Answer Key

Testname: UNTITLED8

93)Several drugs (colchicine, nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, and others) that terminate or prevent gout attacks are available. Patients are advised to drink plenty of water and to avoid excessive alcohol consumption (which promotes uric acid overproduction) and foods high in purine - containing nucleic acids, such as liver, kidneys, and sardines.

94)a. hinge; flexion b. pivot; rotation c. ball and socket; adduction d. plane; inversion

95)The thumb's carpometacarpal joint is a biaxial saddle joint whereas the other carpometacarpal joints are plane joints with no angular freedom.

96)The ends of each bone are covered with hyaline cartilage that is continuous with the synovial membrane enclosing the joint. Synovial fluid fills the space between the articular cartilage. Outside the synovial membrane there is a very tough, fibrous capsule that prevents the synovial membrane from bulging out as pressure is applied to the ends of the bones.

97)Blood levels of uric acid increase due to excessive production or slow excretion. Males have higher blood levels of uric acid than females because estrogens are thought to increase the rate of uric acid excretion. When blood levels of uric acid rise excessively, it is deposited as needle - shaped urate crystals in the soft tissues of joints. This causes an inflammatory response and pain, typically at one joint at the base of the great big toe.

98)Rheumatoid arthritis

99)Greg has either stretched or torn his rotator cuff. He will be told to rest for a few months, and if the pain does not subside, surgery will be necessary. The rotator cuff is made up of four tendons that belong to the subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles and encircle the shoulder joint. They are vulnerable to damage when the arm is circumducted vigorously. Greg is obviously overdoing his activities by pitching multiple baseball games per week and playing golf on weekends.

100)A joint inflammation is always a symptom of an underlying problem such as cartilage or ligament damage, arthritis, etc. Continued injection might cause the patient to reinjure the area, or it might mask a more severe injury that may appear later.

101)The shapes of the articular surfaces may hinder rather than help joint stability. Ligaments can stretch and reduce stability. Muscle tendons are kept taut at all times by the tone of their muscle.

102)He might have suffered a shoulder dislocation since the shoulder joint has sacrificed stability for flexibility.

103)The doctor will perform arthroscopic surgery on Mary in order to view the interior of the joint. If she has severely damaged the meniscus, it can be removed with little impairment to the knee except some loss in stability. However, over the long term, the lack of weight distribution by the missing meniscus increases the likelihood of osteoarthritis in her knee. Mary might consider taking up swimming instead.

104)Farhad is suffering from tendonitis. If he continues to use the keyboard incorrectly, the tendonitis could develop into the more serious condition called carpal tunnel syndrome.

105)Alexis is suffering from dislocation of her temporomandibular joint (TMJ), which was probably exacerbated by her grinding her teeth. Treatment includes relaxation of the jaw muscles using massage, muscle - relaxant drugs, heat or cold, or stress reduction techniques. Use of a mouth guard at night may also help.

106)In the shoulder joint, stability has been sacrificed to provide the most freely moving joint of the body. The shoulder joint is a ball - and- socket joint. Shoulder dislocations are fairly common; therefore, forces that are not under the patient's control should be avoided.

107)Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, and inflammatory disorder. RA is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissue. RA begins with inflammation of the synovial membrane of the affected joints. Fluid accumulates, causing joint swelling. The doctor should explain that RA is a chronic crippling disease with joint stiffening (ankylosis) resulting in restriction of joint movement and extreme pain.

108)Susan should consider Lyme disease and test for it. Treatment is taking antibiotics for 3 to 6 months.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Using Figure 9.1, match the following:

1)Connective tissue sheath surrounding individual muscle fibers.1)

2)Bundle of muscle cells surrounded by a perimysium.2)

3)Connective tissue covering the exterior of a muscle organ.3)

4)Connective tissue surrounding muscle fiber bundles.4)

5)Individual muscle fiber.5)

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

Match the following:

11)Depend on oxygen delivery and aerobic mechanisms.

12)Have very fast- acting myosin ATPases and depend upon aerobic metabolism during contraction.

13)Red fibers, the smallest of the fiber types.

14)Contain abundant amounts of glycogen.

15)Abundant in muscles used to maintain posture.

16)A relatively high percentage are found in successful marathon runners.

Match the following:

17)When muscle tension develops but the load is not moved.

18)Determined by alternating motor units of a muscle organ even when the muscle is at rest.

19)Continued sustained smooth contraction due to rapid stimulation.

20)When the muscle tension developed overcomes the load and muscle shortening occurs.

21)How a smooth increase in muscle force is produced.

A)Fast (glycolytic), fatigable fibers

B)Fast (oxidative), fatigue - resistant fibers

C)Slow (oxidative), fatigue - resistant fibers

Match the following:

22)A sarcomere is the distance between two ________.

23)The ________ contains only the actin filaments.

24)The thicker filaments are the ________ filaments.

25)Both actin and myosin are found in the ________.

26)The myosin filaments are located in the ________.

Match the following:

27)The final chemical messenger and "trigger" for muscle contraction. It binds to troponin.

28)A neurotransmitter released at motor end plates by the axon terminals.

29)It diffuses across the cell membrane resulting in depolarization.

30)Activates synaptic vesicles in axon terminals to fuse with plasma membrane of axon terminal.

31)Where the axon of a motor neuron connects with the muscle fibers.

32)Breaks down ACh into its building blocks, rendering it inactive.

Match the sport to the energy system primarily used to perform the activity:

33)Marathons.

35)Weight

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

36)Once a motor neuron has fired, all the muscle fibers in a muscle contract.36)

37)The thin filaments (actin) contain a polypeptide subunit G actin that bears active sites for myosin attachment. 37)

38)The force of muscle contraction is controlled by multiple motor unit summation or recruitment.38)

39)A skeletal muscle contracts with varying force and length of time in response to the body's needs at the time. 39)

40)A motor neuron and all the muscle cells that it stimulates are referred to as a motor end plate.40)

41)Peristalsis is characteristic of smooth muscle.41)

42)A contraction in which the muscle does not shorten but its tension increases is called isometric contraction. 42)

43)Muscle cells store more creatine phosphate than ATP resulting in the muscle having a reserve source of energy. 43)

44)During isometric contraction, the energy used appears as movement.44)

45)One of the functions of skeletal muscle contraction is production of heat.45)

46)An increase in the calcium ion level in the sarcoplasm starts the sliding of the thin filaments. When the level of calcium ions declines, sliding stops.

47)Muscle contraction will always promote movement of body parts regardless of how they are attached.

48)Although there are no sarcomeres, smooth muscle still possesses thick and thin filaments.48)

49)Muscle tone is the small amount of tautness or tension in the muscle due to weak, involuntary contractions of its motor units.

50)Cells of unitary smooth muscle are found in the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the intestine.

51)Excitability is the ability of a cell to receive and respond to stimulus by changing its membrane potential.

52)The effect of a neurotransmitter on the muscle cell membrane is to modify its ion permeability properties temporarily.

53)When a muscle fiber contracts, the I bands diminish in size, the H zones disappear, and the A bands do not diminish in length.

54)Cardiac muscle has a limited regenerative

55)Smooth muscles relax when intracellular Ca 2 + levels drop but may not cease contractions.55)

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

56)What is the role of tropomyosin in skeletal muscles?

A)Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules.

B)Tropomyosin is the chemical that activates the myosin heads.

C)Tropomyosin is the receptor for the motor neuron neurotransmitter.

D)Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the actin binding sites on the myosin molecules.

57)Which muscle cells have the greatest ability to regenerate?

A)smoothB)cardiac

C)skeletalD)no muscle can regenerate

58)Most skeletal muscles contain ________.

A)a predominance of slow oxidative fibersB)a mixture of fiber types

C)muscle fibers of the same typeD)a predominance of fast oxidative fibers

59)The strongest muscle contractions are normally achieved by ________.

A)increasing stimulus above the treppe stimulus

B)increasing stimulus above the threshold

C)recruiting small and medium muscle fibers

D)increasing the stimulation up to the maximal stimulus

60)Which of the following would be recruited later in muscle stimulation when contractile strength increases?

A)motor units with larger, less excitable neurons

B)many small motor units with the ability to stimulate other motor units

C)large motor units with small, highly excitable neurons

D)motor units with the longest muscle fibers

61)Which of the following is a factor that affects the velocity and duration of muscle contraction?

A)muscle lengthB)number of muscle fibers stimulated

C)size of the muscle fibers stimulatedD)load on the fiber

62)Myoglobin ________.

A)stores oxygen in muscle cells

B) breaks down glycogen

C)produces the end plate potential

D)is a protein involved in the direct phosphorylation of ADP

63)What structure in skeletal muscle cells functions in calcium storage?

A)sarcoplasmic reticulumB)myofibrillar network

C)intermediate filament networkD)mitochondria

64)What does excess postexercise oxygen consumption represent?

A)the difference between the amount of oxygen needed for totally aerobic muscle activity and the amount actually used

B)the amount of oxygen taken into the body immediately after the exertion

C)the amount of oxygen equal to the oxygen already used

D)amount of oxygen needed for aerobic activity to accomplish the same amount of work

65)Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period called the ________ period during which the neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis, diffuses across the synaptic cleft, and binds to its receptors. A)refractoryB)latentC)contractionD)relaxation

66)Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by ________.

A)storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP

B)forming a chemical compound with actin

C)inducing a conformational change in the myofilaments

D)forming a temporary chemical compound with myosin

67)What is the primary function of wave summation?

A)prevent muscle fatigue

B)prevent muscle relaxation

C)increase muscle tension

D)produce smooth, continuous muscle contraction

68)During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to which active sites?

69)Which of the following surrounds an individual muscle cell?

70)Rigor mortis occurs because ________.

A)sodium ions leak into the muscle causing continued contractions

B)no ATP is available to release attached actin and myosin molecules

C)the cells are dead

D)proteins are beginning to break down, thus preventing a flow of calcium ions

71)The oxygen- binding protein found in muscle cells is ________.

72)The contractile units of skeletal muscles are ________.

73)Sarcomeres are functional units of ________ muscle.

74)What is the functional role of the T tubules?

A)enhance cellular communication during muscle contraction

B)hold cross bridges in place in a resting muscle

C)synthesize ATP to provide energy for muscle contraction

D)stabilize the G and F actin

75)During vigorous exercise, there may be insufficient oxygen available to completely break down pyruvic acid for energy. As a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to ________.

A)stearic acidB)a strong base

C)lactic acidD)hydrochloric acid

76)When a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily, it is in which of the following periods?

A)refractory periodB)latent period

C)fatigue periodD)relaxation period

77)In an isotonic contraction, the muscle ________.

A)changes in length and moves the "load"

B)does not change in length but increases tension

C)rapidly resynthesizes creatine phosphate and ATP

D)never converts pyruvate to lactate

78)Which of the following is the correct sequence of events for muscle contractions?

A)motor neuron action potential, neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, release of calcium ions from SR, ATP - driven power stroke, sliding of myofilaments

B)muscle cell action potential, neurotransmitter release, ATP - driven power stroke, calcium ion release from SR, sliding of myofilaments

C)neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, motor neuron action potential, release of calcium ions from SR, sliding of myofilaments, ATP - driven power stroke

D)neurotransmitter release, motor neuron action potential, muscle cell action potential, release of calcium ions from SR, ATP - driven power stroke

79)The mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle is different from skeletal muscle in that ________.

A)the site of calcium binding site differs

B)the trigger for contraction is a rise in intracellular calcium

C)actin and myosin interact by the sliding filament mechanism

D)ATP energizes the sliding process

80)Which of the following describes the cells of unitary smooth muscle?

A)They are used for vision and hair raising.

B)They depend upon recruitment using the autonomic nervous system.

C)They consist of muscle fibers that are structurally independent of each other.

D)They exhibit spontaneous action potentials.

81)Which of the following is true about smooth muscle?

A)Smooth muscle has well- developed T tubules at the site of invagination.

B)Smooth muscle, in contrast to skeletal muscle, cannot synthesize or secrete any connective tissue elements.

C)Smooth muscle cannot stretch as much as skeletal muscle.

D)Certain smooth muscle cells can actually divide to increase their numbers.

82)Smooth muscle is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A)it appears to lack troponin

B)there are more thick filaments than thin filaments

C)there are noncontractile intermediate filaments that attach to dense bodies within the cell

D)there are no sarcomeres

83)The ability of muscle to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated is known as ________, and sets muscle apart from other tissue types.

A)elasticityB)extensibilityC)contractilityD)excitability

84)Which of the following statements is true?

A)Cardiac muscle cells have many nuclei.

B)Cardiac muscle cells are found in the heart and large blood vessels.

C)Smooth muscle cells have T tubules.

D)Striated muscle cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei.

85)An anaerobic metabolic pathway that results in the production of two net ATPs per glucose plus two pyruvic acid molecules is ________.

A)hydrolysisB)the electron transport chain

C)the citric acid cycleD)glycolysis

86)Muscle tone is ________.

A)the condition of athletes after intensive training

B)a state of sustained partial contraction

C)the feeling of well- being following exercise

D)the ability of a muscle to efficiently cause skeletal movements

87)The sliding filament model of contraction involves ________.

A)actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlapping

B)actin and myosin lengthening in order to slide past each other

C)the shortening of thick filaments so that thin filaments slide past

D)the Z discs sliding over the myofilaments

88)After nervous stimulation stops, what prevents ACh in the synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction?

A)the action potential stops going down the overloaded T tubules

B)acetylcholinesterase breaks apart the ACh

C)calcium ions returning to the terminal cisternae

D)the tropomyosin blocking the myosin once full contraction is achieved

89)Which of the following is the correct order for the phases of a muscle twitch?

A)latent, contraction, relaxationB)latent, relaxation, contraction

C)relaxation, contraction, latentD)contraction, relaxation, latent

90)What is the most distinguishing characteristic of muscle tissue?

A)It is composed of multiple cells working together.

B)the ability to respond to nervous stimulation

C)the ability to transform chemical energy into mechanical energy to move the body

D)its cells' inability to reproduce by mitosis

91)Of the following muscle types, which has the longest muscle cells and has obvious stripes called striations?

A)multiunit smooth muscleB)visceral smooth muscle

C)cardiac muscleD)skeletal muscle

92)Hypothetically, if a muscle were stretched to the point where thick and thin filaments no longer overlapped, ________.

A)ATP consumption would increase because the sarcomere is "trying" to contract

B)cross bridge attachment would be optimum because of all the free binding sites on actin

C)no muscle tension could be generated

D)maximum force production would result because the muscle has a maximum range of travel

93)What part of the sarcolemma contains acetylcholine receptors?

A)part adjacent to another muscle cellB)end of the muscle fiber

C)motor end plateD)any part of the sarcolemma

94)Although all the anatomical parts of muscle work together to give it its characteristics, which of the following proteins listed below would be most associated with the characteristics of extensibility?

A)potassium (K+ ) leak channels

B)elastic (titin) filaments

C)thick (myosin) filaments

D)acetylcholine receptors in the motor end plate

95)Although all the anatomical parts of muscle work together to give it it's characteristics, which of the following proteins listed below would be most associated with the characteristics of excitability?

A)actin of thin filaments

B)elastic (titin) filaments

C)the Na + - K+ pump

D)acetylcholine receptors in the motor end plate

96)Although all the anatomical parts of muscle work together to give it it's characteristics, which of the following proteins listed below would be most associated with the characteristics of contractility?

A)voltage gated sodium channelsB)elastic (titin) filaments

C)potassium (K + ) leak channelsD)thick (myosin) filaments

97)Oxygen starved tissues can release chemical signals into the blood that can change the diameter of nearby blood vessels delivering oxygen and nutrients to the tissues. In doing so, the blood vessels will respond through vasodilation (widening of the vessel). Which muscle type is responsible for this vasodilation?

A)cardiac muscleB)skeletal muscleC)striated muscleD)smooth muscle

98)Of the following items listed below, which is the best description for why skeletal muscle stores glycogen?

A)Glycogen provides a smooth surface for filaments to slide on.

B)Glycogen is part of muscles rigid supporting framework.

C)The glycogen is an insulating layer that helps regulate body temperature.

D)Skeletal muscle is a heavy consumer of energy.

99)During development embryonic cells will fuse to form muscle fibers. This will result in ________.

A)interlocking of cells that can prevent the filaments from sliding

B)the striations that appear in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues

C)the coordination of nerve signals to muscle fibers

D)multinucleated muscle fibers that can extend as long as 30 centimeters

100)Approximately 80% of a muscle fiber's volume are the myofibrils. This characteristic reflects muscles ability to ________.

A)produce movement through contractile force

B)produce relatively high amounts of ATP

C)generate and propagate action potential

D)store oxygen molecules that can be used in aerobic respiration

101)Troponin, a major protein in thin filaments, is a globular protein with three polypeptide subunits. Which of the following is NOT a function of the troponin?

A)One subunit binds to calcium ions.

B)One subunit binds to potassium ions.

C)One subunit attaches troponin to actin.

D)One subunit binds tropomyosin and helps position it on actin.

102)Curare is a poisonous plant extract. Curare molecules have a chemical structure like the neurotransmitter ACh. Curare can bind to the ACh receptor site on the chemically gated ion channels in the motor end plate. Even though curare will bind to the receptor site it will not open the ion channel and no ions will pass through. What do you think the symptoms of curare poisoning would look like?

A)Curare will only affect muscles with ACh receptors, paralyzing them.

B)Curare will only affect cardiac muscle, causing fibrillations of the heart.

C)Smooth muscles will become stimulated causing quick movement of nutrients through the digestive system.

D)Muscles will respond too quickly and cause a severe tremor.

103)Myasthenia gravis is a disease that is believed to be caused by autoimmune disorder, resulting in the loss of ACh receptors at the motor end plate of muscle fibers. Which of the following is likely to be a symptom of myasthenia gravis?

A)coma and loss of voluntary muscle movement

B)seizures and uncontrollable muscle movement

C)dehydration with headache

D)weakness of muscle

104)Which of the following statements best illustrates the fact that skeletal muscle is voluntary muscle?

A)Skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by somatic motor neurons.

B)Skeletal muscle is wrapped in several layers of connective tissue. The deepest layer being the endomysium.

C)The shivering reflex aids in maintaining body temperature.

D)Skeletal muscle appears striated due to the structure of the sarcomeres.

105)If a muscle fiber were to suddenly and permanently stop producing ATP the fiber would no longer be able to actively transport calcium out of the cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) and the intracellular calcium concentration would rise. Which of the following would you expect to happen?

A)The fiber would twitch uncontrollably due to excessive calcium bound to troponin.

B)Calcium would be transported to the sarcoplasmic reticulum therefore contractions would cease.

C)Myosin would be able to bind to the exposed binding sites on thin filaments but it would not be able to detach.

D)No change would occur in a muscle that was relaxed to begin with.

106)When a sarcomere contracts and thin filaments move over thick filaments you would expect to see ________.

A)the I bands to appear smallerB)the H zone to appear wider

C)the A band to appear darkerD)the I bands to appear wider

107)Addition of more myoglobin to a muscle fiber would have the largest effect on ________.

A)fast oxidative and slow oxidative fibersB)fast oxidative fibers only

C)fast glycolytic fibers onlyD)fast glycolytic and fast oxidative fibers

108)Exhaustion of glycogen storage within a muscle fiber would have the biggest effect on ________.

A)slow oxidative fibersB)fast glycolytic fibers

C)fast oxidative fibersD) both slow and fast oxidative fibers

109)Reduction in blood flow to a muscle fiber would have the greatest effect on ________.

A)fast oxidative fibersB) both slow and fast oxidative

C)slow oxidative fibersD)fast glycolytic

110)A potential benefit of recruiting slow oxidative fibers for contraction before recruiting fast oxidative and fast glycolytic fibers might be ________.

A) because they are slower to respond, slow oxidative fibers must be stimulated first in order to contract simultaneously with the faster fibers

B)recruiting slow oxidative fibers early helps to tire them out first so that they won't interfere with the more powerful contractions of fast glycolytic fibers

C)to allow for fine control with delicate contractile force with a small stimulus

D)There is little to no benefit from recruiting slow oxidative fibers first, and therefore it is in fact fast glycolytic fibers that will be recruited first.

111)Addition of more mitochondria to a muscle fiber will have the greatest effect on ________.

A)slow oxidative fibersB)fast glycolytic fibers

C)fast oxidative fibersD) both slow and fast oxidative fibers

112)If given the exact same amount of ATP, which of the three fiber types would be able to contract for the longest amount of time?

A)fast oxidative fibers

B)fast glycolytic fibers

C) both fast glycolytic and fast oxidative fibers

D)slow oxidative fibers

113)The 100 - meter dash is a quick and short run requiring explosive speed. On completion of the dash, the runners will continue to breathe hard for several seconds to minutes even though they are no longer running. Which of the following is the best explanation for why this is so?

A)The runners' fast oxidative muscles are so slow to utilize oxygen, they only begin aerobic respiration by the time the run has finished.

B)Slow oxidative fibers are recruited last and have only started to work at completion of the run.

C)The runners' use of stored oxygen, glucose, and creatine phosphate is being replenished and this requires a prolonged increase of oxygen intake.

D)Since the exercise was mostly aerobic exercise, the runners' bodies have not yet realized the run is over.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

114)Only ________ muscle cells are multinucleated.114)

115)The end of the muscle that is attached to the part of the body in motion when a muscle contracts is called the ________. 115)

116)The enzyme ________ is present in the synaptic cleft at the neuromuscular junction. Its activity stops the neurotransmitters stimulation. 116)

117)Which cells help repair injured skeletal muscle fibers and allows regeneration of dead skeletal muscle? 117)

118)Only ________ muscle cells have intercalated discs at their gap junctions.118)

119)A smooth, sustained contraction from rapid stimulation of skeletal muscle fibers is called ________. 119)

120)Define muscle fatigue.120)

121)Describe two ways in which the lack of ATP production results in rigor mortis.121)

122)What ultimately stops muscle stimulation when the motor neuron ceases firing?122)

123)Describe the anatomical parts of the muscle triad and how the function of these organelles work together to initiate contraction. 123)

124)Briefly explain the sources of energy for a one - minute sustained muscle contraction.124)

125)Caveolae are an anatomical feature of smooth muscle. Describe this anatomical feature and specifically how it improves smooth muscles' response to nervous stimulation 125)

126)How is it that norepinephrine (NE) can inhibit smooth muscle action in airways, yet stimulate contractions in smooth muscles everywhere else in the body? 126)

127)Describe how the unique contractile mechanism of smooth muscle allows it to contract and remain in a contracted state for long periods of time with relatively little energy expenditure.

128)Describe the difference between muscle tension, muscle contraction and a muscle twitch.128)

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

129)Gary was injured in an automobile accident that severed the motor neurons innervating his quadriceps. Even though he has had extensive physical therapy, he is still suffering from muscle atrophy. Why is the therapy not working?

130)Aaron arrived at the hospital with the following symptoms: drooping eyelids; fatigue and weakness of his muscles; and difficulty talking, breathing, and swallowing. What was his diagnosis?

131)Lynn has been waking up each night with intense pain in her calves. She does not feel that it is serious enough to seek medical attention but would like to know what is causing the pain. What would you tell her concerning this problem? She has been playing tennis all summer for several hours each day. Could this have anything to do with the night pain?

132)After much delayed removal of an elbow cast, Lauren noticed her arm was immovable. What happened to her arm?

133)When a geriatric patient is admitted to the postsurgical unit, an important nursing measure is to prevent the loss of muscle mass. What is the term used for loss of muscle mass and how can the patient prevent it?

134)A patient has no peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract. Explain a possible complication of this condition.

135)The nurse encourages the patient to do his own activities of daily living such as bathing, eating, dressing, and toileting activities. How do these activities promote physical conditioning?

136)A 5- year- old male is diagnosed with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Discuss what this means in terms of the boy's muscles and what should his parents expect to observe.