Clinical Psychology: Science, Practice, and Diversity 5th Edition by Andrew Pomerantz | TEST BANK

Chapter 1: Clinical Psychology: Definition and Training Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. The term clinical psychology was first used in print in the year ______.

A. 1780 B. 1894 C. 1907 D. 1952 Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Original Definition Difficulty Level: Medium 2. The first person to use the term clinical psychology in print was ______.

A. Lightner Witmer B. Sigmund Freud C. Carl Rogers D. Richard McFall Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Original Definition Difficulty Level: Easy 3. ______ was the first person to operate a psychological clinic.

A. Richard McFall B. Abraham Maslow C. Alfred Adler D. Lightner Witmer Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Original Definition Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Based on the discussion in the textbook, a good definition for clinical psychology should ______.

A. focus solely on the treatment of patients B. include an emphasis on research and publication C. contain reference to the science, theory, and practice of this broad field D. exclude the behavioral components that contribute to psychological processes Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e SAGE Publishing, 2020

Answer Location: More Recent Definitions Difficulty Level: Medium 5. John is an undergraduate psychology major. He wishes to become a clinical psychologist. In order to reach this goal, John must ______.

A. earn a doctoral degree in clinical psychology B. earn a master’s degree in clinical psychology C. earn a bachelor’s degree in psychology D. complete 300 clinical internship hours while an undergraduate student Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Education and Training in Clinical Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Demonstrating that there are many paths to the profession of clinical psychology, more than half of APA-accredited doctoral programs offer ______.

A. focus groups B. specialty training C. part-time study D. online internships Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Education and Training in Clinical Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The Boulder model of training is also known as the ______ model of training.

A. practitioner-scholar B. clinical scientist C. clinical psychologist D. scientist-practitioner Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Balancing Practice and Science: The Scientist-Practitioner (Boulder) Model Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The scientist-practitioner model of training is characterized by a(n) ______.

A. joint emphasis on practice and research B. emphasis on research over practice C. emphasis on practice over research D. combined emphasis on practice, research, and psychopharmacology Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Balancing Practice and Science: The Scientist-Practitioner (Boulder) Model Difficulty Level: Easy

Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e SAGE Publishing, 2020

9. Currently, there are more clinical psychology graduate programs subscribing to the ______ model of training than any other model.

A. counselor educator B. practitioner-scholar C. scientist-practitioner D. clinical scientist Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Balancing Practice and Science: The Scientist-Practitioner (Boulder) Model Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Lane is attending a clinical psychology graduate program that subscribes to the Boulder Model of training. Which of the following would Lane NOT experience in his program if it truly adheres to the Boulder Model?

A. training in psychotherapy and statistics B. an approximately equal emphasis on research and clinical training C. completing original research, such as a dissertation D. minimization of clinical training with a heavy emphasis on research training Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Balancing Practice and Science: The Scientist-Practitioner (Boulder) Model Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Clinical psychology graduate programs that subscribe to the practitioner-scholar model of training ______.

A. typically award the PhD, rather than the PsyD, degree B. emphasize practice over research C. emphasize research over practice D. equally emphasize research and practice Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Leaning Toward Practice: The Practitioner-Scholar (Vail) Model Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Diane has been accepted into a clinical psychology graduate program that adheres to the Vail Model of training. Upon graduation from the program, Diane is most likely to earn a ______ and work in a ______.

A. PsyD; clinical setting B. PhD; clinical setting C. PsyD; university psychology department D. PhD; university psychology department Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application

Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e SAGE Publishing, 2020

Answer Location: Leaning Toward Practice: The Practitioner-Scholar (Vail) Model Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Which of the following is true?

A. The scientist-practitioner model of training emerged before the practitioner-scholar model of training.

B. The scientist-practitioner model of training and the practitioner-scholar model of training emerged at the same time.

C. The scientist-practitioner model of training emerged after the clinical scientist model of training.

D. The clinical scientist model of training and the practitioner-scholar model of training emerged at the same time.

Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Education and Training in Clinical Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Compared to PhD programs, PsyD programs typically ______.

A. accept a smaller percentage of applicants B. offer significantly more funding to enrolled students in the form of graduate assistantships, fellowships, and tuition remission C. produce graduates who score higher on the national licensing exam (EPPP) D. have lower rates of success placing their students in APA-accredited predoctoral internships Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Leaning Toward Practice: The Practitioner-Scholar (Vail) Model Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Compared to PhD programs, PsyD programs ______.

A. typically place greater emphasis on research-related aspects of training B. are more often housed in “professional schools” rather than departments of psychology in universities C. prepare their graduates to work as researchers in academic settings D. are more likely to require a research-based dissertation Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Leaning Toward Practice: the Practitioner-Scholar (Vail) Model Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Richard McFall is most closely associated with the development of the ______ model of training.

A. scientist-practitioner B. clinical scientist C. therapist-educator D. practitioner-scholar

Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e SAGE Publishing, 2020

Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Leaning Toward Science: The Clinical Scientist Model Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Michael’s career goal is to become a clinical psychologist who researches the treatment effectiveness of new psychotherapy interventions for bipolar I disorder. He envisions his work setting in academia or at a national research institute. When selecting clinical psychology graduate programs to which he will apply, Michael should focus on programs that adhere to the ______ model of training.

A. scientist-practitioner B. practitioner-scholar C. clinical scientist D. learner-seeker Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Leaning Toward Science: The Clinical Scientist Model Difficulty Level: Medium 18. The ______ is an organization whose member graduate programs emphasis and promote scientific, research-based clinical psychology as the legitimate form of clinical psychology.

A. Academy of Psychological Clinical Science B. American Academy of Psychology C. American Psychological Association D. Association for the Advancement of Clinical Psychology Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Leaning Toward Science: The Clinical Scientist Model Difficulty Level: Easy 19. The Insider’s Guide to Graduate Programs in Clinical and Counseling Psychology is ______.

A. a book authored by Richard McFall that details scientific standards for psychological research B. a resource used by many graduate school applicants to learn about specific clinical psychology programs C. an online portal for applying to clinical psychology graduate programs D. an evaluation rubric used by graduate program admissions committees to evaluate applicants Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Leaning Toward Science: The Clinical Scientist Model Difficulty Level: Easy

Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e SAGE Publishing, 2020

20. A growing emphasis in clinical psychology graduate training is specific ______, or outcome-based skills that a student must be able to demonstrate in areas such as assessment, research, and ethics.

A. benchmarks B. specialty tracks C. competencies D. training realms Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Leaning Toward Science: The Clinical Scientist Model Difficulty Level: Easy 21. Josephine is an undergraduate student wants to increase her odds of getting into a clinical psychology graduate program. Based on recommendations provided in the textbook, which of the following is the best advice you could provide to Josephine?

A. avoid undergraduate courses in statistics and research methodology. These classes often lower an applicant’s GPA B. get to know your professors. Build a positive, professional relationship with them so they can write meaningful, persuasive letters of recommendation for you C. limit yourself to one road to becoming a clinical psychologist. For example, once you have decided you want to earn a PhD from a scientist-practitioner program, do not consider other training options D. do not seek out clinically relevant experience while an undergraduate. Graduate programs prefer to train “fresh” graduate students, not students who have already acquired some skills through part-time experiences Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Getting In: What Do Graduate Programs Prefer?

Difficulty Level: Medium 22. Carrie is writing a personal statement to include with her application to a clinical psychology graduate program. Which of the following should she NOT include in her personal statement?

A. discussion of her clinical psychology career aspirations B. her research and clinical interests C. more detailed discussion of clinical or research experiences listed on her vita D. overly personal or revealing information, such as a mental health diagnosis Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Getting In: What Do Graduate Programs Prefer?

Difficulty Level: Easy 23. The ______ typically consists of a full year of supervised clinical experience in an applied setting and takes place before the doctoral degree is awarded.

A. postdoctoral internship B. predoctoral internship

Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e SAGE Publishing, 2020

C. first year of graduate school in a PsyD program D. first year of graduate school in a PhD program Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Internships: Predoc and Postdoc Difficulty Level: Easy 24. A major difference between predoctoral and postdoctoral interns is ______.

A. predoctoral interns often have more responsibilities than postdoctoral interns B. predoctoral interns have not yet earned their doctoral degree, while postdoctoral interns have C. predoctoral interns practice under supervision, while postdoctoral interns practice independently D. predoctoral interns work in psychiatric hospitals, while postdoctoral interns work in university counseling centers Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Internships: Predoc and Postdoc Difficulty Level: Medium 25. To maximize the likelihood of obtaining a predoctoral internship, students interested in pursuing graduate training in clinical psychology should ______.

A. restrict the number of internship sites to which they apply as a way to save money B. apply to internships in only one or two states C. pursue graduate clinical psychology training from a PhD, rather than a PsyD, program D. apply to internships that are located in the same state as their graduate program Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Internships: Predoc and Postdoc Difficulty Level: Hard 26. ______ authorizes a psychologist to practice independently.

A. Successful completion of the predoctoral internship B. Successful completion of the postdoctoral internship C. Successful completion of all graduate courses in an APA-accredited graduate program D. Licensure Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Getting Licensed Difficulty Level: Easy 27. Typically, clinical psychologists must pass the ______ in order to become licensed.

A. Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP) B. Continuing Education Units Psychology Examination (CEUPE)

Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e SAGE Publishing, 2020

C. Examination for Psychological Practice with Independent Persons (EPPP) D. Counselor Education Unity Psychology Examination (CEUPE) Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Getting Licensed Difficulty Level: Easy 28. Once a clinical psychologist is licensed, many states require the accumulation of a specific number of ______ in order to renew the license.

A. postgraduate courses B. continuing education units C. seminar certificates D. state board phone conferences Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Getting Licensed Difficulty Level: Easy 29. The most common work setting for clinical psychologists since the 1980s is ______.

A. private practice B. medical schools C. psychiatric hospitals D. university psychology departments Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Where Do Clinical Psychologists Work?

Difficulty Level: Easy 30. The second most common work setting for clinical psychologists since the 1980s is ______.

A. private practice B. medical schools C. psychiatric hospitals D. university psychology departments Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Where Do Clinical Psychologists Work?

Difficulty Level: Medium 31. The most common professional activity of clinical psychologists since at least the 1970s is ______.

A. diagnosis/assessment B. research/writing C. psychotherapy D. teaching Ans: C

Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e SAGE Publishing, 2020

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Do Clinical Psychologists Do? Difficulty Level: Easy 32. Compared to clinical psychologists, professional counselors ______.

A. earn a master’s degree rather than a doctoral degree B. place a higher emphasis on psychological testing C. are more likely to conduct extensive research in their training programs D. often specialized in career, school, or addiction counseling Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Professional Counselors Difficulty Level: Easy 33. Compared to clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists tend to ______.

A. work with clients whose degree of psychopathology is greater B. work in settings such as inpatient psychiatric units C. work in settings such as college counseling centers D. work in settings such as hospitals Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Counseling Psychologists Difficulty Level: Easy 34. Psychiatrists ______.

A. tend to emphasize biological aspects of clinical problems to a greater extent than clinical psychologists B. earn the same degree and receive the same license as clinical psychologists C. are most likely to use psychotherapy and other “talking cures” to treat patients D. can prescribe medication in all 50 states, while clinical psychologists cannot prescribe in most states Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Psychiatrists Difficulty Level: Easy 35. Social workers ______.

A. typically earn a doctoral degree B. undergo training that places heavy emphasis on research methods and psychological testing C. emphasize the biological causes of mental illness D. focus on the interaction between an individual and components of society Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Social Workers Difficulty Level: Easy

Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e SAGE Publishing, 2020

36. School psychologists ______.

A. are not qualified to conduct psychological testing B. work with children in schools and the adults involved in students’ lives C. attend medical school and specialize in school psychology D. are not allowed to provide counseling to their clients Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: School Psychologists Difficulty Level: Easy 37. Between 1988 and 2001, the number of PsyD degrees awarded ______.

A. more than doubled B. remained constant C. declined by 10% D. increased by 10% Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Leaning Toward Practice: The Practitioner-Scholar (Vail) Model Difficulty Level: Medium 38. The website of one doctoral training program includes the following statement: “The Clinical Psychology area is dedicated to research and training in clinical science . . . The main training objective . . . is to cultivate the development of scholars through exposure to a rich and multidisciplinary array of research opportunities.” This program adheres to the ______ model of training.

A. scientist-practitioner B. practitioner-scholar C. clinical scientist D. counseling psychology Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Leaning Toward Science: The Clinical Scientist Model Difficulty Level: Easy 39. Students enrolled in a practitioner-scholar program typically earn what degree?

A. PsyD B. PhD C. MD D. MS Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Leaning Toward Practice: The Practitioner-Scholar (Vail) Model Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Compared to PhD programs, PsyD programs tend to ______.

Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e SAGE Publishing, 2020

A. place less emphasis on research-related aspects of training and more emphasis on clinically relevant aspects of training B. accept and enroll a much smaller percentage and number of applicants C. offer significantly more funding to enrolled students D. graduate students in a longer time period (about 1.5 years longer) Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Leaning Toward Practice: The Practitioner-Scholar (Vail) Model Difficulty Level: Medium Short Answer 1. List three areas of required coursework that are a part of doctoral graduate training in clinical psychology.

Ans: Psychotherapy, assessment, statistics, research design and methodology, biological bases of behavior, cognitive-affective bases of behavior, social bases of behavior, and individual differences.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Education and Training in Clinical Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 2. List three primary differences between PhD and PsyD programs.

Ans: Compared with PhD programs, PsyD programs tend to deemphasize research, emphasize practice, accept a greater percentage and larger number of students, be housed in professional schools rather than university psychology departments, and offer less funding to students. See Box 1.1 in the text for a complete list.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Education and Training in Clinical Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 3. What is the most common setting in which clinical psychologists work?

Ans: private practice Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Professional Activities and Employment Settings Difficulty Level: Easy 4. What is the most common professional activity of clinical psychologists?

Ans: psychotherapy Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Professional Activities and Employment Settings Difficulty Level: Easy 5. After completing a predoctoral internship and receiving the PhD or PsyD, what additional steps are generally required to obtain licensure to practice independently?

Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e SAGE Publishing, 2020

Ans: Complete a postdoctoral internship (postdoc) and pass the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP) and a state-specific exam on laws and ethics.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Getting Licensed Difficulty Level: Medium 6. A student applying for clinical psychology graduate programs would likely select a program adhering to the ______ model of training if he or she wished to primarily engage in research and teach in a university upon graduation.

Ans: clinical scientist Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Leaning Toward Science: The Clinical Scientist Model Difficulty Level: Medium 7. The scientist-practitioner model of graduate training is also known as the ______ model.

Ans: Boulder Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Balancing Practice and Science: The Scientist-Practitioner (Boulder) Model Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The practitioner-scholar model of graduate training is also known as the ______ model.

Ans: Vail Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Leaning Toward Practice: The Practitioner-Scholar (Vail) Model Difficulty Level: Easy 9. A student applying for clinical psychology graduate programs would likely select a program adhering to the ______ model of training if he or she wished to primarily engage in clinical work, like psychotherapy and assessment, upon graduation.

Ans: practitioner-scholar (Vail) Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Leaning Toward Practice: The Practitioner-Scholar (Vail) Model Difficulty Level: Medium Essay 1. Name and briefly describe the differences between each of the three models of training currently in use by graduate programs in clinical psychology.

Ans: The scientist-practitioner model balances research and clinical practice. The practitioner-scholar model primarily emphasizes clinical practice. The clinical scientist model primarily emphasizes research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e SAGE Publishing, 2020

Answer Location: Education and Training in Clinical Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Describe at least three steps that you would take to improve the strength of your application to a graduate program in clinical psychology. (Hint: Consider recommendations outlined in the text and provided by references such as Graduate Study in Psychology and Getting In: A Step-by-Step Plan for Gaining Admission to Graduate School in Psychology.)

Ans: (a) Know your professional options: Explore the different paths to obtaining the title of clinical psychology, and examine similar careers. (b) Take, and earn high grades in, the appropriate undergraduate courses. (c) Get to know your professors: Building a solid reputation will allow professors to write more meaningful letters of recommendation. (d) Get research experience. (e) Get clinically relevant experience: Find a volunteer or paid position that includes exposure to clinical populations. (f) Maximize your GRE score. (g) Select graduate programs wisely: Identify the program’s training model and the faculty’s therapeutic orientations, and compare them to your goals for training. (h) Write effective personal statements. (i) Prepare well for admissions interviews: Research the school and professors prior to the interview. (j) Consider your long-term goals: Do you see yourself as a clinical or researcher? How much financial debt are you willing to incur?

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Getting In: What Do Graduate Programs Prefer?

Difficulty Level: Hard 3. How do clinical psychologists differ from counseling psychologists?

Ans: Compared to counseling psychologists, clinical psychologists tend to work with more severely disturbed pathological clients and to work in settings such as inpatient psychiatric units; counseling psychologists tend to work with less seriously disturbed populations in setting such as college counseling centers. Counseling psychologists tend to be more interested in vocational testing and career counseling, whereas clinical psychologists tend to be more interested in the application of psychology to medical settings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Are Clinical Psychologists Different From . . .

Difficulty Level: Medium 4. How do clinical psychologists differ from psychiatrists?

Ans: Unlike clinical psychologists, psychiatrists attend medical school and are licensed as physicians. All psychiatrists, as physicians, are able to prescribe medication, and they often use medication in the treatment of their patients. Until recently, clinical psychologists could not prescribe medication. However, in several states, clinical psychologists have successfully lobbied and received prescription privileges.

Psychiatrists view mental disorders as primarily biological, physiological abnormalities of the brain. While clinical psychologists certainly appreciate the biological aspects of mental illness, they also consider behavioral, cognitive, and emotional factors.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e SAGE Publishing, 2020

Answer Location: How Are Clinical Psychologists Different From . . .

Difficulty Level: Medium

Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e SAGE Publishing, 2020

Chapter 2: Evolution of Clinical Psychology Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. The discipline of clinical psychology didn’t come into existence until ______.

A. around the turn of the 19th century B. around the turn of the 20th century C. the 1950s D. the 1980s Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Origins of the Field Difficulty Level: Easy 2. ______ was an early pioneer in the field of mental health who advocated for better treatment of the mentally ill in England.

A. William Tuke B. Philippe Pinel C. Eli Todd D. Henry Murray Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: William Tuke (1732–1822) Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The ______, a residential treatment center for the mentally ill in England, served as a model for humane treatment facilities that subsequently opened throughout Europe and the United States.

A. Pinel Institute B. Hartford Retreat C. York Retreat D. Todd Institute Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: William Tuke (1732–1822) Difficulty Level: Medium 4. ______ was an early pioneer in the field of mental health who advocated for better treatment of the mentally ill in France.

A. Eli Todd B. Edward Lee Thorndike C. Philippe Pinel

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D. Hermann Rorschach Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Philippe Pinel (1745–1826) Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Which of the following is NOT true of Philippe Pinel?

A. Pinel helped to establish compassionate treatment of the mentally ill in England.

B. Pinel advocated for institution staff to record a patient’s case history and ongoing treatment notes.

C. Pinel wrote Treatise on Insanity, in which he argued for empathy for the mentally ill.

D. Pinel created institutions where patients were given healthy food and kind treatment.

Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Philippe Pinel (1745–1826) Difficulty Level: Hard 6. Eli Todd is most notable for ______.

A. creating an inkblot personality test that is still used by many clinical psychologists B. advocating for humane treatment of the mentally ill in the United States C. coining the term clinical psychology D. creating the first widely used test of intelligence Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Eli Todd (1769–1833) Difficulty Level: Easy 7. ______’s work directly resulted in the establishment of more than 30 state institutions for the mentally ill throughout the United States.

A. William Tuke B. Philippe Pinel C. Eli Todd D. Dorothea Dix Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Dorothea Dix (1802–1887) Difficulty Level: Medium 8. James receives his doctorate in psychology in the late 1800s. Upon graduation, he is most likely to find employment as a ______.

A. clinician providing psychotherapy B. clinician conducting psychological assessments C. lecturer at a professional school of psychology that trains the next generation of practitioners D. researcher in an academic setting Ans: D

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Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Lightner Witmer and the Creation of Clinical Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 9. The first psychological clinic was founded by ______.

A. Lightner Witmer B. Wilhelm Wundt C. James McKeen Cattell D. William Tuke Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lightner Witmer and the Creation of Clinical Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 10. At the first psychological clinic, the patients were primarily ______.

A. children with school-related problems B. adults with personality disorders C. children and adults with depression D. couples experiencing relationship problems Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lightner Witmer and the Creation of Clinical Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 11. The journal founded by Lightner Witmer was titled ______.

A. Treatment of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders B. The Psychological Clinic C. Behavior Change D. Psychology and Cognition Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lightner Witmer and the Creation of Clinical Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Lightner Witmer originally defined clinical psychology as related to the disciplines of ______.

A. philosophy and pathology B. sociology, physiology, and communication sciences C. medicine, education, and social work D. psychiatry and anthropology Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lightner Witmer and the Creation of Clinical Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium

Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e SAGE Publishing, 2020

13. ______ is credited with the first known publication in which the term clinical psychology was used.

A. Wilhelm Wundt B. Lightner Witmer C. Emil Kraepelin D. Edward Lee Thorndike Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lightner Witmer and the Creation of Clinical Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 14. In 1800s Europe, mental illness was initially placed in one of two categories: ______, psychiatric symptoms, or ______, breaks from reality.

A. neuroses; psychoses B. psychoses; neuroses C. exogenous disorders; endogenous disorders D. endogenous disorders; exogenous disorders Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Diagnostic Issues Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Emil Kraepelin ______.

A. is considered a pioneer in the diagnosis of mental illness B. authored an objective personality test that remains widely used among clinical psychologists today C. created the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders D. argued for humane treatment of the mentally ill in France Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Diagnostic Issues Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Emil Kraepelin’s two-category system of mental illness included ______, disorders caused by external factors, and ______, disorders caused by internal factors.

A. neuroses; psychoses B. psychoses; neuroses C. exogenous disorders; endogenous disorders D. endogenous disorders; exogenous disorders Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Diagnostic Issues Difficulty Level: Medium 17. ______, a term coined by Emil Kraepelin, described a cluster of symptoms similar to what is now known as schizophrenia.

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A. Dementia praecox B. Paranoia C. Depressive psychosis D. Cyclothymic personality Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Diagnostic Issues Difficulty Level: Easy 18. The first edition of the DSM was published in ______.

A. 1896 B. 1926 C. 1952 D. 1980 Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Diagnostic Issues Difficulty Level: Easy 19. The DSM is published by the ______.

A. American Psychological Association B. National Association of Social Workers C. American Psychotherapy Association D. American Psychiatric Association Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Diagnostic Issues Difficulty Level: Easy 20. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Each edition of the DSM has included fewer pages and diagnoses than the previous edition.

B. Specific diagnostic criteria have been a characteristic of the DSM since its first edition.

C. DSM-II introduced a multiaxial diagnostic system.

D. DSM-5, published in May 2013, is the most recent version of the manual.

Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Diagnostic Issues Difficulty Level: Medium 21. The current edition of the DSM contains “proposed criteria sets.” These sets are ______.

A. descriptions of proposed disorders that may become official disorders in a future DSM edition B. list of disorders that will be eliminated in a future version of the DSM

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C. diagnostic aids to assist clinicians in distinguishing between disorders with similar presentations D. a new classification system for personality disorders Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Box 2.1: Is It a DSM Disorder? Decisions to Include or Exclude Potential Disorders Difficulty Level: Medium 22.______ is a proposed criteria set in the current DSM that involves cutting, burning, or otherwise intentionally hurting one’s own body without the intent to kill oneself.

A. Internet gaming disorder B. Attenuated psychosis syndrome C. Persistent complex bereavement D. Nonsuicidal self-injury Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Box 2.1: Is It a DSM Disorder? Decisions to Include or Exclude Potential Disorders Difficulty Level: Medium 23. June believes there is one general intelligence that overlaps with many abilities.

Which of the following theorists is most likely to agree with June?

A. Edward Lee Thorndike B. Charles Spearman C. Alfred Binet D. Lewis Terman Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Assessment of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy 24. In the early 1900s, ______ created a test of intelligence to help the French school system determine if students should qualify for special services.

A. Lewis Terman B. David Wechsler C. Alfred Binet D. Harland Stanford Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Assessment of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy 25. David Wechsler created ______.

A. an inkblot test of personality B. a popular objective questionnaire measuring symptoms of depression

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C. a test of intelligence D. the MMPI Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assessment of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy 26. The Rorschach Inkblot Method is best identified as a(n)______.

A. projective intelligence test B. objective intelligence test C. projective personality test D. objective personality test Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Assessment of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Medium 27. ______ tests assume that people reveal their personalities by their responses to ambiguous stimuli, while ______ tests offer straightforward scoring and interpretation guidelines and are often in multiple-choice or true–false format.

A. Projective intelligence; objective intelligence B. Objective intelligence; projective intelligence C. Projective personality; objective personality D. Objective personality; projective personality Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assessment of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Medium 28. The ______ has patients tell stories in response to cards that depict interpersonal scenes.

A. Rorschach Inkblot Method B. Thematic Apperception Test C. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory D. Wechsler Adult Story Scale Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Assessment of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy 29. ______ are the authors of the TAT. A. Christiana Morgan and Henry Murray B. Lewis Terman and Alfred Binet C. Edward Thorndike and Charles Spearman D. Herman Rorschach and James Cattell Ans: A

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Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Assessment of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy 30. The MMPI ______.

A. is an objective test of personality B. was created prior to the Rorschach Inkblot test C. is a projective test of personality D. is modeled after the Thematic Apperception Test Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assessment of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Medium 31. Psychotherapy began to play a significant role in the history of clinical psychology around ______.

A. 1900–1910 B. 1940–1950 C. 1970–1980 D. 1990–2000 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Medium 32. Which approach to psychotherapy that arose in the 20th century emphasized empirical methodology and the study and treatment of measurable, observable symptoms?

A. psychodynamic B. behavioral C. humanistic D. cognitive Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Currently, the most popular singular psychotherapy orientation among clinical psychologists is the ______ orientation.

A. behavioral B. cognitive C. psychodynamic D. humanistic Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Psychotherapy

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Difficulty Level: Easy 34. Clinical psychology’s major contribution to World War I was ______.

A. the creation of tests to measure the intelligence of recruits B. treatment for returning veterans with “shell shock” C. development of effective interrogation techniques D. coaching of newly trained fighter pilots Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Box 2.2: The Influence of War on Clinical Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 35. The historic Boulder conference took place in ______.

A. 1896 B. 1921 C. 1949 D. 1969 Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Development of the Profession Difficulty Level: Medium 36. The result of the Boulder conference was an agreement among clinical psychology training directors that ______.

A. PhD clinical psychology training should focus on clinical practice B. research was the most essential facet of PhD clinical psychology training C. both practice and research were important parts of PhD clinical psychology training D. PhD clinical psychology training standards should be revised at least every 10 years Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Development of the Profession Difficulty Level: Medium 37. Which of the following assessment methods was created most recently?

A. MMPI B. Thematic Apperception Test C. NEO-PI-R D. Rorschach Inkblot Method Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Assessment of Personality Difficulty Level: Hard 38. At the 1896 convention of the American Psychological Association, when Lightner Witmer encouraged his colleagues to “throw light upon the problems that confront humanity,” he meant that they should ______.

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A. develop a diagnostic manual B. open psychological clinics C. convince local politicians to improve the conditions of inpatient facilities for the seriously mentally ill D. organize and lobby for the right to prescribe medication Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Lightner Witmer and the Creation of Clinical Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 39. ______, more than any other activity, characterized clinical psychology during the earliest years of the profession.

A. Cognitive psychotherapy B. Behavioral psychotherapy C. Motivational interviewing D. Assessment of intelligence Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assessment of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Medium 40. From roughly 1900 to 1950, the treatment of mental illness ______.

A. did not exist B. was conducted primarily by clinical psychologists C. was conducted primarily by physicians D. was conducted primarily by counseling psychologists Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Medium Short Answer 1. Who founded the first psychological clinic?

Ans: Lightner Whitmer Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lightner Witmer and the Creation of Clinical Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 2. What population and what problems were addressed in the first psychological clinic?

Ans: School children; problems in the school setting related to learning or behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lightner Witmer and the Creation of Clinical Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Who is considered the “father of descriptive psychiatry?”

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Ans: Emil Kraepelin Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Assessment Difficulty Level: Easy 4. What organization is the author of the DSM-5?

Ans: American Psychiatric Association Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Assessment Difficulty Level: Easy 5. David Wechsler is most famous for creating ______.

Ans: an intelligence test designed specifically for adults or the Wechsler-Bellevue test Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Assessment Difficulty Level: Easy 6. The Rorschach Inkblot Method and the Thematic Apperception Test are both examples of ______.

Ans: projective personality tests Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Assessment Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is an example of an ______ personality test.

Ans: objective Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assessment Difficulty Level: Medium 8. What historical event elevated psychotherapy to become one of the most common activities of clinical psychologists?

Ans: World War II Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Medium 9. What historical event led psychologists to create the Army Alpha and Beta intelligence tests?

Ans: World War I Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Medium

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Essay 1. Briefly explain how the size and scope of the DSM has changed since its original edition.

Ans: It has expanded in size and scope with every new edition. The largest increase took place from DSM-II to DSM-III. In the time between the original DSM (in 1952) and DSM-IV (in 1994), the number of disorders increased by more than 300% to a total of 368 distinct diagnoses.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assessment Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Internet gaming disorder, attenuated psychosis syndrome, persistent complex bereavement, and nonsuicidal self-injury are discussed in the text as “proposed criteria sets” in DSM-5. First, explain what is meant by proposed criteria sets. Second, select one of the disorders and briefly describe its symptoms.

Ans: “Proposed criteria sets” are descriptions of proposed disorders that are included in the DSM-5 to encourage additional research that may contribute to a disorder’s inclusion as an official disorder in a future version of the manual. In Internet gaming disorder, a person’s Internet game-playing behavior causes clinically significant impairment or distress. In attenuated psychosis syndrome, a person experiences mild or brief delusions, hallucinations, or other psychotic phenomena. In persistent complex bereavement, a person experiences intense sorrow and continues to be preoccupied with the death of a loved one for over 12 months. In nonsuicidal self-injury, a person intentionally hurts his own body without the intent to kill himself.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assessment Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Briefly explain the fundamental differences between projective personality tests (e.g., Rorschach, TAT) and objective personality tests (e.g., MMPI, MMPI-2, and NEO-PI-R).

Ans: Projective tests involve presenting the client with ambiguous stimuli. They assume that the way an individual perceives and makes sense of the blots corresponds to the way they perceive and make sense of the world around them. Objective tests are typically pencil-and-paper self-report instruments with more restricted ranges of responding (e.g., multiple-choice or true–false rather than free response). Objective tests have generally had less questionable reliability and validity than projective tests.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assessment Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Briefly summarize three of the ways in which war has influenced the history of clinical psychology.

Ans: Army Alpha and Beta intelligence tests during World War I, used to measure the intelligence of recruits and soldiers, were precursors to today’s intelligence tests.

Wechsler’s clinical experiences during World War I aided his creation of the WechslerBellevue. Following World War II, veterans returned with “shell shock” and other

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psychological symptoms; the U.S. government provided significant funding to train additional clinical psychologists to treat these veterans. The Nazi presence in Europe during the 1930s forced many influential figures in clinical psychology to flee their home countries, facilitating the spread of their theories to England and, ultimately, the United States. Clinical psychologists play a critical role in treating veterans from recent military conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan; the VA is one of the country's largest providers of mental health services.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Hard

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Chapter 3: Current Controversies and Directions in Clinical Psychology Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Currently, ______ have passed legislation that grants prescription privileges to appropriately trained psychologists.

A. all 50 states B. 31 states C. 5 states D. no states Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Prescription Privileges Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Patrick DeLeon, Morgan Sammons, and Robert McGrath are best known as advocates ______.

A. for evidence-based psychotherapies B. for computer-based psychotherapies C. for prescription privileges for clinical psychologists D. against evidence-based psychotherapies Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Prescription Privileges Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Which of the following is NOT true of prescription privileges for clinical psychologists?

A. Advocates for prescription privileges for clinical psychologists have made the argument that other nonphysicians have been granted prescription privileges.

B. The American Society for the Advancement of Pharmacotherapy was created, in part, to promote prescription privileges for psychologists.

C. Psychopharmacology training programs are available for psychologists in the U.S. military.

D. Missouri, New Mexico, and Alabama currently allow appropriately trained clinical psychologists to prescribe.

Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Prescription Privileges Difficulty Level: Medium

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4. Advocates for prescription privileges for clinical psychologists cite ______ as support for their argument.

A. an excess of psychiatrists, especially in rural areas B. convenience for clients C. the opportunity to work collaboratively with physicians D. the ability to replace psychotherapy with medication Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Why Clinical Psychologists Should Prescribe Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Opponents of prescription privileges for clinical psychologists cite all of the following EXCEPT ______ as support for their argument.

A. the need for further training during or after graduate school B. the possibility that the practice of psychotherapy would decline C. professional autonomy and identification for clinical psychologists D. questions about the type and length of required training Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Why Clinical Psychologists Should Not Prescribe Difficulty Level: Medium 6. ______’s 1950s assertion that therapy had no positive outcome helped to jumpstart what has evolved into the evidence-based practice movement.

A. Raymond Cattell B. Hans Eysenck C. William F. Buckley D. Patrick H. DeLeon Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 7. An example of a manualized psychotherapy with empirical evidence for its efficacy is ______.

A. exposure plus response prevention for bulimia B. exposure plus response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder C. dialectical behavior therapy for depression D. dialectical behavior therapy for antisocial personality disorder Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 8. A book entitled A Guide to Treatments That Work was published in ______ and represented a significant step in the ______ movement.

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A. 1960; humanistic psychotherapy B. 1990; prescription privileges C. 1998; evidence-based practice D. 2005; psychotherapy via videoconferencing Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Websites such as psychologicaltreatments.org and effectivechildtherapy.org best illustrate ______.

A. the continued growth of and focus on evidence-based practice in clinical psychology B. the ever-increasing presence of the Internet in individuals’ lives C. a trend toward providing psychotherapy services online, rather than in person D. the APA’s commitment to release all of its major publications online Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Evidence-based practice has also been referred to as ______.

A. empirically researched interventions B. empirically supported treatments C. dialectical behavior therapy D. exposure plus response prevention Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 11. The term evidence-based practice includes ______.

A. the psychological treatment for a disorder B. factors related to the people providing and receiving the psychological service C. both the psychological treatment of a disorder and factors related to the people providing and receiving the psychological service D. neither the psychological treatment of a disorder nor factors related to the people providing and receiving the psychological service Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Advantages of the emergence of manualized therapies with empirical support include ______.

A. an increase in unique, idiosyncratic forms of therapy created by individual psychotherapists

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B. increased reliance on the clinical judgment of each psychotherapist C. the establishment of minimal levels of competence for the field D. enhanced autonomy for clinicians as they deliver psychotherapy services Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Advantages of Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Disadvantages of the emergence of manualized therapies with empirical support include ______.

A. strengthening of the relationship or alliance between therapist and client B. the fact that many clients have relatively simple problems that easily fit into diagnostic categories C. restriction of clinicians to use only empirically supported treatments D. irrefutable criteria for determining which treatments should be identified as empirically supported Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Disadvantages of Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Some studies of manualized therapy have found that therapists who demonstrate flexibility while using manuals ______.

A. produce better client outcomes and are more successful in getting clients engaged in therapy B. produce worse client outcomes and are less successful in getting clients engaged in therapy C. cause irreparable harm to clients D. are subject to malpractice lawsuits Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Disadvantages of Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Some clinical psychologists criticize the DSM, stating some disorders’ symptoms are difficult to distinguish from normal behavior. This criticism best illustrates the debate surrounding ______.

A. prescription privileges for clinical psychologists B. the overexpansion of mental disorders C. arbitrary insurance reimbursement practices for psychotherapy services D. the impact of technology on clinical practice Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Overexpansion of Mental Disorders Difficulty Level: Medium

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16. Research by Cosgrove and colleagues found that ______ of professionals who authored/created the DSM-IV and DSM-5 had financial ties to major pharmaceutical companies.

A. less than 1% B. approximately 10% C. approximately 25% D. over 50% Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Influence of the Pharmaceutical Industry Difficulty Level: Easy 17. The number of health insurance/managed care companies that pay for psychotherapy services has ______.

A. decreased since the earliest days of psychotherapy B. remained constant throughout the history of psychotherapy C. increased since the earliest days of psychotherapy D. not yet occurred, but is expected to begin within the next decade Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Payment Methods: Third-Party Payment Versus Self-Payment Difficulty Level: Easy 18. According to surveys of psychologists in private practice (e.g., Murphy et al., 1998), managed care companies have ______.

A. generally had a positive impact on the quality of psychotherapy they provide B. exerted too much control over clinical decisions C. had no effect on confidentiality issues D. allowed psychologists to provide appropriate, ethical services Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Effect on Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Which of the following is TRUE? A. Most health insurance and managed care companies will pay for psychotherapy whether or not the therapist assigns a DSM diagnosis to the client.

B. Recent surveys of psychologists have indicated that the way a client is diagnosed is affected by the client’s method of payment.

C. Studies refute the idea that psychologists’ diagnostic decisions are influenced by how a client pays for therapy.

D. Most managed care companies will pay for psychotherapy even if a client does not receive a DSM diagnosis; however, health insurance companies require a diagnosis.

Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Effect on Diagnosis

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Difficulty Level: Medium 20. Robert is paying for psychotherapy services with his health insurance. Anne is paying for psychotherapy services out-of-pocket (i.e., with a personal check). Robert is told by his clinical psychologist, Dr. Honores, that he has “several symptoms associated with depression.” Anne receives the same diagnostic information. Based on your textbook’s discussion of current controversies, which of the following is MOST likely to occur?

A. Robert will receive a formal diagnosis of major depressive disorder; Anne will not B. Anne will receive a formal diagnosis of major depressive disorder; Robert will not C. Both Robert and Anne will receive a formal diagnosis of major depressive disorder D. Neither Robert nor Anne will receive a formal diagnosis of major depressive disorder Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Effect on Diagnosis Difficulty Level: Medium 21. The use of technology, particularly the Internet, by clinical psychologists is often referred to as ______.

A. conference therapy B. digital therapy C. telepsychology D. techpsychology Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Influence of Technology: Telepsychology and More Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Based on current reviews and meta-analyses, we can say that telepsychology generally appears to work ______.

A. about as well as in-person forms of psychotherapy B. far worse than in-person forms of psychotherapy C. far better than in-person forms of psychotherapy D. we cannot compare telepsychology and in-person psychotherapy because no studies exist on this topic Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Well Do Telepsychology and Other Applications of Technology Work?

Difficulty Level: Easy 23. Guidelines regarding the use of new technologies by clinical psychologists include all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A. obtain informed consent from clients about the services they may receive, the technologies that may be used to provide them, and the confidentiality of the communication

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B. ensure client confidentiality as much as possible by using encryption or similar methods C. be knowledgeable about emergency resources in any community from which your clients may seek services D. offer clients the option of using secure methods for conducting therapy sessions online Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Emerging Professional Issues Difficulty Level: Easy 24. According to Cummings (2007), ______ of prescriptions written for psychoactive medications come from primary-care physicians.

A. under 10% B. 30% C. 50% D. over 80% Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Why Clinical Psychologists Should Prescribe Difficulty Level: Medium 25. In 1952, ______ made the (now refuted) claim that there was no proof that psychotherapy was efficacious.

A. Dianne Chambless B. Hans Eysenck C. John Watson D. Lightner Witmer Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 26. When psychotherapy outcome researchers seek clients on whom to conduct psychotherapy in a study, they typically seek clients who ______.

A. are “textbook cases” of the diagnosis the therapy intends to treat B. are simultaneously taking medication for their psychological problems C. have advanced knowledge about psychological disorders D. have previous experience as “test subjects” in clinical research Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Disadvantages of Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 27. In which of the following states do clinical psychologists currently have prescription privileges?

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A. Missouri, Indiana, and Texas B. New York, New Jersey, and Wisconsin C. Oregon, Nevada, and California D. Louisiana, New Mexico, Illinois, Iowa, and Idaho Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Prescription Privileges Difficulty Level: Easy 28. The first list of empirically supported treatments was published in ______.

A. 1905 B. 1935 C. 1965 D. 1995 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium Short Answer 1. Unlike the other states, New Mexico, Louisiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Idaho grant ______ to appropriately trained psychologists.

Ans: prescription privileges Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Prescription Privileges Difficulty Level: Easy 2. ______ stated (incorrectly) that psychotherapy does not work.

Ans: Hans Eysenck Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The first list of empirically validated treatments was published in ______.

Ans: 1995 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 4. List two advantages of evidence-based practice.

Ans: Scientific legitimacy, establishing minimal levels of competence, training improvements, and decreased reliance on clinical judgment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy

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5. List two disadvantages of evidence-based practice.

Ans: Threats to the psychotherapy relationship, diagnostic complications, restrictions on practice, and debatable criteria for empirical evidence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 6. ______ is the use of technology, particularly the Internet, by clinical psychologists to provide professional services.

Ans: Telepsychology Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Influence of Technology: Telepsychology and More Difficulty Level: Easy 7. List two applications of technology in clinical psychology.

Ans: Videoconferencing, e-mail, text, interactive Internet sites, online psychotherapy programs, virtual reality, computer-based self-instructional programs, and handheld devices to monitor and interact with clients.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Influence of Technology: Telepsychology and More Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Define evidence-based practice.

Ans: The integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Compared to traditional, in-person forms of psychotherapy, how well does telepsychology work?

Ans: Approximately as well as in-person forms of psychotherapy for a variety of disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Influence of Technology: Telepsychology and More Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. Briefly summarize two arguments for prescription privileges for clinical psychologists and two arguments against prescription privileges for clinical psychologists.

Ans: Arguments for prescription privileges include a shortage of psychiatrists, the precedent of other nonphysicians having prescription privileges, convenience for clients, professional autonomy, professional identification, the evolution of the profession, and revenue for the profession. Arguments against prescription privileges include training

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extensions and complications, threats to psychotherapy, identity confusion within clinical psychology, and the potential influence of the pharmaceutical industry.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Prescription Privileges Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Briefly summarize two advantages of evidence-based practice and two disadvantages of evidence-based practice.

Ans: Advantages include scientific legitimacy, establishment of minimal levels of competence, training improvements in graduate programs, and a decreased reliance on clinical judgment, which is susceptible to bias. Disadvantages include threats to the psychotherapy relationship/alliance, diagnostic complications, restrictions on practice, and debatable criteria for empirical evidence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Evidence-Based Practice/Manualized Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 3. How can the way a client pays (out of pocket vs. managed care/health insurance) influence diagnosis?

Ans: Since most managed care/health insurance companies require a diagnosis for treatment, the likelihood of receiving a diagnosis is greater for clients paying that way versus identical clients paying out of pocket. This finding is true for a wide range of symptoms (e.g., depression, anxiety, inattention/hyperactivity, social phobia) and for clients whose symptoms are clearly below diagnosable levels. Also, the particular diagnosis chosen may differ depending on the payment method.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Payment Methods: Third-Party Payment Vs. Self-Payment Difficulty Level: Hard

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Chapter 4: Diversity and Cultural Issues in Clinical Psychology Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. From 1990 to 2000, ______.

A. the Asian American/Pacific Islander population in the United States decreased slightly B. the Latino/Latina/Hispanic population in the United States grew by about 50% C. the African American population decreased significantly D. the Caucasian population grew by about 60% Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Diversification of the U.S. Population Difficulty Level: Easy 2. In 2016, the number of immigrants in the United States represented about ______ of the U.S. population.

A. 2% B. 5% C. 13% D. 20% Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Diversification of the U.S. Population Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Authors such as Pedersen (1990, 1999, 2008) have labeled ______ as the “fourth force” in the history of psychology.

A. multiculturalism B. humanism C. the prescription privileges movement D. behaviorism Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Multiculturalism as the “Fourth Force” Difficulty Level: Easy 4. There have been four major “forces” in the field of clinical psychology. Which of the following lists these forces in the correct historical order (from earliest to most recent)?

A. behaviorism, multiculturalism, humanism, psychoanalysis B. multiculturalism, humanism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism

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C. humanism, psychoanalysis, multiculturalism, behaviorism D. psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanism, multiculturalism Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Multiculturalism as the “Fourth Force” Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Books such as Ethnicity and Family Therapy and journals such as Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology are examples of ______.

A. the overexpansion of the diversity movement in clinical psychology B. fringe publications rarely referenced by practicing psychologists C. publications related to the fourth force of clinical psychology D. an increase in multicultural graduate training at the expense of clinical training Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Multiculturalism as the “Fourth Force” Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Psychology of Religion, the Society for the Psychological Study of Men and Masculinity, and the Society for the Psychology of Women are examples of ______.

A. APA divisions dedicated to cultural issues B. organizations that offer graduate certificates in gender and religious studies C. for-profit societies that are under investigation by the Better Business Bureau D. online forums for discussion of multicultural topics Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Emergence of American Psychological Association Divisions Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Currently, when the American Psychological Association considers accrediting a graduate program in psychology, there are criteria related to multiculturalism that must be met.

B. Although none have yet emerged, the American Psychological Association plans to introduce new divisions within its organization devoted to cultural issues such as gender, religion, sexual orientation, and ethnicity.

C. The APA ethical code instructs psychologists to work with cultural sensitivity and competence.

D. The Society for the Study of Ethnic Minority Issues is an APA division that illustrates clinical psychology’s current focus on multicultural issues.

Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Emergence of American Psychological Association Divisions Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Which of the following is TRUE?

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A. The current edition of the APA ethical code includes no reference to issues of multiculturalism.

B. Currently, APA includes divisions devoted to issues of ethnicity and religion, but no divisions devoted to issues of gender or sexual orientation.

C. DSM-5 includes key aspects of culture relevant to diagnosis and assessment.

D. Currently, APA includes divisions devoted to issues of gender and sexual orientation, but not divisions devoted to issues of ethnicity or religion.

Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: DSM Efforts Toward Multiculturalism Difficulty Level: Medium 9. The current edition of the DSM includes a glossary listing ______, which represent psychological problems observed in groups from various parts of the world.

A. diversity directives B. multicultural considerations C. cultural concepts of distress D. culture-bound syndromes Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: DSM Efforts Toward Multiculturalism Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Sutso ______.

A. is an example of a culture-bound syndrome described in the most recent edition of the DSM B. involves anxiety and gastrointestinal problems related to hexing or witchcraft by another person C. is found almost exclusively in Australia D. involves one person “sending” psychological problems to another Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: DSM Efforts Toward Multiculturalism Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Taijin kyofusho ______.

A. is an example of a specifier for major depressive disorder included in the most recent edition of the DSM B. is experienced by members of Native American tribes C. involves a preoccupation with death and the dead which brings on psychological symptoms D. involves anxiously avoiding interpersonal situations due to fear that one’s appearance, actions, or odor will offend others Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: DSM Efforts Toward Multiculturalism

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Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Maladi moun ______.

A. is an example of a culture-bound syndrome described in the most recent edition of the DSM B. involves anxiety and gastrointestinal problems related to hexing or witchcraft by another person C. is found almost exclusively in Australia D. involves anxiously avoiding interpersonal situations due to fear that one’s appearance, actions, or odor will offend others Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: DSM Efforts Toward Multiculturalism Difficulty Level: Easy 13. According to Sue and Sue (2008), “______ is defined as the counselor’s acquisition of awareness, knowledge, and skills needed to function effectively in a pluralistic democratic society.”

A. multicultural counseling competence B. evidence-based practice C. empathy D. unconditional positive regard Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Is Cultural Competence?

Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Which of the following is TRUE? A. It is generally unacceptable practice for a clinical psychologist to openly and directly acknowledge cultural differences with a client.

B. It is generally acceptable practice for a clinical psychologist to begin treating a culturally dissimilar client with no knowledge of that client’s culture, and to require a client to explain all culturally relevant information to the clinical psychologist.

C. Most research suggests that cultural self-awareness on the part of a clinical psychologist does little to improve treatment effectiveness.

D. Cultural self-awareness is generally important for all psychologists, regardless of their own cultural backgrounds.

Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cultural Self-Awareness Difficulty Level: Medium 15. “Although a cultural group may have a collective tendency, its individual members may vary greatly from that tendency.” This statement best illustrates the ______ inherent in every culture.

A. homogeneity

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B. heterogeneity C. unidimensionality D. bidimensionality Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Knowledge of Diverse Cultures Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Maria recently immigrated from her hometown of Bowling Green, New York, to Mexico City, Mexico. Once in Mexico, Maria adopts much of her new nation’s culture and abandons much of her original U.S. culture. Which acculturation strategy is Maria using?

A. assimilation B. separation C. marginalization D. integration Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Knowledge of Diverse Cultures Difficulty Level: Medium 17. In the ______ acculturation strategy, an individual rejects much of his new culture and retains much of his original culture.

A. assimilation B. separation C. marginalization D. integration Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Knowledge of Diverse Cultures Difficulty Level: Medium 18. The etic perspective ______.

A. emphasizes similarities between all people B. attaches great importance to differences between cultural groups C. was less dominant in the early days of psychology than it is today D. seeks to emphasize the differences among people Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Etic Versus Emic Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 19. The ______ perspective recognizes and emphasizes culturally specific norms and considers a client’s behaviors, thoughts, and feelings within the context of that client’s culture.

A. etic

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B. emic C. behavioral D. individual Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Etic Versus Emic Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 20. The ______ places importance on multiple perspectives, including those that recognize the uniqueness of each individual, as well as the similarities between each individual and other individuals.

A. tripartite model of personal identity B. etic approach C. behavioral approach D. evidence-based psychotherapy movement Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Tripartite Model of Personal Identity Difficulty Level: Easy 21. What are the three levels of the tripartite model of personality identity?

A. individual, group, and universal B. primary, secondary, and tertiary C. narrow, moderate, and wide D. singular, plural, and multifaceted Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Tripartite Model of Personal Identity Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Which of the following is TRUE? A. No single “best method” has emerged for training clinical psychologists to be culturally competent.

B. In-class discussion of one’s own cultural background has emerged as the “best method” for training clinical psychologists to be culturally competent.

C. Conducting psychotherapy (under supervision) with members of varied cultures has emerged as the “best method” for training clinical psychologists to be culturally competent.

D. Requiring clinical psychology graduate students to publicly proclaim a commitment to diversity has emerged as the “best method” for training culturally competent clinicians.

Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Educational Alternatives Difficulty Level: Easy

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23. Regardless of the methods used to train clinical psychologists to be culturally competent, an essential ingredient is that the trainee ______.

A. reaches a deeper appreciation of his or her own cultural identity B. reads detailed descriptions of a variety of cultural groups in the form of professional books or peer-reviewed articles C. enrolls in courses taught by faculty members whose cultural background is different from that of the trainee D. conducts research with participants from culturally diverse backgrounds Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Educational Alternatives Difficulty Level: Medium 24. ______ is the way a person responds to living in a new cultural environment, particularly regarding the balance between adopting elements of the new culture and retaining elements of the original culture.

A. Microaggression B. Integration C. Acculturation D. Heterogeneity Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Knowledge of Diverse Cultures Difficulty Level: Easy 25. ______ is the acculturation strategy in which the individual rejects both his new and his original cultures.

A. Assimilation B. Separation C. Marginalization D. Integration Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Knowledge of Diverse Cultures Difficulty Level: Medium 26. Modifying psychological treatments that work for members of diverse cultures is known as ______.

A. rebounding B. cultural channeling C. ethnic facilitation D. cultural adaptation Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Culturally Appropriate Clinical Skills Difficulty Level: Easy

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27. Which of the following lists the major “forces” in psychology?

A. psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanism, and multiculturalism B. DBT, CBT, IRB, and ADA C. primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary D. independent, dual, group, and universal Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Multiculturalism as the “Fourth Force” Difficulty Level: Easy 28. The American Psychological Association has created divisions addressing all of the following areas of diversity EXCEPT ______.

A. women B. religion C. ethnic minorities D. sightedness Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Emergence of American Psychological Association Divisions Difficulty Level: Medium 29. Which of the following is NOT a recent professional effort to emphasize issues of culture that was discussed in the textbook?

A. creation of journals that focus on cultural issues B. implementation of a standardized diversity training program required for psychologists to maintain their licenses C. publication of books that focus on cultural issues D. modification of the APA ethical code to include discussion of multicultural issues Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Recent Professional Efforts to Emphasize Issues of Diversity and Culture Difficulty Level: Medium Short Answer 1. Name two principles or standards from the APA’s (2002) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct that address multiculturalism.

Ans: Principle E: Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity, Standard 2.01 Boundaries of Competence, Standard 3.01 Unfair Discrimination, Standard 9.06 Interpreting Assessment Results.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Multiculturalism as the “Fourth Force” Difficulty Level: Easy

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2. What are the four acculturation strategies?

Ans: Assimilation, separation, marginalization, and integration.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Knowledge of Diverse Cultures Difficulty Level: Easy 3. ______ is the term used to describe the variability of members within a cultural group.

Ans: Heterogeneity Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Knowledge of Diverse Cultures Difficulty Level: Easy 4. ______ is when an individual entering a new culture adopts much of the new culture and abandons much of his or her original culture.

Ans: Assimilation Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Knowledge of Diverse Cultures Difficulty Level: Easy 5. ______ is when an individual entering a new culture adopts much of the new culture and retains much of their original culture.

Ans: Integration Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Knowledge of Diverse Cultures Difficulty Level: Easy 6. To modify a treatment with empirical support for a specific cultural group is called ______.

Ans: cultural adaptation Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Culturally Appropriate Clinical Skills Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The ______ perspective emphasizes the similarities between all people, while the ______ perspective emphasizes cultural-specific norms.

Ans: etic; emic Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Etic Versus Emic Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 8. What are the three levels of the tripartite model of personal identity?

Ans: Individual level, group level, and universal level.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Tripartite Model of Personal Identity Difficulty Level: Easy

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Essay 1. Briefly explain how the height of basketball star Yao Ming illustrates the concept of heterogeneity within a culture.

Ans: Chinese men, as a group, tend to be relatively short (compared to most other ethnicities represented in the United States). However, not all men follow this tendency; there are exceptions to the rule. Yao Ming is one such exception, as he stands 7 ft, 6 in tall. Thus, regarding psychological variables (which may be less immediately obvious than height), it is important for clinical psychologists to be aware of both cultural norms and the possibility that a particular client may be an exception to those norms.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Diversification of the U.S. Population Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Culture shapes the way that a client understands the problem for which they are seeking treatment. What questions does Comas-Díaz (2011a) recommend be asked of new client to assess their understanding of their own psychological problem? List at least three questions.

Ans: What do you call your problem (or illness, or distress)? What do you think your problem does to you? What do you think the natural cause of your problem is? Why do you think this problem has occurred? How do you think this problem should be treated?

How do you want me to help you? Who else (e.g., family, friends, and religious leader) do you turn to for help? Who (e.g., family, friends, and religious leader) should be involved in decision-making about this problem?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Diversification of the U.S. Population Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Explain the difference between the four different acculturation strategies: assimilation, separation, marginalization, and integration.

Ans: In assimilation, the individual adopts much of the new culture and abandons much of the original. In separation, the individual rejects much of the new culture and retains much of the original. In marginalization, the individual rejects both the new and the original culture. In integration, the individual adopts much of the new culture and retains much of the original.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Diversification of the U.S. Population Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Briefly describe the three levels of the tripartite model of personal identity.

Ans: Individual level: All individuals are, in some respects, like no other individuals.

Group level: All individuals are, in some respects, like some other individuals. Universal level: All individuals are, in some respects, like all other individuals.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Diversification of the U.S. Population Difficulty Level: Medium

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Chapter 5: Ethical and Professional Issues in Clinical Psychology Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. The first APA code of ethics was published in ______.

A. 1896 B. 1953 C. 1990 D. 2002 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: American Psychological Association Ethical Code Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Two amendments were added to the APA code of ethics in 2010. These amendments emphasize that ______.

A. psychologists cannot use ethical standards from the code to justify or defend the violation of human rights B. psychologists must provide both digital and paper copies of informed consent documents to telepsychology patients C. the APA code of ethics is to be followed even when it conflicts with local, state, or federal law D. clinical psychologists must obtain a postdoctoral degree in psychopharmacology in order to receive prescription privileges Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: American Psychological Association Ethical Code Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Since the first edition of the APA ethics code, ______ revised editions of the ethical code have been published.

A. zeroth B. second C. ninth D. 20 Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: American Psychological Association Ethical Code Difficulty Level: Easy 4. The most recent edition of the APA ethics code was published in ______.

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A. 1962 B. 1976 C. 1990 D. 2002 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: American Psychological Association Ethical Code Difficulty Level: Easy 5. The current edition of the APA ethical code includes two distinct sections: ______ and ______.

A. General Principles; Ethical Standards B. Research Standards; Practice Standards C. Assessment Code; Treatment Code D. Aspirational Goals; Enforceable Principles Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Aspirational and Enforceable Difficulty Level: Easy 6. The ______ section of the current ethical code includes aspirational ideals regarding the behavior of clinical psychologists, as opposed to enforceable rules of conduct.

A. Ethical Standards B. Treatment Standards C. Research Standards D. General Principles Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Aspirational and Enforceable Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The ______ section of the current ethical code includes enforceable rules of conduct, as opposed to aspirational ideals regarding the behavior of clinical psychologists.

A. Ethical Standards B. General Principles C. Research Standards D. Assessment Code Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Aspirational and Enforceable Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Which of the following is NOT among the ethical principles listed in the most recent edition of the APA ethical code?

A. beneficence and nonmaleficence B. integrity

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C. Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity D. fair billing and reporting Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Aspirational and Enforceable Difficulty Level: Medium 9. The idea that clinical psychologists strive to benefit the patients with whom they work, while at the same time ensuring they do not harm their patients, is best captured by which ethical principle?

A. beneficence and nonmaleficence B. integrity C. Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity D. fair billing and reporting Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Aspirational and Enforceable Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Dr. Martin, a clinical neuropsychologist, works diligently to be accurate, honest, and truthful as he provides services to his patients. Which ethical principle is Dr. Martin upholding?

A. beneficence and nonmaleficence B. integrity C. Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity D. fair billing and reporting Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Aspirational and Enforceable Difficulty Level: Medium 11. According to recommended models of ethical decision-making (e.g., Fisher, 2017), it is important to ______.

A. make ethical decisions as quickly as possible B. consult any law or professional guidelines relevant to the situation at hand C. avoid consulting with colleagues D. refrain from altering or revising an ethical plan once one is established Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ethical Decision Making Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Which of the following is TRUE regarding ethical decision-making by clinical psychologists?

A. Consulting with colleagues about ethically challenging situations is recommended, as long as client confidentiality is protected

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B. Consulting with colleagues about ethically challenging situations is recommended, and because the information is being shared with other qualified professionals, the client’s confidentiality need not be protected C. Consulting with colleagues about ethically challenging situations is generally discouraged D. Consulting with colleagues about ethically challenging situations is recommended, provided such colleagues are licensed in the same state as the psychologist with questions Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ethical Decision Making Difficulty Level: Medium 13. For the profession of clinical psychology, confidentiality ______.

A. is absolute B. should be negotiated with a client at the onset of treatment C. does not apply to legal minors D. can ethically be broken in specific situations Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Confidentiality Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Tatiana Tarasoff ______.

A. is the chair of the committee that created the most recent edition of the APA code of ethics B. was the author of the tripartite model of personal identity C. is a leading researcher in the field of informed consent for psychotherapy D. was a college student whose murder resulted in the creation of the duty to warn Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Tarasoff and the Duty to Warn Difficulty Level: Easy 15. The landmark court case that established the duty to warn for psychologists was ______.

A. Brown v. The Board of Education B. Hughes v. The APA Board of Ethics C. Poddar v. The State of New Mexico D. Tarasoff v. The Regents of the University of California Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Tarasoff and the Duty to Warn Difficulty Level: Easy

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16. For contemporary psychotherapists, the most relevant implication of the finding in the Tarasoff case is the ______.

A. duty to warn B. obligation to protect client confidentiality without exception C. importance of continuing education for licensed psychologists D. importance of maintaining test security by not allowing tests to be taken outside of the professional office setting Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Tarasoff and the Duty to Warn Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. An ethical clinical psychologist should never break a child client’s confidentiality to report child abuse B. Less than half of the states in the United States have laws requiring mental health professionals to break confidentiality to report known or suspected child abuse C. A psychologist must abide by a child client’s request to withhold information about treatment from parents D. Therapists working with child clients often attempt to negotiate an arrangement in which parents will not be informed of what the child discloses except under specified conditions Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: When the Client Is a Child or Adolescent Difficulty Level: Medium 18. According to the most recent edition of the APA ethical code, it is necessary to obtain ______ before proceeding with research, psychotherapy, or assessment.

A. consent B. assent C. informed assent D. informed consent Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Informed Consent Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Based on the APA code of ethics, informed consent for psychotherapy should occur ______.

A. once, at the onset of treatment B. twice, before the diagnostic interview and once a treatment plan is created C. as needed throughout the therapy process D. only if requested by the client Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

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Answer Location: Informed Consent Difficulty Level: Medium 20. According to the standards related to informed consent in the most recent edition of the APA ethical code, when should psychologists inform clients about psychotherapy?

A. “as early as is feasible in the therapeutic relationship” B. “no later than the third meeting between psychologist and client” C. “prior to the first meeting between psychologist and client” D. “only at the request of the client” Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Informed Consent Difficulty Level: Medium 21. Informed consent regarding ______ is best understood as a one-time event, but informed consent regarding ______ is best understood as an ongoing process.

A. assessment; research B. behavioral psychotherapy; psychodynamic psychotherapy C. research; psychotherapy D. psychotherapy; research and assessment Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Informed Consent Difficulty Level: Medium 22. According to the APA ethical code, which of these scenarios is unlikely to be considered a multiple relationship?

A. A psychologist sees an adult client in psychotherapy and also engages in sexual intimacies with that client B. A psychologist conducts an assessment with a client and also engages in a nonsexual friendship with that client C. A psychologist sees a child client in psychotherapy and also enters into a business partnership with that client’s parent D. A psychologist realizes that his secretary’s second cousin works at the bakery he often frequents Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Defining Multiple Relationships Difficulty Level: Medium 23. According to the current edition of the APA ethical code, psychologists do not engage in sexual intimacies with current therapy clients ______.

A. unless the client has attended therapy for less than five sessions, in which case the client can be transferred to another therapist B. under any circumstances

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C. unless both the therapist and client live in a very small community where there are few other psychologists or potential sexual partners available D. unless the sexual intimacies are initiated by the client rather than the psychologist Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Defining Multiple Relationships Difficulty Level: Easy 24. According to the most recent edition of the APA ethical code, which of the following statements is TRUE regarding multiple relationships?

A. All multiple relationships are unethical B. Multiple relationships are unethical only when the client is harmed by them C. Multiple relationships are unethical only when they can be reasonably expected to cause impairment in the psychologist or risk exploitation or harm of the client D. Multiple relationships are unethical only when they are sexual in nature Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What Makes Multiple Relationships Unethical?

Difficulty Level: Medium 25. A clinical psychologist who is sufficiently capable, skilled, experienced, and expert to adequately complete the professional tasks they undertake is fulfilling the ethical standard of ______.

A. resolving ethical issues B. competence C. multiple relationships D. justice Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Competence Difficulty Level: Easy 26. Dr. Goldfarb is contacted by Shannon, an adult seeking personality testing for herself. Dr. Goldfarb has extensive experience with child personality assessment, but it has been some years since he administered an adult personality instrument. Which of the following responses could Dr. Goldfarb give to Shannon and remain in compliance with the APA code of ethics?

A. “I’m quite experienced with personality assessment, so I’d be happy to schedule an appointment with you, Shannon.”

B. “I usually conduct personality assessments with children, but I have a colleague who will loan me his adult assessment materials, so we can schedule an appointment.”

C. “I generally only perform personality assessments with children. I can refer you to a colleague who has a good deal of experience with adult personality assessment.”

D. “It has been several years since I’ve conducted an assessment of adult personality.

As such, I’m happy to offer a discounted price to conduct your assessment.”

Ans: C

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Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Competence Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Many state licensing boards have ______ regulations, which are consistent with the APA code of ethic’s mandate that psychologists develop and maintain their competence.

A. cultural competence B. seminar attendance C. continuing education D. burnout Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Competence Difficulty Level: Easy 28. Burnout ______.

A. can significantly impair the competence of a clinical psychologist B. occurs at high levels in less than 1% of psychologists, according to survey data C. is less likely to occur when a clinical psychologist is overcommitted to clients or earns a low salary D. is surprisingly more common among therapists who believe they have sufficient social support Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Competence Difficulty Level: Medium 29. Compared to clinical psychologists who work and live in large communities, clinical psychologists who work and live in small communities are likely to find the ethical issue of ______ especially challenging.

A. multiple relationships B. maintaining confidentiality C. informed consent D. test security Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ethics in Small Communities Difficulty Level: Easy 30. Boundary crossings ______.

A. are more severe than boundary violations B. often seem minor and harmless but set a precedent for more serious boundary violations C. are never unethical if initiated by the client D. are never unethical if approved by the client

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Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What Makes Multiple Relationships Unethical?

Difficulty Level: Medium 31. Nonsexual multiple relationships between a clinical psychologist and a client are ______.

A. always unethical B. never unethical if initiated by the client C. unethical if they can be expected to impair the psychologist’s competence or risk exploiting the client D. unethical only if the client actually experiences harm or exploitation (“no harm, no foul”) Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What Makes Multiple Relationships Unethical?

Difficulty Level: Medium 32. The APA ethical principle of “beneficence and nonmaleficence” essentially requires the psychologist to ______.

A. do good and do no harm B. avoid multiple relationships C. obtain informed consent D. none of these Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Aspirational and Enforceable Difficulty Level: Easy 33. Cultural incompetence ______.

A. is not viewed as negatively by nonprofessionals as ethical violations such as multiple relationships B. is permissible in research settings, but not in therapy settings C. may lead to detrimental consequences for clients D. is not addressed by the APA code of ethics Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Competence Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Which of the following is not one of the APA’s ethical principles?

A. integrity B. justice C. community D. Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity Ans: C

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Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Aspirational and Enforceable Difficulty Level: Medium 35. The first step in Fisher’s (2017) model for ethical decision-making is to ______.

A. consult an attorney B. generate and evaluate alternatives C. make a commitment to do with is ethically appropriate D. evaluate the effectiveness of courses of action Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ethics in Clinical Research Difficulty Level: Medium 36. Dr. Roland feels pressure to select a time-limited treatment to address Celia’s social anxiety disorder because Celia is using her Topcare Insurance benefits to pay for treatment. This scenario best illustrates which contemporary ethical issue for clinical psychologists?

A. technology and ethics B. ethics in small communities C. managed care and ethics D. ethics and geographic location Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Managed Care and Ethics Difficulty Level: Medium Short Answer 1. Name the general principle that instructs psychologists to strive to benefit those with whom they work and to do no harm to those with whom they work.

Ans: beneficence and nonmaleficence Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: American Psychological Association Ethical Code Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Name the general principle that includes establishing a relationship of trust and being aware of professional and scientific responsibilities to society and the specific communities in which a psychologist works.

Ans: fidelity and responsibility Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: American Psychological Association Ethical Code Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Which general principle encourages psychologists to promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the science, teaching, and practice of psychology?

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Ans: integrity Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: American Psychological Association Ethical Code Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Which general principle instructs psychologists to recognize that fairness and justice entitle all persons to access to and benefit from the contributions of psychology?

Ans: justice Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: American Psychological Association Ethical Code Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Which general principle states that psychologists should respect the dignity and worth of all people?

Ans: Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: American Psychological Association Ethical Code Difficulty Level: Easy 6. What is the name of the person whose murder resulted in the establishment of the duty to warn for psychologists?

Ans: Tatiana Tarasoff Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Confidentiality Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The process of ______ includes informing patients as early as is feasible in the therapeutic relationship about the nature and anticipated course of therapy, fees, the involvement of third parties, and limits of confidentiality.

Ans: informed consent Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Informed Consent Difficulty Level: Easy 8. If a clinical psychologist were to know someone professionally as a patient and in another way, such as hiring the individual to perform maintenance on the psychologist’s home, the psychologist would be engaging in a ______.

Ans: multiple relationship (dual relationship) Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Boundaries and Multiple Relationships Difficulty Level: Easy 9. In order to renew their licenses, many state licensing boards require clinical psychologists to participate in ______, which may include attending lectures, participating in workshops, and other activities to keep practitioners abreast of new advances in the field.

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Ans: continuing education Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Competence Difficulty Level: Medium Essay 1. Briefly summarize the facts of the Tarasoff case and its primary implication for clinical psychologists.

Ans: A client at a university counseling center told his therapist of his intention to kill his girlfriend (Tatiana Tarasoff). The therapist informed campus police but not the potential victim. Later, the client killed the girlfriend, and her family sued. The result of the lawsuit was that the therapist was found liable for failure to warn the victim of the danger. The primary implication is that therapists now have a “duty to warn” potential victims when they are credibly informed by clients of an intent to harm.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Confidentiality Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Briefly describe the challenges related to confidentiality when the psychotherapy client is a child or adolescent, as well as suggestions for resolving these challenges.

Ans: Parents are legally entitled to be informed about their minor children’s psychotherapy, and their active involvement in the process is desirable. However, children may be less likely to confide in psychologists and form a trusting relationship if they believe that the psychologist reveals details of their one-on-one discussions with the parents. Sometimes, psychologists reach an agreement with child clients and their parents about what will be revealed to parents; such agreements should always include potential harm that the child may encounter as well as general information about the child’s psychological well-being or progress in therapy. Such agreements are nonetheless challenging, considering the wide range of issues that would require the psychologist to make a judgment call (e.g., drinking, smoking, crime, sexual activity, drug use, “cutting”).

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Confidentiality Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Briefly explain how the informed consent process for psychotherapy differs from the informed consent processes for research or assessment.

Ans: Informed consent for psychotherapy is best understood as an ongoing process, whereas informed consent for research or assessment is considered one-time events.

Because psychotherapy itself is an ongoing process, the “as early as is feasible” point for various types of information may vary; psychologists may feel comfortable sharing general policies such as payment and confidentiality rules at the outset, but may require more knowledge about the client’s unique problems to provide information about the content or length of therapy.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Informed Consent

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Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Explain the major differences between the APA code of ethics’ general principles and ethical standards.

Ans: The general principles are aspirational. In other words, they describe an ideal level of ethical functioning or how psychologists should strive to conduct themselves. They don’t include specific definitions of ethical violations; instead, they offer more broad descriptions of exemplary ethical behavior. The Ethical Standards section of the ethical code includes enforceable rules of conduct. Thus, if a psychologist is found guilty of an ethical violation, it is a standard (not a principle) that has been violated. These standards are written broadly enough to cover the great range of activities in which psychologists engage, but they are nonetheless more specific than the general principles. Although each general principle could apply to almost any task a psychologist performs, each ethical standard typically applies to a more targeted aspect of professional activity.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: American Psychological Association Ethical Code Difficulty Level: Medium

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Chapter 6: Conducting Research in Clinical Psychology Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. In 1952, ______ published an unfavorable review of research on psychotherapy outcome, which served as a catalyst for subsequent research on the subject, which has been more positive.

A. Hans Eysenck B. B. F. Skinner C. Anna Freud D. Carl Rogers Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Treatment Outcome Difficulty Level: Easy 2. According to the textbook, which of the following is NOT a question clinical psychologist should ask themselves when designing research studies?

A. How should psychotherapy outcome be measured?

B. What should be measured when assessing psychotherapy outcome?

C. Who should rate psychotherapy outcome?

D. Where should the study be conducted?

Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Treatment outcome Difficulty Level: Medium 3. ______ refers to the success of a particular therapy in a controlled study conducted with clients who were chosen according to particular study criteria.

A. Effectiveness B. Psychotherapy outcome C. Efficacy D. Therapeutic quotient Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Box 6.1: Measuring Therapy Outcome: Essential Questions Difficulty Level: Medium 4. In short, the ______ of a form of therapy is how well it works “in the lab,” where it is practiced according to manualized methods.

A. outcome B. efficacy

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C. effectiveness D. status Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Box 6.1: Measuring Therapy Outcome: Essential Questions Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Compared to effectiveness studies, efficacy studies of psychotherapy outcome generally have ______.

A. greater internal validity B. greater external validity C. little or no criteria for who is allowed to participate D. significant funding from the American Counseling Association Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Box 6.1: Measuring Therapy Outcome: Essential Questions Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Compared to effectiveness studies, efficacy studies of psychotherapy outcome generally have ______.

A. weaker internal validity B. weaker external validity C. little or no criteria for who is allowed to participate D. significant funding from the American Counseling Association Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Box 6.1: Measuring Therapy Outcome: Essential Questions Difficulty Level: Medium 7. ______ refers to the success of a therapy in actual clinical settings in which client problems may be diagnostically complex.

A. Effectiveness B. Exposure and response prevention C. Internal validity D. Efficacy Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Box 6.1: Measuring Therapy Outcome: Essential Questions Difficulty Level: Medium 8. The 1995 Consumer Reports survey regarding psychotherapy outcome as an example of a(n) ______ study.

A. efficacy B. effectiveness C. cognitive D. behavioral

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Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Box 6.1: Measuring Therapy Outcome: Essential Questions Difficulty Level: Medium 9. The 1995 Consumer Reports study found that ______.

A. less than 40% of respondents reported that therapy was beneficial B. longer therapy generally produced greater benefit C. the profession of the person providing the therapy made a significant difference, such that clinical psychologists produced better outcomes than psychiatrists, social workers, and counselors D. shorter therapy tended to produce greater benefit Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Box 6.1: Measuring Therapy Outcome: Essential Questions Difficulty Level: Medium 10. ______ significance in an efficacy or effectiveness study refers to how two groups differ in real-world terms. It answers the question, “Is there a meaningful difference between the groups?”

A. Statistical B. Clinical C. Theoretical D. Control Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Box 6.1: Measuring Therapy Outcome: Essential Questions Difficulty Level: Medium 11. ______ significance in an efficacy or effectiveness study refers to a numerically significant difference between two groups. It is measured quantitatively.

A. Statistical B. Clinical C. Theoretical D. Control Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Box 6.1: Measuring Therapy Outcome: Essential Questions Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Dr. Grant is a practicing clinical psychologist who is thinking about using a new treatment for anxiety with patients in his practice. If he is most concerned with how this new treatment works in the real world, Dr. Grant will be most interested in published studies that discuss the treatment’s ______.

A. efficacy B. effectiveness

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C. power D. design Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Box 6.1: Measuring Therapy Outcome: Essential Questions Difficulty Level: Medium 13. ______ refers to the extent to which change in the dependent variable is due solely to change in the independent variable.

A. Internal validity B. External validity C. Test–retest reliability D. Split-half reliability Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Box 6.1: Measuring Therapy Outcome: Essential Questions Difficulty Level: Medium 14. ______ refers to the generalizability of the result of a scientific study or the extent to which the same finding is applicable to different settings and populations.

A. Internal validity B. External validity C. Convergent validity D. Reliability Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Box 6.1: Measuring Therapy Outcome: Essential Questions Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Dr. Smithton initially creates a new PTSD treatment under highly controlled laboratory conditions. He then shares the treatment with practitioners who subsequently implement the treatment with real-world patients. The practitioners report that Dr. Smithton’s PTSD treatment is very helpful for their patients. The benefit the practitioners’ patients experienced seems to support the ______ of Dr. Smithton’s treatment.

A. internal validity B. external validity C. power D. design Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Box 6.1: Measuring Therapy Outcome: Essential Questions Difficulty Level: Medium

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16. Clinical psychologists may develop, validate, or expand the use of psychological instruments such as the MMPI-2 and the WAIS-IV. Such activity is an example of ______.

A. researching assessment methods B. exploring diagnostic issues C. evaluating professional issues D. appraising teaching standards Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assessment Methods Difficulty Level: Medium 17. ______ variables are those variables in an experiment that are manipulated by the experimenter.

A. Internal B. External C. Independent D. Dependent Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Experimental Method Difficulty Level: Easy 18. ______ variables are those variables in an experiment that are expected to change as a result of changes in the variable manipulated by the researcher.

A. Internal B. External C. Independent D. Dependent Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Experimental Method Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Which of the following is NOT a step in the experimental method?

A. observation of events B. development of a hypothesis C. empirical testing of the hypothesis D. altering data to fit the hypothesis Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Experimental Method Difficulty Level: Easy

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20. In ______ trials, researchers test the outcome of a manualized therapy on a particular diagnosis. Participants are randomly assigned to treatment or nontreatment groups, and target variables are assessed at the outset and end of the study.

A. independent B. dependent C. randomized clinical D. homogenized clinical Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Experimental Method Difficulty Level: Easy 21. In a(n) ______ design, the researcher cannot always assign people randomly to conditions, make particular manipulations, or test certain hypotheses due to ethical, practical, or other constraints.

A. quasi-experimental B. analogue C. between-group D. within-group Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Quasi-Experiments Difficulty Level: Easy 22. In a(n) ______ design, participants in different conditions receive entirely different treatments.

A. quasi-experimental B. analogue C. between-group D. within-group Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Between-Group Versus Within-Group Designs Difficulty Level: Easy 23. In a(n) ______ design, participants within a single condition are compared to themselves at various points in time.

A. analogue B. within-group C. between-group D. experimental Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Between-Group Versus Within-Group Designs Difficulty Level: Easy

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24. A(n) ______ design is often used by clinical psychologists when they cannot adequately access the target population or situation, so they approximate it to the extent possible. For example, they may ask participants to imagine themselves in a particular situation.

A. analogue B. between-group C. within-group D. mixed-group Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Analogue Designs Difficulty Level: Easy 25. ______ tend to be held in high regard by researchers who prefer the idiographic approach over the nomothetic approach.

A. Experiments B. Quasi-experiments C. Case studies D. Correlational studies Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Case Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 26. The ABAB design is an example of a(n) ______.

A. case study B. analogue design C. between-groups design D. meta-analysis Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Case Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 27. A(n) ______ is a statistical method of combining results of separate studies to create a summation of its findings.

A. ABAB design B. case study C. qualitative review D. meta-analysis Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Meta-Analysis Difficulty Level: Easy

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28. ______ designs examine changes in a participant or group across time, often over many years.

A. Cross-sectional B. ABAB C. Analog D. Longitudinal Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cross-Sectional Versus Longitudinal Designs Difficulty Level: Easy 29. The growing popularity of Amazon Mechanical Turk, or MTurk, is an example of ______.

A. the implementation of technology in the delivery of online psychotherapy services B. a shopping platform that sells self-help and other books useful for therapy patients C. the use of technology in clinical psychology research D. an Internet-based intervention for social anxiety disorder Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Cross-Sectional Versus Longitudinal Designs Difficulty Level: Medium 30. Which of these statements is NOT consistent with ethical standards of the most recent edition of the APA ethical code?

A. Researchers should obtain informed consent from prospective participants B. Researchers should never fabricate or falsify data C. Researchers should share their data with other competent researchers for reanalysis D. Researchers may coerce participation in select circumstances Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ethical Issues in Research in Clinical Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 31. ______ involve a thorough and detailed examination of one person or situation.

A. Case studies B. Correlational studies C. Meta-analyses D. Within-group design studies Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Case Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 32. Reading a single review of a movie can be informative, but reading a synthesis of many reviews of the same movie can be much more informative about the effect the

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movie had across many individuals. This notion is analogous to the research strategy known as ______.

A. case studies B. between-group designs C. correlational methods D. meta-analysis Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Meta-Analysis Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Another phrase for “generalizability” is ______.

A. internal validity B. external validity C. positive psychology D. negative psychology Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Internal Versus External Validity Difficulty Level: Easy Short Answer 1. Who published a 1952 review of psychotherapy stating (erroneously) that psychotherapy did not work?

Ans: Hans Eysenck Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Treatment Outcome Difficulty Level: Easy 2. A study examining a psychotherapy’s success in an actual clinical setting is measuring the therapy’s ______.

Ans: effectiveness Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Treatment Outcome Difficulty Level: Easy 3. ______ validity refers to the generalizability of a study's results or the extent to which the study’s findings hold true across different settings and populations.

Ans: External Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Treatment Outcome Difficulty Level: Easy 4. ______ variables are those variables in a study that are manipulated by the experimenter.

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Ans: Independent Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Treatment Outcome Difficulty Level: Easy 5. A study in which participants in a single condition are compared to themselves at various points in time is using a ______ design.

Ans: within-group Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: How Do Clinical Psychologists Do Research?

Difficulty Level: Easy 6. What is a meta-analysis?

Ans: A statistical method of combining results of separate studies (translated into effect sizes) to create a summation (or statistically, an overall effect size) of the findings, a “study of studies.”

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: How Do Clinical Psychologists Do Research?

Difficulty Level: Easy 7. A researcher planning to follow a group of depressed patients over a 20-year period would likely be using a ______ design.

Ans: longitudinal Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: How Do Clinical Psychologists Do Research?

Difficulty Level: Easy 8. What is one APA ethical standard that applies to research in clinical psychology?

Ans: Obtain informed consent from prospective participants. Do not coerce participation by offering excessive or inappropriate rewards. Avoid using deception unless the prospective value of the research justifies its use and nondeceptive methods are not feasible. If research procedures have harmed a participant, take reasonable steps to minimize the harm. Never fabricate or falsify data. Researchers should list themselves as authors of a study only when their contributions are justifiably substantial. Share data with other competent researchers who intend to reanalyze it for verification.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ethical Issues in Research in Clinical Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 9. In ______, researchers test the outcome of a manualized therapy on a particular diagnosis. Participants are randomly assigned to treatment or nontreatment groups, and target variables are assessed at the outset and end of the study.

Ans: randomized clinical trials (RCTs) Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: How Do Clinical Psychologists Do Research?

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Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. Compare and contrast efficacy and effectiveness studies of psychotherapy outcome.

Ans: Efficacy studies measure how well a treatment works “in the lab,” under controlled conditions with highly manualized therapy methods and clients chosen according to specific diagnostic criteria. Effectiveness studies measure how well a treatment works “in the real world,” where client selection is less strict, manuals may not be followed as closely, and cultural diversity of clients may be greater. Efficacy studies tend to have stronger internal validity, whereas effectiveness studies tend to have stronger external validity.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Treatment Outcome Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Compare and contrast the idiographic and nomothetic approaches.

Ans: The idiographic approach emphasizes the unique qualities of each person and lends itself to such methods as the case study. The nomothetic approach emphasizes similarities or common qualities among people and lends itself to experimental or quasiexperimental research methods.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: How Do Clinical Psychologists Do Research?

Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Compare and contrast cross-sectional designs and longitudinal designs.

Ans: Cross-sectional designs assess or compare a participant or group of participants at one particular point in time. By contrast, longitudinal designs emphasize changes across time, often making within-group comparisons from one point in time to another.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Do Clinical Psychologists Do Research?

Difficulty Level: Medium 4. What is the primary difference between correlational methods and experimental methods?

Ans: Correlational methods cannot determine causality, whereas experimental methods can. In an experimental study, the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable is isolated. In a correlational study, the relationship between the variables is determined, but variables are not labeled as independent or dependent, so the extent to which one causes the other cannot be determined.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Do Clinical Psychologists Do Research?

Difficulty Level: Medium 5. What are the two main areas in which clinical psychologists conduct research?

Ans: Treatment outcome: to determine how well therapies work. Assessment methods: to evaluate and improve the assessment methods used with patients. Diagnostic issues: to explore issues of diagnosis and categorization regarding psychological problems.

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Professional issues: to examine psychologists’ activities, beliefs, and practices.

Teaching and training issues: to examine how to educate those entering the profession.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Do Clinical Psychologists Do Research?

Difficulty Level: Medium

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Chapter 7: Diagnosis and Classification Issues: DSM-5 and More Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. The harmful dysfunction theory of mental disorders was developed by ______.

A. Sigmund Freud B. Jerome Wakefield C. Emil Kraepelin D. B. F. Skinner Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Defines Abnormality?

Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Jerome Wakefield is the creator of the theory of ______.

A. harmful dysfunction B. the unconscious C. aberrant behavior D. categorical disorders Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Defines Abnormality?

Difficulty Level: Easy 3. According to the harmful dysfunction theory of mental disorders, when we try to determine what is abnormal, we should consider ______.

A. scientific or evolutionary data, as well as social values that provide context for the behavior B. the social constructs that regulate behavior and thought C. cognitive contributions to irregular behaviors D. behavioral, as well as psychoanalytic, components of abnormality Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What Defines Abnormality?

Difficulty Level: Medium 4. In the United States, what is the most up-to-date, prevailing diagnostic guide for mental health professionals?

A. International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition B. International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition C. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition

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D. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 6th Edition Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Who Defines Abnormality?

Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Which of the following is NOT a part of DSM-5’s definition of a mental disorder?

A. clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior B. dysfunction in mental functioning C. usually associated with significant distress or disability D. consists of behaviors witnessed in less than 30% of the population Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Who Defines Abnormality?

Difficulty Level: Medium 6. All editions of the DSM have been published by the ______.

A. American Psychiatric Association B. American Psychological Association C. American Psychological Society D. American Counseling Association Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Who Defines Abnormality?

Difficulty Level: Medium 7. The DSM is primarily authored by ______.

A. social workers B. counselors C. psychologists D. psychiatrists Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Who Defines Abnormality?

Difficulty Level: Medium 8. The DSM reflects a medical model of psychopathology. This means that ______.

A. each mental disorder is a byproduct of a medical disorder centered in a part of the body other than the brain B. each mental disorder is an entity defined categorically and features a list of specific symptoms C. medication is the only acceptable form of treatment for mental disorders D. psychotherapy cannot be expected to succeed unless it is accompanied by medication Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

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Answer Location: Who Defines Abnormality?

Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Attenuated psychosis syndrome ______.

A. is not mentioned in the current DSM B. is listed as a proposed criteria set in the “Emerging Measures and Models” section of the current DSM C. is listed as an official disorder in the current DSM D. is included in the current DSM as a subtype of major depressive disorder Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Why Is the Definition of Abnormality Important?

Difficulty Level: Medium 10. DSM-5 contains a list of “unofficial” disorders that are not yet diagnosable. In what section of DSM-5 are these proposed disorders listed?

A. Disorders for Further Consideration B. Emerging Measures and Models C. Proposed Criteria Groups D. Initial Disorders for Discovery Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Why Is the Definition of Abnormality Important?

Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Disorders such as attenuated psychosis syndrome are not official diagnoses and are listed as ______ in DSM-5.

A. upcoming diagnoses B. research disorders C. proposed criteria sets D. culture-bound syndromes Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Why Is the Definition of Abnormality Important?

Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Hippocrates identified an imbalance in ______ as the source of abnormality.

A. the ego B. spiritual harmony C. bodily fluids D. the unconscious Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Before the DSM Difficulty Level: Easy

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13. Emil Kraepelin was a pioneer of the diagnosis of mental disorders. Among the categories he identified were ______, which is similar to the current label of bipolar disorder, and ______, which is similar to the current label of schizophrenia.

A. manic-depressive psychosis; dementia praecox B. anxiety neurosis; disorderly thought psychosis C. dementia praecox; separation disorder D. anxiety neurosis; separation disorder Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Before the DSM Difficulty Level: Medium 14. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, the primary purpose of diagnostic categories was ______.

A. the diagnosis of prisoners B. the collection of statistical and census data C. compliance with health insurance and managed care company policies D. to offer guidance toward particular forms of medication and psychotherapy Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Before the DSM Difficulty Level: Medium 15. In the mid-1900s, ______ developed a classification system to treat World War II soldiers that had a significant influence on the creation of the first DSM. A. NATO B. the World Health Organization C. the U.S. Army and Veterans’ Administration D. the European Psychiatric Association Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Before the DSM Difficulty Level: Medium 16. The first edition of the DSM was published in ______.

A. 1914 B. 1930 C. 1952 D. 1986 Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: DSM--Earlier Editions (I and II) Difficulty Level: Medium 17. The first edition of the DSM contained only three broad categories ______.

A. psychoses, neuroses, and character disorders

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B. internalizing, externalizing, and mediating disorders C. primary, secondary, and tertiary disorders D. Freudian, Jungian, and undifferentiated disorders Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: DSM--Earlier Editions (I and II) Difficulty Level: Medium 18. DSM-I and DSM-II ______.

A. were empirically based B. reflected a psychoanalytic orientation C. included lists of specific symptoms or criteria for each disorder D. offered significant generalizability and clinical utility Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: DSM--Earlier Editions (I and II) Difficulty Level: Medium 19. DSM-III differed from its predecessors in all of the following significant ways EXCEPT that it ______.

A. introduced a multiaxial diagnostic system B. listed specific diagnostic criteria to define disorders C. featured a greater reliance on empirical data rather than clinical consensus D. emphasized psychoanalytic and humanistic perspectives Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: DSM--More Recent Editions (III, III-R, IV, and IV-TR) Difficulty Level: Medium 20. DSM-III was published in ______.

A. 1952 B. 1968 C. 1980 D. 1994 Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: DSM--More Recent Editions (III, III-R, IV, and IV-TR) Difficulty Level: Medium 21. DSM-III ______.

A. contained less disorders than DSM-II B. was significantly longer in length than DSM-II C. emphasized psychoanalytic and psychodynamic perspectives D. introduced the General Adaptation Scale, which clinicians used to rate patients’ health on a 100-point scale Ans: B

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Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: DSM--More Recent Editions (III, III-R, IV, and IV-TR) Difficulty Level: Medium 22. DSM-5 was published in ______.

A. 1980 B. 1994 C. 2001 D. 2013 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: DSM-5: The Current Edition Difficulty Level: Easy 23. DSM-5 was created by ______.

A. soliciting and summarizing public opinion on which disorders in DSM-IV should be eliminated B. prominent researchers who were members of a Task Force and Work Groups C. the American Counseling Association D. the same organization that publishes the International Classification of Diseases Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: DSM-5: The Current Edition Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Internet gaming disorder ______.

A. is a new diagnosis included in DSM-5 B. is listed in the Emerging Measures and Models section of DSM-5 C. is a diagnostic criterion revised from DSM-IV to DSM-5 D. is diagnosed when an individual uses income from stolen goods to pay for online gaming memberships Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Changes DSM-5 Did Not Make Difficulty Level: Medium 25. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Although many publications print the newest diagnostic manual’s title as DSM-5, the correct printing requires a Roman numeral (DSM-V).

B. As with previous editions, the current edition of the DSM instructs clinicians to provide multiaxial diagnoses.

C. The current DSM requires a GAF score to accompany all diagnoses.

D. The current DSM eliminates the five-axis diagnostic system.

Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: New Features in DSM-5

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Difficulty Level: Medium 26. ______, a new disorder in DSM-5, is described by some as frequent temper tantrums in children 6–18 years of age.

A. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder B. Mild neurocognitive disorder C. Somatic symptom disorder D. Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: New Disorders in DSM-5 Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Based on the textbook, which of the following is NOT a revision to a mental disorder that was included in DSM-5?

A. The “bereavement exclusion” included in the diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode was dropped.

B. Asperger’s disorder was expanded and can now be diagnoses as mild, moderate, or severe Asperger’s disorder.

C. The age at which symptoms must first appear in individuals diagnosed with ADHD was changed from 7 to 12 years old.

D. The frequency of binges required for bulimia nervosa was decreased to once per week.

Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Revised Disorders in DSM-5 Difficulty Level: Hard 28. DSM-5 has received numerous criticisms. Which of the following is NOT a criticism discussed in the textbook?

A. DSM-5 was not expanded enough, and as a result, the current edition includes approximately the same number of disorders as the original edition.

B. While developing DSM-5, the authors were selective and vague with information they shared with the general public.

C. The membership of Work Groups was composed primarily of researchers, not clinicians.

D. DSM-5’s price is significantly higher than that of previous editions.

Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Controversy Surrounding DSM-5 Difficulty Level: Medium 29. Recent editions of the DSM, including DSM-5, have received numerous criticisms.

Which of the following statements is inconsistent with the criticisms discussed in the textbook?

A. The breadth of coverage of recent DSMs was expanded too much.

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B. The cutoffs that separate those who qualify for disorders from those who do not are often arbitrary rather than empirically based.

C. Diagnoses such as premenstrual dysphoric disorder demonstrate a significant reduction in DSM gender bias.

D. Nonempirical influences, such as political and social forces, may have too much influence on the decisions made by DSM authors.

Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Criticisms of the DSM Difficulty Level: Medium 30. All editions of the DSM have offered a ______ approach to diagnosis.

A. dimensional B. symptom- or criteria-based C. categorical D. multiaxial Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Alternative Directions in Diagnosis and Classification Difficulty Level: Easy 31. Essentially, a categorical approach to diagnosis of mental disorders suggests that an individual ______.

A. either has or does not have a disorder B. has every disorder to some extent C. can only be diagnosed with one disorder at a single point in time D. can have multiple disorders at the same time only if those disorders fall within the same larger category, such as depressive disorders or anxiety disorders Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Alternative Directions in Diagnosis and Classification Difficulty Level: Medium 32. In recent years, researchers have offered alternatives to the categorical approach to the diagnosis of mental disorders. Specifically, the ______ approach has received significant attention, especially regarding the ______ disorders.

A. dimensional; anxiety B. dimensional; personality C. multiaxial; mood D. medical model; eating Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Alternative Directions in Diagnosis and Classification Difficulty Level: Medium

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33. Researchers who endorse the dimensional approach to diagnosis of mental problems most often recommend that ______ serve as the basis for the dimensions.

A. the five-factor model of personality B. cognitive thought distortion categories C. Holland’s typologies D. the Myers–Briggs types Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Alternative Directions in Diagnosis and Classification Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Categorical diagnosis of mental illness has many advantages, including that it ______.

A. facilitates easier communication between professionals B. forces professionals to think categorically C. promotes sharper problem-solving abilities D. is easily adapted into a dimensional model of diagnosis Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Alternative Directions in Diagnosis and Classification Difficulty Level: Medium 35. Compared to the definition of generalized anxiety disorder in DSM-5 (2013), the definition of anxiety neurosis in DSM-II (1968) ______.

A. contains more specific diagnostic criteria B. contains more terminology derived from psychoanalysis C. lists more specific quantities and timeframes D. is essentially the same; there is little difference between the two definitions Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: DSM--More Recent Editions (III, III-R, IV, and IV-TR) Difficulty Level: Medium Short Answer 1. What is harmful dysfunction theory?

Ans: The harmful dysfunction theory proposes that in our efforts to determine what is abnormal, we consider both scientific (e.g., evolutionary) data and the social values in the context of which the behavior takes place.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Defines Abnormality?

Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The DSM reflects a ______ model of psychopathology.

Ans: medical, categorical

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3. Where are disorders such as attenuated psychosis syndrome and Internet gaming disorder listed in DSM-5?

Ans: Emerging Measures and Models section Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Defines Abnormality?

Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Which edition of the DSM was the first to rely heavily on empirical data to determine which diagnoses to include?

Ans: DSM-III Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Defines Abnormality?

Difficulty Level: Easy 5. What central feature of DSM-III, DSM-III-R, DSM-IV, and DSM-IV-TR was eliminated in DSM-5?

Ans: the multiaxial diagnostic system Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: DSM-5 The Current Edition Difficulty Level: Easy 6. List two of the new mental disorders introduced in DSM-5.

Ans: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, binge eating disorder, mild neurocognitive disorder, somatic symptom disorder, hoarding disorder.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: DSM-5 The Current Edition Difficulty Level: Easy 7. List one criticism of recent editions of the DSM. Ans: Breadth of coverage, controversial cutoffs, cultural issues/sensitivity, gender bias, nonempirical influences, limitations on objectivity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: DSM-5 The Current Edition Difficulty Level: Medium 8. The ______ approach to diagnosis examines where on a continuum a client’s symptoms fall.

Ans: dimensional Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: DSM-5 The Current Edition Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. Compare and contrast Jerome Wakefield’s definition of a mental disorder with the

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definition offered by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

Ans: Wakefield’s definition of a disorder is encapsulated in his harmful dysfunction theory. This theory describes a disorder as a harmful dysfunction, with “harmful” being defined by both scientific data and the social values in the context in which the disordered behavior is observed. By contrast, the DSM defines a disorder as a clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that indicates a dysfunction in mental functioning that is usually associated with significant distress or impairment in one or more functional areas of the individual’s life.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: What Defines Abnormality?

Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Briefly explain how the profession of the primary authors of the DSM, as well as its publisher, has influenced its approach to conceptualizing mental disorders.

Ans: The DSM’s authors have always been primarily medical doctors, and the publisher has always been the American Psychiatric (not Psychological) Association. This results in a medical model and a categorical approach to diagnosis, rather than an alternate approach, such as the dimensional model.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: DSM-5 The Current Edition Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Compare and contrast the categorical and dimensional approaches to diagnosis.

Ans: The categorical approach essentially requires a yes/no decision regarding diagnoses; a client either “has” or “doesn’t have” a disorder. By contrast, the dimensional approach essentially eliminates yes/no categories and replaces them with a dimension or continuum on which client’s system can be placed. The categorical approach has always been used by DSM, so it is more familiar at this point; also, it facilitates communication and research. The dimensional approach can produce more accurate client descriptions, especially when dimensions are readily identifiable (as is most true with personality disorders).

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Alternative Directions in Diagnosis and Classification Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Unlike its predecessors, the “5” in DSM-5 is an Arabic numeral, not a Roman numeral (e.g., DSM-IV). Explain why the authors of the DSM made this change and what it suggests about the DSM. Ans: The change from a Roman to Arabic numeral is not merely superficial. It suggests that the DSM is a “living document” that, in the future, will be quicker to respond to new research that improves our understanding of mental disorders. No longer will we have to stick with a single, static version of DSM for a decade or two until the time arrives for a major revamp; instead, smaller-scale changes can be made more continuously.

Illustrating this “living document” concept, future “updates” may be named in a fashion similar to software updates (e.g., DSM-5.1, DSM-5.2).

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: DSM-5 The Current Edition

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Difficulty Level: Medium

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Chapter 8: The Clinical Interview Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. ______ validity is the extent to which an assessment technique has content appropriate for what is being measured.

A. Content B. Convergent C. Discriminant D. None of these Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Table 8.1: Defining Validity, Reliability, and Clinical Utility for Assessment Methods Difficulty Level: Medium 2. ______ reliability is the extent to which an assessment technique yields similar results across different administrators.

A. Test–retest B. Interrater C. Internal D. Clinical Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Table 8.1: Defining Validity, Reliability, and Clinical Utility for Assessment Methods Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Dr. Brox creates a new assessment technique, the Superior Clinical Interval for Therapists (SCIT). We can say the SCIT has ______ if it measures what it claims to measure. We can say the SCIT has ______ if it yields consistent, repeatable results.

A. reliability; validity B. validity; reliability C. clinical utility; statistical utility D. statistical utility; clinical utility Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Clinical Interview Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Of all the available assessment procedures, clinical psychologists rely most frequently on the ______.

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A. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale B. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children C. clinical interview D. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Clinical Interview Difficulty Level: Easy 5. An element common to all kinds of psychological assessment is ______, which may take the form of a face-to-face meeting or written report.

A. coaching B. feedback C. clinical utility D. validity Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Clinical Interview Difficulty Level: Easy 6. ______ of clinical psychologists use clinical interviews as part of their assessment processes.

A. About half B. The vast majority C. About 25% D. Less than 5% Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Clinical Interview Difficulty Level: Easy 7. In the context of the clinical interview, the term quieting yourself is best described as the ______.

A. client’s efforts to remain quiet in order to fully attend to the interviewer’s questions B. interviewer’s efforts to control the volume of his speaking voice to match that of the client C. interviewer’s efforts to control his own internal, self-directed thinking pattern in order to enhance listening D. interviewer’s policy of remaining entirely silent during the interview in order to facilitate transference Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: General Skills Difficulty Level: Medium

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8. An important skill for a clinical interviewer is ______, which is best described as the ability to know how he tends to affect others interpersonally and how others tend to relate to him.

A. being self-aware B. developing positive working relationships C. establishing rapport D. quieting yourself Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: General Skills Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Positive working relationships with clients ______.

A. can be developed using attentive listening, appropriate empathy, and genuine respect B. are not dependent on the interviewer’s attitude and actions C. should be established immediately for assessments but over time for therapy D. are required for clients who self-pay but only recommended for those who use insurance Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: General Skills Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Loraine is a clinical psychology graduate student conducting her first clinical interview with a client. While her client describes reasons for seeking treatment, Loraine finds herself distracted by internal thoughts such as, “What questions should I ask next?” and “When is the project due for my linear regression class?” In this instance, Loraine has the opportunity to improve which general skill of clinical interviewing?

A. being self-aware B. developing positive working relationships C. eye contact D. quieting yourself Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: General Skills Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Effective interviewers are skilled at ______, or repeating key words and phrases back to their clients to ensure the clients that they have been accurately heard.

A. verbal tracking B. eye contact C. developing positive relationships D. quieting themselves Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

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Answer Location: Verbal Tracking Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Eye contact, body language, vocal qualities, and verbal tracking are specific types of ______.

A. behavioral psychotherapy techniques B. attending behaviors C. rapport enhancers D. nonverbal interviewing Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Specific Behaviors Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Cultural variables are important in the context of a clinical interview. For example, compared to traditional Western culture, Asian cultures tend to feature ______.

A. more eye contact B. more eye contact between members of the opposite sex C. less physical touch D. more physical touch Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Referring to the Client by the Proper Name Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Cultural variables are important in the context of a clinical interview. For example, compared to people from North America or Britain, people of Middle Eastern or Latino/Latina cultures tend to ______.

A. prefer a greater amount of personal space B. prefer a smaller amount of personal space C. expect the clinical interviewer to offer food or drink during the interviewer D. view the clinical interviewer as an expert Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Referring to the Client by the Proper Name Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Referring to a client by the proper name ______.

A. isn’t particularly relevant when developing rapport B. includes making assumptions about nicknames that a psychologist uses for the client across treatment C. can be accomplished by asking the client how he would like to be addressed early in treatment D. is always achieved by addressing the client by his first name Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

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Answer Location: Referring to the Client by the Proper Name Difficulty Level: Medium 16. ______ refers to a positive, comfortable relationship between interviewer and client, or an interpersonal “connection” as perceived by the client.

A. Rapport B. Verbal tracking C. Nondirective interviewing D. Directive interviewing Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Rapport Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Which of the following is UNLIKELY to enhance rapport in a clinical interview?

A. efforts by the interviewer to put the client at ease, especially at the beginning of the interview B. acknowledgment by the interviewer that the clinical interview is a unique, unusual situation C. efforts by the interviewer to notice how the client uses language, and then following the client’s lead D. excessive small talk used to distract the client from the awkwardness of the interview Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Rapport Difficulty Level: Medium 18. It is important for clinical interviewers to appreciate how communication styles tend to differ across cultures. For example, ______.

A. Asian Americans tend to speak more loudly than European Americans B. European Americans tend to speak more quickly than Native Americans C. Hispanic Americans tend to speak more loudly than European Americans D. Asian Americans are more inclined to hold eye contact than European Americans Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Box 8.1: Considering Culture: Communication Across Cultures Difficulty Level: Medium 19. To develop rapport during a clinical interview, an interviewer should do all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A. make an effort to put the client at ease B. acknowledge the unique, unusual situation of the interview C. notice how the client uses language and follow the client’s lead D. gently correct the client when he uses metaphors incorrectly Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

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Answer Location: Rapport Difficulty Level: Medium 20. Communication styles often differ between men and women. For example, ______.

A. women tend to use talk to assert themselves and achieve goals, whereas men tend to use talk to build relationships B. women tend to avoid self-disclosure because it brings vulnerability, whereas men tend to engage in self-disclosure because it brings closeness C. men tend to use talk to build relationships, whereas women tend to use talk to demean their competitors D. men tend to avoid self-disclosure because it brings vulnerability, whereas women tend to engage in self-disclosure because it brings closeness Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Box 8.1: Considering Culture: Communication Across Cultures Difficulty Level: Medium 21. ______ is how an interviewer is with clients, while ______ is what an interviewer does with clients.

A. Technique; rapport B. Rapport; technique C. Internal preparation; external preparation D. External preparation; internal preparation Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Technique Difficulty Level: Easy 22. A clinical psychologist ______.

A. should always take written notes during an interview B. must obtain written permission to videotape an interview C. should position himself behind a stately desk while conducting an interview D. should use an iPad for note-taking, since research supports it is accepted better by clients than a laptop Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Pragmatics of the Interview Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Devlin and Nasar (2012) found that therapists and nonprofessionals asked to rate pictures of offices preferred clinicians’ offices that ______.

A. were orderly, spacious, and contained comfortable seats B. featured bright lightening and personal photos C. were smaller in size, creating an intimate atmosphere D. arranged the furniture so the therapist could sit behind the client Ans: A

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Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Interview Room Difficulty Level: Medium 24. Interviewers who use a(n) ______ style of interviewing get exactly the information they need by asking clients specifically for it.

A. directive B. nondirective C. rapport-building D. evidence-based Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Directive Versus Nondirective Styles Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Interviewers who use a(n) ______ style of interviewing allow the client to determine the course of the interview.

A. directive B. nondirective C. rapport-building D. evidence-based Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Directive Versus Nondirective Styles Difficulty Level: Easy 26. Interviewers use ______ questions when they notice discrepancies or inconsistencies in a client’s comments.

A. open-ended B. closed-ended C. clarification D. confrontation Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Clarification Difficulty Level: Easy 27. Whereas a ______ echoes the client’s words, a ______ echoes the client’s emotions.

A. paraphrase; confrontation B. paraphrase; reflection of feeling C. clarification; reflection of feeling D. conclusion; reflection of feeling Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Paraphrasing | Reflection of Feeling

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Difficulty Level: Medium 28. Dr. Huckabee is conducting a clinical interview with Megan. At the end of the interview, he ties together various topics that Megan discussed, connecting statements she made at various points, and identifies themes in the information she has provided.

Which of the following techniques is Dr. Huckabee using?

A. paraphrasing B. reflection of feeling C. clarification D. summarizing Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Summarizing Difficulty Level: Medium 29. Dr. Harris, a clinical psychologist, is interviewing a client with the primary purpose of determining whether the agency where Dr. Harris works can provide the services required by this client. In other words, Dr. Harris is conducting a(n) ______.

A. mental status exam B. structured interview C. diagnostic interview D. intake interview Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Intake Interviews Difficulty Level: Medium 30. Dr. Murphy, a clinical neuropsychologist, is conducting a clinical interview in which the primary purpose is to assign a label from the current DSM to the patient. In other words, Dr. Murphy is conducting a(n) ______.

A. diagnostic interview B. mental status exam C. intake interview D. crisis interview Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Diagnostic Interviews Difficulty Level: Medium 31. A(n) ______ interview is a predetermined, planned sequences of questions that an interviewer asks a client. By contrast, a(n) ______ interview is improvised and involves no predetermined questions.

A. primary; secondary B. secondary; primary C. structured; unstructured D. unstructured; structured

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Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Structured Interviews Versus Unstructured Interviews Difficulty Level: Easy 32. In recent years, the most prominent structured interview has been the ______.

A. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders B. Acute Stress Disorder Interview C. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule--Revised D. Bipolar Disorder Structured Clinical Interview Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Structured Interviews Versus Unstructured Interviews Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Dr. Rosen, a clinical psychologist in private practice, likes to combine elements of a structured interview and an unstructured interview with his patients. By blending these two approaches, Dr. Rosen is using what is known as a(n) ______ interview.

A. semistructured B. bi-dimensional C. eclectic D. two-point Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Structured Interviews Versus Unstructured Interviews Difficulty Level: Medium 34. The type of clinical interview that is most often conducted in medical settings for the primary purpose of quickly assessing a client’s current level of functioning is the ______.

A. mental status exam B. crisis interview C. diagnostic interview D. intake interview Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Mental Status Exam Difficulty Level: Easy 35. ______ is the extent to which an assessment technique measures what it claims to measure.

A. Validity B. Test–retest reliability C. Clinical utility D. Interrater reliability Ans: A

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Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Table 8.1: Defining Validity, Reliability, and Clinical Utility for Assessment Methods Difficulty Level: Easy 36. ______ is the extent to which an assessment technique correlates with other techniques that measure the same thing.

A. Reliability B. Clinical utility C. Convergent validity D. Discriminant validity Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Table 8.1: Defining Validity, Reliability, and Clinical Utility for Assessment Methods Difficulty Level: Medium 37. ______ is the extent to which an assessment technique yields consistent, repeatable results.

A. Discriminant validity B. Clinical utility C. Reliability D. Content validity Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Table 8.1: Defining Validity, Reliability, and Clinical Utility for Assessment Methods Difficulty Level: Easy 38. A(n) ______ interview is a special type of clinical interview designed not only to assess a problem demanding urgent attention but also to provide immediate intervention for the problem.

A. diagnostic B. informal C. crisis D. abbreviated Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Crisis Interviews Difficulty Level: Easy Short Answer 1. Describe the difference between validity and reliability in relation to assessment techniques.

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Ans: Validity is the extent to which the assessment technique measures what it claims to measure. Reliability is the extent to which the assessment technique yields consistent, repeatable results.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Table 8.1: Defining Validity, Reliability, and Clinical Utility for Assessment Methods Difficulty Level: Easy 2. List three attending behaviors.

Ans: Eye contact, body language, vocal qualities, verbal tracking, and referring to the client by the proper name.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Interviewer Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The ______ style of interviewing gets exactly the information needed by the interviewer by asking the client-specific questions.

Ans: directive Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Interviewer Difficulty Level: Easy 4. A question such as “Do you consume alcohol?” is an example of a ______ question.

Ans: closed-ended Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Components of the Interview Difficulty Level: Easy 5. A ______ interview is used to diagnose. The interview should facilitate assignment of an accurate DSM disorder to the client.

Ans: diagnostic Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Types of Interviews Difficulty Level: Easy 6. What is the primary purpose of the mental status exam?

Ans: To quickly assess how the client is functioning at the time of the evaluation.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Types of Interviews Difficulty Level: Easy 7. ______ describes how an interviewer is with clients; ______ is what an interviewer does with clients.

Ans: Rapport; technique Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Components of the Interview

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Difficulty Level: Easy 8. What technique is used to make sure the interviewer accurately understands a patient’s comments and to communicate that the interviewer is actively listening to the patient?

Ans: clarification Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Components of the Interview Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. Describe the difference between paraphrasing and reflection of feeling.

Ans: Paraphrasing is used to assure a client that they are actually being heard; the interviewer typically restates the content of a client’s comments using similar language.

A reflection of feeling echoes a client’s emotions; reflections of feeling are intended to make a client feel that their emotions are recognized, even if their comments did not explicitly include labels of their feelings.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Components of the Interview Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Briefly explain some gender-based differences in communication styles that are important for a clinical interviewer to appreciate.

Ans: Men tend to use talk to assert themselves, achieve goals, and promote ideas.

Women tend to use talk to build rapport and sustain relationships. Men tend to shy away from self-disclosure because of the vulnerability associated with it. Women tend to value self-disclosure because of the closeness it can produce. Men help others via words by offering advice or solutions. Women help other via words by empathizing or understanding emotions.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Cultural Components Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Based on research and recommendations presented in the textbook, describe an ideal design for a clinician’s interview room or office.

Ans: Strike a balance between professional formality and casual comfort. Consider seating arrangements; the arrangement of furniture should accomplish the fundamental goals of the interview, such as gathering information and building rapport in a private setting free of interruptions. Devlin and Nasar (2012) found that clients preferred rooms that were orderly, “soft” (with comfortable seats, decorative rugs, muted lighting, art, and plants), and more spacious.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Pragmatics of the Interview Difficulty Level: Medium

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4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of note-taking during the clinical interview?

Ans: Advantages: more reliable than the interviewer’s memory; assures client that efforts are being made to keep an accurate record. Disadvantages: can be distracting to both interviewer and client.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Pragmatics of the Interview Difficulty Level: Medium 5. What are three of the five specific questions that Sommers-Flanagan and SommersFlanagan (2009) recommend be asked of a client who is actively suicidal?

Ans: How depressed is the client? Does the client have suicidal thoughts? Does the client have a suicide plan? How much self-control does the client currently appear to have? Does the client have definite suicidal intentions?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Types of Interviews Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Describe at least one advantage and one disadvantage of using a structured interview.

Ans: Advantages: produces a diagnosis based explicitly on DSM criteria, tends to be highly reliable, is standardized and typically uncomplicated to administer.

Disadvantages: format is usually rigid and can inhibit rapport, typically doesn’t allow for inquiries into important topics not directly related to DSM criteria, often requires a more comprehensive list of questions than is clinically necessary.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Types of Interviews Difficulty Level: Medium

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Chapter 9: Intellectual and Neuropsychological Assessment Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. ______ tests measure a client’s intellectual abilities, whereas ______ tests measure what a client has accomplished with those intellectual abilities.

A. Objective personality; projective personality B. Intelligence; achievement C. Neuropsychological; intelligence D. Intelligence; personality Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Intellectual and Neuropsychological Assessment Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The notion of “g,” as proposed by Charles Spearman, suggests that, essentially, ______.

A. intelligence is one thing B. intelligence is not one thing, but is many separate, unrelated things C. intelligence tests for children must be fundamentally and structurally different than intelligence tests for adults D. intelligence remains stable throughout the life span Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Charles Spearman: Intelligence Is One Thing Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Spearman created the concept of ______, an individual’s general intelligence or global, overall intellectual ability.

A. fluid intelligence B. g C. crystallized intelligence D. s Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Charles Spearman: Intelligence Is One Thing Difficulty Level: Easy 4. A ______ model of intelligence proposes that specific abilities exist and are important, but they are all somewhat related to each other and to a global, overall, general intelligence.

A. topical

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B. hierarchical C. fluid D. multiple Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Louis Thurstone: Intelligence Is Many Things Difficulty Level: Medium 5. ______ is to intelligence is one thing, as ______ is to intelligence is many things.

A. Louis Thurstone; Charles Spearman B. Charles Spearman; Louis Thurstone C. James Cattell; John Carroll D. John Carroll; James Cattell Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Classic Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Medium 6. The three-stratum theory of intelligence is a contemporary theory that proposes a single, overall ability that contains eight broad factors, each of which contains many more specific abilities. This theory was proposed by ______.

A. Charles Spearman B. Louis Thurstone C. John Carroll D. James Cattell Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: More Contemporary Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Medium 7. According to Cattell, ______ intelligence is intelligence accumulated as a result of life experiences.

A. fluid B. crystallized C. marginal D. majority Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: More Contemporary Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy 8. According to Cattell, ______ intelligence includes the ability to solve novel problems.

A. fluid B. crystallized C. marginal D. majority

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Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: More Contemporary Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Which of the following is TRUE regarding current editions of the Wechsler intelligence tests?

A. There are separate tests for three different populations: adults, children, and preschoolers.

B. There is a single test that is appropriate for all clients ranging from preschool age through adulthood.

C. There is a single test, and it is appropriate for adults only.

D. There are separate tests for five different populations: adults 65 and over, adults 35– 64, adults under 35, children, and preschoolers.

Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Wechsler Intelligence Tests Difficulty Level: Medium 10. The WISC is an appropriate test for a client who is ______ years old.

A. 68 B. 25 C. 11 D. 3 Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Wechsler Intelligence Tests Difficulty Level: Medium 11. The WAIS is an appropriate test for a client who is ______ years old.

A. 72 B. 4 C. 10 D. 14 Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Wechsler Intelligence Tests Difficulty Level: Medium 12. The WPPSI is an appropriate test for a client who is ______ years old.

A. 81 B. 13 C. 52 D. 4 Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application

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Answer Location: Wechsler Intelligence Tests Difficulty Level: Medium 13. The Wechsler intelligence tests yield all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A. a single full-scale intelligence score B. several index scores C. about a dozen specific subtest scores D. an age quotient score Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Wechsler Intelligence Tests Difficulty Level: Medium 14. The index scores of the Wechsler intelligence tests, which correspond to the underlying factors in the test, include ______.

A. Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Reasoning B. Working Speed and Processing Memory C. Fluid Intelligence and Crystalized Intelligence D. Normative Quotient and Ipsative Sum Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Wechsler Intelligence Tests Difficulty Level: Medium 15. The Wechsler index score that measures fluid reasoning, spatial processing, and visual-motor integration is the ______ Index.

A. Verbal Comprehension B. Perceptual Reasoning C. Working Memory D. Processing Speed Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Wechsler Intelligence Tests Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Which of the following is TRUE regarding the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales?

A. This test of intelligence has not been revised since the 1960s, and as a result, its content and normative groups have been widely criticized.

B. There are four separate versions of this test corresponding to four different age ranges.

C. Despite its misleading name, the Stanford-Binet was actually created by David Wechsler.

D. The test is to be administered face-to-face and one-on-one.

Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales--Fifth Edition

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Difficulty Level: Medium 17. For the current editions of the Wechsler intelligence tests and Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, the mean score for full-scale IQ is ______.

A. 50 B. 75 C. 100 D. 125 Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales--Fifth Edition Difficulty Level: Medium 18. The WAIS features ______ factors, each of which yields an index score. The SB5 features ______ factors.

A. four; four B. four; five C. five; four D. five; five Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Wechsler Intelligence Tests | Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales--Fifth Edition Difficulty Level: Hard 19. The ______ is a recently developed test of intelligence that represents an attempt to measure IQ in a culturally fair way.

A. Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test-2 B. Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test C. Halstead-Reitan D. Flanagan Assessment of Globalism Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Additional Tests of Intelligence: Addressing Cultural Fairness Difficulty Level: Easy 20. ______ is what a person can accomplish, while ______ is what a person has accomplished.

A. Intelligence; achievement B. Achievement; intelligence C. Scholastics; performance D. Performance; scholastics Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Achievement Versus Intelligence Difficulty Level: Medium

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21. Honore receives psychological testing. Although her intelligence falls in the low average range, a discrepancy is still identified between her achievement and intelligence test scores (such that achievement falls significantly below expectations based on intelligence). This discrepancy will likely be the basis for a diagnosis of ______.

A. premenstrual dysphoric disorder B. specific learning disorder C. giftedness D. intellectual disability Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Achievement Versus Intelligence Difficulty Level: Medium 22. The WIAT is ______.

A. currently in its second edition B. a lengthy neuropsychological test designed to localize neurologic damage following stroke C. a recently developed intelligence test that involves no verbal instructions or responses, thus enhancing cultural fairness D. an individually administered test of language, reading, writing, and mathematics achievement Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Wechsler Individual Achievement Test--Third Edition Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Which of the following is NOT true regarding the WIAT? A. The WIAT-III measures achievement in four broad areas.

B. The Oral Language Composite score is derived from the Pseudoword Decoding and Numerical Operations subtests.

C. The WIAT-III measures the broad areas of reading, math, written language, and oral language.

D. The WIAT-III can be administered to clients age 4–50 years.

Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Wechsler Individual Achievement Test--Third Edition Difficulty Level: Hard 24. The ______ is a brief neuropsychological screening device that involves copying geometric shapes with pencil and paper, takes only about 6 min to administer, and is appropriate for any client above 3 years of age.

A. Bender-Gestalt II B. Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery C. Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery

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D. Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Brief Neuropsychological Measures Difficulty Level: Medium 25. The ______ is a thorough and lengthy battery of eight standardized neuropsychological tests.

A. Bender-Gestalt II B. Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery C. Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery D. Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Full Neuropsychological Batteries Difficulty Level: Medium 26. Dr. Young, a clinical psychologist, is conducting an assessment of a client who experienced a head injury in a car accident. She uses the Halstead-Reitan battery to determine impairment of the functioning of specific components or structures of the brain. Dr. Young is conducting ______ testing.

A. intelligence B. neuropsychological C. achievement D. personality Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Full Neuropsychological Batteries Difficulty Level: Medium 27. The ______ is a brief neuropsychological screening device that involves copying a single geometric figure with pencils of different colors, as well as a memory component in which clients are asked to reproduce the figure from memory after a delay.

A. Bender-Gestalt II B. WPPSI-IV C. NEO-PI-R D. Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Brief Neuropsychological Measures Difficulty Level: Medium 28. The ______ is a memory test that can be used to assess individuals who are suspected to have memory problems due to brain injury, dementia, or substance abuse.

A. WPPSI-III B. WMS-IV

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C. NEO-PI-R D. RBANS Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Brief Neuropsychological Measures Difficulty Level: Medium 29. When the Wechsler intelligence test scores are interpreted, which of the following best represents the sequence in which particular scores should be considered?

A. full-scale IQ score, index scores, and subtest scores B. subtest scores, index scores, and full-scale IQ score C. index scores, full-scale IQ score, and subtest scores D. full-scale IQ score, subtest scores, and index scores Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Wechsler Intelligence Tests Difficulty Level: Hard 30. The RBANS is a(n) ______.

A. IQ test for preschool-aged children B. neuropsychological screener that focuses on a broader range of abilities than the Bender-Gestalt C. achievement test D. completely language-free test of intelligence Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Brief Neuropsychological Measures Difficulty Level: Medium Short Answer 1. Who created the concept of “g”?

Ans: Charles Spearman Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Classic Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy 2. How are fluid and crystallized intelligence different from each other?

Ans: Fluid intelligence includes the ability to reason when faced with novel problems, whereas crystallized intelligence is the body of knowledge accumulated as a result of life experiences.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: More Contemporary Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy 3. What are the three Wechsler intelligence tests?

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Ans: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, and Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: More Contemporary Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy 4. What is the difference between intelligence and achievement?

Ans: Intelligence is what a person can accomplish intellectually. Achievement is what a person has accomplished.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Wechsler Intelligence Tests Difficulty Level: Easy 5. The ______ is a lengthy battery of eight standardized neuropsychological tests used to identify people with brain damage.

Ans: Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Full Neuropsychological Batteries Difficulty Level: Easy 6. What is the most commonly used neuropsychological screening measure among clinical psychologists?

Ans: Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test--Second Edition (Bender-Gestalt-II) Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Brief Neuropsychological Measures Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Who created the three-stratum theory of intelligence?

Ans: John Carroll Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: More Contemporary Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Aside from the Wechsler series of intelligence tests, what is the other major intelligence test?

Ans: Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales – Fifth Edition Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. Compare and contrast the theories of intelligence proposed by Charles Spearman and Louis Thurstone.

Ans: Spearman emphasized “g” or a general intelligence, suggesting that intelligence is a singular, global, overall ability. Thurstone opposed Spearman’s theory, suggesting

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that intelligence should not be understood as a single, unified ability but as numerous distinct abilities that had little relationship to each other.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Classic Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Briefly describe the types of scores yielded by the Wechsler intelligence tests. What kind of model of intelligence do these scores endorse?

Ans: The Wechsler intelligence tests yield a single full-scale intelligence scale, four or five index scores (based on the four or five underlying factors of the test), and about a dozen specific subtest scores. The presence of scores of these various levels suggests that the tests employ a hierarchical model of intelligence.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Wechsler Intelligence Tests Difficulty Level: Medium 3. How do clinical psychologists test for a specific learning disorder?

Ans: A specific learning disorder diagnosis is based on a discrepancy between achievement and intelligence, such that achievement is significantly below intelligencebased expectations. So, clinical psychologists conducting an evaluation to explore the possibility of a learning disability administer an intelligence test (often the WISC-IV for school-age children) and an achievement test (often the WIAT-III, or more specialized measures for such areas as reading, writing, or math) and compare the results of the two types of tests.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Achievement Testing Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Describe several differences between the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery (HRB) and the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB).

Ans: The LNNB consists of 12 scales, as opposed to the HRB’s 8 tests. To a greater extent than the HRB, the LNNB relies on qualitative written comments from the examiner about the testing process. These comments describe what the examiner observed about the client, such as problems comprehending the test (e.g., confusion, poor attention); how or why the client is missing items (e.g., slow movement, sight or hearing problems, speech flaws); or unusual behaviors (e.g., inappropriate emotional reactions, hyperactivity, distraction). Another difference between the HRB and the LNNB is that the LNNB tends to be slightly briefer.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Full Neuropsychological Batteries Difficulty Level: Medium

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5. Describe the Wechsler Memory Scale--Fourth Edition.

Ans: The WMS-IV is a memory test used to assess individuals aged 16–90 who are suspected to have memory problems. Neuropsychologists may use the WMS-IV to assess patients with memory problems due to brain injury, dementia, substance abuse, or other factors. It assesses visual and auditory memory and immediate and delayed recall.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Wechsler Intelligence Tests Difficulty Level: Medium

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Chapter 10: Personality Assessment and Behavioral Assessment Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. ______, which is more likely to take place when clinical psychologists are not culturally competent, involves viewing as abnormal although it is normal within the client’s own culture.

A. Overpathologizing B. Empirical criterion keying C. Diagnosing D. Multimethod assessment Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Culturally Competent Assessment Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The practice of using a collection of different assessment instruments--interview data, direct observation, and so on--to examine an individual’s personality is known as ______.

A. multimodal assessment B. multimethod assessment C. bimodal assessment D. bimethod assessment Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Multimethod Assessment Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Clinical psychologists who select assessment methods that have strong validity, reliability, and clinical utility are practicing ______.

A. multimodal assessment B. culturally competent assessment C. evidence-based assessment D. testing Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Evidence-Based Assessment Difficulty Level: Easy

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4. Dr. Johnson is asked to assess Martha. He decides he will administer the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 because he knows it is well-supported by research. In this situation, Dr. Johnson is practicing ______.

A. multimethod assessment.

B. culturally competent assessment.

C. evidence-based assessment.

D. ethically validated assessment.

Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Evidence-Based Assessment Difficulty Level: Medium 5. ______ include unambiguous test items, offer clients a limited range of responses, and have clear scoring guidelines.

A. Projective personality tests B. Objective personality tests C. Sentence completion tests D. Naturalistic observation techniques Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Objective Personality Tests Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Which of the following is an example of an objective personality test?

A. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory B. Rorschach Inkblot Method C. Thematic Apperception Test D. Person-Tree-House Technique Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Objective Personality Tests Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Which of the following is NOT an example of an objective personality test?

A. Personality Assessment Inventory B. NEO Personality Inventory C. Thematic Apperception Test D. Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Objective Personality Tests Difficulty Level: Medium 8. The ______ is the most popular and the most psychometrically sound objective personality test used by clinical psychologists.

A. Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV

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B. Personality Assessment Inventory C. Beck Depression Inventory-II D. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-II Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Difficulty Level: Easy 9. ______ is a test-construction method that involves identifying distinct groups of people, asking all of them to respond to the same test items, and comparing responses between the groups.

A. Empirical criterion keying B. Logarithmic modeling C. Factor analysis D. Comparative group coding Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Who are Starke Hathaway and J. C. McKinley?

A. authors of the original MMPI B. developers of the most widely used scoring system for the Rorschach Inkblot Method C. creators of the Thematic Apperception Test D. authors of the NEO Personality Inventory Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Difficulty Level: Medium 11. The original MMPI and the MMPI-2 both feature ______ clinical scales.

A. 2 B. 5 C. 10 D. 30 Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Which of the following is not a clinical scale on the MMPI and MMPI-2?

A. depression B. mania C. paranoia D. self-acceptance Ans: D

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Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Difficulty Level: Hard 13. A client who scores very high on the clinical scale called “Psychopathic Deviate” on the MMPI-2 is most likely to receive a diagnosis of ______.

A. major depressive disorder B. antisocial personality disorder C. borderline personality disorder D. specific phobia Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Difficulty Level: Hard 14. A client who scores very high on the clinical scale called “Psychasthenia” on the MMPI-2 is most like to receive a diagnosis of ______.

A. generalized anxiety disorder B. bulimia nervosa C. borderline personality disorder D. schizophrenia Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Difficulty Level: Hard 15. The Psychasthenia scale on the MMPI-2 is a measure of ______.

A. depression B. anxiety C. bipolar disorder D. schizophrenia Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Difficulty Level: Medium 16. The validity scales of the MMPI-2 are a measure of ______.

A. the test-taking attitudes of the client B. depression C. anxiety D. antisocial tendencies Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Difficulty Level: Easy

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17. Barak completes the MMPI-2. His results produce a highly elevated K scale score. A clinical psychologist interpreting this score should conclude that Barak is ______.

A. lying B. “faking bad” C. “faking good” D. responding infrequently Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Difficulty Level: Hard 18. The MMPI-A is an ______.

A. alternate form of the MMPI-2 intended for adults who have previously taken the test B. auditory version of the MMPI-2 intended for individuals whose reading level falls below the demands of the test C. abbreviated form of the MMPI-2 with approximately half the items of the MMPI-2 D. adolescent version of the MMPI-2 intended for clients aged 14–18 years Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. The validity and reliability of the MMPI-2 have been examined in thousands of studies.

B. A shorter version of the MMPI-2 is the MMPI-2 Brief Inventory (MMPI-2-BI).

C. Both the MMPI-2 and MMPI-A have 10 clinical scales.

D. In addition to clinical scales, the MMPI-2 also has supplemental and content scales.

Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Difficulty Level: Medium 20. The ______ is a new, shorter version of the MMPI-2 released in 2008.

A. MMPI-3 B. MMPI-A C. MMPI-2-RF D. MMPI-Mini Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Difficulty Level: Medium 21. Dr. Richards uses psychological testing, including feedback about testing results, both to assess his patients and provide a brief therapeutic intervention. This practice is best described as ______.

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A. therapeutic assessment B. cognitive-behavioral assessment C. clinical assessment D. personality assessment Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Difficulty Level: Medium 22. The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV (MCMI-IV) emphasizes ______.

A. personality disorders B. psychotic disorders C. normal personality traits D. nonverbal intelligence Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Theodore Millon is ______.

A. the lead member of the DSM-5 anxiety disorders Work Group B. the creator of the MCMI C. a leading intelligence assessment researcher D. the son of Rolland Millon, the primary author of the first DSM Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV Difficulty Level: Easy 24. The NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-3) was created by ______.

A. Theodore Millon B. Starke Hathaway and J. C. McKinley C. Paul Costa and Robert McCrae D. Aaron Beck Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: NEO Personality Inventory-3 Difficulty Level: Easy 25. The NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-3) emphasizes ______.

A. personality disorders B. mood disorders C. psychotic disorders D. normal personality traits Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

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Answer Location: NEO Personality Inventory-3 Difficulty Level: Easy 26. Which of the following is NOT one of the “Big Five” personality traits measured by the NEO Personality Inventory?

A. neuroticism B. conscientiousness C. openness D. eclecticism Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: NEO Personality Inventory-3 Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. The PAI emphasizes psychopathology and problem behaviors.

B. There is a version of the PAI that can be used for clients as young as 12.

C. The PAI consists of 221 items and includes 21 different scales.

D. The PAI offers four different responses: totally false, slightly true, mainly true, and very true.

Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Personality Assessment Inventory Difficulty Level: Medium 28. Unlike lengthier personality tests that provide a broad overview of personality, the ______ is briefer and more targeted toward a single characteristic.

A. Rorschach Inkblot Method B. NEO Personality Inventory C. Beck Depression Inventory-II D. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Beck Depression Inventory-II Difficulty Level: Medium 29. The Rorschach Inkblot Method ______.

A. contains a total of 10 inkblots B. is an objective personality test C. was created after the creation of the original MMPI D. features inkblots created by John Exner Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Rorschach Inkblot Method Difficulty Level: Medium

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30. The most frequently cited shortcoming of projective personality tests centers on the fact that projective personality tests ______.

A. typically take much longer to administer than objective personality tests B. cannot be used with child clients C. rely more heavily on the psychologist’s unique way of scoring and interpreting results than objective tests, which limits their reliability and validity D. force clients into a restricted range of responses to a greater extent than objective personality tests Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Projective Personality Tests Difficulty Level: Medium 31. ______ created a comprehensive scoring system for the Rorschach Inkblot Method.

A. Herman Rorschach B. John Exner C. Aaron Beck D. Theodore Millon Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Rorschach Inkblot Method Difficulty Level: Easy 32. In the ______, the task of the client is to create a story to go along with the interpersonal scenes depicted in cards.

A. Rorschach Inkblot Method B. Personality Assessment Inventory C. Thematic Apperception Test D. NEO Personality Inventory Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Thematic Apperception Test Difficulty Level: Easy 33. As part of an assessment, Dr. Bush asks Mary to finish sentence stems printed on a paper, such as “My favorite . . .” and “I feel afraid. . . .” This assessment technique is known as a ______.

A. sentence completion test, an objective measure of personality B. sentence completion test, a projective measure of personality C. narrative casting test, an objective measure of personality D. narrative casting test, a projective measure of personality Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Thematic Apperception Test Difficulty Level: Medium

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34. Behavioral assessment endorses the notion that ______.

A. personality is a stable, internal construct B. client behaviors are signs of deep-seated, underlying issues or problems C. assessing personality requires a high degree of inference D. client behaviors are, themselves, the problem Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Behavioral Assessment Difficulty Level: Easy 35. Naturalistic observation is most likely to be practiced by a clinical psychologist who endorses ______.

A. projective personality tests B. objective personality tests that emphasize normal personality traits C. behavioral assessment D. objective personality tests that emphasize abnormal or psychopathological aspects of personality Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Methods of Behavioral Assessment Difficulty Level: Easy 36. The practice of evidence-based assessment is characterized by the selection of tests ______.

A. with sufficient normative data and strong reliability and validity B. with acceptable reliability and validity C. that are based on the projective hypothesis D. that are endorsed by the American Psychological Association Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Evidence-Based Assessment Difficulty Level: Easy 37. “Therapeutic assessment” ______.

A. involves the use of projective personality tests in a deliberately therapeutic way B. is a practice developed by Stephen Finn and colleagues in which cognitive therapy begins without a formal assessment, with the assumption that the first few sessions of therapy can provide adequate assessment data C. requires the use of massage to decrease patient nervousness prior to beginning an assessment D. describes the use of psychological testing and feedback as a brief therapeutic intervention Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Difficulty Level: Easy

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Short Answer 1. What is the most popular objective personality test used by clinical psychologists?

Ans: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Objective Personality Tests Difficulty Level: Easy 2. What test-construction method was used by the authors of the MMPI-2?

Ans: empirical criterion keying Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Objective Personality Tests Difficulty Level: Easy 3. What are the five personality traits measured by the NEO Personality Inventory?

Ans: Neuroticism, extraversion, openness, conscientiousness, and agreeableness.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Objective Personality Tests Difficulty Level: Easy 4. The ______ is an objective personality test that is similar to the MMPI and is uniquely tied to specific diagnoses or problems such as Borderline Features, Antisocial Features, Anxiety-Related Disorders, Alcohol Problems, and Drug Problems.

Ans: Personality Assessment Inventory Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Objective Personality Tests Difficulty Level: Easy 5. What are the two phases of administration for the Rorschach Inkblot Method?

Ans: response/free association and inquiry Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Projective Personality Tests Difficulty Level: Easy 6. During the ______, an adult patient is asked to tell stories about a series of cards, each featuring an ambiguous interpersonal scene.

Ans: Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Projective Personality Tests Difficulty Level: Easy 7. On what type of test might the item “I enjoy ______” appear?

Ans: sentence completion test (or Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank) Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Projective Personality Tests

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Difficulty Level: Easy 8. ______ is the systematic observation of a patient’s behavior in the natural environment.

Ans: Behavioral observation (or naturalistic observation) Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Behavioral Assessment Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. Briefly explain empirical criterion keying, the method of test construction used by the authors of the MMPI. Ans: Identify distinct groups of people, asking all of them to respond to the same objective test items, and comparing responses between groups. If an item elicits different responses from one group than from another, the item should be retained. If the groups respond similarly to an item, the item should be omitted. It doesn’t matter whether an item should, in theory, differentiate the two groups; it only matters whether an item does, in actuality, differentiate the two groups.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Objective Personality Tests Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Briefly contrast the different emphases (in terms of aspects of personality) of the MMPI-2, MCMI-IV, and NEO-PI-3.

Ans: The MMPI-2 emphasizes psychopathology. The MCMI-IV emphasizes personality disorders. The NEO-PI-R emphasizes normal personality traits.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Objective Personality Tests Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Why was the MMPI revised, resulting in the MMPI-2?

Ans: The revision process addressed several weaknesses that had become increasingly problematic for the original MMPI, including the inadequate normative sample of the original MMPI. For the original MMPI, the “normal” group to which the clinical groups were compared consisted of 724 individuals from Minnesota in the 1940s; this group was overwhelmingly rural and White. For the MMPI-2, normative data were solicited from a much larger and demographically diverse group. Other improvements included the removal or revision of some test items with outdated or awkward wording.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Objective Personality Tests Difficulty Level: Medium

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4. How does behavioral assessment differ from the traditional approach personality assessment approach?

Ans: The behavioral assessment approach rejects the assumptions that personality is a stable, internal construct; that assessment of personality requires a high degree of inference; and that client behaviors are signs of underlying issues. Instead, behavioral assessment views client behaviors as samples of the problem itself, not signs of underlying problems. Inference should be minimized, so rather than projective or objective measures (all indirect), behavioral assessors prefer direct observation. Also, behavioral assessors emphasize external factors over internal factors as causes of behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Behavioral Assessment Difficulty Level: Medium

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Chapter 11: General Issues in Psychotherapy Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. The most common professional activity of clinical psychologists is ______.

A. personality assessment B. intelligence testing C. psychotherapy D. teaching Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: General Issues in Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The primary finding of Hans Eysenck’s 1952 review of psychotherapy outcome studies was that ______.

A. psychotherapy was of little benefit, since most clients got better without it B. psychotherapy was beneficial when practiced by therapists with doctoral degrees, but not beneficial when practiced by therapists with master’s or bachelor’s degrees C. humanistic psychotherapy was significantly more effective than psychodynamic psychotherapy D. cognitive psychotherapy was significantly more effective than behavioral psychotherapy Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Does Psychotherapy Work?

Difficulty Level: Medium 3. A(n) ______ statistically combines the results of many separate studies to create numerical representations of the effects of psychotherapy as tested across massive numbers of settings, therapists, and patients.

A. tripartite model B. meta-analysis C. effectiveness study D. outcome measure Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Does Psychotherapy Work?

Difficulty Level: Medium 4. The tripartite model, a theory related to the measurement of psychotherapy outcome, was created by ______.

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A. Hans Eysenck B. Hans Strupp C. Dianne Chambless D. Bruce Wampold Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Whom, When, and How Should Researchers Ask? Difficulty Level: Medium 5. The tripartite model was developed to address which question related to psychotherapy research?

A. Whose opinion should researchers seek?

B. When should researchers ask?

C. How should researchers measure psychotherapy outcome?

D. Where should psychotherapy studies be conducted?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Whom, When, and How Should Researchers Ask? Difficulty Level: Medium 6. The extent to which a psychotherapy works in “real-world” settings (such as clinics, private practices, and hospitals) is best described as the ______ of that form of psychotherapy.

A. efficacy B. effectiveness C. evidence D. none of these Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Efficacy Versus Effectiveness of Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Medium 7. The extent to which a psychotherapy works in a controlled research setting with welldefined groups of patients is best described as the ______ of that form of psychotherapy.

A. efficacy B. effectiveness C. evidence D. none of these Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Efficacy Versus Effectiveness of Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Compared to effectiveness studies, efficacy studies of psychotherapy outcome ______.

A. typically have stronger internal validity

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B. typically include a wider variety of clients with more complex diagnostic profiles C. typically have stronger external validity D. are best conducted in private practice settings Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Efficacy Versus Effectiveness of Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Dr. Harbinger is studying a new psychotherapy treatment for depression. He carefully screens potential participants to make sure they fit strict diagnostic criteria and randomly assigns them to a treatment or control group. He is most likely conducting a(n) ______ study.

A. power B. effectiveness C. efficiency D. efficacy Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Efficacy Versus Effectiveness of Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes the results of the thousands of psychotherapy efficacy studies that have been conducted?

A. Psychotherapy doesn’t work.

B. Psychotherapy works.

C. Psychotherapy with female clients works; psychotherapy with male clients doesn’t work.

D. It is not possible to determine whether psychotherapy works.

Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Results of Efficacy Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Taking a ______ approach to psychotherapy efficacy studies means attempting to identify and treat the underlying pathology that causes symptoms across related disorders.

A. monodiagnostic B. polydiagnositc C. transdiagnostic D. bidiagnostic Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Results of Efficacy Studies Difficulty Level: Medium

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12. Barlow’s development of a unified protocol is an example of a ______ approach to psychotherapy efficacy studies.

A. monodiagnostic B. polydiagnositc C. transdiagnostic D. bidiagnostic Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Results of Efficacy Studies Difficulty Level: Hard 13. Which of the following statements is NOT true? Despite the overwhelming evidence offered by efficacy studies.

A. There is a gap between those who conduct efficacy research on psychotherapy and those who practice it.

B. The studies’ results are not always heeded by those who practice therapy in the real world.

C. Some practicing clinicians complain that researchers who conduct the studies do so in an artificial, contrived, and irrelevant manner.

D. There has yet to be a corresponding effectiveness study that supports their findings.

Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Bridging the Gap Between Research and Practice Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Researchers have examined to what extent practitioners use treatments supported by efficacy studies. What did they find?

A. Clinicians who are also psychotherapy researchers are more likely to place a high value on selecting treatments supported by efficacy studies.

B. Practitioners often cited their clinical experience, not efficacy studies, as a top factor in treatment selection.

C. Clinicians preferred treatments supported by efficacy studies when the treatments were manualized to an extent that did not allow any deviation from the protocol.

D. Dissemination of treatments supported by efficacy studies to clinicians is relatively easy.

Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Bridging the Gap between Research and Practice Difficulty Level: Medium 15. A strategy for disseminating psychotherapy treatments supported by efficacy research in which groups of researchers and practitioners collaborate throughout the research process is known as ______.

A. practice-oriented research B. communal research C. effectiveness research

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D. collaborative research Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Bridging the Gap between Research and Practice Difficulty Level: Medium 16. The 1995 psychotherapy study published in Consumer Reports magazine ______.

A. is an example of an efficacy study B. is an example of an effectiveness study C. concluded that treatment by a mental health professional usually did not produce benefits D. included a comparison group of individuals who were on the waiting list for psychotherapy but did not receive it Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Results of Effectiveness Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 17. In addition to effectiveness and efficacy, other ways to measure psychotherapy outcome include ______.

A. the neurobiological effects of psychotherapy and medical cost offset B. medical cost offset, but not the neurobiological effects of psychotherapy C. the neurobiological effects of psychotherapy, but not medical cost offset D. neither medical cost offset nor the neurobiological effects of psychotherapy Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Alternate Ways to Measure Psychotherapy Outcome Difficulty Level: Medium 18. The “dodo bird verdict” refers to the finding that ______.

A. behavioral psychotherapy is more beneficial than cognitive psychotherapy B. psychodynamic psychotherapy is more beneficial than humanistic psychotherapy C. behavioral psychotherapy is more beneficial than all other forms of psychotherapy D. various forms of psychotherapy are about equally beneficial Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The “Dodo Bird Verdict” and Common Factors Difficulty Level: Easy 19. The term common factors refers to the idea that ______.

A. intelligence tests by various authors (e.g., Wechsler and Binet) are based on the same underlying factors B. various forms of psychotherapy work about equally well because of fundamental, shared components C. the techniques used by behavioral, humanistic, psychodynamic, and cognitive psychotherapists are essentially similar

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D. projective and objective personality tests share essentially the same structure Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The “Dodo Bird Verdict” and Common Factors Difficulty Level: Medium 20. Psychotherapy outcome researchers have proposed that ______, the nature of the relationship between client and psychotherapist, is a common factor across diverse forms of psychotherapy.

A. therapeutic alliance B. hope C. positive expectations D. collaboration Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Therapeutic Relationship/Alliance Difficulty Level: Easy 21. The correct order of Lambert and Ogles’s (2004) three-stage sequential model of common factors is ______.

A. support, learning, action B. learning, action, support C. action, support, learning D. learning, support, action Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Other Common Factors Difficulty Level: Medium 22. The dodo bird verdict has been challenged by some psychotherapy researchers, including ______.

A. Bruce Wampold B. Dianne Chambless C. Stanley Messer D. Henrietta Churchill Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Reconsidering the Dodo Bird Verdict: Specific Treatments for Specific Disorders Difficulty Level: Medium 23. An approach to psychotherapy in which specific therapy techniques are viewed as the treatment of choice for specific disorders is best described as the ______ approach.

A. behavioral B. prescriptive C. common-factors

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D. relationship-based Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Reconsidering the Dodo Bird Verdict: Specific Treatments for Specific Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Among the following individuals, who would be most likely to support a prescriptive approach to therapy?

A. Bruce Wampold B. Dianne Chambless C. Stanley Messer D. Henrietta Churchill Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Reconsidering the Dodo Bird Verdict: Specific Treatments for Specific Disorders Difficulty Level: Hard 25. When a client’s preference for type of psychotherapy is honored, it ______.

A. has little effect on the client’s dropout rate B. decreases client satisfaction with treatment C. is unrelated to how much benefit the client derives from treatment D. can enhance the therapy relationship and outcome Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reconsidering the Dodo Bird Verdict: Specific Treatments for Specific Disorders Difficulty Level: Medium 26. According to surveys of clinical psychologists since 1960, the most commonly endorsed psychotherapy orientation ______.

A. was the eclectic/integrative orientation until 2010, when the cognitive orientation was most commonly endorsed B. has consistently been the behavioral orientation C. has consistently been the psychodynamic orientation D. was the psychodynamic orientation until the 1980s and has been the behavioral orientation since that time Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Past and Present Difficulty Level: Medium 27. According to surveys of clinical psychologists since 1960, the popularity of psychodynamic psychotherapy ______.

A. has generally decreased

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B. has remained constant C. decreased through the 1960s and 1970s but increased in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s D. has increased Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Past and Present Difficulty Level: Easy 28. According to surveys of clinical psychologists since 1960, the popularity of cognitive therapy ______.

A. has decreased B. has increased C. increased in the 1960s and 1970s but decreased in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s D. has remained constant Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Past and Present Difficulty Level: Easy 29. According to surveys of clinical psychologists since 1960, the humanistic orientation to psychotherapy ______.

A. was the most commonly endorsed orientation in the 1970s B. was the most commonly endorsed orientation in the 1990s C. has steadily increased in popularity through the 2010s D. has decreased in popularity from the late 1980s to present Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Past and Present Difficulty Level: Medium 30. A recent survey of clinical psychologists (Norcross & Karpiak, 2012) found that the format of psychotherapy that was practiced by the highest percentage of clinical psychologists was ______.

A. marital/couples B. individual C. family D. group Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Past and Present Difficulty Level: Easy 31. In the stages of change model developed by Norcross, Krebs, and Prochaska (2011), a patient in the ______ stage is aware that a problem exists, considering doing something to address it, but is not ready to commit to any real effort in that direction.

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A. precontemplation B. contemplation C. preparation D. action Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Past and Present Difficulty Level: Medium 32. Over the past 3 months, Jennifer’s family has repeatedly expressed concern about her abuse of alcohol. Jennifer refuses to acknowledge that problems have arisen from her drinking, and she clearly states she has no desire to change her behaviors. In the stages of change model developed by Norcross, Krebs, and Prochaska (2011), Jennifer is in the ______ stage.

A. precontemplation B. contemplation C. preparation D. action Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Past and Present Difficulty Level: Medium 33. According to a survey of experts in the field of clinical psychology (Norcross, Pfund, & Prochaska, 2013), which of the following is likely to happen in the near future?

A. a rise in the use of cognitive and behavioral approaches to psychotherapy B. a decline in the use of evidence-based forms of psychotherapy C. a decline in the use of eclectic/integrative approaches to psychotherapy D. a rise in the use of classic psychoanalysis Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Future Difficulty Level: Easy 34. A(n) ______ approach to psychotherapy involves selecting the best treatment for a given client based on empirical data from studies of the treatment of similar clients.

A. integrative B. psychodynamic C. eclectic D. behavioral Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Eclectic and Integrative Approaches Difficulty Level: Medium

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35. A(n) ______ approach to psychotherapy involves blending techniques in order to create an entirely new, hybrid form of therapy.

A. integrative B. psychodynamic C. eclectic D. behavioral Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Eclectic and Integrative Approaches Difficulty Level: Medium 36. Based on the textbook, researchers have measured the outcome of psychotherapy by doing all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A. assessing the reduction in spending on medical services when psychotherapy is provided B. using PET and fMRI scans to view changes in the brain subsequent to psychotherapy C. surveying clients about their experiences in psychotherapy D. comparing hemoglobin levels between those with and without mental disorders Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Efficacy Versus Effectiveness of Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Medium 37. Chiles et al. (1999) conducted a review of over 90 studies of the effect of psychotherapy on medical costs and found that, in comparison to clients receiving no psychotherapy, clients receiving psychotherapy ______.

A. had higher medical costs B. spent more days in the hospital C. required more time to recover from surgery D. reduced their need for emergency room visits Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Alternate Ways to Measure Psychotherapy Outcome Difficulty Level: Medium 38. The tripartite model, created by Hans Strupp and colleagues, essentially suggests that ______.

A. multiple parties may have meaningful and potentially inconsistent views of psychotherapy outcome B. various styles of psychotherapy are equally effective due to common factors C. the success of the first three sessions of psychotherapy correlate very strongly to the eventual success of psychotherapy after its completion D. psychotherapy yields the best results when at least three approaches are blended together into a new, integrative approach Ans: A

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Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Whom, When, and How Should Researchers Ask? Difficulty Level: Medium Short Answer 1. What was the conclusion of Hans Eysenck’s (1952) study of psychotherapy?

Ans: Psychotherapy did not work/was generally ineffective.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Does Psychotherapy Work?

Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Who are the three parties described in the tripartite model that should be consulted to determine what constitutes a successful therapy outcome?

Ans: the patient/client, the therapist, society Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Does Psychotherapy Work?

Difficulty Level: Easy 3. ______ refers to how well psychotherapy works “in the lab.”

Ans: Efficacy Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Efficacy Versus Effectiveness of Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Easy 4. What is the dodo bird verdict?

Ans: “Everybody has won and all must have prizes.” All types of psychotherapy are generally equal in effectiveness.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Which Type of Psychotherapy Is Best?

Difficulty Level: Easy 5. List two common factors discussed in the text.

Ans: Therapeutic relationship/therapeutic alliance/working alliance, hope, attention.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Which Type of Psychotherapy Is Best?

Difficulty Level: Easy 6. In 2010, what was the orientation most endorsed by clinical psychologists?

Ans: cognitive Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Which Type of Psychotherapy Is Best?

Difficulty Level: Easy 7. What is the most common format of psychotherapy practiced by clinical psychologists?

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Ans: individual Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Which Type of Psychotherapy Is Best?

Difficulty Level: Easy 8. A(n) ______ approach to therapy blends techniques to create an entirely new, hybrid form of therapy.

Ans: integrative Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Which Type of Psychotherapy Is Best?

Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. What is the difference between the efficacy and effectiveness of a form of psychotherapy?

Ans: Efficacy is how well a therapy works “in the lab,” or when tested under controlled conditions with manualized treatment methods and well-defined, selective groups of clients. Effectiveness is how well a therapy works “in the real world.”

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Efficacy Versus Effectiveness of Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Easy 2. List and briefly explain three common factors proposed by psychotherapy outcome researchers.

Ans: The therapeutic relationship: also known as the therapeutic alliance or working alliance; essentially, a strong relationship or coalition between therapist and client, especially from the client’s point of view. Hope, or positive expectations: Various forms of therapy provide a sense of optimism for clients that their lives will improve. Attention, or the Hawthorne effect: Simply acknowledging problems, rather than ignoring them, is common to all forms of psychotherapy and may contribute to therapeutic gain.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Which Type of Psychotherapy Is Best?

Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Briefly compare and contrast eclectic and integrative approaches to psychotherapy.

Ans: Both involve some form of combining forms of therapy. The eclectic approach involves choosing a particular form of therapy for a particular client based on empirical data from studies of the treatment of similar clients. The integrative approach involves blending techniques to form an entirely new, hybrid form of therapy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Which Type of Psychotherapy Is Best?

Difficulty Level: Medium 4. List and briefly describe each of the stages in Norcross, Krebs, and Prochaska’s (2011) stages of change model.

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Ans: Precontemplation: no intention to change at all. Contemplation: aware that a problem exists, considering doing something about it, but not ready to commit to any real effort. Preparation: intending to take action within a short time (e.g., weeks, a month). Action: actively changing behavior and making notable efforts to overcome the problem. Maintenance: preventing relapse and retaining gains made during the action stage.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What Types of Psychotherapy Do Clinical Psychologists Practice Difficulty Level: Medium

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Chapter 12: Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Psychodynamic psychotherapy refers broadly to the approach created by ______ and includes all subsequent adaptations or expansions of it.

A. Carl Rogers B. Sigmund Freud C. Hans Strupp D. B. F. Skinner Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Defining Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The primary goal of psychodynamic psychotherapy is ______.

A. to make the unconscious conscious B. to replace illogical or irrational thoughts with more logical, rational thoughts C. to use reinforcement or punishment to change target behaviors D. to enhance self-actualization Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Defining Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Prior to Freud, ______.

A. mental health professionals did not generally acknowledge mental activity occurring outside of conscious awareness B. the idea of the unconscious was popular among psychiatrists C. the influence of the unconscious was linked to depression and anxiety D. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow introduced the concept of the unconscious Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Goal of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Medium 4. The term ______ succinctly captures the primary goal of psychodynamic psychotherapy.

A. self-actualization B. insight C. shaping D. congruence

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Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Goal of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Of the following approaches to psychotherapy, which most heavily relies on inferential methods?

A. behavioral B. cognitive-behavioral C. exposure plus response prevention D. psychodynamic Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Accessing the Unconscious Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Which of the following statements about free association is NOT true?

A. It is used by psychodynamic psychotherapists as an effort to access the unconscious.

B. It involves asking clients to say whatever comes to mind.

C. It asks clients to say the first word that comes to mind after the therapist speaks a word.

D. It requires clients to not censor themselves at all.

Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Free Association Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Free association is to ______ as word association is to ______.

A. Sigmund Freud; Carl Jung B. Carl Jung; Sigmund Freud C. Albert Bandura; Alfred Adler D. Alfred Adler; Albert Bandura Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Free Association Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Dr. James “forgets” to unlock the front door to his office on a Saturday when his only patient is Millie, a loud, disagreeable woman who often yells during therapy sessions.

According to the psychodynamic school of thought, Dr. James has committed a ______.

A. Freudian slip B. free association C. dream work D. manifest content Ans: A

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Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Freudian “Slips” Difficulty Level: Easy 9. When a patient is asked to engage in ______, the patient’s task is to verbalize any thought that comes to mind, no matter how nonsensical, inappropriate, illogical, or unimportant it may seem.

A. word association B. fixation C. projection D. free association Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Free Association Difficulty Level: Easy 10. When a patient is asked to engage in ______, the therapist presents the patient with a word, and the patient is to respond with the first word that comes to mind.

A. word association B. fixation C. projection D. free association Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Free Association Difficulty Level: Easy 11. According to the psychodynamic approach, the actual plot of a dream as the dreamer remembers it is the ______.

A. manifest content B. latent content C. dream work D. projection Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Dreams Difficulty Level: Medium 12. According to the psychodynamic approach, the process by which the latent content of a dream is converted into manifest content is called ______.

A. displacement B. interpretation C. free association D. dream work Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

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Answer Location: Dreams Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Clarissa dreams she is a platypus flopping about on a never-ending sandy beach, while the bright sun slowly bakes her to a crisp. Dr. Siggie, her psychologist, explains that the never-ending beach represents her inability to emotionally escape from an abusive relationship, and the sun represents the abuser. What is the manifest content in this scenario?

A. the beach representing her inability to escape an abusive relationship B. the sun representing an abuser C. Clarissa as a platypus flopping about on a beach D. Dr. Siggie’s nonverbal behaviors while explaining Clarissa’s dream Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Dreams Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Ron is a psychotherapy client who senses that certain unconscious material will soon be exposed. This makes him anxious, so he abruptly changes the subject and then misses his next appointment. Ron’s psychodynamic psychotherapist is likely to understand Ron’s actions as ______.

A. insight B. resistance C. displacement D. transference Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Resistance Difficulty Level: Medium 15. When clients sense that certain unconscious thoughts and feelings are being laid bare too extensively or too quickly, they create distractions or obstacles that impede the exploration of those thoughts and feelings. This is known as ______.

A. defensiveness B. resistance C. displacement D. transference Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Resistance Difficulty Level: Medium 16. According to psychodynamic theory, the ______ is the part of the mind that generates all pleasure-seeking, selfish, indulgent, animalistic impulses.

A. ego B. superego

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C. id D. alter ego Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Defense Mechanisms Difficulty Level: Easy 17. According to psychodynamic theory, the ______ is the part of the mind that generates defense mechanisms.

A. ego B. superego C. id D. alter ego Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Defense Mechanisms Difficulty Level: Easy 18. According to psychodynamic theory, the ______ is the part of the mind that establishes rules, restrictions, and prohibitions.

A. ego B. superego C. id D. alter ego Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Defense Mechanisms Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Which of the following best defines a defense mechanism?

A. an attempt to manage conflict between the id and superego B. the client’s unconscious tendency to interact with the therapist as if the therapist were very similar to an important person in the client’s personal history C. a verbal or behavioral “mistake” that, according to psychodynamic psychotherapists, communicates an underlying unconscious wish D. an attempt to say whatever comes to mind, without censorship, no matter how nonsensical, illogical, or inappropriate Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Defense Mechanisms Difficulty Level: Medium 20. Displacement is a defense mechanism characterized by ______.

A. doing the opposite of the unconscious wish B. redirecting the unconscious wish toward a safer target C. attributing the unconscious wish to others rather than to the self

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D. denying the entire conflict surrounding the unconscious wish such that the individual never becomes aware of it Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Defense Mechanisms Difficulty Level: Easy 21. Reaction formation is a defense mechanism characterized by ______.

A. doing the opposite of the unconscious wish B. redirecting the unconscious wish toward a safer target C. attributing the unconscious wish to others rather than to the self D. denying the entire conflict surrounding the unconscious wish such that the individual never becomes aware of it Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Defense Mechanisms Difficulty Level: Easy 22. ______ is the defense mechanism in which the ego projects an id impulse onto other people around us.

A. Displacement B. Repression C. Projection D. Reaction formation Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Defense Mechanisms Difficulty Level: Easy 23. Of all defense mechanisms, ______ is typically considered to be the most mature or healthy by psychodynamic psychotherapists.

A. displacement B. repression C. sublimation D. reaction formation Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Defense Mechanisms Difficulty Level: Medium 24. Juan has formed a psychotherapy relationship with his clinical psychologist in which Juan unconsciously and unrealistically expects the psychologist to behave like Juan’s mother. Juan’s situation best illustrates ______.

A. reflection B. resistance C. transference

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D. allegiance effects Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Transference Difficulty Level: Medium 25. ______ occurs when a patient forms a relationship with a therapist in which he unconsciously and unrealistically expects the therapist to behave like important people in his life.

A. Reflection B. Transference C. Allegiance effects D. Countertransference Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Transference Difficulty Level: Easy 26. When a psychodynamic therapy patient does not immediately accept his analyst’s interpretation, the analyst may need to repeat the interpretation across multiple sessions before it is fully accepted. This process is known as ______.

A. interpretive reframing B. working through C. transference D. defensive scaffolding Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Transference Difficulty Level: Medium 27. The “blank screen” role of the psychotherapist is most important to ______ psychotherapists.

A. cognitive B. psychodynamic C. behavioral D. humanistic Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Transference Difficulty Level: Easy 28. ______, according to psychodynamic psychotherapists, is the therapist’s unconscious tendency to interact with clients as if the client is very similar to an individual from the therapist’s own personal history.

A. Transference B. Countertransference

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C. Fixation D. Counterfixation Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Transference Difficulty Level: Medium 29. According to psychodynamic psychotherapists, fixation at the oral stage can result in problems related to ______ later in life, fixation at the anal stage can result in problems related to ______ later in life, and fixation at the phallic stage can result in problems related to ______ later in life.

A. dependency; self-worth; control B. control; dependency; self-worth C. dependency; control; self-worth D. self-worth; control; dependency Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychosexual Stages: Clinical Implications Difficulty Level: Medium 30. Which of the following lists Freud’s psychosexual stages in the correct order?

A. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital B. genital, oral, phallic, anal, and latency C. anal, oral, phallic, genital, and latency D. latency, oral, anal, genital, and phallic Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychosexual Stages: Clinical Implications Difficulty Level: Medium 31. Freud’s psychodynamic psychotherapy has been reinvented in many forms, including all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A. Erikson’s ego psychology B. Klein’s object relations C. Jung’s associative psychology D. Kohut’s self-psychology Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: More Contemporary Forms of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Hard 32. ______ is a contemporary variation of psychodynamic psychotherapy.

A. Interpersonal therapy B. Motivational interviewing C. Exposure plus response prevention D. Time-limited thought shaping

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Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Interpersonal Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 33. ______ is a variation of IPT developed for patients with bipolar disorder.

A. Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy B. Ego therapy C. Self-psychology therapy D. Object relations therapy Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Interpersonal Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 34. In ______, the therapist’s primary task is to identify the “script” that the client appears to be unknowingly following, which is likely to be based on previous important relationships, and to refuse to enact that script in the therapeutic relationship.

A. cognitive psychotherapy B. exposure therapy C. time-limited dynamic therapy D. systematic desensitization Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Time-Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Medium 35. Which of the following statements is TRUE about how well psychodynamic therapy works?

A. The nature of psychodynamic therapy readily lends itself to empirical study.

B. Many studies, including meta-analyses, indicate that psychodynamic treatment is generally beneficial.

C. Empirical support for the treatment of personality disorders with psychodynamic therapy does not exist.

D. Transference-focused psychotherapy has been largely discredited as an acceptable treatment for bipolar disorder.

Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Well Does It Work?

Difficulty Level: Medium 36. Relative to its prominence in the early and mid-1900s, psychodynamic psychotherapy is currently ______.

A. more prominent B. less prominent C. equally prominent

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D. more prominent for adult therapists and less prominent for child therapists Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Easy 37. After a psychodynamic therapist makes an interpretation to a client, it can take many sessions for the client to incorporate that interpretation into his thinking and behavior. That post-interpretation period is often called ______.

A. the working-through process B. the blank-screen C. transference D. fixation Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Transference Difficulty Level: Easy 38. Some empirical evidence does exist for particular components of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Which of the following components has/have empirical support?

A. interpretation of transference reactions B. interpretation of countertransference reactions C. both interpretation of transference and countertransference reactions D. neither interpretation of transference nor countertransference reactions Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Well Does It Work?

Difficulty Level: Medium 39. Compared to long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy, brief psychodynamic psychotherapy ______.

A. involves a more narrow focus on specific clinical problems B. is better suited for clients with severe (rather than mild) pathology C. focuses more on the past than the present D. typically requires at least 24 sessions Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: More Contemporary Forms of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Medium Short Answer 1. What is the primary goal of psychodynamic therapy?

Ans: to make the unconscious conscious Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Goal of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

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Difficulty Level: Easy 2. In ______, the therapist presents the patient with a list of words. After hearing each word, the patient is to respond with the first word that comes to mind.

Ans: word association Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Goal of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Easy 3. In which defense mechanism does the ego superimpose an id impulse onto other people around us, allowing us to convince ourselves that the unacceptable impulse belongs to someone else, not ourselves?

Ans: projection Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Goal of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Easy 4. ______ occurs when a patient unconsciously and unrealistically expects his psychologist to behave like important people from his past.

Ans: Transference Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Goal of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Which Freudian psychosexual stage is associated with the development of trust (or distrust)?

Ans: oral stage Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Psychosexual Stages: Clinical Implications Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Which Freudian psychosexual stage is associated with the development of control?

Ans: anal stage Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Psychosexual Stages: Clinical Implications Difficulty Level: Easy 7. What contemporary form of psychodynamic therapy assumes that depression happens in the context of relationships, so improving a patient’s relationships with others will facilitate improvement of symptoms in the patient?

Ans: interpersonal therapy (IPT) Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: More Contemporary Forms of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Easy

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8. Name one component of psychodynamic psychotherapy that has some empirical evidence to support its practice.

Ans: interpretation of transference reactions, interpretation of countertransference reactions Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: More Contemporary Forms of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. What is a defense mechanism? Name and describe two defense mechanisms.

Ans: Defense mechanisms are a collection of techniques used by the ego to mediate conflict between the id and superego. Repression: The ego represses conscious awareness of an id impulse. Projection: The ego projects an id impulse onto other people around us. Reaction formation: The ego forms a reaction against an id impulse, doing the exact opposite. Displacement: The ego can displace an id impulse toward a safer target. Sublimation: The ego can sublimate an id impulse, redirecting it in a way that results in behavior that benefits others.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Goal of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Medium 2. According to psychodynamic psychotherapists, what is resistance, and why is it important?

Ans: Resistance is client behavior whereby the client’s anxiety about unconscious material being made conscious motivates the client to avoid discussions that might reveal it by changing the subject, missing appointments, arriving late, and so on. It is important because it indirectly indicates important unconscious material, and therapy may benefit from discussion of the client’s anxiety about it.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Goal of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Medium 3. According to psychodynamic psychotherapists, what is the “blank slate” role of the therapist and why is it important?

Ans: The “blank slate” role refers to therapist’s efforts to reveal little about himself or herself to the client. It is important because it facilitates the client’s transference (unrealistic unconscious interpersonal tendencies) rather than a more realistic (and less revealing) response to the therapist.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Goal of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Describe the oral and anal stages from Freud’s psychosexual stages. Specifically, identify the fixation that may occur at each stage through under- or over-indulgence.

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Ans: Oral stage: during the first 1.5 years of the child’s life, child experiences all pleasurable sensations through the mouth, over-/under-indulgence may result in issues related to trust. Anal stage: 1.5–3 years old, the primary task is toilet training, over/under-indulgence may result in issues related to control.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychosexual Stages: Clinical Implications Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Briefly describe time-limited dynamic psychotherapy (TLDP). Identify the primary task of the therapist in this form of therapy.

Ans: TLDP is a modern application of the “corrective emotional experience.” Patients bring to therapy the same transference issues they bring to other relationships in their life. The therapist’s primary task is to identify the “script” that the patient appears to be unknowingly following, make the patient aware of the script, and offer a chance for the patient to enact a healthier, more realistic script.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: More Contemporary Forms of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Medium

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Chapter 13: Humanistic Psychotherapy Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. ______ is a pioneer of the humanistic approach to psychotherapy.

A. Sigmund Freud B. B. F. Skinner C. Donald Meichenbaum D. Carl Rogers Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Humanistic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Freud is to ______ as Maslow is to ______.

A. behavioral; cognitive B. cognitive; behavioral C. psychodynamic; humanistic D. humanistic; psychodynamic Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Humanistic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Abraham Maslow is most closely associated with the ______ approach to psychotherapy.

A. humanistic B. psychodynamic C. behavioral D. cognitive Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Humanistic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Humanistic psychotherapists believe that individuals are born with a tendency toward healthy growth. The term that best describes this tendency is ______.

A. transference B. insight C. self-actualization D. unconditional positive regard Ans: C

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Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Humanistic Concepts: Clinical Implications Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Ronald’s parents inform him that they will only pay his college tuition and support his professional ambitions if he enters the profession of medicine, law, or engineering.

What would a humanistic psychotherapist say Ronald’s parents are doing in this scenario?

A. identifying Ronald’s real self B. identifying Ronald’s ideal self C. placing conditions of worth on Ronald D. placing congruence on Ronald Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Humanistic Concepts: Clinical Implications Difficulty Level: Medium 6. The primary goal of humanistic psychotherapy is ______.

A. to foster self-actualization B. to make the unconscious conscious C. rational, logical thought D. behavior change using operant and classical conditioning techniques Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Goal of Humanistic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Easy 7. ______, according to humanists, is essentially the warmth, love, and acceptance of those around us.

A. Reflection B. Genuineness C. Positive regard D. Congruence Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Humanistic Concepts: Clinical Implications Difficulty Level: Easy 8. According to Rogers, the term ______ is synonymous with positive regard.

A. reflection B. prizing C. self-actualization D. gestalt Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Humanistic Concepts: Clinical Implications

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Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Jill is a 13-year-old girl whose mother loves her “no matter what.” According to humanistic psychotherapists, Jill’s mother ______.

A. has placed excessive conditions of worth on her daughter B. has provided her daughter with conditional positive regard C. is moving Jill’s real and ideal selves further apart D. is providing unconditional positive regard Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Goal of Humanistic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Medium 10. According to the humanistic approach, ______ is the root of psychopathology.

A. reflection B. incongruence C. fixation D. negative self-regard Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Goal of Humanistic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Medium 11. An individual’s ______ is how the person actually is at present; the ______ is what a person could be if he or she fulfilled his or her potential.

A. actual self; fulfilled self B. fulfilled self; actual self C. real self; ideal self D. ideal self; real self Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Goal of Humanistic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Medium 12. According to the humanistic approach, psychological health is enhanced by ______.

A. a match between the real self and the ideal self B. conditional positive regard C. conditional positive self-regard D. incongruence Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Goal of Humanistic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Medium 13. According to the humanistic approach, conditional positive regard from others brings forth ______.

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A. reflection B. conditional positive self-regard C. genuineness D. self-actualization Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Goal of Humanistic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Which of the following approaches to psychotherapy places the strongest emphasis on empathy provided by the therapist?

A. cognitive B. psychoanalytic C. humanistic D. behavioral Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Empathy Difficulty Level: Medium 15. According to the humanistic approach, there are three essential therapeutic conditions that characterize successful therapist–client relationships. ______ is among these three essential therapeutic conditions.

A. Empathy B. Conditional positive regard C. Interpretation D. Transference Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Empathy Difficulty Level: Medium 16. According to the humanistic approach, it is important for the therapist to communicate ______ to the client, which is described as the ability to sense the client’s emotions compassionately and without judgment.

A. genuineness B. congruence C. empathy D. conditions of worth Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Empathy Difficulty Level: Medium 17. The quality of ______ describes a match between a therapist’s real and ideal selves.

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A. genuineness B. congruence C. empathy D. conditional worth Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Genuineness Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Recalling the plant metaphor from the textbook, a sun shining sunlight on all angles of a plant is analogous to ______.

A. conditions of worth B. the ideal self C. the real self D. unconditional positive regard Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Unconditional Positive Regard Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Which of the following best describes genuineness as it is understood and applied by humanistic psychotherapists?

A. a client reporting honestly to a therapist about the client’s activities since the previous session B. a therapist’s true feelings of empathy and prizing toward a client C. a therapist prizing a client “no matter what” D. a therapist accurately recognizing a client’s emotional state even when the client has not stated it explicitly Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Genuineness Difficulty Level: Medium 20. According to Carl Rogers, the three essential therapeutic conditions were ______ for psychotherapy to be successful with any client.

A. necessary and sufficient B. sufficient, but not necessary C. necessary, but not sufficient D. neither necessary nor sufficient Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Necessary and Sufficient?

Difficulty Level: Medium 21. Empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness ______.

A. are Maslow’s three necessary and sufficient conditions for therapy

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B. do not appear to be common factors C. contribute little to the success of humanistic therapy D. foster a client’s self-healing Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Elements of Humanistic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Hard 22. According to Carl Rogers, the therapist’s ______ determine(s) the success of therapy.

A. mastery of the techniques of interpreting the client's transference B. ability to reflect the client's emotions C. skill in applying positive reinforcement D. attitude toward the client Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Therapist Attitudes, Not Behaviors Difficulty Level: Medium 23. In humanistic psychotherapy, ______ takes place when a therapist responds to a client by rephrasing or restating the client's statements in a way that highlights the client's feelings or emotions.

A. emotional transference B. reflection C. congruence D. countertransference Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Reflection: An Important Therapist Response Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Rollo May, Victor Frankl, and Irvin Yalom are most closely associated with ______ psychotherapy.

A. psychodynamic B. existential C. behavioral D. gestalt Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Historical Alternatives Difficulty Level: Hard 25. ______ was founded by Fritz Perls, and it emphasizes a holistic approach to enhancing the client’s experience.

A. Gestalt therapy B. Motivational interviewing

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C. Psychoanalysis D. Existential therapy Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Historical Alternatives Difficulty Level: Hard 26. ______, developed by William Miller, is a contemporary application of the principles of humanism.

A. Existential psychotherapy B. Quality of life therapy C. Motivational interviewing D. Behavioral consultation Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Motivational Interviewing Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Of the following therapies based on humanistic principles, which has accumulated the most empirical evidence for its efficacy in recent decades?

A. Gestalt therapy B. motivational interviewing C. psychoanalysis D. existential therapy Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Motivational Interviewing Difficulty Level: Medium 28. Rollo’s therapist is applying a technique in which he emphasizes how Rollo’s behavior is inconsistent with his goals and values. Rollo’s therapist is likely using which of the following techniques?

A. Gestalt therapy B. psychoanalysis C. motivational interviewing D. interpersonal psychotherapy Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Motivational Interviewing Difficulty Level: Medium 29. Which of the following statements about positive psychology is NOT true?

A. It emerged in the 1990s under the leadership of Martin Seligman.

B. It emphasizes human strengths rather than pathology.

C. It acknowledges the inherent potential of individuals to develop and maintain positive attitudes.

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D. It considers a client’s strengths, but not their weaknesses.

Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Positive Interventions and Strength-Based Counseling Difficulty Level: Hard 30. Sometimes, clients will argue in favor of continuing with the problem behavior rather than stopping or replacing it. According to the motivational interview approach to therapy, this client behavior is labeled ______.

A. rolling with resistance B. change talk C. sustain talk D. developing the discrepancy Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Motivational Interviewing Difficulty Level: Medium 31. ______ is a short-term humanistic therapy that emphasizes the expression, acknowledgment, and healing power of emotions in the present moment.

A. Gestalt therapy B. Emotionally focused therapy C. Congruence therapy D. Genuineness therapy Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Emotionally Focused Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 31. Empirical examinations of humanistic therapy ______.

A. have determined that it is universally ineffective B. discovered that its main elements--empathy, positive regard, and genuineness--play an important role in therapy success C. found that humanistic techniques only work when used by therapists who identify as humanists D. do not exist in the psychotherapy literature Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Well Does It Work?

Difficulty Level: Medium Short Answer 1. Who is the most prominent pioneer of humanistic therapy?

Ans: Carl Rogers Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

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Answer Location: Humanistic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Easy 2. When an individual’s real and ideal selves are different, the individual is experiencing ______.

Ans: incongruence Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Goal of Humanistic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Easy 3. List the three key elements of humanistic therapy.

Ans: Empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Elements of Humanistic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Easy 4. ______ takes place when a humanistic therapist responds to a client by rephrasing or restating the client’s statements in a way that highlights the client’s feelings or emotions.

Ans: Reflection Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Reflection: An Important Therapist Response Difficulty Level: Easy 5. What technique was developed by William Miller and was originally used to treat behaviors such as substance abuse?

Ans: motivational interviewing (MI) Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Alternatives to Humanism Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Who is the primary leader of the positive psychology movement?

Ans: Martin Seligman Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Alternatives to Humanism Difficulty Level: Easy 7. What is the name of the therapy that is derived from the positive psychology movement?

Ans: positive interventions or strength-based counseling Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Alternatives to Humanism Difficulty Level: Easy 8. ______ is an approach to therapy centered on the premise that each person is essentially alone in the world and that this realization can overwhelm us with anxiety.

Ans: Existential psychotherapy

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Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Alternatives to Humanism Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. Explain the relationship among the humanistic concepts of real self, ideal self, selfactualization, and conditions of worth.

Ans: An individual’s real self is the self that they actually are. An individual’s ideal self is the self they could be if they fulfilled their own potential. When the real and ideal selves do not match, there is incongruence. Congruence--a match between the real and ideal selves--is achieved when a person is allowed to self-actualize without interference from conditions of worth.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Goal of Humanistic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Briefly summarize the three essential therapeutic conditions according to humanistic psychotherapy.

Ans: Empathy: Ability to sense the client’s emotions with compassion and without judgment. Unconditional positive regard: Accepting or “prizing” all aspects of a client, “no matter what.” Genuineness: Sincerity in one’s attitudes (e.g., empathy and unconditional positive regard) toward the client.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Elements of Humanistic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Name three of the six central principles of motivational interviewing.

Ans: Expressing empathy, developing the discrepancy, avoiding argumentation, rolling with resistance, identifying “sustain talk” and “change talk,” and supporting self-efficacy.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Alternatives to Humanism Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Briefly describe positive psychology. What does it emphasize? What is the name of the therapy derived from the positive psychology movement?

Ans: Positive psychology is a broad-based approach that emphasizes human strengths rather than pathology and the cultivation of happiness in addition to the reduction of symptoms in psychotherapy. It acknowledges the inherent potential of individuals to develop and maintain positive attributes based on such assets as hope, wisdom, creativity, courage, autonomy, optimism, responsibility, and growth. Moreover, it suggests that bolstering these strengths is an often-overlooked way of preventing psychological problems such as depression and anxiety or improving the lives of those who already experience them. Therapies that derive from positive psychology are known as positive interventions or strength-based counseling.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

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Answer Location: Humanistic Psychotherapy Difficulty Level: Easy

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Chapter 14: Behavior Therapy Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. The career of Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with ______ therapy.

A. humanistic B. behavior C. cognitive D. psychodynamic Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is NOT true?

A. He was a physiologist originally studying the digestive systems of dogs.

B. He conducted research that laid the groundwork for classical conditioning.

C. He found that dogs would salivate in response to a stimulus that had previously been paired with food.

D. He partnered with Albert Bandura on studies of social learning.

Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 3. In the early 1900s, ______ argued that the classical conditioning lessons learned from Ivan Pavlov’s experiments with dogs should apply to humans also.

A. Edward Lee Thorndike B. Sigmund Freud C. John Watson D. Donald Meichenbaum Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Edward Lee Thorndike’s law of effect provides the theoretical basis for ______.

A. operant conditioning B. classical conditioning C. graduated exposure D. successive approximations Ans: A

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Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 5. B. F. Skinner is most closely associated with ______.

A. motivational interviewing B. interpersonal interviewing C. classical conditioning D. operant conditioning Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Thorndike is to ______ as Pavlov is to ______.

A. operant conditioning; classical conditioning B. classical conditioning; operant conditioning C. motivational interviewing; interpersonal interviewing D. interpersonal interviewing; motivational interviewing Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 7. ______ is most closely associated with classical conditioning, while ______ is most closely associated with operant conditioning.

A. Thorndike; Skinner B. Watson; Pavlov C. Pavlov; Skinner D. Thorndike; Watson Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Thorndike’s law of effect states that ______.

A. actions followed by loud noises are more likely to occur B. repetition of actions followed by electrical shock can be most accurately predicted in the future C. actions followed by pleasurable consequences are more likely to occur D. an increase in physical stimulation will yield a decrease in mental agitation Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium

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9. The main goal of behavior therapy is ______.

A. to make the unconscious conscious B. self-actualization C. observable behavior change D. an increase in logical, rational thought Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Goal of Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Compared to humanistic and psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy, behavioral psychotherapy ______.

A. emphasizes empiricism B. defines problems in terms of observable behaviors C. both emphasizes empiricism and defines problems in terms of observable behaviors D. neither emphasizes empiricism nor defines problems in terms of observable behaviors Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Emphasis on Empiricism Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Compared to humanistic and psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy, behavior therapy ______.

A. emphasizes inferential, introspective methods of measuring change within the mind of the client B. employs testable hypotheses and observable, measurable outcome measures C. is effective with children but not adults D. eschews the scientific method Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Emphasis on Empiricism Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Which of the following places the steps of the scientific method in correct order?

A. develop hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe a phenomenon, observe the outcome of the tests, revise the hypotheses B. observe a phenomenon, develop hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe the outcome of the tests, revise the hypotheses C. observe a phenomenon, develop hypotheses, revise the hypotheses, test the hypotheses, observe the outcome of the tests D. test the hypotheses, observe the outcome of the tests, observe a phenomenon, develop hypotheses, revise the hypotheses Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Emphasis on Empiricism

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Difficulty Level: Medium 13. According to behavior therapists, ______.

A. client behaviors are symptoms of an underlying problem B. client behaviors are the problem C. phobias are behavioral manifestations of a disturbance in the unconscious D. phobias result from incongruence between the real and ideal selves Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Defining Problems Behaviorally Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Sherrie is diagnosed with depression. She believes she is unlovable, cries several hours per day, consumes less calories, and thinks her symptoms will never end. In treatment, a behavior therapist is most likely to target ______.

A. Sherrie’s emotional sadness B. the amount of time Sherrie cries each day C. the number of calories Sherrie consumes and her belief that she is unlovable D. Sherrie’s thought that her symptoms will never end Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Defining Problems Behaviorally Difficulty Level: Hard 15. A behavior therapist is most likely to judge the success of treatment via changes in the patient’s ______.

A. level of introspection B. number of illogical cognitions C. observable behaviors D. positive self-regard Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Measuring Change Observably Difficulty Level: Medium 16. In Pavlov’s famous experiment with dogs, the dog’s food was a(n) ______.

A. conditioned stimulus B. unconditioned stimulus C. neutral stimulus D. conditioned response Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Classical Conditioning Difficulty Level: Easy

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17. In a lab, Albert is conditioned to fear a white mouse. However, after leaving the lab, he not only continues to fear white mice; he also demonstrates fear of other white, fluffy objects (e.g., Santa Claus’ beard, white bunnies). Which of the following behavior therapy terms best describes what has happened to Albert?

A. discrimination B. operant conditioning C. generalization D. stimulus expansion Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Classical Conditioning Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Operant conditioning proposes that all human (and animal) actions are governed by ______.

A. contingencies B. cognitions C. primary reinforcers D. secondary reinforcers Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Which of the following behavior therapy techniques is primarily based on classical conditioning?

A. contingency management B. systematic desensitization C. token economies D. shaping Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Techniques Based on Classical Conditioning Difficulty Level: Medium 20. Because it is not practical to conduct treatment at an airport, Jeanie’s psychologist has her imagine that she is flying on a plane as part of treatment for her flying phobia.

What exposure therapy technique is Jeanie’s psychologist using?

A. imaginal exposure B. in vivo exposure C. graded exposure D. flooding Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Exposure Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium

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21. Dr. Vogt’s new client is a timid, apprehensive individual with social anxieties. Which of the following behavior therapies should he likely select for treatment?

A. the operant conditioning technique of assertiveness training B. the operant conditioning technique of contingency management C. the classical conditioning technique of assertiveness training D. the classical conditioning technique of contingency management Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Assertiveness Training Difficulty Level: Medium 22. Which of the following behavioral psychotherapy techniques is primarily based on operant conditioning?

A. exposure therapy B. systematic desensitization C. assertiveness training D. contingency management Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Techniques Based on Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Medium 23. The creation of an anxiety hierarchy is a core feature of ______.

A. token economies B. exposure therapy C. contingency management D. assertiveness training Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Exposure Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 24. For the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, ______ is a form of therapy that has received substantial empirical support.

A. exposure and response prevention B. motivational interviewing C. behavioral consultation D. humanistic psychotherapy Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Exposure Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 25. ______, a treatment for phobias and other anxiety disorders, involves re-pairing a feared object with a new response that is incompatible with anxiety.

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A. Exposure plus response prevention B. Behavioral consultation C. Systematic desensitization D. Contingency management Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Systematic Desensitization Difficulty Level: Medium 26. Although they have been used for a variety of clinical issues, exposure therapy and systematic desensitization have been used primarily for the treatment of ______.

A. eating disorders B. anxiety disorders C. personality disorders D. schizophrenia Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Techniques Based on Classical Conditioning Difficulty Level: Medium 27. ______ is typically present in systematic desensitization but typically absent from exposure therapy.

A. Relaxation training B. Exposure to anxiety-producing stimuli C. Reflection D. Creation of an anxiety hierarchy Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Systematic Desensitization Difficulty Level: Medium 28. ______ is a specific application of classical conditioning that targets patients’ social anxieties; it may help a patient insist on appropriate service at a restaurant or ask someone out on a date.

A. Relaxation training B. Exposure plus response prevention C. Assertiveness training D. Contingency management Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Assertiveness Training Difficulty Level: Medium 29. ______ is defined as any consequence that makes a behavior less likely to occur in the future.

A. Reinforcement

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B. Exposure C. Implosion D. Punishment Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Reinforcement and Punishment Difficulty Level: Easy 30. According to the behavioral approach, ______ essentially means “getting something good,” and ______ essentially means “losing something good.”

A. reinforcement; punishment B. positive reinforcement; negative punishment C. positive reinforcement; positive punishment D. negative reinforcement; negative punishment Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reinforcement and Punishment Difficulty Level: Medium 31. “If you change the consequences of a behavior, the behavior will change.” This statement best summarizes the rationale behind ______.

A. contingency management B. exposure therapy C. systematic desensitization D. extinction Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Contingency Management Difficulty Level: Medium 32. The removal of an expected reinforcement that results in a decrease in the frequency of a behavior is known as ______.

A. extinction B. behavioral adaptation C. flooding D. assertiveness training Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Extinction Difficulty Level: Medium 33. The form of behavior therapy derived from Bandura’s work that involves clients learning from the experiences of others, rather than their own experiences, is ______.

A. exposure therapy B. assertiveness training C. observational learning

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D. flooding Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Observational Learning (Modeling) Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Parent and teacher training are indirect interventions based on the principles of ______ therapy.

A. behavior B. psychodynamic C. humanistic D. cognitive Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Parent Training Difficulty Level: Medium 35. Behavioral activation is based on the simple idea that ______.

A. the day-to-day lives of depressed people lack positive reinforcement B. depressed people think illogically C. the brains of depressed people are chemically imbalanced D. depressed people lack social skills Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Behavioral Activation Difficulty Level: Medium 36. The goal of ______ is to increase the frequency of behaviors that are positively reinforcing to the client.

A. cognitive therapy B. aversion therapy C. systematic desensitization D. behavioral activation Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Behavioral Activation Difficulty Level: Medium 37. When behavioral activation begins, an important question for the clinical psychologist to ask the client is: ______ A. “Are there things that you are not doing now that you typically do when you are not depressed?”

B. “Is there another way of interpreting the events that have happened to you?”

C. “If the feared event happens, so what?”

D. “What are your beliefs about the fact that you have been diagnosed with depression?”

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Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Behavioral Activation Difficulty Level: Medium 38. Behavior therapies ______.

A. have little empirical support to justify their use B. do not easily lend themselves to the research process C. with empirical support include exposure and response prevention for OCD and parent training for ADHD D. are highly effective with children but not adults Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Well Does It Work?

Difficulty Level: Medium Short Answer 1. Who is the creator of the law of effect?

Ans: Edward Lee Thorndike Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 2. What is the goal of behavior therapy?

Ans: observable behavior change Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Goal of Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 3. In the case of Pavlov’s dogs, the food was a ______ stimulus, and, initially, the sound of the bell was a(n) ______ stimulus.

Ans: conditioned; unconditioned Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Origins of Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Exposure therapy and systematic desensitization are examples of ______ conditioning.

Ans: operant Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Techniques Based on Classical Conditioning Difficulty Level: Easy 5. What is a main difference between exposure therapy and systematic desensitization?

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Ans: Rather than simply breaking an association between a feared object and an aversive feeling, as in exposure therapy, systematic desensitization involves re-pairing the feared object with a new response that is incompatible with anxiety. Systematic desensitization includes a relaxation training component.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Techniques Based on Classical Conditioning Difficulty Level: Easy 6. ______ refers to the removal of an expected reinforcement that results in a decrease in the frequency of the behavior.

Ans: Extinction Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Techniques Based on Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Easy 7. If a kindergarten teacher gives students a sticker each time they are good, takes a sticker away each time they are bad, and allows students to trade in a certain number of stickers for a prize, the teacher is likely using what operant conditioning technique?

Ans: token economy Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Techniques Based on Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Easy 8. What form of behavioral consultation helps parents with the problematic behaviors of their children?

Ans: parent training Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Alternatives to Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. What are the five stages of behavioral consultation?

Ans: Initiation of the consulting relationship, problem identification, problem analysis, plan implementation, and plan evaluation.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Goal of Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Describe the process of exposure therapy. What psychological problem is it usually used to treat? Include key elements or techniques used in this type of therapy.

Ans: Exposure therapy is commonly used to treat phobias. The therapist and patient together create an anxiety hierarchy, a list of feared stimuli related to the phobic object or situation. These stimuli are typically rated by the patient on a scale from 0 to 100 in terms of the amount of subjective distress each produces. The stimuli are ranked in ascending order and may be imaginal or in vivo. The patient is exposed to the stimulus at the lowest level of the hierarchy and continues to progress up the hierarchy,

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repeating each exposure as necessary until only a low level of anxiety results from the exposure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Techniques Based on Classical Conditioning Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Briefly define both generalization and discrimination as understood by behavior therapists. Also, explain how each could alter the development of a phobia related to a traumatic incident in an elevator.

Ans: Generalization occurs when the conditioned response is evoked by stimuli that are similar to, but not an exact match for, the conditioned stimulus. Discrimination occurs when the conditioned response is not evoked by such a stimulus. If a trauma happened in an elevator, a person who generalizes may become fearful of all elevators, or all enclosed spaces. If a trauma happened in an elevator, a person who discriminates may become fearful of only the specific elevator in which the trauma occurred.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Alternatives to Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Briefly explain the extinction burst.

Ans: Extinction is the decrease in a behavior following removal of an expected reinforcer. Although the decrease happens eventually, the initial response is a brief increase in the behavior in terms of intensity or frequency. After a relatively short time, this increase tapers off and the behavior decreases below initial levels.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Techniques Based on Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Briefly explain how behavior therapists conduct parent training.

Ans: Parent training is a form of behavioral consultation. Parent seeks help for a problematic behavior in child. Behavioral therapist is a consultant who provides suggestions for the parent (therapist may never meet child directly). The parent is the consultee, who receives suggestions from behavior therapist and implements them with child. Child is the client whose behavior is the target of change.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Alternatives to Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium

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Chapter 15: Cognitive Psychotherapy and MindfulnessBased Therapies Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Since the 1980s, the popularity of cognitive psychotherapy among clinical psychologists has ______.

A. increased B. remained constant C. decreased slightly D. decreased greatly Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cognitive Psychotherapy and Mindfulness-Based Therapies Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Cognitive therapy ______.

A. tends to be brief and unstructured B. has become a less prominent approach to psychotherapy in the 21st century C. represents a reaction against behavioral and psychodynamic approaches D. was established by Albert Bandura Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cognitive Psychotherapy and Mindfulness-Based Therapies Difficulty Level: Hard 3. ______ are considered leaders in the cognitive therapy movement.

A. Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis B. Sigmund Freud and Karen Horney C. Carl Jung and Fritz Perls D. John Watson and Edward Thorndike Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cognitive Psychotherapy and Mindfulness-Based Therapies Difficulty Level: Easy 4. The primary goal of cognitive psychotherapy is ______.

A. observable behavior change via contingency management B. to make the unconscious conscious C. logical thinking D. self-actualization Ans: C

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Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Goal of Cognitive Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 5. The idea that the way we think about events determines the way we respond to them is a cornerstone of ______ therapy.

A. cognitive B. behavioral C. humanistic D. psychodynamic Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Importance of Cognition Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Cognitive therapists ______.

A. use the terms thoughts, beliefs, and assumptions to refer to cognitions B. believe that psychopathology results directly from the things that happen to us C. acknowledge the usefulness of the psychoanalytic technique of word association D. attempt to “read” patients’ thoughts by observing nonverbal behaviors Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Importance of Cognition Difficulty Level: Medium 7. According to the cognitive approach to psychotherapy, psychological problems arise from ______.

A. fixations at particular developmental stages in childhood B. classical or operant conditioning C. illogical thoughts or interpretations of events in our lives D. incongruence between the real self and the ideal self Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Importance of Cognition Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Which of the following best describes the three-step process typically used by cognitive psychotherapists to revise a client’s cognitions?

A. identify illogical thoughts, teach relaxation skills, countercondition illogical thoughts B. identify illogical thoughts, challenge illogical thoughts, replace illogical thoughts with more logical thoughts C. make unconscious illogical thoughts conscious, interpret illogical thoughts, work through illogical thoughts D. identify illogical thoughts, reflect emotional content of illogical thoughts, empathize with difficulties caused by illogical thoughts Ans: B

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Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Revising Cognitions Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Which of the following forms of therapy most strongly emphasizes the use of teaching as a therapy tool?

A. behavioral B. psychodynamic C. humanistic D. cognitive Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Teaching as a Therapy Tool Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Homework assigned as a part of cognitive therapy ______.

A. often involves attending peer-led workshops B. may be written or behavioral C. is rarely discussed during subsequent sessions D. is best conceptualized as a behavioral activation technique Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Homework Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Compared to psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive psychotherapy tends to ______.

A. require a greater number of sessions B. emphasize the past rather than the present C. derive its roots from ancient dream analysis techniques D. focus on the client’s current problems Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: A Brief, Structured, Focused Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Which of the following is TRUE regarding cognitive psychotherapy?

A. Cognitive psychotherapy is typically more structured and less spontaneous than humanistic psychotherapy.

B. Compared to behavioral psychotherapy, cognitive psychotherapy deemphasizes internal, mental processes.

C. Relative to psychodynamic therapy, cognitive therapy’s typical treatment length is 10–15 sessions longer.

D. Cognitive therapy is typically more costly than psychoanalytic treatment.

Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

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Answer Location: A Brief, Structured, Focused Approach Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Who among the following is not recognized as a leading proponent of cognitive therapy?

A. William Miller B. Aaron Beck C. Albert Ellis D. Judith Beck Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Two Approaches to Cognitive Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) is the therapy approach created by ______.

A. Albert Ellis B. Aaron Beck C. Donald Meichenbaum D. B. F. Skinner Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Albert Ellis Difficulty Level: Medium 15. According to Ellis’ ABCDE model, “C” represents ______.

A. cognition B. emotional consequence C. choice behavior D. applied conditioning Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The ABCDE Model Difficulty Level: Medium 16. According to Ellis’ ABCDE model, “D” represents ______.

A. a discussion of the feelings resulting from the client’s irrational thoughts B. the drive with which the irrational thought is associated C. the domain of the client’s life negatively influenced by the irrational thought D. a dispute of the client’s irrational thoughts Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The ABCDE Model Difficulty Level: Medium

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17. Elise’s psychologist asks her to keep a record of beliefs that she has about events that happened to her, as well as how those beliefs make her feel emotionally. With the assistance of her psychologist, Elise learns how she can dispute such beliefs and replace them with more effective new beliefs. Elise’s psychologist is likely treating her with ______.

A. exposure and response prevention B. cognitive reshaping C. rational emotive behavior therapy D. cognitive triad therapy Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The ABCDE Model Difficulty Level: Medium 18. ______ is to Aaron Beck as ______ is to Albert Ellis.

A. Rational emotive behavior therapy; cognitive therapy B. Cognitive therapy; rational emotive behavior therapy C. Systematic desensitization; assertiveness training D. Assertiveness training; systematic desensitization Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Two Approaches to Cognitive Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Aaron Beck has argued that the cognitive triad, which includes thoughts about ______, is a powerful determinant of mental health and depression levels.

A. family, friends, and acquaintances B. the self, the external world, and the future C. religion, wealth, and politics D. an individual, a group, and a nation Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Aaron Beck Difficulty Level: Medium 20. ______ would likely have his patients compete an ABCDE chart, whereas ______ would likely have his patients complete a dysfunctional thought record.

A. George Harris; Martin Seligman B. Albert Ellis; Aaron Beck C. Martin Seligman; George Harris D. Aaron Beck; Albert Ellis Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Two Approaches to Cognitive Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium

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21. Natalie, a psychotherapy client, is depressed about a recent breakup with her boyfriend. She believes that the breakup is entirely her fault and that if she had done things differently, she would not be alone now. This belief best exemplifies the cognitive thought distortion known as ______.

A. all-or-nothing thinking B. catastrophizing C. personalization D. mental filtering Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Common Thought Distortions Difficulty Level: Medium 22. The cognitive thought distortion defined as expecting the worst in the future when it is actually unlikely to occur is ______.

A. all-or-nothing thinking B. catastrophizing C. personalization D. overgeneralization Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Common Thought Distortions Difficulty Level: Easy 23. The cognitive thought distortion defined as assuming excessive personal responsibility for negative events is ______.

A. all-or-nothing thinking B. catastrophizing C. personalization D. overgeneralization Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Common Thought Distortions Difficulty Level: Easy 24. The use of cognitive psychotherapy for medical problems ______.

A. has not yet occurred B. was a primary focus of the early work of Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis but has declined in recent decades C. has been empirically demonstrated to be more beneficial than prescription medications for ulcers, diabetes, and influenza D. has increased significantly in recent decades Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cognitive Therapy for Medical Problems Difficulty Level: Medium

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25. Third-wave therapies ______.

A. have mindfulness as a core component of their treatment approach B. include acceptance and remission therapy and metabehavioral therapy C. have little empirical support D. promote the religion of Buddhism Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Third Wave: Mindfulness- and Acceptance-Based Therapies Difficulty Level: Medium 26. ______ refers to being able to pay attention in the present moment to whatever arises internally or externally, without becoming entangled or wishing things were otherwise.

A. Personalization B. All-or-nothing thinking C. Mindfulness D. Commitment thinking Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Third Wave: Mindfulness- and Acceptance-Based Therapies Difficulty Level: Easy 27. ______ is a cognitive technique that focuses on accepting internal psychological experiences, including emotions, thoughts, and sensations.

A. Rational emotive behavior therapy B. Dialectical behavior therapy C. Acceptance and commitment therapy D. Metacognitive therapy Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 28. Dialectical behavior therapy, developed by Marsha Linehan, has been found effective in the treatment of ______.

A. obsessive-compulsive personality disorder B. borderline personality disorder C. individuals with work-related problems that do not qualify as mental disorders D. obsessive-compulsive disorder Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Dialectical Behavior Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium

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29. ______ is a cognitive technique that believes when young children are exposed to poor parenting, they are likely to develop deep-seated, maladaptive cognitions about themselves and their relationships to others.

A. Rational emotive therapy B. Metacognitive psychotherapy C. Acceptance and commitment therapy D. Schema therapy Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Schema Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 30. Cognitive psychotherapy ______.

A. has not yet been found efficacious in the treatment of any specific psychological disorders B. emphasizes objective measures of psychotherapy outcome to a greater extent than psychodynamic psychotherapy C. is less effective than many humanistic approaches D. is not a recommended approach for the treatment of personality disorders Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Well Does It Work?

Difficulty Level: Medium 31. The term third-wave therapies are most often applied to ______.

A. therapies based on mindfulness and acceptance B. brief psychodynamic therapies C. therapies based on classical conditioning D. play therapies Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Third Wave: Mindfulness- and Acceptance-Based Therapies Difficulty Level: Easy 32. ______ can be defined as full engagement with one’s own internal mental processes in a nonconfrontational way, which often involves a reduction in ______.

A. Schema therapy; acceptance B. Metacognitive therapy; cognitive restructuring C. Insight; transference D. Mindfulness; experiential avoidance Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Third Wave: Mindfulness- and Acceptance-Based Therapies Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is most closely associated with ______.

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A. Marsha Linehan B. Judith Beck C. Steven Hayes D. Aaron Beck Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 30. Which of the following statements about empirical studies of cognitive therapy is NOT true?

A. Studies demonstrate support for DBT’s use with borderline personality disorder patients.

B. Studies have found that homework enhances therapy outcome.

C. Studies include support for the treatment of anxiety and mood disorders with ACT. D. Studies suggest mindfulness may not be as beneficial as originally suggested by its proponents.

Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Well Does It Work?

Difficulty Level: Medium Short Answer 1. Who created rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)?

Ans: Albert Ellis Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Two Approaches to Cognitive Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 2. What are the five components of the ABCDE model?

Ans: Activating event, belief, emotional consequence, dispute, and effective new belief.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Two Approaches to Cognitive Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Whose name is most prominently associated with the form of cognitive therapy that uses Dysfunctional Thought Records?

Ans: Aaron Beck Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Two Approaches to Cognitive Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 4. ______ is a thought distortion in which the patient irrationally evaluates everything as either wonderful or terrible, with no middle ground.

Ans: All-or-nothing thinking

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Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Two Approaches to Cognitive Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 5. ______, defined as the ability to be able to pay attention in the present moment to whatever arises internally or externally, is at the core of third wave therapies.

Ans: Mindfulness Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Recent Applications of Cognitive Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Who created dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)?

Ans: Marsha Linehan Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Recent Applications of Cognitive Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 7. ______ is based on the premise that people can become depressed, anxious, or otherwise psychologically unwell because of reactions to their own thoughts rather than their reactions to the things that happen to them.

Ans: Metacognitive therapy Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Recent Applications of Cognitive Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Name two of Beck’s thought distortions.

Ans: All-or-nothing thinking, catastrophizing, magnification/minimization, personalization, overgeneralization, mental filtering, and mind reading.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Goal of Cognitive Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. Describe the five components of Ellis’ ABCDE model.

Ans: Activating event: Something that happens to the individual. Belief: How the individual thinks about the event. Emotional consequence: The emotions and feelings resulting from the belief. Dispute: Identifying the thought distortion(s) in the belief.

Effective new belief: Composing a new, more reality-based belief, and inserting it in place of the thought distortion belief.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Two Approaches to Cognitive Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium

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2. What are the three parts of Beck’s cognitive triad? How are the parts of the triad related to mental health?

Ans: Thoughts about the self, the external world, and the future. All three cognitions contribute to mental health. Beck theorized that when all three of these beliefs are negative, they produce depression.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Two Approaches to Cognitive Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Briefly describe the two historical developments that contributed to the development of cognitive psychotherapy in the 1950s and 1960s.

Ans: Behavior therapy, practiced in strict form, didn’t always work. Behaviorists increasingly recognized that cognition played a unique and important role in human behavior, and acknowledged a role of internal mental processes. The eventual leaders of the cognitive movement--Beck and Ellis--grew disillusioned with Freudian therapy.

They sought and created a new form of therapy that addressed symptoms more directly, focused more on the present and less on the past, and produced results more efficiently. Many others followed their lead.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Two Approaches to Cognitive Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Define the common thought distortion known as overgeneralization, and offer a fictional example that a client might bring to a clinical psychologist.

Ans: Overgeneralization involves the application of lessons from negative experiences more broadly than is warranted. Examples will vary.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Two Approaches to Cognitive Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Define the common thought distortion known as mind reading, and offer a fictional example that a client might bring to a clinical psychologist.

Ans: Mind reading involves presuming to know that others are thinking critically or disapprovingly when knowing what they think is in fact impossible. Examples will vary.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Two Approaches to Cognitive Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium

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6. Briefly describe and explain schema therapy.

Ans: Schema therapy is a relatively recent variation of cognitive therapy intended for clients who have borderline personality disorder or other long-standing, complex clinical issues. It is based on the idea that when young children are exposed to poor parenting (such as parents who are rejecting, unloving, abusive, unavailable, etc.), they are likely to develop schemas, or deep-seated cognitions about themselves and their relationships to others, that match their experience but are maladaptive as they move forward in life.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Recent Applications of Cognitive Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium

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Chapter 16: Group and Family Therapy Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following approaches to psychotherapy has NOT been adapted for use with group therapy clients?

A. behavioral B. psychodynamic C. cognitive D. all of the other listed choices have been adapted for use with groups Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: An Interpersonal Emphasis Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Most group therapies strongly emphasize ______, taking advantage of the fact that the group therapy experience is based on interacting with other people.

A. conflict resolution B. interpersonal interaction C. unconscious mental processes D. identification of nonverbals Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: An Interpersonal Emphasis Difficulty Level: Easy 3. ______ has emerged as a leading figure in the interpersonal approach to group therapy.

A. Aaron Beck B. Albert Ellis C. Irvin Yalom D. Donald Meichenbaum Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: An Interpersonal Emphasis Difficulty Level: Medium 4. According to Irvin Yalom, group therapy is most successful when group therapists ______.

A. approach it as a series of one-on-one interactions with clients B. take advantage of the fact that clients will display their problematic tendencies toward other group members

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C. limit the size of the group to four or fewer members D. focus on the group members’ recollections of early childhood traumas Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: An Interpersonal Emphasis Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Irvin Yalom’s approach to group psychotherapy has been labeled ______.

A. interpersonal B. behavioral C. solution-focused D. narrative Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: An Interpersonal Emphasis Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Irvin Yalom ______.

A. is a prominent researcher of family therapies B. believes an individual’s disorder is a by-product of his disturbed way of getting along with other people C. suggests the application of a medical model for treatment of family-based disorders D. advocates for the application of cognitive techniques in marital therapy Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: An Interpersonal Emphasis Difficulty Level: Medium 7. ______ is NOT 1 of the 11 therapeutic factors for group psychotherapy identified by Irvin Yalom.

A. Instillation of hope B. Exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli C. Imitative behavior D. Development of socializing techniques Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Therapeutic Factors in Group Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 8. ______ is NOT 1 of the 11 therapeutic factors for group psychotherapy identified by Irvin Yalom.

A. Catharsis B. Interpersonal learning C. International factors D. Group cohesiveness Ans: C

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Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Therapeutic Factors in Group Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 9. In group therapy, a client’s experience that “we’re all in the same boat” best describes the therapeutic factor labeled by Irvin Yalom as ______.

A. catharsis B. interpersonal learning C. imitative behavior D. universality Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Universality Difficulty Level: Easy 10. ______, feelings of interconnectedness among group members, plays the same role in group therapy that the therapeutic alliance plays in individual therapy.

A. Altruism B. Group cohesiveness C. Universality D. Solution-talk Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Group Cohesiveness Difficulty Level: Easy 11. According to Yalom, ______, or learning from in-group interpersonal experiences, is at the heart of group therapy.

A. universality B. group cohesiveness C. interpersonal learning D. social reeducation Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Interpersonal Learning Difficulty Level: Easy 12. In group therapy, the term social microcosm refers to the idea that ______.

A. group members often establish friendships and romantic relationships outside of the therapy setting B. group members often have isolated lives and have allowed their social contacts to become infrequent, and these tendencies contribute to their psychological problems C. the problems of most group members stem from antisocial tendencies, the exploration of which requires recollections of key early childhood events

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D. the relationship tendencies that characterize clients’ problematic relationships in their personal lives will also characterize the relationships they form with fellow group members Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Social Microcosm Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Group therapists are most likely to encourage clients to examine ______.

A. here-and-now relationships with fellow group members B. illogical thoughts C. reinforcements and punishments that represent contingencies for specific behaviors D. the styles of parenting used by their parents Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Here and Now Difficulty Level: Medium 14. In group therapy, the group typically and ideally contains ______ members.

A. 3–5 B. 7–8 C. 12–15 D. 20–24 Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Group Membership Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Therapy groups may either be ______, allowing individual members to enter or leave at any time, or ______, requiring members to enter and finish therapy together.

A. open-enrollment; closed-enrollment B. fluid-enrollment; static-enrollment C. closed-enrollment; open-enrollment D. static-enrollment; fluid-enrollment Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Group Membership Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Stacy tries to enroll in a therapy group for individuals suffering from depression.

However, when she contacts the group’s leader, she is informed that she will have to wait several weeks until a new series of group meetings begins. Individuals who wish to participate in the depression group, she learns, must attend from the very first session.

This depression group is using ______.

A. open-enrollment B. fluid-enrollment

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C. closed-enrollment D. static-enrollment Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Group Membership Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Which of the following statements about group therapy is TRUE? A. Extra-group socializing is encouraged by most group therapists.

B. Cotherapists must have the same therapy orientation in order to be effective.

C. Group members should be discouraged from extra-group socializing.

D. Group members may be asked to role-play as “mothers” and “fathers,” a technique called recapitulation of the family group.

Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Practical Issues in Group Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Consider the developmental stages of therapy groups discussed in the textbook. In a substance abuse group, the members have become comfortable enough to compete with one another and jockey for status within the group. In which developmental stage is this therapy group?

A. first stage B. second stage C. third stage D. fourth stage Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Developmental Stages of Therapy Groups Difficulty Level: Hard 19. Which of the following statements about group therapy is TRUE? A. One advantage of having cotherapists is the ability to foster recapitulation of the family group.

B. Extra-group socializing among group members poses little or no consequences.

C. Fellow group members are legally and ethically bound to maintain the confidentiality of information discussed during group sessions.

D. Group members who disclose information about fellow members can be fined.

Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cotherapists Difficulty Level: Medium 20. Which of the following statements best summarizes how well group therapy works?

A. Group therapy is largely inferior to individual therapy.

B. Group therapy is consistently superior to individual therapy.

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C. Group therapy works about as well as individual therapy.

D. There is not yet enough group therapy research to determine how well it works.

Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Well Does It Work?

Difficulty Level: Medium 21. More than any other form of therapy, ______ therapy is characterized by a systems approach to understanding psychological problems.

A. group B. family C. behavioral D. cognitive Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The System as the Problem Difficulty Level: Medium 22. Regarding the causes of psychological problems, ______ therapists tend to endorse a linear model of causality, whereas ______ therapists tend to endorse a circular model of causality.

A. cognitive; humanistic B. family; individual C. behavioral; cognitive D. individual; family Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The System as the Problem Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Although psychological symptoms may appear maladaptive, they are often in fact adaptive within the family environment of the individual. Family therapists refer to this idea as ______.

A. triangulation B. the social microcosm C. functionalism D. interpersonal learning Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The System as the Problem Difficulty Level: Medium 24. As a family therapist, Dr. Langstrom talks to the family he is treating about their family comfort zone or “set point.” In family therapy terms, what Dr. Langstrom is really discussing is ______.

A. functionalism

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B. communication patterns C. circular causality D. homeostasis Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The System as the Problem Difficulty Level: Medium 25. The genogram is an assessment technique used most often by ______ therapists.

A. behavioral B. humanistic C. group D. family Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assessment of Families Difficulty Level: Medium 26. A ______ is a paper-and-pencil method of creating a family tree that incorporates detailed information about the relationships among family members.

A. histogram B. genogram C. histoplot D. genoplot Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Assessment of Families Difficulty Level: Easy 27. Which of the following is NOT one of the seven stages through which typical intact middle-class American families proceed?

A. leaving home B. joining of families through marriage or union C. launching children and moving on in midlife D. resignation and acceptance of death Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assessment of Families Difficulty Level: Hard 28. Dr. Dobson suspects violence and abuse in the relationship of his newest couple’s therapy patients, Hugh and Julie. If he wishes to assess the situation using a method that is more structured and formal than a clinical interview, he is likely to administer the ______.

A. Domestic Abuse Checklist for Children (DACC) B. Sampson’s Worthwhile Abuse Technique (SWAT)

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C. At-Home Violence Metric (AVM) D. Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS) Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Assessment of Families Difficulty Level: Medium 29. The Rothberg family includes parents Mark and Tina and children David and Abigail.

Mark and Tina take David to a clinical psychologist because “he is the cause of all problems in our family. If you fix him, everything will be great in our household.” If the psychologist takes a family therapy approach to treatment, he will consider the possibility that, in this situation, David is ______.

A. an identified patient B. diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder C. not Mark and Tina’s biological child D. in significant competition with his schoolmates Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Assessment of Families Difficulty Level: Medium 30. The notions of family structure, subsystems, and boundaries are important components of the type of family therapy practiced by ______.

A. Salvador Minuchin B. Murray Bowen C. Steve deShazer and Insoo Kim Berg D. Irvin Yalom Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Family Structure Difficulty Level: Hard 31. Lisa’s family is very, very close. In fact, the degree of emotional closeness they have with each other is so great that no member of the family is particularly independent. They always have to be around each other and do things together. From Minuchin’s perspective, this family is demonstrating ______.

A. disengagement B. enmeshment C. an undifferentiated ego mass D. triangulation Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Family Structure Difficulty Level: Hard

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32. Two parents in conflict with one another each make efforts to recruit their child to their side in order to support their position in the conflict. According to family therapists, this exemplifies ______.

A. an undifferentiated ego mass B. triangulation C. extra-group socializing D. linear causality Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Triangles Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Exception questions, such as “When was this not a problem for you?” and “When was this not so bad?” and the formula-first session task, in which clients consider what aspects of their lives they want to remain the same, are important components of ______.

A. narrative therapy B. humanistic therapy C. solution-focused therapy D. structural family therapy Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Solution-Focused Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Using solution-focused therapy terms, the question “If your problem disappeared, how would your life be different?” is an example of a(n) ______ question.

A. exception B. scaling C. miracle D. narrative Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Solution-Focused Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 35. A basic premise of ______ therapy is that by “editing” the “life stories” clients tell themselves; clients can improve their mental health.

A. solution-focused B. narrative C. structural family D. group Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Narrative Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium

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36. ______ is a type of family therapy designed for adolescents with long-term behavioral and emotional problems that have resulted in trouble with the legal system.

A. Solution-focused therapy B. Narrative therapy C. Family structure therapy D. Multisystemic family therapy Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Multisystemic Family Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 37. The Conflict Tactics Scale assesses ______.

A. depression B. abuse and violence within families C. cognitive confrontation D. cognitive distortions Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Assessment of Families Difficulty Level: Easy 38. When providing psychotherapy services to a family, ______.

A. information related to the psychologist by one family member is always kept in confidence from all other family members B. the clinician must provide the family with a systems-based DSM diagnosis C. the ground rules for confidentiality should be established with all family members during the initial consultation D. psychologists are encouraged to assign an individual diagnosis to one of the family members to facilitate reimbursement from insurance companies Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ethical Issues in Family Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium 39. A therapist frequently asks clients these questions: “Are your problems present every hour of every day? When they are not so bad, what have you done to make them better?” These questions suggest that this therapist is most likely following which approach to therapy?

A. solution-focused B. humanistic C. interpersonal D. metacognitive Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Solution-Focused Therapy

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Difficulty Level: Medium Short Answer 1. Who is the leading figure in the interpersonal approach to group therapy?

Ans: Irvin Yalom Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: An Interpersonal Emphasis Difficulty Level: Easy 2. List three of Yalom’s therapeutic factors for group psychotherapy.

Ans: Instillation of hope, universality, imparting information, altruism, corrective recapitulation of the primary family group, development of socializing techniques, imitative behavior, interpersonal learning, group cohesiveness, catharsis, and existential factors.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: An Interpersonal Emphasis Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Individual psychotherapists tend to explain psychological problems with ______ causality, whereas family therapists tend to explain psychological problems with ______ causality.

Ans: linear; circular Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Family Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 4. What is the name of the tool used to assess families that involves drawing a family tree and labeling the relationships between the individuals on the family tree?

Ans: genogram Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Family Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Briefly, for what is the Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS) used?

Ans: formally assessing abuse and violence within families Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Family Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 6. When a family enters treatment, they often point out one family member whose symptoms are most obvious or problematic and identify him as the source of the family’s problems. This singled out family member is known as the ______.

Ans: identified patient Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Family Therapy

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Difficulty Level: Easy 7. What type of family therapy uses “solution-talk” and focuses almost exclusively on solutions?

Ans: solution-focused therapy Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Family Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy 8. ______ therapy is designed for adolescents who have legal troubles that stem from long-term behavioral and emotional problems.

Ans: Multisystemic family Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Family Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. Explain Yalom’s corrective recapitulation of the primary family group.

Ans: A group can evoke the same dynamics as a traditional family, and the way that clients from such families respond to each other and to cotherapists--trusting one while fearing the other, for example--can shed light on their interpersonal tendencies with other important people in their lives. These interaction styles can be identified and revealed to the client. New interaction styles can be practiced in the group.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: An Interpersonal Emphasis Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Briefly describe each of McGoldrick, Carter, and Garcia-Preto’s (2011) seven family life cycle stages.

Ans: 1. Leaving home: Single young adults become independent and self-sufficient. 2.

Joining of families through marriage or union: A new couple forms a new family system, and the spouse is incorporated into existing family systems. 3. Families with young children: Taking care of children; adjusting the marriage; and managing child-related, financial, and other responsibilities are among the primary tasks. 4. Families with adolescents: Parents provide children with increasing amounts of independence and may adopt caretaking roles for their own parents as well. 5. Launching children and moving on in midlife: Adjusting to the “empty nest,” managing relationships with children’s partners, and taking on the grandparent role are central. 6. Families in late middle age: Focus shifts to managing declining health, adopting to new roles in family and community. 7. Families nearing the end of life: accept the realities and inevitability of death (one’s own and that of family members); frequently, the caretaker roles between older and younger generations are reversed.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Family Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium

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3. Compare and contrast open-enrollment groups and closed-enrollment groups as models of group therapy.

Ans: Open-enrollment groups allow individual members to join and leave, and as a result typically include members at various stages of improvement, which provides models for new clients to follow. Closed-enrollment groups feature clients who all start and finish therapy together. Stability of membership is greater, which can enhance cohesiveness.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: An Interpersonal Emphasis Difficulty Level: Medium 4. What do group therapists mean by the term social microcosm?

Ans: Social microcosm refers to the phenomenon whereby a client in group therapy displays relationship tendencies with fellow group members that resemble that client’s relationship tendencies in their personal lives. By recognizing and improving on these tendencies, relationships inside and ultimately outside the group can be enhanced. To the extent that flawed relationships contributed to the client’s reason for seeking therapy, improvements in those relationships will consequently improve the client’s individual symptoms.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: An Interpersonal Emphasis Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Compare and contrast linear causality and circular causality.

Ans: Linear causality is endorsed more often by individual therapists. It suggests that events from the past cause or determine events in the present in a unidirectional manner. Circular causality is endorsed more often by family therapists. It suggests that events influence each other in a reciprocal way, such that regardless of the original cause of a problem, it is maintained by ongoing interaction between family members.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Family Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium

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Chapter 17: Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology Test Bank Multiple Choice Questions 1. In the first psychological clinic, founded by Lightner Witmer in the late 1800s, ______.

A. child clients were assessed but not treated B. child clients were neither assessed nor treated C. child clients were assessed and treated D. parent training took place, but no direct treatment of children took place Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 2. ______ promotes both the mental and physical health of children with medical conditions.

A. Child clinical psychology B. Pediatric psychology C. Developmental psychology D. Abnormal psychology Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. ADHD, conduct disorder, and separation anxiety disorder are especially common diagnoses among children.

B. Children can be diagnosed with major depression and post-traumatic stress disorder.

C. DSM-5 modifies the diagnostic criteria of some disorders for children.

D. Some clinical psychologists divide children’s psychological problems into two broad classes: specific and generalized disorders.

Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Disorders of Childhood Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Some clinical child psychologists divide children’s psychological problems into ______ disorders, such as ADHD, and ______ disorders, such as depression.

A. internalizing; externalizing B. externalizing; internalizing C. specific; generalized

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D. generalized; specific Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Disorders of Childhood Difficulty Level: Medium 5. According to research discussed in the textbook, which of the following factors does NOT influence children’s resilience or vulnerability to psychological problems?

A. environmental factors, including poverty B. parental factors, including low parent IQ C. child factors, including difficult temperament D. tactile factors, including fine motor skills Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Resilience and Vulnerability Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Which statement best summarizes the research cited in the textbook about the importance of family on a child’s mental health (e.g., Schleider et al., 2014)?

A. A child is less likely to develop a mental disorder if their parents are diagnosed with ADHD or depression.

B. A child is less likely to develop a mental disorder if they have a cold, unloving relationships with their siblings.

C. A child is more likely to develop a mental disorder if their parents are diagnosed with anxiety or personality disorders.

D. A child is more likely to develop a mental disorder if they have a warm, loving relationships with their siblings.

Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Resilience and Vulnerability Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Which three factors did Grotberg (2003) suggest contribute to resilience in children?

A. child strengths, parental support, and community involvement B. external supports, inner strengths, and interpersonal problem-solving skills C. peer relationships, educational commitment, and quality of life D. social supports, psychological skills, and biological strengths Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Resilience and Vulnerability Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Dr. Rand, a clinical child psychologist, strives to understand his child patients’ behaviors within the context of what can be expected of a child at that particular age.

Dr. Rand is using a ______ perspective.

A. holistic

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B. developmental C. client-centered D. bifurcated Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Developmental Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 8. When the client is a child, the clinical psychologist’s interview process typically includes ______.

A. the child B. adults who know the child well C. both the child and adults who know the child well D. administrators at the child’s school Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Interviews Difficulty Level: Medium 9. When assessing a child patient, ______.

A. a multisource, multimethod, multisetting approach is recommended B. a holistic approach is recommended C. an individual, internal, inclusive approach is recommended D. a psychodiagnostic approach is recommended Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: A Comprehensive Assessment Difficulty Level: Easy 10. When implementing behavioral observation with a child client, the psychologist should be on the lookout for ______ in which the child’s behaviors change simply because the child realizes they are being watched by the psychologist.

A. analogue motion B. naturalistic action C. reactivity D. modification Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: A Comprehensive Assessment Difficulty Level: Medium 11. When naturalistic direct observation of a child is not practical, clinical child psychologists often conduct ______ to achieve the same purpose.

A. sentence-completion tests B. intelligence testing C. achievement testing

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D. analogue direct observation Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Behavioral Observations Difficulty Level: Medium 12. ______ are standardized paper-and-pencil forms that parents, teachers, or other adults complete regarding a child’s presenting problems.

A. Pediatric questionnaires B. Behavior rating scales C. Developmental checklists D. Genograms Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Behavior Rating Scales Difficulty Level: Medium 13. The Conners’ Rating Scale and the Child Behavior Checklist are examples of ______.

A. analogue direct observation B. behavior rating scales C. projective personality tests D. achievement tests Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Behavior Rating Scales Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Which of the following is TRUE regarding self-report scales for children and adolescents?

A. There is a version of the MMPI appropriate for use with adolescent clients.

B. Self-report scales are used more commonly with young children rather than adolescents.

C. There is not an adolescent version of the MCMI. D. Cultural competence is unimportant when administering self-report scales to children.

Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Self-Report Scales Difficulty Level: Medium 15. The House-Tree-Person test and the Roberts Apperception Test are examples of ______ used with child clients.

A. projective/expressive techniques B. self-report scales C. achievement tests D. naturalistic observation techniques

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Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Projective/Expressive Techniques Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Projective/expressive childhood and adolescent instruments include the ______.

A. AAHPERD Functional Fitness Test B. WIAT-III C. TEMAS D. WISC-IV Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Projective/Expressive Techniques Difficulty Level: Hard 17. Which of the following statements about intellectual tests for children is TRUE? A. The Spanish WISC-IV is generally a poor choice for assessing the intelligence of Puerto Rican children.

B. The UNIT is a gender-fair intelligence test that may be administered to children.

C. The Spanish WISC-IV was normed on children from multiple Spanish speaking countries.

D. Robert’s Apperception Test is commonly used to assess the intelligence of very young children.

Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Intellectual Tests Difficulty Level: Hard 18. For both children and adolescents, the most commonly used specific assessment technique is the ______.

A. Draw-a-Person technique B. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children C. Rorschach Inkblot Technique D. MMPI-A Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Frequency of Use of Specific Assessment Techniques Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Which of the following statements about conducting psychotherapy with child patients is NOT true?

A. The therapeutic alliance is just as crucial with children as it is in therapy with adults.

B. The therapeutic alliance must be established with both the child and his or her parents.

C. Adult interventions and techniques should be adjusted for children.

D. Children can often be understood and conceptualized as miniature adults.

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Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychotherapy With Children and Adolescents Difficulty Level: Medium 20. ______ is a cognitive-behavioral technique for children in which therapists teach kids behaviors that improve their interactions with others.

A. Social skills training B. Bravery Bingo C. Applied behavior analysis D. Self-talk therapy Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies for Children Difficulty Level: Easy 21. ______ is a cognitive-behavioral technique that is highly supported and recommended for treating children with autism spectrum disorder.

A. Social skills training B. Bravery Bingo C. Applied behavior analysis D. Self-talk therapy Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies for Children Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Self-instructional training was originally developed by ______.

A. Marsha Linehan B. Irvin Yalom C. Donald Meichenbaum D. Harry Harlow Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Self-Instructional Training Difficulty Level: Easy 23. Self-instructional training is a form of psychotherapy with children that derives from the ______ approach to psychotherapy.

A. psychodynamic B. behavioral C. cognitive D. humanistic Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Self-Instructional Training

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Difficulty Level: Medium 24. ______ is a form of therapy with children in which clients learn to “talk themselves through” situations in which their behaviors might be problematic.

A. Narrative therapy B. Self-instructional training C. Solution-focused therapy D. Humanistic play therapy Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Self-Instructional Training Difficulty Level: Medium 25. ______ is a form of behavioral therapy in which therapists teach parents to use techniques based on conditioning to modify problematic behavior in their children.

A. Parent training B. Adult rehabilitation C. Child modification D. Behavioral shaping Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Parent Training Difficulty Level: Easy 26. Parent training programs have been developed for ______.

A. ADHD B. conduct disorder C. separation anxiety D. many disorders and problems, including those listed in the other answer choices Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Parent Training Difficulty Level: Easy 27. Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic functions of play therapy identified by Brems (2008)?

A. the formation of important relationships B. disclosure of feelings and thoughts C. imitative relearning D. healing Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Play Therapy Difficulty Level: Medium

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28. Clinical child psychologists who practice ______ believe that a child’s play communicates important unconscious processes occurring within the child’s mind.

A. self-instructional training B. psychodynamic play therapy C. humanistic play therapy D. parent training Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Play Therapy--Psychodynamic Difficulty Level: Medium 29. In humanistic play therapy, ______.

A. interpretation of the child’s actions are more important than in psychodynamic play therapy B. the child and the therapist play directly with each other without any toys or other objects C. the therapist reflects the child’s feelings, which may be expressed indirectly through play activities D. the goal is to make the child’s unconscious processes conscious Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Play Therapy--Humanistic Difficulty Level: Medium 30. Which of the following most accurately summarizes the body of empirical research on the outcome of psychotherapy with children and adolescents?

A. Psychotherapy with children and adolescents produces significant improvement.

B. Psychotherapy with children produces significant improvement, but psychotherapy with adolescents produces no improvement.

C. Psychotherapy with children and adolescents produces no improvement.

D. Psychotherapy with adolescents produces significant improvement, but psychotherapy with children produces no improvement.

Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: How Well Does Psychotherapy for Children and Adolescents Work?

Difficulty Level: Medium 31. Most of the specific forms of psychotherapy that have demonstrated empirical benefits for specific disorders of childhood are ______.

A. cognitive-behavioral B. humanistic C. psychodynamic D. metacognitive Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: How Well Does Psychotherapy for Children and Adolescents Work?

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Difficulty Level: Medium 32. The TEMAS is most similar in format to which of these assessment tools?

A. SCID B. MMPI-2 C. TAT D. WISC-IV Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Projective/Expressive Techniques Difficulty Level: Medium 33. The Spanish version of the WISC-IV ______.

A. has not yet been created B. was normed exclusively on children whose parents are from Mexico C. includes no change in item content in spite of linguistic translation D. was normed exclusively on children whose parents are from Spain Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Intellectual Tests Difficulty Level: Medium Short Answer 1. ______ psychology is a cross-disciplinary field that promotes both the mental and physical health of children with medical conditions.

Ans: Pediatric Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy 2. What are the three categories of child resilience identified by Grotberg (2003)?

Ans: external supports (“I Have”), inner strengths (“I Am”), and interpersonal problemsolving skills (“I Can”) Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Psychological Issues of Childhood Difficulty Level: Easy 3. What is the recommended approach to assessment of children?

Ans: multisource, multimethod, multisetting approach (or a pluralistic approach) Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assessment of Children and Adolescents Difficulty Level: Medium

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4. ______ direct observation of a child behavior takes place where it actually happens, whereas ______ direct observation typically takes place in a clinic room where the reallife situation is simulated.

Ans; Naturalistic; analogue Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Assessment of Children and Adolescents Difficulty Level: Easy 5. What type of test are instruments such as the Roberts Apperception Test and the TEMAS? Ans: projective/expressive tests Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Assessment of Children and Adolescents Difficulty Level: Easy 6. What is the most commonly used assessment test for both children and adolescents?

Ans: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Assessment of Children and Adolescents Difficulty Level: Easy 7. In what type of therapy is a child taught to gain control over their behaviors by saying instructions aloud to themselves?

Ans: self-instructional training Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Psychotherapy with Children and Adolescents Difficulty Level: Easy 8. What are the three basic functions of play therapy identified by Brems (2008)?

Ans: The formation of important relationships, disclosure of feelings and thoughts, and healing.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Psychotherapy with Children and Adolescents Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. Discuss the role of the therapeutic alliance when treating children. With whom is it important to establish a therapeutic alliance?

Ans: Children don’t come to therapy alone. Parents, relatives, teachers, or others may be involved, and it is important to establish a therapeutic alliance with these individuals in addition to an alliance with the child patient. The therapeutic alliance is just as crucial in therapy with children and adolescents as it is in therapy with adults.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychotherapy with Children and Adolescents Difficulty Level: Medium

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2. How do cognitive-behavioral therapists adapt their techniques to work with children and adolescents? Give at least one specific example.

Ans: Cognitive-behavioral therapists working with children often adapt their interventions into games of various kinds. Such games include “Bravery Bingo,” in which a phobic child earns a token for each successful exposure on an anxiety hierarchy, and “Mr. OCD,” in which kids practice cognitive restructuring by refuting a Mr. OCD puppet who exhibits flawed logic.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychotherapy with Children and Adolescents Difficulty Level: Medium 3. What is the rationale for a multisource, multimethod, multisetting approach to the assessment of children?

Ans: Different people (sources) who know a child well (parents, teachers, the child, etc.) may provide different perspectives on the child’s problems. Different methods (interviews, tests, etc.) may similarly yield different information. Different settings (home, school, etc.) may similarly produce different child behaviors.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assessment of Children and Adolescents Difficulty Level: Medium 4. What is naturalistic direct observation, and how does it differ from analogue direct observation?

Ans: Naturalistic direct observation is observation of a target behavior in the place where it actually happens (e.g., school, home). Analogue direct observation is an alternate often used when naturalistic direct observation is impractical or reactivity is too strong. It typically involves a simulation of the real-world situation in the clinician’s office.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assessment of Children and Adolescents Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Briefly describe behavior rating scales frequently used for child assessment.

Ans: Behavior rating scales are standardized pencil-and-paper forms that parents, teachers, or other adults complete regarding a child client’s presenting problems.

Typically, they list specific behaviors followed by a dimensional (e.g., Likert-type) scale on which adults can rate the frequency or severity of the behavior. Some, like the Child Behavior Checklist and the Behavior Assessment System for Children, are wide-ranging and broad in scope, whereas others, like the Conners’ Rating Scale (for attentionrelated problems), are more focused.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assessment of Children and Adolescents Difficulty Level: Medium

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Chapter 18: Health Psychology Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. ______ examine the ways in which psychological processes influence physical wellbeing and illness.

A. Forensic psychologists B. Health psychologists C. Counseling psychologists D. Social workers Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definitions: Health Psychology Versus Behavioral Medicine Difficulty Level: Easy 2. ______ is an interdisciplinary field interested in the ways in which our minds influence our bodies.

A. Health psychology B. Behavioral medicine C. Medical psychology D. Internal medicine Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definitions: Health Psychology Versus Behavioral Medicine Difficulty Level: Medium 3. ______ is the psychological or physiological response to difficult or demanding internal or external circumstances.

A. Vulnerability B. Stress C. Depression D. Hyperactivity Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Stress Difficulty Level: Easy 4. The fight-or-flight response ______.

A. probably hindered a more expedient evolution of primitive humans B. occurs in response to a perceived threat C. was first described by Hamermesh and Lee in 2007 D. occurs during the third stage of general adaptation syndrome

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Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Stress Difficulty Level: Medium 5. ______ stress refers to a syndrome defined by stress levels that are consistently high and unremitting, often due to a hectic, fast-paced lifestyle.

A. Chronic B. Congenital C. General D. Global Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Stress Difficulty Level: Easy 6. The general adaptation syndrome hypothesis was developed by ______.

A. Hans Selye B. Walter Cannon C. Albert Ellis D. Lightner Witmer Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Stress Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Which of the following statements about general adaptation syndrome is TRUE? A. The fight-or-flight system works better in response to prolonged, repeated stressors than in response to temporary stressors.

B. The more specific the stressor, the more unlikely adaptation will occur.

C. Long-term exposure to stress bolsters our immune system.

D. With prolonged exposure to stress, our bodies eventually wear out and break down.

Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Stress Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Researchers estimate that about ______ of all visits to health-care providers result from stress-related disorders.

A. 10–20% B. 25–40% C. 50–60% D. 75–90% Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Stress and Physical Illness

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Difficulty Level: Medium 9. The ______ controls the release of our body’s stress hormone, cortisol.

A. PTA axis B. ADA axis C. HPA axis D. LOU axis Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Stress and Physical Illness Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Stephen finds the link between emotional stress and physical illness fascinating. In fact, he is a researcher who studies the interactions among behavior, the nervous system, and the immune system. Of the following fields, which is Stephen most likely associated with?

A. neurology B. immunology C. microbiology D. psychoneuroimmunology Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Stress and Physical Illness Difficulty Level: Medium 11. ______ has been defined as the process of managing demands that are appraised as exceeding the resources of the person.

A. Coping B. Social support C. Detoxification D. Chronic stress Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Stress and Coping Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Which of the following statements about stress and coping is NOT true?

A. Researchers propose there may be a disease-prone personality that predisposes people to stress-related illnesses.

B. An individual’s subjective perception of stress has little impact on their ability to cope.

C. Problem-focused coping emphasizes proactive, constructive attempts to take action about a stressful situation.

D. Both nature and nurture factors contribute to how well someone is able to cope with stress.

Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

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Answer Location: Stress and Coping Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Which of the following statements about social support is TRUE? A. Social support has no documented connection to psychological health or physical health.

B. Social support in the form of friendships enhances physical health, but social support in the forms of family relationships and romantic relationships weakens physical health.

C. Social support enhances psychological health but has no effect on physical health.

D. Social support is the perception that one has relationships that can provide support in a time of crisis.

Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Social Support Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Current estimates (e.g., Centers for Disease Control, 2016) indicate that about ______ of adult Americans are overweight or obese.

A. 18% B. 40% C. 67% D. 91% Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Weight Management Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Which of the following is NOT a component of the ABCDS approach to weight loss?

A. activity increase B. dietary change C. social support D. belief change Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Weight Management Difficulty Level: Medium 16. ______ is currently the single greatest cause of preventable death in the United States.

A. Stress B. Smoking C. Obesity D. Chronic fatigue Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Smoking

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Difficulty Level: Easy 17. ______ is a technique for promoting physical health in which patients write about what they value most in life.

A. Values affirmation B. Healthful writing C. Narrative weight management D. Parable telling Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Weight Management Difficulty Level: Medium 18. ______ has been shown to be both a significant detriment to smoking cessation and a significant predictor of relapse.

A. Use of nicotine gum or patches B. Social support C. The presence of smokers in one’s social group D. An irregular exercise schedule Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Smoking Difficulty Level: Medium 19. When the ABCs of relapse prevention are applied to smoking, “B” represents ______.

A. beliefs B. smoking C. benefits of smoking cessation D. physical exercise Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Smoking Difficulty Level: Medium 20. Rolland experiences negative symptoms, including headaches and irritability, when he does not consume alcohol. A health psychologist evaluating Rolland would describe this symptom as ______.

A. abuse B. dependence C. tolerance D. withdrawal Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Alcohol Use Difficulty Level: Medium

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21. Medically supervised detoxification is most commonly a component of the treatment of ______.

A. alcoholism B. smoking C. obesity D. chronic stress Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Alcohol Use Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Chronic pain is defined as pain that lasts at least ______.

A. 1 week B. 1 month C. 3 months D. 6 months Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Pain Management and Biofeedback Difficulty Level: Easy 23. A health psychologist who is using biofeedback with a patient is most likely treating ______.

A. alcohol dependence B. smoking C. chronic pain D. obesity Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Pain Management and Biofeedback Difficulty Level: Medium 24. The purpose of ______ is to achieve control over the body via educating patients about bodily processes of which they are typically unaware. Technology is used to convert some physiological functions into sights or sounds the patient can monitor.

A. biofeedback B. cognitive psychotherapy C. detoxification D. the ABCDS system Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Pain Management and Biofeedback Difficulty Level: Easy

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25. ______ represent(s) an economical and relatively quick alternative to biofeedback for pain management.

A. Relaxation training B. Transdermal patches C. Detoxification D. The ABCDS system Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Pain Management and Biofeedback Difficulty Level: Medium 26. Health psychologists can increase compliance with medical regimens by doing all of the following EXCEPT ______.

A. serving as liaisons between the medical provider and the patient B. thoroughly educating the patient on the proposed treatment C. aiding the patient in bolstering his or her social support systems D. applying the operant technique of positive punishment to inconsistent patients Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Compliance With Medical Regimens Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Health psychologists may play a significant role in helping patients cope with stress associated with ______.

A. surgery B. chemotherapy C. deep brain stimulation D. Health psychologists may assist patients with any of the other listed choices Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Coping With Medical Procedures Difficulty Level: Easy 28. When Lisa needs health-care services, she goes to a facility where she has a personal primary-care physician who is responsible for arranging her care with all other professionals housed in the same complex. Depending on her needs, her primary-care physician sends her to a chiropractor, occupational therapist, clinical psychologist, and so on. Lisa receives her care from a(n) ______.

A. HMO B. private practice cooperative C. patient-centered medical home D. state-run clinic Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: A Trend in Health Psychology: Patient-Centered Medical Homes Difficulty Level: Medium

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29. The diseases that cause the greatest danger for death within today’s society ______.

A. include tuberculosis and pneumonia B. feature behavioral components C. are HIV and the Zika virus D. are treatment-resistant sexually transmitted diseases Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Health Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 30. Smoking has proven to be a major risk factor for ______.

A. heart disease B. cancer C. stroke D. Smoking contributes risk to developing all of these choices Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Smoking Difficulty Level: Medium 31. Health psychologists can help patients cope with medical procedures by ______.

A. distracting the patient from learning about the medical procedure B. using cognitive-behavioral interventions to help the patient preemptively catastrophize possible negative outcomes C. using relaxation training and cognitive techniques to help the patient think differently about the unpleasantness of the situation D. maximizing child patients’ separation anxiety so they quickly reattach to their parents following surgery Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Coping With Medical Procedures Difficulty Level: Medium 32. ______, in which multiple types of care are found in one centralized location, have been proposed as a solution for delivering higher quality and more cost-effective primary care.

A. Patient-centered medical homes B. Primary-care clinics C. Family-centered care houses D. Government-run medicenters Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: A Trend in Health Psychology: Patient-Centered Medical Homes Difficulty Level: Medium

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Short Answer 1. ______ is an interdisciplinary field interested in the ways in which our minds influence our bodies.

Ans: Behavioral medicine Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definitions: Health Psychology Versus Behavioral Medicine Difficulty Level: Easy 2. What is the name of an organism’s response when it perceives a threat and its body rapidly mobilizes energy reserves via the sympathetic nervous system and endocrine system?

Ans: fight-or-flight system Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Stress Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The ______ controls the release of our body’s stress hormone, cortisol.

Ans: hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis) Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Stress Difficulty Level: Easy 4. What is the “A” component of the ABCDS of weight loss?

Ans: activity increase Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Clinical Applications Difficulty Level: Easy 5. A therapist who promotes physical health by having their patients write about the things they value most in life is using what technique?

Ans: values affirmation Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Clinical Applications Difficulty Level: Easy 6. What are the components of the ABCs of relapse prevention for smokers? (What do A, B, and C stand for?)

Ans: antecedent, behavior, consequence Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Clinical Applications Difficulty Level: Easy 7. ______ is when the body requires increasing amounts of alcohol to achieve the same effect (i.e., level of drunkenness).

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Ans: Tolerance Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Clinical Applications Difficulty Level: Easy 8. What type of facility has been proposed as a solution for delivering higher quality and more cost-effective primary care? This type of facility provides care that is patient centered, highly accessible and affordable, comprehensive, and coordinated.

Ans: patient-centered medical homes (PCMH) Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: A Trend in Health Psychology: Patient-Centered Medical Homes Difficulty Level: Easy Essay 1. What are several hypotheses proposed to explain how social support protects our health? Describe two of the three discussed in the textbook.

Ans: 1. The positive feelings associated with having social support allow us to perceive our stressors in a more manageable light. 2. Those who have strong social networks are more likely to confide in others; divulging our thoughts and feelings can be healthy.

3. Individuals who are touched and cuddled are significantly healthier and happier.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Clinical Applications Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Describe the health psychology technique known as values affirmation.

Ans: By writing about the things they value most in life (e.g., relationships and service to others), patients focus their attention to their sense of personal identity and self-worth.

These affirmations bolster self-control because concentrating on one’s highest, most cherished values may lead to a decrease in impulsive behavior that is only rewarding in the short term and inconsistent with those values. Self-control is bolstered.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Clinical Applications Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Briefly summarize the hypotheses offered to explain how social support positively influences physical health.

Ans: Positive feelings associated with social support allow us to perceive stressors in a more manageable light. Those with strong social connections are more likely to confide in others, which might be a specific behavior related to improved health. Social support correlates with physical touch, which might be a specific factor related to improved health.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Definitions: Clinical Applications Difficulty Level: Medium

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4. Culturally competent health psychologists appreciate that clients from diverse cultures may perceive their sickness as coming from any of four sources (identified by Huff, 1999). List these four sources and offer an example of each.

Ans: Within the patient: infection, injury; the natural world: toxins, climate-related factors; the social world: interpersonal conflict with significant others; the supernatural world: sorcery, witchcraft, ancestral spirits, vengeful gods.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cultural Factors in Health Psychology Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Define the five components of the ABCDS of weight loss as used by health psychologists. (What does each letter in the acronym stand for?)

Ans: A: activity increase; B: behavior change; C: cognitive change; D: dietary change; and S: social support.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Clinical Applications Difficulty Level: Medium

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Chapter 19: Forensic Psychology Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Forensic psychology is best defined as the application of psychological methods and principles ______.

A. within the legal system B. to issues related to physical health C. in an inpatient setting D. in a private law firm Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definition and History Difficulty Level: Easy 2. ______ psychologists can be involved in forensic psychology.

A. Clinical B. Clinical and cognitive C. Clinical, cognitive, and social D. All specializations except clinical Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Definition and History Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Which of the following statements is NOT true? Forensic psychology training opportunities include ______.

A. elective forensic courses in doctoral programs B. specialized forensic tracks in doctoral programs C. joint degree programs in law (JD) and psychology (PhD or PsyD) D. predoctoral, but not postdoctoral, internships that feature forensic training Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Definition and History Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Hugo Munsterberg is most closely associated with the field of ______.

A. health psychology B. pediatric psychology C. forensic psychology D. humanistic psychotherapy Ans: C

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Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definition and History Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Which of the following statements about Hugo Munsterberg is NOT true?

A. He wrote On the Witness Stand.

B. He demonstrated how psychological science could be applied in the legal arena.

C. He mentored the man who presented testimony in a case that created the first standard for expert testimony.

D. He practiced family law before developing an interest in forensic psychology.

Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Definition and History Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Clinical psychologists conducting assessments in forensic settings ______.

A. should build rapport by assuring the person being assessed that no information collected during the assessment can be used against him B. are rarely asked to determine the mental status of a defendant pleading not guilty by reason of insanity C. may be asked to assess for child custody, personal injury lawsuits, and workers’ compensation hearings D. must provide copies of the assessment report to the person being assessed, as well as any agency paying for the evaluation Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assessment Activities Difficulty Level: Medium 7. The relationship between forensic psychologists and their patients is often described as ______.

A. collaborative B. adversarial C. cooperative D. bifurcated Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definition and History Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Which of the following statements is NOT true? When conducting a forensic evaluation, ______.

A. psychologists should make clear the limits of confidentiality B. test data and results may become public, such as in the case of Mike Tyson C. it is permissible to disclose test results to the public if the assessed individual works for a national organization, such as the National Football League

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D. the person being assessed may not be entitled to see the results of the assessment Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Assessment Activities Difficulty Level: Medium 9. According to experts in forensic psychology, ______ tend to be considered unacceptable for assessments of defendants or criminals.

A. Wechsler intelligence tests B. projective personality tests C. the MMPI-2 and MCMI-IV D. objective personality tests Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Assessment Activities Difficulty Level: Medium 10. According to experts in forensic psychology, ______ tend to be endorsed most strongly for use in forensic evaluations.

A. Wechsler intelligence tests B. projective personality tests C. the TAT and RAT D. objective personality tests Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Assessment Activities Difficulty Level: Medium 11. According to Sageman (2003), forensic psychologists should possess specialized assessment skills, including ______.

A. skill related to litigation B. neuropsychological acumen C. mastery of projective assessment scoring D. training in interpretation of the Rorschach Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Assessment Activities Difficulty Level: Medium 12. ______, an issue that can arise in forensic psychology, occurs when the person being evaluated exaggerates or “fakes” symptoms in order to achieve some external benefit.

A. Confabulation B. Blindsiding C. Malingering D. Echopraxia

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Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Assessment Activities Difficulty Level: Easy 13. In forensic psychology, a method of predicting dangerousness that involves a statistical prediction based on objective variables, with little to no subjective data, is the ______ prediction method.

A. clinical B. historical C. actuarial D. individual Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Predicting Dangerousness Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Regarding the prediction of dangerousness, it is generally TRUE that ______.

A. individuals with more extensive arrest records are more likely to be dangerous than individuals with less extensive arrest records B. individuals with more social support are more likely to be dangerous than individuals with less social support C. clinical prediction methods are more accurate than statistical prediction methods D. past drug and alcohol abuse are relatively unimportant factors in predicting future dangerousness Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Predicting Dangerousness Difficulty Level: Medium 15. The prediction of dangerousness is particularly difficult because it happens so infrequently. This phenomenon is known as ______.

A. the Daubert dilemma B. the base rate problem C. voir dire D. scarceness creep Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Predicting Dangerousness Difficulty Level: Easy 16. A clinical psychologist conducting an NGRI evaluation is most interested in determining ______.

A. the mental status of the defendant at the time the crime was committed B. the likelihood that the defendant will behave dangerously in the future C. the current mental status of the defendant

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D. the fitness of the defendant to stand trial Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity (NGRI) Difficulty Level: Medium 17. The not guilty by reason of insanity defense ______.

A. is used frequently B. is successful in a majority of the instances in which it is used C. results in the defendant being released if the defense is successful D. was successfully used by John Hinckley following his attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity (NGRI) Difficulty Level: Medium 18. ______ was the first legal standard for the insanity defense in the history of the American legal system.

A. The M’Naghten test B. Voir dire C. The Munsterberg criteria D. The Daubert standards Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity (NGRI) Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Currently, legal standards for NGRI vary from state to state, but they all require that ______ is present and operating at the time of the offense.

A. schizophrenia B. a mental disease or defect C. intellectual disability D. intoxication with alcohol or another substance Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity (NGRI) Difficulty Level: Medium 20. In about half of U.S. states, a defendant can be found ______, a provision intended to provide a middle ground for jurors contemplating whether to assign criminal responsibility (and punishment) to defendants whose mental status is in question.

A. guilty but mentally ill B. not guilty by reason of insanity C. partially insane D. unknowably guilty

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Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity (NGRI) Difficulty Level: Medium 21. In child custody evaluations, the primary role of the ______ is to make sure that the rights of the child are protected.

A. forensic psychologist B. guardian ad litem C. voir dire D. none of these Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Child Custody Evaluations Difficulty Level: Easy 22. More than 90% of child custody evaluators use ______ during a typical evaluation.

A. clinical interviews with each parent B. clinical interviews with the children C. psychological testing of the parents D. a child custody evaluator typically uses all of the other response choices Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Child Custody Evaluation Difficulty Level: Medium 23. The legal case Dusky v. United States (1960) set the standard used throughout most of the United States regarding ______.

A. competency to stand trial B. NGRI evaluations C. the prediction of dangerousness D. child custody evaluation practices Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Competency to Stand Trial Difficulty Level: Medium 24. Currently, between ______ and ______ of all felony defendants undergo evaluations to determine if they are competent to stand trial.

A. 2%; 8% B. 19%; 22% C. 45%; 50% D. 73%; 81% Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Competency to Stand Trial

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Difficulty Level: Hard 25. The process whereby a person is involuntarily hospitalized because it is determined that their behavior is likely to represent a threat to their own welfare or the welfare of others is known as ______.

A. civil commitment B. functional evaluation C. actuarial prediction D. proactive restraint Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Commitment to Mental Institutions Difficulty Level: Easy 26. Clinical psychologists typically focus on four basic therapy tasks when providing treatment to forensic clients. Which of the following is NOT one of these four tasks?

A. crisis management B. outpatient psychotherapy C. interoceptive coping D. targeted programs Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Treatment of Forensic Clients Difficulty Level: Hard 27. When serving as expert witnesses, clinical psychologists should ______.

A. provide information that will support the case of the party that hired them B. accurately provide information based on available data, whether or not that information supports the case of the party that hired them C. refuse to participate in the voir dire process D. disregard the standards set forth in the APA ethical code Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Expert Witnesses Difficulty Level: Medium 28. The process by which an expert witness is approved for the court ______.

A. does not apply to clinical psychologists because they are exempt B. is called voir dire C. was established in 1945 by Dundlewood v. Georgia D. is so costly that most clinical psychologists refuse to serve as expert witnesses Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Expert Witnesses Difficulty Level: Easy

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29. According to the Daubert standards, ______.

A. individuals can be involuntarily hospitalized if they represent a threat to themselves, but not if they represent a threat to others B. testimony from an expert witness such as a clinical psychologist is admissible in court if it is generally accepted in the field, even if it is not reliable or valid C. testimony from an expert witness such as a clinical psychologist is admissible in court if it is reliable and valid, even if it is not generally accepted in the field D. the mental status of a defendant at the time of the trial is a more important factor than the mental status of a defendant at the time of the crime in NGRI evaluations Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Expert Witnesses Difficulty Level: Medium 29. One challenge for psychologists serving as expert witnesses is ______, in which they are asked to defend their statements while being questioned by an opposing attorney.

A. voir dire B. cross-examination C. de novo D. impeachment Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Expert Witnesses Difficulty Level: Medium 30. Which of the following statements about the rights of patients who are involuntarily committed is TRUE? A. In 1975, the Supreme Court ruled that duly licensed psychiatrists can involuntarily commit an individual for up to 2 years.

B. In 1982’s Youngberg v. Romeo, the Supreme Court expanded the rights of involuntarily committed patients to include freedom from unreasonable bodily restraints.

C. An involuntarily committed patient’s right to refuse medication cannot be overridden in any circumstances.

D. Until a ruling by a U.S. Appellate Court in 2007, lobotomies were performed on patients housed in most psychiatric facilities.

Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Patient’s Rights Difficulty Level: Medium 31. Clinical psychologists who consult with law enforcement agencies conduct ______.

A. fitness-for-duty evaluations B. preemployment evaluations C. psychotherapy

Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e SAGE Publishing, 2020

D. psychologists may conduct any of the other response choices with law enforcement agencies Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Consultations With Law Enforcement Difficulty Level: Easy 32. Surveys of psychologists who conduct child custody evaluations (e.g., Bow, 2006) suggest that ______.

A. psychological tests are rarely used B. interviews with parents and children are considered less important than psychological tests C. parent and child interviews are deemed less important that projective testing results D. more than 60% of evaluators conduct psychological testing with the children involved in such cases Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Child Custody Evaluations Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Fitness-for-duty evaluations are most typically conducted by clinical psychologists ______.

A. on applicants to the police force who are seriously being considered for employment B. on current police officers who have experienced a traumatic incident or who are struggling with a psychological disorder C. on current police officers who are being considered for promotion to a higher rank D. on current police officers whose weight has significantly increased in recent months Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Consultations With Law Enforcement Difficulty Level: Medium Short Answer 1. The application of psychological methods and principles within the legal system is known as ______.

Ans: forensic psychology Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definition and History Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Who wrote On the Witness Stand and presented testimony in a case that established the first standard for expert testimony?

Ans: Hugo Munsterberg Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definition and History

Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e SAGE Publishing, 2020

Difficulty Level: Easy 3. What name is given to statistical prediction methods used to predict dangerous?

Ans: actuarial prediction methods Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Forensic Activities of Clinical Psychologists Difficulty Level: Easy 4. What case established the competency-to-stand-trial standard that is used throughout most of the United States?

Ans: Dusky v. United States Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Forensic Activities of Clinical Psychologists Difficulty Level: Easy 5. What is the name of the process through which an expert witness is approved for the court?

Ans: voir dire Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Forensic Activities of Clinical Psychologists Difficulty Level: Easy 6. What is the current standard for the admissibility of expert testimony as evidence in the United States?

Ans: Daubert standards Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Forensic Activities of Clinical Psychologists Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Forensic psychologists may conduct ______ evaluations with police personnel following an extremely stressful experience by an officer, such as being shot.

Ans: fitness-for-duty Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Forensic Activities of Clinical Psychologists Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The prediction of dangerousness is particularly difficult because it happens so infrequently, a phenomenon known as the ______ problem.

Ans: base rate Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Forensic Activities of Clinical Psychologists Difficulty Level: Easy

Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e SAGE Publishing, 2020

Essay 1. What are at least two ways in which forensic psychologists must be sensitive to their patients’ varying abilities, knowledge, and beliefs stemming from diverse cultural backgrounds? Describe each.

Ans: Linguistic issues: Many forensic patients may not be fluent in English. Culturally specific definitions of sanity and insanity: Behaviors commonly viewed as psychosis in the United States may be viewed differently by members of various cultural groups.

Cultural limitations of psychological tests: Readability, language, and cultural representation in normative groups may limit the applicability of certain tests. Lack of familiarity with the U.S. judicial system: Patients may not fully understand the laws and judicial processes of the United States. Distrust of the legal system: Members of oppressed groups may be unwilling to cooperate in a forensic setting.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Forensic Activities of Clinical Psychologists Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Generally, how do the goals of clinical psychologists in forensic settings tend to differ from the goals of clinical psychologists in more traditional (e.g., therapy, assessment) settings?

Ans: In forensic settings, the goal is not necessarily to help the client, but to help the legal system. Forensic settings require a more detached, neutral, objective stance rather than the supportive, empathic approach more typical in other settings.

Additionally, the trust that is common to traditional settings for clinical psychologists is necessarily lacking in forensic work.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Forensic Activities of Clinical Psychologists Difficulty Level: Medium 3. How do clinical prediction methods of predicting dangerousness differ from actuarial prediction methods of predicting dangerousness?

Ans: Clinical prediction methods involve psychological tests, clinical interviews, clinical experience, and personal judgment--more subjective and individual, more flexible.

Actuarial prediction methods involve a statistical or actuarial formula compiled from a comparison of the individual’s characteristics (typically objective) with known correlations to future dangerousness--more objective and empirical, less flexible.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Forensic Activities of Clinical Psychologists Difficulty Level: Medium 4. What is the difference between the Frye standards and the Daubert standards regarding the admissibility of expert testimony?

Pomerantz, Clinical Psychology, 5e SAGE Publishing, 2020

Ans: Frye standards (generally applicable until 1993): Admissibility was based on general acceptance within the field. Daubert standards (generally applicable since 1993): Admissibility is based on reliability and validity, not general acceptance in the field.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Forensic Activities of Clinical Psychologists Difficulty Level: Medium