COST EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015 SECTION-A GUIDES: PROF. SANDIP KUMAR, PROF. MANDEEP SINGH SITE AREA: 4.27 hectare BUILT-UP AREA: 26767sqm LIST OF DRAWINGS: 1. Introduction 2-7. Site Analysis 8. Vision 9-11. Site 11-12. Clusters 14-23. Block-1 24-33. Block-2 34-38. Technology
THESIS
INTRODUCTION
SITE SPECIFICATIONS: SITE LOCATION : Cheetah Chowk, Keylong-Leh Highway, Leh, Ladakh SITE AREA : 42,875 sqm / 10.6 acres LATITUDE : 34°08’N LONGITUDE : 77°34’E ALTITUDE : 3395m / 11,140 ft Height Restriction: 40 ft Max. Ground coverage: 40%
EXISTING ON SITE: PWD Govt. housing Central Park: 4600sqm Shops: 80sqm
In the last decade, Leh, Ladakh experienced a boom in tourism and demand of guest houses and hotels increased rapidly resulting in locals opting for a material which allows a faster speed of construction, concrete. The high amount of pollution and waste produced by using such methods of construction has led to climate change in the region. The boom in tourism industry attracted native population from neighbouring villages and towns to migrate to Leh city in search of new job opportunities and due to this increase in population the government is trying to set up adequate amount of social and physical infrastructure in and around the city to cater to its needs. This creates a demand of large scale housing for natives of neighbouring areas, non-natives from far away regions, and government officials appointed to work for the city. COST EFFECTIVE HOUSING Cost effective Housing is a concept which deals with effective budgeting and following of techniques which help in reducing the cost construction through the use of locally available materials along with improved skills and technology without sacrificing the strength, performance and life of the structure. SUSTAINABLE HOUSING The sustainability can be defined as meeting the needs of today without compromising the needs of future generations. Thus, sustainable housing must aim at economic, social and environmental sustainability from planning to implementation phase and at the same time result in housing that is accessible and environmentally less damaging. Can cost effective housing be sustainable? Can sustainable housing be cost effective? Problem Statement: To design a cost effective housing solution that caters to the growing population of Leh city that can withstand the extreme cold and harsh climate and at the same time is sustainable so as to not harm the fragile eco-system of the region.
PROPOSAL: CPWD GOVERNMENT HOUSING QUARTERS The Trans Himalayan region of Ladakh recently got separated from Jammu and Kashmir and acquired the status of Union Territory. This opens up opportunity for a great amount of development in the area, especially in Leh, the capital. The first step of the newly elected Lieutenant governor would be infrastructure building for the entire city. Several new government offices need to be set up and housing needs to be provided for this immigrating population. Additions to the proposal:
Total units 1 RESIDENTIAL
Total Built up area (sqm) 243
2 Recreational
17055 1600
3 Social Infra
380
4 Commercial 5 Residents' Parking
350
10
6 Electrical
1000 50
7 Water & Sanitation
150 Total Grand Total
4630 21685
1. In addition to being low-cost, the project must be sustainable and energy efficient so that it is truly low-cost in the long run. This means that the construction should not create as much carbon footprint which could harm the sensitive ecology of the area; at the same time, it should handle the cold and harsh climate with minimum external energy for heating and electricity. 2. The process of construction can be optimized to maximize the efficiency of time and resource management on site. This itself could have a significant impact on the cost of construction. 3. Alternate materials which are locally available need to be explored and used in innovative ways to reduce the cost as well as the carbon footprint of the project. 4. Construction techniques that may be reusable or automated at a large could be explored to speed up the process even more and increase the design’s (element or module) reusability in future projects of the CPWD.
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COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
THESIS
SITE ANALYSIS OLD TOWN, LEH
NEW TOWN, LEH SITE
KBR AIRPORT
SPITUK
CHOGLAMSAR
0
200
400
600
1000m
The site is well connected to the city by public transport i.e. mini bus. There is one bus stop right in front of the site. There are regular buses (every 15 minute) to and fro the city main market and the airport as well as less regular buses (every 1-2hr) to nearby towns Choglamsar, Spituk, Sabu, Shey, and Thicksey.
The land-use map (above) shows that the residential areas are most dense towards old town and South-eastern side. The land use map of our site and nearby context (left) shows the area is predominantly residential and what all infrastructure is present and what else is required.
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SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
THESIS
SITE ANALYSIS
Pedestrian Activity
ACTIVE ZONE DEAD ZONE
SUMMER
WINTER
Vehicular Activity CONGESTION ZONE
8 AM
8 AM
1 PM
1 PM
6 PM
6 PM
SITE CONGESTION ZONE
CONGESTION ZONE
0
20
40
60
100m
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COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
THESIS
SITE ANALYSIS
EXISTING TYPE 2 UNIT TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN :
SITE 42875sqm
COMMON OUTDOOR TOILET
EXISTING BUILTUP ON SITE : TYPE-1 35sqm
40 Blocks 160 units
TYPE-2 50sqm
9 Blocks 27 units
PLOTS Allotted for Type-3 & 4
MASTER BEDROOM
KITCHEN STAIRCASE
BEDROOM
LIVING
ISSUES WITH EXISTING DESIGN
1. STRUCTURE: G+1 Load bearing structure with either sundried mud brick or stone walls that are 1-1.5ft thick..
BLOCK PLAN: - Few living spaces do not recieve direct sunlight. - Improper buildin orientaions. - Poor ventilation. - Toilet disconnected from the house. - No water supply inside the house. - No insulation i.e. higher heat loss. - Need external heating during winters.
2. FOUNDATION: Stone rubble foundation held together with mud mortar. 3. FLOORING: Traditional mud flooring with Dumba(Beams from Poplar wood), Taalu(Purlins from Willow branches), mud+hay insulation.
Type 2 block : Front view
Type 2 block : Back view
4. SERVICES: Electricity supplied by primarily NHPC hydro power plant, Nemu, Leh. Outdoor dry toilets and baths with public supply taps for summers and water supply trucks for winters. Sewage pipelines connected to STP.
SITE PLAN: - Inorganic planning with straight, perpendicular roads. - Few blocks feel randomly placed. - No designated parking space. - Only 1 central public space; No smaller open areas. - Roads go through and through inviting outside traffic. - Inadequate steet lighting creating unsafe environment. - Lots of dead zones, especially during winters.
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SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
THESIS
SITE ANALYSIS
EXISTING SITE CONDITIONS:
REBUILD OR RENOVATE ? It is completely clear that the existing buildings on site are extremely poorly maintained. Whether it is the structure and materials of the buildings itself or the services provided to this housing colony by the local authorities, very little attention is given towards the maintenance or sustainance of these houses. In an ideal scenario, renovation is more ecologically and economically benefficial than rebuilding but in this scenario, since the condition of these buildings is extremely bad it will take a large amount of funds to even renovate it. Furthermore, we also need to increase the built-up area of the project to provide much more houses for the growin demand as Ladakh just converted to Union Territory and the government is working on infrastructure expansion. Therefore, I feel it is a better option to demolish and rebuild the project with increased capacity and lower running/maintenance cost.
REUSING MATERIALS Another big reason why rebuilding is feasible in our case is because the materials use in the existing buildings can be completely reused except for the concrete used in certain places.
The existing blocks are in a very dilapidated condition but still inhabited. Windows either aren’t double glazed or just broken and need to be covered by plastic sheets.
Water supply and drainage weren’t initially planned and later fit in as you can see the drainage pipes hanging out the back of the blocks. The outdoor toilet is severely cold during winters.
The blocks which were in a structurally unstable condition were taken down and rebuilt with stone bricks which is a good conductor and unsuitable for the harsh winters.
The plaster is peeling off the external facade revealing the mud bricks inside.
1. Sun dried mud bricks can be broken down back into the soil mixture from which it was made.
By adding stabilizer and water to the soil mixture we can obtain a mud paste.
2. Wood from the project may be reclaimed for several purposes.
The pieces in good condition may be used to make doors, windows again.
Mud paste can be poured into any kind of mould to get back either bricks or panels.
Planks can be processed into a GluLam beam which can be used as structural members.
3. Similarly, all the stone from existing foundations and, boudary walls can be used to create new founadtions along with fresh mud mortar.
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SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
THESIS
SITE ANALYSIS
STRENGTHS - Well connected to the airport, intra city Mini-Bus transit system, and nearby towns. - Electrical supply, Sewage, Waste disposal system works throughout summer and winter. - Social Infrastructure accessable nearby: - Schools - Police Station - Post Office - Banquet halls, Community centre - Hopital - Govt. offices - Buddhist Monastry, Mosque - Culturally and Socially active area as Recreational and festive activities happen throughout the year in the nearby Sports Complex.
WEAKNESSES - Vehicular congestion at Cheetah Chowk during summers. - No defined parking available in site. - Only taxis for LMT, which are too costly. - Erratic Water supply in winters as public distribution taps shut down. - Social Infrastructure not available nearby: - Creches - Cinemas - Public library - Clinics - Plenty of Dead zones in winter
OPPURTUNITIES - South sloping site allows maximum solar raditaion capture. - Connection to SNM hospital can be activated. - Already active nodes on SE of the site can be used for pedestrian public plazas. - Public space heating - Cold storage - Common water storage and distribution for site.
THREATS - Dry toilets may not be properly maintained. - High population influx in coming 5-10 years due to Ladakh becoming UT. - Climate change - Water scarcity - Amentites like water supply and cold storage may increase cost of project if they need to function in winters. - Seismic Zone-4
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COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
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THESIS
VISION
VISUAL CONCEPT The aesthetic feel of the project is something that is very important, especially in a place with a completely unique architecture style such as Leh. The appearance of bid scale projeccts should not be alien to the context and the city. In a residential project, the aesthetic should give a warm and welcoming feeling to the residents as well as neighbouring citizens. I always admired the aesthetic of Leh old town.
ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED: 1. Difficult to stay during harsh Winters Most of the higher middle and upper class Ladakhi’s have a second Winter home down south from Leh. Almost half of the local population migrates from Leh to either vacation homes in other regions or their respective villages in Ladakh. Snowfall is reducing each year as a result of climate change and the the weather becomes extremely cold and dry. Such harsh situations are uninhabitable for most. This is a huge problem for specially Govt. employees who are obligated to stay throughout Winters whereas their families leave them alone.
2. Concrete is not suitable for Leh Currently, RCC. is one of the primary building material in most of the projects in Leh. RCC. grew popular among locals after the boom in tourism as there was a huge population influx and for accommodating these tourists, the city needed a lot more hotels, and residences and concrete provides that speed to the process.
The way the houses so closely packed together, followed the surface of the mountain rising higher as we move towards the Leh Palace. This was a feeling I wanted to capture but in our gradual sloping site, we would need to play with the massing of our blocks to achieve a similar effect. The materiality is another strong element to this aesthetic. The colors and metrials used should be native to the place no matter in which technique it is used. The hand brished mud texture and wooden structural members protruding out to also at as ornamentation on the elevation are a must.
The construction industry is relying on concrete too much, specially for a cold climate like Leh. Concrete is highly conductive and requires heavy insulation to retain the heat in Winters. Most of the hotels and homes built with RCC. need artificial heating in Winters. Concrete is not reusable or biodegradable. The lifespan of a concrete building is approximately 100 years maximum, after which it starts to deteriorate. Once the building is structurally unstable and it taken down, it gives nothing but debris. There are very few components that may be reused or recycled.
!
Cost of concrete is too high in Leh as there are no industries for the production of concrete and it has to be shipped in from other states.
3. Large scale projects take too much time The construction season in Leh. Ladakh is only 4-5 months each year. Imagine a project taking some X amount of years to complete, in Leh, the same project would take 2X years with same or lesser quality and strength. The time taken for construction is directly proportionate to the project cost as the services and labour cost shoots up with passing time. Another issue is improper storage of construction materials. Locals store concrete bags at the end of summer to use it in the next season before the roads open up. Little do they know that till the time comes, the concrete has alreaady gone bad. This results in buildings with more impurities, lesser overall strength.
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COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
SITE PLAN
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1
2
3
SITE SECTIONS
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SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
SITE AERIAL VIEW
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-1
K BLOC
BLOCK-
2
BL
OC
K-
1
BLOCK-
2
CLUSTER-1
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K1 BL O C 2
KC O L
B
BLOCK-1
CLUSTER-2
2
B
KLOC
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SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
1
Block 1 - Axonometric N
COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
INNER HEAT 5
POURED EARTH PANEL
WOODEN FRAME
100
70
S25
1
2
4
S25
S25
S25
1000
3000
2060
2040
230
6020
CSEB WALL
HOLDFAST
EXTERNAL WALL (400mm)
LIFT (1800 x 1800)
8480
2040
INSULATION
SOLAR RADIATION
1980
UP W3
INNER HEAT D2
P OWDER ROOM ( 1300 x 1800)
1900
D1
AIRLOCK W2
KITCHEN (2550 x 2800)
D3 D1
W3
D2
LIVING/DINING (3300 x 4900)
BEDROOM (2800 x 3400)
TOILE T (1300 x 2150)
BEDROOM (2800 x 3500) D3
240
D3
P OWDER ROOM ( 1300 x 1650)
W2
1600
EXTERNAL WALL (240mm)
TOILET (1300 x 2150)
W1
D3 D3
W2
W2
HDF/GYPSUM PANEL
D3
W3
W2
LIVING/DINING (3300 x 4900)
TOILET (1300 x 2300)
D3 W1
D2
STORE
LIVING/SUNROOM (3300 x 3000)
INSULATION
W3 D2
BEDROOM (2800 x 3400)
W1
S24
D3
W3
DINING (2350 x 2850)
70
TOILET (1300 x 2150)
W3
D1
AIRLOCK
W3
D2
3620
D1
KITCHEN (1800 x 2500)
W3
7580
W3
D1
D3
9180 2
W3
W3
D1
P OWDER ROOM ( 1300 x 1800)
AIRLOCK
WOODEN FRAME
W3
1460
TYPE-3 : 2BHK (70 sqm)
POURED EARTH PANEL
70
W3
1 S24
D2
100
D2
TYPE-1 (40 sqm)
W3
KITCHEN (1800 x 2500)
2060
W3
CORE
2400
TYPE-1 (40 sqm)
D3
W1
MASTER BEDROOM (2800 x 4300)
WOODEN FRAME
W2 W3
3500
1500
3000
3000
1500
3000 12500
3000
1500
3500
25 75
25
D3 W1
8000
28500
AIR VOID
1
INTERNAL WALL (125mm)
Block 1 - Ground Floor 1 : 100
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COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
5
DOOR FRAME
S25
DOOR PANEL
D3
1
2
4
S25
S25
S25
DETAIL-A HOLDFAST LIFT (1800 x 1800)
UP
W3
TYPE-1 (40 sqm)
W3
B
W3
TYPE-1 (40 sqm)
W3
W3
W3
AIRLOCK
TOILE T (1300 x 2300)
1360
AIRLOCK
W3 29
D1
D1
DINING (2350 x 2850) BEDROOM (2800 x 3400)
W2
D2
BEDROOM (2800 x 3300)
TOILE T (1300 x 2050)
W3
D3
BEDROOM (2800 x 3300)
D3
STORE W2
W3
D2
D2
P OWDER ROOM ( 1300 x 1800)
LIVING/DINING (3300 x 4900)
D1
KITCHEN (2550 x 2800)
LIVING/SUNROOM (3300 x 3000)
LIVING/DINING (3300 x 4900)
D2
D1
W2
TOILE T (1300 x 2050)
D3
DETAIL-B
D3 W3 D3
S24
W1
W2
W2
W3
D3
1780
2
D3 W1
MASTER BEDROOM (2800 x 4300)
TOILE T (1300 x 2200)
D3 W2
W1
A
W2
W3
3500
1500 8000
1
3000
3000
1500
3500 12550
1500
3040
3000
1500
3500
7950
Block 1 - First Floor 1 : 100
DOOR PANEL
P OWDER ROOM ( 1300 x 2200)
8120
1950
P OWDER ROOM ( 1300 x 2200)
D3
D3
3620
AIRLOCK
W3
W3
W3
S24
DOOR FRAME
D1
W3
D1
9900
1
W3
TYPE-3 : 2BHK (70 sqm)
KITCHEN (1800 x 2900)
D1
KITCHEN (1800 x 2900)
2550
D2
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COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
5 S25
WINDOW FRAME
GLASS
W3 1
2
4
S25
S25
S25
DETAIL-C
LIFT (1800 x 1800)
PANEL UP
C
TYPE-4 : 3BHK (85 sqm) W3
W3 D2
KITCHEN (1800 x 2900)
D1
UP
W3
TOILE T (1300 x 2350)
AIRLOCK
8120
P OWDER ROOM ( 1300 x 2250)
1810
D3 D1 W3
UP
W3
10080
LIVING/DINING (3300 x 4900)
W2
W3 W3
D2
D2
TOILE T (1300 x 2050)
W2
D3
LIVING/ DINING (3300 x 3150)
BEDROOM (2800 x 3500)
STORE
D3
D3
W1
MASTER BEDROOM (2800 x 4300)
W2
W3
1820
S24
W2
W3
W2
TOILE T (1300 x 2050)
D3 W1
2
LIVING/DINING (3300 x 4900)
D2 D3 D3
D3
BEDROOM (2800 x 4300)
D2
P OWDER ROOM ( 1300 x 1850)
3770
BEDROOM (2800 x 3400)
GLASS
W3
W3
D3
WINDOW FRAME
D1
D1
P OWDER ROOM ( 1300 x 2250)
AIRLOCK
D1
S24
AIRLOCK
W3
KITCHEN (2550 x 2800)
2540
W3
W3
D2
1360
TYPE-4S : 4BHK (115 sqm)
D1
1
TYPE-4 : 3BHK (85 sqm)
W3
KITCHEN (1800 x 2900)
W3
BEADING
TOILE T (1300 x 2200)
W1
W2
D
W2
W3
DETAIL-D 3500
1500
3000
3000
1500
3500
1500
3000
3000
1500
PANEL
BEADING
FIXED GLASS
3500
12500
1
Block 1 - Second Floor 1 : 100
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COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
5 S25
1
2
4
S25
S25
S25
DN
MACHINE ROOM
TYPE-4S : 4BHK (115 sqm)
TYPE-4 : 3BHK (85 sqm)
W3
W3
W3
W3
W3
D3
W3
TOILE T (1300 x 2250)
W3
4200
W3
BEDROOM (3300 x 3200)
W3
W3
TOILET (1300 x 2150)
W3
D3
W3
W3
D3
TOILE T (1300 x 1750)
DN
W3
W3
D3 D3
BEDROOM (3300 x 4000)
TYPE-4 : 3BHK (85 sqm)
D2
W3
BEDROOM (3300 x 3900)
W3 D2
8250
D2
D2
DN
D2
BEDROOM (2800 x 3300)
1
BEDROOM (2800 x 4300)
BEDROOM (2800 x 3300)
D2
D2
D2
D3
2820
S24
SUNROOM (3300 x 2600)
D2
D2
SUNROOM (3300 x 3900)
W2 D3
1230
D3
W1
W2 D3
TOILE T (1300 x 2200)
W2 D3
D3
W1
D3
W1
TOILE T (1300 x 2050)
TOILE T (1300 x 2050)
W1
W3
3630
D3
W2
2 S24
W2
1500
8180
SUNROOM (3300 x 2600)
W3
3050
2950
1500
3500
3020
1480
3000
1500
3630
8120
10970
28500
1
Block 1 - Third Floor 1 : 100
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COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
5 S25
1
2
4
S25
S25
S25
1 S24
2 S24
Block 1 - Roof Plan 1:100
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COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
SECTION DETAIL-1
INDOOR
OUTDOOR
STRAIGHT WALL
FLOOR FINISH (20mm)
TAALU (Purlins) DUMBA (150mm)
SCREED (50mm)
MUD+HAY (75mm) GLULAM BEAM (200mm)
A1 A2
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COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
INDOOR
OUTDOOR
STONE COPING
FLOOR FINISH (20mm)
SCREED (50mm)
POLYMERIC FELT (3mm; 3layers)
CSEB PARAPET WALL
SECTION DETAIL-2 BALCONY
B4
N
B3
COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
B2
B1
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
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COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
N
COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
1
Block 2 - Axonometric
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COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
4 S40
6013
2
3
S40
S40
2040
1000
2993
7855
2040
2060
1 S40
1980
UP W3
D2
E W3
TYPE-3 : 2BHK (70 sqm)
CORE
1775
TYPE-3 : 2BHK (70 sqm) W3
W3 D1
TYPE-1 (40 sqm)
KITCHEN (2800 x 2100)
D2
MASTER BEDROOM (2800 x 4400)
W3
W3
AIRLOCK
D2
MASTER BEDROOM (2800 x 4400)
2630
D1
W3 D3
9120
D2
2960
D3
D3
D2
BEDROOM (2800 x 3350)
W2
D3 W3
BEDROOM (2800 x 3350)
W3
TOILE T (1300 x 2300)
D2
LIVING/DINING (3300 x 4750)
W2
LIVING/DINING (4300 x 5300)
TOILE T (1300 x 2300)
W1
S39 ---
TOILE T (1300 x 2350)
W3
D3
LIVING/DINING (4300 x 5300)
D1
P OWDER ROOM ( 1300 x 2400)
AIRLOCK
P OWDER ROOM ( 1300 x 1800)
4720
D1
KITCHEN (1800 x 2500)
W3
TOILE T (1300 x 2350)
2 -
KITCHEN (2800 x 2100)
W3
D1
AIRLOCK P OWDER ROOM ( 1300 x 2400)
2090
1 S39
W3
D1
W1
BEDROOM (2800 x 3350)
D3
DETAIL-E
D3 TOILE T (1300 x 2300)
D3
D3 W3
W3
W2
W2
1440
W1
W2
L-JUNCTION BTW. 400mm & 240mm EXTERNAL WALL
W1
D3
D3 W3
W1
2980
1527
4507 13514
1500
3000
3500
1500 8000
W2
3000
3000
1500
4507
1480
3027
13514
35028
1
Block 2- Ground Floor 1 : 100
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COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
4 S40
1
2
3
S40
S40
S40
UP
TYPE-3 : 2BHK (70 sqm) W3
W3
TYPE-3 : 2BHK (70 sqm)
W3
W3
W3
W3
W3
W3
AIRLOCK
S39
2630
D3 W3
W2
1460
P OWDER ROOM ( 1300 x 1800)
BEDROOM (2800 x 3350)
D3
BEDROOM (2800 x 3350)
D2
TOILE T (1300 x 2300)
BEDROOM (2800 x 3300)
T-JUNCTION BTW. 400mm & 240mm EXTERNAL WALL
W2 D3
TOILE T (1300 x 2200)
D3 W3
W2
1500
1990
S39
W2
D2
LIVING/DINING (3300 x 4750)
D3
2
W3
LIVING/DINING (4300 x 5300)
TOILE T (1300 x 2300)
D3
DETAIL-F
D3
W3
W2
W1
TOILE T (1300 x 2350)
D3
D3
3000
2030
LIVING/DINING (4300 x 5300)
MASTER BEDROOM (2800 x 4400)
W3
D2
D3
D2
D1
W3
D1
D3
KITCHEN (2800 x 2100)
AIRLOCK
D1
AIRLOCK
11250
W3
P OWDER ROOM ( 1300 x 1900)
4820
D1 TOILE T (1300 x 2350)
D1 W3
KITCHEN (1800 x 2500)
KITCHEN (2800 x 2100)
MASTER BEDROOM (2800 x 4400)
1
TYPE-1 (40 sqm)
D1
D2
P OWDER ROOM ( 1300 x 1800)
2190
D2
W3
W2 D3
W3 D3 W3
W2
F
1930
W1
W1
3110
1527
3020 13644
3000 8000
2980
1447
3020
13644
35288
1
Block 2 - First Floor 1 : 100
N
COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
4 S40
1
2
3
S40
S40
S40
UP
TYPE-4S : 4BHK (115 sqm) W3
W3
W3
W3 D2
MASTER BEDROOM (2800 x 4500)
AIRLOCK
W3
D3
AIRLOCK
1660
UP
9320
D2
D3
G
BEDROOM (2800 x 3350)
LIVING/DINING (4300 x 5300)
3000 1500
D3
D3
W2
W3
W2
W2
DETAIL-G
W1
D3
W3
W1
3020 13644
TOILE T (1300 x 2300)
TOILE T (1300 x 2200)
W3
W2
LIVING/DINING (4300 x 5300)
MASTER BEDROOM (2800 x 4200)
W2
1520
W3
D2
D3
W2
D2
W4
BEDROOM (2800 x 3750)
LIVING/DINING (3300 x 4800)
W1
D3
W3
D3
TOILE T (1300 x 2300)
D3
TOILET (1300 x 2350) P OWDER ROOM ( 1800 x 1300)
W3
P OWDER ROOM ( 1750 x 1300)
W4
W3
2980
MASTER BEDROOM (2800 x 4400)
W3
D1
D3
2
D2
KITCHEN (2800 x 2100)
D1
KITCHEN (1800 x 2500)
S39
S39
D1
D1
UP
W3
D1 TOILE T (1300 x 2350)
W2
W3
D2
AIRLOCK
W3
P OWDER ROOM ( 1750 x 1300)
4820
1
KITCHEN (2800 x 2200)
TYPE-4 : 3BHK (85 sqm)
1210
D1 D2
TYPE-4S : 4BHK (115 sqm)
W3
3020 8000
CROSS-JUNCTION BTW. 240mm & 125mm WALL
W2
2980
1530
3027
13644
35288
1
Block 2 - Second Floor 1 : 100
N
COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
4 S40
1
2
3
S40
S40
S40
MACHINE ROOM
TYPE-4S : 4BHK (115 sqm) W3
W3
CSEB WALL
DN
W3
TYPE-4S : 4BHK (115 sqm)
D2
W3
D3
W3
TOILE T (1300 x 2200)
W3 W3
TOILE T (1300 x 2050)
W2
W3
D3
W3
5000
3465
W3
TYPE-4 : 3BHK (85 sqm)
W3
1
D2
S39
3355
9500
BEDROOM (2800 x 3200)
D2
BEDROOM (3300 x 3250)
D3
1870 1129
D2
D2
D3
W3
D2
SUNROOM (3300 x 3050)
FIXED GLASS
SUNROOM (4300 x 3050) BEDROOM (2800 x 3200) D3
D3
D3
TOILE T (1300 x 2300)
W1
BEDROOM (4300 x 3250)
D2
BEDROOM (2800 x 3200)
D2
D2
D3
D3
W3
W3
SUNROOM (4300 x 3050)
D3
W2
2630
W3
W1
W3
W2
TOILE T (1300 x 2200)
GLASS WALL FRAME
SOLAR WALL
D3 W1
DARK PAINTED EXTERNAL WALL SURFACE
DETAIL-H
D3 TOILE T (1300 x 2300)
W2 D3
1130
S39
TOILE T (1300 x 2000)
W3
D2
D3
2
D3
D3
BEDROOM (4300 x 3250)
W3
4630
4514
1500 9014
3000
3500
1500 8100
26014
1
3000
H
3000
1500
4507
4637
9007
Block 2 - Third Floor 1 : 100
N
COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
4 S40
1
2
3
S40
S40
S40
1 S39
2 S39
N
COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
SECTION DETAIL-3 FOUNDATION
YAMANG STONE (30mm) PLINTH BEAM (200mm)
STONE FOOTING
DPC
PCC. (100mm)
CRUSHED STONE
SAND 150mm COMPRESSED EARTH
S5 S6
N
COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
SECTION DETAIL-4
OUTDOOR
INDOOR
HEATED SHAFT
TOILET
FLOORING
6” dia PIPE
4” dia PIPE
FALSE CEILING
SOLAR WALL
POLYMERIC FELT (3mm; 3layers)
S1
N
S2
S3
COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
S4
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
N
COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
N
COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
THESIS
TECHNOLOGY
N
COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
THESIS
TECH SUSTAINABILITY
PASSIVE SOLAR BUILDING TECHNIQUES Orientation: The most important concept ofPARKING PSB design is maximizing heat gain through solar radiations during the daytime in winters. The south face has the highest potential for solar radiation collection in the winters (40%) whereas in summers the roof has the highest solar radiation collection among all the sides.
CLUSTER-1
There are five inter-related components of PSB which make the building energy efficienta. Collection and absorption of solar radiation during the day; b. Storage of heat collected from solar radiation during the day; c. Release of this N heat into the interior of the building during the night; d. Insulation of the building to prevent heat loss; e. Ventilation to supply fresh air to inhabitants.
GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER
CLUSTER-2
CLUSTER PLAN 1:500 Large structural members are produced by joining together many smaller strips of wood together with glue to form glue-laminated wood (glulam for short). Individual laminations are most commonly 1.5” in depth. ADVANTAGES:
Building Shape: The shape of the building should be such that it provides the required volume while having the least amount of external surface area possible. More the external surface area more is the heat loss through those surfaces. Therefore, all type-3,4 houses have been designed as duplexes
• Desirable size: Any size of beam can be fabricated as it doesn’t depend on size of tree size. • Desirable shape: Unnatiral shapes like curves can be achieved. • Desirable quality: Defects can be cut out before laminatig • Higher strength: Can take more load than solid timber of same size due to lamination effect. DISADVANTAGES:
3D Massing derivatives: - Minimize surface area - Maximize South and Roof surfaces - Minimize self shading - Maintain adequate distancing btw. blocks
• Fabrication cost is higher than solid timber beams. • Fabrication time is spent which is not the case in solid timber sections. • Skilled labour required for fabrication.
N
COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
THESIS
TECH SUSTAINABILITY
EARTH CONCRETE Poured earth is similar to ordinary concrete, in that it is mixed and formed like concrete and uses cement as a binder. Poured earth could be considered a moderate strength concrete. Little to no maintenance is required of poured earth walls, since they have a high resistance to the deteriorating effects of water and sun.
ACTIVE SOLAR SPACE HEATING Active solar technologies capture solar radiation to produce heat and/or electricity to heat the indoors. It may be used in a variety of ways to lower your home’s heating bills and reduce your dependence on fossil fuels such as oil, propane, and natural gas. Such systems use mechanical equipment such as pumps, fans, and blowers to help with the collection, storage, and distribution of heat throughout the house. This technique is usually used in 2 ways: Air supply heating or Liquid heating as shown in the figures below.
img: Using poured earth to mould adobe blocks on site. Similar technique may be used to make earth panels to use with a timber frame structure. Ideal soil is low in clay, something ranging between silt to 3/8 inch aggregate in a sedimentation test. Use 6 to 16 percent cement by volume according to the density of the soil. The denser the soil (clay, for instance), the higher percentage of cement to use.
SOLAR WALL The Solar Wall technology is a solar air heating system that uses the power of the sun to heat your building’s ventilation air. It minimizes energy consumption, heating costs and carbon emissions throughout the heating season. It directly addresses one of the largest sources of building energy consumption: Indoor space and ventilation heating.
GREENHOUSE Solar greenhouses work on the phenomenon of greenhouse effect, which occurs when sunlight enters the enclosed space through the glazing (window) and then gets absorbed and stored as heat energy. The heat is then constrained to stay in the enclosed space via the same glazing’s insulation properties, plus insulation in the walls. Most solar rooms include vents that open or close to take advantage of the chimney effect. When the solar room is warmer than the house, the vents open, allowing heat from the sunroom to enter the house as shown in the figure below.
The Solar wall is very similar to the trombe wall, the only difference being the type of heat transfer. Unlike trombe wall that uses convenction, a solar wall relies on radiation(which is faster than convection) through the wall which captures heat during the day and releases it inwards. Therefore, a building material with high thermal mass such as Earth is perfect for this. Working mechanism: Solar Wall technology works due to the unique property of glass which allows direct radiation coming from the sun to pass through but blocks reflected radiation. Combining it with a material with high thermal mass to capture this trapped radiation results in the said material heating up and radiating this heat into the building.
N
COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
THESIS
TECH STRUCTURE
TIMBER FRAME CONSTRUCTION The term ‘timber frame’ typically describes a system of panelised structural walls and floors constructed from small section timber beams and columns, clad with board products, in which the timber frame transmits vertical and horizontal loads to the foundations. Timber frames can be the most suitable choice if the structural shell is required quickly, if the ground conditions are particularly poor, or if the design does not include very large structural spans. When considering a timber frame building, the following advantages and disadvantages should be borne in mind. ADVANTAGES:
DISADVANTAGES:
• Incredibly quick construction time. • The structural members and panelling can be prefab. • Greater freedom in design. • It works well for mass-production. • Its very environment friendly. • Wood is a highly efficient insulator. • Its a dry form of construction.
• Capillary movement of water. • Wood will eventually rot and needs good maintenance. • Poor acoustic insulation as compared to brick wall. • Wood boring insects like termites.
FLOORING
WALLING
Floor consists of the following elements in laying sequence: 1. Beams (Dumba; from Poplar tree) 2. Purlins (Taalu; from Willow tree) 3. Non-rotting hay or shrubs 4. Mud The dumbas also act as secondary beams to transfer load to the Glulam timber frame. The traditional floor/roof acts as good thermal mass and absorbs excess humidity.
The external walls of the structure will be assembled with poured earth panels bolted to both sides of a wooden frame with insulation in the hollow space within. Walling will be the last step of the construction process when all flooring is complete. In areas which require walls with higher thermal mass (eg. solar wall), a standard 230mm thick CSEB wall shall be used.
WALLING MATERIALS: POURED EARTH PANEL CSEB BRICKS 450
75 230 150
600 75
N
COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015
THESIS
TECH SERVICES
ON-SITE SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT 1. Pre-treatment: Pre-treatment consists of filtering the raw sewage through bar screens firstly to remove larger solids in the mixture. Afterwards, the sewage moves to grit chambers which further settle solids and particles like sand. 2. Primary Clarifiers: This consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a basin where heavy solids can settle to the bottom while oil, grease and lighter solids float to the surface. The settled and floating materials are removed and the remaining liquid may be discharged or subjected to secondary treatment.
PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY GENERATION A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon. The operation of a photovoltaic (PV) cell requires three basic steps: 1. The absorption of light, exciting an electron out of its orbit. 2. The electrons then need to travel to an electrode to dissipate energy and return to its orbit. 3. The current so produced may be extracted as direct current. Design Requirements: I wish to cut down the major expenditure of heating required in Leh, and the excess energy produced (if any) could be used for UGT pumps, streetlights and on-site STP.
3. Aeration Basins: These are chambers containing Return Activated Sludge (RAS) which is aerobic bacteria that breaks down the organic matter present in the homogenous mixture in the presence of excess oxygen. This process is also known as aerobic digestion.
1. For the functioning of the Active solar space heating module in each block: No. of exhaust fans required = 20 Wattage of 1 fan = 50W Avg. sunlight hours in Leh = 7hrs Required units/day = (50x7x20)/1000 = 7 units
4. Secondary Clarifiers: These are similar to primary clarifiers and are used for the final removal of solids and organic matter in the mixture. Some sludge extracted from here may be returned to the aeration basins to act as RAS. 5. Disinfection: This is the final step of the process before discharge where the harmful microbes present in the water is killed or sterilised. This may be done in one of 3 ways: By using chlorine, ozone, or UV radiation. The process selection is based on cost, feasibility and availability.
2. For public space heating: Wattage of 1 space heater = 4kW No. of heaters req. per block = 3 No. of hours used/day = 3hrs Required units/day = 4x3x3 = 36 units Rooftop area available per block = 1400 sqft. If we use a commerially available Grid-tie rooftop solar panel system that requires 1000 sqft., we may produce 14000 units annually i.e. approximately 38 units/day. We require 7+36=43 units/day just for our heating purposes so we may borrow the extra 5 units/day from the grid. Since we generate most of the energy used for heating through solar panels, we are making a lot of savings in the long term.
CONTINUOUS WATER SUPPLY LOOP This type of water supply system uses a n additional pipe that recirculates water back to the storage tank in case the temperature drops below freezing point so as to keep the water in motion such that it does not freeze. In our case all supply pipes will be insulated in a heated shaft (by active solar heating) which will bring the water supply from an insulated underground tank to the homes. A temperature sensor shall be atached to the hydro-pneumatic pump which will make it start working as soon as the temperature drops below a specified value.
N
COST -EFFECTIVE, SUSTAINABLE HOUSING LEH, LADAKH | THESIS 2020
SYED KHWAJA ABID A/2880/2015