`12
Siwa Oasis Definition
INDEX
Information about Siwa Oasis: • Location • Climate • Social case study • Tourist Attractions Oasis Urban Study: • Siwa’s Sustainable development program. Architectural Character: • Building Materials. Case study of Albabenshal hotel. SWOT analysis My visit to Siwa oasis Project Program Site/location Analysis References
A brief on The Siwa Oasis Siwa Oasis (ⵉⵙ ⵉⵡⴰⵏ) An Egyptian city and oasis in the Western Desert, 300 km away from the mediterranian coast to the southwest of Marsa Matruh. Siwa Oasis follows Matruh administratively. A nature reserve of 7800 km was declared that includes several types of animal and plant life forms. About 35 thousand family lives in the Oasis, most of whom work in agriculture or tourism. Around 30 thousand -local and globaltourist visits The Siwa Oasis annualy. It is classified by a number of western websites as one of 9 most isolated places on Earth. It is suggested that the name of Siwa came from “Sekht Em” which means the land of palms.
2
Site Location Siwa is one of the western desert lowlands and forms a green oasis on an area of 1088 km. Siwa makes an area of 94263 km2 and follows the governorate of Matruh. It is located 820 km away from Cairo and is bordered northerly by a series of rocky mountains and southerly by a series of sand-dunes. It has a mild climate throughout the winter and is 18 meters below sea level. It is a convenient location between the desert and the Mediterranean Sea also between East and West, making Siwa a crossroad in the trade routes across the desert, that links Ser Lanka and the Central Desert to the Nile Valley.
1. SIWA: FROM THE LANDSCAPE TO THE URBANIZED TERRITORY
3
Climate Conditions in Siwa Oasis
The main temp in January is 5.80째C and in July is 37.8째C. The day range temp is 32째C. The maximum soil temp at a depth of 5 cm is 32.8째C. Precipitation is unstable and variable around 0.87 mm/month Evaporation ranges from 4.8 to 13.5 mm/day.
There are three main wind directions: northern, eastern and western winds with a general rate of 24.4%, 18.2% and 12.4%, respectively. Wind effect (shrinkage and corrosion) is highest in April. The wind transmits the sand particles and the soft salt that it establishes sequentially in the lower topographic areas of the oasis.
Temperature Range of Siwa (Energyplus .net,2017) Temperature Range of Siwa (Energyplus .net,2017)
4
Social Status Study:Social studies are the study of social aspects and how to live in society through daily activities and to know how the people of the region are living and their customs and traditions. -Population Siwa is home to 35,000 people, lives in it Tribes of Amazigh origin, girls are involved Until the age of twelve in the popular celebrations, While married women are not allowed to go out, Unless it covered all her body and face with a blue sheet called "Tarbut“ -Siwa dialect The Siwa dialect is an Amazigh language in Egypt, Spoken by 15,000 to 20,000 people, The language has been heavily influenced by the Egyptian dialect, and it’s not very much related to other Amazigh languages -Industry Siwa is the mouth of the Egyptian Nubian reservoir. This natural water reservoir has attracted several investment, In the groundwater sector, factories set up a filling , Natural water, known for its "mineral water” - Siwa salt is characterized by international standards and different types which enters into many industries, including soap, textile, chlorine and caustic soda, glass, toothpaste and Detergents. -
5 4
Tourism Siwa is well known for its therapeutic tourism. It has clean, soft yellow sand for alternative medicine and treatment for rheumatism and arthritis. Sand bath is the method used for healing during sunrise and before sunset. There are famous archaeological sites in the oasis, such as Amoun temple and the tombs of Mount of the Dead, Ein Cleopatra and the remains of the ancient city of Chali. Some statistics indicate that Siwa receives about 30,000 local and global tourists annually.
6
Traditional Handicrafts Handmade pottery industries are considered one of the peculiar traditional crafts in Al-Waha, and the Tajin comes on top. As well as the desert-style cooking utensils that are pyramid shaped and are beautifully decorated. While the Siwa jewelery industry is characterized by sophisticated yet simple designs that are made of various materials such as gold, silver, gems, leather and thread.
7
Sightseeing in Siwa Oasis ďƒ˜The remains of Shali. The city of Shali dates back to 1203, and its name means the city in Siwa. The city had only one door for the purpose of reassuring its defenses, called "Anshal" meaning the door of the city, and on the northern side of the city wall is the old mosque, and at the opening of the city is a second door in the south called "Atrat" meaning the new door.
8
Sightseeing in Siwa Oasis ďƒ˜ Temple of Amun The temple of Amun, also known as the Temple of Revelation, the Temple of Predictions, or the Temple of Alexander, is one of the most important monuments in the Siwa oasis. It was established in the Pharoanic era to spread the Amun religion among the tribes and neighboring people due to the location of Siwa as a forum for trade routes between the south, north, west and east. The temple is located 4 km east of the city of Siwa, and was famous for visiting the Macedonian leader Alexander the Great after opening Egypt in 331 BC.
9
Sightseeing in Siwa Oasis ďƒ˜Mount of the Dead Mount of the Dead is located 2 km from the Siwa area of Marsa Matruh province. It was discovered in 1944 during the Second World War when the people of Siwa took shelter in the mountain. They discovered the tombs. It is a conical mountain, 50 meters high. It consists of limestone soil and serves as an ancient cemetery. This mountain is characterized by its wondrous view, from below it to the tombs of the Motti carved in the form of a stone bee cell in the form of regular rows and successive geometrically shapes like the old oasis.
10
Sightseeing in Siwa Oasis ďƒ˜Mount Dakrour The mountain is located 3 km south of Siwa Oasis, with two peaks called "Nadra and Nazareth". At the top of Nazareth there is a grotto carved in the rock called "Tnshur", below which there is an effect called "House of Sultan" made of clean limestone. The mountain is famous for its hot sand with medicinal properties, and it contains the red dye used in the manufacture of the clay pots. Crowds of Egyptians and foreigners flock to the mountain all the time.
11
Sightseeing in Siwa Oasis
ďƒ˜ Eye Of Cleopatra Is one of the most famous tourist attractions of Siwa, also known as Ain Juba or Ain Shams, a stone bath filled with natural hot spring water, and some claim to be named after the Egyptian Queen, who swam in it during her visit to Siwa.
12
Sightseeing in Siwa Oasis
Phantas Island Also known as "fantasy island", "Fantas" is one of Siwa's favorite swimming spots for both locals and tourists. It is about 6 km west of Siwa. The island is located on the salt lake of Siwa, surrounded by palm trees and wonderful landscapes in a spectacular scenery.
Sightseeing in Siwa Oasis ďƒ˜Salt lakes Siwa has a white gold oasis, Lake Zaytoon is located east Siwa with an area of 5760 acres, Lake Agormi northeast of the oasis with an area of 960 acres, Lake Siwa west of the city of Shali, whose area is about 3600 acres, and Lake Almarka west of the oasis in Bahdiuddin with an area of 700 acres. Where it contains lakes with a high salt content of up to five times the salt water in the sea, allowing visitors to swim without effort or fear and is therefore suitable for individuals who cannot swim well.
14
Touristic Attractions in Siwa Oasis
15
Sightseeing in Siwa Oasis
Siwa Center for Documentation of Heritage Is a Center for the Documentation of Cultural and Natural Heritage of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina and supported by the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology. The center aims at documenting all aspects of the Siwa heritage from customs, traditions, crafts, handicrafts, old art, music, poetry and sculpture, nature reserves, irrigation methods and old construction. The Center collaborates with, among others, the Italian Cosby Development Foundation, the Bogus Association in Tangier Morocco, and the EU-Mediterranean Heritage Program
16
The study of urbanization in the Shali area -Characterized by organic planning and solidarity (ORGANIC &COMPAT URBAN PLANNING) *This is evident in the Shali and Adir area. This trend is unique in planning the construction of semi-isolated residential units to provide privacy. The architectural elements that have helped in this area: the wall or fence made of leaves of palm leaves that surrounds the house which reduces exposing it to direct sunlight and gives the house some sort of isolation.
*The architectural style of Siwa is one of the most important tourist elements of the Oasis but this style is abandoned in favor of modern building styles, which cause the loss of Siwa's unique architectural identity which became the biggest problem with the rapid expansion of hotels and other tourist facilities that were designed and built without regard to the traditional style of the area or for the materials, in addition to population growth and growing residential needs . 17
Case study of (Shali) Area nd the surrounding areas 1.1 Study of land uses
18
Case study of (Shali) Area and the surrounding Areas Study of building heights
19
Case Study Analysis of (Shali) and the surrounding Areas Building Case Studies (Building Materials)
20
Touristic sustainable development:
The project aims to stay on the long term and leans/depends on the system entrance to rate the environmental reactions, to be flexible enough to keep up with the development(As Siwa Oasis develops, changes) and to support the sustainable development that aims to integrate social, environmental, agricultural constructional and economic projects. Also fulfills present's needs without disrupting the ability of the upcoming generations to fulfill their needs.
‍٠‏
The comprehensive plan of Siwa Oasis considers/takes in account to preserve it and its historical heritage also not to increase the agricultural area specified by The General Authority for Urban Planning and Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources, and to put solutions for the problem of agricultural drainage, Develop a proposal for the use of groundwater whether for agriculture or investment, develop a comprehensive environmental reforms program taking into account the environmental nature of Siwa in the residential architectural form or investment with the necessity of Setting requirements With the establishment of environmental hotels only. In view of the importance of heritage areas for their national wealth and their historical, cultural, economic and social values and the increasing trend of the tourism industry and its economic returns, There is a need to find a balance between the protection of urban heritage and tourism development, As volunteer social work is one of the most important means used to participate in the advancement of societies in our time in both developed and developing countries.
OLD SIWA
21
Architecture Style in the area Siwan Architecture has a distinguish style which traditional homes are built from Karshif (the original and natural building material in traditional Siwan architecture). Karshif comes from the mixture made of mud, salt and other minerals from the Siwan salt lake. Doors and Windows are made of Olive wood and palm tree wood, Clay is used as a binding material for bricks after mixing with salt. The most important feature of the houses is to keep temperature inside cool during the hot summer and warm in the winter in a natural way. Wall thickness: 60-80 cm as it gets thinner in the upper levels 30-40 cm. The orientation of the openings takes place in north directions, and others in the south direction in order to achieve (Cross Ventilation). Recently, Concrete construction has increased which leads to the decreasing of Traditional construction (Karshif) as it needs annual maintenance because of the high water level.
22
Study Architectural Charactar in the Region ďƒ˜Inner space’s height has been increased to decrease sense of heat inside spaces, buildings in siwa have been known for their low height, as they mostly consist of only one level, now most buildings consist of 2-3 levels
23
Building Materials • Siwa oasis in the Western Desert is known for its unique microclimate, culture and landscapes as there is a variety of natural building materials: 1- The Karshif The Karshif buildings are one of the most distinctive and iconic features in the scenery of the oasis. • Architecture is characterized by the use of salt blocks, taken from the nearby salty lakes. The blocks are utilized in the masonry with an abundant mud mortar very rich in salt. Such technique still lives in our time. • The architecture of Siwa oasis is characterized by the use of karshif, an unusual material made of NaCl salt crystals with impurities of clay and sand. The blocks of irregular shape taken from the salt crust that surrounds the salty lake, are cut in smaller blocks and utilized in the masonry with a mud mortar very rich in salt obtained from two different clays, tafla or tiin. • The bearing walls show mainly two ways of realization. • It is produced from agricultural drainage water as it is used in the form of layers (one layer don’t exceed 25cm). • Construction takes place in different places to let the wall dry.
124
Building Materials Used:1- Karshif
25
Building Materials Used:-
2-Palm Wood:• Ceilings are made of palm wood soaked in salt lakes to get rid of the juice attracting to rodent insects. • Palm wood is an important building material as it’s used in making beams floors and columns as it comes out from dry palms to be lighter • than usual. This type ranges between 3 : 3.5 meters regardless its length, as it depends on the design of a certain place.
26
Building Materials Used:3-Olive Tree Trunks • Olive Tree Wood has very fine substratum/base/subsistence as it is hard , compressed ,homogeneous and worm-resistant, also it has irregular fibers. • It's impossible to get certain plates that have equal height.
STEEPS MADE BY OLIVE TREES TRUNKS 27
Building Materials Used:4-Limestone:-
Limestone is first shaped into blocks then used as construction stone. It can also be sized into brick-sized blocks which are much smaller generally in physical size.
• Limestone blocks are resistant to corrosion. • They have high durability • Limestone blocks have high strength more than karshif. 5- White Plaster:A pasty composition (as of lime or gypsum, water, and sand) that hardens on drying and is used for coating walls. Studies show that nowadays using Karshif is much less than using other construction methods. Karshif was the most used method in Siwa until 2001. About 50% of the building materials were formed by the usage of karshif but this percentage decreased as a result of using Modern Building Materials in addition to the increase o the usage of Concrete, Bricks and lime stone in the city cente
28
Flooring Made of Trunks Trees Olive
29
Detailed the form Stairs
30
Installation of doors and windows details
31
Study of the Panchial hotel and restaurant in the Siwa Oasis Panchial is located in the middle of a fertile palm orchard in the middle of Siwa Oasis, built in rocky salt, in the style of automatic architecture The Papenshal was analyzed and evaluated according to the most common system which is in the three classification systems of LEDD The main six categories are: 1) Sustainable sites, 2) Water efficiency, 3) Energy and atmosphere, 4) Materials and resources, 5) Indoor environmental quality and 6) Culture and society. Where, the idea of ​recycling old buildings encouraged locals to revive their loss and preserve their identity while attracting more tourists and improving their income. Where I felt a positive impact, now they use the Karshef when renewing personal property. Moreover, the building won numerous environmental awards including the prestigious Hassan Fathi Award for Sustainable Architecture in Egypt
.
32
Study of the Panchial hotel and restaurant in the Siwa Oasis .
33
Study of the Panchial hotel and restaurant in the Siwa Oasis .
34
. •Several magnificent salt and lakes •Fresh water springs. •Siwian house established of traditional building materials. •Variety of traditional arts & crafts. •Traditional models of windows and doors. •Old Shali; magnificent relic at the center of Siwa’s largest town •Eco-tourism. •Historical places. •Tourism services
•Desertification due to the large consumption of underground water •Soil Salinization. •Some of the new buildings built in modern construction like concrete, bunt bricks; it does not fit the unique urban pattern. •Cultural and Social Implements. •Environmental Implements •Sprawl of modern buildings. •Road network and Transportation
•. Relationship between historic settlement and its surroundings natural and manmade settings •Using local and traditional building materials has been appeared in hotels in the oasis and integrated patterns have been used in the layout. •Preservation of the architectural and urban patters and to promote traditional building •Post NGO and Government in the Development
• Reduction of traditional crafts • Lack of the traditional Identity of Siwas”s people •Soil Salinization causes the difficulty of land reclamation •Lack of popular participation in development •Limited service and lack of infrastructure .
35
My visit to siwa oasis During my visit to the project’s site, which lasted 5 days, in siwa to get to know the habits and traditions, architectural . character, site analysis, taking some live photos for the project’s site, and meeting some residents and doing a survey to know some of the problems they face and their culture
36
Project’s program reception area main entrance bazars salons/ Lounges waiting areas admins’ area project’s manager’s office with a secretary’s office 4 offices Archive information desk
residential area
4 residential rooms for students crafting and educational area 4 educational classes for building with local materials 5 embroidery workshops 5 workshops for pottery and porcelain 4 workshops for salt products 4 workshops for furniture and palm products 4 exhibitions for products
cultural area library 3 meeting rooms MPU small mosque
entertainment area
siwa’s traditional food restaurant coffee shop open yard for performing local folklore and music
SITE ANALYSIS .
General Site For The Area Study 38
SITE ANALYSIS siwa’s map .
surrounding areas
39
SITE ANALYSIS Surrounding Streets
.
Mount Dakrour
40
SITE ANALYSIS  live photos from my visit .
41
SITE ANALYSIS  live photos from my visit .
42
3D SHOT FROM PROPOSED PROJECT .
43
References
اﻟﺣﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗراث اﻟﻌﻣراﻧﻲ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾق اﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺣﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗداﻣﺔ ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﻣؤﺳﺳﺎت اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ رﯾﮭﺎم ﻛﺎﻣل اﻟﺧﺿراوي/ م-اﻟﻣدﻧﻲ دراﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ واﺣﺔ ﺳﯾوه راﻣز ﻋزﻣﻰ/ م، ( ﻋﻣﺎرة اﻟواﺣﺎت)ﺳﯾوة، اﻟﻌﻣﺎرة اﻟﺑﯾﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗداﻣﺔ. SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN SIWA – An Integrated Strategy for the Siwa Protected Area July 2017 Assessment of Salt weathering in Siwa Oasis (The Western Desert of Egypt) BY Azza Abdallah, Department of geography Faculty of Arts Composition and diagenesis of ancient Shali city buildings of evaporate stones (kerchief), Siwa Oasis, Egypt by Ali Abdel-Motelib*, Amany Taher, Abdel-Hamid El Manawi Demystifying Cultural and Ecotourism in the Vernacular Architecture of Siwa Oasis, Egypt by Mohamed Elkaftanguia, Amira Elnokalyb, Yasser Awadc and Ahmed Elseragyd SIWA OASIS Actions for a sustainable developmentedited by Attilio Petruccioli, Calogero Montalbano Siwa - a model of sustainability in the desert ,Sam George , ARCH 512 Arnold Valdez , 2007 December 8 Saturday Fakhry, A., Siwa Oasis, American University in Cairo, pp.70-179, 2005. Citation for published version (APA): Attia, S., & Dabaieh, M. (2013). The usability of green building rating systems in hot arid climates: A case study in Siwa, Egypt Siwa Sustainable Development Initiative Prepared by • Tarek Hatem (Egypt) Sector • Ecotourism • Enterprise Class A sustainable aspect for safeguarding aprotected area: case study – Siwa Oasis M. Tawfik & M. Tolba , Department of Architecture, El Shorouk Academy, Egypt Siwa Oasis. Official website. Available at www.siwaOasis_eg.com. Andrère Amellal http://www.adrereamellal.net/ Environmental Quality International http://eqi.com.eg/
44
Tanmmirt THANKS DANKE ﺷﻛرا
()اﻣﺎزﯾﻐﻰ