Containerization 60 Years on
slides to review !
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Prior to Containerization multiple handling All cargoes other than bulk commodities were moved package by package and piece by piece with multiple handling, resulting in damage, pilferage and time loss.
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With the advent of Containerisation
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On 26 April 1956, Malcolm McLean loaded 58 containers on refitted tanker main deck
Containerization is a system of freight transport based on a range of steel intermodal containers . Containers are built in standardised dimensions as per ISO instructions, and can be loaded and unloaded, stacked and transported efficiently over long distances, and transferred from one mode of transport to another from ship , rail , trailers etc.
IMPORTANCE OF Containerization Strength & Flexibility
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Cost Effective Alternative
Superior Insulation Properties
Easy to Transport (intermodal & D2D)
Container ship
How much it bigger!
Containerization advantages
1- Standard transport product 2- Flexibility of usage 3- Management 4- Economies of scale 5- Speed 6- Security Š Abdulla Wanis Tabet
Cellular container vessel
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Geared container vessel
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OOCL HONG KONG Largest container ship ever built.
In service since May 2017 IM0 NO. 9776171 LOA X B X Depth = 400X59X32 m Maximum draft 16 m Max. speed 19kts
GRT = 210 000 T
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Dead Weight = 197 000 T Capacity 21,413 TEUs
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World merchant fleet as @ 1/1/2016 Bulk32.9%- GC 21.2% -Crude13.7% -Con10.2%-Ch10.1% -RORO-PAX8.4% -Gas3.4 %Total 51409
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CONTAINER CHARASTISTICS
& TYPES
ISO containers
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Door Header
REAR
Cam & keeper TIR Plate
Locking Bar Weight Decal
Guide
J-Bar
Hinge Catch & retainer
Handle Hub CSC Plate
Handle Gasket
Bracket
Cone Protector Corner Fitting
Left
Door Sill
Right
Top
Front Header
FRONT
Front Corner Post Corner Fitting
Front Panel
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Left
Cone Protector Bottom
Front Sill
SIDE Top Rail Ventilator
UIC Decal
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Forklift Pocket Bottom Rail Gusset
Bottom Rail
Height Code
Roof Gusset
Left
Front Extension Plate
Top Rail
Roof Panel
Rear Extension Plate
Roof Gusset
ROOF Right
Interior
Roof Panel
Lashing Ring
Lashing Ring
Front Panel
Left Side Panel
Right Side Panel
Lashing Bar
Goose Neck Tunnel Plate Central Rail Floor
Lashing Ring Lashing Ring
Dry freight containers
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Insulated containers
Refrigerated containers
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Bulk containers
Ventilated containers
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Flat rack containers
Platform containers
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Open top containers
Tank containers
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Open side containers
Half height containers
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Live stock containers
Collapsible containers
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Over-Height containers
Military purpose containers
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Over-width containers
Commodity Group and Containerization Level Category (SITC) 1. Food & Live Animals 2. Beverages & Tobacco
Examples Meat, Fish, Wheat, Rice, Corn, Sugar, Coffee, Cocoa, Tea
Containerization Grains (~5%)
Coffee (~95%) High
Wine & Tobacco Iron ore Lumber
3. Raw Materials
Cold chain (~75%)
Cotton
Lumber, Rubber, Cotton, Iron ore Coal (~2%)
4. Fuels & Lubricants
Coal, Crude oil, Kerosene, Natural gas
5. Animal & Vegetable oils
Olive oil, Corn oil
6. Chemicals
Salt, Fertilizers, Plastics
7. Manufactured Goods
Paper, Textiles, Cement, Iron & Steel, Copper
High Low to average Cement Metals
Paper Textiles
Vehicles
8. Machinery & Equipment
Computer equipment, Televisions, Cars
Very high
9. Miscellaneous& Manufactures
Furniture, Clothes, Footwear, Cameras, Books, Toys
Very high
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Top container producers 1- CIMC (China International Marine Container Group Co., Ltd.) 2- SINGAMAS (Singamas Container Holdings Ltd.) 3- CXIC (CXIC Group Containers Co., Ltd.)
4- CSCL (China Shipping Container Lines Co.,Ltd)
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5- MCI (Maersk Container Industry) 6- JINDO (Jindo Co., Ltd.)
GLOBAL
FIGURES
Container shipping economic cycle & Traffic 1980-2015
Million TEU
1000
Adoption 900
Acceleration
1956-1992
Peak Growth
1992-2002
2002-2008
Maturity After 2008 Reference
800
Vision
Everyone is a genius
Risk
700
Reality 600 500
New (niche) services Network developmentMassive diffusion
Productivity gains Productivity multipliers Network
complexities
Developing opportunities Niche markets
400 300 200 100
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1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Global containerized trade 1996-2015
Top Container Shipping Companies as @ 1/1/2016 Company
Fleet capacity (Million TEUs)
World market share %
MAERSK
3.048
15.2
MSC
2.678
13.4
CMA CGM
1.794
9
EVERGREEN
0.953
4.8
HAPAG-LLOYD
0.945
4.7
COSCO
0.864
4.3
CSCL
0.700
3.5
HAMBURG-SUD
0.629
3.11
HANJIN
0.620
3.10
OOCL
0.592
3
Main global carrier alliances and their market share as@ 1/1/2015
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Singapore port, the busiest transshipment port
2016
The Largest and the busiest Rotterdam port has the largest area and longest berths globally
Shanghai port is number one globally in terms of containers handling
Containerization Growth Factors Substitution-Based New niches (commodities and cold chain) Capture of bulk and break-bulk markets
Incidental Containerization
Trade imbalances Repositioning of empty containers
Induced
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Transshipment (hubbing, relay and intersection
Derived Economies of scale in maritime shipping Economic and income growth Globalization (outsourcing) Fragmentation of production and consumption
Main container ports & average GDP growth and driver for port infrastructure investments
Container
Equipment Handling
Systems
1- Chassis System
Gantry Crane
Chassis system
© Abdulla Wanis Tabet Advantage: No additional yardhandling equipment Easy access for roadtruckers
Disadvantage: Extremely area consuming Availability of chassis fromcontainer operator
2- Straddle Carrier Direct System
G.C Š Abdulla Wanis Tabet Advantages: *Flexibility *Relatively low wheelloads Disadvantages:
*Long travel distances *Damage sensitivity *Less suitable for automation
3- Yard Gantry System
Gantry Crane
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Rubber Tyred gantry
Rail Mounted gentry crane
4- Complex Combination systems
G. C
S. C
R.S
5- Lift Truck systems
Lift Truck / Reach Staker
Classic and new maritime routes maritime
routes
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Traditional maritime Trade routes
Operational
STRATEGIC
problems &
Challenges
TACTICAL AND SHORT RANGE Challenges FOR Container Port operation Relationship with others within port limits Safety performance Greater operational complexity as a result of much bigger ships Managing congestion risks Staying profitable though shipping line economic cycles
Doing more with less space Empty container management
Fleet over capacity Container weighing © Abdulla Wanis Tabet
Decision problems complexities in container terminals
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Factors behind Empty Container Flows Imbalanced Flows Cargo / Equipment Specialization Feeder Services Cabotage Rules
STRATEGIC AND LONG RANGE CHALLENGES
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Other usage of containers
Other usage of containers
And more!
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