AMMAN INTERNATIONAL FAIRGROUND - THESIS

AMMAN INTERNATIONAL FAIRGROUND JORDAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COLLAGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE FIRST SEMESTER 2015/2015 GRADUATION PROGECT ONE THESIS OF FAIRGROUNDS EXHIBITION CENTER AND CONVENTIONAL CENTER DONE BY: ABDELRHMAN GHALIB ALZOU’BI STUDENT ID: 20122221113 INSTRUCTOR: DR AHMAD ALZOU’BI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All thanks and respect to all who supported me, and they were next to me until I reached this stage over years.

"THANKFULNESS IS THE GRACE OF GOD FOR US." All praises to ALLAH. THANKS to my father and mother, THANKS to my brothers, and sisters, THANKS to my friends, special THANKS goes to the best; Ismael, Abdallah, Hassan, and Mohammed. THANKS to my Soul mate, THANKS to my colleagues, THANKS to my teachers, and last but not least THANKS to myself…

TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover Page Blank Page Book Information Acknowledgments Blank Page Table Of Contents Blank Page Chapter One cover page Preface General Information Definition of the Project Why This Project Economic Importance Tourist Importance Cultural Importance Social Importance Historical Background Goals and Objectives Significant of the Project For the international community For the general public For the host country For participants Chapter Two cover page Case One Innovations for the whole world Excellent Infrastructure Expo Hanover 2000 Themed Pavilions Case Two Location Objective Organization Target process

I II III IV V VI VII 1 3 5 5 6 6 8 9 9 10 11 11 11 12 12 13 15 17 18 18 23 25 27 28 28 29 29

Shanghai Expo Hotel Map Site Information Planning Concept Entrance Master Plan Site Zone Function Land Use Expo Axis Pavilions Theme Pavilions Parking Lots After use of expo site Case Three Location Information Theme Italy: a strong link with the theme Why Milan?

Initial plan Concept plan Master plan Expo Gate Access and Entrances Land use Other main function “nonexpiation�

The Clusters Case Four Case Five General Plan Case Six Access to QNCC Ground level map Level 1 map Level 2 map Chapter Three cover page

31 31 32 33 34 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 48 49 50 51 53 58 60 62 65 68 72 75 77 81 82 83 83 85

foundation & design factors for the exhibition fairground Design Philosophy Optical configuration of the site Factors affecting the design of exhibitions Internal components of the spaces in the exhibitions Various forms of internal and external spaces Coverage used in exhibitions buildings Fairground Design Standards Audience awareness Evaluation Content Collections Interpretation/Communication Design and Production Human Comfort, Safety and Accessibility International Building Code IBC Effective Use of the International Building Code Family of codes Ordinance Fire and Smoke (protection features) Fire-Resistance Rating Standards, Principles for Designing Fairground Design Brief Design standards for exhibition center (fairground) principle for designing exhibition center

87 87 88 89 92 93 93 93 94 94 95 95 96 97 98 99 99 99 99 100 102 103 103 103 104

Space Attributes Functional / Operational Factors that affect the design of exhibitions buildings Structural System Wood Frame Precast Concrete Steel and Concrete Steel Structure Types of HVAC Systems Heating System Ventilation System Chapter Four cover page Overview of Requirements Function Functional Requirements Foyers Reception Meeting Room Concourse Parenting Rooms Speakers presentation center Staging Toilets Water Storage Food and Beverage Access and Transportation Public Transport Taxi and Private Vehicles Parking Pedestrian Access General Public Access Speaker Access VIP Access Client Access Event contractor Access Table of Functions and Spaces Chapter Five cover page About Jordan

104 105 108 110 110 111 111 112 113 113 115 117 119 119 119 119 120 120 121 121 121 122 122 122 122 122 122 123 123 123 123 124 124 124 127 129 131

Geographic Historical Information Resident's Information Geography Climate Site Selection Criteria Key Evaluation Criteria Nature of the site Access to infrastructure Accessible for local community Future Risk Factors Selection of Sites JERASH Macro Scale Analysis Micro Scale Analysis Key Evaluation Criteria, Conclusion AMMAN Macro Scale Analysis Micro Scale Analysis Key Evaluation Criteria, Conclusion WADI RUM Macro Scale Analysis Micro Scale Analysis Key Evaluation Criteria, Conclusion Chapter Six cover page Briefing Introduction Philosophy of design and Theoretical background Site Analysis Accessible Key Evaluation Criteria The Site Location Site Topography Weather Data

131 132 132 133 133 134 134 135 135 135 135 136 137 138 143 148 149 150 156 160 161 162 166 172 173 175 175 176 177 178 179 179 180 181

Accessibility Built up area Kevin Lynch Expected Program Overview of Requirements Program Diagram Program Area Diagram Function Conceptual Idea Objectives Aim Bubble Diagram Adjacency Diagram Relationship and Circulation Diagram Projection of the program on the site Schematic Section, Zoning Concept Idea Schematic Concept Model Blank Page Table Of References Blank Page Cover Page

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

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PREFACE

In the modern era Fairgrounds has become one of the most prominent architectural elements in the twentieth century where Architects, and constructors find a great opportunity to show the artistic vision and their studies Academy in addressing architectural interfaces that match the style before with the addition of the conclusion reached by the age of technology in building materials, or construction methods, or supply equipment for ways to get integrated syntactical structure for exhibitions. I choose Jordan to its strategic location between the Arab countries, and the world, and the fact that the land of exhibitions constitute an important economic income of the state and the city of Amman.

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INTRODUCTION General Information: World's fair or world exposition "Expo", will be my graduation design project.

Expo, is a large public exhibition. These exhibitions vary in character and are held in varying parts of the world. The current world's fair is Expo 2015 in Milan, Italy.

Definition of the project: A FAIRGROUND is a global function that aims at educating the public, sharing innovation, promoting progress and fostering cooperation. It is organized by a host country that invites other countries, companies, international organizations, the private sector, the civil society and the general public to participate. Due to the diversity of its participants, from top decision makers to children, Expos offer a multifaceted event where extraordinary exhibitions, diplomatic encounters, business meetings, public debates and live shows take place at the same time.

Since the entering into force of the 1928 Convention Relating to International Exhibitions, the Bureau International des Expositions (English: International Exhibitions Bureau) has served as an international sanctioning body for world's fairs. BIE-approved fairs are of three types: universal, international, and specialized. They usually last from three weeks to six months.

The project’s design depends basically to attract countries for an exhibition in the land of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. For the development of its economy and the exchange of cultures, economic, tourism and trade benefits. Since the exhibition grounds became an engine and supporter of many economic, cultural and tourism sectors and industries of the countries.

The project consists of architectural blocks connected with each other, so that each block serves the function of tourist activity, 5

health, commercial, and consumer supply inside. And external spaces to meet the needs of the project. The project also include show areas exposed to an external display through which a simple explanation for what is inside each block of the blocks, also there are an open cars parking above ground directly connected to the areas and places.

WHY THIS PROJECT Here are reasons why Expos are truly unique events, from the perspectives of their different publics.

Economic Importance: Managed exhibitions, conferences earn a lot of economic that are in the interest of the national economy, is where exhibitions and conferences sector, a large generator of permanent and temporary jobs sector. The governments of many countries calculates the economic sector output within national product, and also costeffective for government investment in the sector analysis.

There are significant economic benefits to the sector exhibitions and conferences and can be summarized in the following: Employment: The exhibitions and conferences sector a major generator of permanent jobs, and temporary working in the field of supplying and organizing and managing events, and services associated. And many countries depend on this sector in the provision of job opportunities for its citizens.

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The direct effects of the economic: 1. Commercial and knowledge exchange and deals that are held during the exhibition and conference.

2. Increasing investment in exhibitions and conferences sector, which includes the establishment of cities and centers, and facilities for exhibitions, conferences, exhibitions and management companies and convention centers, and companies organizing events, institutions and suppliers of events, and destination management companies. Thus, increase job opportunities for citizen.

3. The owners and the organization of exhibitions and conferences income (such as sponsorships, registration fees, sale of space for exhibitors, sale of media rights, fines, gift shop).

4. Suppliers for Exhibitions and Conferences revenue.

5. Marketing of products and increased promotional activities.

The indirect effects of the economic: 1. MICE visitors spend on public services such as electricity, water, communications, and fuel for cars.

2. Spending visitors’ exhibitions and conferences to restaurants, cafes, shopping, and buy gifts.

3. Sales farmers and factories and service providers.

4. Contribute to the cultural development and infrastructure development.

5. Highlighting investment opportunities in the destination place where the exhibition or conference.

6. Stimulate investment in the destination place where the exhibition or conference.

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Tourist Importance: There is a great correlation between the exhibitions, and conferences sector, and the tourism industry, particularly hotels, tour operators, and travel agencies, and other tourist activities and professions, and the impact on each other. The many countries to link their strategies tourist exhibitions and conferences sector development there.

Excursions note that the purpose of attending exhibitions and conferences represent more than 15% of the total tourism in the world by more than 135 million tourist trip according to the World Tourism Organization reports.

And it can be summarized as tourism benefits from the exhibition industry and conferences as follows: 1. The arrivals of tourists in order to attend exhibitions and conferences of various kinds of more tourists in terms of spending, and they have high purchasing power.

2. Exhibitions and conferences is working to increase the demand for tourism products and services in times of recession tourism and thus provide career opportunities.

3. Enhance the tourist experience and thus increase the length of stay, or a repeat visit for the destination.

4. Enrich the calendar of events held in the destination.

5. Marketing destinations and to highlight their identities.

6. Increased demand for services and programs, tour operators and tour guides.

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Cultural Importance: Exhibitions and conferences sector plays a pivotal role in bringing experts and localization of knowledge through giving the national competencies and knowledge of science and new experiences and professional practices developed.

This sector is a key element of the knowledge-based economy, as a means of developing business sectors and professional and academic communities, conferences, seminars and forums, for example, is a distinct way to the development of the capacity of people working in all government and private sectors, and also an effective way to exchange cultures and civilizations and to highlight the revival of traditions and heritage.

Social Importance: Exhibitions and conferences is a fertile environment for the participation of society, and especially communication and bonding with the local community development, and communities of common interest, and therefore social capital development.

Where is the social capital, like other forms of capital. It forms one of the assets that can be used, it has been increasingly depleted, and not easily replaced or compensated. In addition, the exhibition, and conference is a way for community members occupancy spend their Times.

The volunteer work in exhibitions and conferences is an important element of youth occupancy times, and get a good experience.

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND World's fairs originated in the French tradition of national exhibitions, a tradition that culminated with the French Industrial Exposition of 1844 held in Paris. This fair was soon followed by other national exhibitions in continental Europe, and eventually the United Kingdom.

The best-known 'first World Expo' was held in The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London, United Kingdom, in 1851, under the title "Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations". The Great Exhibition, as it is often called, was an idea of Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's husband, and is usually considered to be the first international exhibition of manufactured products. It influenced the development of several aspects of society, including art-anddesign education, international trade and relations, and tourism. These events have resulted in a remarkable form of Prince Albert's life history, one that continues to be reflected in London architecture in a number of ways, including in the Albert Memorial later erected to the Prince. This expo was the most obvious precedent for the many international exhibitions, later called world's fairs, that have continued to be held to the present time.

Since their inception in 1851, the character of world expositions has evolved. Three eras can be distinguished: the era of industrialization, the era of cultural exchange, and the era of nation branding.

Industrialization (1851–1938) Cultural exchange (1939–1987) Nation branding (1988–present)

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GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 1. Building on the idea of a justice and comprehensive peace through exhibitions and events that indicate the peace.

2. Cultural and commercial matters Service.

3. To maintain the fixed points that promote heritage.

4. The use of existing data to develop the region.

5. Take advantage of these global gatherings in the presentation of inventions and marketing them.

6. Gain access and regulatory expertise to these exhibitions, as well as benefit from the expertise of the exhibitors.

SIGNIFICANT OF THE PROJECT For the international community: “Fairground is a dialogue platform for progress and cooperation.�

An Expo brings the whole world together to find solutions to a fundamental challenge of humanity. This challenge is the theme of the Expo. In Milan 2015, the theme will be "Feeding the planet, energy for life" and Astana 2017 will be dedicated to "Future energy."

In practice, how is this theme addressed? First, all participants are either given an exhibition space or the opportunity to build a pavilion. In these spaces they can showcase their experience, innovations and ideas regarding the theme. In addition, conferences, workshops, debates as well as diplomatic and professional meetings are organized. This allows participants to exchange ideas, come up with solutions and develop new cooperation ties.

Thanks to this intellectual stimulation, Expos set guidelines for the future. For example, Expo 2010 Shanghai, dedicated to improving 11

quality of life in cities, issued the "Shanghai Manual - A Guide for Sustainable urban development in the 21st Century". In 2012, Expo Yeosu gave way to the "Yeosu Declaration for a living ocean and coasts" to encourage the International Community to take action.

For the general public: “Fairground is an educating and entertaining experience.”

An Expo is an experience that combines entertainment and education and offers a wide variety of exhibitions, activities and shows. With its innovative architecture, the Expo site is an attraction in itself. But the interactive exhibitions, the ground-breaking technologies that are showcased and the Expo's intense cultural program ensure a truly unforgettable experience.

A typical day at Expo would be: navigating over the Arctic Ocean thanks to digital technologies (Russian pavilion, Expo Yeosu 2012), seeing a robot play the flute (Expo Aichi 2005) and engaging in a debate on energy efficiency in cities (Expo Astana 2017) during the day, and listening to a concert of Santana (Hanover 2000) or seeing a performance of the Cirque du Soleil (Zaragoza 2008) in the evening.

The success of these events can be expressed in the number of visitors. 19 million people visited Hanover 2000, 22 million went to Aichi 2005 and Expo Shanghai 2010 broke the record with 73 million tickets sold.

For the host country: “Fairground is a tool for nation branding and development.”

Because an Expo is one of the few events able to attract world leaders and decision makers as well as millions of visitors, it is a unique opportunity for a country to strengthen its international image and position itself as a key player in the international arena. In 2000, Hanover Expo allowed Germany to present to the world the new face of the unified country. With Expo Astana 2017 dedicated to the theme Future Energy, the 23 year-old Republic of Kazakhstan

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aims at increasing its international appeal and affirming its key role in the development of sustainable energies.

An Expo is also an extraordinary way to foster development. The event boosts the improvement of infrastructures, transportation networks and housing capacity. It generates employment and job creation and improves the global business and investment environment of the country.

This local and national development is also boosted by an accurate re-use of the Expo site. After the event, the site is transformed to fit with the economic, social and cultural needs of the area. In Lisbon for example, Expo 1998 allowed an abandoned area to become an important economic center of the city, and Shanghai is turning the site of Expo 2010 into a major cultural and entertainment sector.

For participants: “Fairground allows international outreach and economic opportunities.�

Fairground hosts invite countries, international organizations, the civil society and companies to participate to the event and be a part of the exhibition through their own pavilions and dedicated spaces.

This gives participants a unique stage to present their achievements, culture, products etc. to an international audience. This has an impact on their international image but also on the development of their activities.

Fairground allow countries to strengthen their cooperation ties with the host country and other participant countries, as well as promote their local products. Companies can expand their markets by participating to the organization of the event, meeting with other companies and investors and engaging with a new audience. Expos also offer a stage to International Organizations and the civil society to raise awareness on the causes that they defend.

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CHAPTER TWO

CASE STUDIES

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CASE ONE HANOVER FAIRGROUND, GERMANY

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Hannover has been a leading international trade fair venue for more than 60 years. The Fairgrounds is one of the most modern of its kind, with striking architecture and 29 halls and pavilions with multifunctional facilities and equipment as well as perfect transport connections.

The Hanover fairground (in German: Messegelände Hannover) is an exhibition area in the Mittelfeld district of Hanover, Germany.

Featuring 496,000 m² (5.3 million sq.ft.) of covered indoor space, 58,000 m² (624,306 sq ft) of open-air space, 27 halls and pavilions and a convention center with 35 function rooms, it is the largest exhibition ground in the world.

Innovations for the whole world: 466,100 square meters of covered indoor space, 58,000 square meters of open-air space, 26 halls and pavilions: that will give you an idea of just how big the home base of Deutsche Messe is - it's the biggest Exhibition Center in the world. Apart from the distinct architecture of the Exhibition Center's halls, it boasts a number of other features, including the Convention Center with its 35 function rooms, glassed-in areas between halls, grassy park-like areas and "chill-out" zones, to guarantee a relaxed yet productive atmosphere. The Hannover Exhibition Center sets worldwide standards in terms of its technical facilities, exhibition hall architecture and planning security for events of all shapes and sizes.

Excellent Infrastructure: The exhibition grounds can be reached by car, as well as by two mass transit rail lines (terminating at the northern and eastern perimeters of the grounds) and the showground's own railway station, "Hannover Messe/Laatzen", which is located on Germany's heavily traveled North/South rail axis, connecting Hannover with Frankfurt and Hamburg.

Two pedestrian "skywalks" (i.e. covered, moving walkways) connect the railway station on the western side of the exhibition grounds with the 18

entrance of Hall 13, and, on the eastern side, the parking lots with halls 8 and 9. A new tram line provides a fast and convenient connection between Hannover Airport, Hannover Central Railway Station and the exhibition site. Vehicular access roads to the exhibition site were designed to handle peak traffic volumes. Highways up to six lanes wide lead straight to the showground.

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Expo Hanover 2000: “Expo 2000 was the first exposition that was permitted by the Bureau International des Exposition (BIE) to make extensive use of existing structures, namely Hanover's convention center buildings. It was also Germany's first world's fair as recognized by the BIE. “

Quick Info: Opening date: 01 June 2000 Closing date: 31 October 2000 Theme: “Man, Nature, and Technology” Site description: Hanover’s existing convention area and adjacent land Site size: 160 hectares, or 1600000 m² Participating countries: 187 countries Status: universal exposition

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“In 1994, the first master plan for the world exhibition EXPO 2000 in Hanover was developed in cooperation with Arnaboldi / Cavadini. The objective was to define a conceptual framework that could coordinate all planning and building processes contributed by the single participants of the world exhibition. The master plan became the central tool to document building and land availability and to ensures the fit of individual projects into the prevailing general urban design and land use philosophy at the same time. Due to the growing complexity and dynamics of the planning task, AS&P was asked to continually update the master plan and to document and publish it at half year intervals. The last master plan was the 8th update and was termed "EXPO 2000 Hannover – Masterplan” AS & P,GmbH “

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Themed pavilions:            

The 21st Century Planet of Visions Human Knowledge Mobility Communication Energy Health Nutrition Environment Basic Needs Future of Labor

More than 75% indoor spaces (halls, services, and existing buildings).

20% outdoor spaces (streets, park, and plaza). Many lots of parking surrounding the site of fairground.

The services (first aid, WC, bus shelters, restaurants, hotels, info desk) cover all the site equally.

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CASE TWO SHANGHAI EXPO, CHINA

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Location:

The site of the event was the Nanpu Bridge–Lupu Bridge region in the center of Shanghai along both sides of the Huangpu River.

Objective: The organizer of World Expo 2010, the first universal world expo dedicated to "City”, aims to achieve the following goals through theme content development: ● To elevate the public awareness of the challenges in the “urban age” and identify the potential solutions; ● To facilitate the conservation of the heritage of our cities; to raise public awareness of healthy urban development;

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â—? To disseminate concepts, successful practices and innovations in sustainable urban development; to seek models of sustainable urban development for developing countries. â—? To enhance communication and understanding within human society.

Organization: After winning the bid to host the Expo in 2002, Shanghai began a monumental task to reshape the city. Shanghai began clearing 2.6 square kilometers along the Huangpu River; that involved moving 18,000 families and 270 factories, including the Jiang Nan Shipyard, which employs 10,000 workers.

Six new subway lines were opened between 2008 and 2010; four thousand brand new taxis were added in the month before Expo2010 opened and the city's buildings along the river were decorated with more energy-efficient LEDs.

Target process: Start from the theme of Expo, and improve reginal traffic and civic transportation network in accordance to the demands of Expo.

Integrate the functions of Expo and city, and realize the idea of expo make travelling an enjoy experience. As well as the foal to make Shanghai more beautiful.

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The theme of Expo 2010 is "Better City, Better Life", representing the common wish of the whole humankind for a better living in future urban environments. This theme represents a central concern of the international community for future policy making, urban strategies and sustainable development. In 1800, 2% of the global population lived in cities.

In 1950, the figure raised to 29%, in 2000, almost half the world population moved into cities, and by 2010, as estimated by the United Nations, the urban population will account for 55% of the total human population. The quest for a better life has run through the urban history of mankind. Through different sub-themes, Expo 2010 will create blueprints for future cities and harmonious urban life styles, providing an extraordinary educational and entertaining platform for visitors of all nations: - Blending of diverse cultures in the city.

- Economic prosperity in the city.

- Innovations of science and technology in the city.

- Remodeling of communities in the city.

- Interactions between urban and rural areas.

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Shanghai Expo Hotel Map:

Site information: • The Expo Site covers a total area of 5.28 sq km, including the enclosed area and outside areas of support facilities. The Expo Site spans both sides of the Huangpu River, with 3.93 sq. km in Pudong and 1.35 sq. km in Puxi. • Shanghai began clearing 2.6 square kilometres along the Huangpu River; that involved moving 18,000 families and 270 factories, including the Jiang Nan Shipyard, which employs 10,000 workers.

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Planning Concept:  Shanghai World Expo has put forward “harmony” as an urban development concept , it means the harmony between man and nature, harmony between past, present and future, and harmony between human individuals. The site planning of the World Expo will create an example of “City of Harmony”.  Harmony between man and nature: The two parts of the Expo 2010 site, located on the two sides of the Huangpu River, are united by the waterfront green space, which is a key aspect of the master plan. Together with the green belts and green wedges found amongst the buildings, they underpin an important aspect of the theme, i.e. the harmonious coexistence of man and nature.  Harmony between past and future: The historic and other industrial architectures within the site of the World Expo will be well-protected and made full use of during and after the Expo.

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This action sends a strong message—respect for human history and cultural heritage, which constitute an indispensable element for building a better future for urban living.  Harmony between human individuals: In the pursuit of the harmony between human individuals, Shanghai World Expo will establish a concrete and virtual platform to promote the interaction and communication between individuals and groups by way of various celebrations, utilizing the latest communication technology.

Entrance: All over the Shanghai Expo Park, there are 13 entrances/exits including 8 road gates, 1 rail gates, 4 water gates outside the park area. Also within it, there are 3 water gates.

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Master plan: The master plan of Expo Shanghai puts forward a five-level structure of park, enclosed area, zones, groups and clusters.

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Site zone function:  Zones: There are five functional zones marked A, B, C, D and E respectively, each with an average area of 60 hectares.

Zone A is located between the Expo Boulevard to the west and the Bailianjing rivulet to the east in the Pudong Section.

Zone A will host: 1. China Pavilion 2. national pavilions for Asian countries except Southeast Asian ones.

Zone B covers an area between Zone A to the east and Lupu Bridge to the west, hosting national pavilions of Southeast Asian and Oceanian countries, Pavilions for International Organizations, Theme Pavilions, Expo Centre and Performance Centre.

Zone C is located in Houtan to the west of Lupu Bridge in the Pudong Section. It will host European, American and African national pavilion 37

clusters. A large public amusement park of about 10 hectares will be built at the entrance.

Zone D is located to the west of the Expo Boulevard in the Puxi Section.

The land is one of the original places of modern Chinese national industry and the site of the Jiangnan Shipyard. Some of the old industrial buildings will be kept and renovated into corporate pavilions.

The docklands and slipway to the east of the corporate pavilions will be reserved and made into space for outdoor public exhibition and cultural exchange.

Zone E located to the east of the Expo Boulevard in the Puxi Section, will host stand-alone corporate pavilions, Urban Civilization Pavilion, Urban Exploration Pavilion and the Urban Best Practices Area.

Land use:

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Expo Axis: The one-kilometer-long, standing in the center route in the Expo site – the main entrance of the site – provide a commerce area of 130,000 square meters, has the world's largest membrane construction and was built by SBA (architects) and Knippers Helbig (structural engineers). The building consists of some steel-glass funnels with a 1,000 m long membrane construction. The main construction was completed at the end of 2009.

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Pavilions: 1. Theme pavilions.

2. National pavilions.

3. Corporate pavilions.

4. International organizations 5. Urban Best Practice Area pavilions.

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Theme pavilions: There were five central theme pavilions at the Expo 2010, exploring different aspects of urban development. They were called:

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Parking Lots:

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After use of expo site:

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CASE THREE EXPO MILAN, ITALY

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Location:

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Location: 15km northwest of Milan.

Adjacent to the new Fera Milano Fairgrounds.

Connected by pedestrian bridge to rail station.

Information:  Had long been an industrial area before converted to logistical and municipal services and agriculture.  Oblong on shape, immediately suggesting the idea of a main axis conceived as a boulevard along which the pavilions would be located.  Several motorways were built or expanded to allow access to the site.  Area : 1.1km2  The site is a landscape with hills, canals, trees, parks, gardens, lakes

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Theme: About 805 million people are still undernourished and the question of food safety and security is still one of the International Community's biggest challenges: by 2050, the world population could hit 9 billion and food demand is estimated to increase by 70%.

How can we ensure everyone has access to healthy food? How can we use resources in a sustainable way? How can we reduce waste? How must our need for wholesome, healthy food influence our choices in energy production and use of natural resources?

With the theme "Feeding the Planet, energy for life", Expo Milan 2015 aims at offering countries, international organizations, NGOs, the civil society and the general public, a discussion platform where all these questions can be addressed, best practices can be shared and guidelines for the future can be set. Participants will be able to showcase their vision and solutions through pavilions and events, and the UN, through the Food and Agriculture Organization, has partnered up with the organizer to work on the content of thematic areas and engage visitors in its Zero Hunger Challenge.

Exhibitions, debates, conferences, but also events, shows, concerts and food tastings, will embark the visitors in a hands-on immersive experience on nutrition. It is sustainable, technological, and thematic and focused on its visitors.

'Feeding Knowledge' Is a program that lays the foundations for Expo Milano 2015 legacy by launching a network for international cooperation on Expo-related themes such as food security, biodiversity and preservation of natural resources.

The program was launched with a call for Best Practices: Governments, local bodies, associations, inter-governmental organizations, civil society 47

networks, and non-governmental organizations can submit initiatives that have proven positive in the field of nutrition.

The exhibition included seven sub-themes: • Science for Food Safety, Security and Quality • Innovation in the Agro Food Supply Chain • Technology for Agriculture and Biodiversity • Dietary Education • Solidarity and Cooperation on Food • Food for Better Lifestyles • Food in the World’s Cultures and Ethnic Groups

Italy: a strong link with the theme: Nutrition is a theme Italians know well. Internationally renowned for its food and the quality of its produce, Italy is also home to the biggest international organization on food: the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization.

Why Milan ?

Milan: a business and innovation hub. With 9,3 million inhabitants, Milan is the economic capital of Italy and a major European business center. The city is home to many companies and produces 10% of the Italian GDP. 40 % of Italy's innovation patents are issued in Milan. The city is also one of the biggest cultural capitals in the world.

A central location: the dynamism of Milan and its central location in Europe and the Mediterranean region have turned the city into one of Europe's major touristic destination. The Expo will therefore benefit from its demographic basin and natural tourism and will attract a new flow of visitors.

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The genesis of the Expo plan divided into three different phases: Initial plan, Concept plan and Master plan.

1. Initial plan: Characterized by the following principal elements: • 50% of the area occupied by pavilions, 35% of the area dedicated to external spaces around each pavilion, and the remaining 15% comprised a green perimeter ring around the site. • Piazza Italia and Piazza Expo located at either end of the main boulevard. The former dominated by the 7,000-square-metre (1.7acre) Italy pavilion and flanked by a second square dubbed Piazza delle Regioni.

1. A large artificial lake surrounded by the 20 pavilions representing the Italian regions; 2. A 12,000 seat amphitheater covering 9,000 m2 (2.2 acres) and a 6,000 seat Auditorium of 6,000 m2 (1.5 acres); 3. Country pavilions in three different sizes depending on the financial resources of each participating country; 4. Three collective pavilions dedicated to three geographical areas: Asia, Africa and Latin America/Caribbean. • A services area was planned near the main Expo site covering some 100 hectares (250 acres) and outfitted with hotels, parking facilities, stores, a convention Centre, green areas and a business Centre available for use by Expo participants, as well as a 12 ha (30acre) Expo village to house staff, volunteers, security personnel and administrative personnel.

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2. Concept plan:

• The main idea was to trace out within the area two distinct lines of demarcation, two avenues, a main avenue and a secondary avenue representing the ancient Roman layout comprising a cardo and a decumanus.

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• 1. “light” Expo composed of exhibition areas arranged transversally with respect to the main boulevard.

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2. build large bioclimatic greenhouses on the site to reproduce the earth’s principal environment types or biomes. Each country would also be able to have a dedicated greenhouse within its specific exhibition area.

• The exhibition areas are completely identical for each country and recreate the typical “food cycle” of each nation, from production to consumption.

3. Master plan: The idea is abandoned of providing equal amounts of space for each exhibiting country; each will have the opportunity to rent areas ranging from 400 to 6,000 m2 ; • The buildable areas are reduced to 30% of the area assigned to each exhibitor.

• The large, but not navigable, canal around the area is maintained.

• The tent roofing remains only along the principal axes of the cardo and the decumanus.

• The greenhouses will be concentrated in a single zone measuring 50,000 m2 (12 acres).

• The circular basin present in the concept plan is transformed into a theatre on the water, with performances and shows on a centrally placed stage.

• The new plan includes, at either end of the site, the large open-air amphitheater and the green hill created with the earth from the amphitheater excavation.

• An auditorium is included.

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Expo Gate: EXPO Gate is one of the finalist projects of the Mies Van der Rohe Award 2015.

The Expo Gate is the reference venue of the EXPO 2015 in the heart of Milan. Opened in May 2014 the buildings represent the ideal entrance “gate� to Milan during the World Exposition and a ticket office, information point and multipurpose space addressed to the visitors of the Expo.

Composed of two identical pavilions located just in front of the Sforza Castle.

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Although similar, the two pavilions accommodate different functions: one contains the EXPO ticket office and information desk, along with a small conference space and a shop; while the other is intended as a multipurpose space hosting a program of inter-cultural events and workshops, curated by Caroline Corbetta.

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Access and Entrances:

Final stop on red M1 line, which guide to west access entrance.

Urban railway, which brings you directly to the Triulza west entrance Urban railway, which brings you directly to the south entrance East entrance

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The Expo site is car free. Parking is available at “ex Alfa Romeo die Arese” (10,000 spaces) and “Via Novara” (1,500 spaces). Shuttle buses run at regular intervals between the car parks and the Expo site. A walkway connects the “Cascina Merlata” coach park (with space for 550 coaches) directly with the Expo site.

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Land use:

Decumanus which is lined with the national pavilions on both sides.

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Tree of life The host country Italy is represented on the “Cardo” axis.

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Other main function “non-expiation”:

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1. The Thematic areas: 5 thematic areas will embark visitors on immersive journeys through the world of food and nutrition. They are developed by the host country and its partners.

1. Pavilion Zero Pavilion Zero is the "opening page" of the Expo. Conceived with the United Nations, it will give visitors the tools to grasp the different issues raised by the theme through educational content and dazzling installations. Design by Michele de Lucchi.

2. Parco Biodiversita Visitors will discover the subject of agro-biodiversity in the 14 000 square meters Biodiversity park. 7 itineraries will lead the visitor through 63

greenhouses and gardens. The park is developed with the Facolta Agraria dell'Universita degli Studi di Milano.

3. The Future food district The Future Food District is a hands-on interactive exhibition that will explore how technologies can redesign our production and consumption habits. Designed by Carlo Ratti.

4. Art and food The Art and Food area is designed by Germano Celant and will showcase the aspect of food and how it has been represented in art though time.

Itineraries will guide the visitor though historic masterpieces, design objects and works by contemporary artists created specially for Expo Milano 2015.

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5. Children's park Designed for children and their families, the park will offer a space for adventure and play where children will explore the links between man, nature and animals. Design by Sabina Cantarelli and Reggio Children.

2. The clusters: Clusters are a new concept in World Expo history. Instead of being grouped geographically, countries that do not want to build an individual pavilion will be gathered according to their interests and similarities, creating thus thematic clusters where countries can share their ideas and best practices on a specific theme. With the participation of the interested countries, nine thematic clusters have been defined: • Agriculture and Nutrition in Arid Zones • Islands, Sea and Food • Bio-Mediterraneum: Health, Beauty and Harmony • Rice: Abundance and Security • Coffee: the Engine of Ideas • Cocoa: the Food of Gods 65

• Cereals and Tubers: Old and New Crops • Fruit and Legumes • The World of Spices The architectural model of the Clusters provides each country with its own individual exhibition space around a multi-purpose common area developed jointly by the organizer and the participants of each cluster Distribute of the Water in the site:

• The objective of Expo Green is to tell the story of different landscapes that characterize the Italian natural and agricultural 66

territory and make up a green filter between the exhibition space and the outside.

• There is the green outer ring (an area of 80,000 square meters) Diagram of the Biodiversity Park Milan Expo 2015:

• Visitors will experience a unique journey that looks at the complex theme of nutrition. They will have the possibility to take a trip around the world, sampling the food and traditions of people from all over the globe. EXPO Milano 2015 will be the first exposition in history to be remembered not only for its products but also for its contribution towards education on food and the planet’s precious resources.

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CASE FOUR KUWAIT INTERNATIONAL FAIRGROUND, KUWAIT

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Kuwait International Fair Grounds, located in the Mishref neighborhood of Kuwait is comprised of a modern exhibitions facility with six fully airconditioned halls covering over 30,000 square meters of exhibition space, VIP Lounges and parking lot for more than 4,000 cars.

The Kuwait International Fairs Ground (KIF) is Kuwait's largest exhibition venue. Being the first exhibition center in the country and set up in 1971, the fairground consists of 6 exhibition halls that has been tailor fitted with the latest technology and facilities. KIF has been constantly involved in hosting and conducting eminent events of local, regional and international levels. The fairground not only aims towards providing a world-class venue for its exhibitors but also strives towards ensuring that their events and exhibitions are a success and that there is maximum optimization of buyer & seller interaction for further business opportunities.

The 200-seat theater features state-of-the-art technical systems that are perfect for multi-media events, film, lectures and meetings.

Number of halls : 6 Coverage area : 39000 sqm Kuwait International Fairs Ground is one of the excellent event venues in Kuwait. The six spacious fully air conditioned halls at the venue are capable of hosting any kind of event. The venue is equipped with world class facilities that makes is one of the best event venues in the world. A new spacious exhibition hall, Hall 8 was opened in the year 2002. This vast exhibition hall offers a space of around 7000 square meters and also houses a VIP lounge and a reception area. Seminars can be organized at a 200 seat theater located at the venue itself. The secretarial and office support services are also provided at the venue.

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Kuwait International Fair Grounds is just a 15 minutes drive from Kuwait International Airport and easily accessible by road from anywhere in Kuwait City.

KIF

Airport

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Halls

Parking lots

Outdoor show

Restaurant

plaza

Masjid

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CASE FIVE RACHID KARAMI INTERNATIONAL FAIR, LEBANON INTERNATIONAL FAIR IN TRIPOLI, LEBANON

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Of a completely different, and almost futuristic character, the extraordinary buildings of Tripoli (Rachid Karame) international fair were designed by the world famous Brazilian architect Oscar Niemayer in 1960. It’s the fifth among the largest exhibition center in the world in terms of dimensions and variety of construction. Since its reactivation in 1995, the TIF hosted many international fairs as well as international cultural activities. This in turn made the city an area of 100000 meter square. The complex contain a large theater and many show rooms suitable for hosting large international level exhibitions and fairs, these can be briefly cited as follows:

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Case six Qatar National Convention Centre, Qatar

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From the architect. Officially opened on 4 December 2011, the Qatar National Convention Centre (QNCC) is one of the most sophisticated convention and exhibition centers built to date, boasting iconic design bearing the ‘Sidra Tree’.

Designed by the renowned Japanese architect Arata Isozaki., the spectacular façade resembles two intertwined trees reaching up to support the exterior canopy. The tree is a beacon of learning and comfort in the desert and a haven for poets and scholars who gathered beneath its branches to share knowledge.

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QNCC was conceived with a focus on sustainability. The Centre was successfully built according to U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environment Design (LEED) gold certification standards.

The building is designed to operate efficiently with innovations such as water conservation and energy-efficient fixtures.

A member of the Qatar Foundation, QNCC features a conference hall of 4,000-seat theatre style, a 2,300-seat theatre, three auditoria and a total of 52 flexible meetings rooms to accommodate a wide range of events.

It also houses 40,000 square metres of exhibition space over nine halls, and is adaptable to seat 10,000 for a conference or banquet.

The Centre’s stunning architecture and cutting edge facilities are ideal for hosting local, regional and international conventions and exhibitions, gala events, theatrical productions and banquet functions.

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Access to QNCC: Traffic Flow Site Map

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Ground level map:

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Level 1 map:

Level 2 map:

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CHAPTER THREE

DESIGN STANDARDS AND PRINCIPLES

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FOUNDATIONS AND DESIGN FACTORS FOR THE EXHIBITION FAIRGROUNDS 1 Design philosophy.

2 Optical configuration of the site.

3 Factors affecting the design of exhibitions.

4 Internal components of the spaces in the exhibitions.

5 Various forms of internal and external spaces.

6 Coverages used in exhibitions buildings.

 Design philosophy: 1 Site selection: There are general conditions requires offered at the site:  Easy access to the site.  The space suit with the number of sectors and visitors expected, in order to avoid congestion.  The nature of the land and its diversity.  The nature of the surrounding area.  Choose the appropriate location, and study of its relationship with the city.

2 Study of functional relationships: The exhibition grounds design is the distribution of the elements of a particular program on the site chosen in order to achieve a sound and functional relationships with different functions, such as entrances, exits, green wings, bodies of water, buildings, transportation, and bodies.

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To reach these relations to the best solution should do the following:  Study of the possibilities available to the site, and ensure the existence of natural advantages, and areas Archeological can be useful for the design.  The zoning at the site in line with the type of service assigned to each region.  The entrances must provide a sufficient number of them with their distribution, so that do not lead to a breakthrough movement.  The sectors are the key element in the exhibition, is distributed according to several considerations, such as the nature of the land, buildings, landscaping, and artificial lakes.

3 Study of the internal transportation types: In the internal transportation, there are two types of speed:  Slow speed, which aims to give the nearby idea for the exhibition consists of a small hanging carts or mobile passageway.  Fast speed, which give an idea of the whole site, by electric train, and the fast of this speed depends on the size, and quality of the exhibition.

 Optical configuration of the site: 1 Processing site: Trend is to ensure the nature confirm the site and maintain it, or be the trend into space.

2 Visual study of the relations between buildings and spaces: There are two types of exhibitions: 88

 One-design fairs and exhibitions, take a standard form, or specific forms. Spatial composition not difficult, shall be there similarities in colors, materials, and details of the final configuration of the buildings.  Free design exhibitions, and where the freedom in the composition, but the basic problem is how to find homogeneity, and spatial continues, and be the design of the visual point of success to bring comfort to the viewer emotionally and visually.

It also must study the various blocks relations, whether buildings, or trees, or the spaces in the night, so the lighting can create a visual form for the blocks, also create a relation between blocks and spaces. Lighting stands in the building as aspects of aesthetic by turning the building of Heavy blocks to lit light at night, affected by the type of lighting the site of the building and the nature and volume of construction materials and combination space.

3 Furniture external site of the exhibition grounds: This includes plants, fountains, columns of light, and other technical elements. The function is optical Interestingness, and functional usage, such as heavily impacted on the site, and give fountains and water bodies sense of reflected and thin balanced with dryness of the building, and give the columns of light a sense in the building form.

 Factors affecting the design of exhibitions: 1 Projected and itineraries (circulation ways): The ideal design goal is to unite the movement of people in a way to enable them to see the show easily without having to deceive the road or feel bored or tired, and the designer must take into account changes 89

that may occur on the anticipated movement to avoid the assembly resulting from the slowdown in the people and their curiosity.

There are two types of itineraries: 1. Specific itinerary: We use this type if the goal of the exhibition to provide a sequential theme, must be considerate to the following: * The specified distance of not more than 100 meters to provide free places to avoid the feeling of implementation is unlikely with diversity in the peripheral axis. * Must be considerate to assemble exhibits the same nature in one place. * Must give more attention to the presence of enough place to meditate in front of the visiting what is displayed without blocking traffic. * Technical exhibits should be placed in separate places because people will not stop for watch all of the exhibits.

2. Unknown itinerary: Followed in most of the exhibitions that do not need to this sequence such as commercial markets, where harmony between the different wings is more important.

It is in the projected free to leave the visitor an opportunity to free walking through, this can take many forms, it shall be in the form of a set of sequential galleries connected with passages, and you should not even resemble the front of the viewer did not feel that he lost his way or he has not seen all tracks what to see.

Also it must avoid the straight lanes and be projected in the winding lanes where the best offers and exciting change.

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2 Internal space: That any architectural vacuum, basically is a medium where human being do their activities, exhibits like any architectural spaces related to this definition. There are certain relation between the show space, and the contents, and the users, the relationship and the success of the show space it depends on the extent of giving this relationship a lot of interest from the study.

Through three basic demands: 1. Function: In terms of the scale, shape, guide the movement, and the method of lighting the spaces, connect with the visitor, and his behavior in a vacuum and the impact of the different spaces of the nature on the users - psychological study.

2. Stability and methods of construction: Cannot find an internal architectural vacuum either for display, or nondisplay without an outer shell. But the basic shape of any construction building generates from several factors, including the form of movement in it, or the desired size of vacuum.

3. Beauty: This means there is integration between elements concerned with proportions, repetition, harmony, and contrast, it is connected to the construction of human psychological factors symbolic as it is based on certain forms of expressions gained in the positions and meet these basic demands.

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 Internal components of the spaces in the exhibitions: 1 Scale: Defined as the relationship between the dimensions of part to all, and in the case of the exhibition produces the appropriate scale for the job from the interaction of dimensions of the exhibition with the type and size of the exhibits and the movement of the public and its size.

2 Color: Colors play a prominent role in the visual impact of the design of the space, where it is used to connect the colors of a homogeneous group of one nature of things.

The newly cost expressions used in color such as warmth, cold, gravity to connect the spaces by the relations between the different levels.

3 Lighting: Lighting has a great influence on the exhibits and the public, the designer can play a different type of roles by applying lighting types in halls, entrance, exits, outdoor spaces, offices, public services, and parking.

4 External influences: At the beginning of the era of the expositions was easy to stir up surprising the audience.

Today, the designer has a great effort even need up to innovation attracts the attention of the public.

The most important is the audience's attention points: 1 Attention to human activity.

2 Play with light and different projections.

3 Addition moving things to attract attention.

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 Various forms of internal and external spaces: Exhibitions required to have offer a dynamically space whatever its shape and size. It offers to the viewer a sense of excitement, curiosity, and movement take place smoothly without boredom.

Spaces-forming trends show: 1 Display in one large Vacuum.

2 Display in organic vacuum.

3 Display in the absolute air.

 Coverages used in exhibitions buildings: 1 Shell structures.

2 Spatial trusses.

3 Membrane installations.

FAIRGROUND (EXHIBITION) DESIGN STANDARDS: A fairground (exhibition) is successful if it is physically, intellectually, and emotionally engaging and accessible to those who experience it.

The following outline of standards and related best practices/performance indicators represent exhibition features that generally result in success. A competent exhibition need not demonstrate all of these features. Each museum and each exhibition is different.

The following standards for exhibitions are organized in seven major categories followed by descriptions of what constitutes effectiveness for each category and a listing of specific ways the category might be

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expressed in an exhibition. There is overlap among the lists in the seven categories. This is purposeful as the seven categories are closely linked.

1 Audience awareness: The exhibition is developed with an articulated understanding of the intended audiences’ prior knowledge, interests, learning styles, attitudes, or expectations about the topic and the experiences planned for visitors.

Some specific ways this standard is achieved and demonstrated are: • The target audience is identified during the planning process.

• Decisions about content, means of expression, and design are based on knowledge about the intended audience.

• The exhibition incorporates community voice in the development process and includes a diversity of perspectives, if appropriate.

2 Evaluation: Evaluation studies are conducted during development and/or after opening the exhibition to understand its impact on audiences in relation to the project’s goals.

Some specific ways this standard is achieved and demonstrated are: • Front-end information is gathered to understand the intended audience including their prior interests in and/or knowledge about the exhibition topic.

• Potential audiences are involved in prototyping of exhibit elements, particularly with interactive components.

• Summative evaluation is conducted showing that the audience responded well to the completed exhibition including that audience 94

learning and reactions are consistent with the exhibition's intended goals and impacts.

• Local museum practitioners are invited to participate in peer review of the exhibition using guidelines such as the Framework for Assessing Excellence.

3 Content: Content is thoroughly researched and vetted for accuracy, relevance to exhibition theme/s, and the current state of topic knowledge.

Some specific ways this standard is achieved and demonstrated are: • The subject is appropriate to an exhibition format, with its use of collections, environments, phenomena, and other means of physical presentation of content.

• Authorship, biases, intent, and perspectives of the exhibition are revealed, identified, or attributed.

• The exhibits reveal who is talking, fact from fiction or opinion, the real from the not real.

• Content is expressed utilizing best methodologies for media choices.

• Media choices effectively communicate the content.

• Content is up to date.

• Content is jargon free.

• Best efforts are made to ensure relevance to the visitors.

4 Collections: The selection and presentation of objects furthers the intellectual content of the exhibition.

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Some specific ways this standard is achieved and demonstrated are: •The selection of the objects expresses the significant ideas of the exhibition.

• Collections are successfully utilized to reflect and amplify exhibition themes and content.

• The exhibition addresses the authenticity of the objects presented.

• The exhibition, as appropriate, identifies the material nature, form, and methods of production of the objects.

• Conservation and security matters have been appropriately addressed.

• Objects are mounted appropriately.

5 Interpretation/Communication: The information/message of the exhibition is clear and coherent. If not, there is a good reason why not.

Some specific ways this standard is achieved and demonstrated are: • There is a clear idea or set of ideas expressed, and those ideas are made clear to viewers.

• There are coherent, easy-to-follow, and consistent formats for presenting content and eliciting responses.

• Assumptions and points-of-view are clearly identified.

• If appropriate to the subject matter, the exhibition need not provide definitive answers. Raising questions and providing a forum for ideas may suffice.

• A variety of interpretive strategies (including but not limited to: labels, interactives, video, audio, etc.) are considered and used when 96

appropriate to the exhibition's goals, content, and intended audiences.

• Information and ideas in different parts of the exhibition are complementary and reinforce each other.

• The exhibition’s content is engaging. Besides being stimulating intellectually, efforts are made to encourage social interaction among visitors, and there are abundant opportunities for establishing personal, meaningful connections.

6 Design and production: The selection, design, and production of interpretive media effectively and engagingly communicate content.

Some specific ways this standard is achieved and demonstrated are: • Aesthetic choices support and reflect the theme and tone of the exhibition.

• Exhibit media are designed for comfort and accessibility.

• Orientation, spatial organization, and traffic flow are appropriate to the goals of the exhibition.

• There is imaginative and inventive use of interpretive media: labels, signage, furniture, casework, interactives, audio visual, new technologies, etc.

• Design motifs are well thought out and consistent throughout exhibition.

• Both design and production ensure that all exhibitory is reliable, maintainable, and sufficiently robust for the length of the exhibition period.

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• Temporary and traveling exhibitions are designed and produced in a manner that meets the requirements necessary for frequent installation, dismantling, and travel.

7 Human comfort, safety, and accessibility: The exhibition is designed such that the experience of the visitor including their physical, intellectual, and social well-being is taken into account.

Some specific ways this standard is achieved and demonstrated are: • The physical space (such as layout, lighting, flooring) is created in such a way that audience members of varying physical sizes and abilities are able to navigate and interact with the exhibition.

• The content is developed in such a way that audience members of varying ages, cultures, and cognitive abilities are able to understand and learn from the exhibition.

• The environment is designed in such a way that audience members of varying ages and cultures feel safe and comfortable interacting in the exhibition.

• If the exhibition includes any potentially troubling content or material, visitors are appropriately forewarned so they can make informed decisions about whether they want to see it.

• Labels are legible and easy to understand.

• Visitors are given spaces to sit within the exhibition.

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INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE (IBC) Effective Use of the International Building Code: The International Building Code (IBC) is a model code that provides minimum requirements to safeguard the public health, safety and general welfare of the occupants of new and existing buildings and structures. The IBC is fully compatible with the ICC.

Family of codes, including: International Energy Conservation Code (IECC), International Existing Building Code (IEBC), International Fire Code (IFC), International Fuel Gas Code (IFGC), International Mechanical Code (IMC), ICC Performance Code (ICCPC), International Plumbing Code (IPC), International Private Sewage Disposal Code (IPSDC), International Property Maintenance Code (IPMC), International Residential Code (IRC), International Wild land-Urban Interface.

Ordinance: The International Codes are designed and promulgated to be adopted by reference by ordinance. Jurisdictions wishing to adopt the 2009 International Building Code as an enforceable regulation governing structures and premises should ensure that certain factual information is included in the adopting ordinance at the time adoption is being considered by the appropriate governmental body.

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Some application are used in, Convention center, Exhibition center (fairground):

FIRE AND SMOKE (PROTECTION FEATURES): Definitions: The following words and terms shall, for the purposes of this chapter, and as used elsewhere in this code, have the meanings shown herein.

ANNULAR SPACE: The opening around the penetrating item.

BUILDING ELEMENT: A fundamental component of building construction, listed in Table 601, which mayor may not be of fire-resistance-rated construction and is constructed of materials based on the building type of construction.

CEILING RADIATION DAMPER: A listed device installed in a ceiling membrane of a fire-resistancerated floor/ceiling or roof/ceiling assembly to limit automatically the radioactive heat transfer through an air inlet/outlet opening.

COMBINATION FIRE/SMOKE DAMPER: A listed device installed in ducts and air transfer openings designed to close automatically upon the detection of heat and resist the passage of flame and smoke. The device is installed to operate automatically, controlled by a smoke detection system, and where required, is capable of being positioned from a fire command center.

FIRE SEPARATION DISTANCE: The distance measured from the building face to one of the following: 1. The closest interior lot line; 2. To the centerline of a street, an alley or public way; or 100

3. To an imaginary line between two buildings on the property. The distance shall be measured at right angles from the face of the wall.

FIRE WALL: A fire- resistance-rated wall having protected openings, which restricts the spread of fire and extends continuously from the foundation to or through the roof, with sufficient structural stability under fire conditions to allow collapse of construction on either side without collapse of the wall.

FIRE WINDOW ASSEMBLY: A window constructed and glazed to give protection against the passage of fire.

FIREBLOCKING: Building materials or materials for use as fire blocking, installed to resist the free passage of flame to other areas of the building through concealed spaces.

FLOOR FIRE DOOR ASSEMBLY: A combination of a fire door, a frame, hardware and other accessories installed in a horizontal plane, which together provide a specific degree of fire protection to a through-opening in a fire-resistance-rated floor.

FIRE DOOR: The door component of a fire door assembly.

FIRE DOOR ASSEMBLY: Any combination of a fire door, frame, hardware and other accessories that together provide a specific degree of fire protection to the opening.

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FIRE-RESISTANCE RATINGS AND FIRE TESTS: Scope: Materials prescribed herein for fire resistance shall conform to the requirements of this chapter.

FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING: The fire-resistance rating of building elements, components or assemblies shall be determined in accordance with the test procedures set forth in ASTM E 119 or UL 263 or in accordance with ,Where materials, systems or devices that have not been tested as part of a fireresistance-rated assembly are incorporated into the building element, component or assembly, sufficient data shall be made available to the building official to show that the required fire-resistance rating is not reduced. Materials and methods of construction used to protect joints and penetrations in fire-resistance-rated building elements, components or assemblies shall not reduce the required fire-resistance rating.

Exception: In determining the fire-resistance rating of exterior bearing walls, compliance with the ASTM E 119 or UL 263 criteria for unexposed surface temperature rise and ignition of cotton waste due to passage of flame or gases is required only for a period of time corresponding to the required fire-resistance rating of an exterior nonbearing wall with the same fire separation distance, and in a building of the same group.

When the fire-resistance rating determined in accordance with this exception exceeds the fire-resistance rating determined in accordance with ASTM E 119 or UL 263, the fire exposure time period, water pressure and application duration criteria for the hose stream test of ASTM E 119 or UL 263 shall be based upon the fire-resistance rating determined in accordance with this exception.

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Nonsymmetrical wall construction: Interior wall stand partitions of nonsymmetrical construction shall be tested with both faces exposed to the furnace, and the assigned fire-resistance rating shall be the shortest duration obtained from the two tests conducted in compliance with ASTM E 119 or UL 263. When evidence is furnished to show that the wall was tested with the least fire-resistant side exposed to the furnace, subject to acceptance of the building official, the wall need not be subjected to tests from the opposite side.

Combustible components: Combustible aggregates are permitted in gypsum and Portland cement concrete mixtures for fire-resistancerated construction. Any component material or admixture is permitted in assemblies if the resulting tested assembly meets the fire-resistance test requirements of this code.

Restrained classification. Fire-resistance-rated assemblies tested under ASTM E 119 or UL 263 shall not be considered to be restrained unless evidence satisfactory to the building official is furnished by the registered design professional showing that the construction qualifies for a restrained classification in accordance with ASTM E 119 or UL 263.

Restrained construction shall be identified on the plans.

STANDARDS, PRINCIPLES FOR DESIGNING EXHIBITION CENTER AND CONVENTION CENTER (FAIRGROUND) Design Brief: Is prepared for the purposes of establishing a Concept Design that will inform the feasibility for Convention and Exhibition Centre (CEC).

Together the brief and the concept design will be used as a basis for seeking schematic designs for the project and its procurement.

The brief is fundamentally a series of functional requirements and excludes a detailed services brief.

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The brief and resultant Concept Design establish the general scope of the Project and the land area required to deliver it.

The brief should be read in conjunction with the Urban Design Principles document that establishes the proposed relationship of the facility to its context.

The brief concentrates on describing the requirements and special relationship of each space in broad terms.

It should be noted the space brief does not recommend consideration of expansion potential and this brief and the land area proposed for assigning to the brief also does not include allowance for expansion.

Design standards for exhibition center (fairground): The Auditorium space types are areas for large meetings, presentations, and performances. Auditorium space type facilities may include assembly halls, exhibit halls, auditoriums, and theaters.

Auditorium space types do not include such features as sound reinforcement systems, audiovisual systems and projection screens, food service facilities, proscenium stages with heights greater than fly gallery, orchestra pits, revolving or hydraulic stage platforms, flying balconies, movable seating, or billboard systems.

SPACE ATTRIBUTES: Auditorium spaces are designed to accommodate large audiences. As such, they tend to have wide spans and are multiple-stories high in order to accommodate seating, sightline, and acoustical requirements.

Raised stage/dais floors and special lighting equipment are often required as well. Typical features of Auditorium space types include the list of applicable design objectives elements as outlined below. For a complete list and definitions of the design objectives within the context of whole building design, click on the titles below.

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Functional / Operational: Sloped Floors: Sloped floors, with level terraces for each row of seating, help provide the proper sightlines from the audience to the stage. Note that the bottom and intermediate rows should be directly accessible from entry levels to allow for Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities compliant accessible seating positions.

Design Standards That Must Be Observed in Exhibition: Architectural Theories for exhibitions:  Site Selection: There are general conditions should be available in the site: 1. easy to reach 2. The area should commensurate with the number of suites and the expected public to avoid crowding.

3. The nature and diversity of the ground while avoiding the elements that are difficult to control.

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4. The nature of the surrounding area of the exhibition and the angles that can show the site.

5. Exhibition's quality and selecting the appropriate location with a study for its relation with the city.

Exhibition design is the distribution of the elements of a particular program on a selected site in order to achieve sound functional relations with different functions, such as entrances, exits, suites, landscapes, water bodies, buildings, transportation and wait stations.

These relations can reach the best solution by: 1. Studying the available possibilities of the site and ensuring that there is natural advantages and archaeological areas could be used for the benefit of the design.

2. The areas of the site would be divided in line with the type of the assigned service to each zone.

3. Entrances: You must provide a sufficient number of them and distributing them so that they do not lead to a movement breakthrough.

4. Suites: they are the key element in the exhibition, distributed according to a number of considerations such as the nature of the land, buildings, green spaces and natural and artificial lakes.

This study requires the following: 1. Site Treatment 2. The study of the visual relationships between buildings and spaces 3. The base of the site, and this is explained: There are two types of exhibitions: 1. The one-design exhibitions: This exhibition takes a standard format or a total of specific forms and the spatial modulation is not difficult, there are similarities in colors, materials, details and the final 106

composition of the buildings which helps on the visual coherence and unity that appear to walkers at different speeds.

2. The free design exhibitions: where found the free composition, but the basic problem is how to find the homogeneity and the vacuum continuation. The success of the design in terms of the visual side is to achieve a comfort to the viewer emotionally and visually through satiate the desires and the multifaceted needs of visitors of the exhibition as much as possible to get to the wanted homogeneity and continuation. Thus, thus we guarantee a perspective relationship leads to homogeneity and continuation gradually with the devoted space for the suites. Also, It should study the various relationships for blocks whether buildings, trees or blanks at night as lighting interferes in materializing buildings as vacuum units, where lighting brings out the aesthetic aspects of the building or turning the building from a heavy lit blocks to light Lighting at night. The Site Lighting is affected by the type of building and the nature of the construction materials and its size and composition in space. Some believe that the shadows are caused by lighting and this is wrong, generally lighting must adhere with its architectural foundations to fit with the demands of her role without emotion or stress.

Site Treatment: It is either to be towards to confirm the nature of the site and maintain it or to eliminate what confirms this character and modify it. Study of visual relationships between buildings and spaces.

Site Furniture : includes plants, fountains, light poles and other technical elements which are not visual Interestingness only but it has a core function as making a strong influence on the climate of the site.

The Fountain and water bodies give a thin and reversing sense balanced with dryness of the building. The light poles give a sense of the building's shape; it must be careful not to be ugly during the day, either keeping them above the eye level or by simplifying its form.

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 Factors that affect the design of exhibitions buildings: 1. Audience: the public nature limits: number, extension, routes and walk lines, therefore the design must base on the quality of the expected public in terms of age and level, therefore diversification in the material presented to satisfy the public as much as possible. The most important thing in the exhibition design is walk lines, because poor design leads to the accumulation of people who would stand in long queues in front of the building, thus this is an expulsion factor for the exhibition not an attraction.

2. Nature of the exhibits determines the subject of exhibition and the responsible significantly affect the exhibition. For example, if the exhibition was for the purpose of trade, it must study and coordinate the exhibits. The point of the responsible also has a large effect on shape and size of the suite, in the major international exhibitions, countries compete in the establishment of huge buildings and innovative structural ideas, contrary to the small surrounding galleries.

The exhibits' nature is affected the quality of presentation, whether permanent or temporary or mobile.

Suite interior design elements:  Projection (falling) and walk lines  Inner emptiness  Projection and walk lines: The aim of the perfect design is to unite the movement of people in a way to enable them to see the exhibition easily without misleading the road or feel bored or tired. The designer should take into account changes that may occur in the expected movement, to prevent the resulting gathering caused from people slowing and their curiosity.

There are two walk lines: limited (specified) line and unlimited line.

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The limited walk line: used if the goal of the exhibition is to provide a sequential topic and everyone should see everything. It should consider the following: 1. The limited space should not exceed 100 Meter, providing free places to avoid feeling of unexpected implementation with the diversity of the surrounded axis.

2. Assemble exhibits from single nature in one place 3. Having a sufficient place in front of walk lines, so that the visitor can stand and contemplate what is displayed without blocking the passage.

4. The art Exhibits must be placed in separate places because People do not stop to see them all.  Inner emptiness: Inner emptiness: that any architectural vacuum is not only a center contains man who practices his activities in. The exhibitions do not depart from this definition, there is a certain relationship between the exhibition and what it contains, who enters and the success of the exhibition depends on the extent to which this relationship meets right from the study and through three basic demands: Persistence and methods of construction: There is no interior architect vacuum for either display or non-display Ů? .Also there is a veneer that needs a means of construction to implement a close relationship between the vacuum and origin. Now the basic shape of any structural building arises from several factors, including the form of the movement or the size of the required vacuum.

Exhibitions is required to have your vacuum dynamic, whatever shape and size, it offers the viewer a sense of excitement and curiosity, with a safe movement without getting bored.

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Structural System: Types of Structural System: Many different structural systems are used in architecture. The type of system used depends on the building's needs. The height of the building, its load bearing capacity, the soil specifications and the building materials all dictate the proper structural system needed for a building. In particular, structural systems have evolved to focus on building up as undeveloped land has become scarce.

1. Wood Frame: A wood frame is a type of lightweight structural system. Wood frame constructions are frequently used for office buildings, schools, government buildings, retail buildings, apartments and homes.

Buildings with wood-based structural systems are strong and lightweight, which make them very stable in areas that experience earthquakes. How strong the wood is depends on the condition of the wood frame, any knots or splits in the wood, the moisture content of the wood and the direction of the grain.

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2. Precast Concrete: Precast concrete can be used as part of a structural system or as a complete structural system. A precast system uses precast columns, load bearing precast walls, hollow core or double tee flooring and beams with cladding. Precast systems offer several advantages because they are fast to construct. The precast sections can be made as soon as the builder obtains the permits, and then the building can be erected immediately. This fast construction makes it possible to speedily enclose the building so interior tradesmen can start work sooner.

3. Steel and Concrete: Steel and concrete structural systems are a type of composite system.

This type of system can combine structural steel framing with concrete tubes or concrete shear walls with a steel frame. This system is frequently used to construct tall buildings, such as high-rises. The steel and concrete can resist stress from wind and gravity.

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4. Steel Structures: There are three different types of steel structures used in building, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. These include Quonset Hut Steel, Steel I-Beam and Hybrid Steel/Wood combination buildings. Understanding the importance of the highlights and downfalls of each structure can save potential builders thousands of dollars as well as.

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These steel building structures are in the shape of an arch or a "curve" and are defined as self-supporting structures. Assembling a Quonset building is begun by Flat Plate System Steel Structures laying each individual piece of the arch onto the ground, bolting them together.

Types of HVAC Systems: Heating Systems: 1. Boilers are used to generate steam or hot water and can be fired by natural gas, fuel oil, or coal. a. The following boilers have combustion efficiencies between 78% and the combustion chamber pass through tubes that are surrounded by water. Typically, fire tube boilers do not exceed 25 million Btu/hr (MM 113

steel boilers pass hot combustion gases over water-filled tubes. Sizes for packaged water tube boilers range from small, low pressure units (e.g., around 10 MM Btu/hr) to very large, high-pressure units with small installations (0.35 to 10 MM Btu/hr) where long service life is important. Since these boilers are composed of precast sections, they can be more readily field-assembled than water tube or fire tube boilers. At similar capacities, cast-iron boilers are more expensive than fire tube or water tube boilers. b. Condensing boilers achieve higher system efficiencies by extracting so much heat from the flue gases that the moisture in the gas condenses. The gases that remain can often be vented directly to the outside, simplifying and reducing the cost of breeching. They are typically fired with natural gas and operate between 95% and 96% combustion efficiencies. They also operate more efficiently than noncondensing boilers at part- load. Condensing boilers are available in capacities between 0.3 and 2 MM Btu/hr, and can be connected in modular installations.

2. Furnaces can be used for residential and small commercial heating systems. Furnaces use natural gas, fuel oil, and electricity for the heat source. Natural gas furnaces are available in condensing and noncondensing models. The cooling can be packaged within the system, or a cooling coil can be added. When direct expansion systems with coils are used, the condenser can be part of the package or remote.

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Ventilation Systems: Ventilation systems deliver conditioned air to occupied spaces.

Depending on the building type, ventilation air may be comprised of 100% outside air, such as in a laboratory building, or some mixture of re-circulated interior air and outside air.

In commercial and institutional buildings, there are a number of different types of systems for delivering this air: 1. Constant air volume (CAV) systems deliver a constant rate of air while varying the temperature of the supply air. If more than one zone is served by a CAV system, the supply air is cooled at a central location to meet the need of the zone with highest demand. The other zones get overcooled or, if comfort is to be maintained, the air is reheated at the terminal units. CAV systems with reheat are inefficient because they expend energy to cool air that will be heated again. CAV systems with reheat, however, provide superior comfort in any zone. Constant airflow reduces pockets of "dead" air, and reheat provides close control of the space temperature.

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2. Variable air volume (VAV) systems vary the amount of air supplied to a zone while holding the supply air temperature constant. This strategy saves fan energy and uses less reheat than in a CAV system. VAV systems, however, can have problems assuring uniform space temperature at low airflow rates. At times, the minimum airflow required for ventilation or for proper temperature control may be higher than is required to meet the space load. When this occurs reheat may be required.

3. Low-flow air diffusers in VAV systems help maintain uniform air distribution in a space at low airflows. These devices can be passive or active. Passive low flow diffusers are designed to mix the supply air with the room air efficiently at low flow. Active diffusers actually move the outlet vanes of the diffuser to maintain good mixing at low flow.

Active diffusers can also be used as VAV terminal units.

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CHAPTER FOUR

PROGRAM AND FUNCTIONAL REQUIRMENTS

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OVERVIEW OF REQUIREMENTS The Project is based around a flexible Auditorium and separate Exhibition Hall. The project is accompanied by a range of flat floor meeting rooms to support conference breakout sessions and banqueting. Support spaces are provided to allow independent and concurrent operation of the major spaces, The Exhibition Hall is a flat floor space of 3000 m2

Function: The functional designs of the venues and the open space areas are to be developed to provide public gathering and celebration spaces for the regional communities’ numerous civic and cultural celebrations and events. The CEC will be based upon principles of inclusiveness and equity of access. The venue is to be designed to accommodate world class performances and events.

Functional requirements: Foyers: The foyer/s are a large important public space shared between all hirable spaces.

These spaces act as the main interface with the public and a welcoming and accessible arrangement encouraging engagement without necessarily attending paid events is required.

A Reception Foyer will be located on the lower level. The Foyer will have a Reception desk, Cloak facilities and access to BOH office / storage area, controlled from the Reception desk. Entry to the foyer must provide the public with a sense of arrival. Limited toilet facilities will be available in this area. A semi enclosed area to be provided for use as a client Internet space. This area could be as small as 4 m2.

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Foyer space and facilities will be sufficient to handle capacities of the adjacent Meeting rooms. Foyers will be able to accommodate construction of shell scheme exhibition booths and poster display panels. Escalators should be located to one side of the foyer or in a location that will not interfere with exhibition setups or pre function cocktail events. Motorized vehicles will be able to access foyers of all levels via a car lift with capacity of 5 tone.

Foyers should maximize views externally.

A Registration area and Conveners Office and will be included in the Foyer at each Convention level.

Reception: Reception desk will be located in the main foyer on Street level.

Cloakroom facilities will be provided in this area. BOH access to be controlled from this location. Toilet and parenting room facilities to be available in this area. Limited Business Centre facilities, e.g. photocopying etc... Will be available from this location. A semienclosed room that can be equipped for client Internet use should be located adjacent to the Information Business Centre.

Meeting Room Concourse: Meeting room concourse areas are to be located on the south of the building. These concourse areas must have a minimum width of 8 meters, between meeting room entry wall and glass wall. There must be a clear and definable foyer area for each room.

A number of smaller Meeting and Boardrooms could be included if space allows. It will not be necessary to allow for direct service access to these rooms. All meeting rooms should be as close to square in shape as possible to enable full flexibility, however designed to operate with a standard stage positioning. Long narrow rooms and rooms with diagonally cut off walls should be avoided.

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Parenting Rooms: Provide one parenting room in the Main Foyer at the lower level. Baby change facilities to be provided with disabled facilities on all Convention levels.

Registration Organizers Office & Store Room: Registration desk and Organizers Office will be located on each Convention level.

The Registration area of approximately 12m2 will include a service desk with roller shutter door to allow use for conference registration, ticketing or cloakroom.

Speakers Presentation Centre: A Speakers Presentation Centre of approximately 16 sqm will be provided with each tiered seating plenary room. These rooms should be adjacent to the client office and registration area on the two main event levels. The Speakers presentation room will have fixed workstations around the room to enable several speakers to concurrently view and modify presentations. Ideally Speaker will be able to travel from the Speakers Presentation Centre through a dedicated BOH corridor down to stage level.

Staging: Temporary staging required for Auditorium, Exhibition Halls and meeting rooms.

Store Rooms: A stage storeroom to be provided with direct access to the stage is required for Auditorium and Exhibition Hall. Storerooms adjacent meeting rooms should have access to service corridor and service lift.

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Toilets: Sufficient toilets to be included on each level within disabled facilities to cater to occupancy of meeting rooms on that level. Baby change facilities to be provided on each level.

Water Storage: The basement level of the development should be considered for possible collection and storage of storm water. Cooling functionality should be incorporated within the waste storage area.

Food & Beverage: Foyer bars are required on both levels of the development. Bars will be fully equipped with post mix and beer reticulation, cold display cabinets and coffee facilities.

Services: All flat floor-banqueting rooms with have a direct access from a Services. Each Servers will have direct access to a service lift. Smaller breakout meeting rooms do not need to have direct access to a service lift. Services will be appointed with cool rooms, beer reticulation, post mix and coffee making facilities similar to all Services in Sufficient power must be provided at each Servers to operate finishing ovens to capacities of adjacent meeting rooms.

Access and transportation: Public Transport: This site is centrally located within the proposed new City Heart of the Structure Plan and is expected to be well served by bus routes that are not yet resolved.

Taxi and Private Vehicles: A covered drop off area adjacent to the front reception entry will allow private vehicles and taxis to deliver and collect visitors at this 122

location. Private vehicles can then proceed to the proposed basement car park ideally without re-entering the street network.

Parking: Basement parking for 250 cars is proposed. The parking area is based on an assumed efficiency of 1 space/32m on a single level. A full traffic and demand analysis should be undertaken to determine appropriateness of this number in the context of other proposed parking facilities within the Master plan and appropriate access and egress configurations as the master plan street network is developed.

Pedestrian Access: Major Pedestrian access is proposed at either end of the linear foyer space on the southern (park) edge of the facility. Entry along the length of the foyer from the “Verandah” space is also proposed. Appropriate access to the facility from the carpark is required. This must be direct and secure but also take into consideration potential for the car park to serve the wider precinct and therefore direct access to and from outside to the car park is required.

General Public Access: The public must be able to access the entry foyer and reception desk.

This area will be used as box office and potentially as an external operator ticketing facility. Consideration should be given to locating this facility to operate outwards of the facility when venue is “closed”. Way finding for events should be clear and obvious.

Speaker Access: Speakers will need access to back stage dressing rooms and speaker’s presentation areas. Speakers may also be offered access to the VIP suite.

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VIP Access: VIPs will be allowed access to the VIP suite on invite only usually escorted by a staff member or Client.

Client Access: The client will need to have access to public, delegate, performer, VIP and speaker areas in addition to their registration, client office and store. All client areas will need to be secured with swipe controls.

Event Contractor Access: Event contractors will need to access the loading dock and car lift.

They will need to access the backstage areas and all foyer areas although this access may be controlled with the electronic security system.

Examples of Lobby areas:

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TABLE OF FUNCTIONS AND PROPOSED AREAS Space Exhibition Hall

Design Requirements

Area (m2) 5000

flat floor space space based on 9x9m module to make four rooms each of 27x27m for total hall area of 54x54m Colum free, clear span and high ceiling space indicative capacities Auditorium

600 capacity approximately 500 seats seating on four sides upper levels tiered and fixed lower levels tiered retractable with balance on flat floor Colum free, clear span and high ceiling space modular staging facilities capable of various positions technical balconies

Meeting Rooms

460 5-7 meeting rooms of varying capacities as indicated with capability to combine rooms indicative capacity range theater included 60 persons 127

80 80

class rooms 7 spaces varying in sizes Lobby

300 900

multi foyers between spaces info disk, gift corner, call center Cultural and Social theater included 80 persons library with space for admin, copying and rest rooms, must be insulated for acoustics and have a good natural lighting cafeteria for users and vip. For 175 persons administrational zone general admin admin of exhibition department financial department staff affair department outdoor space outdoor exhibition landscaping mechanical and technical zone heating, hvac and electricity parking for about 200 cars, must have many parking zones for equality the accessibility 128

750 100

400 250 520 120 100 100 200 2500

500 5000

CHAPTER FIVE

SITES ANALYSIS

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ABOUT JORDAN Jordan (Arabic: ‫ األردن‬Al-Urdun), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (Arabic: ‫ الهاشمية األردنية المملكة‬Al-Mamlakah Al-Urduniyah AlHashimiyah).

Geographic: It's an Arab kingdom in Western Asia, on the East Bank of the Jordan River. Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south and east, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north, and Palestine to the west.

Since the dawn of civilization, the country's location at the crossroads of the Middle East has served as a strategic nexus connecting Asia, Africa and Europe.

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Historical information: Archaeologists found evidence on inhabitance dating as far back as the Paleolithic period. Three kingdoms emerged on the territory of modern Jordan at the very end of the Bronze Age: Ammon, Moab and Edom. The lands were later part of several kingdoms and empires, most notably the Nabatean Kingdom, the Roman and finally the Ottoman Empire from the 16th until the early 20th century. After the post–World War I division of West Asia by Britain and France, the Emirate of Transjordan was officially recognized by the Council of the League of Nations in 1922. In 1946, Jordan became an independent sovereign state officially known as The Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan. The capture of the West Bank by Jordan during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War has showed that the Arab Legion forces known today as the Jordanian Armed Forces were the most effective among the Arab troops involved in the war. The same year, Abdullah I took the title King of Jordan. The name of the state was changed to The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan on 1 December 1948.

Resident’s information: It is a major tourist destination in the region and is especially popular with expat westerners seeking to live or study in its capital Amman. Not only is the Kingdom considered the safest country in the Middle East, but also considered as the safest Arab country. In midst of surrounding turmoil it has been greatly hospitable, accepting refugees from almost all surrounding conflicts as early as 1948, with most notably the estimated 2 million Palestinian refugees and the 1.5 million Syrian refugees residing in the country. Jordan continues to demonstrate hospitality, despite the substantial strain the Syrian refugees are holding on national systems and infrastructure. It is also the only safe refuge available to thousands of Iraqi Christians fleeing the Islamic State. Pope Benedict described Jordan during his 2009 visit to the Holy Land as a model for Christian-Muslim co-existence. 30% of population was 132

Christian in 1950, however, due to many reasons (mainly the high rates of Muslim immigration) this percentage plummeted down to 6% in 2015.

Geography: Jordan lies on the continent of Asia between latitudes 29° and 34° N, and longitudes 35° and 40° E (a small area lies west of 35°). It consists of an arid plateau in the east, irrigated by oasis and seasonal water streams, with highland area in the west of arable land and Mediterranean evergreen forestry. The Jordan Rift Valley of the Jordan River separates Jordan from Israel and the Palestinian Territories. The highest point in the country is Jabal Umm al Dami, at 1,854 m (6,083 ft.) above sea level, while the lowest is the Dead Sea −420 m (−1,378 ft.). Jordan is part of a region considered to be "the cradle of civilization", the Levant region of the Fertile Crescent. Major cities include the capital Amman and Al-Salt in the west, Irbid, Jerash and Zarqa, in the northwest and Madaba, Karak and Aqaba in the southwest. Major towns in the eastern part of the country are the oasis town of Azraq and Ruwaished. Jordan is landlocked except at its southern extremity, where nearly 26 kilometers (16 mi) of shoreline along the Gulf of Aqaba provide access to the Red Sea.

Climate: The climate in Jordan is semi-dry in summer with average temperature in the mid 30 °C (86 °F) and is relatively cool in winter averaging around 13 °C (55 °F). The western part of the country receives greater precipitation during the winter season from November to March and snowfall in Amman (756 m (2,480 ft.) ~ 1,280 m (4,199 ft.) above sealevel) and Western Heights of 500 m (1,640 ft.). Excluding the rift valley, the rest of the country is entirely above 300 m (984 ft.) (SL). The weather is humid from November to March and semi dry for the rest of the year.

With hot, dry summers and cool winters during which practically all of 133

the precipitation occurs, the country has a Mediterranean-style climate.

In general, the farther inland from the Mediterranean a given part of the country lies, the greater are the seasonal contrasts in temperature and the less rainfall.

SITE SELECTION CRITERIA Selecting a fairground site is always an important part of progress of astronomy in which one seeks the most suitable place for projects and experiments where ideas and dreams will be fulfilled.

To place expensive and delicate astronomical instruments, one usually require a land surface which is well above the sea level (to collect more and more undisturbed light from above the atmosphere) and well away from human activities (to increase the quality of the collected light).

Key Evaluation Criteria: The 4 primary factors to examine and evaluate when considering potential sites for a fairground are: 1 Nature of the site.

2 Access to infrastructure.

3 Accessible for local community.

4 Future risk factors.

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 Nature of the site: To study all factors related to the selected site, and this study include macro, and micro analysis, topography, wind, soil type, views, landmark near the site, the perception of the site.

 Access to infrastructure: The site should have connecting with roads, electricity and phone service), water, and Internet connectivity, healthcare, firefighters, and access to construction materials (e.g., concrete, lumber, etc.) possible to build and operate an observatory without some or all of the resources listed above.

 Accessible for local community: To take advantage of the project to find entertainment and education students and staff to run the utilities in the project, and to be a resource and a point of attraction services of the surrounding area.

 Future risk factors: Evaluate the impact of future changes on your candidate site.

Areas to evaluate include: - Changing the nature of the site and surrounding.

- Expansion of the project through years.

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Selection of sites: When choosing a site for fairground project, the most important issue must be consider is the nature on the site and how can people react with.  Jerash , Tal ar Rumman region, Tal‘at ar Ruzz  Amman, Queen Alia Airport Road  Wadi Rum

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JERASH Tal ar Rumman region, Tal‘at ar Ruzz Jerash, the Gerasa of Antiquity (Ancient Greek: Γέρασα, Hebrew: ‫ַ'רש‬ ַ ‫)ג‬, is the capital and largest city of Jerash Governorate(‫)محافظة جرش‬, which is situated in the north of Jordan, 48 kilometers (30 mi) north of the capital Amman towards Syria. Jerash Governorate's geographical features vary from cold mountains to fertile valleys from 250 to 300 meters (820 to 980 ft.) above sea level, suitable for growing a wide variety of crops.

Coordinates: 32.17°N 35.87°E

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MACRO SCALE ANALYSIS Location of the site: Jerash municipality.

General accessibility:

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Jerash located in meddle of Jordan, from the north Irbid , east Al Mafraq , west Ajloun, and south Amman.

Streets direction lead to Jerash through Jordan.

Climate of Jerash: Climate in Jordan is a Mediterranean climate making it pleasant all year round

.

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And the prevalling wind in jordan north-west.

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MICRO SCALE ANALYSIS

The site located near Philadelphia University, Overlooking to the main road (jerash-Amman).

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Main views:

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Landmarks to site:

Green rectangular: huts Yellow star: civil defense, and police office Red Cross: clinic Green form: woods

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Topography: Elevation 600m

Natural resources in jerash (site):

There’s many woods, and one Semi River.

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KEY EVALUATION CRITERIA, CONCLUSION Evaluation Keys

Nature of the site

Access to infrastructure

Accessible for local community

Future risk factor

 In my opinion, the site itself could be an attraction point for natural camping and tourism, because it has a wonderful nature, so it’s so hard to break the nature for human building, also there are two woods near the site.  I prefer to avoid designing in this site, because the nature and ecoenvironmental issues are more important.  The site is far away from any kind of visitors (users of the proposed project).

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AMMAN Queen Alia Airport Road, Um Al Basatin Amman (English pronunciation: /ɑːˈmɑːn/; Arabic: ‫ )ع ّمان‬is the capital and most populous city of Jordan, and the country's economic, political and cultural center. Situated in north-central Jordan, Amman is the administrative center of the Amman Governorate. It has an estimated population of 4,000,000 and a land area of 1,680 square kilometers (648.7 sq. mi). Today, Amman is considered to be among the most liberal and westernized Arab cities. It is a major tourist destination in the region, particularly among Arab and European tourists.

Coordinates: 31.84°N 35.88°E

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MACRO SCALE ANALYSIS Location of the site: Amman municipality

General Accessibility:

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Amman located in meddle of Jordan, from the north and east AZ Zarqa, west Ajloun and Madaba, and south AL Tafileh.

Streets direction lead to Amman through Jordan.

Climate of Amman:

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MICRO SCALE ANALYSIS

The site located near AL Zaitona University, Overlooking to the main road (Queen Alia airport road).

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Main views:

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Landmarks to site:

Topography: Highest elevation 1.100 m Lowest elevation 700 m

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KEY EVALUATION CRITERIA, CONCLUSION Evaluation Keys

Nature of the site

Access to infrastructure

Accessible for local community

Future risk factors

 In this site, the flexibility in designing is more wide,  The site has many extra points than over site, this site located within airport area.  The future expansions is easier than other site, also the interactive with this site more.

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WADI RUM Wadi Rum also known as The Valley of the Moon is a valley cut into the sandstone and granite rock in southern Jordan 60 km (37 mi) to the east of Aqaba; it is the largest wadi in Jordan.

The name Rum most likely comes from an Aramaic root meaning 'high' or ' elevated '.To reflect its proper Arabic pronunciation, archaeologists transcribe it as Wadi Ramm.

Area about 720km2

Coordinates: Lat:29o57’35.4N Lon:35o42 Alt: 952 m

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MACRO SCALE ANALYSIS Location of the site:

The Valley contains many disparate areas of the shapes and heights.

Climate of Wadi Rum: During summer Summertime temperatures range from 45°C to 48°C, whereas night times temperatures can go down to 15°C. During the summertime, sightseeing or even walking in Wadi Rum can be very uncomfortable.

During summer, tours or walkabouts normally take place at 5pm onwards; otherwise visitors can suffer sunstroke or get sunburned without proper clothing and protection.

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The hotter months bring a weather condition called ‘khamsin’, which basically means dry, hot and dusty wind blowing from the Arabian Peninsula .

Rain is also frequent during summer, though it tends to occur more toward winter months.

During winter During winter months, though there is no snow or ice, temperatures during the day can be at 20°C and night time temperatures can get down to 5°C. Winter time generally begins at the end of November and temperatures can get very cold at nighttimes. It can sometimes freeze at night.

Wadi Rum receives most rainfall during the winter months. It has been known to snow in the mountains but the snow quickly disappears as the day progresses and the sun becomes hotter.

Heat wise, the end of March to the middle of May is generally more pleasant.

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Wadi Rum experiences at least 12 hours of sunlight every month and the annual precipitation is low where it can be between 50 to 100mm.

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MICRO SCALE ANALYSIS My site is about 18 Km away from the visitor center.

My site is located in wadi rum specifically on “ jabal nusaieb “

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Topography:

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The site has about 1452 ft slope, That slopes on both sides with the fabulous interlocking between the natural sand and Rock.

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Trees are rare in Rum and restricted to three types: 1. Acacias 2. False Figs 3. Tamarisks The plants you will see most often are the short, woody shrubs scattered across the desert, , Jointed Anabasis, Hamada Sexual White : which consist of four main species These provide an important food 169

source for Bedouin goats and camels, .,salicornicaespecially in the summer months, when the smaller succulent desert plants have all dried up.

Agricultural situation in Wadi-Rum:

“It’s amazing that anything at all can grow on the sun baked earth” Facts said that: Bedouins living in the Wadi Rum region have become involved in exclusive agricultural projects that are foundation to become successful.

It seems like a strange choice of location, but it begins to make sense when you learn that under the Wadi Rum desert and stretching under the Border Mountains and well into Saudi Arabia, is a large aquifer. In fact, the water supply of desert nations is dependent on this single water source.

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What are the types they grow in Wadi-Rum? Rum Farm is actually specializes in the cultivation of open field vegetable products, such as grains and forage, cabbage, eggplants, figs, pomegranates, potatoes, squash, tomatoes, and several other vegetables

How they irrigate them?

They are being grown by using distinctive irrigation techniques which was used by ancient peoples of Egyptians and Nabataea’s. Water is well drawn from subterranean aquifer, 30 to 400 meters deep, which is irrigated huge area of 78 hectares circular fields, by using a pivoting ramp with watering nozzles. Special plastic “poly tunnels� are also used to support conserve water which can deal with scorching desert temperatures.

And this method is used in al munaisheer village near to the site as mentioned before so how could we use this in serving the project.

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KEY EVALUATION CRITERIA, CONCLUSION

Evaluation Keys

Nature of the site

Access to infrastructure

Accessible for local community

Future risk factors

 The site is a natural built, also its could be a camping site not for fairground.  The services is so hard to be brought from the center to this place.  Also temperature variation could be a bad condition for all visitors and exhibitions.  The long time walking by legs or cars, there is no airport in the place.

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CHAPTER SIX

CONCEPT IDEA

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BRIEFING Introduction: In the modern era Fairgrounds has become one of the most prominent architectural elements in the twentieth century where Architects, and constructors find a great opportunity to show the artistic vision and their studies Academy in addressing architectural interfaces that match the style before with the addition of the conclusion reached by the age of technology in building materials, or construction methods, or supply equipment for ways to get integrated syntactical structure for exhibitions. I choose Jordan to its strategic location between the Arab countries, and the world, and the fact that the land of exhibitions constitute an important economic income of the state and the city of Amman.

The Convention Center and Exhibition Halls are designed to meet with the requirements for organizing Global Meets, Conventions, seminars, conferences, exhibitions of both national and international level with the state of art facilities.

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Philosophy of design and Theoretical background: This is a world class venues for conventions, shows and celebrations.

Designed to international standards with state of the art acoustics, lighting, connectivity and ergonomic seating. It contains multiple halls that can be used for different purposes. These venues have won awards for their design and architecture and have well thought-out layouts in aesthetically pleasing settings. Resorts, shopping centres and business buildings may also be accommodated with convention centres if it is in international scale. Nowadays, meetings and exhibitions are not only the trend of publicity but also it is proved beneficial for society and economy.

These centres encourages tourism industries, business sectors, artists, handicraft departments etc. The idea of international convention centre has been derived from the present scenario of rapid growth of innovation, technology, art and cultures.

Why this Project: Economic importance Tourist importance Cultural importance Social importance

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Significant of the project: For the international community For the general public For the host country For participants

SITE ANALYSIS Amman Queen Alia Airport Road, Um Al Basatin

Amman (English pronunciation: /ɑːˈmɑːn/) is the capital and most populous city of Jordan, and the country's economic, political and cultural center.

Situated in north-central Jordan, Amman is the administrative center of the Amman Governorate. It has an estimated population of 4,000,000 and a land area of 1,680 square kilometers (648.7 sq. mi).

Today, Amman is considered to be among the most liberal and westernized Arab cities. It is a major tourist destination in the region, particularly among Arab and European tourists.

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Accessible:

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The site location:

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Site topography

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Weather data:

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Accessibility:

Built up areas:

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Kevin lynch, analysis elements:

EXPECTED PROGRAM Overview of requirements: The Project is based around a flexible Auditorium and separate Exhibition Hall. The project is accompanied by a range of flat floor meeting rooms to support conference breakout sessions and banqueting. Support spaces are provided to allow independent and concurrent operation of the major spaces, The Exhibition Hall is a flat floor space of 5000 m2

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Program Diagram:

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Program Area Diagram:

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Function: The functional designs of the venues and the open space areas are to be developed to provide public gathering and celebration spaces for the regional communities’ numerous civic and cultural celebrations and events. The PROJECT will be based upon principles of inclusiveness and equity of access. The venue is to be designed to accommodate world class performances and events.

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CONCEPTUAL IDEA Objectives: 1 To create a place for social and cultural gathering.

2 To create a venue for exhibition and interaction.

3 To create interactive spaces and landscaping to generate public interest.

4 To create a landmark through contemporary architectural features.

5 To explore how it proves beneficial for urban growth.

Aim: The aim of the thesis is to design unique spaces to make people visit from different cities and countries to attend conference and exhibitions.

To create a landmark through unique architectural design.

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Bubble Diagram:

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Adjacency Diagram:

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Relationship and circulation Diagram:

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Projection of the program diagram on the site:

Schematic section, Zoning:

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CONCEPT IDEA SCHEMATIC CONCEPT MODEL

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Thank you for being part of my book by reading it!

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TABLE OF REFERENCES     

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_fair http://www.expomuseum.com/ http://www.bie-paris.org/site/en/world-expo-museum https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover_Fairground http://www.visit-hannover.com/en/Trade-FairsConventions/Information-around-the-fair/HannoverFairgrounds-Exhibition-Grounds http://www.hannovermesse.de/home http://www.expomuseum.com/2000/ http://www.chinaexhibition.com/trade_events/list-0-025-Shanghai.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_2010 http://www.expomuseum.com/2010/ http://www.expomuseum.com/2015/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_2015 http://www.milanworldsfair.com/ http://www.expo2015.org/en/ http://www.itf-kw.com/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_International_Fair http://10times.com/venues/kuwait-international-fairground http://kif.net/index.php?lang=ar http://www.lebanon-fair.com/ http://thevelvetrocket.com/2011/05/27/the-rashidkarami-international-fair-by-oscar-niemeyer/ http://www.tripoli-city.org/tif.html http://www.tripoli-lebanon.com/fair.htm http://www.qatarconvention.com/ 199

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_National_Conventio n_Centre  http://www.dezeen.com/2013/08/22/qatar-nationalconvention-centre-by-arata-isozaki/  http://www.archdaily.com/425521/qatar-nationalconvention-centre-arata-isozaki  http://www.qf.org.qa/explore/heritage-centers/qatarnational-convention-center  http://openexhibits.org/wp-content/uploads/papers/vsaa0a2n2-a_5730.pdf  http://www.emuzeum.cz/admin/clanky/files/194EXStandards.pdf  http://museumstudies.uarts.edu/wpcontent/uploads/2010/04/A.PoulosFinalThesis08.pdf  http://www.academia.edu/5872534/Design_standards_C ONFERENCE_BUILDINGS_EXHIBITION_and_RESEARCH_BU ILDINGS  http://www.academia.edu/577308/Sustainable_Exhibit_ Design_Guidelines_for_designers_of_small_scale_interac tive_and_travelling_exhibits  http://www.aam-us.org/docs/defaultsource/accreditation/committee-oneducation.pdf?sfvrsn=0  http://s3.amazonaws.com/wpdassets/bof/NARA_ArchitecturalandDesignStandards.pdf  http://airandspace.si.edu/rfp/exhibitions/files/j1exhibitionguidelines/NASM%20Exhibition%20Guidelines%2012-0415.pdf

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 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Building_Cod e  http://publicecodes.cyberregs.com/icod/ibc/2009/icod_ib c_2009_10_par002.htm?bu2=undefined  http://codes.iccsafe.org/app/book/toc/2015/ICodes/2015%20IBC%20HTML/index.html  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amman  http://www.ammancity.gov.jo/en/gam/index.asp  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerash  http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/tourism3.html  http://wadirum.jo/  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Rum  http://www.lonelyplanet.com/jordan/petra-and-thesouth/wadi-rum  https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthlyRainfall-Temperature-Sunshine-in-Jordan  https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthlyRainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,wadi-rum,Jordan  https://www.google.jo/maps?hl=en  https://www.arcgis.com/home/

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