huge flood threat.

current common route (not constructed)

There are no well-built roads in the site, but there are dirt roads formed by people walking frequently. There are 3 entrances connecting Darley Road and Hannam Street respectively and one connecting the residential area.

3.5 Site Evolution (channels and vegetation)

1943

1951

1955

1961

1965

① Water flow in the site was small. ② The channel of Bardwell Creek on the site was not obvious. ③ The site was sparsely wooded. ④ Vegetation as sparse along Wolli Creek.

① Water flow in the site was small. ② The channel of Bardwell Creek on the site was not obvious. ③ Trees began to grow at the north end of the site. ④ Increased vegetation in the Wolli Creek riparian zone.

① Increased water flow in the site. ② The width and depth of the channel in the site increased, and the shape can be clearly seen. ③ The vegetation in the riparian zone of the site extended from north to south. ④ Reduced vegetation in the Wolli Creek riparian zone.

① Water flow in the site was small. ② The slope of the channel was gentle, and the shape was not as obvious as before. ③ The land cover of the riparian zone was increased and the trees were concentrated in the northern part of the site. ④ Increased vegetation in the Wolli Creek riparian zone.

1975

① Water flow in the site was small. ② The shape of the creek channel became obvious, and the riparian area showed signs of artificial construction. ③ The land cover of the riparian zone was increased and the trees were concentrated in the northern part of the site. ④ Increased vegetation in the Wolli Creek riparian zone.

① Water flow in the site was small. ② On the site, a new curved channel was extended on the basis of the original channel route. ③ The traces of artificial construction in the riparian zone disappear and become natural. ④ Expansion of residential areas in the southeast and northwest directions outside the site.

CHANGE 1 - River channels widened and increased in number.

To cope with the floods CHANGE 2 - Greening increased in the site.

1978

1986

1991

1998

① The water flow in the site increased significantly. ② The width of both the original channel and the new curved channel are widened, and a small island with lush vegetation was formed in the area enveloped by the two channels . ③ As the channel deepens, its shape becomes more pronounced. ④ Vegetation on the north bank of Wolli Creek was increased while trees on the south bank was decreased .

① The flow of the river was high and the island in the center were partially submerged. ② On the site, a new curved channel was extended on the basis of the original channel route. ③ The northern part of the site lost trees and the southern part was heavily wooded. ④ Vegetation on the north bank of Wolli Creek was increased. ⑤ The water quality is poor in the site.

① Trees grew on the site. ② Increased vegetation in the Wolli Creek riparian zone. ③ The water quality is poor in the site.

① Trees grew on the site. ② The vegetation along the banks of Wolli Creek has increased significantly, both sides of the creek were basically covered with green. ③ The water quality is poor in the site.

2005 ① Vegetation on the site is in good condition. ② Play facilities for children have been added to the site. ③ The water is cleaner than before, though it still needs to be improved.

Site changes have been closely linked to flood solutions.

To cope with the floods and urban heat island effect. CHANGE 3 - Water quality improvement

Aimed at habitat and ecological restoration

3.6 Flood Condition

Watercourse and Pit/Pipe Stormwater Network

Peak Flood Depths 1% AEP EVENT

Depth (m) 0 - 0.15 Watercourses/ Channels Culverts Pits

0.15 - 0.25

Pipes

＞2

As shown in the figure above, the site owns a natural river course, and the pipes are located on the east and north sides of the site, which corresponds to the worst-hit area of 100-year flood in the site.

Overground flood control measures need to be combined with underground pipelines and pits

0.25 - 0.5 0.5 -1 1-2

As can be seen from the figure, the eastern part of the site and the river channels in the middle will face a serious crisis of inundation when facing 100-year flood. The depth of the flood reached more than two meters at its deepest. This is because the site is downstream of Bardwell Creek, which has more tributaries and therefore more water to flood.According to the terrain of the site, the lower the position, the deeper the water.

Intercept and storage water from upstream

3.6 Flood Condition

Peak Flood Velocities 1% AEP EVENT

Provisional Hydraulic Categories 1% AEP EVENT

Velocity (m/s) 0 - 0.25 0.25 - 0.5 0.5 -1 1 - 1.25 1.25 -1.5

Floodway Flood Storage

＞ 1.5

Flood Fringe

As shown in the figure, when 100-year flood occurs in the site, the fastest flow velocity is at the southern end of the site, because the width of the lowland here is narrow and the surrounding slope is large (see Section D-D'). Flood flows into the site through two pipes under the road. However, due to the limited capacity, flood overflow will spread to Bardwell Rd.

Low-lying terrain is conducive to flood discharge

Hydraulic Categorisation

The figure shows the designated floodways for 100-year flood, which basically flows into Wolli Creek along the natural watercourse.It also shows the flood storage area in the east of the site, which aims to attenuate an incoming flood peak to a flow level that can be accepted by the downstream channel and flood fringe area.

Extensions of floodway and flood storage area

3.7 Vegetation Natural areas

Endangered ecological communities and known and potential habitat for threatened flora

Known and potential habitat for threatened fauna and shorebirds N

N N

Site area

Bushland

Green Golden Bell Frog Habitat

Acacia pubescens and Dillwynia tenuifolia habitat

Known Grey Headed Flying Fox Roosting Habitat

Syzygium paniculatum habitat

Grey-headed Flying Fox, Select Microbats and Powerful Owl Habitat

Swamp oak floodplain forest

Watercourse and wetland LEP-2011 - Natural Resources - Wetland LEP-2011 - Natural Resources - Biodiversity Aboriginal Sites

Freshwater wetlands

The site has high habitat value, habitat protection needs to be considered when designing floods.

There is swamp oak floodplain forest in the site. Floods and soil will affect the species composition of the vegetation community.

The site of well-maintained native vegetation. Located at the intersection of two biodiversity corridors, Bardwell Creek and Wolli Creek.

Main Flora Hierarchy Trees

Riparian zone revegetation recommendation

Fern Acacia binervia

Angophora floribunda

Banksia serrata

Callicoma serratifolia

Corymbia gummifera

Eucalyptus punctata

Melaleuca styphelioides

Adiantum aethiopicum

Syncarpia glomulifera

Shrubs

Asplenium australasicum

Calochlaena dubia

Histiopteris incisa

Hypolepis muelleri

Main Fauna species Acacia linifolia

Acacia suaveolens

Baeckea linifolia

Correa reflexa

Grevillea buxifolia

Hakea dactyloides

Jacksonia scoparia

Melaleuca erubescens

Birds

Mammals

Frogs

Grass Calyptorhynchus funereus.

Juncus planifolius

Lomandra longifolia

Microlaena stipoides

Poa affinis

Themeda australis

Lomandra filiformis ssp. coriacea

Lomatia silaifolia

Oplismenus imbecillis

Ptilinopus superbus

Ninox strenua

Malurus lamberti

Herpetofauna

Pteropus poliocephalus

Limnodynastes peronii

Fish

Climer Billardiera scandens

Clematis glycinoides

Eustrephus latifolius

Glycine clandestina

Hardenbergia violacea

Hibbertia scandens

Kennedia rubicunda

Pandorea pandorana

Eulamprus tenuis

Eulamprus quoyii

Amphibolurus muricatus

Physignathus lesueurii

Hypseleotris compressa

Bird attractor Bursaria spinosa (2m prickly shrub) Callistemon sieberi (4m weeping shrub) Callestemon viminalis (8m weeping shrub) Leptospermum polygalifolium (Bushy 3m shrub) Muehlenbeckia florulenta (Tangled 2m shrub) Eucalyptus melliodora (Tree to 20m)

Galaxias maculatus

Soil stabiliser Bolboschoenus fluviatilis (1m tall sedge) Microlaena stipoides (30cm grass) Melaleuca bracteata (Large shrub to 6m) Acacia stenophylla (Small tree to 5m) Flood resistant Cyperus exaltatus (1.5m sedge) Lomandra longifolia / hystix (1m tufted rush)

Project Vision

04 Precedents

4.1 Buffalo Bayou Park Main Flood Resilient Design Strategies

Project Type: Park/ Open space/ Waterfront redevelopment (riverfront) Designer: SWA Group Former Land Use: Drainage corridor Location: Houston, Texas, USA Size: 68.4 ha; 3.7 km long Climate Zone: Humid subtropical Budget: $58 million Completion Date: 2015

(Watson & Adams, 2010, p.78) (Ahern, 2011, pp.342-343)

Store rainwater in suitable water storage area to release pressure from run-off during moderate rainfall

Downtown Houston

3.7km Reduce Impervious Land Cover

68.4ha Buffalo Bayou Park is an urban green space located upriver from downtown Houston, Texas, along the Buffalo Bayou Estuary, a major drainage system for much of the city. Its ten acres of trails wind past seven major public art installations, three gardens of native flora, and over four pedestrian bridges; two festival lawns, a dog park, a skate park, a nature play area, a restaurant, and an art exhibit hall draw visitors from afar. By restoring the original engineered lawn drainage corridor to the original natural drainage corridor for river restoration and reforestation, Buffalo Bayou Park has successfully responded to three extreme weather challenges, including floods and hurricanes (ULI 2018).

Protect and restore the floodplain, wetland and riparian buffer zone

(Masterplan of Buffalo Bayou Park, SWA Group)

4.1 Buffalo Bayou Park Flood Resilient Design Methods Cisterns to capture and reuse water

Performance in Flooding Control

(Watson & Adams, 2010, pp. 103-125 - p.261)

Stormwater retention

Riparian buffers

Ecological wastewater treatment systems

Native planting Riparian buffers

Riparian zone

(LAF 2019) (LAF 2019)

1. Withstood significant flooding and avoided an estimated $2 million in damages from Hurricane Harvey with custom-designed site fixtures and furnishings. 2. Avoided an estimated $735,900 in flood repair costs from Hurricane Harvey through installation of coir lifts.

The Buffalo Bayou Partnership restored and repurposed the Cistern into a public space to house art installations, tours, and meditation sessions (ULI 2018).

Stormwater retention

The slopes of the bayou banks were laid back to create both additional capacity for flood water movement and recreational space (ULI 2018).

Elevation and floodresistant design/ stormwater retention

New bridges and pathways were added to the park to provide access to Texas’s longest paddling trail. The added green infrastructure along the trails offers flood protection and other recreational benefits (ULI 2018). Porous paving with infiltration bed Bioretention area

Johnny Steele Dog Park, which has been around for more than a decade, has been expanded, and Its water features are filtered through a recirculating system intended to incorporate a nearby constructed wetland (ULI 2018). Urban forestry and reduction of lawnscape

Reintroducing native landscapes and restoring diversity and balance to the terrain - over 14,000 native trees were planted in the park over the course of construction (ULI 2018).

We t l a n d p r o t e c t i o n a n d restoration

The water course was redesigned in order to reverse much of the streamlining that had been made in the 1950s, following intensive study of the bayou’s “fluvial geomorphopology.” Meanders were restored with “flood benches,” like speed humps where fast-moving floodwater can spread out and drop silt and debris. After high water events, cleanup crews can focus their attention on these few locations (ULI 2018).

Flood-resistant design

3. Increases habitat quality within 25% of the park by providing fruit and seed sources for wildlife in 53% of newlyplanted native groundcover and shrub species, nectar sources in 63%, and habitat sources in 27%, with 23% of these species designated as having Special Value for native pollinators. 4. Sequesters 9.19 tons of atmospheric carbon and intercepts approximately 84,000 gallons of stormwater runoff annually in approximately 9,800 newlyplanted trees.

Findings

The facilities include sunken spaces that can store water.

Site fixtures and furnishings within Buffalo Bayou Park were custom-designed to withstand submersion during flood events and the impact of floating debris (LAF 2019).

Main Materials and Fixtures 1.Custom concrete light pole 2.Custom Stainless steel oversized handrails and guardrails 3.Pavilions of board-formed concrete 4.Concrete-filled galvanized steel bridge abutments

The nature playground uses paving materials such as sand and stones, combined with the low-lying terrain to promote infiltration and retention of rainwater (LAF 2019).

Lawn areas can be nearly as impervious as pavement (Watson & Adams, 2010, p. 110). Reestablishment of forest with understory can help restore natural hydrologic functions.

Lost Lake garden. Not only does it provide good views, i t a l s o h e l p s m i t i g a te t h e heat island effect, improves water quality during h e a v y ra i n s a n d p rov i d e s habitats for some species.

The concrete columns of the pedestrian and bike bridges c ro s s i n g t h e b a y o u h a v e a hydrodynamic profile to minimize turbulence of water moving through the channel d u r i n g f l o o d e ve n t s ( L A F 2019).

1. Green infrastructure is the main response to floods. 2. In the face of irresistible hurricanes and rainstorms, adaptive design should be adopted to accommodate flood and reduce losses. 3. The repair of the site after the flood should be taken into account in advance, that is, the facilities, pavement, plants, etc. should own the ability to recover quickly. Therefore, the application of materials and selection of species need to be carefully considered. 4. The use of native plants is of great value in cementing soil, restoring riparian zones, and preventing floods.

4.2 Hunter's Point South Waterfront Park, Phase 1

Main Flood Resilient Design Strategies (Watson & Adams, 2010, p.78) (Ahern, 2011, pp.342-343)

Intercept small rainfalls in the upstream

0.2 8

Project Type: Park/ Open space/ Waterfront redevelopment (coastal) Designer: SWA/Balsley, Weiss/Manfredi Former Land Use: Industrial Location: Long Island City, New York, USA Size: 3.84 ha Climate Zone: Humid subtropical Budget: $66 million Completion Date: 2013

3.84ha

Store rainwater in suitable water storage area to release pressure from run-off during moderate rainfall

Hunter's Point South Waterfront Park is part of a mixed-use community development in a former abandoned industrial district in Long Island City, Queens, New York.The site is a former railroad warehouse, coal yard and swampy wetland with no public access to its iconic views of Manhattan's skyline along the East River.In response to the impacts of climate change, the project incorporates bulkheads and stone cutters to better withstand future flooding of the East River. It is not only public amenity, but also the first line of defense against storms in the area. (Landscape Architecture Foundation, 2019).

Reduce Impervious Land Cover

PHASE 1

PHASE 2 (Masterplan of Hunter's Point South Waterfront Park, Phase 1, Landscape Architecture Foundation, 2019)

4.2 Hunter's Point South Waterfront Park, Phase 1 Flood Resilient Design Methods Flood-resistant design

Consideration of climate change,its shoreline is significantly augmented, e m p l oy i n g b u l k h e a d s a n d riprap to better withstand future flooding in the East River (LAF 2018).

Performance in Flooding Control

(Watson & Adams, 2010, pp. 103-125 - p.261)

Rain gardens and small bioretention area

The park nods to the site’s history, transforming former railroad tracks into garden beds to in order to hold up the rain and relieve the pressure when the flood comes.The area of infiltration basins are up to 22% (LAF 2018).

Stormwater interceptors

Rock-filled gabions are set in a planted swale along Central Boulevard to interrupt and slow large volumes of rain and storm surge from the neighborhood as well as filter sediment before it drains (LAF 2018).

Native planting

Innovative materials include native and flood-tolerant plants (LAF 2018).

Porous paving

The use of synthetic turf on the playing field which is likely to be flooded and natural grass could be badly damaged by salt water on the surrounding five-foothigh berm is sensible (Dunlap 2013).

Porous paving with infiltration bed Bioretention area

The permeable pavement area of the site is up to 73% (LAF 2018).

Stormwater retention before

after

(LAF 2019)

1. According to the results calculated by the final National StormWater Calculator (the US EPA's StormWater Management Tool), the annual precipitation infiltration rate of the site was 58.61%, and the evaporation capacity was 14.16%. Intercepts, infiltrates, and evaporates 73% of average annual rainfall in permeable pavers and a biofiltration swale. 2. Increases flood storage capacity by approximately 557,800 gallons, accommodating up to a 6-ft stormsurge flood event.

Findings 1. Unlike the riverfront, the coastal site need to be designed with more space to hold rainstorms when it is at risk of both flooding and sea level rise. 2. The design of green infrastructure is integrated with the historical memory of the site.

Current high tide

100-year flood

The 29,825-sf central oval lawn was designed to provide temporary water storage in the case of storm-surge or large tidally influenced flood events.It is surrounded by a sloping retaining wall, reaching 30 inches in height on its highest side. It can detain up to 74,562.50 cf (557,766 gallons) of stormwater during a flood event and because it is graded to slope down to the East River, it allows the collected water to recede back into the river (LAF 2018).

Main Materials and Fixtures 1.Gabion box formed by crushed rocks in wire cages 2.Terrace framed by precast concrete walls 3.Synthetic turf fabricated using synthetic fibers 4.Beach sand for playgrounds 5.Site furniture made of environmentally sustainable southern yellow pine

3. The application of materials is localized and adapted to the function of the site. 4. The use of native plants is of great value in cementing soil, restoring riparian zones, and preventing floods.

Project Vision

05 Design Process

5.1 SWOT analysis narrow tunnel for flood discharge

N SWOT Analysis

lush vegetation

surrounded by residential areas obsolete playground

poor water quality

birds and fauna protection

ecological science education high terrian

overgrown with weeds

erosion of riparian zones

lack access to cross the creek

wetlands

less connected to the external context space for recreation

Strengths 1. Lush vegetation 2. As the land rises to the east and west, flooding in this area is not a serious problem. 3. Wetlands resources Weaknesses 1. The site is located downstream of Bardwell Creek, there are frequent severe floods and property damage in surrounding residential areas. 2. Water quality is poor. 3. The thicket of weeds along the creek is squeezing out space for native plants. 4. Erosion of riparian zones has led to narrow and deeper channels in the north. 5. People lack access to cross Bardwell Creek and lack access during the flood. 6. Lack of reasonable route circulation in the site. 7. The site is less connected to the external context. 8. Lack of essential infrastructure such as lights, seats, trash bins and so on. 9. The playground facilities for children are obsolete. Opportunities 1. The site is surrounded by residential areas, community activities can be held. 2. Space for recreation. 3. Ecological science education. 4. Birds and wetland fauna protection. Threats 1. Climate change. Storms are frequent. 2. The tunnel under the railway to the north of the site is too narrow to allow for flood discharge. 3. Many tributaries upstream from Bardwell Creek bring large amounts of water to the site during heavy rains.

5.2 Process Severely flooded areas

Due to the relatively flat terrain, the western residential area can be flooded during heavy rains, and drainage is still poor despite more than ten pipe pits. When the flood overflows, due to the high west and low east terrain, the water flows into the site from this direction, increasing the pressure on the north side of the site. Therefore, it is still necessary to maintain plant roots and soil.

Water from upstream tributaries pours into the site through two culverts under the bridge, and as a low point in the terrain, it also draws water from the east and west. So there's a lot of water flowing and moving fast. At this point upstream flooding should be cut off to ease the flow and reduce the erosion of the downstream banks.

This is the only way that flood water from the site flows into Wolli Creek, so the water flows very fast here. Erosion of the concave side of the river bank is serious and plant root penetration need to be considered.

According to the high east and low west terrain of this side of the site, the flood of residential areas all pours into the site. This site is located at the junction of the site's two watercourses, with only one spillway to its north. So weir should be set up here to regulate the flow of water while the flood is still under control.

Inner traffic improvement planning

I t is clear that the existing entrances face north, east and south respectively, and the western border lacks access. 4

3 5 7

A route close to the river, along which the attractions can be set.

Set up a route on high ground to facilitate passage in case of standing water.

A ro u te a c ro s s t h e c re e k , i t i s convenient for east-west pedestrians.

Although there are no attractions to visit, due to its high elevation, it will become a passway in case of floods.

When the flood water level is high and ground access routes are inundated, an elevated facility is needed to ensure east-west access, as well as to accommodate views.

Along the stream line, a hydrophilic way.

A walking route of the rest area.

The outside tour route of the rest area is convenient for browsing the street scene.

Direction of flow Core inundation area

Main routes

Severely flooded area

Existing entrances

Proper flow control point

Planning new entrances

Site

Ecological improvement planning

Activity area improvement planning

According to the current situation, the main activity areas are located to the northeast and southeast of the site due to their proximity to the existing entrance.Therefore, the promotion of the activity area will expand to the middle on this basis, connecting the eastern area into a whole, mainly for children and young people's lively activities. To the west, the terrain is steeper and not suitable for sports and other activities, but with dense tree canopy and spare space, it is a saperate and quiet area and is suitable for residents to walk and rest.

The riparian ecosystem needs to be rebuilt because of soil erosion caused by flooding, weeds need to be removed, and native plants are needed to repair and stabilise the soil. Native plants also contribute to the construction of the wetland ecosystem and the ecological restoration of the site.

Root penetration needs to be strengthened in order to stabilize the banks and the soil.

Rapid flow region

'Active' area

Proper flow control point

'Quiet' area

Site

Project Vision

06 Design Concept and Narrative

6.1 Design Concepts

Coexist

Before floods

Restore and treat

When floods come

After floods

intercept and retain

Adapt and use

Remove to safer areas

Node

6.2 Principles and Strategies

Principle 1

Principle 2

Principle 3

Adapt the land to floods

People live with water

Water nourishes ecology

Chain of stormwater filtration wetlands

New playgrounds at secure location

Restricted areas for animal protection

Key area of increasing root penetration

Elevated wooden way

Ecological protection education sites

Restore Bardwell creek and treat water

Strengthen the circulation on the site and to adjacent communities

Area of native planting increasing for fauna habitats

New amenities and facilities

Strategies - Increasing root penetration of large canopy of trees within - Restore and repair Bardwell Creek as well as clean and treat water onsite - Change landform to increase low-lying areas to improve the flood capacity of the space (wetlands, ponds, broadening the channel, etc.)

Social benefit: Residents adjacent to the reserve have filtered rainwater as their primary water source. Environmental benefit: Catch over 40% of stormwater combined sewer system annually. Economic benefit: avoiding a projected A$30,000 in future capital costs to upgrade stormwater infrastructure.

Views

Strategies

- Adjust the location of the facilities according to the terrain and the flood discharge line (security)

- Increase native planting at the edges of the naturally occurring water system to improve habitats for fauna.

- Broaden the view of the landscape and improve the infrastructure of the site, including seating, lighting, amenities, etc.

- Create protected areas for wetland animals with restricted access

- Improve the connection to adjacent communities and water accessibility, and guaranteed accessibility in case of floods.

Social benefit: 1. Increased the total visible area of the natural environment by 30%. 2. The number of residents visiting the sites regularly increased by 30%. Environmental benefit: over 300 m2 of land was reclaimed as activity area. Economic benefit: Catalyzed a 5% increase in aggregate land value within 500m of the reserve.

- Educate people about the impact of floods on habitats such as wetlands and ponds under rainstorm retention systems and raise their awareness of conservation.

Social benefit: With 80% of nearby students improved the knowledge about the site's waterfront habitats. Environmental benefit: Increased critical bird-breeding habitat for at least 4 species. Economic benefit: Saves A$20,000 in annual maintenance costs by introducing native plant species at the creek bank instead of weeds.

6.3 Relevant Policies

Policies for Principle 1

International level

SDG 13 - Climate Action SDG 15 - Life on Land THE NEW URBAN AGENDA - Planning and managing urban spatial development

Metropolitan National level

Objective 5: Improve conservation management of Australia’s landscapes, waterways, wetlands and seascapes (Australia’s Strategy for Nature 2019–2030) Objective 8: Use and develop natural resources in an ecologically sustainable way (Australia’s Strategy for Nature 2019–2030) Priority for action 2 - Building ecosystem resilience in a changing climate (Australia’s Biodiversity Conservation Strategy 2010–2030)

Local Government level

Planning Proposal- Bayside Local Environmental Plan (BLEP) Bayside council plan of management for community land and public open space 2016

Policies for Principle 2

International level

SDG 3 - Good Health and Wellbeing SDG 11 - Sustainable Cities and Communities SDG 15 - Life on Land

Metropolitan National level

Liveability (South District Plan – connecting communities) Infrastructure and collaboration (South District Plan – connecting communities) Goal 1: Connect all Australians (Australia’s Strategy for Nature 2019–2030)

Local Government level

Planning Proposal- Bayside Local Environmental Plan (BLEP) Bayside council plan of management for community land and public open space 2016 Local Strategic Planning Statement a land-use vision to 2036

Policies for Principle 3

International level

SDG 3 - Good Health and Wellbeing SDG 6 - Clean Water and Sanitation SDG 13 - Climate Action

Metropolitan National level

2.2 Maintaining and re-establishing ecosystem functions (Australia’s Biodiversity Conservation Strategy 2010–2030) 2.3 Reducing threats to biodiversity (Australia’s Biodiversity Conservation Strategy 2010–2030) 3.1 Improving and sharing knowledge(Australia’s Biodiversity Conservation Strategy 2010–2030) PRINCIPLE 4. Participation (Greener Places)

Local Government level

Planning Proposal- Bayside Local Environmental Plan (BLEP) Bayside council plan of management for community land and public open space 2016

Project Vision

07 Design Resolution

7.1 Masterplan

The project aims to create a resilient place that can coexist with floods, focusing on the ecology and human activities during and after floods, and creating a multi-functional park that adapts to the life of surrounding communities based on restoration, drainage and utilization. 1

5 3

7 6 2

5 9

3 3

Children's playgrounds

Open lawn

Wetlands

Picnic area

Ecological protected area

6 Elevated wooden bridge

1:1000 0

100m

Weir

Rest and walking area

7.2 Panorama Diagram W S

N E

This picture shows a panoramic view of the site.As a shared green space for surrounding residential areas, it has been reasonably improved in terms of infrastructure and traffic circulation, while its ecological value has also been enhanced. The elevated wooden bridge in the center of the site forms the core symbol of the site, which not only connects the east and west sides of the site, but also serves as the best view point of the site.It offers a 360-degree view of the site, offering visitors an opportunity to enjoy the dense forest and watch birds without entering the middle island.

7.3 Design Analysis Functional partition analysis

Riparian restoration area Rest and walking area Open lawn(temporary events holding area) Children's playground Picnic area Central viewing area

The site is divided into six parts from west to east, which are rest and walking area, riparian restoration area, central viewing area, children's playground, open lawn(temporary events holding area) and picnic area. The riparian restoration area mainly focuses on native planting and wetland animal protection, and also has the function of promoting wetland protection education. Children's playground, the picnic area and the open lawn make up the eastern part of the site. The Open lawn is used primarily for temporary community activities or sports. The western part of the site is quiet with less human activities, while the eastern part is busy with human activities.

Route analysis

E1 E5

Recreation area route Route of passage during floods

Main circulation Wetland visit route

In the event of flood, the bridge is responsible for pedestrian passage. Both sides of the bridge are connected with the normal road of the park. Pedestrians can safely leave the park from exits E1, E2, E4 and E5 along the roads at the edge of the site. When there is no flood in the field, the park roads lead to five exits in four directions, and the passage is easy and unobstructed. The children's area has its own tour route. In addition to the above, there is a tour route along the wetland to facilitate popular science education.

7.3 Design Analysis Elevation

±2.0m

±10.0m

±4.0m

±3.0m

±2.0m

±4.0m

±5.0m ±4.0m

±5.0m

±10.0m

±4.0m

±3.0m

±2.0m

±3.5m

±6.0m

±4.0m

±7.0m

The topography of the site has not changed much.The height of the children's playground is about 4 meters above sea level and the terrain is flat. The three entrances of the elevated wooden bridge are naturally connected to the terrain at an elevation of 3.5m, 4m and 5m respectively. According to Peak Flood Depths diagram, the depth of the 100-year flood along the river is more than 2 meters, and the depth of the flood along the river bank is between 0.5 and 2 meters. The entrances meet the need of flood prevention.

Flow Direction

flood flow

As the water flows into the field, it enters the wetlands, which results in less flow northward into Wolli Creek and less pressure for the water to flow through the tunnel under the railway. Children's playgrounds use permeable materials such as sand and gravel to help water filtration and infiltration.

7.4.1 Zones - Central Viewing Zone The central view area is composed of the elevated wooden bridge and the central island, with good traffic and scenery. The three entrances of the bridge are connected to the site naturally, ensuring access in the event of floods, and the gentle ramps provide convenience for the disabled.

stepping stone weir

permeable paving E-1

E-2

native planting

±5.0m

±3.5m

Bardwell Creek elevated wooden bridge E-3 ±4.0m

Wetlands

Elevated wooden bridge E-1 ±5.0m Bridge column Bridge pier

±5.0m

E-3

±3.5m ±4.0m

E-2

7.4.1 Zones - Central Viewing Zone

elevated wooden bridge bench

native planting

±5.0m

±3.5m

7.4.2 Zones - Children's Playground The children's playground has been upgraded. It is located on the flat ground with an altitude of 4m. The area is recorded to be submerged at 0-0.15m when the flood comes, so it still has a certain degree of safety when the rainstorm comes. At the same time, the site uses sand, gravel and other permeable paving materials to ensure children's safety and promote water infiltration and filtration.

native planting

±4.0m

permeable paving

±2.0m

playground

wetlands

Playground

Users

7.4.2 Zones - Children's Playground

coloured pervious plastic paving

sand pit

gravel

7.4.3 Zones - Open lawn and Picnic Zone The open lawn connects the picnic area with the children's playground, a relatively flat area where people can exercise or do sports most of the time, and can be used for temporary community activities when needed. Picnic area is designed for young people and families. Located in the southeast corner, it is relatively quiet and allows people to picnic in a semi-shaded area.

elevated wooden bridge open lawn

native planting

wetlands

permeable paving picnic area

Facilities

Users

picnic set

trash bin

bench

lighting

7.4.4 Zones - Rest and Walking Zone The area is sloping but has good shade and space for nearby residents to walk and rest.It's quieter than the active area to the east.

trash bin

lighting

bench

permeable paving

wetlands

elevated wooden bridge

native planting

Facilities

trash bin

Users

bench

lighting

7.5 Riparian Restoration and Water Cleaning

Under flood conditions When severe floods occur, both riparian and wetland areas are submerged. Native plants stabilize the soil and reduce erosion on the creek banks, while the under layers of different materials beneath the wetlands help the water to seeping down and out of the site through underground pipes. Plant roots also absorb water.

Unflooded zone

Root ab s

orption

Mulch

Engin

eered

Coars

Flooded zone cover

soil

Infiltration

e grav el

Infiltration Pipes

Root ab s

orption

7.5 Riparian Restoration and Water Cleaning After floods

Native Planting Trees

Shrubs

Trees Corymbia gummifera

Eucalyptus punctata

Syncarpia glomulifera

Bursaria spinosa

Melaleuca styphelioides [Soil stabiliser]

Eucalyptus melliodora [Bird attractor]

Shrubs

Acacia stenophylla [Soil stabiliser]

Melaleuca quinquenervia [Flood resistant]

Lomandra hystrix

Casuarina glauca

Shrubs

Isolepis nodosa

Lomandra longifolia

Wetlands

[Bird attractor] Callistemon sieberi

Callistemon viminalis

Leptospermum polygalifolium

Melaleuca bracteata [Soil stabiliser]

Muehlenbeckia florulenta

Grass

Melaleuca linariifolia [Bird attractor]

Melaleuca salicina [Bird attractor]

Doryanthes excels

Melaleuca ericifolia [Bird attractor]

Melaleuca thymifolia

Acmena smithii

Leptospermum lanigerum [Soil stabiliser]

Grass and sedges

Juncus kraussii [Soil stabiliser]

Bolboschoenus fluviatilis [Soil stabiliser]

Microlaena stipoides [Soil stabiliser]

Cyperus exaltatus [Flood resistant]

Lomandra longifolia [Flood resistant]

Crinum pedunculatum

Grass Oplismenus imbecillis

Microlaena stipoides

Lomatia silaifolia

Microlaena stipoides [Soil stabiliser]

Correa alba

Crinum pedunculatum

Westringia fruiticosa

tree canopy interception

a chain of stormwater filtration wetlands

Bardwell Creek

retain debris and slow the flow

plant irrigation

evaporation

Mulch

Engin

eered

Coars

evaporation

cover

soil

filtration 20cm

Infiltration

permeable

paving

Infiltration

e grav el

filtration Infiltration

Maintain a healthy grass layer to filter water

Pipes

The sto rmwate by we r colle tla c subsu nds is fed in ted rface to flow th the p ip e s , w h ic ro h th e n ugh the ex ternal pipes. m e e t

gravel filter

Root a b

sorpt

Non-flooded area

Wetlands (Flood basin)

ion

Waterway (Flood basin)

Eleocharis sphacelata

7.6 Fauna and Flora Main Fauna species Birds

Calyptorhynchus funereus.

Mammals

Ptilinopus superbus

Ninox strenua

Malurus lamberti

Frogs

Herpetofauna

Pteropus poliocephalus Limnodynastes peronii

Eulamprus tenuis

Fish

Eulamprus quoyii

Amphibolurus muricatus

Physignathus lesueurii

Hypseleotris compressa

Galaxias maculatus

Native Species

Eucalyptus melliodora Form: Tall Tree (>10m) Height: 25-30m Spread: 20-30m Position: Part Shade/ Full Sun Flower: White, Cream, Yellow Tolerates: Drought, Moderate frost Origin: VIC, NSW, QLD Purpose: Ornamental, Habitat, Timber Type: Evergreen

Microlaena stipoides Form: Grass Sedge or Flax Height: 0.1-0.7m Spread: 0.2-1m Position: Part Shade/ Full Sun Foliage: Green Tolerates: Drought, Lime, Moderate frost, Soil salinity Origin: SA, Vic, NSW, WA, Qld, Tas Purpose: Ornamental, Habitat, Erosion Type: Evergreen

Melaleuca styphelioides Form: Tall Tree (>10m) Height: 4-10m Spread: 2-3m Position: Full Sun Flower: White, Cream Tolerates: Drought, Lime, Moderate frost, Light frost, Heavy frost Origin: NSW, QLD Purpose: Ornamental, Habitat, Screen Type: Evergreen

Cyperus exaltatus Form: Grass Sedge or Flax Height: 0.3-1m Spread: 0.8-1m Position: Full Sun Flower: Brown Tolerates: Heavy frost Origin: SA, WA, Vic, NSW, Qld, NT, ACT Purpose: Habitat, Ornamental, Erosion

Acacia stenophylla Form: Tall Tree (>10m) Height: 5-15m Spread: 3-6m Position: Full Sun Flower: Yellow Tolerates: Drought, Soil salinity, Moderate frost, Heavy frost Origin: SA, Vic, NSW, WA, Qld, ACT, NT Purpose: Ornamental, Wind protection, Timber, Habitat Type: Evergreen

Melaleuca ericifolia Form: Large Shrub (>3.6m) Height: 3-4m Spread: 2-3m Position: Full Sun Flower: White Tolerates: Drought, Light frost Origin: NSW, Vic, Tas Purpose: Ornamental, Screen, Habitat Type: Evergreen

Juncus kraussii Form: Grass Sedge or Flax Height: 0.6-1m Spread: 0.5-1.5m Position: Full Sun Flower: Brown Tolerates: Drought, Moderate frost Origin: SA, Vic, NSW, WA, Tas, Qld Purpose: Habitat, Ornamental Type: Evergreen

Casuarina glauca Form: Tall Tree (>10m) Height: 8-20m Spread: 8-15m Position: Full Sun Flower: Reddish-brown Tolerates: D rought, Flooding, Water logging Origin: NSW, QLD Purpose: Ornamental, Screen, Timber, Erosion Type: Evergreen

Bursaria spinosa Form: Small Tree (>7m) Height: 2-4m Spread: 1-3m Position: Full Sun Flower: White Tolerates: Drought, Fire Origin: SA, Vic, NSW, Qld, Tas Purpose: Ornamental, Screen, Hedge Type: Evergreen

Lomandra longifolia Form: Grass Sedge or Flax Height: 0.5-1m Spread: 0.8-1m Position: Part Shade/ Full Sun Flower: Cream Tolerates: Drought, Moderate frost Origin: NSW, Qld Purpose: B u s h fo o d, O r n a m e n ta l, Habitat, Erosion Type: Evergreen

Callistemon sieberi Form: Medium Shrub (1.2-3.6m) Height: 1-2m Spread: 1-1.5m Position: Full Sun Flower: Cream, Yellow Tolerates: Moderate frost Origin: SA, NSW Purpose: Habitat, Ornamental Type: Evergreen

Eleocharis sphacelata Form: Grass Sedge or Flax Height: 0.5-2m Spread: 2-3m Position: Full Sun Flower: White Tolerates: Moderate frost Origin: SA, Vic, NSW, Qld,Tas, NT, New Zealand, New Guinea Purpose: Habitat, Ornamental

Callistemon viminalis Form: Tall Tree, shrub Height: 10-12m Spread: 5m Position: Part Shade/ Full Sun Flower: Red Tolerates: Drought, Lime, Moderate frost Origin: NSW, QLD Purpose: Ornamental, Screen Type: Evergreen

Isolepis nodosa Form: Grass Sedge or Flax Height: 0.5-1.5m Spread: 0.6-2m Position: Part Shade/ Full Sun Flower: Brown Tolerates: Drought, Lime, Moderate frost, Soil salinity, Salt spray Origin: SA, VIC, NSW, QLD, WA, TAS Purpose: Habitat, Ornamental, Erosion Type: Evergreen

Leptospermum polygalifolium Form: Medium Shrub (1.2-3.6m) Height: 1-1.5m Spread: 2-3m Position: Part Shade/ Full Sun Flower: Cream, Green Tolerates: Drought, Moderate frost Origin: NSW, QLD Purpose: W i n d p ro te c t i o n, S c re e n, Ornamental, Habitat, Erosion Type: Evergreen

Doryanthes excelsa Form: Strap-leaved Height: 1.5-2m Spread: 1-2m Position: Part Shade/ Full Sun Flower: Red Tolerates: Drought, Heavy frost Origin: NSW, Purpose: Habitat, Ornamental, Bush food Type: Evergreen

Muehlenbeckia florulenta Form: Medium Shrub (1.2-3.6m) Height: 1-2m Spread: 1-2.5m Position: Part Shade/ Full Sun Flower: Cream Tolerates: Drought, Moderate frost Origin: SA, Vic, NSW, WA, Qld, NT Purpose: Screen, Ornamental, Habitat Type: Evergreen

Melaleuca thymifolia Form: Low shrub Height: 0.5-1m Spread: 0.5-1m Position: Full Sun Flower: Mauve Tolerates: Drought Origin: Qld,NSW Purpose: Ornamental, Habitat, Screen Type: Evergreen

Melaleuca bracteata Form: Medium Tree (5-11m) Height: 3-8m Spread: 3-6m Position: Full Sun Flower: Cream, Yellow Tolerates: Drought, Moderate frost Origin: SA, NSW, Qld, WA, NT Purpose: Ornamental, Screen, Habitat Type: Evergreen

Acmena smithii Form: Medium Tree (5-11m) Height: 3-8m Spread: 3-6m Position: Part Shade/ Full Sun Flower: Cream Tolerates: Drought, Fire, Moderate frost Origin: Qld, Vic, NSW, Tas Purpose: Winter sun, Shade, Wind protection, Ornamental, Noise reduction, Screen Type: Evergreen

Melaleuca linariifolia Form: Medium Tree (5-11m) Height: 5-7m Spread: 3-5m Position: Part Shade/ Full Sun Flower: White, Cream Tolerates: Drought, Lime, Moderate frost Origin: NSW, Qld Purpose: Ornamental, Habitat, Wind protection, Screen Type: Evergreen

Correa alba Form: Low shrub Height: 0.5-1m Spread: 1m Position: Part Shade/ Full Sun Flower: White Tolerates: Drought, Moderate frost Origin: Eastern Australia Purpose: Habitat, Ornamental

Leptospermum lanigerum Form: Medium Tree (5-11m) Height: 2-8m Spread: 5m Position: Full Sun Flower: White Tolerates: Lime, Moderate frost Origin: SA, Vic, NSW, Tas Purpose: Ornamental, Screen Type: Evergreen

Westringia fruiticosa Form: Low shrub Height: 0.8-0.9m Spread: 0.8-1m Position: Part Shade/ Full Sun Flower: White Tolerates: Drought, Moderate frost Origin: Eastern Australia Purpose: Habitat, Ornamental, Screen, Hedge Type: Evergreen

Flowering Period/ Growing Period(Grass Sedge) January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

7.7 - 7.7.1 Detailed Plan - Node 1

Node 1

- Principle 1 - Adapt the land to floods - Principle 2 - People live with water

Sandpit

Wetlands 3m

It is responsible for water storage, filtration and infiltration during and after the floods.

Fine sand

Gravel

Coloured pervious concrete

Anticorrosive wood 1:100 0

10m

One of the paving materials for children's playground, which is not only conducive to the safety of children, but also conducive to the infiltration of rainwater.

Swings Flowerbed

7.7.2 Node 1 - Section A-A' A

When floods come A- A' 1:100

rain

absorb ±4.0m

±4.3m

water storage

±2.0m

infiltration 3.5m

watercourse

±4.5m

±4.3m sand

±3.5m

±3.0m

permeable pavement

riparian zone

infiltration

pipes

8.5m

5.5m

wetlands

infiltration

riparian zone

2.0m

7.0m

main road

12.0m

lawn

playground for children

After floods A- A' 1:100

habitat for fauna ±4.0m

±4.5m

±4.3m

water storage

±4.3m

±3.5m

±3.0m ±2.0m

infiltration 6m watercourse

3.5m riparian zone

8.5m wetlands

pipes

5.5m riparian zone

2.0m main road

7.0m lawn

12.0m playground for children

A‘

7.7.3 Node 1 - Perspective - Principle 1 - Adapt the land to floods - Principle 2 - People live with water

wetlands

popular science education

native planting

permeable pavement

gravel edge filtration

sand

infiltration

wetlands

infiltration

During flooding

After flooding

No flooding for a long time

7.8 - 7.8.1 Detailed Plan - Node 2

Stepping stone

- Principle 1 - Adapt the land to floods - Principle 3 -Water nourishes ecology

Node 2

Weir Regulate the river flow when the water flow increases to ensure the safety of the downstream.

3m 2m

native planting

flagstone

Elevated wooden bridge It has the function of allowing pedestrians to pass in flood and visitors to view the scenery.

Anticorrosive wood

1:100 0

10m

7.8.2 Node 2 - Section B-B' When floods come B- B' 1:100 B

elevated wooden walkway

native planting

±5.0m

±4.3m ±3.0m ±2.0m

infiltration

7.0m

15.0m

riparian area

12.5m

watercourse

island

8.0m watercourse

After floods B- B' 1:100

elevated wooden walkway

native planting

±5.0m

±4.3m

habitat for fauna

±3.0m

±2.0m

7.0m riparian area

15.0m watercourse

12.5m island

8.0m watercourse

B‘

7.8.3 Node 2 - Perspective - Principle 1 - Adapt the land to floods - Principle 3 -Water nourishes ecology

elevated wooden bridge

native planting

stepping stone weir

root penetration

Use engineering methods to enhance roots penetration are important for reinforcing soils and preventing erosion.

Project Vision

08 Research Conclusions

8.1 Site Evolution Vision Shade increased

Aquatic animals don't stay here to breed

Poor water quality with eutrophication

0 year

N E

Increase of aquatic animals

Water quality improved

5 years

N E

Clean the weeds Inadequate facilities

facilities are well equipped

Weeds strewn the bank

penetration of roots system is not enough

Severe erosion of creek banks

Shade increased

Weeds are cleared and native plants are increased

W Roots developed

The trees are shady and the birds are resident

Increase of aquatic animals

Water quality improved

10 years

Clean and clear water

Increase of aquatic animals

20 years

facilities are well equipped

Weeds are cleared and native plants are growing well

Riparian zones have been restored

Weeds are cleared and native plants are growing well

W S

Roots developed

Riparian zones have been restored

W S

Roots developed with good penetration fit for activities

8.2 Before and After Before (flooding)

After (flooding) Wetlands intercept and retain rainwater, slowing flood velocity and reducing the amount of water flooding downstream.

Lack of access

permeable pavement

fast water flow

Existing roads are flooded

still passable during the flood

native plants solidify soil and reduce river bank erosion

river bank erosion muddy road

Before (after flooding)

Gravel along the banks help to filter the water

After (after flooding)

when the flood waters recede, people can pass through

Lack of access

flood water recede slowly

native plants attract animals

when the flood water level is low, the weir helps slow the flow of water

Flood waters recede faster Water pollution

river bank erosion Filtration and infiltration of water in wetlands

References

Ahern J., 2011. ‘From fail-safe to safe-to-fail: Sustainability and resilience in the new urban world’, Landscape Urban Planning. 100(4): 341–343. Ashley, RM., Garvin, S., Pasche, E., Vassilopoulos, A & Zevenbergen, C 2007, Advances in urban flood management, Taylor & Francis, Leiden; New York. Benedict, MA & McMahon, E 2006, Green infrastructure: linking landscapes and communities, Island Press, Washington, DC. Hamin, EM., Abunnasr, Y & Ryan, RL 2019, Planning for climate change: a reader in green infrastructure and sustainable design for resilient cities, Routledge, New York, NY Lennon, M., Scott, M & O'Neill, E 2014, ‘Urban Design and Adapting to Flood Risk: The Role of Green Infrastructure’, Journal of urban design, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 745–758. Meerow, S., Newell, JP & Stults, M 2016, ‘Defining urban resilience: A review’, Landscape and urban planning, vol. 147, pp. 38–49. Novotny, V., Ahern, J & Brown, PR 2010, ‘Planning and design for sustainable and resilient cities: theories, strategies, and best practices for green infrastructure’ in Water centric sustainable communities: planning, retrofitting, and building the next urban environment, Wiley, Hoboken, N.J. Palazzo, E 2019, ‘From water sensitive to floodable: defining adaptive urban design for water resilient cities’, Journal of urban design, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 137–157. Walker, BH & Salt, D 2006, ‘Living in a Complex World: An Introduction to Resilience Thinking’, Resilience Thinking: sustaining ecosystems and people in a changing world, Island Press, Washington, DC., pp.1-2.

Thank you