Construction and Demolition (C&D) Materials: A Waste or A Resource?

and Demolition (C&D) Materials: A Waste or a Resource?”

Research Thesis by Abhishek Chintaman Sathe

“Construction

By Abhishek Chintaman Sathe 16sa191

Thesis Submitted to Arvindbhai Patel Institute of Environmental Design (APIED) D.C. Patel School of Architecture, June, 2021

“Construction and Demolition (C&D) Materials: A Waste or a Resource?”

UNDERTAKING

I, Abhishek Chintaman Sathe the author of the thesis titled

“Construction and Demolition (C&D) Materials: A Waste or a Resource?” hereby declare that this is an independent work of mine carried out towards partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Bachelor of Architecture Degree at D.C. Patel School of Architecture, APIED affiliated to Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, India. This work has not been submitted to any other institution for the award of any Degree. All views and opinions expressed in this dissertation report are my mine, and do not necessarily represent those of the institute.

Abhishek Chintaman Sathe 16SA191 02-08-2021 Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Foremost, I would like to use this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude and respect to my guide Ar. Ruchita Shah and my brother Adwait Sathe for the continuous support, advice, motivation and guidance in my Undergraduate Research Dissertation right from the initial stage till the completion and ahead. Also, my deepest gratitude and heartfelt respect to Prof. Sohan Nilkanth, Ar. Priyank Thakershy and Prof. Pratyush Shankar who are my mentors in Field of Architecture and it is a great privilege and honor to work, learn and grow under their guidance.

I am thankful to all my faculties and professors who taught me many crucial things in my architectural studies. I am also thankful to Prof. Jyoti Gill, Prof. Nirav Hirpara, Prof. Jignesh Vyas, Ar. Pratik Patel, Ar. Azharuddin Saiyed, Ar. Renuka Oak and to others whom I am missing to mention for their encouragement, support and constructive critique during my architectural education so far.

I am also very thankful to my friends Swapnil Parashar, Aniruddha Kulkarni and Tanusha Ghosh for their help and support during my Dissertation and to all my dear friends Vatsal Katelia, Samarth Vyas, Tirth R. Patel, Minal Sherathiya and Heli Gandhi who were my constant motivation and stress busters. I also want to thank all my friends and people whom I am missing to mention, who were part of my architectural journey so far, who pushed and encouraged me in any manner.

Last but not least, I am extremely grateful to my parents and family for their love, prayers and sacrifices for educating me and preparing me for my bright future. My deepest respect for my uncle, Prashant Pathak and his family for their constant encouragement and support without whom I would have never ended into architecture. And my special thanks to Architecture who gave me a identity and courage to progress in my professional and personal life.

1.0 INTRODUCTION 01 1.1 Abstract 01 1.2 Aim 03 1.3 Vision 03 1.4 Objective 04 1.5 Scope and limitations. 04 1.6 Thesis Road Map. 05 1.7 Method of Study: 10 1.8 Waste Generation in India. 12 1.9 Types of Waste Generated in India. 14

2.0 C&D MATERIALS AND ITS EFFECTS. 19 2.1 Introduction to C&D Waste. 19 2.2 Sources of C&D Waste 21 2.3 Demolition Techniques Practiced in India. 25 2.4 C&D Materials - Types and Classification. 34 2.5 Social Impacts of C&D Waste: 52 2.6 Economic Impacts of C&D Waste: 55 2.7 Environmental Impacts of C&D Waste. 56 3.0 CASE STUDIES AND INFERENCES. 59 3.1 On-Going Demolition Sites. 62 3.2 Small Processing Facility - Kesarjan Building Centre. 92 3.3 Large Processing Facility - Ahmedabad Enviro Project Pvt. Ltd. 104 3.4 Utilization of Recycled Materials - Nu-Earth Materials. 118 4.0 C&D WASTE MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES NATIONWIDE. 124 4.1 Regulations and Policies. 124 4.2 Bureau of Indian Standards 128 4.3 Processing Facilities 128 5.0 LIMITING FACTORS AGAINST EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT. 131 5.1 Lack of Awareness. 131 5.2 False Demolition Techniques. 131 5.3 Small Informal Sectors. 132 5.4 Regulations for Demolition and Generation of C&D Waste. 132 5.5 Flaws in Enforcement System. 133 5.6 Standardizing Recycled products. 133 5.7 Economic Viability of recycled goods. 134

6.0

ALTERNATIVE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES. 137

6.1 Method of Elaboration. 137

6.2 Available Recycled Materials 138

6.3 Developing Building Components from Recycled Materials. 158 6.4 Application on a Residential Design. 187 6.5 Comparisons and Related Calculations. 236

7.0 IDENTIFYING PROS AND CONS 278

7.1 Pros of using Recycled Materials. 278 7.2 Cons of using Recycled Materials. 279

8.0 INFERENCES AND CONCLUSION. 280

8.1 Inferences from the Research Study. 280 8.2 Conclusion of the Research Study. 281

LIST OF FIGURES 282

LIST OF TABLES 289

LIST OF CHARTS. 290

REFERENCE TABLE. 292

STAGE 1

C&D Materials as a Waste

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Abstract

Our country is showing immense growth in urbanization and the demand for build infrastructure is growing day-by-day. On the other hand, the new infrastructure is replacing the old existing infrastructure which results in rapid growth in the accumulation of construction and demolition (C&D) waste which has become a serious concern and is a current affair in our nation. India as a nation had just started talking about managing the waste after experiencing its adverse effect on the environment, biodiversity, economicsocial-cultural aspects, etc. amongst which C&D Waste is one of the serious concerns.

Figure 1.0a: Dumped debris on unattended lands inside the city. (Self Clicked)

Improper management of the C&D waste can have a very adverse effect at a larger period and cannot be experienced in a shorter span because of which it was never a point of attention in our country. Until recently, it has been the cheapest and most convenient to put C&D waste in landfills. Of late, the operative landfills have got exhausted, lands are not available to create new landfill areas which forced the illegal dumping of the waste on unattended lands, inside, around and outside of the urban settlements degrading the public lifestyle, health standards, environmental issues and further raising future economic burdens. The increased costs of landfills, stringent environmental regulations, public resistance, etc. have forced major city municipalities/administrators to adopt reuse and recycling of C&D waste. In 2012, our country introduced the guidelines for the management of the C&D waste which were then formalized in 2016 by the Ministry of the Environment, Forest and Climate Change but are not yet known by many practitioners and authorities in the industry and are not in practice as well. This thesis focuses to study the on-ground practices, formal and informal sectors in the industry, Regulations, Policies, enforcement scenarios, etc. relating to the C&D Waste Management and will project the possible solution for efficient working of the system with its supporting factors.

Figure 1.0b: Dumped debris around the railway tracks degrading public spaces. (Self Clicked)

1.2 Aim

To inquire and understand the current scenario of construction and demolition (C&D) waste materials in India, its effective management strategies, and its application in near future through adaptation of Alternative Construction Technique considering the C&D materials as a resource.

1.3 Vision

India is a land of resources. Not just natural and man-made resources but its booming population and rate of development also results in the production of large number of waste which can be a resource if managed properly. This thesis aims in understanding construction and demolition waste as a resource and its effective management and recycling techniques which can lead to the development of the required infrastructure in the future without depletion of our limited natural resources.

1.4 Objective

To understand,

- The production, components, and sources of the C&D waste.

- Adverse effects due to improper management and utilization of C&D waste.

- The initiatives for managing the C&D waste by different sectors nationwide.

- The limitations and challenges against effective management of C&D Waste.

- The current processing facilities of different scales and utilization of C&D Waste presently.

- Projecting effective solutions for utilization of C&D materials as a resource.

1.5 Scope and limitations.

- The thesis does not talk about every materials that are produced due to demolition activity and targets a pallet of selective materials which are produced in abundance.

- As the usability of the materials depends upon many factors like its chemical bondings, allowance from BIS, technical design, market economics, technical clearance, etc. the thesis lacks in providing complete solutions in many aspects.

- The case studies chosen are based on the available processing facilities working in a relatively efficient way managing the C&D waste.

- The data collected from the case studies and the literature studies are from interview answering and self observations.

1.6 Thesis Road Map.

The Thesis Road Map is framed in 3 stages to carry the entire Research Thesis in a sequence that can lead in understanding of the possible interrelations of various issues, factors, and frauds that are limiting the current system performing efficiently. The road map covers various studies in understanding the waste, its journey from production to inception, its effects on various aspects, the regulations and policies, economic viabilities, etc. which can lead to possible solutions improving the current system and the overall scenario. The stage-wise Road Map is explained in detailed ahead.

STAGE 1

C&D Materials as a Waste

- Understanding the current scenario of C&D materials.

- Understanding how it is treated in the current scenario due to its considerations as a waste.

- Understanding the problems created due to improper management of the C&D materials.

STAGE 2

C&D Materials as a Resource

- Understanding why C&D materials should be utilized as a resource.

- Identifying the various C&D materials generated, its sources and techniques.

- Identifying the Alternative Construction Strategies to utilize the C&D materials as a resource.

STAGE 3

Recycled Materials and its Applications

- Comparing the Alternative Construction Technique against the Conventional Construction Techniques and identifying the possible benefits gained.

- Projecting the Conclusions and the Limiting Factors due to current market challenges and scenarios.

Chart 1.6a: Stage-wise Bifurcation of the Thesis Study.

THESIS ROAD MAP

C&D Materials as a

Waste

- Understanding the current scenario of C&D materials.

- Understanding how it is treated in the current scenario due to its considerations as a waste.

- Understanding the problems created due to improper management of the C&D materials.

STAGE 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Abstract

1.2 Aim

1.3 Vision

1.4 Objective

1.5 Scope and limitations

1.6 Thesis Road Map

1.7 Method of Study

1.8 Waste generation in India

1.9 Types of waste generated in India

1.10 Introduction of C&D Waste

2.0 C&D MATERIALS AND ITS EFFECTS.

2.0 C&D Materials and its effects

2.1 Introduction to C&D waste.

2.2 Sources of C&D waste.

2.3 Methods of demolition practiced in India.

2.4 Material types and its classification.

2.5 Social Impact of C&D Waste

2.6 Economic Impact of C&D Waste

2.7 Environmental Impact of C&D Waste

Chart 1.6b: Content Chapters and Topics of Stage-1.

C&D Materials as a Resources THESIS ROAD MAP

- Understanding why C&D materials should be utilized as a resource.

- Identifying the various C&D materials generated, its sources and techniques.

- Identifying the alternative construction strategies to utilize the C&D materials as a resource.

STAGE 2

3.0 CASE STUDIES AND INFERENCES

3.0 Case Studies and Inferences

3.1 On-going demolition site.

3.2 Small Processing Facility - Kesarjan Building Centre.

3.3 Ahmedabad Enviro Projects Pvt. Ltd, Ahmedabad.

3.4 Utilization of the recycled materials in current scenario in India.

4.0 C&D WASTE MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES NATIONWIDE.

4.0 C&D waste management initiatives nationwide

Chart 1.6c: Content Chapters and Topics of Stage-2.

THESIS ROAD MAP

Recycled Materials & its Applications

- Comparing the alternative construction technique against the conventional construction techniques and identifying the possible benefits gained.

- Projecting the conclusions and the limiting factors due to current market challenges and scenarios.

STAGE 3

5.0 LIMITING FACTORS AGAINST EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT. PROJECTING APPLICATION FOR MATERIAL UTILIZATION

5.0 Limiting Factors Against Effective Management

5.1 Lack of Awareness.

5.2 False Demolition Techniques.

5.3 Small Informal sectors.

5.4 Regulations for Demolition and Generation of C&D Waste.

5.5 Flaws in Enforcement System.

5.6 Standardizing Recycled products.

5.7 Economic Viability of recycled goods.

6.0 Alternative Construction Techniques for Utilization of Recycled C&D Materials.

6.1 Method of Elaboration.

6.2 Available Recycled Materials.

6.3 Developing Building Components.

6.4 Application on Residential Design.

6.5 Comparative Calculations.

7.0 Identifying Achieved Benefits.

8.0 Inferences and Conclusion

9.0 Tables and References

10. Illustration Credits.

Chart 1.6d: Content Chapters and Topics of Stage-3.

1.7 Method of Study:

The Thesis Road Map is framed to carry the entire Research Thesis in a sequence that can lead to understanding the possible interrelations of various issues, factors, and frauds that are limiting the current system performing efficiently. The road map covers various studies in understanding the waste, its journey from production to inception, its effects on various aspects, the regulations and policies, economic viabilities, etc. which can lead to possible solutions which can lead to improving the current system and the overall scenario.

x74

The waste generated in India per day in year 2021 is equals to the weight of 74 Statue of Unity. The weight of statue of unity is 2000 MT, seventy four times of which is around 1,48,000 MT and that is for one single day.

1.8 Waste Generation in India.

Studying the data gauge in the Global Population and Municipal Solid Waste Generation Shares in 2018 represented in the table, the population of India contributed about 18.05% of the total world population. This population of approximately 1.4 billion collectively produced about 11.65% of the total waste produced worldwide in 2018. However, taking the population into account, India produces less waste as compared to other countries like USA. The problem is acute in our country due to the unscientific management of the waste, also the disposal facilities are not keeping pace with the quantum of waste being generated.

As Urban India is growing rapidly in every direction, it is also resulting in growth of solid waste at a greater speed. According to the ‘Swachhata Sandesh Newsletter’ by the MoHUA, India is generating about 147,613 metric tonnes (MT) of waste each day from 84,475 wards nationwide, as of January 2020, and it is estimated that it will grow to about 2,76,342 TPD by 2021, about 4,50,132 TPD by 2031 and 11,95,000 TPD by 2050. Table given shows the waste generation by wards under Swatch Bharat Mission (SBM), as of January 2020. (Singh, n.d.)

Figure 1.8a: Global population and municipal solid waste generation shares in 2018 (MSW Generation Shares Worldwide by Select Country | Statist)

1.9 Types of Waste Generated in India.

Biodegradable Waste or Organic Waste

Which includes food and kitchen waste, green waste vegetables, flower, leaves, fruits and paper, etc. which is about 51% of the total waste.

Inert and NonBiodegradable Waste

CATEGORY 2

CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 3

Including construction and demolition waste, dirt, debris, etc. which is about 31% of the total waste.

Recyclable Waste

Including plastic, paper, bottles, glasses, etc. which is about 17% of the total waste.

Chart 1.9a: Types of Waste Generated in India.

Figure 1.9a: Demolition waste heap from Vadodara Railway Station Renovation. (Self-Clicked)

2.0 C&D MATERIALS AND ITS EFFECTS.

2.1 Introduction to C&D Waste.

Construction and demolition waste is generated whenever any construction/ demolition activity takes place, such as, building roads, bridges, fly over, subway, remodeling etc. It consists mostly of inert and non-biodegradable material such as concrete, plaster, metal, wood, plastics etc. These wastes are heavy, having high density, often bulky and occupy considerable storage space either on the road or communal waste bin/container. It is not uncommon to see huge piles of such waste, which is heavy as well, stacked on roads especially in large projects, resulting in traffic congestion and disruption. It is estimated that the construction industry in India generates about 10-12

C&D Materials & its Effects.

Figure 2.0a: Demolition Waste samples. (Self-Clicked)

million tons of waste annually. (Rathoure, 2019)

Characteristics of the C&D waste is it is a inert waste. Over 90 per cent of which can be easily reused or recycled. A study by Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC) in 2001 noted that C&D waste in India typically contains soil, sand and gravel (36%), bricks and masonry (31%), concretes (23%), metal (5%), wood (2%), and others waste (3%). But the composition of C&D waste varies from region to region, depending on prevalent construction style and building material usage. (Construction and Demolition Waste)

C&D Materials & its Effects.

2.2 Sources of C&D Waste

The name itself suggest the source of construction and demolition waste. Activities related to development of developing infrastructure like construction, preservation, remodeling, renovation, complete demolition, etc. are the main reason of generation of huge amount of C&D waste and it is said that about 70% of construction required in 2031 is yet to happen. The reasons resulting in generation of C&D waste during any construction activity are mentioned in the table point wise with brief explanation.

The Remodeling, Renovation and complete demolition obviously results in generation of a large amount of C&D waste but their are other reasons too which also results in generating waste sometimes like natural calamities, disastrous incidents and wars. These are rare incidents but generally results in generation of the waste in large quantities very rapidly.

C&D Materials & its Effects.

Origin and Causes of Waste During Construction:

1. Contractual - Faulty contract papers.

- Insufficient and Incomplete contract documents.

2. Design - Changes in design.

- Design and construction detail flaws.

- Uncertain description - Improper management and communication.

3. Procurement

- Ordering mistakes. - Over-budgets. - Faults of the suppliers.

4. Transportation

- Mutilation all through transportation.

- Inadequate method of unloading and protection during unloading.

5. On-Site management and planning

- Deficiency of on-site waste management strategies and material control.

- Insufficient planning for required amounts.

- Lack of supervision.

6. Storage of Materials

- Inadequate space for storage at site resulting in damage or deterioration.

- Inefficient methods of storing the materials.

- Materials stored at farther distance from the point of use.

7. Handling of the Materials

- Loose supply of materials.

- On-site transportation methods from storage to the point of use. - Inappropriate resource handling.

8. Site Operation

- Accidents and injuries due to inattention.

- Equipment not functioning properly.

- Inadequate workmanship. - Time burden.

9. Residual - Left over from application processes. - Packaging wastage

10. Other-Factors

- Weather conditions.

- Defacing and Destruction.

CONSTRUCTION

C&D Materials & its Effects.

Figure 2.2a: Construction of a Residential Bungalow. (Self-Clicked)

REMODELING DEMOLITION

Materials & its Effects.

Figure 2.2c: Demolition of a Residential Bungalow. (Self-clicked)

Figure 2.2b: Remodelling of Residential Bungalow. (Self-Clicked)

2.3 Demolition Techniques Practiced in India.

The method of the demolition of building structures plays a vital role in the type of C&D waste produced. Most of the demolition methods practiced in India are done by informal sectors working in the market. The demolition contractors undertaking the demolition work are not qualified for the job and widely follow the conventional market method. In Indian, most of the demolition work follows the technique of NonExplosive Demolition on a broader range, while the Implosive Demolition Method is used in selective minimal cases. For small structures ranging from 500 sq. ft. to 1500 sq. ft. of the area and a height of around 10 to 12 meters, the demolition is done with the sledgehammer method. Whereas, for demolishing medium structures ranging from 1500 sq. ft. to 5000 sq. ft. to large structures above 5000 sq. ft. of area and height of G+10 storey, the demolition is done by using excavators and bulldozers or by using a high reach excavator. In rare cases in high-rise structures, the demolition is done using the Implosive methods where the manual demolition methods are not viable economically.

C&D Materials & its Effects.

Method 01 : Sledge-Hammer Demolition

In the current market practices, the demolition method is generally considered based on reasons like the demolition budget, size of the structure, location of the structure, local technology available, or demolition contractor’s choice. In most cases, the method of demolition is chosen based on economic viability. The investors or developers are generally investing less in the demolition job and generally expect a return amount from the demolition contractors against the waste generated. The contractors try to salvage most of the materials and sell them into other reuse and recycling markets. The other materials that cannot be reused or recycled easily, like masonry debris, concrete debris, flooring materials, etc., are an issue to the contractors as they are heavy and produced in large quantities and costs the most money to transport, dump and manage, which becomes the primary reason for its mishandling.

C&D Materials & its Effects.

Figure 2.3a: Sledge-Hammer Demolition Method. (Anurag Verma/CSE)

Method 02 : Demolition using Excavators.

Method 03 : Explosive Demolition Method

Materials & its Effects.

Figure 2.3b: Demolition using Excavators and Bulldozers. (Self-Clicked)

Figure 2.3c: Implosive Method of Demolition. (India News – India TV, 2020)

Method 01 : Sledge-Hammer Demolition.

As the name signifies, this type of demolition is performed using essential hand tools like a sledge and a hand-held hammer. Labourers manually hammer and break the components into small pieces, then collected, carried, and heaped. These demolition techniques are generally practiced in rural areas, dense settlements, or narrow cityscapes. They are chosen with a reason like space congestion, unavailability of services, technological limitations, lack of budget, absence of time constraints, or absence of financial liabilities. This technique is partially a Selective Demolition Method (SDM) as few components which can be potentially reused and recycled are salvaged carefully. This method is comparatively time-consuming, includes more labour hours, and the use of machinery is limited to the transport of the generated waste. Due to the slow demolition pace and sequential dismantling or breaking of structure, the air pollution occurred is less but a medium decibel range noise for a greater number of days than other demolition methods.

Advantages of the Sledge-Hammer Demolition:

– Materials can be salvaged for reuse or recycle.

– The salvaged materials can be achieved in good condition and intact form.

– The noise pollution is less ass compared to other methods.

– Noise is experienced in a smaller radius field.

– Requires less use of machinery in the process.

– Does not require skilled labourers and heavy machinery.

Dis-Advantages of Sledge-Hammer Demolition:

– It is a slow method of demolition as it requires more working days.

– Despite a medium level, noise pollution is experienced for a more significant number of days.

– Number of labourers required is more.

– Due to its dependency on labourers, it can be easily affected in the absence of labour.

Figure 2.3d: Hand Angle Grinder Machine

Figure 2.3e: Hand-Held Hammer

Figure 2.3f: Electric Demolition Hammer

Figure 2.3g: Hand-Held Chisel

Figure 2.3h: Iron Pickaxe

Figure 2.3i: Grub Hoe (All Self-Clicked)

C&D Materials & its Effects.

Materials & its Effects.

Method 02 : Demolition using Excavators and Bulldozers.

In fast-growing urban environments where the rate of infrastructure development is much higher than the ruler areas, the method of demolition is also preferred speedier. In such cases, the demolition activity is performed using heavy machinery like excavators and bulldozers. These machines can perform much efficiently and speedily compared to the sledge-hammer method in a lesser amount of time. The demolition is performed from one end of the structure to its other end or bottom. Before demolishing the structure, the material which can be recycled and reused is salvaged like the door and windows, metal elements, grills, electrical and plumbing services, and the rest of the structure is then demolished. It produced a large amount of noise and air pollution as the dust particles spread in a large amount. The produced waste is then gathered and filled into the dumper trucks using bulldozers and are dumped at an appropriate place from where they can be processed. Machinery involvement is more in this demolition method, and human labour is limited and required until a particular stage only.

Advantages of Demolition using Excavators and Bulldozers:

– The task can be completed at a much faster pace consuming less amount of time.

– Straight forward procedure is followed without the need for any special knowledge.

– It does not require any extra space for material segregation and storage.

Dis-Advantages of Demolition using Excavators and Bulldozers:

– Produces mixed demolition waste, which then needs to be segregated if to be reused.

– Produces a high decibel sound during demolition.

– The amount of air pollution that occurred is on a larger scale.

– Skilled labourers and heavy machinery required.

– Other environmental impacts are more like soil pollution, water pollution, and noise pollution.

Figure 2.3j: JCB 2DX Backhoe Loader

Figure 2.3k: Mahindra Tractor with Trailer

Figure 2.3l: Hydraulic Demolition Hammer

Figure 2.3m: Tata Hyva Truck (Internet)

30 C&D Materials & its Effects.

Materials & its Effects.

Method 03 : Explosive Demolition Method.

The implosive demolition methods reduces the cost and time of demolition of multistorey structures to ground in just matter of minutes and thus it is considered most efficient and effective method of demolition. This method can reduce the demolition time by about 80% and the majority of time required is spent on preparation and clean-up after demolition. It is practiced in limited conditions currently in India, primarily in developed, urbanized, or metropolitan cities and is preferred when demolition through excavators is not a viable option. This method demands special knowledge and permissions due to factors like its impacts, possible accidents, and failures, or possible threats and thus are performed by expertise and specialist demolition engineer and blusters. Their are currently four categories of commercial high explosives for demolition 1) Dynamite, 2) Slurries, 3) Ammonium Nitrate and Fuel Oil mix (ANFO), and 4) Two-Component Explosives.

Advantages of Explosive Demolition Methods:

– Its is one of the preferred method for safety and efficiency in demolition of large structures and skyscrapers.

– It is a fastest method of demolition saving a large amount of time and thus the economic aspect involved in demolition indirectly.

– It provides better safety to the labourers and machinery if performed in a correct manner.

Dis-Advantages of Explosive Demolition Methods:

– It can affect the structural stability of adjacent properties and to underground and overhead services due to shock and vibrations.

– The flying debris during the collapse can cause damage to adjacent personal properties and objects.

– It causes air pollution due to emission of dust and airborne particles.

– Causes sound of large decibel in the surrounding area.

– Interrupts the pedestrian and traffic movement, city management due to degree of rubble spread in the vicinity.

Figure 2.3n: Building getting demolished using explosive demolition method. (Internet)

32 C&D Materials & its Effects.

C&D Materials & its Effects.

2.4 C&D

Materials - Types and Classification.

(Rathoure, 2019)

– Cement concrete

– Bricks-cement plaster

– Steel (from RCC, door/window frames, roofing support, railings of staircase etc.)

– Rubble and Stone (marble, granite, sand stone)

– Timber/wood (especially demolition of old buildings)

MAJOR COMPONENTS

This category of waste is complex due to use of different types of building materials in broadly it may comprise the following materials:

C&D WASTE

MINOR COMPONENTS

– Conduits (iron, plastic)

– Pipes (Galvanized Iron, iron, plastic)

– Electrical fixtures (copper/aluminum wiring, wooden baton, Bakelite/plastic switches, wire insulation)

– Panels (wooden, laminated)

– Others (glazed tiles, glass panes) (Rathoure, 2019)

Chart 2.4a: Types and Classification of C&D Materials.

C&D Materials & its Effects.

Figure 2.4a: Waste Samples falling in Major Components Category.

Figure 2.4b: Waste Samples falling in Minor Components Category. (Self-Clicked & Internet)

Materials & its Effects.

MAJOR COMPONENTS

CATEGORY - A ONLY ONE TYPE OF MATERIALS OR PRODUCTS.

This category mainly contains the finished construction products like bricks, blocks, paver blocks, stones, terracotta products, etc. which are made of different constituent materials but are a single entity.

CATEGORY - B TWO MATERIALS BOUND TOGETHER.

This category contains mostly the building components like the masonry walls, Reinforced Concrete, or broken flooring, etc. where the components are made up of different construction products.

This thesis focuses on the Major Component Category of the C&D Waste. This Category is further divided into smaller sub-categories.

Chart 2.4b: Classification of Major Components.

C&D Materials & its Effects.

CATEGORY - C MORE THAN TWO MATERIALS BOUND TOGETHER.

This category is found less as compared to the quantities of Category A & B. Here, more than two materials are bound together like the broken walls of bathrooms or kitchen, or cladded walls, etc.

CATEGORY - D IMPURITIES FOUND MIXED WITH THE WASTE.

This category consists of fine crushed waste or mixed wastes of large and small gravels, and powdered or fine crushed aggregates and are generally left aside while transporting.

CATEGORY - E GENERATED CRUSHED WASTE DURING DEMOLITION.

The category contains few samples of waste generally found mixed with the C&D materials which mainly contains, plastics, rubbers, paper and packing materials, cloth or ropes, leather, foam, etc.

Figure 2.4c: Waste Samples of Category A.

Figure 2.4d: Waste Samples of Category B.

Figure 2.4e: Waste Samples of Category C.

Figure 2.4f: Waste Samples of Category D.

Figure 2.4g: Waste Samples of Category E. (All Self-Clicked)

C&D Materials & its Effects.

TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION.

The sample of waste displayed below are collected from various dump sites, on-road debris dumps and from the informal small sector traders managing the C&D Wastes. These samples are further sorted on the basis of the content materials and its binding conditions with other C&D wastes. The acquired samples are sorted into 5 main categories, they are specified as under;

– Category A: Only one type of material or product.

– Category B: Two materials bound together.

– Category C: More than two materials bound together.

– Category D: Crushed waste generated after demolition.

– Category E: Impurities found in waste.

Category A : Only one type of material or product.

The materials categorized in this type are mostly segregated C&D waste and it is generally

C&D Materials & its Effects.

A_07 A_08 A_09

Figure 2.4h: Waste Stone Piece Sample No: A_01

Content Material : Composite Stones, Slab Stones Used for : Flooring Material, Cladding material.

Figure 2.4i: Terracotta Roofing Tile Sample No: A_02

Content Material : Baked Clay, Terracotta Used for : Roofing Material

Figure 2.4j: Terracotta Pipe Piece Sample No: A_03

Content Material : Baked Clay, Terracotta Used for : Underground and Exposed Sewage lines.

Figure 2.4k: Cement Concrete Sample No: A_04

Content Material :

Portland Cement, Aggregates, Fine Aggregates, Sand, Metal Used for : Construction of Structural Members.

Figure 2.4l: Red Brick Sample No: A_05

Content Material : Baked Clay & Soil. Used for : Construction of structural and non-structural members.

Figure 2.4m: AAC Blocks Sample No: A_06

Content Material : Quartz Sand, Calcined Gypsum, lime/cement as binder Used for : Non-Structural use, Masonry

Figure 2.4n: Rubble Stone Sample No: A_07

Content Material : Basalt Stone Piece Used for : Structural and non-Structural use in sub and Super-structures.

Figure 2.4o: Concrete Paver Block Sample No: A_08

Content Material : Sand, Fine Aggregates, cement, colour pigments. Used for : Solid Surface Paver.

Figure 2.4p: Terracotta Pipe Piece Sample No: A_09

Content Material : Baked Clay, Terracotta Used for : Underground and Exposed Sewage Water lines.

acquired in rare conditions after demolition. Most of the waste produced in India is found in Mixed form due the demolition technique followed exceedingly across India. Other reason for not receiving such segregated waste is due to the improper management and transport of the C&D waste. If at all the waste is generated in a segregated manner, it is often dumped with other C&D wastes or Municipality waste. Such waste is then carried and transported along with other waste during which it gets mixed with other wastes due to frequent filling and dumping during transportation.

In many cases such type of waste is generated when one follows the Segregated Demolition Method (SMD) or if the element to be demolished is made up of single material. The processing and recycling of such segregated material waste is easy as compared to other mixed waste as the process of waste segregation gets eliminated. The by-products produced out of such materials are also more reliable in terms of its technical performance due to less presence of impurities or other mixed material waste.

Materials & its Effects.

Category B :

Two materials bound together.

The material samples found in this category are made of several other constituent raw materials which are bound together by internal chemical bonds during the process of construction. The majority of materials usually found in the construction and demolition (C&D) waste falls into this category as the method of demolition practiced into the current market does not follow the method of segregated demolition. The demolition is usually done using excavators and JCB where all different components of the building are broken down without any specific planning. Few examples of waste falling into this category are reinforced cement concrete debris with steel, broken brick masonry with brick, plaster, and mortar, basalt aggregated mixed with bitumen tar, mosaic tiles with cement slurry, etc. These materials are bound together strongly and often it is impossible to separate them from each other.

In case of the Reinforced cement concrete, the steel reinforcement holds a significant scrap price, thus the concrete is broken further after demolition to remove the reinforcement

C&D Materials & its Effects.

B_07 B_08 B_09

Figure 2.4q: Reinforced Concrete Sample No: B_01

Content Material : Portland Cement, Aggregates, Fine Aggregates, Sand, Metal Used for : Structural Members, Roads, etc.

Figure 2.4r: Brick Masonry Sample No: B_02

Content Material : Red Brick Used for : Construction of structural and non-structural Walls.

Figure 2.4s: Plaster Pieces Sample No: B_03

Content Material : Quartz Sand, Calcined Gypsum, lime/cement as binder

Used for : Non-Structural use, Masonry.

Figure 2.4t: Tar Road Debris Sample No: B_04

Content Material : Basalt Stone Piece Used for : Mostly used for construction of roads.

Figure 2.4u: Mosaic Flooring Tile Sample No: B_05

Content Material : Sand, Fine Aggregates, cement, colour pigments. Used for : Solid Surface Paver.

Figure 2.4v: Mosaic Concrete Tiles Sample No: B_06

Content Material : Stone Chips, Sand, Cement, Colour Pigments Used for : Flooring and Cladding

Figure 2.4w: Glazed Ceramic Fixtures Sample No: B_07

Content Material : Baked Clay, Glass Glazings Used for : Sanitary Fixtures

Figure 2.4x: Glazed Ceramic Tiles Sample No: B_08

Content Material : Baked Clay, Glass Glazings. Used for : Flooring and Cladding.

Figure 2.4y: Plywood & Sunmica Waste Sample No: B_09

Content Material : Hard Wood, Soft Wood, Sunmica, glue material. Used for : Furniture and Wooden Constructions

which is further collected and sold to the metal scrap dealer and the broken concrete is dumped with other demolished materials. Other multiple bound waste does not have any value in the market, nor the reuse and recycling of these wastes is not practiced in the current construction industry, they are often left as it is dumped on the collection sites. The processing of these materials is often done together without any segregation as it is impossible practically and are used to form Recycled Aggregates (RA) Brick mix and other recycled materials. The potential of the demolished materials is greater as compared to the current practiced, but due to the false demolition, transportation and dumping methods, they gets mixed together and thus processed together for manufacturing mixed recycled aggregates which are of poor quality in comparison.

Materials & its Effects.

Category C :

More then two materials bound together :

Every material have their strengths and weaknesses. Every material varies in their physical as well as chemical properties and are very different from each other in terms of their formation, structure, capacities, specifications, etc. All these materials are meant to be used with each other forming a component type and thus are found bound with each other very firmly.

In many cases, more than two materials are found bound together due to its formation for performing in specific conditions that separating it is merely impossible. The materials are often generated in abundance and are scattered during various processes of managing waste and gets mixed with other demolished materials. Segregating such waste and separating it for its reuse and recycling is practically not possible which makes it difficult to signify its recycling and reusing method and thus are often crushed together. This crushed material mixture varies in all its properties and can only be used where the risk of failure is not at question. For example, in non-structural members, in solid surface pavings, as a filling materials, etc.

Category D :

Impurities found in waste :

The C&D waste is often found mixed with other impurities or wastes which makes the materials difficult to get recycle or reuse. These wastes gets mixed with the C&D materials at various different stages from construction and demolitions, its transportation, dumping, moving, etc. These includes wastes like the wrapping and packaging of the materials, used parts of the tools, plastic wastes like polythene, bottles, ropes, Nylon Box packing strips, paper bags, food rappers, protection wraps, clothes, leather products like shoes, belts and lot more other wastes. Their are also other organic wastes found mixed like the food waste, dead animals, sticks and branches, leaves and other plant materials. All these wastes makes the process lot difficult and lengthier and demands extra economic investments and manpower which ultimately decreases the economic viability of the recycled materials.

C&D Materials & its Effects.

C_01

Figure 2.4z: Concrete + Bitumen Tar Sample No: C_01

Content Material : Portland Cement, Aggregates, Fine Aggregates, Sand, Metal, Bitumen, Tar. Used for : Road Construction

Figure 2.4ab: Glazed Ceramic Fixtures Sample No: C_02

Content Material : Baked Clay, Glass Glazings Used for : Sanitary Fixtures

Figure 2.4aa: Waste mixed in C&D waste Sample No: D_01

Used for : Construction and Packing use, food packing, etc.

Figure 2.4ac: Glazed Ceramic Tiles Sample No: C_03

Content Material : Baked Clay, Glass Glazings Used for : Flooring and Cladding

C_02 C_03 D_01

Content Material : Plastic, paper, thermocol, leather, cloth, wrapping and packing materials, tapes, used construction tools, bottles, etc. found as a waste mixed with the C&D waste.

Materials & its Effects.

Category E : Crushed Waste Generated after demolition:

SOURCE

As the name suggests, this types of waste consists of crushed brick particles of size as big as 50 mm to more finer particles which are smaller than 3.5 mm size and fine powder. This waste is produced during handling of the segregated brick waste due to internal impacts between the pieces and are generally left lying on the dumbed location and are lot collected or cleared.

SOURCE

The POP waste is generally generated during interior renovation works or from few architectural precast elements. From the used POP waste, hydrogen sulphide gas can be produced through the anaerobic breakdown of gypsum and other toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide and thus are very toxic to environment. Their are several reusing techniques if the waste is found uncontaminated.

C&D Materials & its Effects.

E_01

Figure 2.4ad: Sample Source - Crushed & Powdered Brick Debris.

Figure 2.4ae: Particle Composition of Crushed brick.

Figure 2.4af: Crushed & Powdered Brick Debris. Sample No: E_01

Content Material : Crushed Brick Debris in Various Sizes.

Materials & its Effects.

Figure 2.4ag: Sample Source - POP Waste.

Figure 2.4ah: Particle Composition of POP Waste.

Figure 2.4ai: POP Waste Sample No: E_02

Content Material : Mixed POP Wastes in form of sheets, rubble and moist powdered form. E_02

SOURCE

These type of waste does not posses any negative environmental impacts and they are necessary to be recycled to lessen the new demand of fresh materials for future construction activities. Efficiently using such segregated stone waste can result in developing several new product ranges which can help managing the C&D waste and reduced the dependency on the virgin material products

SOURCE

The wooden waste is generally biodegradable waste but they are often get mixed with other C&D and Inert waste and thus are not been able to dispose off effectively. Such waste can also be recycled to produce other wooden products and can also be used for several other uses like fuel or fertilizers but due to its improper management they often end up going nowhere.

C&D Materials & its Effects.

E_03

Figure 2.4aj: Sample Source - Waste Kota Stone Gravels.

Figure 2.4ak: Various Sizes of Kota Gravels.

Figure 2.4al: Waste Kota Stone Gravels. Sample No: E_03

Content Material : Segregated Kota Stone Waste.

Materials & its Effects.

Figure 2.4am: Sample Source - Wood Waste.

Figure 2.4an: Various forms generated wooden waste.

Figure 2.4ao: Wood Waste Sample No: E_04

Content Material : Mixed POP Wastes in form of sheets, rubble and moist powdered form. E_04

SOURCE

As the image shows, the waste is mixture of various materials from bricks to plaster to small stones, but the proportion of the brick pieces are more as compared to other material pieces. It is mostly crushed brick masonry debris and are left over pieces lying after clearing the debris dump and is mixed with other accumulated waste lying around.

SOURCE

The crushed debris in the picture is suspected to be generated during a renovation work of a toilet or kitchen as it is seen to have segregated plaster debris mixed with pieces of ceramic tiles and minor brick gravels. Such waste is often generated in very small amounts and can be easily found lying around in small heaps on the road sides and open grounds.

C&D Materials & its Effects.

Figure 2.4ap: Sample Source - Mixed Gravel Waste 01

Figure 2.4aq: Particle Composition of collected sample.

Figure 2.4ar: Mixed Gravel Waste 01. Sample No: E_05

Content Material : Mixed Debris Mixture of Red Brick and Plaster Pieces.

Materials & its Effects.

Figure 2.4as: Sample Source - Mixed Gravel Waste 02.

Figure 2.4at: Particle Composition of collected sample.

Figure 2.4au: Mixed Gravel Waste 02. Sample No: E_06

Content Material : Mixed Debris Mixture of Stone, Ceramic, Plaster, Crushed Concrete, etc.

SOURCE

The waste shown above mostly contains soil and sand mixed with other stone and brick pieces, and other gravels. Such waste is often found during flooring renovation works where such mixtures are found under old flooring used for leveling land. Such waste on segregation can easily retrieve usable recycled materials like recycled sand, soil and other recycled fine coarse aggregates.

SOURCE

This was completely powdered waste found roadside on an empty plot. It was a mixture of fly Ash and fine sieved sand used for leveling ground under the footpath paver blocks. Such mixtures are very tough to recycle and reuse as both the materials have very different properties. If cleaned and sieved properly, it can be used for making compressed stabilized masonry blocks.

C&D Materials & its Effects.

E_07

Figure 2.4av: Sample Source - Mixed C&D Waste.

Figure 2.4aw: Particle Composition of collected sample.

Figure 2.4ax: Mixed C&D Waste. Sample No: E_07

Content Material : Mixed Waste consisting of soil, sand and other crushed material.

Materials & its Effects.

Figure 2.4ay: Sample Source - Mixed Powdered Waste.

Figure 2.4az: Particle Composition of collected sample.

Figure 2.4ba: Mixed Powdered Waste. Sample No: E_08

Content Material : Waste mixture of sand, soil and cement dust.

2.5 Social Impacts of C&D Waste:

In India, unauthorized and improper disposal is usually ideal for a myriad of problems. Besides, without recycling - the waste processing capacity is lost. The importance of C&D waste management is not lost among stakeholders, especially in large cities, where the impact has already been felt but still many challenges in India have hampered the effective management of A waste. However, C&D waste Proper management and processing can lead to profitable recycling, as in other countries. (Subah, n.d.)

Heavy pile of C&D waste on pavements, carriageways, streets, etc. is a common sight in Indian cities disturbing the surrounding area.

C&D Materials & its Effects.

Figure 2.6a: Dumped Debris blocking the road. (Somvanshi, 2014)

Local people often dump the C&D Waste on municipal solid waste on the garbage heap, which causes it to become a mixture of garbage, creating a heterogeneous situation.

#3

The C&D waste is also dumped secretly in open drains and water channels. Debris blocks the drains and creates water logging during the rains. Reports of drainage of drains to the source of the disease epidemic are common in India.

C&D Materials & its Effects.

Figure 2.6b: C&D Waste mixed with other Municipal Waste. (“India Must Address the C&D Challenge” | Construction Philosophy, 2020)

Figure 2.6c: Debris Dump blocking the storm water stream. (Self Clicked)

Traffic and pedestrians are blocked by C&D waste dumped on roads and pavements, often contributing to traffic congestion and even accidents.

Figure 2.6d:

#5

C&D waste may contains hazardous substances such as sharp objects, broken glass, boulders, broken wood, rusted metal, broken ceramics, etc., which are hazardous when dumped in unfilled open spaces.

Figure 2.6e: Tile Pieces and Metal Waste - Hazardous Harmful Objects (Self Clicked)

C&D Materials & its Effects.

Illegal C&D dump blocking the traffic and pedestrian movements. (Defunct Quarry Selected for C&D Waste-Processing Centre | Deccan Herald, 2019)

2.6 Economic Impacts of C&D Waste:

C&D waste is usually mixed with other municipal solid waste. Once mixed with MSW, it is very difficult to separate C&D waste. This increases processing costs and reduced efficiency.

Figure 2.7a: C&D Debris Mixed with other Municipal Waste. (Self Clicked)

#2

Disposal of waste illegally imposes significant costs on local government agencies, including the cost of cleaning drains with waste.

Figure 2.7b: Dumped Debris polluting the open water drains. (Self Clicked)

C&D Materials & its Effects.

#3

Huge amount of C&D waste fills landfill and dump yard resulting in opening more landfill or dumping sites.

Figure 2.7c: Mangroves, Navi Mumbai (Somvanshi, 2014)

2.7 Environmental Impacts of C&D Waste.

#1

C&D debris causes fine dust air pollution over time and reduces visibility.

Figure 2.8a: Demolition activity causing Air-Pollution. (Redling, 2019)

C&D Materials & its Effects.

Litchi and fine chemical particles from C&D waste degrade soil due to land and groundwater pollution. Particularly hazardous components include paints, oils, and asbestos sheets.

#3

Dumping of waste in wetlands, water channels and riverbeds disrupt hydrology and destroy aquatic ecosystems. (Subah, n.d.)

Figure 2.8c: C&D Waste dumped in wetlands affecting aquatic ecosystem. (Somvanshi, 2014)

C&D Materials & its Effects.

Figure 2.8b: Dumped Debris blocking the road. (Self Clicked)

STAGE 2

C&D Materials as a Resource.

3.0 CASE STUDIES AND INFERENCES.

The Case Studies under this Title are carried to understand various stages involved in generation and Management of Construction and Demolition Waste. They can further help to identify the beneficiary and disadvantageous parts which are leading the system to acquire unethical financial gains exploiting the loopholes and limiting the existence of an efficiently running Management System. Changing and remodeling the current followed system can result in developing the future infrastructure of a greater standard in much more sustainable and economical way. The case studies are carried out under the bellow titled categories;

Figure 3.0a: Content Collage for the Chapter. (All Self Clicked)

Type - A

3.1 On-Going Demolition Site.

The case studies under this title are carried to understand the generation of the C&D waste at various scales, also the method undertaken for demolition, transportation and economical factors involved were studied.

Type - B

3.2 Small Processing Facility.

There are many small processing facilities available which undertakes the processing of the generated C&D waste for REUSE and RECYCLE a smaller scale which can help to understand the pros and cons of this activity and the challenges faced in the market for its utilization.

Case Studies and Inferences

Figure 3.0b: Demolition of a Residential Unit. (Self Clicked)

Figure 3.0c: Kesarjan Building Centre. (Self-clicked)

Type - C

3.3 Large Processing Facility.

The study of the large processing facility can help to understand the complete cycle of managing the C&D waste at a city level, from its point of generation till it reaches the facility and the methods further carried for processing and utilization.

Type - D

3.4 Utilization of Recycled Materials.

The current market practices have many methods for utilization of C&D waste and it is limited to manufacturing of small products like paver blocks, curb stones, etc. The supply of raw material and production of the products were studied to understand the current utilization scenario of C&D waste

Figure 3.0d: Ahmedabad Enviro Project Pvt. Ltd. (Self Clicked)

Figure 3.0e: Nu-Earth Materials (Self-clicked)

3.1 On-Going Demolition Sites.

TYPE - B

TYPE - A

3.2 Small Processing Facility

Case Study - A01: Demolition of Residential Unit

TYPE - C 3.3 Large Processing Facility

TYPE - D

3.1 On-Going Demolition Site Study of Small Scale Demolition

3.4 Utilization of Recycled Materials.

Case Study - A02: Large Scale Demolition

Figure 3.1a: Small Scale Demolition Site. (Self-Clicked)

Activity can help understand the entire process from demolition to disposal of the generated waste and to understand various aspects and stakeholders involved at various stages during entire process.

Figure 3.1b: Large Scale Demolition Site. (Self-Clicked)

Private Construction Developers investing in significant scaled construction projects can also affect in developing an efficiently working system which manages the generated C&D waste from its production to its Utilization.

Case Study - A03: Infrastructure Development Project

Case Study - A04: Construction of Bridge Foundation

Figure 3.1c: Demolition Site of Public Infrastructure. (Self-Clicked)

Infrastructural Development Projects have a large potential of Reusing and Recycling generated C&D waste if the Infrastructure for processing C&D waste is available in the nearby proximity of the Urban Settlement.

Case Studies and Inferences

Figure 3.1d: Construction Site of a fly-over. (Self-Clicked)

To understand and study the demolition waste generated during large scale and long term construction projects. Also to identify and study the waste generated during the process and its further management.

Case Study - A01: Demolition of a Small Residential Unit.

Figure 3.1e: Image of a Residential Bungalow ready for demolition. (Self-Clicked)

Structure Type: Residential Unit Location: Gandhigram Society, Near. Jeevan Bharti School, Karelibaug, Vadodara - 390018.

Demo. Contractor: Jay Oad. Date of Study: 09/05/2021

People Interviewed: Jay Oad ( Demolition Contractor)

Study of Small Scale Demolition Activity can help understand the entire process from demolition to disposal of the generated waste and to understand various aspects and stakeholders involved at various stages during entire process.

Case Studies and

Figure 3.1f: Image of a demolished Structure after 3 days. (Self-Clicked)

The demolition method followed in this case is the Top-Down Demolition method and was executed using excavators. The demolition contractor of the project was Jay Oad and the Job allotted by the client was to demolish the entire structure and handover to them after clearing and leveling the complete ground. After allotment of the Job, the old structure which was getting demolished was complete surveyed to assess the valuable salvageable components like the door frames, door window grills, any other metal structures like staircases and safety grills, furnitures and electrical parts like switch woods, etc. which can be sold off in the scrap market and could be source of finance. After assessing the entire house and estimating the scrap materials, the deal is decided whether the client will receive any amount from the salvage from the demolition contractor. In some cases due to less salvageable materials, the client have to pay the contractor.

EQUIPMENTS

Figure 3.1g: Tools and machines used for demolition. (Self-Clicked)

Oncethe deal is fixed, all the salvageable materials are removed and stacked at a point. All the parts are then assessed for any damages by termites or water damages and the parts are segregated into damaged and reusable pieces. The steel salvage is stacked at a point which includes door window grills, railings, structural beams and posts sometimes, safety grills and doors, etc. and the scrap contractor is approached to visit the site to survey the salvaged materials. The scrap contractor approaches the site with the transport and weighing equipments, the waste is then assessed, weighed and loaded into the vehicles and the amount to be received is calculated and paid to the demolition contractor by the scrap contractor. Similar to this is the wooden scrap contractor is approached to deal out the wooden scrap and furniture, and the cost is recovered from the salvage.

Figure 3.1h: Salvaged materials from the bungalow. (Self-Clicked)

The raw structure after removing all the salvageable materials is now ready for getting demolished. The demolition contractor then rents the excavators and the bulldozers and contact the transportation contractor which picks the generated C&D waste from the site and take it to the dumping point. The charge of JCB is about 800 Rs. per hour and the minimum pay for hiring the excavator is a 5 hour fee cost. The transportation contractor sometimes demands cost for clearing the C&D waste from the site, sometimes it is done without any cost. The transportation contractor makes a deal with other builders and developers who are in need of such C&D Waste for leveling and filling purposes in their sides for road leveling, or leveling the site depressions, etc. where he charges about 4000 Rs. per hyva which carries about 18 to 20 tons of waste and about 500 Rs. for a small tractor which generally carries about 3.5 to 4 Tons of waste.

Figure 3.1i: Raw structure ready for demolition (Self-Clicked)

The demolition contractor first demolishes the entire structure the generated C&D waste is heaped. The demolition method used hear via demolition through excavators and bulldozers generated complete mixed waste. This waste consists of broken wall masonry pieces, concrete slabs and entangles reinforcement rods, wooden and metal structural members sometime, wiring and electrical pipes and wires, ceramic wastes like tiles, basins, water closets and bathtubs, etc. Once the demolition job is completed, the transportation contractor carries his job ahead, collects and transports all the C&D waste through JCB’s and Hyva or tractors and transported to the destination. A structure of this scale and size creates about 120 Tons of mixed C&D waste which is cleared by making about 30 to 33 tractor rounds. This creates a lot of consumption of fuel, creates noise pollution, dust pollution in air, and if the waste is not dumped at proper destination results in soil pollution..

Figure 3.1j: Undemolished wall stuck under debris. (Self-Clicked)

The raw structure after removing all the salvageable materials is now ready for getting demolished. The demolition contractor then rents the excavators and the bulldozers and contact the transportation contractor which picks the generated C&D waste from the site and take it to the dumping point. The charge of JCB is about 800 Rs. per hour and the minimum pay for hiring the excavator is a 5 hour fee cost. The transportation contractor sometimes demands cost for clearing the C&D waste from the site, sometimes it is done without any cost. The transportation contractor makes a deal with other builders and developers who are in need of such C&D Waste for leveling and filling purposes in their sides for road leveling, or leveling the site depressions, etc. where he charges about 4000 Rs. per hyva which carries about 18 to 20 tons of waste and about 500 Rs. for a small tractor which generally carries about 3.5 to 4 Tons of waste.

Figure 3.1k: View of generated C&D waste. (Self-Clicked)

Removing the foundation and other substructures is not included in the job of job allotted to the demolition contractor and is done by the construction contractor during excavation for construction of foundation of new structure wherever required. In the complete demolition cycle, the following people are included:

Client, - Demolition Contractor

- Wooden Scrap Contractor

- Metal Scrap Contractor

- Machinery supply company

- Transportation Contractor

Their are other people involved in the process for small jobs but majority falls under the above mentioned contractors for various tasks.

Figure 3.1l: View of dumped C&D waste. (Self-Clicked)

Case Study Inferences

– The task of demolition does not require any permission from the authorities or Municipal Corporation to carry the demolition activity.

– The amount of waste generated is not calculated and monitored and the generator is not answerable to anyone for the same.

– The complete cycle of demolition is carried by Informal sector of the industry. The demolition and transportation contractors does not require any registration for conducting the activity.

– The deals done between various contractors are done on lump-sum basis and the finances generated or transactions are not monitored.

– Nor demolition contractor, nor transportation contractor, neither the client takes the responsibility of segregating the generated waste as advised in the C&D waste Management Rules.

– Monitoring the dumping or disposal of the generated waste is not seen and what happens to the generated waste is not known except the transportation contractor.

Case Study - A02: Large Scale Demolition

Structure Type: Buildings of Old Government School Location: Ambavadi, Ahmedabad. Demo. Contractor: Sureshbhai Kaatmaal Date of Study: 19/01/2021

Large Scale Demolition have potential of recycling and segregating the waste on site as they have enough land and also have source for reusing the manufactured recycled waste into the new upcoming construction. The study is carried to understand the method of demolition, type of waste generated, the acceptance of the demolition contractors for the Alternative Method of Segregated Demolition, the costs and finance involved, etc.

Figure 3.1m: Image of the School building getting demolished. (Self-Clicked)

Figure 3.1n: Debris heaps of the demolished School Building. (Self-Clicked)

The demolition site was located in the Ambavadi Area of Ahmedabad city and it was once a non-functional school property which was bought by a private developer to develop housing scheme. The Site has 7 school buildings and several small structures which were getting demolished for the new construction. The demolition contractor was Sureshbhai Kaatmaal who was allotted with the demolition task, and the contractor

has paid 10 lakh Rupees for the demolition contract to the client against the profit from the salvaged materials. The process of the demolition and the deals between the contractor was seen same as the first case study. The transportation contractor carries the waste to Naroda where he has made cross-deal with other developer who was in need of the demolition waste for filling.

People interviewed on the demolition site was kiritbhai who was incharge of the calculating the transported waste and number of rounds by the transporter. Sureshbhai kaatmaal who was in-charge of the complete demolition activity and manages the machinery and the labour supply, etc. On visiting the site, it was observed that the demolition method was via excavators and the generated waste

was mixed C&D waste. No segregating demolition method was seen.

The contract includes removing the foundations and substructures which was done manually by hand-held tools by the labourers. As the structures were load bearing, the foundation mostly consisted brick foundation which were removed one-by-one.

Figure 3.1o: View of generated C&D waste on site. (Self-Clicked)

On discussing various demolition techniques and alternate system of demolition, the contractor was reluctant towards the acceptance of the system. The alternate demolition method of segregated demolition was a time taking task and the contractor was allotted the task on condition of a time frame of the task. On extending the work from the decided time without any valid reason could result in charging more money by the contractor to

the developer. Also, it was discussed that their is no demand of segregated C&D waste in the market and thus doing so is not required. As there is no monitoring of the generated waste, the need of segregating waste is also not required and doing so will jut cost extra money for no reason.

The developer has no plan of reusing the generated C&D waste in the new construction method as doing so could

Figure 3.1p: Manual demolition of the brick foundation. (Self-Clicked)

affect the image of the developer negatively amongst the client market. The awareness of using recycled waste is not seen amongst the workers of the industry, not only this, they have never heard of recycling and reusing the generated C&D waste before and doing so is impossible according to them. On discussing about dumping the waste on the municipal corporations dump sites, it was observed that the market does not agree on paying the transportation

contractor fees for transporting waste, instead, they have to pay to the demolition contractor against the waste he receives from his site. The transporter does not get anything on dumping the waste on dumping sites and on the other hand, he charges about 4-5k rupees per hyva from the developer on the other side for the waste.

Figure 3.1q: Gas cutting of the reinforcement bars. (Self-Clicked)

Figure 3.1r: View of demolition heap on site. (Self-Clicked)

Case Study Inferences

– The construction industry have a strong network of various stakeholders working in a particular system and are not flexible for alternative methods if it costs them less profit.

– The workers of industry are uneducated and belongs to informal sector of the industry and are not aware about their rights, awareness or field related education.

– The acceptance of recycled good is not seen in the market as using so is considered as a bad practice of construction amongst the clients of the developer.

– Their is no demand of segregation and recycling of C&D waste in the market and thus their is no need of practicing the alternative methods of demolition, transportation and recycling.

– There is no enforcement of law against the maal-practices in the construction and demolition industry and is a victim of unauthorized profits and practices.

Case Study - A03: Infrastructure Development Projects.

Structure Type: Part of a Primary Road Network Location: ISKON Temple Road, Vallabh Vidyanagar. Demo. Contractor: Unidentified. Date of Study: 25/02/2021

The C&D waste processing facilities in India are mostly in tie-up with private companies on PPP model, thus the government project of infrastructural development have a great opportunity to utilize the manufactured recycled materials into their projects.

Figure 3.1s: Image of the Road to be demolished for Reconstruction. (Self-Clicked)

Figure 3.1t: Image of the road after demolition. (Self-Clicked)

The project was of road infrastructure development project of demolishing the old concrete road and reconstructing the new concrete road again. Their was no improvement or addition in the new structure and it was observed that it was executed without any improvising factors in the project in terms of sustainability. The activity of redevelopment was observed over a span of 3 months and several people were interviewed about the recycling and sustainability aspect of the project and it was seen that all that most of the workers and in-charge persons were unaware of that.

Figure 3.1u: View of the old concrete road before demolition. (Self-Clicked)

During the observation of the activity, it was noticed that the dumping of the C&D waste was not planned and was done on open public lands in unauthorized way during remote night hours. The route which the truck followed while going for dumping the waste was different through narrow streets avoiding the main street junctions to avoid the police and enforcements and while returning, the truck took a different route through main roads and junctions. The transporter took the truck little outside the town in a remote area near a water body, after reaching the surrounding was first checked and

Figure 3.1v: Demolition activity of concrete road. (Self-Clicked)

then the waste was dumped on to lake edge which partially entered the water too. And it was done for several days, several times and then the location was changed to some other place. The demolition was happening in small patches of about 50 m, the old road was first braked using excavators during day time and was heaped as seen in the above picture, and it was cleared in the night time when the city is sleeping. The reason given for this pattern was to avoid the traffic disturbances and accident, but then after visiting the dumping site, it was certainly clear that the activity was done in an unauthorized manner and thus was done mostly during the night times.

Figure 3.1w: View of generated C&D waste. (Self-Clicked)

Oninquiring about the cost and volume of the material used in the project, it was observed that a 50 m patch utilized more than 2oo cu.m. of concrete and reconstruction was carried for a patch of about 1 km length which estimates to about use of 4000 cu.m. of concrete. The project was having potential of using 100% recycled materials like the Recycled Concrete Aggregates (coarse) and Recycled Aggregates (fine coarse) except cement if planned in advance.

Figure 3.1x: Loading of the generated C&D waste. (Self-Clicked)

Case Study Inferences

– The government does not have any recycling and processing facility, nor they have any vision of utilizing the recycled C&D waste in development of the new infrastructure.

– The contractors and the workers were not have any clear guideline about dumping the demolition waste and waste was dumped illegally on the public property during remote hours.

– In-spite of huge potential of using the recycled waste, due to absence of the processing facility, vision and intentions of the in-charge body, the activity created more damage to the infrastructure, environment, nature, etc. rather then giving a effective solution.

– The government workers and the in-charge person itself was unaware about potential of reusing the recycled demolition waste into developing new construction.

– Following of the guidelines, rules and regulation of demolition was not observed.

TYPE - D TYPE - C TYPE - A

3.1 On-Going Demolition Site

TYPE - B 3.2 Small Processing Facility

3.3 Large Processing Facility

Case Study - B : Kesarjan Building Centre

3.4 Utilization of Recycled Materials.

The Kesarjan Building Centre is set up with the conviction and commitment to make the construction field environment friendly on the basis of “REDUCE, REUSE AND RECYCLE” principle. Making a permanent structure inherent with above principle can only be achieved by exploring the potential of the material in respect to its properties as well as function; i.e. optimizing the value of the materials. The abundant and wide range

Figure 3.2a:

of local as well as so called waste materials will be ideal source to serve the purpose In the initial years the company came to know about Indian Building Centre Movement. The synergy of the objective between BC movement and that of company, made the company to join the HUDCO’s crusade of training, producing and using cost effective technologies.(<i>About Kesarjan | Kesarjan Building Center</i>, n.d.)

View of Kesarjan’s Processing Facility. (Self-Clicked)

3.2 Small Processing Facility - Kesarjan Building Centre.

The Kesarjan Building Centre is set up with the conviction and commitment to make the construction field environment friendly on the basis of “REDUCE, REUSE AND RECYCLE” principle. Making a permanent structure inherent with above principle can only be achieved by exploring the potential of the material in respect to its properties as well as function; i.e. optimizing the value of the materials. The abundant and wide range of local as well as so called waste materials will be ideal source to serve the purpose In the initial years the company came to know about Indian Building Centre Movement. The synergy of the objective between BC movement and that of company, made the company to join the HUDCO’s crusade of training, producing and using cost effective technologies. (<i>About Kesarjan | Kesarjan Building Center</i>, n.d.)

Figure 3.2b: View of Kesarjan’s Processing Facility. (Self-Clicked)

KEYUR SARDA

Keyur Sarda graduated in 1996 from SBST, CEPT and started his own enterprise Kesarjan Building Centre Pvt Ltd. The aim was reduce, reuse and recycle so started working with fly ash-based building products Construction and demolition waste recycling lime mortar, and soilbased building technologies are among his interest of works. He has been associated with HUDCO Hunnarshala Foundation, etc. (<i>Facebook</i>, n.d.)

PARAG RAWOOL

Parag Rawool has done his Bitch from 33, Mumbai and masters in sustainable architecture from CEPT University, Ahmedabad, He has always been interested in sensible building practices which lead him to explore natural building materials like Bamboo and Mud Currently he is part of a collaborative practice called ‘Soch Collaboratives and involved in academics at Mumbai. (<i>Facebook</i>, n.d.)

Managing waste is the new upcoming issue that the world is facing recently which harms the environment, biodiversity, social aspects, economical aspects, lifestyle, etc. Amongst all other wastes, Construction and Demolition waste can be seen in any developing nation where the need for infrastructure is rising rapidly. Kesarjan Building Centre is actively working and experimenting in the field of C&D waste management where they focus on understanding the adverse effect of the C&D waste and the solutions to Reduce, Reuse and Recycle the waste. It also conducts various workshops to expose the students to these issues, sensitize them towards accepting the new techniques and their various applications through architectural and construction aspects. The institute is lead by two practitioners working actively in this field, Keyur Sarda and Parag Rawool.

Figure 3.2c: Keyur Sarda (Facebook)

Figure 3.2d: Parag Rawool. (Facebook)

Pointer - A : Raw Materials and Manufactured Products by Kesarjan :

C&D Waste received by Kesarjan for processing and recycling for new products and new finished recycled products out of C&D waste ready for new construction.

Figure 3.2e: Segregated Brick Waste received by Kesarjan.

Figure 3.2f: Recycled Red Bricks made from Mixed C&D Waste.

Figure 3.2g: Mixed C&D Waste received by Kesarjan.

Figure 3.2h: Recycled C&D Bricks made from Mixed C&D Waste. (Self-Clicked)

Pointer - B : Waste Materials received by Kesarjan Building Centre :

These are the raw materials received or either bought by Kesarjan Building Centre for manufacturing recycled building products ready for construction.

Studies and Inferences

Figure 3.2i: Segregated Brick Waste.

Figure 3.2j: Segregated Stone Waste.

Figure 3.2k: Segregated Crushed Ceramic Waste.

Figure 3.2l: Fly-Ash as a Raw Material. (Self-Clicked)

The segregated brick waste received by Kesarjan contains brick pieces of various sizes and shapes. For getting it into the processing chain they are needed to be broken down into a particular size range according to the machines involved. Here, they are manually feed into the primary jaw crusher, where the bricks are broken down into a size less than 40 mm. The pieces falls down the machine to form a heap from where it is manually taken to the segregation point, feed into the cylindrical sieve machine where the pieces are segregated into different size ranges. The pieces smaller than 8 mm are further taken into the secondary crusher i.e. the hammer mill. It crushes the fed brick waste into further smaller particles smaller than 4 mm particle size with powdered waste, The material is further sieved to get Brick Surkhi which the powdered form of the red brick and the brick sand which are the smaller particles of the brick like that of sand.

Figure 3.2m: Segregated Brick Waste received by Kesarjan. Figure 3.2n: Jaw crusher crushing the bricks. (Self-Clicked)

Manufacturing Process of Recycled Red Bricks :

Figure 3.2o: Segregated Brick pieces into various sizes. Figure 3.2p: Fine Crushing brick into hammer mill.

Figure 3.2q: Various Sieve Sizes to Segregate Brick Pieces. (Self-Clicked)

Pointer - D : Different sizes of crushed bricks :

Figure 3.2r: Crushed Brick - 25 to 40 mm.

Figure 3.2s: Crushed Brick - 25 to 15 mm.

Figure 3.2t: Crushed Brick - 15 to 8 mm.

Figure 3.2u: Crushed Brick - 4 to 8 mm. (Self-Clicked)

The crushed brick waste from the primary jaw crusher is segregated into four categories:

1. Crushed Brick - 25 to 40 mm.

2. Crushed Brick - 25 to 15 mm.

3. Crushed Brick - 15 to 8 mm.

4. Crushed Brick - 4 to 8 mm. The material is segregated into different size ranges intending to be used for various reasons. The material remain can be re-crushed further to make it smaller than 8 mm

size. These particle size could be fed into s secondary crusher i.e. the hammer mill which crushes the material further into size smaller than 4 mm which also has the powder crushed brick. The material is further fine sieved to segregate the Brick Surkhi i.e. the powdered form of the Brick and the brick sand which is of sand like particle size. This material is taken further to prepare the raw material.

Figure 3.2v: Crushed Brick less then 4 mm. Figure 3.2w: Brick Surkhi. (Self-Clicked)

This part of the process includes preparation of the binder materials for the Recycled Red Bricks. This materials is a mixture of Crushed Red Brick (Surkhi). red soil, powder crushed waste of roof tiles, lime or chuno and fly ash. These materials are first dry mixed to make a uniform mix and then it is wet mixed to form a dense paste which is used as a binder. The image on the left shows the mixture machine in which the materials are mixed together, the image on the right shows large lumps of powder crushed roof tile materials and clay which is ready to be mixed into the binder material. After the binder material is prepared, it is again mixed with more surkhi and cement as an additional binder to attain the required strength and then the materials is fed into the hydraulic compression machine for manufacturing of machine pressed recycled bricks.

Figure 3.2x: Mixture of mix Brick Surkhi with Binder.

Figure 3.2y: Lumps of the Prepared Raw Material. (Self-Clicked)

#8

Figure 3.2z: Secondary Mixer and Feeder.

Figure 3.2aa: Hydraulic Compressor to Machine Press Bricks.

Figure 3.2ab: Manufactured Recycled Red Brick.

Figure 3.2ac: Heap of Manufactured Recycled Red Brick. (Self-Clicked)

TYPE - A TYPE - B

TYPE - D

3.1 On-Going Demolition Site

3.2 Small Processing Facility

TYPE - C 3.3 Large Processing Facility

3.4 Utilization of Recycled Materials.

Case Study - C : Ahmedabad Enviro Project Pvt. Ltd.

Figure 3.3a: View of Ahmedabad Enviro

Ahmedabad Enviro Project Pvt. Ltd. is a Construction and Demolition waste processing facility where the waste is crushed, segregated, processed and new recycled materials from C&D waste like Recycled Sand, Recycled Soil, and Recycled Aggregates Brick Mix. The facility also uses these recycled materials in producing finished [products like paver blocks, kerb stones, precast compound walls, seating, etc.

Studies and Inferences

Enviro Projects Processing Facility. (Self Clicked)

Figure 3.3b: View of Kesarjan’s Processing Facility. (Self-Clicked)

3.3 Large Processing Facility - Ahmedabad Enviro Project Pvt. Ltd.

The C&D waste management structure in Ahmedabad works on a Public Private Partnership (PPP) model, where the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) picks up and drops the C&D waste on 16 dump sites and a private enterprise named Ahmedabad Enviro Projects Pvt. Ltd. (AEP) collects the waste from the designated sites, segregates and processes the C&D waste and turn them into various Aggregate sizes which are then used to produce new building products like paver blocks, kerb stones, etc. The AEP is a joint venture between the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation and a private firm (DNP) Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. for management and processing of the C&D waste. The company collects the waste from 2 designated site out of 16 dump sites which are active and charges about 160 Rs./Ton tipping fee to the AMC and about 212

Figure 3.3c: View of Ahmedabad Enviro Projects Processing Facility. (Self Clicked)

Rs./ Ton from the private generators for picking up the waste. Once the facility receives the waste, it is weighed and dumped on the dumping grounds of the facility. It is then processed in the centralized plant of the AEP where the waste passes through jaw crushers, vibrating segregator, secondary crushers, secondary segregator, washing plant, etc. These produced materials at the end of the production line is then dumped into segregated heaps through conveyor lines which is then used for producing secondary building materials mainly of non-structural use, like the paver blocks, kerb stone, precast benches and furnitures, precast compound walls and partitions, etc. The facility then sells this products in the market under the brand name of Nu-Earth materials.

Figure 3.3d: C&D waste getting feed into the processing system. (Self Clicked)

What this facility does ?

Case Studies and Inferences

Figure 3.3e: Generated Construction and Demolition Waste (C&D) (Self Clicked)

Figure 3.3f: Manufactured C&D Waste by AEP Pvt. Ltd. Facility. (Self Clicked)

Method of Processing the C&D Waste: #1 #2

STAGES OF PROCESSING

Oncethe waste reaches the facility it is weighed first and gets dumped on to the facility grounds. The waste enters the processing cycle through a segregator where the large pieces from the waste which the machines cant handle gets segregated and removed and the other waste pieces are traveled further through a conveyor belt to the next station of the processing cycle. The large pieces removed are then broken manually and again fed into the system.

Figure 3.3h: C&D Material feeder for processing. (Self Clicked)

Figure 3.3g: Received C&D waste by AEP Pvt. Ltd. (Self Clicked)

The waste once passes through the segregator, the conveyor belt takes the waste to a primary jaw crusher and a vibrating segregator. The waste reaching the jaw crusher is a mixed waste of different sizes, where the larger pieces are of 75-100 mm size mixed with other small pieces of various sizes and other powdered and gravel size waste. The jaw crusher breaks the waste into smaller pieces less than 50 mm size and the vibrating segregator segregates smaller particles which are less than 6 mm size and are fed to a secondary segregator where the smaller particles are process further. Other waste materials are taken further to a secondary jaw crusher and segregator through another conveyor belt where it is broken down further and passes through various sized vibrating segregator to separate the waste into various size gravels.

Figure 3.3i: Primary jaw crusher and vibrating segregator. (Self Clicked)

Wastesmaller than 6 mm size is taken to the secondary segregator shown in the picture above. Here the gravel waste is further sieved into particles smaller than 4.75 mm which are considered into the category of Recycled Fine Aggregates or Recycled Sand. The sand is further washed to remove the soil and mud, dried and taken on to a conveyor belt to form a segregated heap. The other remaining particles are the Recycled Aggregates brick mix. (RA) fine coarse which is heaped separately further.

If stone waste is received separately in a segregated manner, it is fen into the cone crusher to make M-sand or manufactured Sand. For this, mostly basalt stone is preferred for use in preparing concrete. If other stones are received, they are crushed for use in low grade concrete or used for plastering as stonecrete plaster. The cone crusher further takes the crushed materials through a conveyor belt to the segregator, were various particle sizes are segregate and stored in heaps.

Figure 3.3k: View of Cone Crusher for manufacturing M-Sand. (Self Clicked)

Figure 3.3j: View of Sand washing system. (Self Clicked)

The waste moved from the primary jaw crusher from stage 3 comes here to the secondary jaw crusher and segregator where the waste is crushed further and segregator into different particle sizes. Once the waste enters the jaw crusher, it is crushed further into particle size smaller than 20-25 mm. These mixed aggregates are sent ahead to the washing station where they are washed properly to get rid of the soil and mud are pushed further into the system. The aggregates washed and crushed falls directly on to the vibrating panels and passes through each of these one-by-one, the vibrating panels are large metal panels with large durable sieves of various sizes which vibrates. The segregated particles are mainly between size larger than 6mm and less than 25 mm and are further segregated into 3 sizes, particles <10 mm, <20 mm and <25 mm.

Figure 3.3l: Secondary jaw crusher and vibrating segregator. (Self Clicked)

The image shows the stacked segregating machine where the materials are segregated in 3 different sizes, <10 mm, < 20 mm and < 25 mm. The segregator receives the waste from the washing plant through the conveyor belt once the crushed materials are washed and dried partially. As mentioned before, there are several different sieve panels which vibrates, the materials smaller than the sieve size falls down from where it is picked by the conveyor belt and dropped from a height to form a heap. The other materials on the sieve are pushed forwards to fall on another size sieve which segregates the waste similarly and separates it in various sizes.

Figure 3.3m: View of Stacked Vibrating Segregator and Conveyor Belts. (Self Clicked)

The sand which is washed, cleaned and dried stage 4 gets to a separate segregator where it is further sieved to separate the sand in further grading zones if required for a particular use. Once this is done, the segregated materials smaller than particle size 6mm and smaller are categorized and separated in mainly 4 categories, Fine Coarse Recycled Aggregates ( 4.75 - 6mm) Recycled Sand(<2.36 mm and >2.36 mm) and Recycled Soil which is received from the water treatment plant.

Oncethe waste is washed and cleaned, the water mixed with soil and mud is pumped to the water treatment plant where the water is cleaned by removing the particles, impurities and mixed materials and it is reused in the plant to control the consumption of water. The impure water first goes into the sedimentation tank, where the dirty water is mixed with admixtures are is allowed to settle to treat it further.

Figure 3.3o: View of Water Filtration Unit. (Self Clicked)

Figure 3.3n: View of heaped Recycled Sand ready to use. (Self Clicked)

This is the sedimentation tank where the dirty water is received from the washing plant through a feeding pipe where it is mixed with admixtures is allowed to settle to separate the mud and impurities called the scum from the water. This tank has a scraper and a scum pit in the bottom, the settled waste is scraped out through the scrapper to fall into the scum pit from where it is removed though a discharge pipe, once the water is removed completely the material is dried to get the Recycled Soil.

The water which is partially cleaned inside the tank is allowed to fall into the water peripheral outlet channel once it passes through the V-notch weir shown in the image above. Once the water falls into the peripheral outlet channel, it is taken out through a effluent pipe from where it is cleaned further through other water filtration process like admixture treatment or chlorination, etc.

Figure 3.3q: View of V-notch weir and outlet channel of sedimentation tank. (Self Clicked)

Figure 3.3p: View from bridge above sedimentation tank. (Self Clicked)

Waterreceived from the washing plant is stored into the small water tank where it is mixed with the admixtures and is further pumped into the sedimentation tank where it is filtered further as mentioned. Once the sedimentation and other filtration processes are done, the water is stored into the long rectangular tanks to be used further. The processing of C&D waste is a energy and water consuming activity thus the filtration and reuse of water is a significant process to reduce the consumption of fresh ground water.

Figure 3.3r: View of water tanks of water filtration unit. (Self Clicked)

TYPE - C TYPE - A TYPE - B

3.1 On-Going Demolition Site 3.2 Small Processing Facility

3.3 Large Processing Facility

Case Study - D : Nu-Earth Material - AEP Pvt. Ltd.

TYPE - D 3.4 Utilization of Recycled Materials.

Figure 3.4a: View of Ahmedabad Enviro Projects Processing Facility. (Self Clicked)

materials - AEP Pvt. Ltd. is company produces small construction products from the recycled construction and demolition (C&D)

Figure 3.4b: View of Kesarjan’s Processing Facility. (Self-Clicked)

3.4 Utilization of Recycled Materials - Nu-Earth Materials.

Nu-Earth Materials works with the Ahmedabad Enviro Project Pvt. Ltd. (AEP) and utilizes the recycled materials manufactured by AEP to manufacture its products. The products manufactured by Nu-Earth are Paver blocks, kerb stones, street seating and furnitures, Precast Compound walls, tanks, partition walls and other small products like jali blocks, jalis, etc. and are made from the recycled materials from AEP. Both the companies benefit due to each others activities and eliminates the extra cost bared due to transportation of the raw materials from the processing facility to the manufacturing unit. Cost savings up to 15% is observed from the utilizing recycled products into making these products and if the material is of lower rate and of equal quality as the virgin materials, the use of recycled materials can be boosted amongst this sector. Acceptance

Figure 3.4c: View of Product made by Nu-Earth Materials Facility. (Self Clicked)

of the recycled materials in the small market producing such products is less due to the transportation distance from the processing facility to their manufacturing unit and the interrupted supply of materials to them. The duo of these two companies successfully eliminates these issues and thus can sustain into the market. The company also created precast components to construct the infrastructure and offices for both the facilities to illustrate the use of recycled materials into developing new construction. On inquiring, it is known that all the products are mostly consumed by the government for development of public infrastructure like roads, footpaths, street furnitures, medians, etc. and the private sectors does not get involved into utilization of recycled products.

Figure 3.4d: Products getting manufactured at Nu-Earth Facility. (Self Clicked)

Studies and Inferences

What this facility does ?

Figure 3.4e: Manufactured Recycled Materials by AEP Pvt. Ltd.. (Self Clicked)

Figure 3.4f: Products manufactured by Nu-Earth. (Self Clicked)

Nu-Earth Materials produces many products out of the recycled materials from Ahmedabad Enviro Project Pvt. Ltd. These products includes some large products like water tanks, Compound Walls for Government Plots, temporary partition panels, precast walls and other building components and also produces small products like various types of pigmented and non-pigmented paver blocks, different

Figure 3.4g: Pre-Cast Water Tanks.

Figure 3.4h: Pre-Cast compound walls.

Figure 3.4i: Pre-Cast Partition walls.

Figure 3.4j: Pre-Cast Underground Water tanks. (Self Clicked)

kerb stones, permanent seating for streets, posts for fencings, etc. These materials consumes most recycled materials but also mixed with virgin materials for any specific strength requirements. These materials are further sold in the market through various dealers and websites like Indiamart but are mostly consumed by the government for its public works department projects.

Figure 3.4k: Concrete Paver Blocks.

Figure 3.4l: Concrete Kerb Stones.

Figure 3.4m: Pre-Cast Street Furniture.

Figure 3.4n: Concrete Kerb Stones Type 2. (Self Clicked)

4.0 C&D WASTE MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES

4.1 Regulations and Policies.

NATIONWIDE.

[Published In the Gazette of India, Part-II, Section-3, Sub-section (ii)] Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

NOTIFICATION

New Delhi, the 29 March, 2016

G.S.R. 317(E).- Whereas the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 published wide notification number S.O. 908(E). dated the 25th September 2000 by the Government of India in the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and Forests, provided a regulatory frame work for management of Municipal Solid Waste generated in the urban area of the country:

And whereas, to make these rules more effective and to improve the collection, segregation, recycling, treatment and disposal of solid waste in an environmentally sound manner, the Central Government reviewed the existing rules and it was considered necessary to revise the existing rules with a emphasis on the roles and accountability of waste generators and various stakeholders, give thrust to segregation, recovery, reuse, recycle at source, address in detail the management of construction and demolition waste.

And whereas, the draft rules, namely, the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2015 with a separate chapter on construction and demolition waste were published by the Central Government in the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change vide G.S.R. 451 (E), dated the 3 June, 2015 inviting objections or suggestions from the public within sixty days from the date of publication of the said notification:

And Whereas, the objections or suggestions received within the stipulated period were duly considered by the Central Government: Now, therefore, in exercise of the powers conferred by sections 6, 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), and in super session of the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000, except as respect things done or omitted to be done before such super session, the Central Government hereby notifies the following rules for Management of Construction and Demolition Waste.

(<i>Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules 2016</i>, 2016)

Duties of the waste generator -

1. Every waste generator shall prima-facie be responsible for collection, segregation of concrete, soil and others and storage of construction and demolition waste generated, as directed or notified by the concerned local authority in consonance with these rules.

2. The generator shall ensure that other waste (such as solid waste) does not get mixed with this waste and is stored and disposed separately.

3. Waste generators who generate more than 20 tons or more in one day or 300 tons per project in a month shall segregate the waste into four streams such as concrete, soil, steel, wood and plastics, bricks and mortar and shall submit waste management plan and get appropriate.

4. Every waste generator shall keep the construction and demolition waste within the premise or get the waste deposited at collection center so made by the local body or handover it to the authorized processing facilities of construction and demolition waste and ensure that there is no littering or deposition of construction and demolition waste so as to prevent obstruction to the traffic or the public or drains.

5. Every waste generator shall pay relevant charges for collection, transportation, processing and disposal as notified by the concerned authorities: Waste generators who generate more than 20 tons or more in one day or 300 tons per project in a month shall have to pay for the processing and disposal of construction and demolition waste generated by them, apart from the payment for storage, collection and transportation, The rate shall be fixed by the concerned local authority or any other authority designated by the State Government. (<i>Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules 2016</i>, 2016)

Duties

of service provider and their contractors -

1. The service providers shall prepare within six months from the date of notification of these rules, a comprehensive waste management plan covering segregation, storage, collection, reuse, recycling, transportation and disposal of construction and demolition waste generated within their jurisdiction.

2. The service providers shall remove all construction and demolition waste and clean the area every day, if possible, or depending upon the duration of the work, the quantity and type of waste generated, appropriate storage and collection, a reasonable time-frame shall be worked out in consultation with the concerned local authority.

(<i>Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules 2016</i>, 2016)

C&D Waste Management Initiatives Nationwide,

Duties of local authority-The local authority shall.

1. Issue detailed directions with regard to proper management of construction and demolition waste within its jurisdiction in accordance with the provisions of these rules and the local authority shall seek detailed plan or undertaking as applicable, from generator of construction and demolition waste:

2. Chalk out stages, methodology and equipment, material involved in the overall activity and final clean up after completion of the construction and demolition;

3. Shall make arrangements and place appropriate containers for collection of waste and shall remove at regular intervals or when they are filled, either through own resources or by appointing private operators;

4. Shall get the collected waste transported to appropriate sites for processing and disposal either through own resources or by appointing private operators:

5. Shall give appropriate incentives to generator for salvaging, processing and or recycling preferably in-situ:

6. Shall keep track of the generation of construction and demolition waste within its jurisdiction and establish a data base and update once in a year:

7. Shall create a sustained system of information, education and communication for construction and demolition waste through collaboration with expert institutions and civil societies and also disseminate through their own website:

8. Shall make provision for giving incentives for use of material made out e construction and demolition waste in the construction activity including in non-structural concrete, paving blocks, lower layers of road pavements, colony and rural roads. (<i>Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules 2016</i>, 2016)

4.2 Bureau of Indian Standards

After publishing the Gazette of India, Part-II, Section-3, Sub-section (ii) by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change regarding the regulations for the generated C&D waste, the Bureau of Indian Standards have also included a section in IS 383: 2016 for utilization of the Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA), Recycled Aggregates Brick Mix and the Recycled Fine Aggregates i.e. Recycled Sand in developing the new construction infrastructure.

As said by Sanjay Pant, head of civil engineering in Bureau of Indian Standards, they are experimenting and developing new results which can be a reliable source of information for utilization of the Recycled materials in the construction industry. For now, BIS has only suggested a guideline which are not compulsory and are matter of choice for development of the construction infrastructure by using recycled materials. But soon after sufficient reliable data, the use of recycled materials in developing new infrastructure will be made compulsory which will solve many problems together. For now, the waste generated during demolition and the available C&D waste is not of a certain quality for suggesting it as a material of a high quality for its reliable utilization and thus it is just kept as a guideline for now.

4.3 Processing Facilities

According to the Government of India, any Urban Settlement who’s population is more than 10 lakh is required to have a Facility for Processing of Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste. Many cities of various states have successfully received to processing facility and most of them are in Public Private Partnership (PPP). According to data, roughly about 53 cities qualifies to have a C&D processing facility but only 18 cities have it now and its efficiency of processing the waste compared to its capacity is still a question to ask. These processing facilities manufacture the recycled construction materials but its utilization in the private and government construction industry is not happening and thus the materials are only utilized in manufacturing of small products.

STAGE 3

Recycled Materials and its Applications.

5.0

LIMITING FACTORS AGAINST EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT.

5.1 Lack of Awareness.

People in India who are involved in the construction industry are not aware about the possibility of utilizing the Construction and Demolition ((C&D) waste in developing new infrastructure. Normal citizens along with the people of the construction industry both have a impression of the C&D materials as a waste and thus are not handled properly. The responsibility of the generated C&D waste is also not seen in the sector accept the small informal sectors who see it as potential product for their economic dependency. In the current market scenario, the C&D waste is traded by the small informal sectors for its use in land fills and land leveling wherever it is needed and few C&D waste processing facilities used it for manufacturing of small construction products like paver blocks, kerb stones, precast compound walls, etc. Other than this, the C&D materials are not utilized elsewhere in the industry due to lack of awareness of its potential in developing new infrastructure.

People should be made aware of the damages the construction industry is causing due to depletion of the natural resources at a very large rate and the adverse effects due miss management of the C&D waste. People should also be made aware of the potential of utilizing the recycled materials after processing of the C&D waste in developing new infrastructure and the benefits achieved by the society, nature, environment and public lifestyle. This will take time and efforts but this is becoming a need for us all as the depletion of the natural resources at such high rate will force us to accept the new sustainable methods of construction. Thus, it is better to accept it as a choice to protect the environment and biodiversity of or nation.

5.2 False Demolition Techniques.

The use of the recycled materials in developing new infrastructure is dependent upon the quality and properties of the recycled materials. This includes the availability of the segregated recycled raw materials as all the materials have different properties and thus should not be used together. The demolition technique practiced in India does not focuses on the generation of the segregated waste, instead, they use the JCB’s and bulldozers to demolish the structure all together in a top-down manner forming a huge

Limiting Factors Against Effective Management.

heap of mixed demolition waste. This eliminates the opportunity of generating waste in a segregated manner and thus aster the processing of the C&D waste results in generation of Recycled Aggregates Brick Mix in a large quantity which is advisable to be used on up to concrete to M15 grade. If we modify the technique of demolition a little bit and generate waste in a segregated manner, its rate of utilization cab be increased as the processed material will be of a greater quality.

5.3 Small Informal Sectors.

The demolition of a build infrastructure is mostly done by the people working in the small informal sector of the industry. This informal market working the industry is not a regularized market and thus has a lot of flaws in it. These markets mostly do tasks like the demolition, the transportation of the generated waste, the trading of C&D waste within the industry, the operators and drivers of the vehicles and machineries, or daily wage labour, etc. These people are not very educated and does not know the in outs of the technical part of the tasks. These people are also not guided by an expertise for performance of the tasks and thus they do it in a regular conventional way as happening from years without any innovation or solution approach. Also, their is no record or inspection happening during the generation of the demolition waste and how the waste is managed is also not checked. This is all resulting due to absence of a strict regulatory body and a complete loop of system of managing and utilization of the generated C&D waste.

5.4 Regulations for Demolition and Generation of C&D Waste.

Though the regulation on generation of the C&D waste is projected by the Ministry of Forest, Environment and Climate Change, it is still a guideline and does not suggest compulsory following of the rules The current suggested guidelines are defined separately for the generator, the contractor, the service providers and the urban local authority but still its urgency is not felt in the current scenario and it is not promoted politically and thus it is developing at a much slower pace. The urban local authority are looking for the private investors who are interested in laying a processing plant preferably in a PPP manner. But the present processing facilities are facing looses as the recycled materials are only used in small government activities and are not accepted in the private construction industry and thus the investors and reluctant in investing in this industry currently. If the regulations are well framed and followed, it may result in boosting and diverging the private construction industry in utilizing the recycled materials.

132 Limiting Factors Against Effective Management.

5.5 Flaws in Enforcement System.

The enforcement systems controls the effective obeying of the regulations projected by the authority but the internal flaws and shortcuts for short term temporary gains make the system fail which is expected to perform efficiently. For example, The contractors for transporting the generated C&D waste has to invest in the fuel for vehicles and thus the more they have to travel, the more they have to invest in fuel and less the profit they will be earning. Thus , the contractors prefer to dump the waste illegally into some remote areas which needs an unofficial support from the enforcement authority in return of favors. Such incidents degrades the quality of the environment and the public realms and the potential of utilizing the C&D waste is lost. If the regulation framed are protected by the enforcement agency in a uncompromisable manner, it can help in running of a efficient cycle of utilization and generation of the C&D waste.

5.6 Standardizing Recycled products.

The materials used for construction needs to be of certain properties. These properties could be checked by performing certain laboratory tests depending upon the material in question and its purpose of utilization. In our current construction industry, the materials received are never checked for its properties in the small scale construction sector and it is assumed that the materials is of certain quality. The other products which are used in the construction industry are used from years and thus are available easily. They also never faced any major failures and damages and thus the are highly preferred without any demand of its quality control.

On the other hand, the recycled materials have been under lot of stresses during the life of the construction and its processing requires interference of humans, These materials are also preferred less in the construction industry and also available at a costlier price as compared to the natural virgin materials and thus its quality and properties are questioned frequently. The materials available in the current market scenario are not standardized but its nature of less preference adds a lot of questions and doubts on its quality as they are getting reused in the new construction. For adequate utilization of the recycled materials, a method of standardization should be developed which makes the acceptance of materials easier in the construction industry. This will affect the acceptance and reliability of recycled materials in the construction industry when the time comes.

Limiting Factors Against Effective Management.

5.7 Economic Viability of recycled goods.

The construction Industry of India is working at a great speed and it is consuming a large amount of natural resources for development of new infrastructure. These natural resources are the Natural River Sand or Natural Fine Aggregates, Natural Coarse Aggregates, Red soil for manufacturing of Red bricks, Cement, etc. These natural resources are available at a very cheaper rate which is why everyone in the industry never though of any other material as a replacer for the natural materials. If we take a example, the Natural Fine Aggregates which is available in Gujarat’s Anand or Vadodara district is received from the near-by rivers at a lump sum rate of not more than 350 to 450 Rupees per Ton. This is a common price range for Natural Fine Aggregates and it is way cheaper as compared to the prices of construction materials in other countries. In fact, many cities or states offers these materials at a price even cheaper than the mentioned price range. Anything which is costlier than this is obviously not accepted in the market ans the first aspect in the construction industry is total investment and profit ratio of the developer.

The processing of the C&D waste costs a lot of energy and money, right from its collection and transportation till its processing for manufacturing of the usable Recycled materials. This activity of processing makes the available Recycled materials at a costlier rate as compared to the available prices of the natural virgin materials. This makes the materials economically less viable in the market and thus its use is not seen the private construction industry except few cities. Few factors which makes the recycled materials costlier is its method of production, its inappropriate dumping, getting mixed with other Municipal Solid Waste, its transportation as it is very heavy and required special machines and vehicles, its method of processing plus the profit margin above all of this. For adequate utilization of the Recycled construction materials, the natural materials which are getting depleted at a greater speed should be available at a much costlier rate which will force the industry for accepting the sustainable methods of construction and utilization of recycled construction material.

Limiting Factors Against Effective Management.

Limiting Factors Against Effective Management.

6.1 Method of Elaboration.

The elaboration of application of recycled C&D Materials available in Gujarat Context in India is demonstrated in different stages understanding the materials first till the analysis through comparison between the Conventional Construction Technique and the Alternative Construction Technique. The flow chart below explains the chapters, topics and the sub-topics which explains the application stage wise starting from the material understandings, to developing building components to its complete application on a residential scale design followed by the comparative analysis for understanding the benefits.

Figure 6.0a: Recycled Materials from C&D Waste. (Self-Clicked)

6.2 Available Recycled Materials

For efficient utilization of the available recycled C&D materials, it is necessary that the available materials should be of a specific quality and properties. The material should be assessed for different physiochemical, mineralogical and mechanical properties. The waste should satisfy the basic mechanical properties like water absorption, abrasion value, crushing value and impact value decided by the Bureau of Indian Standards in IS:383 2016 and IS:6579. The properties of the C&D waste depends upon many factors like its carbonation, the chemical bonding during construction, treatment during the settling period, the quality of the used materials its physiochemical, mineralogical and mechanical properties. This factors varies from place-to-place across various regions of India due to which the quality of the generated waste is received in a variedly spanned range in a fluctuating manner. This limits the percentage replacement of the virgin materials with the recycled C&D materials and also limits the use in higher grade of concrete. Due to the varying quality and properties of the C&D materials produced, the guideline for utilizations allows the utilization of C&D materials till M25 Grade only due to the calculated risk involved, the variation in the mix ratios and other Admixtures if required, etc.

The current Infrastructure in India for processing of the C&D waste produces mainly three types of materials, Recycled Sand or Fine Aggregates, Recycled Aggregates (Brick Mix) and Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA) and they are available in different aggregate sizes as per usage. The basic properties and characteristics, the possibilities of utilization, and developing building components from the recycled C&D materials are discussed in the next following chapters along with demonstrating its application on a small residential design.

Sample No: RM_01

Recycled Fine Aggregates (Sand) (Washed and Sieved)

Sample No: RM_05

Recycled Aggregates ( Brick Mix Fine, <6mm )

Sample No: RM_02

Recycled Aggregates ( Brick Mix Small, <10mm )

Sample No: RM_03

Recycled Aggregates ( Brick Mix Medium, <20mm )

Figure 6.2a: Recycled Fine Aggregates (Sand)

Figure 6.2b: Recycled Aggregates (Fine)

Figure 6.2c: Recycled Aggregates (Small)

Figure 6.2d: Recycled Aggregates (Medium)

Figure 6.2e: Recycled Aggregates (Large)

Figure 6.2f: Recycled Conc. Aggregates (Small)

Figure 6.2g: Recycled Conc. Aggregates (Med.)

Figure 6.2h: Recycled Conc. Aggregates (Large)

Sample No: RM_04 Recycled Aggregates ( Brick Mix Large, 100 to 75mm )

Sample No: RM_06

Recycled Concrete Aggregates (Small, <10 mm size)

Sample No: RM_07

Recycled Concrete Aggregates (Medium, 20 to 40 mm size)

Sample No: RM_08

Recycled Concrete Aggregates (Large, 40 to 70 mm size)

Recycled Sand is also know as Recycled Fine Aggregates. Aggregate most of which passes 4.75 mm IS Sieve and contains only so much coarser material as permitted in 6.3 of IS 383:2016. The grading of fine aggregate, when determined as described in IS 2386 (Part 1) shall be within the limits given in Table 9 and shall be described as fine aggregate, Grading Zones I, II, III and IV. Where the grading falls outside the limits of any particular grading zone of sieves other than 600 µm IS Sieve by an amount not exceeding 5 percent for a particular sieve size, (subject to a cumulative amount of 10 percent), it shall be regarded as falling within that grading zone. This tolerance shall not be applied to percentage passing the 600 um IS Sieve or to percentage passing any other sieve size on the coarse limit of Grading Zone I or the finer limit of Grading Zone IV. (IS 383:2016, 2016, p.8)

RM_08 RM_07 RM_05 RM_06

Recycle Aggregate (Fine, <6 mm)

RCA (Small, <10 mm)

RCA (Medium, 20-40 mm)

RCA (Large, 40-70 mm)

Figure 6.2j: Example of Grading Test on Fine Aggregates. (IS 383:2016, 2016, p.9)

RM_02

Use of construction and demolition (C&D) waste for manufacture of aggregates is a step towards effective management and utilization of this waste. This however, requires necessary care while producing aggregates to ensure their efficacy in their use as part of concrete. RA is made from C&D waste which may comprise concrete, brick, tiles, stone, etc., and RCA is derived from concrete after requisite processing. Recycled aggregate (RA) will typically have higher absorption and lower specific gravity than natural aggregate. Recycled aggregates are produced from C&D, which is one of the most voluminous types of waste generated worldwide. Recycled

Recycle Aggregate (Fine, <6 mm)

RCA (Small, <10 mm)

RCA (Medium, 20-40 mm)

RCA (Large, 40-70 mm)

aggregates are produced by transforming C&D Waste in treatment plants that can be stationary or mobile, and equipped with screens, crushers, and magnetic separators, aimed at reducing debris dimensions, separating ferrous elements and other contaminants, and lastly achieving the required grading. From the technical point of view, a huge amount of research has been carried out to establish how the use of recycled aggregates impacts on concrete performance. First, it is necessary to clarify which kind of recycled aggregates can be produced, on the basis of their composition and grading:

- Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA), mainly composed of coarse particles of concrete;

- Recycled Masonry Aggregate, mainly composed of coarse particles of brick;

- Mixed Aggregates (MA), composed of a mix of coarse particles of concrete and brick; Fine Aggregate (FA), made up of fine particles only (maximum size less than 4 mm). (Recycled Aggregate - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics)

RM_02 RM_01

RM_04

Recycle Sand (Washed and Sieved)

Recycled Aggregate (Small, <10 mm)

RM_03

Recycled Aggregate (Medium, <20 mm)

Recycled Aggregate (Large, 100-75 mm)

Recycled Aggregates - Medium (Brick Mix Medium, <20 mm)

The physical properties of the Recycled Masonry Aggregates (RMA) or Recycled Aggregates (RA) brick mix, defers from that of the Natural Aggregates(NA), thus various laboratory tests are carried to calculate exact numbers and figures.

RMA specially defers in the water absorption ratio compared to the NA due to presence of the brick and plaster pieces, and hydrated cement paste. Example of a laboratory test result for water absorption is shown in the image on the left.

Sample No: RM_03

Recycled Aggregates - Medium (Brick Mix Small, <10mm)

Figure 6.2l: Recycled Aggregates (Brick Mix, Medium). (Self-Clicked)

RM_08 RM_07 RM_05 RM_06

Recycle Aggregate (Fine, <6 mm)

RCA (Small, <10 mm)

RCA (Medium, 20-40 mm)

RCA (Large, 40-70 mm)

Figure 6.2m: Example of Water Absorption Test on Recycled Aggregates. (Cavalline, Tara & Weggel, David. (2013))

RM_02 RM_01

RM_03

Recycle Sand (Washed and Sieved)

Recycled Aggregate (Small, <10 mm)

Recycled Aggregate (Medium, <20 mm)

RM_04

Recycled Aggregate (Large, 100-75 mm)

Recycled Aggregates - Large (Brick Mix Large, 100 - 75 mm)

The properties which are most influencing to the recipe design are tested. The basic properties of which are the granulometry and the composition of the Recycled Masonry Aggregates (RMA). An example of the laboratory test results are shown in the first images from right. The graphs shows the sieving curves for natural, recycled masonry aggregate, and recycled expanded polystyrene used in the concrete mixtures.

Sample No: RM_04

Recycled Aggregates - Large (Brick Mix Large, 100 - 75 mm)

Figure 6.2n: Recycled Aggregates (Brick Mix, Large). (Self-Clicked)

RM_07 RM_05 RM_06

Recycle Aggregate (Fine, <6 mm)

RCA (Small, <10 mm)

RCA (Medium, 20-40 mm)

RCA (Large, 40-70 mm)

Figure 6.2o: Example of Passing Test Result on Recycled Aggregates. (Cavalline, Tara & Weggel, David. (2013))

RM_03 RM_02 RM_01

Recycle Sand (Washed and Sieved)

Recycled Aggregate (Small, <10 mm)

Recycled Aggregate (Large, 100-75 mm) Recycled Aggregate (Medium, <20 mm)

Figure 6.2p: Example of Composition Test on Recycled Aggregates. (Cavalline, Tara & Weggel, David. (2013))

RM_08 RM_07 RM_06

RCA (Large, 40-70 mm) RCA (Medium, 20-40 mm)

This grade of aggregates are achieved after sieving the Recycled Fine Aggregates or Recycled Sand. After crushing the C&D waste, the material is separated in heaps of various sizes like 10mm, 20 to 30mm, and 50 to 75mm, etc. The 10mm size segregated aggregates are further sieved and the particles smaller than 4.75 mm size are separated. The remaining particles size remaining is the Recycled Aggregate Fine grade.

RM_01

RM_04 RM_03 RM_02

Recycle Sand (Washed and Sieved)

Recycled Aggregate (Small, <10 mm)

Recycled Aggregate (Medium, <20 mm)

Recycled Aggregate (Large, 100-75 mm)

RCA is derived from concrete after requisite processing. Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) contain not only the original aggregate, but also hydrated cement paste adhering to its surface. This paste reduces the specific gravity and increases the porosity compared to similar virgin aggregates. Higher porosity of RCA leads to a higher absorption. The concrete rubble has to be properly processed, including scrubbing to remove the adhered hydrated cement as much as possible. (IS 383:2016, 2016, p.8)

After demolition of old roads and buildings, the removed concrete is often considered worthless and disposed of as demolition waste. By collecting the used concrete and breaking it up, recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is created. The use of RCA in new construction applications is still a relatively new technique. Buck (1977) cites the beginning of RCA use to the end of World War II, when there was excessive demolition of buildings and roads and a high need to both get rid of the waste material and rebuild Europe. After the immediate need to recycle concrete, the use of RCA tapered off. In the 1970s, the United States began to reintroduce the use of RCA in non-structural uses, such as fill material, foundations, and base course material (Buck 1977). Since this time, some research has been conducted regarding how viable RCA is as an option to replace unused natural aggregate (NA) in structural concrete.

One of the main reasons to use RCA in structural concrete is to make construction more “green” and environmentally friendly. Some major environmental issues associated

RM_08 RM_07 RM_05

RM_06

Recycle Aggregate (Fine, <6 mm)

RCA (Small, <10 mm)

RCA (Large, 40-70 mm) RCA (Medium, 20-40 mm)

Recycled Concrete Aggregates - Small (Small,<10 mm)

with construction, as stated by Oikonomou (2005), are that construction “takes 50 % of raw materials from nature, consumes 40 % of total energy, [and] creates 50 % of total waste.” The use of RCA on a large scale may help to reduce the effects of the construction on these factors by reusing waste materials and preventing more NA from being harvested. The application of the Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) can be determined after understanding its properties like the density, porosity, and water absorption of the aggregate, the shape and gradation of the aggregate, and the aggregate resistance to the crushing and abrasion. (Recycled Concrete Aggregates: A Review | International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials)

Sample No: RM_06

Recycled Concrete Aggregates - Small (Small, <10 mm)

Figure 6.2r: Recycled Concrete Aggregates (Small). (Self-Clicked)

RM_01

RM_04 RM_03 RM_02

Recycle Sand (Washed and Sieved)

Recycled Aggregate (Small, <10 mm)

Recycled Aggregate (Medium, <20 mm)

Recycled Aggregate (Large, 100-75 mm)

Density, Porosity, and Water Absorption

Residual adhered mortar on aggregate is a main factor affecting the properties of density, porosity, and water absorption of RCA. The density of RCA is generally lower than NA density, due to the adhered mortar that is less dense than the underlying rock. The variation in density is dependent on the specific aggregate in question.

Shape and Gradation

The shape of the aggregate pieces is influential on the workability of the concrete. Exteberria et al. (2007) warned that the method of producing RCA and the type of crusher that is used in this process is influential in the shape of RCA produced. NA is generally an angular shape with smooth sides. Sagoe-Crentsil et al. (2001) initially described the plant-produced RCA as grainy in texture and later discussed that the RCA has a more rounded, spherical shape which seemed to improve workability. The residual mortar on RCA can smooth out the hard edges of the original aggregate. This allows the new mortar to flow better around the aggregate. The effects of the aggregate shape on workability and strength parameters of concrete are discussed further later in this paper.

Crushing and L.A. Abrasion

Crushing and Los Angeles (L.A.) Abrasion tests are measures of the durability of aggregate material on its own. There is a general trend that RCA has higher values for crushing and L.A. Abrasion than NA, meaning when the aggregate is contained and crushed or

RM_08 RM_05 RM_06

Recycle Aggregate (Fine, <6 mm)

RCA (Small, <10 mm)

RM_07

RCA (Medium, 20-40 mm)

RCA (Large, 40-70 mm)

impacted by steel balls in the L.A. Abrasion test RCA has more fine particles break off of than NA. Crushing tests resulted in values of 23.1 % for RCA vs. 15.7 % for basalt (a NA) and 24 % for RCA vs. 13 % for basalt in two separate studies (Sagoe-Crentsil et al. 2001; Shayan and Xu 2003). L.A. Abrasion values for RCA versus NA were found in two studies as 32 vs. 11 % and 26.4–42.7 vs. 22.9 % (Shayan and Xu 2003; Tavakoli and Soroushian 1996). This is a reasonable result for these tests, in that the RCA has residual mortar that can break off easily at the interfacial transition zone (ITZ), which is the typically weak area of concrete. It is logical that, when subjected to loading, the residual mortar on RCA would break off, while NA does not have a similar coating to lose. (Recycled Concrete Aggregates: A Review | International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials)

Recycled Concrete Aggregates-Medium (Medium,<20 mm)

Sample No: RM_07

Recycled Concrete Aggregates - Medium (Medium, <20 mm)

Figure 6.2s: Recycled Concrete Aggregates (Medium). (Self-Clicked)

RM_01

RM_04 RM_03 RM_02

Recycle Sand (Washed and Sieved)

Recycled Aggregate (Small, <10 mm)

Recycled Aggregate (Medium, <20 mm)

Recycled Aggregate (Large, 100-75 mm)

Figure 6.2t: Guidelines of using RCA in IS:383. (IS 383:2016, 2016, p. 4)

RM_07 RM_05 RM_06

Recycle Aggregate (Fine, <6 mm)

RCA (Small, <10 mm)

RCA (Medium, 20-40 mm)

RM_08

RCA (Large, 40-70 mm)

Recycled Concrete Aggregates - Large (Large,40-70 mm)

Overall, even though RCA can be lower quality aggregate and have a negative influence on concrete material properties, the large scale testing showed that, when looking at a complete structural member, RCA can still be used to create a structural concrete. Since the performance of RCA concrete beams is still within standard specifications, it is likely a viable option for structural use.

Sample No: RM_08

Recycled Concrete Aggregates - Large (Large, 40 - 70 mm)

Figure 6.2u: Recycled Concrete Aggregates (Large). (Self-Clicked)

Sample No: RM_01 Recycled Fine Aggregates (Washed and Sieved)

Sample No: RM_02 Recycled Aggregates ( Brick Mix Small, <10mm )

Sample No: RM_03 Recycled Aggregates ( Brick Mix Medium, <20mm )

Sample No: RM_04 Recycled Aggregates (Large, 100 - 75mm )

Sample No: U_01 Paver Blocks

Sample No: U_02 Kerb Stone

Sample

Sample

6.3 Developing Building Components from Recycled Materials.

After knowing the materials manufactured after processing the construction and demolition (C&D) Waste, and understanding the properties required for effective reuse of the materials, it is important to know products are developed from the materials whether they are pre manufactured and used afterwards or are prepared on site for use. These includes understanding the use of different raw materials, their role and proportions according to the properties of the primary materials. Other virgin materials and binders also needs to be mixed for effective binding of the materials. For application of materials, 5 different materials are understood for developing building components out of them like structural members and masonry wall. These components includes masonry walls from Recycled Red Brick and Recycled C&D Brick and Lean, Plain and Reinforced Concrete from Recycled C&D Materials. The details of each are given ahead;

Laboratory Tests on Fresh and Recycled Materials:

Before exploring and experimenting with the collected recycled materials, it is important to know the exact properties of various materials. These properties can be known by performing various laboratory tests on the materials which were explained earlier before this section. These properties will help us understand the nature of the material after which a design mix ratio could be developed depending upon the intension of usage. This process of developing a appropriate mix design ratio is a to and fro process which needs to be performed with patience at a particular moment of time as per the described tests and these tests results will further hep us to guide the required corrections or changes needed to be made for achieving the desired results. The following are various tests which are performed on the recycled materials and they are as further;

1.

Moisture Content

of Recycled Fine Aggregates (Sand):

The Water Cement Ratio is dependent on the Moisture Content of Aggregates. The Moisture Content of Fine Aggregates is given in Table 1.

Table 6.3a: Moisture Content of Fine Aggregates.

Formula:

Moisture Content on Wet Basis = W2 - W3 x 100 W2 - W1

W1 = Weight of Container with lid (gm)

W2 = Weight of Container and Moisturized Sand (gm) W3 = Weight of Container and Dry Sand (gm)

Calculation:

Moisture Content on Wet Basis for Mould 1 = 121 - 113 x 100 = 8.988% 121 - 32

Moisture Content on Wet Basis for Mould 2 = 129 - 122 x 100 = 7.000% 129 - 29

Moisture Content on Wet Basis for Mould 3 = 114 - 107 x 100 = 7.778% 114 - 24

The Moisture Content of the Sample = 8.988 + 7.000 + 7.778 = 7.92% 3

2. Sieve Analysis on Recycled Fine Aggregates

(Sand):

For identifying the zone of fine aggregates, the Sieve Analysis test was performed on a sample of 1kg recycled oven-dried fine aggregates. The sample was collected from Surat Green Precast Pvt. Ltd. (SGPPL), Surat, Gujarat and for performing the tests and experiments about 100 kg of recycled fine aggregate was collected. The sand was black in colour and it was a mixture of finely

For performing the Sieve Analysis tests on Recycled Fine Aggregates or even Natural Fine Aggregates, the sieves of below displayed sizes are used. They are as under;

10 mm, 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 micron, 300 micron, 150 micron.

Figure 6.3a: Various Sieves used in Sieve Analysis Test. (Self-Clicked)

Figure 6.3b: Recycled Fine Aggregates from SGPPL. (Self-Clicked)

crushed mixed aggregates which can be used as a replacement to natural sand. The moisture content of Fine Aggregates was 7.92% as calculated and thus it was first ovendried and then the weight were measured which was 920.8 gm after which the Sieve Analysis as per IS 2386 Part-1 (1986) was performed.

The composition of Concrete is Cement, Fine Aggregates and Coarse Aggregates. Fine Aggregates fill the gaps between coarse aggregates and also is somewhat responsible for the strength of concrete. Hence, the sieve Analysis for fine aggregates is one of the most important test when they are used in concrete.

Table 6.3b: Sieve Analysis on Fine Aggregates.

Sr. No. Sieve Size Weight retained in kg

% Retained

Cumulative % retained Weight passing in kg

% Passing

1 10 mm 0 0 0 0.9208 100

2 4.75 mm 0.034 3.69 3.69 0.8868 96.31

3 2.36 mm 0.235 25.52 29.19 0.6518 70.79

4 1.18 mm 0.288 31.28 60.47 0.3638 39.51

5 600 micron 0.131 14.23 74.70 0.2328 25.28

6 300 micron 0.167 18.14 92.84 0.0658 7.14

7 150 micron 0.015 1.63 94.47 0.0508 5.51

8 Pan 0.026 2.82 97.29 0.0248 2.69

Calculation:

The summation of cumulative percentage retained = 452.65 Fineness Modulus = summation of cumulative percentage retained / 100 = 452.65 / 100 Fineness Modulus = 4.52

Inferences :

The things we observed at first glance at the aggregates were:

• Black in Colour,

• Had some Moisture in it

• Felt coarse to the hand.

Conclusion:

• When we compare Table 3 with IS 383 (2016) Page 7 Table 9 Page we can conclude that the grading zone of fine aggregates is Zone 1.

• The Fineness Modulus of the Sand = 4.52. Hence, the Sand is Categorized in Coarse Sand.

3.

Determination of Specific Gravity

and Water Absorption of Recycled Fine Aggregates (Sand):

Specific Gravity of Aggregates is measured to find the Strength and Quality of the Materials. The specific gravity of fine aggregate is also very important in concrete production as it fills the gap between coarse aggregate, helps the cement to bind properly by providing more surface area. Hence, specific gravity of fine aggregates are also important for good quality of concrete. This experiment is performed as per IS 2386 Part 3 (1963).

Table 6.3c: Determination of Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate

Sr. No.

Observations

Quantity (gm)

Weight of Empty Pycnometer Bottle W1 657 2

1

Weight of Bottle + Aggregates W2 1157 3

Weight of Bottle + Water W4 1562

Weight of Bottle + Aggregates + Water W3 1846 4

5

Dry Weight of Aggregates (W2 - W1) 500 6 Weight of Equal Volume of Water (W3 – W4) 284

Formula:

Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregates = (W2 - W1) (W2 - W1) - (W3 - W4)

Calculation:

Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregates = (1157 - 657) (1157 - 657) - (1846 - 1562)

Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregates = 500 = 2.315 500 - 284

Conclusion: The Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate is 2.315.

Figure 6.3c: Pycnometer (Self-Clicked)

4. Determination of Specific Gravity and Water Absorption of Recycled Concrete Aggregates (<20 mm size):

Specific Gravity shows the Density and the strength of Aggregate. Higher the Specific Gravity, higher the Strength. The Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregates is a very important property of Coarse Aggregate as they are mainly responsible for Strength of Concrete. This experiment is performed as per IS 2386 Part 3 (1963).

Table 6.3d: Determination of Specific Gravity of Recycled Concrete Aggregates.

Sr.

No.

Observations

Quantity

1 Weight of Saturated Coarse Aggregates + Water + Basket W1 7470

2 Weight of Basket + Water W2 6815

3 Weight of Saturated Concrete Aggregates in Air W3 1024

4 Weight of Oven Dry Coarse Aggregates after 24 hours W4 991

Formula:

Bulk Specific Gravity = W4 W3 - (W1 - W2)

Apparent Specific Gravity = W4 W4 - (W1 - W2)

Calculation:

Bulk Specific Gravity = W4 = 991 = 2.686 W3 - (W1 - W2) 1024 - ( 7470 - 6815 )

Apparent Specific Gravity = W4 = 991 = 2.949 W4 - (W1 - W2) 991 - ( 7470 - 6815 )

Water Absorption = W4 = 991 = 3.329% W4 - (W1 - W2) 991 - ( 7470 - 6815 )

Conclusion:

The Specific Gravity of Recycled Concrete Aggregate (< 20 mm) is 2.686. The Apparent Specific Gravity of Recycled Concrete Aggregate (< 20 mm) is 2.949. Water Absorption of Recycled Concrete Aggregate (< 20 mm) is 3.329%.

4. Determination of Specific Gravity and Water Absorption of Natural Coarse Aggregates:

Specific Gravity shows the Density and the strength of Aggregate. Higher the Specific Gravity, higher the Strength. The Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregates is a very important property of Coarse Aggregate as they are mainly responsible for Strength of Concrete. This experiment is performed as per IS 2386 Part 3 (1963).

Table 6.3e: Determination of Specific Gravity of Natural Coarse Aggregates.

Sr.

No.

Observations

Quantity (gm)

1 Weight of Saturated Coarse Aggregates + Water + Vessel W1 7452

2 Weight of Vessel + Water W2 6815

3 Weight of Saturated Coarse Aggregates in Air W3 976

4 Weight of Oven Dry Coarse Aggregates after 24 hours W4 968

Formula:

Bulk Specific Gravity = W4 W3 - (W1 - W2)

Apparent Specific Gravity = W4 W4 - (W1 - W2)

Calculation:

Bulk Specific Gravity = W4 = 968 = 2.855 W3 - (W1 - W2) 976 - ( 7452 - 6815 )

Apparent Specific Gravity = W4 = 968 = 2.924 W4 - (W1 - W2) 968 - ( 7452 - 6815 )

Water Absorption = W3 - W4 = 968 = 0.826% W4 968 - ( 7452 - 6815 )

Conclusion:

The Specific Gravity of Natural Coarse Aggregate is 2.855.

The Apparent Specific Gravity of Natural Coarse Aggregate is 2.924.

Water Absorption of Natural Coarse Aggregate is 0.826%.

5. Determination of Aggregate Impact Value:

The ‘Aggregate Impact Value’ gives a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to sudden shock or impact, which in some aggregates differs from its resistance to a slow compressive load. Aggregate Impact Value is a very important property of Aggregate. It shows the toughness of Aggregate and how the aggregates react when exposed to an Impact Load. This experiment was performed as per IS 2386 Part 4 (1963).

Figure 6.3d: Impact Test Machine. (Self-Clicked)

Figure 6.3e: Sieves of size 12.36 mm, 10 mm and 2.36. (Self-Clicked)

For Aggregate Impact Test the IS sieves used were of size 12.36 mm, 10 mm, 2.36 mm. Before performing the impact test, the aggregate samples are first sieved through the 12.36 mm and 10 mm size sieves. The aggregates which passes through the 12.36 mm sieve and those which are retained on the 10 mm sieve are selected for performing the

For Aggregate Impact Test the IS sieves used were of size 12.36 mm, 10 mm, 2.36 mm. Before performing the impact test, the aggregate samples are first sieved through the 12.36 mm and 10 mm size sieves. The aggregates which passes through the 12.36 mm sieve and those which are retained on the 10 mm sieve are selected for performing the Impact Test. Once, the test is performed, the aggregates are sieved through the 2.36 mm sieve and the particles which passes through the sieve and the one which are retained are both weighed and recorded to perform the calculations further.

Table 6.3f: Determination of Aggregate Impact Value.

Detail Sample 1

Total weight of dry sample (W1 gm) 332 Weight of portion passing 2.36 mm sieve (W2 gm) 39

Calculation:

Aggregate Impact Value = W2 x100 = 39 x100 = 11.74% W1 332

Conclusion: The Aggregate Impact Value of the Aggregates came out to be 11.74%. Hence, we can say that the Aggregates are Strong and can be used in Construction of Building as well as Construction of Pavement.

6. Sieve Analysis of Natural Coarse Aggregates:

For identifying the grade and maximum size of coarse aggregates, the Sieve Analysis test was performed on a sample of 1kg recycled oven-dried coarse aggregates. The sample was collected from Surat Green Precast Pvt. Ltd. (SGPPL), Surat, Gujarat and for performing the tests and experiments about 100 kg of recycled coarse aggregate was collected. This experiment was performed as per IS 2386 Part-1 (1986).

Alternative Construction Techniques

Figure 6.3f: Sieves of 25 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm size. (Self-Clicked)

For performing the Sieve Analysis tests on Natural Coarse Aggregates or even Recycled Concrete Aggregates, the sieves of below displayed sizes are used. They are as under;

25 mm, 20 mm, 15 mm,

Figure 6.3g: Natural Coarse Aggregates. (Self-Clicked)

Table 6.3g: Sieve Analysis of Natural Coarse Aggregates.

Sr. No. Sieve Size Weight retained in gm % Retained Cumulative % retained

1 40 mm 0 0 0

2 25 mm 60 6 6

3 20 mm 940 94 100

4 10 mm 0 0 100

5 Pan 0 0 100

Conclusion:

Size: Single size / graded : Single Sized

Shape: rounded / angular : Irregular & Angular Nature of grading : Gap Graded

Size in excess : 20 mm

Size in missing : 40 & 10 mm

Maximum aggregate size : 25 mm

7. Sieve Analysis of Recycled Concrete Aggregates (<20 mm):

For identifying the grade and maximum size of coarse aggregates, the Sieve Analysis test was performed on a sample of 1kg recycled oven-dried coarse aggregates. The sample was collected from Surat Green Precast Pvt. Ltd. (SGPPL), Surat, Gujarat and for performing the tests and experiments about 100 kg of recycled coarse aggregate was collected. This experiment was performed as per IS 2386 Part-1 (1986).

For performing the Sieve Analysis tests on Natural Coarse Aggregates or even Recycled Concrete Aggregates, the sieves of below displayed sizes are used. They are as under; 25 mm, 20 mm, 15 mm,

Size: Single size / graded : Graded Shape: rounded / angular : Irregular & Angular

Nature of grading : Gap Graded Size in excess : 10 mm Size in missing : 40 & 20 mm Maximum aggregate size : 20 mm

Figure 6.3h: Recycled Concrete Aggregates. (Self-Clicked)

7. Standard Consistency of Cement

The Consistency of Cement is a very important term. Consistency refers to a relative mobility of a freshly mixed cement paste or mortar. The Standard Consistency of Cement should be known before performing Tests like Initial and Final Setting Time, Compressive Strength of Cement and Soundness of Cement. This experiment is performed as per IS 4031 Part-4 (1988). Sr. no.

Figure 6.3i: Vicat’s Apparatus of Standard Consistency of Cement. (Self-Clicked)

Table 6.3i: Standard Consistency of Cement.

Conclusion: The optimum water content for this cement is 40% by mass.

8. Initial Setting Time of Cement:

The main three compounds of Cement are C3S, C2S and C3A. When we add water to the cement hydration occurs. Water reacts with C3A and forms jelly like compound which hardens after sometime, this phenomena is known as Setting. After sometime, the reaction of water with C3S and C2S starts owning the reaction at this point the cement paste starts Hardening. 30 minutes is the minimum time specified for initial set and 600 minutes is the maximum time specified for final set for Portland cement. This experiment is performed as per IS 4031 Part-5 (1988). 0.85xP% water should be added. P = Optimum percentage of water. Therefore, 0.85P = 0.85 x 40% = 34% water should be added.

Table 6.3j: Initial Setting Time of Cement.

Conclusion:

The initial setting time of cement is 45 min.

Figure 6.3j: Vicat’s Apparatus of Initial Setting Time. (Self-Clicked)

9. Compressive Strength of Cement:

The compressive strength test is the final check on the quality of cement. The compressive strength is measured by determining the compressive strength of cement mortar cubes of 1:3 proportions, by mass. The fine aggregate used is the standard sand specified by IS 650-1991. This experiment is performed as per IS.

Table 6.3k: Initial Setting Time of Cement.

Type of Cement Age at Testing

Figure 6.3k: Compressive Strength of Cement Test Cubes. (Self-Clicked)

Stress at fracture (N/mm2)

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Portland Pozzolana Cement (Fly Ash Based)

3 days 7 days 20.5 10.9 17.4 28 days

Compressive strength is one of the most important properties of concrete and mortar. The strength of the binder (cement) therefore has a significant effect on the performance characteristics of the mixture and ensures the overall quality of the finished product. The test for compressive strength is generally carried out by crushing cubes of hardened cement-sand mortar in a compression machine. The compressive strength of the cubes is determined by the highest stress applied to a cube specimen that causes it to fracture.

Conclusion: The Compression Strength of Cement is x.

10. Developing a Prototype for Recycled Concrete:

Concrete Cubes in Prototype #2 are made by using Quality assured materials. Necessary Test on Aggregates as well as Cement are performed before using them in Concrete production. In this test, 100% River Sand is replaced with Recycled Sand in all the cubes, 4 cubes of 60% replacement of Natural Coarse Aggregate with RCA, 4 cubes of 100% replacement of Natural Coarse Aggregate with RCA and 4 cubes of Conventional Concrete are made. In this experiment no admixture is used and only compression tests are performed on this concrete. The detailed quantities of all the materials are listed below:

Grade of Concrete : M-25 Mix Ratio : 1:1:2

12 Cubes : 4 Cubes – Conventional Concrete with Natural Coarse Aggregates

4 Cubes – Concrete with 60% Replacement of Coarse Aggregate

4 Cubes – Concrete with 100% Replacement of Coarse Aggregate

For experimenting with the concrete mixes and the physical creation of the entire experimental process, I was assisted by Adwait Sathe, a student of civil engineering along with his team Arth Patel, Yash Bharadwa and Rutvi Jadhav.

Figure 6.3l: Mixing and Casting of Concrete Cubes (Self-Clicked)

Type 3: Conventional Concrete with Natural Coarse Aggregate:

- Total Cement (25%) 10kg - Total Fine Aggregates (25%) 10kg - Total Coarse Aggregates (50%) 20kg Natural Coarse Aggregate (100%) 20kg Recycled Concrete Aggregate (0%) 0kg

Type 1: 60% Replacement of Coarse Aggregate: - Total Cement (25%) 10kg

- Total Fine Aggregates (25%) 10kg - Total Coarse Aggregates (50%) 20kg Natural Coarse Aggregate (40%) 8kg Recycled Concrete Aggregate (60%) 12kg

Type 2:

100% Replacement of Coarse Aggregate:

- Total Cement (25%) 10kg

- Total Fine Aggregates (25%) 10kg - Total Coarse Aggregates (50%) 20kg Natural Coarse Aggregate (0%) 0kg Recycled Concrete Aggregate (100%) 20kg

11. Slump Test:

After mixing the concrete, slump test should be done to check the workability of concrete. Workability is a very important property of concrete which is used to decide placing of concrete Hence, we performed slump test on the concrete and the result are given under in Table 14: Concrete Type

Table 6.3l: Slump Test.

Water/ Cement ratio

Water added in ml

Slump in mm

Degree of workability of concrete

Type 1 0.45 4500 20 Very Low

Type 2 0.5 5000 Type 3 0.4 4000

Figure 6.3m: Slump Cone. (Self-Clicked)

Recommended place of use of concrete

Roads vibrated by power operated machines.

Figure 6.3n: Slump Test. (Self-Clicked)

12. Compression Test:

Compression Tests were done on an Compression Testing Machine (CTM) on Day 7, Day 14 and Day 28 after curing of Concrete Cubes. The test results of the following are given under in Table 13:

Figure

Figure 6.3p: Compression Testing Machine. (Self-Clicked)

Figure 6.3q: Concrete Cubes after compression Test. (Self-Clicked)

Developing Building Components from Recycled Materials:

After knowing the materials manufactured after processing the construction and demolition (C&D) Waste, and understanding the properties required for effective reuse of the materials, it is important to know products are developed from the materials whether they are pre manufactured and used afterwards or are prepared on site for use. These includes understanding the use of different raw materials, their role and proportions according to the properties of the primary materials. Other virgin materials and binders also needs to be mixed for effective binding of the materials. For application of materials, 5 different materials are understood for developing building components out of them like structural members and masonry wall. These components includes masonry walls from Recycled Red Brick and Recycled C&D Brick and Lean, Plain and Reinforced Concrete from Recycled C&D Materials. The details of each are given ahead;

Component No: RC_#1 Recycled Red Brick Masonry .

Component No: RC_#2 Recycled C&D Brick Masonry .

Component No: RC_#3 Lean Cement Concrete from Recycled Materials.

Component No: RC_#4 Plain Cement Concrete from Recycled Materials.

Component No: RC_#5 Reinforced Cement Concrete from Recycled Materials.

Raw Materials Used

Component No: RC_#1 Recycled Red Brick Masonry.

Figure 6.3r: Recycled Red Bricks from Kesarjan building Centre. (Self-Clicked)

Table 6.3n: Cost Calculation for Recycled Red Brick Masonry.

Table 6.3o: Break Down of Quantity & Cost Calculation for Recycled Red Brick Masonry.

Raw Materials Used

Component No: RC_#2 Recycled C&D Brick Masonry.

Figure 6.3s: Recycled C&D Bricks from Kesarjan building Centre. (Self-Clicked)

Table 6.3p: Cost Calculation for Recycled C&D Brick Masonry.

Table 6.3q: Break Down of Quantity & Cost Calculation for Recycled C&D Brick Masonry.

Raw Materials Used

Component No: RC_#3 Lean Cement Concrete from Recycled Materials.

Figure 6.3t: 1 Cu.m. mass of Lean Cement Concrete from Recycled Materials. (Image for Representation)

Component No: RC_#4 Plain Cement Concrete from Recycled Materials.

Figure 6.3u: 1 Cu.m. mass of Plain Cement Concrete from Recycled Materials. (Image for Representation)

Table 6.3r: Break Down of Quantity and Cost Calculation for Lean Cement Concrete.

Table 6.3s: Break Down of Quantity & Cost Calculation for Plain Cement Concrete.

Raw Materials Used

Component No: RC_#5 Reinforced Cement Concrete from Recycled Materials.

Figure 6.3v: 1 Cu.m. mass of Reinforced Cement Concrete from Recycled Materials. (Image for Representation)

Table 6.3t: Break Down of Quantity & Cost Calculation for Reinforced Cement Concrete.

Figure 6.4a: Conceptual Sketch of the Developed Design. (Self-Clicked)

6.4 Application on a Residential Design.

For understanding the benefits of using the recycled materials and the process chain involved while utilizing it, a complete process from demolition to the development of the design for use of Alternative Construction Techniques needs to be planned well in Advanced Theoretically for efficient utilization of the C&D materials.

For demonstrating so, a small residential design is developed keeping the motto in mind and its comparative analysis of the benefits will be projected along with the techniques used after this stage.

The Site Location.

The site is located in the old city of Vadodara. The location is selected keeping the challenges of the context which limits the demolition technique and a Selective Demolition Method (SMD) can be performed for effective utilization of waste.

Figure 6.4b: Site Location with its context. (Photoshoped Google Earth Image)

The Site.

The scale of the site is quite handleable for exhibiting the solutions for my research thesis and also allows performing various solution for utilization of the C&D waste effectively. The site also has a adjacent vacant space for storing of the demolished materials and preparation of the materials for reusing it in the new construction.

Figure 6.4c: View of the Site from Adjacent Main Road. (Self-Clicked)

Figure 6.4d: Conceptual Hand Sketching (Hand Sketched and Photoshoped)

Sketches from the Process.

Figure 6.4e: Conceptual Hand Sketching (Hand Sketched and Photoshoped)

Rotating the Core Area to align it to the external site boundary.

Incorporating structure, staircase and solid surfaces to define definite areas.

Defining a Simple Rectangular Core area which is easier to adjust for all.

Service Areas like staircase, toilets and Ducts are adjusted on the closed side.

Exposing the longer side to the adjacent empty patch with less visual chaos and smaller side to the busy street. This will also help the building to breathe light and ventilation from the open edges. Figure 6.4f: Conceptual Diagrams Explaining Design Ideas. (Self-Produced)

Design Ideation.

Structure made up of Recoverable materials.

Structure to made using the recycled C&D materials.Strategic Design Planning for use or Recoverable and Recycled Materials.

Proposing a light weight structure to decrease the overall dead load.

Figure 6.4g: Hand-drawn Floor Plan IdeaResidential Design. (Scale : NTS)

Figure 6.4h: Part-Process ModelResidential Design (Physical Model)

Figure 6.4i: Idea for Facade and FenestrationsResidential Design (Hand Sketched)

Figure 6.4j: Structural Frame Idea for Floor PlatesResidential Design. (Scale : NTS)

Masses in Site Context.

Figure 6.4k: Masses in the Site Context. (Physical Model)

Design Ideation.

Using steel as primary material instead o f RCC as steel is a Reusable Material.Strategic use of RCC made using Recycled Concrete Aggregates wherever necessary.Masonry to be made using the Recycled Red Brick Waste.Consumes less construction period comparatively.Less heavy structure will reduce the overall dead load of the structure resulting in using less material for achieving stability.Producing less demolition waste & more recoverable materials at the time of demolition.Waste generated during the demolition of the old structure will be utilized while constructing the new structure.

Figure 6.4l: Part-Process Model 02Residential Design (Physical Model)

Figure 6.4v: Process Model and Final Design Models (Physical Hand Models)

FLOOR-WISE PROGRESSION OF THE BUILDING

Figure 6.4w: View of Site from Main Road. (Digital Visualization)

Figure 6.4x: Planar Sectional View of Ground Floor (Digital Visualization)

Figure 6.4y: Planar Sectional View of Terrace Plan (Digital Visualization)

Figure 6.4z: Planar Sectional View of First Floor (Digital Visualization)

Figure 6.4aa: View of the building from Main Road (Digital Visualization)

Figure 6.4ab: Planar Sectional View of Second Floor (Digital Visualization)

Figure 6.4ac: East Elevation

Figure 6.4ad: 3D Character of Eastern Facade (Digital Visualization)

Figure 6.4ae: South Elevation

Figure 6.4af: 3D Character of Southern Facade (Digital Visualization)

6.4ag: Section - AA’

Figure 6.4aj: Physical Hand Model of the Design. (Physical Model)

Figure 6.4ak: Section -DD’

Figure 6.4al: Physical Sectional Model of the Design.

(Physical Model)

Building Fitting into the Context.

Figure 6.4am: Building Fitting into the Context. (Digital Visualization)

View from Main Road.

Figure 6.4an: Building View from Main Road. (Digital Visualization)

View of the Facade’s Structural Character.

Figure 6.4ao: Facade’s Structural Character. (Digital Visualization)

Character of the Roof and Terraces.

Figure 6.4aq: Roof and Terrace Character. (Digital Visualization)

Figure 6.5a: Various Entities of the Building. (Digital Visualization)

6.5 Comparisons and Related Calculations.

The residential design was developed to demonstrate the application of the Alternative Construction Technique for the utilization of recycled C&D material. For the same, the design was developed which incorporates and illustrates various different systems of construction which are mainly the RCC Frame Structure, Steel Structure, Decking & Conventional Floor Slabs, Precast RCC elements, etc. The intention of utilizing different building systems is to increase the utilization of the Recycled C&D Materials following the guidelines of the Bureau of Indian Standards. The purpose of this exercise is to understand the benefits of accepting the ‘Green’ Methods of construction which is done by comparing the Alternative Construction Technique with the Conventional Method of Construction in several different aspects like the economic viability, prevention of environmental damage, saving carbon footprint, C&D waste disposal issues, employment opportunities, etc.

For analyzing the same, each entity of the building is studied separately to calculate the volume and weight. The complete process if further carried in two different cases; Case-A : Conventional Construction Technique which utilizes the virgin construction materials and Case-B : Calculation for the Alternative Construction Technique. In case which utilizes the Recycled C&D materials along with virgin materials following IS 383:2016. Consumption of the recycled C&D materials is calculated in each entity is further totaled to understand the percentage utilization of the recycled as well as recyclable materials in the building.

EN_#1

Figure 6.5e: EN_01_Foundation (Digital Visualization)

Table 6.5b: Case-A Quantity Calculation for Entity_01.

Case A ‐ Conventional Construction Technique

Calculations for CaseA. Cement SandAggregates 25.26 6.3156.31512.63 01:01:02 112 8.711 1.2442.4894.978 01:02:04 124

Constituent Materials Entity Footing FootingReinforced Cement Concrete, M25 Grade

EntityMaterial and Grade Volume (cu.m.) / Mix Ration PCC BedPlan Cement Concrete, M15 Grade PCC BedPlain

Table 6.5c: Case-B Quantity Calculation for Entity_01.

Conclusion

Footing

Sand Volume (cu.m.) / Mix Ration Material and Grade Constituent Materials (cu.m.)

Cement 2

Technique Materials Sr No.

Case B ‐ Alternative Construction Technique 4 4.978 PCC BedPlain Cement Concrete, M15 Grade

Entity 6.315 12.63 Reinforced Cement Concrete, M25 Grade

Aggregates 1

2.489 2

Calculations for CaseB. Sr No.Entity SandAggregates VirginRecycledVirginRCA 1Foundation aFooting 6.3156.31512.63 25.26 6.315 bPCC 112 01:01:02 1 1.2442.4894.978 6.3155.0521.26310.1042.526 124 % Replacement 80%20%80%20% 8.711 1.244 01:02:04 1 i Cement 1.24402.48904.978 ii Virgin % Replacement 0%100%0%100% iii Recycled iv Virgin v Recycled

Conclusion :

Due to allowance of using 100% of Recycled Fine Aggregates/ Recycled Sand and Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA) in Lean concrete of grade M15 (IS 383:2016), the PCC bed can be constructed by using 100% of Recycled Materials except Portland Cement. Although, the footings which are made from M25 grade concrete could only be made by utilizing about 20% of Recycled Materials due to lack of permissibility from BSI. If we see the break down of the 31.32 % of the Recycled Materials utilized in Case B, about 14.28 % i.e. 3.823 cu.m. is utilized by Footing while the PCC bed utilizes about 85.72 % i.e. 7.467 cu.m. of the total 11.256 cu.m. of the Recycled Materials.

Table 6.5d: Calculating Utilized Recycled materials in Case-B for Entity_01.

Calculating Utilization of Recycled Material.

Case - A (33.971 cu.m.) % Ratio ( Virgin to Recycled raw Materials)

Case - B (33.971 cu.m.) % Ratio ( Virgin to Recycled raw Materials)

Clean Water

Virgin River Sand (cu.m)

Utilization of Recycled Materials

Virgin Aggregates (cu.m)

25.9 % (8.804 cu.m.) 100.0 % (33.97 cu.m)

51.83 % (17.61 cu.m.) 29.74 % (10.104 cu.m.)

14.87 % (5.052 cu.m.) 66.68 % (23.168 cu.m)

Fresh Cement (cu.m)

22.25 % (7.559 cu.m.) 22.25 % (7.559 cu.m.)

Recycled Sand (cu.m)

0.0 % (0.00 cu.) 0.0 % (0.00 cu.)

11.04 % (3.752 cu.m.) 33.12 % (11.256 cu.m of Recycled Materials used.)

0.0 % (0.00 cu.) 22.08 % (7.504 cu.m.)

Recycled Concrete Aggregates (cu.m)

The two components in the Plinth Entity are the Plinth Slab and the supporting brick masonry in the periphery. They both could be made by using recycled C&D materials. The Plinth Slab only need to take the imbalanced compression load and thus could be made of M15 grade concrete and the supporting brick masonry could be made using Recycled C&D bricks and mortar using the Recycled Fine Aggregates. Recycled C&D waste is a good replacement to the natural red soil and virgin riven sand to make the block masonry in-spite of being economically less viable.

Figure 6.5f: EN_02_Plinth (Digital Visualization)

02_PLINTH

Table 6.5f: Case-A Quantity Calculation for Entity_02.

Case A ‐ Conventional Construction Technique

EntityMaterial and Grade Volume (cu.m.) / Mix Ration

Reinforced Cement Concrete, M15 Grade Plinth Slab

Red Bricks Red Brick Masonry

Mortar

Table 6.5g: Case-B Quantity Calculation for Entity_02.

Constituent Materials Entity Aggregates Sand Cement/ Binder

Calculations for CaseA. 9.710725 1.387246432.77449295.548985714 Ratio ‐ 1:2:4 124 6.591 Ratio ‐ 1:1:3 3.549 0.5073.042 Ratio ‐ 1:61 6 Recycled Masonry

Constituent Materials Entity Aggregates Sand

B.

Calculations for Case

Material and Grade Volume (cu.m.) / Mix Ration

Case B ‐ Alternative Construction Technique Plinth Slab Reinforced Cement Concrete, M15 Grade

Constituent Materials (cu.m.) Cement Sand Aggregates

2.774 5.549 24

Recycled C&D Bricks

Recycled Brick Masonry 6 3.042

Mortar

VirginRecycledVirginRCA 1.387246432.77449295.548985714 9.710725 1.387 124 Ratio ‐ 1:2:4 1 1.3870.0002.7740.0005.549 % Replacement 0%100%0%100% 0.5073.042 6 6.591 1.3182 1.3182 3.9546 Ratio ‐ 1:1:31 1 3 3.549 0.507 Ratio ‐ 1:61 0.5070.0003.042 % Replacement 0%100%

Conclusion

Conclusion : Brick Masonry is the most common and widely constructed building component in load bearing as well as framed structure, and in high rise as well as low rise structure all over the nation. It is making a huge pressure on the consumption of non-renewable natural resources to satisfy the demand of the industry resulting in the depletion of the natural resources at a much larger pace. An alternative method of making bricks for block masonry should be encouraged and supported by policies and regulations to lessen the depletion of the resources damaging the environment and the biodiversity less and make them live longer.

Utilization of Recycled Materials

Table 6.5h: Calculating Utilized Recycled materials in Case-B for Entity_02.

Calculating Utilization of Recycled Material.

Case - A (19.850 cu.m.) % Ratio ( Virgin to Recycled raw Materials)

Case - B (19.850 cu.m.) % Ratio ( Virgin to Recycled raw Materials)

Clean Water

Virgin River Sand (cu.m)

Virgin Aggregates (cu.m)

Fresh Cement (cu.m)

Recycled Sand (cu.m)

Recycled Concrete Aggregates (cu.m)

29.30 % (5.816 cu.m.) 100.0 % (19.850 cu.m including soil for red bricks.)

27.95 % (5.549 cu.m.) 29.74 % (10.104 cu.m.)

14.87 % (5.052 cu.m.) 16.18 % (3.212 cu.m, considering cement and lime as a binder in recycled C&D bricks.)

9.54 % (1.894 cu.m.) 22.25 % (7.559 cu.m.)

0.0 % (0.00 cu.) 0.0 % (0.00 cu.)

11.04 % (3.752 cu.m.) 83.82 % (16.639 cu.m of Recycled Materials used.)

0.0 % (0.00 cu.) 22.08 % (7.504 cu.m.)

Figure 6.5g: EN_03_Structural Concrete (Digital Visualization)

Utilized Materials

Table 6.5j: Quantity Calculations for components in Entity_03.

Calculations for CaseA.

03_STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

Table 6.5k: Case-A Quantity Calculation for Entity_03.

Case A ‐ Conventional Construction Technique

Entity

Technique

SandAggregate

Stair Cabin, Other Elements

Material and GradeVolume (cu.m.) / Mix Ration EntityMaterial

Columns, Beams Reinforced Cement Concrete, M25 Grade

Reinforced Cement Concrete, M20 Grade

Constituent Materials

Cement

SandAggregate

16.00619 4.00154754.00154758.003095 Ratio ‐ 1:1:2 112

16.27603034 2.959278244.43891748.877834731 Ratio ‐ 1:1.5:3 11.5 3

Table 6.5l: Case-B Quantity Calculation for Entity_03.

Case B

‐

Alternative Construction Technique

Column, Beams

Stair Cabin, Other Elements

Calculations for CaseB. Materials

EntityMaterial and Grade Volume (cu.m.) / Mix Ration

Constituent Materials (cu.m.)

Cement Sand Aggregates

VirginRecycledVirginRCA

4.00154754.00154758.003095 16.00619 4.002 112 Ratio ‐ 1:1:2 1

Column, Beams Reinforced Cement Concrete, M25 Grade

4.002 8.003 12

4.439 8.878 1.5 3

Stair Cabin, Other Elements Reinforced Cement Concrete, M20 Grade

2.959278244.43891748.877834731 4.0023.2010.8006.4021.601 11.5 3 % Replacement 80%20%80%20% 16.27603034 2.959 Ratio ‐ 1:1.5:3 1 2.9593.5510.8887.1021.776 % Replacement 80%20%80%20%

Conclusion :

Conclusion

Despite being a most used material in construction industry, the current guidelines by the Bureau of Indian Standards does not allow the usage of Recycled Fine Aggregates/ Recycled Sand and Recycled Concrete Aggregates (RCA) for more than 20 % for reinforce concrete less than M25 Grade. This limits the usage of Recycled materials in developing new infrastructures into making of the most used material that is structural concrete. More research on use of Recycled C&D materials in making structural concrete and revised guidelines from the BIS can improve the situation of construction industry to move towards accepting ‘Green and Sustainable’ option of construction. This also depends on other factor like managing and generation methods of C&D waste, enforced regulations, etc.

Table 6.5m: Calculating Utilized Recycled materials in Case-B for Entity_03.

Calculating Utilization of Recycled Material.

Case - A (32.282 cu.m.) % Ratio ( Virgin to Recycled raw Materials)

Case - B (32.282 cu.m.) % Ratio ( Virgin to Recycled raw Materials)

Clean Water

Virgin River Sand (cu.m)

Utilization of Recycled Materials

Virgin Aggregates (cu.m)

26.15 % (8.441 cu.m.) 100.0 % (33.97 cu.m.)

52.29 % (16.881 cu.m.) 41.83 % (13.505 cu.m.)

20.89 % (6.743 cu.m.) 84.28 % (22.715 cu.m.)

21.56 % (6.961 cu.m.) 21.56 % (6.961 cu.m.)

Fresh Cement (cu.m)

Recycled Sand (cu.m)

0.0 % (0.00 cu.) 0.0 % (0.00 cu.)

5.22 % (1.688 cu.m.) 15.69 % (11.256 cu.m of Recycled Materials used.)

0.0 % (0.00 cu.) 10.47 % (3.379 cu.m.)

Recycled Concrete Aggregates (cu.m)

EN_#4

The steel structure is used here as a replacement to the potentially less renewable material that is concrete. Using concrete for the structural frame will have several effects on the sustainable part of the building. It will increase the thickness of the slabs, change the grade to M25 and M15 reinforced cement concrete which will decrease the allowance of using recycled C&D materials in the structure. Steel is also possibly renewable materials for multiple times where as recycled C&D materials can only be used for 3 times with limited reusing possibilities every time.

Figure 6.5h: EN_04_Structural Steel (Digital Visualization)

Utilized Materials

Table 6.5o: Quantity Calculations for components in Entity_04.

Figure 6.5i: EN_05_Decking Slab (Digital Visualization)

Calculations for CaseA.

05_DECKING SLAB

Table 6.5q: Case-A Quantity Calculation for Entity_05.

Case A ‐ Conventional Construction Technique

Material and GradeVolume (cu.m.) / Mix Ration

Entity

Constituent Materials

Cement

SandAggregates EntityMaterial

9.35287615 1.336125162.67225035.344500657 Ratio ‐ 1:2:4 124

Decking Decking Slab Reinforced Cement Concrete, M15 Grade

Table 6.5r: Case-B Quantity Calculation for Entity_05.

Materials

Technique SandAggregates

B.

-

Case B

Alternative Construction Technique

EntityMaterial and Grade Volume (cu.m.) / Mix Ration

Constituent Materials (cu.m.)

Cement Sand Aggregates

VirginRecycledVirginRCA

Calculations for Case

Conclusion

Decking Slab Reinforced Cement Concrete, M15 Grade 2.672 5.345 24

1.336125162.67225035.344500657 9.35287615 1.336 124 Ratio ‐ 01:02:04 1 1.3360.0002.6720.0005.345 % Replacement 0%100%0%100%

Conclusion :

Modifying the design of the concrete components following the standards is possible and could be done by the guidance of a trained professional. These requires breaking the practices of constructing with conventional methods and accepting new alternate methods of construction. The role of slab is to distribute the live and dead loads on to the beams and columns, and it can be easily designed by altering the mix recipe design of the concrete while making the slab. In this particular case, by altering the mix design by using a decking slab, the % ratio of utilizing the recycled C&D materials was increased to about 85% as compared to a conventionally spanned RCC slab.

Utilization of Recycled Materials

Table 6.5s: Calculating Utilized Recycled materials in Case-B for Entity_05.

Calculating Utilization of Recycled Material.

Case - A (9.353 cu.m.) % Ratio ( Virgin to Recycled raw Materials)

Case - B (9.353 cu.m.) % Ratio ( Virgin to Recycled raw Materials)

Clean Water

Virgin River Sand (cu.m)

Virgin Aggregates (cu.m)

Fresh Cement (cu.m)

Recycled Sand (cu.m)

Recycled Concrete Aggregates (cu.m)

28.57 % (2.672 cu.m.) 100.0 % (33.97 cu.m.)

57.15 % (5.345 cu.m.) 0.0 % (0.00 cu.m.)

0.0 % (0.00 cu.m.) 14.28 % (1.336 cu.m.)

14.28 % (1.336 cu.m.) 14.28 % (1.336 cu.m.)

0.0 % (0.00 cu.) 0.0 % (0.00 cu.)

28 57% (2.672 cu.m.) 85.72 % (8.017 cu.m of Recycled Materials used.)

0.0 % (0.00 cu.) 57.15 % (5.345 cu.m.)

Figure 6.5j: EN_06_Masonry Walls (Digital Visualization)

05_Masonry Walls

Table 6.5u: Case-A Quantity Calculation for Entity_06.

Case A

Calculations for CaseA.

Technique

‐

Conventional Construction Technique

EntityMaterial and Grade Volume (cu.m.) / Mix Ratio

Masonry Walls + Plinth Walls

Cement / Clay (cu.m.) Sand/Soil cu.m. Quantity (nos)

Constituent Materials 25346.39376

39.0081 5.5725857133.435514 Ratio ‐ 1:6 16

AAC Blocks 39.0081 0.99845078.9147381857.528571 21.0043 3.0006142918.003686 Ratio ‐ 1:6 16 4.4425 0.634642863.8078571 Ratio ‐ 1:6 16

Table 6.5v: Case-B Quantity Calculation for Entity_06.

Case B ‐ Alternative Construction Technique

EntityMaterial

Masonry + Plinth

(cu.m.) Sand/Soil cu.m. Quantity (nos)

Calculations for CaseB.

Constituent Materials 25346.39376

EntityMaterial and Grade Volume (cu.m.) / Mix Ration

Constituent Materials (cu.m.) Cement Recycled Red Brick

Recycled Sand Plastering (P) Sand Fine Aggregate Quantity (nos) 21492.0661 Recycled C&D Brick

Masonry Walls + Plinth Walls Mortar Plaster

5.5725857133.435514 39.0081 7.801627.80162023.40486 16 Ratio ‐ 1:1:3 1103 (Brick) 0.99845078.9147381857.528571 39.0081 7.801627.80162023.40486 Ratio ‐ 1:1:3 1103 3.0006142918.003686 (C&D waste) 16 21.0043 4.200864.2008612.60258 Ratio ‐ 1:1:3 1130 0.634642863.8078571 16 4.4425 0.88850.88852.6655 Ratio ‐ 1:1:3 1130

Conclusion :

Conclusion

1857.52857

All the materials required for making a block masonry out of 100% recycled materials is available in the current market. Their are manufacturers available producing the masonry blocks from recycled C&D waste factors like transporting, purchasing, processing, labour, binder materials and manufacturing makes the blocks costlier than the virgin red brick (Class C) Also the processing for getting recycled sand, p-sand, fine aggregates of brick and C&D waste also makes the raw material costlier than the virgin alternative conventional material and also have a varying availability. This makes all the three components, masonry blocks, plaster and mortar; economically less preferred option to be developed from the recycled materials.

Regular Red Bricks Mortar Plaster

Utilization of Recycled Materials

Table 6.5w: Calculating Utilized Recycled materials in Case-B for Entity_06.

Calculating Utilization of Recycled Material.

Case - A (64.455 cu.m.) % Ratio ( Virgin to Recycled raw Materials)

Case - B (64.455 cu.m.) % Ratio ( Virgin to Recycled raw Materials)

Clean Water

Fresh Cement (cu.m)

Virgin Sand / Soil (cu.m)

7.19 % (4.6337 cu.m.) 100.0 % (4.4549 cu.m. including red soil for bricks)

92.81 % (59.82 cu.m.) 0.0 % (0.00 cu.m.)

20.0 % (12.891 cu.m.) 20.00 % (12.891 cu.m.)

Recycled Sand (cu.m)

0.0 % (0.00 cu.m.) 20.0 % (12.891 cu.m.)

Plastering sand (cu.m)

0.0 % (0.00 cu.) 0.0 % (0.00 cu.)

23.69 % (15.268 cu.m.) 80.00 % (51.564 cu.m of Recycled Materials used.)

Fine Aggregates (Brick / C&D, cu.m)

0.0 % (0.00 cu.) 72.62 % (46.8097 cu.m.)

Figure 6.5k: EN_07_Pre-Cast Elements (Digital Visualization)

07_Pre

Cast Elements

Table 6.5y: Case-A Quantity Calculation for Entity_07.

EntityMaterial and Grade Volume (cu.m.) / Mix Ration Cement

Calculations

Constituent Materials

for CaseA. 1.509264 0.215609140.43121830.862436571 Ratio ‐ 1:2:4 124 Pre‐Cast Members

Technique SandAggregates

EntityMaterial Pre‐Cast Members Reinforced Cement Concrete, M15 Grade

Table 6.5z: Case-B Quantity Calculation for Entity_07.

Case B

Alternative Construction Technique

EntityMaterial and Grade Volume (cu.m.) / Mix Ration

Constituent Materials (cu.m.) Cement Sand Aggregates

0.215609140.43121830.862436571 1.509264 0.216 124 Ratio ‐ 1:2:4 1 0.2160.0000.4310.0000.862 % Replacement 0%100%0%100%

Conclusion

Pre‐Cast Members Reinforced Cement Concrete, M15 Grade 0.431 0.862 24

Calculations for CaseB. VirginRecycledVirginRCA

Conclusion :

The components in this entity are very small and does not utilize a large amount of materials. These components are the window jambs, sill and lintels for the openings, the coping on the wall, chhajja on the openings and the perforated jalis which are generally made using stones or terracotta etc. These components does not have any large structural behavior in the structure and thus could be experimented with by using recycled C&D materials. As these materials are present in almost all the new upcoming structures, a regulation of making these components from recycled C&D materials can regularize its utilization and thus can solve the issues like the C&D disposal, utilizations and the depletion of the natural resources by the construction industry.

Utilization of Recycled Materials

Table 6.5aa: Calculating Utilized Recycled materials in Case-B for Entity_07.

Calculating Utilization of Recycled Material.

Case - A (1.509 cu.m.) % Ratio ( Virgin to Recycled raw Materials)

Case - B (1.509 cu.m.) % Ratio ( Virgin to Recycled raw Materials)

Clean Water

Virgin River Sand (cu.m)

Virgin Aggregates (cu.m)

Fresh Cement (cu.m)

Recycled Sand (cu.m)

Recycled Concrete Aggregates (cu.m)

28.56 % (0.431 cu.m.) 100.0 % (1.509 cu.m.)

57.12 % (0.862 cu.m.) 0.0 % (0.00 cu.m.)

0.0 % (0.00 cu.m.) 14.31 % (0.216 cu.m.)

14.31 % (0.216 cu.m.) 14.31 % (0.216 cu.m.)

0.0 % (0.00 cu.) 0.0 % (0.00 cu.)

28.56% (0.431 cu.m.) 85.69 % (1.509 cu.m of Recycled Materials used.)

0.0 % (0.00 cu.) 57.12 % (0.862 cu.m.)

Entity & Components

EN_#8

Structural Steel-02

(Rafter, Purlins, Brackets, etc.)

The entity - secondary steel structure consists of components for supporting the light weight roof like the purlin, rafters, brackets, nuts and bolts, steel deck, etc. and will be completely made out of mild steel as a renewable material. It could either made from salvaged wood from the old wooden building which can be called as a Reclaimed wood or could be made of mild steel which is a 100% recyclable material and both could be considered into the sustainable aspect of the project

Quantity and Consumption.

Table 6.5ab: Material Quantity Calculation for Entity_08.

100 % (1.244 Tonnes) of Recyclable Material used.

Conclusion :

Conclusion

The use of steel in developing new infrastructures should be encourages as it is a recyclable material. Ever since 1960 the energy required for production of crude steel is reduced by about 60% and the water requirement is reduced to a point that only about 10% of water is lost and that is mainly due to evaporation. Also, 100% of the metal scrap from steel production and later processing is fed into the system again and very less amount of the materials could be considered as waste material.

Figure 6.5l: EN_08_Structural Steel-02 (Digital Visualization)

Entity & Components

EN_#9

Non-Structural Steel (Railings, Brackets, etc)

The entity of Non-Structural Steel contains materials without any structural role in the structure. It includes elements like the staircase and balcony railings, the railings for terrace parapets, the metal gates at the parking and the main entrance, the balcony handrail, water channels for roof, etc. Few materials are made of mild steel while some which are in contact with water and are prone to rusting are made of Stainless Steel.

Table 6.5ac: Material Quantity Calculation for Entity_09.

Quantity and Consumption. 100 % (1.882 Tonnes) of Recyclable Material used.

Conclusion :

Conclusion

In many cases the design of these post planned elements of non-structural steel is over done by window and door grills, AC racks, safety grills, etc. which ads significant load on the building structure and increases the use of materials for increased strength. These materials should be planned well in advance to minimize the dead load of the building which thus increases the use of required raw materials which could increase the utilization of natural resources.

Figure 6.5m: EN_09_Non-Structural Steel (Digital Visualization)

Entity & Components

EN_#10 Wooden Elements

(Door-Windows, Facade elements, etc.)

The components in this entity ‘Wood’ will all be made of salvaged wood from the old demolished wooden buildings which includes elements like the door- window frames, shutters and wooden panels. It could be made from other materials like aluminum or PVC but it is preferred to use wood, specially salvaged wood looking to the aspect of sustainability of the building as all other materials except metal are non-recyclable materials and damages the environment if mismanaged.

Table 6.5ad: Material Quantity Calculation for Entity_10.

Quantity and Consumption. 100 % (1.305 Tonnes) of Recyclable Material used.

Conclusion :

Conclusion

Consumption of fresh wood for construction activities put lot amount of burden on the depletion of forests which is a cause of many environmental issues like global warming, landslides, soil erosion, etc. In case of using wood, it is preferred to utilize the salvaged wood from the old demolished structures which lessens the consumption and requirement of fresh wood.

Figure 6.5n: EN_10_Wooden Elements (Digital Visualization)

7.0 IDENTIFYING PROS AND CONS

7.1 Pros of using Recycled Materials.

- Utilization of the recycled materials in developing new construction can lessen the burden and demand of the natural virgin materials and thus slows the depletion of the natural resources.

- C&D waste is a inert waste and thus are harmful to nature, consuming less virgin materials and re-utilizing the already consumed materials can decrease the damage caused to environment, nature and society.

- After a significant consumption of the natural resources, using virgin materials will be a costlier option and the option of using the recycled materials will be a viable option if we develop a good management infrastructure.

- C&D waste is very poorly managed in our nation thus utilizing it can prevent it from depleting the quality of the urban public areas, affects hygiene, etc.

- It has a potential of developing new employment activities and could create a large network of controlled chain structure and thus benefit economically to people and government.

- It will avoid the paced destruction of the biodiversity and nature which will benefit us in enjoying good quality or nature and environment.

7.2 Cons of using Recycled Materials.

- The facilities for processing C&D waste are available in approx. 18 cities of India and thus it is difficult to acquire Recycled Materials.

- Virgin materials are available at a very cheap rate and the processing of C&D waste costs significant amount and thus they are available at costlier rate then virgin materials.

- Specific knowledge is require for using recycled materials in construction because the properties of every batch is different, because of which the mix ratio and other admixture requirement changes every time.

- The range of quality of materials used in the C&D Waste is found quite wide in India due to which fluctuation can be seen in the quality and properties of the recycled materials.

- The possibility of using recycled materials in new construction is not known and thus not accepted widely in our nation and thus could become a barrier in acceptance.

- Improper use of recycled materials, wrong mix. ratio and false curing methods can result in weak structural capacity and lessen the life of the building.

8.0 INFERENCES AND CONCLUSION.

8.1 Inferences from the Research Study.

- Awareness and acceptance in the society for using the recycled materials need to be increased for its effective utilization.

- Revisions in IS 383:2016 by the Bureau of Indian Standards is needed for guidance and effective utilization of recycled materials.

- The policies and regulations on the generation of C&D waste needs to be implemented as a law across the nation.

- Effective enforcement of the laws and fines on violating the C&D waste generation rules needs to increased to reduce the mis-management of the C&D waste.

- The informal sector working in the construction and demolition industry needs to be formalized for effective control on managing the waste.

- The demolition contractors and the transportation contractors should be registered and license or permit needs to be taken to work in the industry.

- Alike construction permissions, demolition permissions and demolition completion certificate needs to be taken from the municipal corporation for demolition.

- Generating waste needs to be declared during demolition permission and certificate of appropriate dumping needs to be submitted for receiving the demolition completion certificate.

- Use of recycled materials should be made compulsory and the certificate for the same needs to be submitted during receiving of the building completion certificate.

- Benefits and rewards should to be awarded for effective utilization of the recycled materials in developing new construction.

- Processing facilities in every qualifying city needs to be developed for effective utilization of the recycled materials.

- Architects, Civil Engineers and Contractors should be educated for effective application of the recycled materials.

- The maal-practices and loopholes in the management system needs to be eliminated.

- The prices of the natural virgin materials needs to be raised significantly and the activity of mining and resource depletion should be taken seriously and charged heavy.

8.2 Conclusion of the Research Study.

The demand of natural resources for the activity of construction is going to increase yearby-year which could lead to complete depletion of the resources one day if not thought upon seriously. For taking care of this major issues and other small issues of the society, the use of recycled C&D waste in developing new infrastructure should be encouraged by effective policies, regulations and by developing required infrastructure which could lead us to a progressive lifestyle, good environment with sustained biodiversity and nature.

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.0a: Dumped debris on unattended lands inside the city. 01

Figure 1.0b: Dumped debris around the railway tracks degrading public spaces. 02

Figure 1.8a: Global population and municipal solid waste generation shares in 2018 13

Figure 1.9a: Demolition waste heap from Vadodara Railway Station Renovation. 15

Figure 2.0a: Demolition Waste samples. 19

Figure 2.2a: Construction of a Residential Bungalow. 22

Figure 2.2b: Remodelling of Residential Bungalow. 23

Figure 2.2c: Demolition of a Residential Bungalow. 23

Figure 2.3a: Sledge-Hammer Demolition Method. 26

Figure 2.3b: Demolition using Excavators and Bulldozers. 27

Figure 2.3c: Implosive Method of Demolition. 27

Figure 2.3d: Hand Angle Grinder Machine 28

Figure 2.3e: Hand-Held Hammer 28

Figure 2.3f: Electric Demolition Hammer 28

Figure 2.3g: Hand-Held Chisel 28

Figure 2.3h: Iron Pickaxe 28

Figure 2.3i: Grub Hoe 28

Figure 2.3j: JCB 2DX Backhoe Loader 30

Figure 2.3k: Mahindra Tractor with Trailer 30

Figure 2.3l: Hydraulic Demolition Hammer 30

Figure 2.3m: Tata Hyva Truck 30

Figure 2.3n: Building getting demolished using explosive demolition method. 32

Figure 2.4a: Waste Samples falling in Major Components Category. 35

Figure 2.4b: Waste Samples falling in Minor Components Category. 35

Figure 2.4c: Waste Samples of Category A. 37

Figure 2.4d: Waste Samples of Category B. 37

Figure 2.4e: Waste Samples of Category C. 37

Figure 2.4f: Waste Samples of Category D. 37

Figure 2.4g: Waste Samples of Category E. 37

Figure 2.4h: Waste Stone Piece 39

Figure 2.4i: Terracotta Roofing Tile 39

Figure 2.4j: Terracotta Pipe Piece 39

Figure 2.4k: Cement Concrete 39

Figure 2.4l: Red Brick 39

Figure 2.4m: AAC Blocks 39

Figure 2.4n: Rubble Stone 39

Figure 2.4o: Concrete Paver Block 39

Figure 2.4p: Terracotta Pipe Piece 39

Figure 2.4q: Reinforced Concrete 41

Figure 2.4r: Brick Masonry 41

Figure 2.4s: Plaster Pieces 41

Figure 2.4t: Tar Road Debris 41

Figure 2.4u: Mosaic Flooring Tile 41

Figure 2.4v: Mosaic Concrete Tiles 41

Figure 2.4w: Glazed Ceramic Fixtures 41

Figure 2.4x: Glazed Ceramic Tiles 41

Figure 2.4y: Plywood & Sunmica Waste 41

Figure 2.4z: Concrete + Bitumen Tar 43

Figure 2.4aa: Waste mixed in C&D waste 43

Figure 2.4ab: Glazed Ceramic Fixtures 43

Figure 2.4ac: Glazed Ceramic Tiles 43

Figure 2.4ad: Sample Source - Crushed & Powdered Brick Debris. 45

Figure 2.4ae: Particle Composition of Crushed brick. 45

Figure 2.4af: Crushed & Powdered Brick Debris. 45

Figure 2.4ag: Sample Source - POP Waste. 45

Figure 2.4ah: Particle Composition of POP Waste. 45

Figure 2.4ai: POP Waste 45

Figure 2.4aj: Sample Source - Waste Kota Stone Gravels. 47

Figure 2.4ak: Various Sizes of Kota Gravels. 47

Figure 2.4al: Waste Kota Stone Gravels. 47

Figure 2.4am: Sample Source - Wood Waste. 47

Figure 2.4an: Various forms generated wooden waste. 47

Figure 2.4ao: Wood Waste 47

Figure 2.4ap: Sample Source - Mixed Gravel Waste 01 49

Figure 2.4aq: Particle Composition of collected sample. 49

Figure 2.4ar: Mixed Gravel Waste 01. 49

Figure 2.4as: Sample Source - Mixed Gravel Waste 02. 49

Figure 2.4at: Particle Composition of collected sample. 49

Figure 2.4au: Mixed Gravel Waste 02. 49

Figure 2.4av: Sample Source - Mixed C&D Waste. 51

Figure 2.4aw: Particle Composition of collected sample. 51

Figure 2.4ax: Mixed C&D Waste. 51

Figure 2.4ay: Sample Source - Mixed Powdered Waste. 51

Figure 2.4az: Particle Composition of collected sample. 51

Figure 2.4ba: Mixed Powdered Waste. 51

Figure 2.6a: Dumped Debris blocking the road. 52

Figure 2.6b: C&D Waste mixed with other Municipal Waste. 53

Figure 2.6c: Debris Dump blocking the storm water stream. 53

Figure 2.6d: Illegal C&D dump blocking the traffic and pedestrian movements. 54

Figure 2.6e: Tile Pieces and Metal Waste - Hazardous Harmful Objects 54

Figure 2.7a: C&D Debris Mixed with other Municipal Waste. 55

Figure 2.7b: Dumped Debris polluting the open water drains. 55

Figure 2.7c: Mangroves, Navi Mumbai 56

Figure 2.8a: Demolition activity causing Air-Pollution. 56

Figure 2.8b: Dumped Debris blocking the road. 57

Figure 2.8c: C&D Waste dumped in wetlands affecting aquatic ecosystem. 57

Figure 3.0a: Content Collage for the Chapter. 59

Figure 3.0b: Demolition of a Residential Unit. 60

Figure 3.0c: Kesarjan Building Centre. 60

Figure 3.0d: Ahmedabad Enviro Project Pvt. Ltd. 61

Figure 3.0e: Nu-Earth Materials 61

Figure 3.1a: Small Scale Demolition Site. 62

Figure 3.1b: Large Scale Demolition Site. 62

Figure 3.1c: Demolition Site of Public Infrastructure. 63

Figure 3.1d: Construction Site of a fly-over. 63

Figure 3.1e: Image of a Residential Bungalow ready for demolition. 64

Figure 3.1f: Image of a demolished Structure after 3 days. 65

Figure 3.1g: Tools and machines used for demolition. 66

Figure 3.1h: Salvaged materials from the bungalow. 67

Figure 3.1i: Raw structure ready for demolition 68

Figure 3.1j: Undemolished wall stuck under debris. 69

Figure 3.1k: View of generated C&D waste. 70

Figure 3.1l: View of dumped C&D waste. 71

Figure 3.1m: Image of the School building getting demolished. 74

Figure 3.1n: Debris heaps of the demolished School Building. 75

Figure 3.1o: View of generated C&D waste on site. 77

Figure 3.1p: Manual demolition of the brick foundation. 78

Figure 3.1q: Gas cutting of the reinforcement bars. 79

Figure 3.1r: View of demolition heap on site. 80

Figure 3.1s: Image of the Road to be demolished for Reconstruction. 82

Figure 3.1t: Image of the road after demolition. 83

Figure 3.1u: View of the old concrete road before demolition. 84

Figure 3.1v: Demolition activity of concrete road. 85

Figure 3.1w: View of generated C&D waste. 86

Figure 3.1x: Loading of the generated C&D waste. 87

Figure 3.2a: View of Kesarjan’s Processing Facility. 91

Figure 3.2b: View of Kesarjan’s Processing Facility. 92

Figure 3.2c: Keyur Sarda 93

Figure 3.2d: Parag Rawool. 93

Figure 3.2e: Segregated Brick Waste received by Kesarjan. 94

Figure 3.2f: Recycled Red Bricks made from Mixed C&D Waste. 94

Figure 3.2g: Mixed C&D Waste received by Kesarjan. 94

Figure 3.2h: Recycled C&D Bricks made from Mixed C&D Waste. 94

Figure 3.2i: Segregated Brick Waste. 95

Figure 3.2j: Segregated Stone Waste. 95

Figure 3.2k: Segregated Crushed Ceramic Waste. 95

Figure 3.2l: Fly-Ash as a Raw Material. 95

Figure 3.2m: Segregated Brick Waste received by Kesarjan. 96

Figure 3.2n: Jaw crusher crushing the bricks. 96

Figure 3.2o: Segregated Brick pieces into various sizes. 97

Figure 3.2p: Fine Crushing brick into hammer mill. 97

Figure 3.2q: Various Sieve Sizes to Segregate Brick Pieces. 97

Figure 3.2r: Crushed Brick - 25 to 40 mm. 98

Figure 3.2s: Crushed Brick - 25 to 15 mm. 98

Figure 3.2t: Crushed Brick - 15 to 8 mm. 98

Figure 3.2u: Crushed Brick - 4 to 8 mm. 98

Figure 3.2v: Crushed Brick less then 4 mm. 99

Figure 3.2w: Brick Surkhi. 99

Figure 3.2x: Mixture to mix Brick Surkhi with Binder. 100

Figure 3.2y: Lumps of the Prepared Raw Material. 100

Figure 3.2z: Secondary Mixer and Feeder. 101

Figure 3.2aa: Hydraulic Compressor to Machine Press Bricks. 101

Figure 3.2ab: Manufactured Recycled Red Brick. 101

Figure 3.2ac: Heap of Manufactured Recycled Red Brick. 101

Figure 3.3a: View of Ahmedabad Enviro Projects Processing Facility. 102

Figure 3.3b: View of Kesarjan’s Processing Facility. 103

Figure 3.3c: View of Ahmedabad Enviro Projects Processing Facility. 104

Figure 3.3d: C&D waste getting feed into the processing system. 105

Figure 3.3e: Generated Construction and Demolition Waste (C&D) 106

Figure 3.3f: Manufactured C&D Waste by AEP Pvt. Ltd. Facility. 107

Figure 3.3g: Received C&D waste by AEP Pvt. Ltd. 108

Figure 3.3h: C&D Material feeder for processing. 108

Figure 3.3i: Primary jaw crusher and vibrating segregator. 109

Figure 3.3j: View of Sand washing system. 110

285 List of Figures

Figure 3.3k: View of Cone Crusher for manufacturing M-Sand. 110

Figure 3.3l: Secondary jaw crusher and vibrating segregator. 111

Figure 3.3m: View of Stacked Vibrating Segregator and Conveyor Belts. 112

Figure 3.3n: View of heaped Recycled Sand ready to use. 113

Figure 3.3o: View of Water Filtration Unit. 113

Figure 3.3p: View from bridge above sedimentation tank. 114

Figure 3.3q: View of V-notch weir and outlet channel of sedimentation tank. 114

Figure 3.3r: View of water tanks of water filtration unit. 115

Figure 3.4a: View of Ahmedabad Enviro Projects Processing Facility. 116

Figure 3.4b: View of Kesarjan’s Processing Facility. 117

Figure 3.4c: View of Product made by Nu-Earth Materials Facility. 118

Figure 3.4d: Products getting manufactured at Nu-Earth Facility. 119

Figure 3.4e: Manufactured Recycled Materials by AEP Pvt. Ltd.. 120

Figure 3.4f: Products manufactured by Nu-Earth. 121

Figure 3.4g: Pre-Cast Water Tanks. 122

Figure 3.4h: Pre-Cast compound walls. 122

Figure 3.4i: Pre-Cast Partition walls. 122

Figure 3.4j: Pre-Cast Underground Water tanks. 122

Figure 3.4k: Concrete Paver Blocks. 123

Figure 3.4l: Concrete Kerb Stones. 123

Figure 3.4m: Pre-Cast Street Furniture. 123

Figure 3.4n: Concrete Kerb Stones Type 2. 123

Figure 6.0a: Recycled Materials from C&D Waste. 137

Figure 6.2a: Recycled Fine Aggregates (Sand) 139

Figure 6.2b: Recycled Aggregates (Fine) 139

Figure 6.2c: Recycled Aggregates (Small) 139

Figure 6.2d: Recycled Aggregates (Medium) 139

Figure 6.2e: Recycled Aggregates (Large) 139

Figure 6.2f: Recycled Conc. Aggregates (Small) 139

Figure 6.2g: Recycled Conc. Aggregates (Med.) 139

Figure 6.2h: Recycled Conc. Aggregates (Large) 139

Figure 6.2i: Recycled Fine Aggregates (Sand). 140

Figure 6.2j: Example of Grading Test on Fine Aggregates. 141

Figure 6.2k: Recycled Aggregates (Brick Mix, Small). 142

Figure 6.2l: Recycled Aggregates (Brick Mix, Medium). 144

Figure 6.2m: Example of Water Absorption Test on Recycled Aggregates. 145

Figure 6.2n: Recycled Aggregates (Brick Mix, Large). 146

Figure 6.2o: Example of Passing Test Result on Recycled Aggregates. 147

Figure 6.2p: Example of Composition Test on Recycled Aggregates. 148

Figure 6.2q: Recycled Aggregates (Brick Mix, Fine). 149

Figure 6.2r: Recycled Concrete Aggregates (Small). 151

Figure 6.2s: Recycled Concrete Aggregates (Medium). 153

Figure 6.2t: Guidelines of using RCA in IS:383. 154

Figure 6.2u: Recycled Concrete Aggregates (Large). 155

Figure 6.3a: Various Sieves used in Sieve Analysis Test. 160

Figure 6.3b: Recycled Fine Aggregates from SGPPL. 160

Figure 6.3c: Pycnometer . 162

Figure 6.3d: Impact Test Machine. 165

Figure 6.3e: Sieves of size 12.36 mm, 10 mm and 2.36. 165

Figure 6.3f: Sieves of 25 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm size. 166

Figure 6.3g: Natural Coarse Aggregates. 167

Figure 6.3h: Recycled Concrete Aggregates. 168

Figure 6.3i: Vicat’s Apparatus of Standard Consistency of Cement. 169

Figure 6.3j: Vicat’s Apparatus of Initial Setting Time. 170

Figure 6.3k: Compressive Strength of Cement Test Cubes. 171

Figure 6.3l: Mixing and Casting of Concrete Cubes 172

Figure 6.3m: Slump Cone. 174

Figure 6.3n: Slump Test. 174

Figure 6.3o: Compression Test on Cube. 175

Figure 6.3q: Concrete Cubes after compression Test. 175

Figure 6.3p: Compression Testing Machine. 175

Figure 6.3r: Recycled Red Bricks from Kesarjan building Centre. 178

Figure 6.3s: Recycled C&D Bricks from Kesarjan building Centre. 180

Figure 6.3t: 1 Cu.m. mass of Lean Cement Concrete from Recycled Materials. 182

Figure 6.3u: 1 Cu.m. mass of Plain Cement Concrete from Recycled Materials. 182

Figure 6.3v: 1 Cu.m. mass of Reinforced Cement Concrete from Recycled Materials. 184

Figure 6.4a: Conceptual Sketch of the Developed Design. 187

Figure 6.4b: Site Location with its context. 188

Figure 6.4c: View of the Site from Adjacent Main Road. 190

Figure 6.4d: Conceptual Hand Sketching 192

Figure 6.4e: Conceptual Hand Sketching 193

Figure 6.4f: Conceptual Diagrams Explaining Design Ideas. 195

Figure 6.4g: Hand-drawn Floor Plan Idea - Residential Design. 196

Figure 6.4h: Part-Process Model - Residential Design 197

Figure 6.4i: Idea for Facade and Fenestrations - Residential Design 198

Figure 6.4j: Structural Frame Idea for Floor Plates - Residential Design. 199

Figure 6.4k: Masses in the Site Context. 200

Figure 6.4l: Part-Process Model 02 - Residential Design 201

287 List of Figures

Figure 6.4m: Site Plan - Residential Design 202

Figure 6.4n: Ground Floor Plan - Residential Design 203

Figure 6.4o: First Floor Plan - Residential Design 204

Figure 6.4p: Second Floor Plan - Residential Design 205

Figure 6.4q: Terrace Plan - Residential Design 206

Figure 6.4r: Roof Plan - Residential Design 207

Figure 6.4s: Furniture Layout for Ground Floor 208

Figure 6.4t: Furniture Layout for First Floor 209

Figure 6.4u: Furniture Layout for Second Floor. 210

Figure 6.4v: Process Model and Final Design Models 211

Figure 6.4w: View of Site from Main Road. 212

Figure 6.4x: Planar Sectional View of Ground Floor 212

Figure 6.4y: Planar Sectional View of Terrace Plan 212

Figure 6.4z: Planar Sectional View of First Floor 213

Figure 6.4aa: View of the building from Main Road 213

Figure 6.4ab: Planar Sectional View of Second Floor 213

Figure 6.4ac: East Elevation 214

Figure 6.4ad: 3D Character of Eastern Facade 215

Figure 6.4ae: South Elevation 216

Figure 6.4af: 3D Character of Southern Facade 217

Figure 6.4ag: Section - AA’ 218

Figure 6.4ah: Section - BB’ 219

Figure 6.4ai: Section -CC’ 220

Figure 6.4aj: Physical Hand Model of the Design. 221

Figure 6.4ak: Section -DD’ 222

Figure 6.4al: Physical Sectional Model of the Design. 223

Figure 6.4am: Building Fitting into the Context. 224

Figure 6.4an: Building View from Main Road. 226

Figure 6.4ao: Facade’s Structural Character. 228

Figure 6.4ap: Decked Balcony and Internal Spaces. 230

Figure 6.4aq: Roof and Terrace Character. 232

Figure 6.5a: Various Entities of the Building. 235

Figure 6.5b: Structural Layout of Ground Floor. 237

Figure 6.5c: Structural Members on First Floor. 238

Figure 6.5d: Structural Members on Second Floor. 239

Figure 6.5e: EN_01_Foundation 241

Figure 6.5f: EN_02_Plinth 245

Figure 6.5g: EN_03_Structural Concrete 249

Figure 6.5h: EN_04_Structural Steel 255

Figure 6.5i: EN_05_Decking Slab 259

Figure 6.5j: EN_06_Masonry Walls 263

Figure 6.5k: EN_07_Pre-Cast Elements 267

Figure 6.5l: EN_08_Structural Steel-02 271

Figure 6.5m: EN_09_Non-Structural Steel 273

Figure 6.5n: EN_10_Wooden Elements 275

LIST OF TABLES

Table 6.3a: Moisture Content of Fine Aggregates. 159

Table 6.3b: Sieve Analysis on Fine Aggregates. 161

Table 6.3c: Determination of Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate 162

Table 6.3d: Determination of Specific Gravity of Recycled Concrete Aggregates. 163

Table 6.3e: Determination of Specific Gravity of Natural Coarse Aggregates. 164

Table 6.3f: Determination of Aggregate Impact Value. 166

Table 6.3g: Sieve Analysis of Natural Coarse Aggregates. 167

Table 6.3h: Sieve Analysis of Recycled Concrete Aggregates. 168

Table 6.3i: Standard Consistency of Cement. 169

Table 6.3j: Initial Setting Time of Cement. 170

Table 6.3k: Initial Setting Time of Cement. 171

Table 6.3l: Slump Test. 174

Table 6.3m: Compression Test on Concrete Cubes. 175

Table 6.3n: Cost Calculation for Recycled Red Brick Masonry. 178

Table 6.3o: Break Down of Quantity & Cost Calculation for Recycled Red Brick Masonry. 179

Table 6.3p: Cost Calculation for Recycled C&D Brick Masonry. 180

Table 6.3q: Break Down of Quantity & Cost Calculation for Recycled C&D Brick Masonry. 181

Table 6.3r: Break Down of Quantity and Cost Calculation for Lean Cement Concrete. 183

Table 6.3s: Break Down of Quantity & Cost Calculation for Plain Cement Concrete. 183

Table 6.3t: Break Down of Quantity & Cost Calculation for Reinforced Cement Concrete. 185

Table 6.5a: Material Quantity Calculation for Entity_01. 240

Table 6.5b: Case-A Quantity Calculation for Entity_01. 242

Table 6.5c: Case-B Quantity Calculation for Entity_01. 242

Table 6.5d: Calculating Utilized Recycled materials in Case-B for Entity_01. 243

Table 6.5e: Material Quantity Calculation for Entity_02. 244

Table 6.5f: Case-A Quantity Calculation for Entity_02. 246

Table 6.5g: Case-B Quantity Calculation for Entity_02. 246

Table 6.5h: Calculating Utilized Recycled materials in Case-B for Entity_02. 247

Table 6.5i: Material Quantity Calculation for Entity_03. 248

Table 6.5j: Quantity Calculations for components in Entity_03. 250

List of Tables

289

Table 6.5k: Case-A Quantity Calculation for Entity_03. 252

Table 6.5l: Case-B Quantity Calculation for Entity_03. 252

Table 6.5m: Calculating Utilized Recycled materials in Case-B for Entity_03. 253

Table 6.5n: Material Quantity Calculation for Entity_04. 254

Table 6.5o: Quantity Calculations for components in Entity_04. 256

Table 6.5p: Material Quantity Calculation for Entity_05. 258

Table 6.5q: Case-A Quantity Calculation for Entity_05. 260

Table 6.5r: Case-B Quantity Calculation for Entity_05. 260

Table 6.5s: Calculating Utilized Recycled materials in Case-B for Entity_05. 261

Table 6.5t: Material Quantity Calculation for Entity_06. 262

Table 6.5u: Case-A Quantity Calculation for Entity_06. 264

Table 6.5v: Case-B Quantity Calculation for Entity_06. 264

Table 6.5w: Calculating Utilized Recycled materials in Case-B for Entity_06. 265

Table 6.5x: Material Quantity Calculation for Entity_07. 266

Table 6.5y: Case-A Quantity Calculation for Entity_07. 268

Table 6.5z: Case-B Quantity Calculation for Entity_07. 268

Table 6.5aa: Calculating Utilized Recycled materials in Case-B for Entity_07. 269

Table 6.5ab: Material Quantity Calculation for Entity_08. 270

Table 6.5ac: Material Quantity Calculation for Entity_09. 272

Table 6.5ad: Material Quantity Calculation for Entity_10. 274

LIST OF CHARTS.

Chart 1.6a: Stage-wise Bifurcation of the Thesis Study. 06

Chart 1.6b: Content Chapters and Topics of Stage-1. 07

Chart 1.6c: Content Chapters and Topics of Stage-2. 08

Chart 1.6d: Content Chapters and Topics of Stage-3. 09

Chart 1.7a: Method of Study for Stage-1. 11

Chart 1.9a: Types of Waste Generated in India. 14

Chart 2.4a: Types and Classification of C&D Materials. 34

Chart 2.4b: Classification of Major Components. 36

Chart 6.1a: Method of Elaboration for Stage - 3. 136

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Off the Wall: Improving Construction and Demolition Waste Management in Indian Cities. Centre for Science and Environment; Centre for Science and Environment. https://www.cseindia.org/another-brick-off-the-wall-10325

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