Abdullah Y. Ibrahim | Design portfolio '17 by abdullah ibrahim

Architecture Design

PORT FOLIO

Abdullah Y. Ibrahim

Urban science/ Architecture

Interior Architecture

Bio-computing Research

CONTENT

Robotic Fabrication

Material Fabrication

Workshops

MIT Fab Academy

“Every man is a creature of the age in which he lives and few are able to raise themselves above the ideas of the time.” ― Voltaire

URBAN SCIENCE and ARCHITECTURE

FOOD CITY 2016 Masters Thesis awarded with distinction Institute For Advanced Architecture Of Catalunia Tutors: Willy Muller jordivivaldi piera

The city is the future was the breif of the course. The philosophy behind our vesion of turning the city to a productive city in 2050 based on collecting the data needed, and analyse the current condition in order to respond to the future condition. Newark, Newjersey was our client for this term, and productive cities was my topic of research.

Productuve city network A productive city includes networks of intercon-

of local production; the vertical localization of small-scale productive units, in which open manufacturing processes are applied, can be supported by a horizontal interconnection with open design platforms. Dimitris Papalexopoulos

Resilience

New Business Reduce Poverty Jobs

Self-sufficiency

monic model. Nowadays, it is observed a revival

Education

digital production, supported by global digital design networks, constitutes an emerging hege-

Smart City

Fab-city

Technology

Productive Networks

Sustainablility

productive activities, such as urban agriculture and renewable energy production. Distributed

Employment

nected small-scale producers, who not only are manufacturers but also promote new urban

Economy

nations individuals

modern

self-sufficiency upcycling

Self sufficiency

attempts collective totally trade energy scale human automated developed interaction

grow

salaries

gathering unemploed

energy enviroment

tools

making

supply

recycling

production

native materials

farming

sustainable

movement

depend

consumption

jobs food

subsides places

clothes farmers

Lowering transportation

Waste to energy plants 55

Fab labs

Urban farming

Productive public space

Local economy in Newark

Regional employment center 250,000 jobs in Newark, states largest employment center, but majority of jobs not held by residents. Major air and sea ports Largest container port on the East Coast and 3rf largest in US only 22% of port-related jobs are currently held by Newark residents. Education Concentration of higher education on the East Coast 50,000+ students, faculty, and staff located at 6 colleges and universities within walking

distance of downtown

Waste problems

Challenges to industrial development Environmental contamination, the need for site preparation, and high construction costs pose obstacles to new developmen Unemployment 14% unemployment rate in2011, almost 2x the NY metro region 39% of eligible adults are notparticipating in the labor force 3x poverty rate that of NJ (30.2% Newark, 10.3% New Jersey)

Sources: http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2009/07/_some_areas_of_newark.html | http://njdatabank.newark.rutgers.edu/ | http://data.ci.newark.nj.us/dataset?q=trash&tags=Newark&sort=score+- |

http://www.wsj.com/articles/newark-schools-see-red-ink-1440552646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey

Sources: http://data.ci.newark.nj.us/ | http://data.ci.newark.nj.us/dataset?q=trash&tags=Newark&sort=score+- | https://nycopendata.socrata.com/data?browseSearch=newark+waste+pro-duction&type=&agency=&cat=&scope=all-data | http://www.foodwastenetwork.org.uk/content.html?contentid=12

City vs Airport in waste production The airport generates the most amount of waste after the households, in almost every type of waste. Also tht food waste is has biggest waste proportion in the airport: Âą40%

Domestic and international flights in Newarkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Airport The intention is to show how the airport can be considered as a city inside a city because of the number of flights and passengers they go through or stay in Newark.

Sources: http://www.panynj.gov/port/trade-stats.html

Relational logics: Waste / Solutions Showing the relationship between the waste type and the potential opportunities that can be developed as a result out of it, considering both the city and the airport as a case study.

Other

City

Sources:

Min / Max distance of the fish and food producers location that supply Newarkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s airport

https://www.google.es/maps/search/plastic+manufacturing+/@23.9210775,-109.0924999,7751865m/data=!3m1!1e3 | https://www.google.es/maps/search/paper+manufacturing/@35.0938478,-105.8306955,4191029m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1 | https://www.google.es/maps/search/vegetable+farms+/@33.855 7021,-105.8406748,4253683m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1 | https://www.google.es/maps/search/animal+farms/@29.4263005,-98.8702663,9352264m/data=!3m1!1e3 | https://www.islandsbanki.is/library/Skrar/Seafood-Reports/International_Seafood_Report_low.pdf

The paradox...

Sources:

A new economic model - productive city The current unemployment rate is very high. The productive economic model will decrease unemployment rate 1.87% from just our site ( 2.25million sqm)

Newark urban analysis We were studying the potential spaces and the relationship between them so we can plug our model in. We ended up recognizing that we mainly need to know where the empty spaces are and the abandoned building that we can use and the existing green areas.

Project site

Abandoned buildings Parks / Public space Fresh food markets Waste collection centers Butcheries

Sources: http://cargocollective.com/pratt/Incubator-of-Coexistence-2

Waste

Waste recycling centers and distribution to the site

Proposal: Providing supply also for the existing fresh food markets in the city

Proposal: Meat distribution to the fab kitchen from the local butcheries

55 Proposal: From the fab kitchen to the airport (â&#x20AC;&#x153;near byâ&#x20AC;? 0kg of CO2 Xday)

Standard airplane meal The common products between both meals are fruits and vegetables and that is why we considered the idea of planting/farming to be one of our production lines.

Sources: http://www.chooseveg.com/foodplate | http://www.precisionnutrition.com/becoming-a-vegetarian-without-giving-up-meat

Farming calendar - Indoor / Outdoor

Sources: http://gardenplanner.almanac.com/

Vertical farming aquaponic building

Productive public space / Urban farms and gardens

Fab Lab

Fresh food markets

Markets

Fab Kitchen

System flows

Flow of waste Flow of landfill waste (recycled) Flow of food waste (composte) Production flow Flow of people in retail and public spaces

Food demand and production capacity of the Food City

Sources: http://www.fao.org/urban-agriculture/en/ |

https://skift.com/2015/05/27/savory-secrets-of-airline-catering-kitchens-serving-100000-meals-per-day/

Improoving the local economy

Changing the lifestyle

Sources: USDA Economi Research Services 2009

A “nearby” 0km transportation of food = A “nearby” 0kg CO2

A “food city”

Current project site

Newark

Site area: 2.25 million sqm Food production capacity: 10 million kg/year Possible meal production: 25 million meals/year

City area: 67 million sqm Food production capacity: 200 million kg/year

FOOD CITY | URBAN PIXELS

Based on the previous case studies/ analysis we had to come up with an architectural model that represent the futuristic condition according to the data we have collected. Urban pixels was developed purley by mathmatical algorithim that calculate the needs of the families in terms of public and private spaces inside a house or the whole floor between neighbors.

PARAMETERS

User

System 55

Waste

User

}

Food Production Family

Seniors

Couples

Single

User

System

2012 Population by Age for Newark, NJ 0%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

Age 0 to 5

Highest Education Level Attained (Population Age 25+) for Newark, NJ Age 6 to 11

10% 12% 15% 18% 20% 22% 25% 28% 30% 32%

Age 12 to 17

Did not Complete High School Age 18 to 24

Completed High School Age 25 to 34

Some College

Age 35 to 44

Age 45 to 54

Complete Associate Degree Age 55 to 64

Completed Bachelors Degree

Age 65 to 74

Age 75 to 84

Completed Graduate Degree

Age 85 and over

http://www.clrsearch.com/Newark-Demographics/NJ/Education-Level-and-Enrollment-Statistics

Age 15+ for Newark, NJ 0%

10% 15%

20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60%

Percantage of Population 25+ with Associateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Degrees or Higher

Males Never Married

Males Married

Males Widowed

Males Divorced

Females Widowed

Singles ---- 50% Couples Families

Females Divorced

37.7%

St. Louis, MO

37.2%

United States

37.1%

Baltimore, MD

31.4%

Philadelphia, PA

29.7%

Newark, NJ

Females Never Married

Females Married

Cincinnati, OH

]

17.0% 0%

10%

http://www.clrsearch.com/Newark-Demographics/NJ/Education-Level-and-Enrollment-Statistics http://www.nclc2025.org/data-resources

40%

Seniors ---- 10%

20%

30%

40%

Newark New Jersey United States

National Newark Building

Skyline study

Eleven 80

Prudential Plaza Building 55

80 Park Plaza Gateway Center

142 m 114 m

137 m 110 m

Newark Skyline

109 m

NO Hierarchy

Proposal study

200 m

142 m 114 m

137 m 110 m

LANDMARK

109 m

SITE ANALYSIS

Site

Site Perspective | Zoomed in

9500

7000

8500

3010

Parking area = 3500 m2 Plot area = 22870 m2

2270

Building area = 3000 m2

6000

350

5000

1050

Residenctial building

Fish & grocery market

Surroundings

1000 m 500 m 1500 m

DESIGN STRATEGY

Food Production

Vegetable & fruits

Local Economy Fish

Educational Level

Products

Food Waste

Food waste collector

Residential Units Fab Labs Aquaponics Farms Public Spaces Museum

Program

Outside manners

Inside manners

Family

Seniors

Residential Units

Couples

Single

Fab Labs

Aquaponics

Farms

Residential Units

Family

±120 m2

Seniors

±100 m2

Fab Labs

±18 m2

Aquaponics

±32 m2

Farms

±50 m2

±30 m2

Couples

Single

±100 m2

±12 m2

±18 m2

±30 m2

±80 m2

±12 m2

±30 m2

Space configurations Residential Units

Family

15m x 8m

15m x 9m

Fab Labs

3m x 6m

Aquaponics

4m x 8m

Farms

10m x 5m

10m x 13m

Seniors 15m x 6m 55

10m x 3m 10mx10m

5m x 6m

Couples 15m x 6m

Single

10m x 8m

3m x 4m

3m x 6m

3m x 4m

3m x 4m 2m x 6m

10mx10m

16m x 5m

5m x 6m

Program configurations

Residential Unit

Aquaponic

Fab Lab

Public Space/ Terrace

Farms

User Interaction Single 01

Couples 01

Fab-Lab

Farm

Aquaponics

Single 02

Fab-Lab

Farm

Aquaponics

Fab-Lab

Farm

Aquaponics

Residency

Public Space

Family

Seniors

Fab-Lab

Farm

Aquaponics

Farm

Residency

Public Space

Aquaponics Residency

Public Space

Family

Fab-Lab

Farm

Aquaponics Residency

Public Space

Couples 02

Single 03

Fab-Lab

Farm

Aquaponics

Couples 03

Fab-Lab

Farm

Aquaponics

Fab-Lab

Farm

Aquaponics

Residency

Public Space

Seniors

Family

Fab-Lab

Farm

Aquaponics

Seniors

Fab-Lab

Farm

Aquaponics

Fab-Lab

Farm

Aquaponics

Residency

Public Space

FORM FINDING

Single

Couples

Positive

Residential Units = 400 m² Family

Seniors

= 1m²

Solar Radiation

Aquaponics

= 65 m²

Fab Labs

= 45 m²

Negative Farms / Public Spaces

= 140 m²

Vertical Circulation

= 160 m²

Plans

Cells catalogue | Positive cells Sections North

South

East

West

Interior Configurations | Negative Cells

Negative cells

Vertical Circulation

Aquaponics

Fab lab

Negative cells

Extracting spaces

Final extracted shapes

Structure configurations | Skin

Negative cells

Organs

Skin

DRAWINGS

Cells Organs Farms

Aquaponics

Residential unit

Positive/ Negative programatic studies Structure Vertical circulation

Fab Lab

Residential units

Aquaponics

200m Public space

Fab Labs Farms Public Spaces

Negative volumes | Organs

East section

Positive volumes | Cells

“When what you hear and what you see don’t match, trust your eyes.” ― Dale Renton

INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE

RESORT DESIGN 2014 Undergrad Final Project American University Of Sharjah_UAE Tutor: Massimo imparato

The project was inspired from the dunes of the UAE, the fluidity and the continuiety of the sand flow. Sharjah_UAE was the city of development and specifically in the desert of Sharjah. I personally took the challenge of trying to have an architecture approach before going to the interior of the building which was the required. Basic sun and wind analysis were made to understand the overall behaviour of the site and to design the building.

Site plan

Architectural transformation

gallery/ restaurant Hotel Suites Club House Lobby storage

Master plan | Basement

Master plan | Ground Floor

Master plan | First Floor

Nourth Facade

South Facade

East Facade

West Facade

Flor plan

Axon

Section A-A

Section B-B

Section C-C

Section D-D

“All I know is that I do not know anything” ― Socrates

Bio-computing Research

BIO_ RE CLAIM 55

2015/2016 Introductory Master studio Institute For Advanced Architecture Catalonia Tutors: Carmelo Zappulla Claudia Pasquero Project team: Abdullah Ibrahim Christopher Wong Jonathan Irawan Lalin Keyvan Luis Bonilla Robert Staples

The purpose of this project is to investigate, in depth, the concept and procedures of bio-design. The design industry has been exploring the incorporation of nature and biological/ biochemical processes and structures. One concept in particular, Bio-computation, has conceived the project that is [ BIO_ re C L A IM ] The project calls for the implementation of a theoretical and scientific framework of investigation. A series of investigational streams have been developed to provide a rigorous and rigid structure of the project. Analysis, findings and observations should be meticulously documented and exhibited in the booklet.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

MATERIAL INVESTIGATIONS

[ brief ]

[ question - aim ]

[ abstract ]

[ investigation framework ]

[ introduction ]

MANIFESTO + APPLICATION [ potential application ] [ recovering vs activation ] [ case study ]

[ natural design Logic - BONES ]

[ BCN Context ]

[ bone anatomy and biological structure ]

[ biorocks ]

[ bone growth & regeneration biochemical process ]

[ BESÃ&#x2019;S ]

[ bone mineral deposition - calcification ] [ bone growth & regeneration structural behaviour ] 55

[ structural logic and bone algorithm ] [ cell structure regulation ] [ Examples of calcification and structures in nature ]

[ material experiments ]

[ EX01 ] REPLICATION

[ EX02 ] MINERAL MATRIX

[ EX03 ] PULSE MODULATION

[ EX04 ] BRIDGING

[ EX05 ] PROTOTYPE

[ EX06 ] STRESS CONVERSION

AIM

PURPOSE

To investigate the augmentation and behaviour of bone generation through modification of the mineral precipitation/ calcification process of bio-rocks

FRAMEWORK NATURAL DESIGN LOGIC - BONES

Bone is a mineralized organic matrix in which living cells are embedded in a structure of collagen and minerals. Collagen lends tensile strength, while hydroxyapatite (a calcium phosphate) lends compressive strength. The living cells in bones continuously regenerate the matrix to repair wear and damage. Osteoclasts produce a localized acidic environment which dissolves hydroxyapatite into its ion constituents. Subsequently, the matrix is created by cells called osteoblasts, which lay down collagen strands upon which calcium and phosphate ions precipitate to form new hydroxyapatite. Our initial research and theoretical investigations discover the similar biomineralisation behaviour between bone growth and regeneration to the bio-mineralisation process of creating bio-rocks. This experiment will explore to what extent this is true. The experiment will be conducted to explore the similarities of structure both in the macro and micro scale, as well as investigating the material properties, strength, chemical composition and behaviour.

HYPOTHESIS

There will be apparent similarities of chemical composition, material deposition, growth structure between bone growth/regeneration and bio-rocks, more specifically in the bio-mineralisation process and calcification of minerals. By implementing a series of controlled stimulis in the experiment, we can simulate and bio-compute the material composition, deposition and growth behaviour of that within bones.

OBJECTIVES

_ To collect data for computing bone regeneration _ Assess what factors will affect the bio-mineralisation process _ Assess the macro and micro structure of the bio-rocks to test the stress properties of bio-rocks.

[ structural framework ]

[ protection for major organs ]

[ enabling muscle attachment and movement ]

[ mineral reservoir ]

[ trap for dangerous materials ]

55 [ macro ]

[ 400 microns ]

[ 250 microns ]

[ 50 microns ]

[ 40 microns ]

[ 10 microns ]

[

0.5 microns ]

[ collagen fiber ]

[ 10-15 microns ]

[ polymerisation ]

[ 3-7 microns ] [ osteoblast ]

[ osteon close up ]

[ cancellous bone ]

[ osteoclast ] [ 2.5 nm ] [ collagen ]

[ cortical bone ]

[ bone marrow ]

[ osteon collection ]

[ Haversian Canal ] [ osteon ]

[ blood vessel ]

[ osteocyte ]

MATERIAL EXPERIMENTS

[ 01 ]

[ 02 ]

[ 03 ]

[ 04 ]

[ 05 ]

[ 06 ]

R E P L I C AT I O N

MINERAL M AT R I X

PULSE M O D U L AT I O N

BRIDGING

PROTOTYPE

STRESS LINES CONVERSION

AIM : To investigate if we are able to replicate the biorock formation process in a small scale apparatus

AIM : To investigate the material properties of bio rock growth and formation. The experiment will be conducted with a matrix of controlled variables of mineral compositions.

AIM : To investigate the effects of current modulation on the behaviour of bio rock growth and formation.

AIM : To investigate the potential of bio rock growth and formation to form bridges or overlaps within set distances.

AIM : To investigate the change of factors required in the upscaling of bio rock growth and formation in a larger apparatus.

AIM : To investigate the formation and growth of bio rocks on a natural logic designed framework - one that is based on the stress and material distribution of bones.

[ 01 ] R E P L I C AT I O N 55

[ APPARATUS ]

[EXPERIMENT SETUP]

3D Voronoi structures were digitally fabricated to create guides and moulds for our wireframe structure. Here, the diagram demonstrates how the Voronoi cells were unrolled and laser cut. These cells would then be reconstructed and used as a guide.

[DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSIS]

[ manipulative variable 1 ] SEAWATER

[ manipulative variable 2 ] SAN PELLEGRINO

[ manipulative variable 3 ] SPECIAL BREW

[ 02 ] MINERAL M AT R I X

[ APPARATUS ]

[DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSIS] CONTAINMENT A Ca 30g | P 40g The structure that resulted from this compound was quite brittle. The calcification into the wires was quite porous, as shown in the close up macro image.

CONTAINMENT B Ca 60g | P 40g 55

The increase in Calcium in this containment has led to the discolouration of the final structure. The porosity is maintained as containment A but the hardness of the structure has dramatically improved.

CONTAINMENT C Ca 120g | P 40g The pattern continues in the increase of hardness in the precipitation with the increase of calcium. In addition, new branching systems have grown on top of the guided growth.

CONTAINMENT D Ca 30g | P 80g The increase of Phosphates has led to a decrease in the precipitation porosity. The precipitation is also very brittle and does not completely adhere to the wireframe.

CONTAINMENT E Ca 60g | P 80g The discolouration of the structures has now increased. We can also see the same trend of the hardness of the precipitation increasing as a function of the increase of calcium.

CONTAINMENT F Ca 120g | P 80g This containment does not conform with the extrapolation of results. We should have expected more accumulation of the precipitation having a greater hardness property due to the increase of calcium. The hardness is achieved but the volume of mass around the wireframe has disappeared.

CONTAINMENT G Ca 30g | P 160g The increase of the phosphate to 160g has led to the precipitation of the minerals to such a degree that it is no longer possible to see the wireframe structure. The hardness and cohesion of the structure is still brittle due to the lack of calcium.

CONTAINMENT H Ca 60g | P 160g 55

Unexpected results follow in this containment and the subsequent. Here, we were expecting a full cover of hard, non porous precipitation. Instead, we obtained an incredibly strong structure, with coral like structures growing from the guided paths.

CONTAINMENT I Ca 120g | P 160g Similar observations could be made with Containment I. The accumulation is greater than containment H, but they are both equally as porous and hard.

[ 06 ] STRESS LINES CONVERSION

[APPARATUS] The final apparatus was set according to the axonometric adjacent. Two anodes were introduced into the tank to ensure that the flow of ions are equal from both sides of the structure. All the circuit elements of the apparatus has to be embedded within the lightbox.

[SUBSTRATUM DESIGN]

TOPOSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS DENSITY & PARAMETERS

OPTIMISATION

OPTIMISED STRUCTURE - ISOSURFACE

[DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSIS]

Anode Erosion

Our aim in the experiment was to observe the behaviour of bio rock growth when given a designed framework, a simulation of the densification of bone due to external stimulus. From the precipitation photographs, we can start to observe the morphologies and logic of the growth depending on its particular position in the simulated framework. Bridging between precipitated members occur in the smaller articulated voronoi structures, creating distinct morphologies Growth + Precipitation Behaviour

“Greywater can vary significantly in composition; wide ranges of values for macro pollutants and nutrients have been published; for instance, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) has been reported between 13 and 550 mg/L; BOD5 (Biochemical

Oxygen Demand) 90 –360 mg/L; total nitrogen 0.6 –74 mg/L and total phosphorus 4–14 mg/L (depending on the

use of detergents with or without phosphate) (Eriksson et al., 2002).” If we are to somehow apply this knowledge into a contextual reality, we can analyse the areas within Barcelona where pollutants are deposited as potential areas for urban morphogenesis

BESOS RIVER

Design application

Design application of this project research as part of Tanween Program_Tashkeel Dubai_UAE took a place in Dubai Design Days 2017

Here featured works by this year’s Tanween design development programme for emerging designers working in the UAE. At Design Days Dubai 2017 in March, four UAE-based designer Hatem Hatem under the design label ‘Tanween’, based on the Research of [Bio-Reclaim] IAAC and the consultancy of Abdullah Y. Ibrahim

“The time you enjoy wasting is not wasted time.” ― Bertrand Russell

Robotic Fabrication

TerraPerforma 2016/2017 Postgrad | Open Thesis Fabrication Institute For Advanced Architecture Catalonia Tutors: Alex Dubor Edouard Cabay Project team: Abdullah Ibrahim Raaghav Chenthur Iason Giraud Tanuj Thomas Sameera Chukkapalli Lili Tayefi Lidia Ratoi

The project focuses on large scale 3D printing and the influence of additive manufacturing on a traditional material, while aiming to build a construction with performative design The construction parameters are given a functional context, the projects goal being to construct an edifice with performative behavior. The design is dictated by natural phenomena, in the sense that not only does it allow it, but it integrates solar and wind behavior into the design approach (the studied phenomena consisted in thermal conductivity, thermal convection, thermal mass, thermal radiation, daylighting and structure properties). Therefore, the approach of the project was multi-oriented, focusing on both the 3D Printing alphabet of design parameters, as well as the performative aspects.

MATERIAL RESEARCH

MATERIAL PROPERTIES

CALCerous clay

red clay

1020 C

1000 C

Modelling

Thowing

Fine Arts Craft

Large Size Creation

Without Chamota

Chamota 0-0.1:5 mm

CBP=P 55

clay micronitzada

High viscosity Medium density High water content controlable) Price 0.996 Euro/kg

(not

Without Chamota

FP CH 0=0.2mm

Clay micronitzada

Medium viscosity High density High water content controlable) Price 0.576 Euro/kg

Fine Granules High density No water content (controlable) Price 0.40 Euro/kg

(not

Structural strength

PRINTABIlity Parameters Line

Viscosity

Drying Period Water Absorption Shrinkage (g/mm sq./sec)

Structural Strength By Material Mix

Viscosity (visual)

Stickyness (Physical)

Drying Period (days)

Clay FP-CH 0-0.2 mm

Clay CBP-P + Hexamataphosphate

Clay FP-CH 0-0.2 mm

Clay CBP-P + Hexamataphosphate + Gelatin

Clay FP-CH 0-0.2 mm

Clay CBP-P + SawDust

Water absorption coefficient

Shrinkage %

Strength Comparison Tensile Strength N/mm sq.)

1.16 0.915 1.26

Breaking Point (Bars)

Clay FP-CH 0-0.2 mm

Clay CBP-P + Hexamataphosphate + SawDust

2.1

1.7

Clay CBP + Hexamataphosphate + Saw Dyust Clay + Sand + Hexamataphosphate + Saw Dust + Gelatin Clay Pasta CH C 0-0.2 mm + Hexamataphosphate + Saw Dust

PERFORMANCE

Thermal conductivity In physics, thermal conductivity is the property of a material to conduct heat. It is evaluated primarily in terms of Fourierâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Law for heat conduction. Heat transfer occurs at a lower rate across materials of low thermal conductivity than across materials of high thermal conductivity. Correspondingly, materials of high thermal conductivity are widely used in heat sink applications and materials of low thermal conductivity are used as thermal insulation. The thermal conductivity of a material may depend on temperature. The reciprocal of thermal conductivity is called thermal resistivity. Thermal conductivity is actually a tensor, which means it is possible to have different values in different directions.

Convective heat transfer, often referred to simply as convection, is the transfer of heat from one place to another by the movement of fluids. Convection is usually the dominant form of heat transfer in liquids and gases. Although often discussed as a distinct method of heat transfer, convective heat transfer involves the combined processes of unknown conduction (heat diffusion) and advection Thermal convection

Thermal radiation 55

Sensor reading next to the simulated environment Sensor reading after the prototype

Solar radiation is radiant energy emitted by the sun, particularly electromagnetic energy. About half of the radiation is in the visible short-wave part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The other half is mostly in the near-infrared part, with some in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum

Solar radiation

Daylight, or the light of day, is the combination of all direct and indirect sunlight during the daytime. This includes direct sunlight, diffuse sky radiation, and both of these reflected from the Earth and terrestrial objects. Sunlight scattered or reflected from objects in outer space is not generally considered daylight. Thus, moonlight is never considered daylight, despite being â&#x20AC;&#x153;indirect sunlightâ&#x20AC;?.

STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR

BUCKLING Buckling is characterized by a sudden sideways failure of a structural member subjected to a high compressive stress where the compressive stress at the point of the failure is less than the ultimate compressive stress that the material is capable of withstanding .

F= maximum or critical force E= modulus of elasticity I = area moment of inertia of the cross section of the rod L = unsupported length of the column K = Column effective length factor

General Study On Contraction

breaking every 15-20 cm

no faillures in touching lines intersections

faillure at intersections

General Study On Contraction

Shrinkage

Open Thesis Fabrication 2016/2017

Structural Workshop

breaking every 15-20 cm

length starting length

contraction is relative to Î&#x201D;l and geometry

length after contraction Î&#x201D;l

Shrinkage occurs due to the material properties. Changes of pore water content due to drying or wetting processes cause significant volume changes. Drying shrinkage at high humidities is caused mainly by compressive stresses in the solid microstructure which balance the increase in capillary tension and surface tension on the pore walls. In this case, it needed to be optimized because in could cause line intersections could be overly fragile and break. Also, although the lines may touch when wet, due to shrinkage, once dried, they could become to further appart.

Simulation 3: intersections parameter: point of contact

test 1 1 point of contact displacement: 3.1e-03 cm axial stress:1.22e-2 KN/cm2

test 2 2 points of contact displacement: 3.2e-03 cm axial stress:1.66e-2 KN/cm2

test 1

test 2

1 point of contact

2 points contact

displacement: 3.1 e - 03 cm axial stress: 1.22e - 2 KN/cm2

test 3 overlap displacement: 3.2e-03 cm axial stress:1.89e-2 KN/cm2

test 3

test 4

overlap

overlap knot

displacement: 3.2 e - 03 cm

displacement: 3.2 e - 03 cm axial stress: 1.66e - 2 KN/cm2 Open Thesis Fabrication 2016/2017

test 3 overlap and knot displacement: 3.1e-03 cm axial stress:1.55e-1 KN/cm2

axial stress: 1.89e - 2 KN/cm2

and

displacement: 3.1 e - 03 cm axial stress: 1.55e - 1 KN/ cm2

Structural Workshop

FABRICATION 1.0

The OTF researchers had the opportunity to work for one week in the Tecnalia factory in Montpellier, using the CoGiro Cable Bot.

Cogiro is a CDPR owned by Tecnalia and LIRMM-CNRS. Its original point of design resides in the way the cables are connected to the frame, called the configuration of the CDPR, which makes is a very stable design. It is also the biggest CDPR in Europe, with a footprint of 15x11m, 6 m high, and capable of holding a load up to 500 kg over more than 80 % of the footprint. Advances in the control of the robot have allowed to reach repeatability in the milimetric range and precision in the low centimetric tange. This implied an entirely new set of robot calibration and of conclusions based on testing. The shape is dictated by a continuous toolpath, in order to control the direction of the tool. The next step was to create a design that uses intersections which donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t overlap, but touch at maximum curvature point (a solution emerging from the intersection tests). The last parameter was creating almost a modular approach, in the sense that the toolpath doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t go all the way around the volume, but self-finishes each wall individually. The new approach also implied using double-line walls, in order to support the weight of a larger wall.

200mm

Period

200mm Period

The infill pattern is dictated by thermal properties logic, as well as taking into consideration large scale 3D Printing. The intersection are designed to touch each other but not overlap, since it was causing breakage in a prototype of this size. The toolpath finished each wall individually, in order to avoid losing moisture of each line before extruding the next one, so that the different layers of print bond well.

386 mm 792 mm 415 mm

415 mm

INFILL STRATEGY

Period

386 mm 792 mm

Period

FABRICATION 2.0

For the final stage of TerraPerforma, it was concluded that a modular approach would be best. The modules are parametrically conceived so that they have optimum performance depending on solar radiation, wind behavior and structural 3D printing reasoning, both by their own and as a whole design. The faĂ§ade was conceived as a gradient in both horizontal and vertical directions, having various radiuses of selfshading, in order to optimize east and west sun. 55

Additionally, the modules are designed to incorporate various types of openings, in order to maximize the natural daylight potential â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the openings are strategically placed and vary from micro openings to full openings between bricks are light channels. The same channels are also designed to aid wind behavior through convection properties, as well as the placement of the microperforation which would direct air flow. The infill of the modules is parametrically conceived so that the upper modules consist in a lighter infill, in order to ease the structure (each module is encapsulated in a grid of 44Ă&#x2014;16 cm). The modules are also designed in order to create a concave elevation, which after various solar and wind analysis, both in digital media and in physical prototyping, has been proved as being the optimum shape.

Sun analysis The facadeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s aesthetic is dictated by solar radiation deflection strategies. While in the summer the surfaces of the wall needed to be able to be cool, in winter time over-cooling must be avoided. The modules needed to be created as an optimization of solar radiation, so that they would ensure a pleasant inside environment.

Sun Analysis during summertime for a concave wall with exterior surface consisting in rhomboidal modules

Sun Analysis during winter time for a concave wall with exterior surface consisting in rhomboidal modules

CFD analysis

“Each problem that I solved became a rule, which served afterwards to solve other problems.” ― René Descartes

Material Fabrication

TARKEEB Wall 2013/2014 Undergrad | Advanced Materia-l Fabrication American University of Sharjah_UAE Tutor: Bill Sarnecky Project team: Layth Mahdi Ali Ahmed Noor Al Awar Bahar Al Bahar Fatima Al Zaabi Reyan Hanafi Tayo Odulana

The project was a continuation of a final project of 5th year Architecture Studio and made it later to a material fabrication seminar and i was part of it for a year. The Tarkeeb Wall has already won two professional awards; the AIA Middle East Merit Award for Unbuilt Work, in which it was competing against professional firms from around the MENA region and the AIA Middle East Design Excellence Award for a Student Graduating Project.

Furniture Design 2013/2014 Undergrad | Advanced Materia-l Fabrication American University of Sharjah_UAE Tutor: Daniel Chavez

Explring the concept of CONTRAST between Wood and Concrete to make a multiseated furniture piece with multiple furniture purposes.

“Knowledge without action is wastefulness and action without knowledge is foolishness.” ― Al-Ghazali

Workshops

Earthen Shell 2015/2016 Seminar Institute For Advanced Architecture Catalonia Tutors: Stephanie Chaltiel Project Team: Abdullah Ibrahim Peter Magnus Jessica Diaz Noor El gewely Burak Paksoy

Selected to be a faculty with Stephanie Chaltiel the next year

The goal of this seminar was the whole work flow of building the shells. Starting from understanding the geometry and its physical abilities, then 3D scanning, robotic spraying, structure analysis and CFD analysis.

FORM FINDING

This earth shell is supported by three legs. Each of the three supports is constructed by three reed branches. The outer members curve towards the adjacent support to create an arch, whilst the central branch crosses to the opposite side of the structure which terminates on the opposing arch. This was done in order to create an intermidiate nurb in the fabric structure, inspired by Gothic geometries as well as to reduce the unsupported spans. This also enables each of the support points to achieve the rigidity of a tripod. The Perforation logic of this earth shell, draws inspiration from the principles of sea shells. The circular geometry of the aperatures gains its strength through the curvature. The idea behind using circular openings in the fabric, was for there to be an equal tension force distribution in all directions. Two sizes of circles were selected for the perforations, the larger circles were placed in the larger spans, and the smaller placed respectively.

SPRAYING TESTS

TEST 01

TEST 02

ANGLE: 0ยบ

ANGLE: 90ยบ

DISTANCE: 30CM

TEST 03

TEST 04

ANGLE: 45ยบ

ANGLE: -45ยบ

DISTANCE: 30CM

3D SCANNING & STRUCTURE ANALYSIS

raw scan

rebuild principal curves

delaunay mesh

rebuild mesh (MeshMachine)

evaluate deformations from previous scan

ROBOTIC SPRAY TRAJECTORY

base base geometry geometry

contour contour panels panels

path path through through planes planes

repeat repeat forfor all all panels panels

MATERIAL APPLICATION

First thin mud layer to spray on the shell

Apply Jute fabric as a reinforcment layer to the shell

Spray thicker mud layer with straw fibers

Spray cactus as a finishing layer as coating and drying

Elasto Raptor 2015/2016 Light Weight Structure Seminar Institute For Advanced Architecture Catalonia Tutors: Selvia Brandi Rodrigo Aguirre Project Team: Abdullah Ibrahim James Nurtanio Njo Martin Hristov Pedro Levit Arroyo Chenthur Raaghav N

Selected to be an assistant with Silvia Brandi and Rodrigo Aguirre the next year

Using a Flexible material compoent which is mass produced and studying its structural behaviour to design a Hypercomponent.The Hypercomponent is interlocked with specific strategies to achieve the most stable global shape to accomodate 3 people .

Elasto raptor pavillion delveloped from fly swatter acts under compression .The pavillion has several anchor points to act under lateral loads . Each component is being attached to another by planar surfaces which has been made out of wood which adds structural stability to the structure . In this case the design was achieved at the end not from the digital process but by understanding the Material system behaviour . We managed to study the lines of forces , loading patterns and weak stress points in Karamba and apply the knowledge to iterate the design system.

MAX deformation LEAST deformation

Tension Compression

LOAD applied

Stress Lines

Force Flow Lines

Tensegrity 2015/2016 Data Informed Structure Seminar Institute For Advanced Architecture Catalonia Tutors: Manja Van de Worp Project Team: Abdullah Ibrahim Noor el Gewely Christophor wong Lalin Keyvan

Selected to be a faculty with Manja van de worp the next year

Tensegrity is the answer to the question:”What’s the minimal structure that can support a weight and oppose horizontal forces, that uses compression and tension, but experiences no torque?” (Fuller, cited in Flavin, 1996)

GEOMETRY DRIVEN

3-BAR TENSEGRITY | TEST

3-BAR TENSEGRITY | CHAIR

We made a series of small hand-made models to experiement with different global geometries. For these quick and rough prototype models we used: timber and elastic rubber bands. Although this would not be our final material, at this stage it allowed for quick fabrication. These models were not made at any particular scale, they were made simply so we could test out assembling Tensegrity by hand. A 3-bar tensegrity is constructed by using three bars in each stage which are twisted either in clockwise or in counter-clockwise direction. The top strings connecting the top of each bar support the next stage in which the bars are twisted in a direction opposite to the bars in the previous stage. In this way any number of stages can be constructed which will have an alternating clockwise and counter-clockwise rotation of the bars in each successive stage. 3-BAR TENSEGRITY | STOOL

STRUCTURE ANALYSIS

BENDING MOMENT | My

PLAN VIEW

AXIAL FORCES | Nx

Our inital concept ideas were modelled digitally, during the geometry exploration stage. Once we had a few design iterations to choose between we ran a series of tests. We used the software plugin Kangaroo to simulate physics behaviour. Kangaroo was used to simulate the tensegrity system under gravity and an adjustable tension force for each cable. We quickly saw from these Kangaroo simulations, that we had not understood the principles of Tensegrity. All of the simulations collapsed our digital model. We had to go back to the drawingboard. Therefore we decided to start simple, modelling a basic tensegrity with 3-way prism. This digital model achieve requied performance of not collapsing, so we proceeded with this geometry. Then we analysed this structure using Karamba. We can see that the Bending Moments are equally distributed amoung the members. And there is slightly higher bending moments along the support points. This structure has more axial forces, which are also distributed in the network. This is good news for us, because we know that axial forces are the most efficient and therefore we can have a very lightweight structure.

BENDING MOMENT | My

AXIAL FORCES | Nx

Once we had the basic principles of Tensegrity working in the digital model, we continued adapting the overall geometry to suit our chair design. We wanted a chair with a high back. So, we needed to modify the orginal base geometry to now have members of unequal length. Then we needed to do a second feedback loop of optimization using Karamba. Now that we have members of unequal length in our chair structure, we have changed the way forces flow through the structure. The shorter members are now attracting more load than the long back support member. We can also see from the Axial force diagram, that the various wires in the network will have different amounts of tension in them. PLAN VIEW

BENDING MOMENT | My

AXIAL FORCES | Nx

In this iteration of the chair design we had to slightly modify the geometry, to suit appropriate proportions of a person sitting in it. Now that the members are longer, we have some bending moment at the mid-span of the members. In a true tensegrity structure none of the compression members should be in contact with one another. This is another thing we need to adjust in our model. Until now the members under the seat are intersecting. In real life we will make the chair out of stainless steel pipe - 25mm diameter. So, we need to create some space between the members to allow for this. PLAN VIEW

In our last stage of the optimization, the chair design was parameterized. Galapagos was then used to attempt to genetically optimize the tension of each cable to bring the form of the tensegrity as close as possible to the desired geometry by minimizing the distances between corresponding pairs of strut endpoints. Now we can get the final lengths of each member for fabrication.

ON 3 SUPPORT POINTS

ON MESH

Now that we have the final geometry of the chair, we need to test and analyze it under that various load conditions that it will be subjected to. Firstly we placed the load points on the three support elements. In that case the Bending moment occurs the greatest at the mid-span of each component. The forces attracted to each of the elements are proportional to their length. The longest member attract more bending moment than the others. From this diagram we can also see the resultant shape during post-occupany of the chair. The second load condtion we tested was when the load of a person is applied onto a mesh, or in our case a fabric seat. In this scenario most the bending moments occur at the base of the chair under the seat. When the load is applied to the mesh directly, we get most deformation in the mesh, and less to the actual tensegrity structure. This load case more closely reflects reality.

FABRICATION

For the physical fabrication process we had opted not to rely heavily on CNC machine, so it was primarily fabricated manually. We cut each Stainless steel [SS] pipe down to the exact measurements. Each pipe needed polishing, and holes drilled to loop the [SS] wire through. All compression components in the tensegrity network have to be connected with all other components, at either end of their length. The connections are achieved by [SS] wire which is secured in place at both ends. Although we knew the resultant length of all the wires as per required for the neccessary pre-tension, we cut the wires with extra tolerances allowed. This was done because we did not know how much length would be lost in the looping and securing of the cables. Also this extra toleranance would allow us more flexibility to physically adjust the structure as needed.

“Science is organized knowledge. Wisdom is organized life.” ― Immanuel Kant

MIT Fab Academy

How To Make Almost Anything 2017 MIT Fab Academy_Barcelona 55

http://archive.fabacademy.org/archives/2017/fablabbcn/students/108/

Tutors: Santi Fu Xavi Dominguez

The Fab Academy teaches principles and applications of digital fabrication. It was developed to teach hands-on skills in fab labs, which began as an outreach project from MITâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Center for Bits and Atoms, and has grown into a global network of more than 500 labs. Fab Academy instruction is based on MITâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s popular rapid-prototyping course How To Make (almost) Anything, both taught by Prof. Neil Gershenfeld.

Week 01 - Project management

Week 02 - Computer aided design

Week 03 - Computer controlled cutting

Week 04 - Electronics production

Week 05 - 3D scanning and printing

Week 06 - Electronics Design

Week 07 - Computer controlled machining

Week 08 - Embedded programming

Week 09 - Mechanical design

Week 10 - Output device

Week 11 - Machine design

Week 12 - Molding and Casting

Week 13 - Input device

Week 14 - Composites

Week 15 - Networking and communication

Week 18 - Intellectual property and income

Week 19 - FINAL PROJECT | HEXABOT

Week 16 - Interface and application programming

Week 17 - Applications and implications

electronics design | Autodesk Eagle

Programming microcontroller

PCB milling

3D printing

soldering components

Machines | CNC milling, Laser cutter

CONTACT +971 50 35 88 670 abdullahyibrahim93@gmail.com