American revolution newspaper articles

Holly Jin T1

April 21, 1775

The British Times News from America; gunshots fired at Concord and Lexington:

Warring Signs of Revolution?

On April 19, 1775, blood spilled on the grounds of Concord and Lexington of Massachusetts.

General Thomas Gage, a British general positioned in the colony Massachusetts, was cautious with dealing with the unsettled, revolting colonists. Gage avoided any conflict between his troops and the colonists. He did not attempt to stop public meetings nor demonstrations against the British occupying Boston.

According to reports, colonists from Massachusetts had been allegedly compiling firearms and gunpowder into their stocks. It was at this did General Gage finally acted out; he sent out several troops to seize the weapons before havoc wrecked from the tension between the mother country and her children’s already constrained relations.

Gage’s troops reached Lexington at around dawn. Seven hundred British men were present. The troops were roughly five miles away from Concord.

However, before the troops arrived, the colonists minutemen had assembled.

The commanding officer told the American militia to stand down. However, shortly after the commanding officer spoke, a gunshot rang out. Troops began firing after the shot was heard, and as a result, five minutemen were killed.

The troops began advancing towards Concord, but were once again stopped by minutemen at the wooden bridge over the Concord River. The troops were immediately outnumbered and attempted to retreat.

The troops did not escape without losses. By the time the British troops retreated safely away, seventy-three men were killed and more than two hundred were wounded or missing. The militia did not leave completely unwounded, either; roughly one hundred from their numbers were hurt or killed.

Also, officials also stated that if these revolts persist, there will be a risk that the mother country will lose her authority over her colonist children. If this were to happen, America will eventually be completely disconnected from Britain.

Whether the colonists continue Even though the British their rebellious defiance to the motherland and her America point of disconnection from children had many conflicts in the Britain remains uncertain for past, this was first battle between now. However, one can be safely the two that resulted with huge assume that the colonists are causalities. preparing for independence from the mother land; perhaps too Reports from officials say that soon. these acts of defiance may be signaling a rebellion or revolution against the British government.

General Gage’s British troops (left) and the American colonist’s minutemen (right) standing off at Lexington.

THE BRITISH STARTED THE BATTLES BY: ANNE-LYSE

General Gage heard that here was talk about how patriots were stockpiling weapons and ammunition.

The British troops had an assignment to retrieve those weapons on April 19th, 1775 in Concord, Massachusetts.

The colonists caught wind of this and decided to defend themselves. At dawn, members of local militias, also known as “minutemen�, gathered in the village green. The British troops ordered them to stand down and a shot went off, we all know it was the British. The British troops started firing, in eight minutes, eight minutemen were killed.

Minutemen decided to attack the British while they were returning to Boston on the wooden bridge crossing the Concord River. This is what led to the battle of Lexington and Concord.

After the bloodshed, the British decided to head back to Boston.

We, the American patriots, started thinking of ways to attack again and seek revenge for our fallen friends.

We started surrounding the town of Boston and recruiting more Americans to fight against the British.

While the British started retreating, we killed many and took them by surprise. We committed many hit and runs. The British would never mess with us again, they knew what was coming.

At the end of the day, many of our people were killed, but we were successful. We killed 73 of their ranks, and wounded more than 200. On our side, about 100 were killed or wounded.

This is the beginning of a new start, and we are better than the British and we want our independence, we can overthrow them.

The Concord Daily The Battle of Lexington and Concord An event that has occurred has changed Lexington & Concord history forever. On April 18th, 1775, different colonists such as Paul Revere, William Dawes and Samuel Prescott rode on their noble steeds around Concord warning the people that 700 British troops were on their way. From a source, they created the warning by ringing church bells and gunshots.

As we all know, the king’s troops or the “redcoats” reached Lexington, Massachusetts on April 19th. Once the troops arrived near the town they were stumbled upon around 70 minutemen who started moving out still holding their arms when they were told to put them down. It was told that, someone had fired and it turned into a battle. From different sources, we found evidence that eight minutemen were killed during that battle, 10 was badly injured, but only one of British’s troops was injured. Although this battle was recorded as 15 minutes long, it has now become a part of Lexington and Concord’s American history.

April 24th, 1775 Written by Jasmine Taula

Once the British had marched onto Concord, the troops were preparing to head back to Boston, but it all turned into a disaster. Around 3,000-4,000 minutemen had arrived and ended up firing their guns.

Many British troops were killed giving Lexington and Concord their victory win of the battle. The rest of the British troops headed back to their country covered with shame and blood.

This battle was now a celebration, showing that this little town could stand up against one of the most powerful countries in the world. This country has control of everything and Lexington and Concord showed that they couldn’t take away all their power. This was known to be one of the most remarkable days for Lexington and Concord and will forever be remembered as a significant battle.

The Battle of Bunker Hill

On June 17, 1775, a horrible battle occurred around Breed’s Hill, which is the hill adjacent to Bunker Hill, on the Charlestown Peninsula on the north side of the Boston Harbor. The British troops heard about the American continental army making a move towards them, they started an attack, where they met at Breed’s Hill. The American continental army were running low on ammunition, so many of them had to fight with their fists. Many casualties occurred, including 1,150 killed or wounded British troops, and 450 killed or wounded in the American continental army. Despite the loss, The British troops stood victorious, and this is now giving the British confidence.

By: Garrett

The Royal Times £2

A MOUNTAINOUS VICTORY AGAINST THE COLONIES! June 19th, 1775 Two days ago, a battle was fought between the forces of the United Kingdom and the rebel troops of the Thirteen Colonies at Breed’s Hill, Boston. This was the first major engagement between the two armies since the struggle that took place at Lexington and Concord, and many are calling it “The official start of the Revolution”. Major General William Howe lead his force of approximately 2,300 British troops against the Colonial forces lead by William Prescott.

British Troops stroming over the Hill

John Pitcairn 1722-1775

Our brave lads assaulted the fortified American positions three consecutive times, finally claiming the redoubt and victory on the third attempt. The rebels succeeded in killing far too many of our men, however, before they were driven back. One soldier who had participated in the battle commented that "Most of our Grenadiers and Light-infantry, the moment of presenting themselves lost three-fourths, and many nine-tenths, of their men. Some had only eight or nine men a company left”. Once atop the hill, British superiority became apparent, as our soldiers soundly defeated the colonial troops with bayonet and sabre. Unfortunately, the rebels had fired many volleys into the British ranks, resulting in casualties estimated to be over a thousand, of which approximately two hundred are dead at the time of this article. Among them are Major John Pitcairn, a loyal officer in the British military and Colonel James Abercrombie. On the upside, Major General Joseph Warren, a high-ranking officer in the Continental Army also fell during the skirmish, hopefully causing his sorry excuse for a country much damage. The enemy troops fled from Breed’s Hill so quickly that they even abandoned the neighboring Bunker Hill and retreated all the way to Cambridge, Massachusetts. They suffered an estimated 450 casualties, of which about a third were mortally wounded. This battle was indeed costly for Britain, but we have the numbers in this conflict. The entire Empire is prepared to do battle with the Colonial Scum. It is the view of this paper that the Americans have absolutely no chance of succeeding with their mad attempt at independence. The colonies are and always will be a source of tax and resources for the motherland, nothing more. God Save the King!

By: Adam

The Battle of Bunker Hill The Americans had one of the biggest victories at the battle of bunker hill. The battle of bunker hill was a battle that occurred on June 17, 1775.

During this battle, the Americans had threatened the British and demanded surrender. The British thought that they could beat the Americans but, the Americans waited until the British were so close that the massive amount of guns they fired left lots of British soldiers dead .

This battle became the most deadly battle of the war.

The British general Howe had the power over the seas, but he thought that the Americans would retreat in the face of a smashing, head-on attack.

The aftermath of the battle

By Eliot After the battle , The British lost is 1,054 men due to the Americans smart tactical strategy. The Americans fought and saved lots of American lives by killing that many British with what reserves they had left.

THE AMBUSH OF BUNKER HILL ORIANA ULLMAN

British troops charge the Americans stationed at the top of the hill.

Long gone are the days of the colonies and the mother country working hand in hand.

As of June 16, 1775, the escalating battle between the two sides has come to a pivotal point. Not only is it proof that the situation is uncivil, but the Battle of Bunker Hill proves that the colonists can initiate quite the ambush. American troops were given a command to camp near Boston, the current location of the British, on Bunker Hill. However, the colonists misinterpreted General Artemas Ward’s instructions and mistakenly settled in Breed’s Hill rather than Bunker Hill, much closer to the location of British troops. The morning after settling in camp, the Americans took their arms and aimed in the direction of the British, immediately down the hill. This gave the Americans a superior situation for battle, as they were geographically above the enemy, who additionally was not prepared for the ambush.

William Howe, the general leading Britain, made a questionable decision at precisely this point. As British ships were directly in the bay near the American camp, the British troops simply needed to open fire and surround the enemy. However, General Howe instead chose to attack on land, an extremely controversial move considering the superior position of the Americans. He believed the Americans would surrender out of fear, but again, as was the essential reason for this recent string of battles, the colonists were underestimated and overlooked.

Upon the British advancing towards camp, the Americans strategically made the decision to wait until the enemy approached closer. As they advanced, the Americans suddenly opened fire with all of their cannons and weapons, resulting in a bloody massacre. The British were not undaunted, however. They charged up the hill a total of three times, resetting the scene of the battle, with less and less men each time. Each time the Americans unleashed their beasts of weapons, and each time the British fell, eventually resulting in hand-to-hand contact as ammunition naturally began to run low. It was in this intensified hand-to-hand contact that the British were able to gain control over the Americans’ camp.

However, the Americans ensured that they weren’t the only side coming out of the battle with a loss.

2,300 British men entered the Battle of Bunker Hill. Coming out of a technical victory, the number of Britain’s healthy troops had been sliced almost in half, as over one thousand men were either killed or critically injured in battle. This was a staggering number in comparison to the number of American casualties and injuries, which failed to reach even three hundred.

Although the Americans were on the losing end of the battle, it is safe to say that the troops put up an impressive fight, and are surely capable of such a performance in the future. The battle did not by any means calm the growing tension between the colonies and Britain, but rather, if all continues on the same path, Bunker Hill should be the beginning of a much bigger battle - perhaps even a revolution. The king in Britain has already interpreted the Battle of Bunker Hill as such, and has of now issued a formal Proclamation of Rebellion. Much is yet to come in this ongoing battle, as it has become not only an attempt by the Americans to regain their rights but ultimately a fight for freedom.

THE AMBUSH OF BUNKER HILL

June 17, 1775

Colony Times King of The Hill On the night of June 16 1775 under the rule of Artemas Ward, American troops moved out of their camp fully armed with picks, shovels, and guns. They set out that night to the one and only, Bunker Hill. When we caught up with Artemas he said, "Yep it just seemed like the right day to start a war. Better now than any other time.�

From Bunker Hill, the rebels could open fire on the town and board British ships in the Boston Harbor.

But the troops misheard the orders from Ward, and instead went to Breed's Hill. They continued to entrench themselves there, closer to the British position.

When stopped by our on scene reporter this all this soldier had to say was,

"There was definitely some miscommunication between us and the commander. Um, we were able to act accordingly and overcome these difficulties.�

The British awoke the next morning to see the Americans threatening them. Even though the Americans had the upper hand in the battle and they're military far superior to the British, they were ordered to retaliate. These orders were given by Major General William Howe. It could have been an easier fight if the British surrounded the Americans with their ships, but Howe thought otherwise. He chose to send his men up the hill, with hope that the Americans would retreat. His predictions were wrong as the cannons facing the British only became more accurate.

The British ships finally opened fire on the Americans. Twenty-Eight barges of British troops made their way across Charles River and flooded the hill. The Americans were patient and waited for the British to come close. Then they unleashed their wrath on the British. Hundreds of British soldiers were shot down, the rest fell back. The British again tried the same tactic, only to fail yet again.

On the third try, the British eventually prevailed. The Americans were running low on ammunition, leading to hand-to-hand combat. The British took the hip, but at what costs. Of the 2,300 mean that fought their, 1054 were killed or injured.

Rumors are emerging that George Washington is going to take command of the new American Army. The burden that will be placed upon his shoulders will for sure be a huge one. His top priority, determining there strategy during war, if there is one.

One this is for sure, this uprising will definitely show the King that the colonies have become out of hand.

That thy should be treated as a threat. But before ether can go to war, there will be a lot of planning and most definitely, a lot of fundraising towards the army.

-James LaRosa

(Troops to cross the Charles River)

Les Temps de Québec Battle Of Quebec American Troops Invade Quebec! British Troops Will Not Surrender!

It seems like just yesterday when our new British masters under General James Wolfe arrived on the Plains of Abraham, but since one month ago news has spread quickly throughout the countryside that Commanders of the Continental Army, Major General Benedict Arnold and Brigadier General Richard Montgomery, have invaded Canada with approximately 1,200 men; and are threatening Quebec, laying the ground for yet another epic “Battle of Quebec.” Witnessed accounts from nearby merchants and local townspeople, have said that the “purpose for this act was for American troops to dislodge the British from Canada and to persuade French-speaking people in Quebec to join the lower colonies in their rebellion against the British Empire.”

In carrying out this bold action, the Americans are hoping to win allies to the north and deprive the British of North American bases, thereby preventing British military strikes from Loyalist strongholds along the Saint Lawrence River.

Olivia Nelson(the Algonquin Acadienne)

Quebec Surrounded! Rumors of Mongomery’s fate.

According to our sources in Boston, in September, 1775, Brigadier General Richard Montgomery and Major General Benedict Arnold embarked on separate expeditions: Montgomery guiding his troops towards Lake Champlain, Montreal, and finally to Quebec City, where he was to meet up with Arnold who had arrived in Quebec via Maine. Upon reaching Quebec City in early November, Major General Benedict Arnold reportedly appealed to the British to surrender, but was rejected.

On December 1, Arnold’s 600 men were joined by General Montgomery’s forces of 600 men fresh from their victory in Montreal.

They again appealed to the British to surrender. When this appeared futile, they lay seige to the city and made preparations for battle.

Eyewitnesses report the battle began early in the morning, December 30, in the midst of a thick snowfall.

Despite extremely cold conditions, the British were well prepared, and turned back the American advance with fully loaded weapons. Although it still is not certain what the result of this battle will be, it is rumored that

Montgomery was killed and that the Americans have retreated to reinforce their seige. We predict the conflict may last for some time.

Bonne année.

May 6, 1776

The Quebec Chronicle A FIRST DEFEAT FOR THE AMERICANS AT THE HANDS OF GREAT BRITAIN! THE SIEGE IS OVER! By: Nick QUEBEC, Canada- At the beginning of December, 1775, the American troops marched to the outskirts of our great city of Quebec. The battalions, led by General Richard Montgomery and Colonel Benedict Arnold, waited just outside of the city, as messengers were sent to the outer walls. Once there, surrender of the city and government was demanded.

However, General Guy Carleton, governor of Quebec, rejected their offer, stating that they would never surrender.

Weeks later, on December 31st, under the protection of heavy snow, American shots were fired towards our walls. We responded heroically with artillery fire and an all out war began, both sides firing muskets and cannon fire in all directions.

General Guy Carleton of Quebec. Our fearless leader.

The American’s first assault was led by General Montgomery. He was killed quickly within the first minutes of the battle. His troops attempted to push forward, and break through the first wall of defenses, however, because of our valiant British soldiers, they suffered too many casualties and were forced to retreat back into the woods.

Meanwhile, on the northern outer wall of the city, Colonel Arnold led his forces against our soldiers.

They pushed through to the inner wall and awaited reinforcements.

May 6, 1776

The Quebec Chronicle

Colonel Arnold had been shot in the leg and was bleeding out. As the American fools lay dying, awaiting the arrival of their petty army, the grand British Army had plenty of time to regroup.

With the continuation of the siege pointless, the Patriots were forced to return home, with their heads held low; a first defeat at the hands of the Great British Empire.

They collected ammunition, loaded up all canons, and prepared for the second wave of the attack to commence.

Eventually, when the patriot reinforcements arrived, our soldiers opened fire, forcing them to immediately retreat, resulting in the end of the battle.

The americans retreated back to the outskirts of the region, and attempted to siege the city. This was quite ridiculous, as they had lost nearly 400 men to injuries, death or capture. Our sides casualties were minimal, already giving us the advantage. They waited for a few days, but alas, a garrison of Brits arrived, drastically outnumbering the Patriots.

Colonel Arnold. A leader of the American scum.

The Times of Canada January 3rd 1776

A Not So Happy New Year By: Vuk

‘Twas was the day of December 31st and snow covered the streets of the strategically important city Quebec. Richard Montgomery and Benedict Arnold led a force of about 1,200 American army forces and Canadian militia in a multi-pronged attack on the city, Which due to bad weather and bad timing did not start well for the fleet of colonists. The American forces advanced on Quebec under the cover of snowfall in the early morning hours. The British defenders were ready, however, and when General Richard Montgomery's forces approached the fortified city, the British opened fire with a barrage of artillery and musket fire.

General Montgomery was killed in the first assault, and after several more attempts at penetrating Quebec's defenses, his men were forced to retreat.

Meanwhile, General Benedict Arnold, unaware of Montgomery's death and his attack's failure, advanced with his main body toward the northern barricades of the lower town. They managed to pass the gates and the British gun batteries undetected. However, as the advance party came to a row of buildings, heavy fire broke out from the walls above them. It was impossible to return fire to the defenders on the walls, so Arnold ordered his men to run forward?

Arnold and his men soon advanced down a narrow street, where they once again came under fire. Arnold was organizing his men in an attempt to take the barricade when he was shot in his ankle.

After he was carried to the rear, Daniel Morgan, the noted rifleman who was then a lieutenant colonel leading one of Arnold's regiments, took command of the forces.

Under his command, they captured the first barricade, but were stymied in their advance by the narrow twisting streets, and by damp powder. Morgan and his men holed up in some buildings to dry out their powder and rearm, but they eventually came under increasing fire as Carleton, having realized the attacks on the northern gates were feints, began concentrating his forces in the lower town.

A British counterattack reoccupied the first barricade, trapping Morgan and his men within the narrow streets of the city. With no way of retreat and under heavy fire, all of Morgan's men surrendered. By 10 am, the battle was over, with Morgan surrendering himself and the last pocket of Continental resistance in the city. Of the approximately 1,200 Americans who participated in the battle, more than 500 were captured, wounded or killed. British casualties were minor. What could this mean for the future of America

American troops (left charge to the British troops (right)

The Boston Herald

July 4 1776

“Birth of a New Nation! Call us Americans!”



Chloe Dicovskiy

PHILADELPHIA JULY 4 1776- We Americans are now free, independent, released from the British! After plentiful months of determination and effort, the Continental Congress has finally signed the Declaration of Independence! Written by Thomas Jefferson with the support and inspired ideas of other fellow congressmen, the 13 colonies are now released from Britain and King George III’s degrading and unjust governmental acts.  The King is guilty of over 25 specific abuses. He interfered with the colonists and merchant’s rights to self-government and for an equal judicial system. We have discussed about being released from the “Mother land”, but now it has become official. We have had enough of Britain’s demands, it was about time we finally put an end to it.

The Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Townshend Duties, Intolerable Act, the Proclamation of 1763. How many more of these imposed acts and unlawful documents could we tolerate? Not to mention the effects that all these acts led us to. Boycotts, protestation, massacres for goodness sake! Britain was manipulating us. They were the puppeteers, and we? The puppets. They placed heavy taxes on our essentials so that the nation on the other side of the ocean could benefit and gain wealth. “All men are created equal,” introduces the Declaration.Wewill no longer be the puppets.

Alas, President of Congress, John Hancock along with the representatives of each colony such as; Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Samuel Adams and over 40 more has signed the document that changes everything for us.

But we must keep in mind, what will happen next? How will this sudden change affect our lives? Will the enslaved become one of us?

Will they be able to live lives of their own? What about the taxes?

Will we still have to pay them? Even though we are now independent, what will happen next? What will become of this great America? Will we get weaker or prosper, become bigger and stronger than Britain?

Although we are freed from Britain, we have declared ourselves a sovereign nation. We will no longer follow their rules, their King and their unethical taxation any further.

Photographs: 1st page left-Gathered congress in the process of signing the document.

2nd page right- John Hancock’s signature

The Battle of Long Island by: Anna-Sophie During the first weeks of July, 400 British ships with 32,000 men guided by General William Howe have arrived in New York’s harbor. Whilst the British were marching through Staten Island, General William Howe had offered a pardon to the rebels, to which General Washington strictly answered ”Those who have committed no fault want no pardon.".

The battle of Long Island (August 27th, 1776) or more commonly known as "The Battle of Brooklyn Heights" was a vigorous war that embodied geniality as well as companionship. This being the largest battle after the signing of the declaration of Independence, had been one of the most important wars that have shaped American History.

This battle, fought in the command of general George Washington, has led to British triumph and American defeat for New York's strategically important location.By seizing control over New York the British have indirectly isolated the New England states from the rest of the colonies. Even though General George Washington had managed to summ 19,000 soldiers to Lower Manhattan and has increased security near New York’s harbors by constructing forts along the East River, America was in an inferior position.

George Washington leading his troops

Map of The Battle of Long Island

As Washington strongly believed the British seeked to gain control of Brooklyn, he sent large numbers of reinforcement troops. He posted a large number of guards along the main roads leading up and through Brooklyn Heights to prevent British invasion. As this act has proven to be very costly for Washington, reassuring all possible security, Washington had forgotten the so called “Jamaica Pass” to the east.

Britain had foreseen this action and taken advantage Washington’s mistake and therefore Britain had invaded from the rear side.

The Battle of Long Island When Washington realized that the main British force had entered through the “Jamaica Pass” and would subsequently overpower him with their large troops, Washington sent General Sullivan to retreat the American troops to Brooklyn Heights before he himself would have been either taken hostage or captured.

Soon shots were being fired and Sullivan’s troops stood no chance against the British bayonets and other technological advancements.

As Washington stood helplessly and incapable of changing anything he sent General Stirling to help.

Though after a while even he noticed the leak in the Jamaica Pass. Yet he was capable of holding back the British for a couple of hours but eventually he was taken hostage and the his troops were short-handed.

Washington in the mean time, still unsure of his actions

prayed to God and said”Good God, what brave fellows I must lose.”

Meanwhile, General William Howe stopped any further operations and ordered his men to create trenches around the American Position. This would create some sort of security yet Washington had foreshadowed the coming events and decided to evacuate all of his troops from Long Island. As 9,ooo men were rowing back to Manhattan, General Goerge Washington was the last man to leave Brooklyn.

Washington’s defeat had created a momentary shock yet thanks to Washington’s ingenuity, America was enabled to reenact with the coming battles.

Sons of Liberty Thursday, December 26, 1776

The Battle of Trenton Dillon Cha

The Battle of Trenton occurred on Thursday, December 26, 1776. After Fort Lee was abandoned as a result of the Battle of Fort Lee, George Washington moved his army across New Jersey toward Philadelphia.

The Battle of Trenton was after George Washington’s crossing of the Delaware River north of Trenton, New Jersey. The expectations in the group were low.

However, to end the year on a positive note, George Washington made a plan to cross the Delaware River on the nights of December 25 (Christmas) and December 26 and surround the garrison of their enemy. A garrison is the troops stationed in a fortress to defend it. Because the river was icy and the weather was severe, it was possible for Washington to lead the main body of the Continental Army against the “Hessian” soldiers at Trenton.

Hessian soldiers were German organized groups supplementing in a regular military entity from the 18th century. The army marched 9 miles (14 km) south to Trenton.

The Hessians thought they were safe from the American army. They did not have any long-distance patrols. Washington’s army threw them off and after a short battle, most of the Hessians eventually surrendered.

Almost 1000/1500 men inside the garrison were captured, and some of the troops were able to escape through Assunpink Creek. Although only 22 were killed, 86 were wounded, and 906 Hessians were captured, the American victory in the Battle of Trenton inspired rebels in the colonies. The triumphant victory inspired soldiers to serve longer and brought new recruits to the ranks.

Lior Zitser

Monday, September 15, 1777

The Patriotic Press Was Brandywine a loss or a win?

During the thick fog in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, Commander George Washington wasn’t feeling at his best coming into a battle such as this. With low morale after a sound defeat in New York.

It signaled a critical time for him nonetheless. Although there was not much to gain from a victory there in a territorial sense, it still signified a crucial moment in this ongoing Revolution.

Witnesses say the Regulars were lead by Sir William Howe who indeed was accompanied by 15,500 British soldiers, camping for the night in Kennet square, a town with a population of 2,000. A battle loomed, a battle against Commander George Washington who officials stated was accompanied by 14,600 soldiers from the U.S. Colonies.

By the night of September 10th the citizens’ reports said troops were extended along a six-mile line covering the east side of the Brandywine Creek. Washington knew that the British army would have to ford the Brandywine if they were to get to their target -- Philadelphia.

The Report stated Washington positioned his troops along the creek. Congress, just to make sure this battle will continue as planed, sent four deputies to inspect and they approved of where Washington had placed his men

and urged a staunch defense. Congress knew that if the Colonies failed here, it was likely Philadelphia would fall.

Washington spoke before the battle, in attempts to raise morale of his men, he said: "Should they push their designs against Philadelphia, on this route, there all is at stake. They will put the contest on the event of a single battle. If they are overthrown they are utterly undone. The war is at an end.

Now, then, is the time for our most strenuous endeavors. One bold stroke will free the land."

At 4 A.M. on the morning of September 11, 1777, a witness testified to seeing long line of redcoats which quietly flowed out from Kennett Square. It was lead by “Pioneers”, Congress believes these are soldiers employed to clear the road of any obstructions the Colonies might have thrown in their way.

About noon, having received the reports from that a large British column was moving north, Washington deduced that Howe had split his army. Washington felt he could deal a decisive blow to the divided British. He launched an assault aimed at General Knyphausen's troops across the Brandywine.

By around 1:15 P.M., official reports say after a separation between the regulars sections, Howe's 8,000 troops had crossed the two fords along the upper Brandywine and were now on the east side, about 8 miles north of Washington's troops.

Howe had fooled Washington again.

The Americans fought with verve, despite being outnumbered. They might have been able to endure the attack had not another British section who had gotten lost earlier in the day at Birmingham Hill that same section then entered the fray, witnesses say.

The British pushed the outflanked Americans back to the Chad House where the Widow Chads remained, and staunchly defended her property.

Reports state following being besieged by the bayonets of the British 71st Battalion and the Queens Rangers, the Americans turned tail toward Chester, leaving their artillery behind. Eleven guns were abandoned by the Americans including two cannons which had then been captured from the Hessians during Washington's surprise attack of Trenton after crossing the Delaware on Christmas Day 1776.

Witnesses on spot say, the American's last stand was supported

by Casimir Pulaski who led a stunning cavalry charge. Pulaski had been present at Brandywine as an observer, although he received Washington's permission to organize a group of horseman into a complete unit. It was not enough and the Americans retreated toward Chester.

This last American foray probably convinced Howe that it would be too dangerous to try and follow the Americans for a nighttime knockout

Major John Andre, in a businesslike manner, summed up the battle from the British point of view: "General Knyphausen, as was preconcerted, passed the ford upon hearing the column engaged, and the troops under him pushed the enemy with equal success.

Night and the fatigue the soldiers had undergone prevented any pursuit. It is remarkable that after reconnoitering after the action, the right of General Howe's camp was found close on General Knyphausen's left, and nearly in a line, and in forming the general camp next day scarce any alteration was made."

Witnesses say casualties at Brandywine were strewn across a 10-square mile area of the battlefield, making final determinations particularly difficult.

General Howe in his official report to Parliament counted: 90 killed, 488 wounded and 6 missing in action.

Released reports show that Major General Greene estimated American losses at 1,200 men. He also reported the loss of 10 irreplaceable cannon and a Howitzer. A Hessian officer listed the American casualty and captured rate at 1,300. An American officer under Brigadier General Nash reported British losses at 1,960 and the Americans at 700.

The Battle News

October 8, 1777

October 7, 1777: Americans Lose to British Two Forts, 300 Dead By: Nanako On October 6, 1777, The Americans had a loss in a fight against the British, and had allowed the Forts Clinton and Montgomery, near Hudson River to be captured. About 300 had died to this battle.

On the late afternoon of October 6th, the British had sailed up the Hudson River, with an army of about 20003000, to attack the Americans, and capture the twin forts, Clinton and Montgomery. General Clinton, leader of the British, had broke his army into two, one half leading an attack on Fort Clinton, lead by General

John Vaughn, while the other half lead an attack on Fort Montgomery, lead by British Lieutenant Colonel Mungo Campbell. According to reports, the British had attacked the Americans from not the river side, where the Americans stood ready to attack with fixed cannons, but instead took the work to march on westwards, to attack them by their weak west side, and attacked using bayonets and rifles.

The Americans fought back with an army of about 600-700 people. Most of them held muskets. According to information, the Americans were attacked not only by the army which attacked from the west side, but was also attacked by the ships of the British which were docked on the Hudson River.

As the battle continued, and though the Americans had a large disadvantage in battle, they had showed a good defense in protecting both forts, and had been able to kill or wound about 200 of the British men.

According to witnesses, during sunset, Lieutenant Campbell, who was leading the battle on Fort Montgomery, had stopped the battle, and suggested to the Americans to surrender. But the Americans had refused to surrender, responding that only when the British surrender would they be treated well by the Colonists.

The British, listening to this response, had then started a merciless attack on the Americans, and by the time the battle had ended, on early evening of the same day, the British had left the Americans in a defeat, with 300 dead, while the British had only 200 out of their 3000 dead, including the death of Lieutenant Campbell, giving both sides a large loss.

The British’s plan of invading Forts Clinton and Montgomery.

SARATOGA: The Surrender of the British

By Janneke Wade-de Jong A battle fought for 28 days from September 19th to October 17th of 1777 has finally ended, with the British and German troops surrendering and the Americans winning. This battle truly began when the British Government in London made a plan to isolate New England.

They wanted to this by sending an army down the Lake Champlain route, which was from Canada to Albany where they planned to meet British troops. King George the 3rd appointed Major General John Burgoyne to command the British and German army.

Burgoyne brought with him, the best regiments down Lake Champlain. They advanced to the Hudson River and progressed south. Burgoyne sent a German called Colonel Baum with 500 men to raid Bennington, New Hampshire.

He wanted this done because he needed additional supplies and horses for his Brunswick dragoon regiment. General Burgoyne and his army moved down the Hudson River to Saratoga and they built a camp. Later, American militia attacked Colonel Baum’s force.

Burgoyne reached the American camp on the west bank of the Hudson River at Bemis Heights on September 19th 1777. The British army advanced on the American army in 3 columns. One column was by the river; the next column was in the main force, which was commanded

by Burgoyne. Brigadier Fraser commanded the third column and it made a wide detour to the American left.

Then General Burgoyne made a move called the Freeman’s Farm, which was hard fought.

The next day, Burgoyne was urged to renew the attack on the American positions because it would give them an advantage from fighting the Americans, the previous day.

However, Burgoyne declined this idea and decided to remain in his camp.

By October 7th 1777 the Americans had 12,000 men in their army and the British and the Germans together had only 4,000 men. Burgoyne’s army went to the hill to the West of the American fortifications to try and occupy it. The American picquets sent word that the British had advanced and when the British and Americans met, the Americans far outnumbered the British. The British and German troops gave way and Burgoyne brought his force back to the camp above the Hudson River.

The next day Burgoyne went with his army up the river to the camp they had built at Saratoga. The American army pursued Burgoyne and covered the British positions.

On October 17th 1777 General Burgoyne was forced to sign the convention by which his troops surrendered to the Americans. Of the 7,000 British and German men that marched from Canada to Albany, 3,500 were fit to surrender. The consequences of Burgoyne’s surrender were catastrophic. France and Spain declared war on Britain and as a result the Americans gained momentum in their war of independence.

A British soldier named Martin told me, “I personally think that we, the British, might have won the Battle of Saratoga if we hired the British Governor of Canada, Sir Guy Carleton instead. Since he had a lot of experience campaigning in North America and proved himself to be a great leader, after his resourceful and determined defense of Canada from 1775 to 1776, he would’ve been the perfect commander for this plan. But for some strange reason, the minister of London, Lord Germaine persuaded King George to appoint John Burgoyne! I could not believe it! Not hiring Sir Guy Carleton possibly ruined our chances of winning that battle. I think America will win the war of Independence because everything seems to be going their way.”

October 18th 1777

DAILY LONDON The Troops of Saratoga Americans marginally defeat British General Burgoyne over unfair battle By: Shutaro

On the 17th of October 1777, major general Burgoyne was forced to surrender against the disgraceful American’s, who have revolted against this honorable nation, England. Major general Burgoyne led the 5,000 British and German troops against an unfair estimated 17,000 to 20,000 troops of Americans led by Horatio Gates, on a rainy cold day in Saratoga, New York.

On September 19th 1777 the troops of Burgoyne engaged in their first battle against the men of Gate’s. The men of Gate’s unfortunately, successfully fended off the British commander and forced General Burgoyne to a retreat back to the camp. This battle was named the battle of Freeman’s farm.

Our reports have recently just delivered the full scale analysis of this battle. This battle had already begun on July 6th 1777 when Major General Burgoyne successfully conquered Fort Ticonderoga with 8,000 British soldiers. Then, he proceeded south and conquered Fort Edward on the upper Hudson River on July 31st 1777. He then crossed the Hudson River and set up camp in Saratoga.

Mean while 12,000 American’s troops leaded by Horatio Gates only four miles away from the British camp.

After being low on both soldiers and ammunition, General Burgoyne intended to return to Great Britain on October 6th. Unfortunately, the cheeky American’s confronted the British and the British were forced to surrender on October 17th 1777, under the condition set forth that General Burgoyne will never step into America for as long as the American revolution.

Out of the 5,000 British and German soldiers that were available for battle on October 8th, only 3,500 men were fit for battle on the day of surrender. While the Americans only lost 500 men out of 17,000 to 20,000 troops they had due to the kindness of the British troops and General Burgoyne.

The British Parliament and I believe that the British will be able to avoid the American Independence, although the French betrayed the British by supplying the Americans.

We believe that our next expected battle in Monmouth, New Jersey, will be vital to our reconquering of America.

October 8 th , 1777

The Colonial Herald By: Takahiro Origuchi New York—After the long lasting battles of Saratoga, which occurred at Freeman’s Farm and Bemis Heights between British forces and the Colonists, on Tuesday, October 7th, a recent report confirms that at 1 a.m. in the morning, with around 300 British casualties deceased on the battlefield of Bemis Heights, General John Burgoyne’s army laid down its arms.

It is also noted that the Colonial troops were led by three commanders: Benedict Arnold, Benjamin Lincoln, and Horatio Gates, and that they defeated the British by capturing 86 percent of Burgoyne’s command, and completely incapacitating his army.

As General George Washington lost the Battle of Brandywine, which occurred six days before the Battle of Saratoga at Freeman’s Farm, many said that the North American Colonies were driving to despair. According to the writings that were given to the Continental Congress, Washington mentions that his morale was also very low after being soundly defeated in New York.

General Burgoyne (Left) handing his sword to General Gates (Right) as a sign of surrender after the Battle of Saratoga

Authority was in the hands of the British, and Colonists could not deny the fact that the British clearly had the advantage over them until the day when General Burgoyne decided to embark on an expedition from Quebec to seize Lake Champlain and the Hudson River corridor, in order to segregate New England from the rest of the American colonies. This became a pivotal decision, one that allowed the Colonies a chance to earn a victory.

In December, 1996, General Burgoyne consulted

defense mechanisms, and could not reach the original destination of Albany on time. It was a very arduous time for Burgoyne, as Indians and Canadians also started reinforcing the colonists. Moreover, even though Burgoyne needed General Howe to support him with the Battle of Saratoga at Bemis Heights, Howe went off to capture Philadelphia instead. With the reduced amount of British soldiers, Burgoyne did not have enough people to encounter the colonists with equal power. Ultimately, Burgoyne had no other choice than to surrender. After the battle, General Burgoyne rode to the headquarters of General Gates, where he tragically declared, “The fortune of war, General Gates, has made me you prisoner.�

According to an interview, which was addressed to one of the American soldiers, who was at the battle, he declared, "It was a glorious sight to see the haughty Brittons march out & surrender their arms to an army which but a little before they despised and called poltroons.�

This battle might be a turning point in the ongoing Revolutionary War for both the American Colonists and the British. As the Colonists make an alliance with French forces that now take them more seriously, and acquire more military power, it is possible to determine that the British have woken up, and are thinking of an alternative way to win the war.

Dylan Hollings

General Burgoyne, the British general who was defeated along with his forces.

Burgoyne has returned to Britain in disgrace.

The Boston Journal

On Friday the 17th October, the Continental Army delivered yet another great victory for us colonists. This feat happened in Saratoga where British General Burgoyne and his six thousand men were forced to surrender to the Continental Arms.

The British troops were planning to attack Albany, New York. General Burgoyne’s troops left from Canada, and on their way down to Albany, captured the fort of Ticonderoga.. The troops then continued their advance to the Hudson Highlands against the heroic defense of the colonists.

The advance stopped in a captured fort in the Hudson Highlands. His force weakened, General Burgoyne had to wait for reinforcements. The British troops that were supposed to come help, were already engaged in Philadelphia, and thus not able to come to the aide of General Burgoyne.

On the 7th of October, General Burgoyne continued his march towards Albany against the orders of his superiors. His troops were constantly harassed by colonists. “Hit and run” attacks caused causalities and further weakened the British.

Finally, the advance of the British came to an end in Saratoga. There, the Continental Army surrounded General Burgoyne. He had no choice but to surrender.

This victory weakens the British and shows that the colonists can rise against British troops. We hope this victory is one in many. We also hope that this victory will help to bring us closer with the French government that share our ideals.

The battle escalated quickly between the two parties.

By Adam Johns (aka Wivi Taalas) Saturday 18th October 1777

The New York Daily News from New York: Gage and Arnold claim Saratoga; gain alliance with the French by: Ricardo On Friday, September 19th, 1777, British General, John Burgoyne had just lead his troops, in a complex scheme to isolate New England from the other colonies, through forests and lakes from Canada to Albany, New York.

His troops were soon encountered by the militiamen from the continental army who had surrounded both New England and New York, lead by Benedict Arnold and Horatio Gates.

At the beginning of October, General Burgoyne began to worry, as he had underestimated his resources and his army was being reduced as the Canadians and Indians deserted him. This reduced his troops from a whopping 7,200 men to 6,000.

On this very day, the first conflict arose between both armies, a total of 500-600 men were killed aside.

The Americans, on October 17th, 1777 finally surrounded the British at Saratoga.

Even though it was a tough battle, the patriots gained confidence as with such battered and inexperienced soldiers, they had managed to fend off such wellequipped and experienced soldiers from the British army.

This victory was vital to the Americans. It gave the French hope that the Americans could win the war. Finally in February, 1778, the French joined American forces.

After this first conflict, both armies had time to rebuild their forces. Burgoyne strengthened his army, as the Americans improved their defenses.

Surrender of British General John Burgoyne at Saratoga

The New-York Gazette, and the weekly Mercury By: Preston Victory at Stony Point!

Yesterday, orchestrated by General George Washington and General Anthony Wayne, the Light Infantry Brigade seized the peninsula of Stony Point by attacking the British from multiple angles to gain a huge advantage along the Hudson River.

Just before midnight last night, on May 28th, General Washington ordered Brigadier General Anthony Wayne to plan an attack to capture Stony Point, twelve miles south of West Point.

Washington believed this was crucial because the British planned to attack West Point.

The Light Infantry Brigade, which consisted of 1,200 highly skilled members of the Continental Army fighting for America, countered the planned attack on West Point.

Before the assault, the British had removed many trees from Stony Point so they could see anyone who crossed the river. General Wayne used a very successful diversion tactic in the center of the British lines. After the diversion, the Forlorn Hope, containing 20 men, sealed gaps between cut-down trees. Lt. James Gibbons led this attack in the North.

This was followed by a secondary attack, consisting of 150 Light Infantry men. The primary assault, however, was personally led by Wayne. It was in the Southern part of the peninsula with Lt. George Knox’s Forlorn Hope, followed by 150 of Lt. Colonel Francois Louis Teisseydre, Marquis de Fleury’s 1st Regiment’s men.

General Anthony Wayne capturing Stony Point

The battle was a success and afterwards, Wayne wrote to Washington: “Dear Gen’l.

The fort & garrison with Colonel Johnston are ours. Our officers & men behaved like men who are determined to be free.

Yours most sincerely, Ant’y Wayne” This victory helped America because it gained a very important piece of land.

Because of this recent victory, General Washington can now be protected by his own people while sailing along the Hudson.

All of the recent battles are a result of the initial battles at Lexington and Concord, which started our revolution.

This may be the last of the major battles of the North.

The Loyalist Local S A T U R D A Y, August 4, 1765 Written by MILENA KRONDL in New York Although there has always been hate crimes against Loyalists in colonial America, it seems that these people are in need of protection more than ever before.

The loyalists who fight today on the side of the British are being dubbed “Tories” by patriots, and the friction between the two parties is escalating into violence across all 13 colonies. Loyalists are the people who sympathies with British officials, and believe that for either financial or moral reasons, the American colonies should stay part of Britain.

Many of these people also do not believe in absolute democracy, thinking it will result in mob rule. For example, Mather Byles, a reverend and devout loyalist. He has one question for the believers in full democracy: "Which is better - to be ruled by one tyrant three thousand miles away or by three thousand tyrants one mile away?”

Unfortunately, many colonists do not hear this logic, and believe that the best government for America right now is one without British involvement. A spilt has appeared in the colonists. Some call themselves patriots, who want to leave British protection and become an independent nation, and the loyalists, who do not. Patriots are unfairly calling the loyalists traitors, because they are not supporting the patriot rebels and are staying loyal to what is considered the “oppressive English crown.” At the moment, it is believed that about 20-30% of the white colonists are loyalists, although it is difficult to tell the exact amount since many people know the danger in admitting to be a loyalist in such uncertain times.

White males are not the only ones who have declared themselves loyalists. Recently, many black slaves have decided to take sides with the ongoing war, and a lot have chosen the side loyal to Britain. Other than the reason that England is a good, fair, Christian country, slaves have joined the loyalist side because they have been promised that they will be liberated from their patriot owners if these slaves run away. With such a powerful incentive, thousands of slaves have left to become part of the loyalist cause, and it is predicted that almost ten percent of the slave population will eventually leave their patriot owners.

Although some colonies are relatively safe from patriots, such as New Jersey and Pennsylvania, many are controlled by the rebels, and it has been reported that people have been fined, arrested, tortured, blackmailed, attacked, stoned, stripped of their possessions, and sometimes even killed when they are discovered to be loyalists. There are many loyalists, who have been subjected to tar and feathering, in some cases even if they did not fight with the British. Tarring and feathering is when a man is coated first in

SATURDAY, August 4, 1765 hot tar, and then in feathers. This is extremely painful, and ends in crippling burns, or in some cases, death. Not only are people being brutally and unjustly tarred and feathered, there is much confiscation and destruction of Loyalist property.

Thomas Hutchinson is one of those unlucky men whose well-earned property has been recently brutally destroyed because of his loyalty to Britain. He is a leading merchant in Boston, and the governor of Massachusetts.

Hutchinson is from an old American family, and his roots trace back to the early 1600s. He is not a believer in the revolution of the patriots, and has no tolerance for their protests and fighting.

Unfortunately, the feeling of disgust is mutual, and very recently a mob destroyed his residence, leaving Hutchinson in danger.

Although Thomas Hutchinson did not want to comment on this story, it seems that he, like many other loyalists, is worried about the increase in violence from the patriots against those who are loyal to the crown.

To escape the increasingly anti-loyalist view, there are some who are making plans to leave the colonies and head north, creating new colonies who will want to stay part of Britain. It may seem like a drastic measure at the moment, but for some, with British sympathies living in a patriot-controlled colony, the move could be a matter of life and death.

September 15, 1776

The Boston Chronicle Torturing Tories – The Loyalist Future By: Sarah In the wake of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, the Loyalists are beginning to worry as the Patriots continue to bear down heavily their self-expression and political opinions.

The War is certainly a contributing factor to the degree of pain and mistreatment the Loyalists suffer on a daily basis. Recent reports explained that there has been an increase in the number of rebel mobs fighting against innocent Loyalists. I myself have witnessed my fellow colleagues experience extremely, shocking and unbearable pain.

A Loyalist in Charleston (whose identity shall be protected) was stripped of his clothing, covered with hot tar, feathered, stoned and then thrown into a river by a rebel mob. Not only was he brutally murdered in this horrific fashion, but if that was not enough torture, his home was burnt down as well.

His shocking demise is merely one example of the recent brutality leveled against the Loyalists. The punishment “Tarring and Feathering” has become an all to common atrocity. Stripped of clothes covered in hot tar, then splattered with feathers, the accused is forced to parade through the streets.

Although harmless, elderly women are spared this act of barbarism, they are instead stripped of their possessions and forced to watch as their homes are rendered ashes, as in the recent case of a widow in Massachusetts.

It is very unfortunate to recognize that are so few who can benefit from the protection of the British Army.

The Army’s support provides Loyalists with protection; however, those who do not have a connection with the Army at great risk of falling victims to the actions of the rebel mobs and other Patriots. As a result, more and more Loyalist families are fleeing their homes to save their families from the rebels.

People who were once unafraid to express their Loyalist opinions are know very discreet and unsure because the Patriots are constantly threatening those who believe that America should remain under British Rule should control.

Why is it that the voices of the Loyalists are being systematically silenced? Why is it that the Patriots believe steadfastly that pouring hot tar on someone is the way to solve all issues? The Patriots take pleasure in watching the Loyalists suffer. The Loyalists must not succumb to the ceaseless onslaught of the Patriots but should stand strong in the fact of this abject adversity and fight until they have succeeded in regaining their equal treatment.

According to reports, the Loyalists are struggling to survive. The future of the colonies cannot be based upon the elimination of a group of people, simply because they have a different point of view.

Is that not why our forefathers risked their lives to come to this new land? The Loyalists must remain strong, the Patriots should not hold the power to deprive the Loyalists of life and liberty.

Loyalists are Americans, too.

This treatment flies in the face of the foundation of the establishment and continued success of the colonies. The Patriots should not be allowed to force them to flee their homes; their rights are no less significant than those of the Patriots. There are fifty thousand of Loyalists; yet, the Patriots and rebel mobs continue to control their lives.

An artists representation of the tarring and feathering of loyalist John Malcom in Boston

The Daily Brit Loyalist hanged on tree in Boston By: Pablo Today, July the 2nd 1776, Charles Wood was hanged at a tree near the Boston city center. He was led through the streets of Boston with a bag on his head, tar and feathers covering his body.

Through a mist of jeers and insults the poor man was walked through the city of Boston. The patriots then stopped him at a tree where he was sentenced him to death on the grounds of treason. There these despicable beings did their despicable deed. By the end of the day, there was the lifeless corpse of Charles Wood hanging from a tree.

Although this is war, and in war there are always savage deeds, this deed strikes the British peoples pride. This man was innocent.

He was hanged because of his beliefs. He was hanged for loyalty not treason. This man was a Loyalist.

Loyalists are people who are still loyal to the British Empire in this colony of North America. However in these troubling times of turmoil, they are the main victims of this war. They just live their lives and suffer for no apparent reason.

The Patriots hate the loyalists and are in a war against them as well as against the British. They think that it is their responsibility to, “teach� the loyalists who to support.

These teachings include such brutal actions as the ones that happened yesterday in Boston.

Our great empire has given them asylum up north in our territories in Canada, and down south in our territories in the Caribbean and Florida. If you cannot get there you should not fret either, since Britain is sending more and more trained soldiers to America to fight those evil Patriots.

An artists impression of the corpse of Charles Wood

The war will be over in no time.

The mighty British army which you all believe in will come marching round the hills of America, defeating the puny rebels in a matter of weeks.

Then there shall be peace and the harsh treatments the loyalists are enduring will be over. However no matter what, there will always be a Charles Wood in this world. There will always be a person that dies because of his beliefs, and it is the British government’s job to try and end it.

THE LOYALISTS’ FIGHT FOR THEIR RIGHTS By: Sanjeevi As we learn more about the American Revolution, it becomes more evident that distinguishing the two combatants is not as easy as many people perceive. You cannot just label the two adversaries as “British people” and “Americans” because some colonists had British ties and some Englishmen had American sympathies. You can utilize the two more accurate ways of classifying each opposing side by calling them Loyalists (they all represent people who supported the British monarchy) and Patriots (rebels who defended America).

Loyalists tended to be people from the two extremes in the social pyramid, on the one hand there were many government officials like judges or politicians who were appointed by the British monarchs but sometimes loyalists were even below the proletariats. The African Americans of that time faced a dilemma because while many sympathized with the Americans endeavor for freedom, the British promised to liberate slaves if they fought alongside them. The loyalists managed to woo around 50, 000 slaves to escape their masters which was a significant amount

In the picture above, a loyalist is undergoing the common practice called “tar and feathering” a rather painful form of punishment.

because it was about 10 % of the entire population of enslaved African Americans). Although the American revolution ended up benefiting many white males, it did not help black men because as Frederick Douglass said “What to the slave is the fourth of July?”.

Many Native Americans were allies of the British because the colonists had taken away their land violently, so most of them had vowed revenge.

Out of 2,5 million that composed the white population, one in six Americans was an active loyalist. There were various contributing factors that motivated the loyalists to support the monarchs but a vast amount of people acted because they feared punishment for treason. At that time England was a very powerful country and America just became “civilized “and was therefore the underdog, America winning was an unexpected, colossal win.

Many loyalists of high stature believed that the British government would preserve their supremacy while the American rebels would create new governments with new people. Loyalists also regarded Britain as being experienced while America seemed radical to the point where there might be anarchy or chaos if they were to start a government on their own. Some of Britain’s supporters simply felt a moral obligation to stay with the country they had lived in for so long, because many people living in the Americas had family back in England.

The American Revolution affected a large number of lives drastically and created voids between families because when choosing to be a loyalist or a patriot, you are making thousands of mortal enemies that would kill you without a second thought. Books and pamphlets influenced the public opinion greatly and helped people decide which country they would support in the war. The printing press ended up being just as useful as a troop of soldiers or a rifle. By July 4, 1776 the patriots had control over the 13 colonies and made every effort to expel all the remaining British officials. Anyone who openly expressed their

support for the king faced exile, public humiliation, discrimination, death, or a combination of the above. Some loyalists (especially the lower class) were prevented from accessing ships to help them flee the colonies and when they stayed, rebels tore down their houses, took their belongings, made them plea for their lives, and then attacked them. Stephen Watts Kerany is an example of a man who was influential under British rule but when the Americans overthrew the monarchs most of his vast wealth was confiscated. Another way patriots were aggressive towards the loyalists is that they utilized “Tar and Feathering” (a popular form of torture at that time). Men or women would be striped of their clothes and coated in hot tar, feathers would be thrown on them and they would have to parade around town, embarrassed and burnt. A Mohawk woman named Molly Brandt tried to persuade her brother to fight against the patriots during the war and after defeat she then made selfless attempts to arm the British loyalists from fates like Tar and Feathering with weapons. In revenge, Americans raided her house and sent her fleeing up to Canada. 80,000 loyalists were lucky enough to follow her footsteps to Canada and start anew but many others were not.

The British made efforts to compensate their supporters by allotting them plots of land in Canada but as I said before many of them were not lucky enough to receive them. In 1790 a black sergeant named Thomas Powers sent a petition to Britain asking for some sort of reimbursement for their effort. The monarch replied by offering a free passage to Sierra Leone for any black man who fought alongside them, and 2 years later 1,200 men took them up on their offer. Many intellectuals have tried to rectify the “bluntly patriotic portrayals of American Independence”, but it is unfortunately still a controversial topic to regard the British loyalists as victims of American chauvinism. As Voltaire said "I may disagree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it."

The Loyalists and their Frightening Fate By: Anna Lifsec

Word is that the war is coming to an end. A truce is in sight and an end to fighting is just around the corner. But, the question on many people’s mind is, what will happen to the Loyalists once we are an independent nation?

Throughout the war the Loyalists have been harassed, their property stolen, and their safety risked. Considered the enemy, they were prevented from working as government officials and were forced to flee to countries such as Canada and islands in the Caribbean. They have been hated and mocked, and any Loyalists from the upper class have lost their social status. They have even been tarred and feathered for their devotion to King George.

Although some criticize the way the Loyalists have been treated, their loyalty to the king is despicable, and thus the treatment of the Loyalists by the Patriots has been necessary and justified.

But with the end of the war and the imminent victory of the colonies, things can only get worse for the Loyalists. Recent studies have shown that 20% of our population is loyal to the king; that’s about 1 in every 6 people.

October 20th 1782 There is definitely an overwhelming amount of Patriots. If the colonists win the war, these Loyalists’ futures are grim.

The most likely scenario in the next few months will be a treaty between Great Britain and the colonies, giving the colonists the independence we have fought fervently for. We can only assume that in this treaty, the rights of the Loyalists will be protected, and their safety will be considered. However, regardless of this protection the Loyalists will never regain their social status or their reputation.

As a devoted patriot I strongly believe that we should not be responsible for protecting the Loyalists. They are fully aware that their beliefs are not appreciated in the colonies, and should therefore leave and go to a place where their opinions are accepted and appreciated. Certainly Canada will be willing enough to accept the unwanted Loyalists, and it will be no surprise if black Loyalists return to Africa where they will be welcomed.

If they choose to stay in the colonies, why should the Patriots have an obligation to respect them?

In fact, the Loyalists that have already left the colonies have provided many opportunities for middle and lower class Patriots. As a result, Patriots have been given more opportunities to get jobs and rise in the social hierarchy. Opportunities for Patriots to become farmers, craftsmen, merchants and store owners are becoming increasingly available. These professions, previously dominated by loyalists in places such as New York and the Carolinas, are now being dominated by Patriots.

Besides this, the Loyalists leaving is like a breath of fresh air. The fewer Loyalists there are, the less of their irrational judgment on the independence of the colonies will we have to put up with.

While the infamous Loyalist, Thomas Hutchinson, was still alive, he said, “Americans were convinced in their own minds that they were very miserable, and those who think so are so. There is nothing so easy as to persuade people they are badly governed.� He seemed to believe that the Americans are rioting simply because a few patriots brainwashed them.

His theory has no credibility. We are protesting because we the people believe that we have been governed unfairly. Clearly our perseverance will bring us justice in the coming months.

Only time will tell what will really happen to the Loyalists. But if I were a Loyalist, I wouldn’t stick around for long.

This painting demonstrates the process of a tarring and feathering to a notorious loyalist, Thomas Hutchinson.

What Happened to the Loyalists?

Today, we look back at the American Revolution as an organized rebellion from the colonists; but in retrospect it was a civil war. American loyalists (also known as “Tories”), were opposed to the revolution. Some of the loyalists even helped the British take a stand against the rebels. The loyalists were not a small group of colonists; they ranged up to 20% of the white population in the colonies.

The loyalists fought against the rebels because the believed in John Locke’s ideas theory of both natural rights and limited government. Even though the loyalists believed in John Locke’s ideas, they were opposed to any form of violent protests, because they thought that violence would cause “mob rule” or tyranny. The loyalists were not entirely on the British government’s side; in fact they were opposed to some of the British’s acts such as the infamous

Stamp act, and the Coercive acts.

They liked some aspects of the British government’s rule but they disagreed with other aspects of it. The loyalists believed that too much independence would lead to loss of the economic benefits acquired from the British mercantile system. The loyalists were loyal to the British government, but in some cases they were not totally against the rebels. Loyalists did not come from one particular social class.

Mainly there were farmers, artisans, shopkeepers, and African Americans who were promised freedom from the British. Other loyalists included Indians employed servants, German immigrants who supported the

British government because George the third was of German origin. Famous loyalists included William Franklin (Benjamin Franklin’s son), and John Singleton Copley who happened to be one of the greatest American painters of that period. The number of loyalists in each colony varied. Estimates that have been made in the past suggest that around half of New York City were loyalists. The loyalists didn’t suffer much from their views; but during the revolution many of them fought in conflict. The Paris Peace treaty was a document which made it mandatory for the congress to give back land that was taken away from the loyalists.

By: Isis

BRITISH WEEKLY Loyalty, Our Only Hope Loyalists Fight for British Control The shock has come to us all when we relied on our colonists to help us start a new world, when instead their selfish ways influenced them to keep this life all to themselves. But, there is still hope for our society to get the chance they deserve. The loyalists, a new formation, have stood up for our right to build a new community. New numbers show that 20% of the colonists are comprised of people sticking to their roots and mother country, fighting for what is rightfully ours. 50,000 people have fought alongside our troops, helping our country gain

control of its uncivilized settlers.

By: Camila

November 6, 1776 Although many have had to retreat back to the mother country, we shall give thanks for their service in defending our society.

Bringing back 100,000 more followers to make our country stronger against its enemies, along with 20,000 slaves to help us worry about what’s more important than nonsense housework.

The traitor colonists have defaced and terrorized these innocent, loyal people, which will only add to our desire to revolt back.

Because of them, with the exception of some loyalists, numbers of the rebel population have dropped letting our troops have more advantage over the situation. We will enforce more acts, troops, and control over this rebellious plan, making our country forceful upon others.

Because of these brave souls we can take the advantage over the people who have weakened our popularity and economy. We will gain control.

At Valley Forge, Pennsylvania thousands of soldiers struggle to stay alive. Lead by General George Washington, the continental army works with the small amount of supplies they have to survive. They chose the location back in December as a defensive base, close to the captured Philadelphia, along trade routs, and close to farm supplies. After setting up camp with what they thought was eight months worth of food, they found only eight days worth of it. Washington said on the state of provisions back in December, "If the army does not get help soon, in all likelihood it will disband."

General Washington continues to push congress to help with the desperate conditions of the camp. Though no battle is being fought here, each day, an estimated ten men die. They cannot survive the starvation and cold that attacked them. On top of the weather and lack of provisions, a typhus epidemic has spread through the military camp. A small hospital system has been set up with the meager amount of help that can be given to the ill.

They fight through these conditions, continuing to train mentally and physically for the fight that is in front of them. Many are not clothed and none get enough food. Some nights there is a chant “We want meat! We want meat!” that echoes about the valley, as they huddle around the smoky fires to keep warm. Hopefully the state of this camp will soon improve.

Even with the lost soldiers the survivors learn about the hardship of war and what they must face. “Naked and starving as they are we cannot enough admire the incomparable patience and fidelity of the soldiery,” General Washington said of the soldiers resilient behavior.

Though many soldiers have been lost the toughness and training at Valley Forge can lead to a much stronger and powerful military to fight off the red coats. Their courage gives us all hope for the future of our new country.

With better training, the Americans create a greater opportunity of defeating the British. Talk of the French joining the colonist’s cause,

boosts morale about the military. With what is thought to be the worst of the weather and other conditions to be behind them, the military looks forward to what they can achieve with well organized and trained troops.

General George Washington has shown resilience and outstanding leadership throughout the winter, boosting the morale of the soldiers, and supporting the camp. He has shown his ability and reason for his title.

General Washington stands with his men, the only officer to stay through the winter with his army.

The Final Battle By: Jahansher The Battle of Yorktown a significant event changing the course of history for the American people. After years of struggles the final battle took place in September 1781, and ended with the Americans defeating General Cornwallis’ English battalion in October 1781. The battle was led by General Washington and was aided by French general Rochambeau. With American and French troops combined they significantly outnumbered the British troops. The Americans completely cut off Cornwallis from the rest of the British army in Yorktown leading to his defeat. This was a traumatizing event for the British forces, and ended most battles between the United States and Britain.

The Americans used a very strategic way to “trick” General Clinton of the British army.

The Americans set up a false base near New York leading the British general into believing that Washington would attack New York, meanwhile Washington headed south to seize the British troops in Virginia. The French then blocked Chesapeake Bay to prevent the British from sending more reinforcements.

In July 1781 the British set up a base camp in Yorktown to receive supplies from British colony New York. When Washington heard that Cornwallis created a base in Yorktown, Virginia, he planned to trap the British there. In order to do so, Washington had instructed Marquis de Lafayette who had an American army of 5000 men to block Cornwallis from escaping.

Meanwhile, the French sailed their ships to Chesapeake Bay to block off British reinforcements headed for Yorktown. This prevented Cornwallis from receiving supplies and blocked off their only remaining escape route as Lafayette had blocked off the North.

This not only gave the British a disadvantage, but also gave the Americans the advantage of seizing Yorktown from the North, which would lead Cornwallis to be trapped in the peninsula. British troops continued to attempt to reach Cornwallis, however the French fleet of ships blocking Chesapeake Bay repulsed any attempt to thwart Washington’s invasion from the North. This battle between the French and English was called the Battle of Virginia Capes, which was led by Thomas Graves for the English. As explained before, the British lost that battle.

On September 14, de Grasse a French general, lead Rochambeau and Washington to meet up with Lafayette’s forces on September 28, completely surrounding Yorktown. De Grasse added another 3000 troops to the combined American and French armies creating an outstanding 14000 troops belonging to France and the United States forces to 7000 troops of Cornwallis.

When Washington initiated the siege with Cannons, destroying the town, Cornwallis had no choice, but to surrender his forces in October 1781.

General Cornwallis surrendered along with 7078 officers and men, 900 seamen, 144 cannons, and 30 transport ships. Claiming to be “ill”, General Cornwallis refused to attend the surrender ceremony and sent his second in command O’Hara instead.

This was the last major battle between the British and Americans, and although skirmishes did occur after October 1781, peace negations began to occur in the year 1782. The Treaty of Paris was signed shortly after the peace negotiations (September 3rd 1783), which announced the peace between the newly born United States and the British. At this point, the British fully recognized the United States

The Pranmerica Times Yorktown: Shots of Independence heard everywhere By: Pranav Srinivasan On September 28th we arrived at Yorktown, Virginia to be a part of the last battle of this revolutionary war. The Americans were looking to take advantage with the help of the French alliance.

However, the redcoats were not willing to back off either, and they came in an attacking fashion too.

General Washington led the French and Continental Army, while General Cornwallis took control of the British Army.

With a commanding force of about 17,000 troops. On the other hand, Cornwallis had the support of only 9,000 men and it was almost inevitable that we were going to score the victory.

The war had not been a complete success for us, but General Washington had imbedded the mindset of determination in all our men and each of us too, and there was no way we were going to let back. It was clear that Washington's greatest strength was his mind and his will to win.

Then did they start to formulate a strategy on how they were going to play out "The Battle of Yorktown." Lord Cornwallis had planned to keep his men at Chesapeake Bay as they were awaiting supplies from Great Britain. However, we took advantage of that. The one and only George Washington saw it as an opportunity to finally attack. Admiral De Grasse headed north towards Yorktown, while General Washington was coming south from New York City.

The French Navy closed Cornwallis through sea, while the Americans took charge on land. The trap had forced Lord Cornwallis to officially retire on October 19th 1781.

"The name of American, which belongs to you, in your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride of Patriotism‌ It should be the highest ambition of every American to extend his views beyond himself, and to bear in mind that his conduct will not only affect himself, his country, and his immediate prosperity; but that its influence may be co-extensive with the world, and stamp political happiness or misery on ages yet born."- George Washington.

He describes the patriotism and mentions the significance of it.

Without the support and the will, he believes it could have taken a toll on them. After the battle, the British Army practically gave up as the British public went against it. We had hoisted the flag, and tears of joy ran down every single patriot and soldier that supported and believed in our Continental Army. As a consensus, they decided to write the "Treaty of Paris." Drafted by Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and John Jay discussed with the British.

This treaty declared that America had independence as far west as the Mississippi River. The Americans also agreed to pay back some debts.

September 6th, 1783

On July 4th of 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed by the Continental Congress.

The inspirational Thomas Jefferson from Virginia is the initial author of this liberating document, which declares independence from the tyrannical king of Britain, George the III. In other words, it declares that we will separate from the British and become a new country, one that is named: “the United States of America�. However, we did not become

independent until three days ago, when the Treaty of Paris was signed, ending the revolutionary war. The English surrendered fellow Americans, we are finally independent, after eight years of fighting!

The treaty is named for the city in which it was negotiated and signed, Paris, France. After Britain was defeated in a battle at Yorktown, peace talks began in Paris last year, in 1782.

Benjamin Franklin declined informal peace overtures from the British for settlements in which America would still be a part of Britain. Franklin insisted that the British recognize our country as independent from them. These talks were between Richard Oswarld, representing Great Britain, and three American representatives and peace commissioners: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay.

The preliminary articles of peace were signed on November 30, 1782. Finally, the Treaty of Paris formally ended the war and formally declared independence on a day that will be remembered forever, September 3, 1783. It was signed by John Adams, Ben Franklin, and John Jay, as well as David Hartley, a feeble man who represented Britain. We, the people of the new United States of America, will build a nation far greater than the British Empire ever was.

In the future, our people will be happy and healthy, and our new country will be perhaps the greatest in the world.

Congratulations to all Americans, today we will rest and celebrate our independence.

Tomorrow, every American will participate in building our nation!

Written By:

Alexandra Czaran

Aysu Ingrid Haker September, 1783

Freedom at Last?

In our quest for freedom from the British we have finally won!

Last night on September 3rd 1783, in the Hotel d’York in Paris, Britain recognized the 13 colonies as the land of Americans. John Adams confirmed this by saying "On Wednesday, the 3d day of this month, the American ministers met the British minister at his lodgings at the Hôtel de York, and signed, sealed, and delivered the definitive treaty of peace between the United States of America and the King of Great Britain." In the process both parties signed the Treaty of Paris, which ended the revolutionary war and saved many of our peoples lives. This treaty was created by no other than our countries heroes: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson. It set out boundary lines, payment of debts and our freedoms as Americans.

Peace negotiations started in 1782, but haven’t been resolved until now, nearly one year later. We, the Americans fought for seven years for the freedom of our country that we now possess. We spent money, and our precious time to win our independence. The British have 140 million pounds of debt after the French and Indian war, and created the sugar act, the stamp act and even have taxed us on our tea to make up for their problems. It was about time we got our freedom.

Perhaps in a few years we will kick the British out of our country for good.