Test Bank for Criminal Justice Today 17th Edition by Frank Schmalleger All Chapters 1-18 by ACADEMIAMILL

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 17e (Schmalleger) Chapter 1 What Is Criminal Justice? 1.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Social ________ is a condition said to exist when a group is faced with social change, uneven development of culture, maladaptiveness, disharmony, conflict, and lack of consensus. A) order B) chaos C) organization D) disorganization Answer: D Page Ref: 4 Objective: Summarize the history of crime in America and corresponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Basic 2) ________ rights are guaranteed to all members of American society by the U.S. Constitution and are particularly important to criminal defendants facing formal processing by the criminal justice system. A) Social B) Group C) Individual D) Public order Answer: C Page Ref: 4 Objective: Summarize the history of crime in America and corresponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Basic 3) Who created a cabinet-level "drug czar" position to coordinate the "war on drugs"? A) Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor B) President Ronald Reagan C) Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas D) President George H. W. Bush Answer: B Page Ref: 5 Objective: Summarize the history of crime in America and corresponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Basic

4) In the 1990s, the perception that crime rates were increasing and that offenders were not being punished resulted in an increased focus on ________. A) social justice B) individual accountability C) due process D) the consensus model Answer: B Page Ref: 6 Objective: Summarize the history of crime in America and corresponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Intermediate 5) Currently, we are seeing a decline in which types of crime? A) Gun-related crimes B) Internet-based crimes C) Traditional crimes D) Inner-city murders Answer: C Page Ref: 6-7 Objective: Summarize the history of crime in America and corresponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Intermediate 6) A person who believes that under certain circumstances involving a criminal threat to public safety, the interests of society should take precedence over individual rights is a(n) ________ advocate. A) social justice B) public-order C) individual-rights D) civil justice Answer: B Page Ref: 9 Objective: Describe the public-order (crime control) and individual-rights (due process) perspectives of criminal justice, concluding with how the criminal justice system balances the two perspectives. Level: Basic

7) ________ is an ideal that embraces all aspects of civilized life and is linked to fundamental notions of fairness and cultural beliefs about right and wrong. A) Public-order advocacy B) Individual-rights advocacy C) Social justice D) Civil justice Answer: C Page Ref: 10 Objective: Explain the relationship of criminal justice to general concepts of equity and fairness. Level: Basic 8) Which model best assumes that the system's components work together harmoniously to achieve justice? A) The due process model B) The conflict model C) The individual rights model D) The consensus model Answer: D Page Ref: 12 Objective: Describe the American criminal justice system in terms of its three major components and their respective functions. Level: Intermediate 9) The idea of a criminal justice nonsystem, in which different criminal justice agencies focus more on performance measures than on justice, is the basis of the ________ model. A) conflict B) due process C) consensus D) social justice Answer: A Page Ref: 16 Objective: Describe the American criminal justice system in terms of its three major components and their respective functions. Level: Basic 10) A(n) ________ issued by a judge provides the legal basis for an apprehension of suspects by police. A) warrant B) indictment C) arraignment D) hearing Answer: A Page Ref: 17 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 3 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

11) Before being questioned, defendants are usually advised of their ________ rights. A) civil B) individual C) political D) Miranda Answer: D Page Ref: 17 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 12) During which stage in the criminal justice process are suspects photographed and fingerprinted? A) Arraignment B) Indictment C) Preliminary Hearing D) Booking Answer: D Page Ref: 17 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 13) One purpose of the ________ is to provide an opportunity for bail. A) adjudication B) preliminary hearing C) first appearance D) indictment Answer: C Page Ref: 17-18 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Intermediate 14) By returning an indictment, the grand jury has determined that ________. A) the defendant is guilty of the crime B) there is probable cause to formally charge the defendant with the crime C) the defendant should be released on recognizance until the trial date D) the proposed plea bargain is unacceptable and may not be approved Answer: B Page Ref: 18 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Difficult

15) The ________ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution gives every defendant the right to a trial by jury. A) Fourth B) Fifth C) Sixth D) Eighth Answer: C Page Ref: 19 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 16) In which of the following situations can a bench trial occur? A) The defendant waives their right to a trial by jury. B) The court decides that a trial by jury is not necessary in this case. C) Publicity has made it impossible to select an unbiased jury. D) The judge determines that a jury trial would be too expensive and time-consuming. Answer: A Page Ref: 20 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Intermediate 17) An offender is convicted of multiple crimes and is sentenced for each offense. A ________ sentence permits the offender to serve all sentences at the same time. A) consecutive B) single C) concurrent D) simultaneous Answer: C Page Ref: 20 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 18) Offenders who have served a portion of their prison sentences may be released on ________. A) probation B) bail C) an indictment D) parole Answer: D Page Ref: 21 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic

19) Due process refers to ________. A) multiculturalism B) evidence-based practices C) adversarial justice D) procedural fairness Answer: D Page Ref: 21 Objective: Define due process of law, including where the American legal system guarantees due process. Level: Basic 20) Which Supreme Court era is remembered for its concern with protecting the innocent against massive power of the state in criminal proceedings? A) Warren Court B) Roberts Court C) Burger Court D) Rehnquist Court Answer: A Page Ref: 21 Objective: Define due process of law, including where the American legal system guarantees due process. Level: Basic 21) The ________ model emphasizes the efficient arrest and conviction of criminal offenders. A) social control B) due process C) crime-control D) conflict Answer: C Page Ref: 22 Objective: Define due process of law, including where the American legal system guarantees due process. Level: Basic 22) Crime fighting strategies that have been scientifically tested and are based on social science research are known as ________. A) procedural strategies B) social justice C) sentinel events D) evidence-based practice Answer: D Page Ref: 23 Objective: Describe the role of evidence-based practice in contemporary criminal justice. Level: Basic

23) ________ is the scientific study of the causes and prevention of crime and the rehabilitation and punishment of offenders. A) Criminal justice B) Criminology C) Social justice D) Multiculturalism Answer: B Page Ref: 26 Objective: Describe the role of evidence-based practice in contemporary criminal justice. Level: Basic 24) Multiculturalism is one form of ________. A) traditionalism B) diversity C) homogeneity D) ethnocentrism Answer: B Page Ref: 27 Objective: Explain how multiculturalism and social diversity present challenges to and opportunities for the American system of criminal justice. Level: Intermediate 25) A police officer working in a multicultural community requires a high level of ________ to be able to interact effectively with everyone in the community. A) cultural competence B) diversity C) homogeneity D) ethnocentrism Answer: A Page Ref: 28 Objective: Explain how multiculturalism and social diversity present challenges to and opportunities for the American system of criminal justice. Level: Intermediate 1.2 True/False Questions 1) A crime is a behavior for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 3 Objective: Summarize the history of crime in America and corresponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Basic

2) The emphasis on individual rights in the 1960s was associated with a decrease in reported crime. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 4 Objective: Summarize the history of crime in America and corresponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Basic 3) In the mid-1980s, the sale and use of illicit drugs was at an all-time low. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 4 Objective: Summarize the history of crime in America and corresponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Basic 4) Today we are seeing a resurgence of traditional crimes. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 6-7 Objective: Summarize the history of crime in America and corresponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Basic 5) In the late 20th century, public perspectives shifted towards seeing the criminal as a dangerous social predator rather than an unfortunate victim of social and personal circumstances. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 8 Objective: Describe the public-order (crime-control) and individual-rights (due process) perspectives of criminal justice. Level: Intermediate 6) A public-order advocate supports the interests of society over individual rights. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 9 Objective: Describe the public-order (crime-control) and individual-rights (due process) perspectives of criminal justice. Level: Basic 7) The administration of justice focuses on the laws of civil procedure and the various procedures and activities relating to fairness in relationship between citizens, government agencies, and businesses in private matters. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 10 Objective: Explain the relationship of criminal justice to general concepts of equity and fairness. Level: Basic

8) Civil justice concerns itself with fairness in relationships among citizens, government agencies, and businesses in private matters. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 10 Objective: Explain the relationship of criminal justice to general concepts of equity and fairness. Level: Basic 9) The systems model of criminal justice is an accurate representation of how the criminal justice system works. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 14 Objective: Describe the American criminal justice system in terms of its three major components and their respective functions. Level: Intermediate 10) The consensus model is a perspective that assumes that the criminal justice system's components work together harmoniously to achieve the social product we call justice. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 12, 14 Objective: Describe the American criminal justice system in terms of its three major components and their respective functions. Level: Basic 11) The conflict model assumes that the criminal justice system's components function primarily to serve their own interests. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 14, 16 Objective: Describe the American criminal justice system in terms of its three major components and their respective functions. Level: Basic 12) The purpose of the first appearance is to determine if there is enough evidence against the defendant to continue the criminal justice process. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 17-18 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 13) In some states, the prosecutor may seek to continue the case against a defendant by filing an information with the court. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 18 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Intermediate 9 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

14) The grand jury system is required to follow the same procedural rules as a criminal trial. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 19 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 15) A judge is required to accept a guilty plea. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 19 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Intermediate 16) The majority of sentences are imposed in criminal cases after defendants have been found guilty at trial. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 18 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 17) An offender who is found guilty of multiple charges and who is serving one sentence after another one is completed has been given a consecutive sentence. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 20 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 18) Bench trials use more jurors than normal jury trials. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 20 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 19) Due process is specifically guaranteed only in the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 21 Objective: Define due process of law, including where the American legal system guarantees due process. Level: Basic

20) The crime-control model emphasizes the efficient arrest and conviction of criminal offenders. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 22 Objective: Define due process of law, including where the American legal system guarantees due process. Level: Basic 21) The public health model tries to provide the maximum benefit for the most people. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 23 Objective: Define due process of law, including where the American legal system guarantees due process. Level: Basic 22) Evidence-based practice refers to evidence of a crime that may be used at trial. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 23 Objective: Describe the role of evidence-based practice in contemporary criminal justice. Level: Basic 23) Criminal justice as an academic discipline began when criminal justice courses were offered to NYPD officers in universities in New York City. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 26 Objective: Describe the role of evidence-based practice in contemporary criminal justice. Level: Basic 24) In a society that respects and encourages diversity, all lifestyle choices are seen as equally socially acceptable. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 27-28 Objective: Explain how multiculturalism and social diversity present challenges to and opportunities for the American system of criminal justice. Level: Intermediate 25) Cultural competence helps ensure everyone's needs are met. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 28 Objective: Explain how multiculturalism and social diversity present challenges to and opportunities for the American system of criminal justice. Level: Basic

1.3 Fill in the Blank Questions 1) Social ________ is a condition that is said to exist when a group is faced with social change, conflict, and a lack of consensus. Answer: disorganization Page Ref: 4 Objective: Summarize the history of crime in America and corresponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Basic 2) ________ justice is linked to notions of fairness and cultural beliefs about right and wrong. Answer: Social Page Ref: 10 Objective: Explain the relationship of criminal justice to general concepts of equity and fairness. Level: Basic 3) The ________ model of criminal justice assumes that each of the component parts strive toward a common goal. Answer: consensus Page Ref: 12,14 Objective: Describe the American criminal justice system in terms of its three major components and their respective functions. Level: Basic 4) An individual who believes that the various criminal justice agencies have different and competing goals would probably adhere to the ________ model of criminal justice. Answer: conflict Page Ref: 14, 16 Objective: Describe the American criminal justice system in terms of its three major components and their respective functions. Level: Intermediate 5) A(n) ________ issued by a judge provides the legal basis for the police to apprehend a suspect. Answer: warrant Page Ref: 17 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic

6) During the ________ hearing, the judge determines if there is probable cause to believe a crime was committed and that the defendant committed it. Answer: preliminary Page Ref: 18 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 7) The defendant is asked to enter a plea at the ________. Answer: arraignment Page Ref: 19 Objective: Describe the American criminal justice system in terms of its three major components and their respective functions. Level: Basic 8) A(n) ________ trial does not involve a jury. Answer: bench Page Ref: 20 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 9) A(n) ________ sentence involves serving two sentences at the same time. Answer: consecutive Page Ref: 20 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 10) Due process means ________ fairness. Answer: procedural Page Ref: 21 Objective: Define due process of law, including where the American legal system guarantees due process. Level: Basic 11) The ________ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution makes due process binding on the states. Answer: Fourteenth Page Ref: 21 Objective: Define due process of law, including where the American legal system guarantees due process. Level: Basic

12) ________-based practice refers to strategies to fight crime that have been scientifically tested and that are based on social science research. Answer: Evidence Page Ref: 23 Objective: Describe the role of evidence-based practice in contemporary criminal justice. Level: Basic 13) ________ involves the scientific study of the causes and prevention of crime. Answer: Criminology Page Ref: 26 Objective: Describe the role of evidence-based practice in contemporary criminal justice. Level: Basic 14) A(n) ________ society is one that contains many diverse groups with unique identities that also participate in the larger society's legal and political systems. Answer: multicultural Page Ref: 26 Objective: Explain how multiculturalism and social diversity present challenges to and opportunities for the American system of criminal justice. Level: Basic 15) Cultural ________ involves the ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures. Answer: competence Page Ref: 28 Objective: Explain how multiculturalism and social diversity present challenges to and opportunities for the American system of criminal justice. Level: Basic

1.4 Matching Questions Match the time period with the corresponding historical event. A) A focus on civil rights and a significant increase in reported crime B) A dramatic increase in the use and sale of illicit drugs C) The passage of the USA PATRIOT Act D) An epidemic of mass shootings and random violence in public venues E) Relative stability of crime rates F) An increase in reports of serious crimes such as assault, rape, and murder G) The growth of organized crime as a result of Prohibition H) The mass shooting at Columbine High School I) A crime epidemic occurred, apparently related to social upheaval caused in part by large-scale immigration J) A focus on corporate and white-collar crime and the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 1) 1850-1880 Page Ref: 4-6 Objective: Summarize the history of crime in America and corresponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Intermediate 2) 1920-1933 Page Ref: 4-6 Objective: Summarize the history of crime in America and corresponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Intermediate 3) 1940s-1960s Page Ref: 4-6 Objective: Summarize the history of crime in America and corresponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Intermediate 4) 1960-1970 Page Ref: 4-6 Objective: Summarize the history of crime in America and corresponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Intermediate 5) 1970s Page Ref: 4-6 Objective: Summarize the history of crime in America and corresponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Intermediate

6) 1980s Page Ref: 4-6 Objective: Summarize the history of crime in America and corresponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Intermediate 7) 1999 Page Ref: 4-6 Objective: Summarize the history of crime in America and corresponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Intermediate 8) 2001 Page Ref: 4-6 Objective: Summarize the history of crime in America and corresponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Intermediate 9) 2002-2003 Page Ref: 4-6 Objective: Summarize the history of crime in America and corresponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Intermediate 10) 2012-2017 Page Ref: 4-6 Objective: Summarize the history of crime in America and corresponding changes in the American criminal justice system. Level: Intermediate Answers: 1) I 2) G 3) E 4) A 5) F 6) B 7) H 8) C 9) J 10) D Match the core component of the criminal justice system to its functions. A) Correctional agencies B) Police C) Criminal courts 11) Carry out imposed sentences Page Ref: 13 Objective: Describe the American criminal justice system in terms of its three major components and their respective functions. Level: Basic

12) Ensure due process Page Ref: 13 Objective: Describe the American criminal justice system in terms of its three major components and their respective functions. Level: Basic 13) Rehabilitate convicted offenders Page Ref: 13 Objective: Describe the American criminal justice system in terms of its three major components and their respective functions. Level: Basic 14) Maintain public order Page Ref: 13 Objective: Describe the American criminal justice system in terms of its three major components and their respective functions. Level: Basic 15) Provide safe custody and supervision of offenders Page Ref: 13 Objective: Describe the American criminal justice system in terms of its three major components and their respective functions. Level: Basic 16) Decide criminal cases Page Ref: 13 Objective: Describe the American criminal justice system in terms of its three major components and their respective functions. Level: Basic 17) Ensure community safety Page Ref: 13 Objective: Describe the American criminal justice system in terms of its three major components and their respective functions. Level: Basic 18) Apprehend offenders Page Ref: 13 Objective: Describe the American criminal justice system in terms of its three major components and their respective functions. Level: Basic 19) Impose sentences on the guilty Page Ref: 13 Objective: Describe the American criminal justice system in terms of its three major components and their respective functions. Level: Basic 17 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

Answers: 11) A 12) C 13) A 14) B 15) A 16) C 17) B 18) B 19) C Match the element of the criminal justice process with its definition. A) A proceeding before a judge to establish if there is probable cause to believe a crime was committed and the defendant committed it B) The imposition of punishment by a judge on a convicted offender C) A law enforcement or correctional administrative process officially recording an entry into detention after arrest and identifying the person, the place, the time, the reason for the arrest, and the arresting authority D) Taking a person into custody and limiting their freedom E) Bringing suspects before a magistrate shortly after arrest to be advised of the charges against them, advised of their rights, and given the opportunity for bail. F) A formal written accusation submitted to a court by a grand jury, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense G) A formal written accusation submitted to a court by a prosecutor, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense H) A defendant's first appearance before the court that has the authority to conduct a trial and the point at which the defendant is asked to enter a plea 20) Preliminary hearing Page Ref: 14-18 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 21) Booking Page Ref: 14-18 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 22) Sentencing Page Ref: 14-18 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 23) Information Page Ref: 14-18 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic

24) Arrest Page Ref: 14-18 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 25) First appearance Page Ref: 14-18 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 26) Indictment Page Ref: 14-18 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic 27) Arraignment Page Ref: 14-18 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Basic Answers: 20) A 21) C 22) B 23) G 24) D 25) E 26) F 27) H 1.5 Essay Questions 1) Explain the two main viewpoints within the criminal justice system – individual rights and public order advocates. Answer: Answers should explain that individual-rights advocates seek to protect personal freedoms within society and the criminal justice process, while public-order advocates believe that under certain circumstances involving a criminal threat to public safety, the interests of society should take precedence over individual rights. Page Ref: 9-10 Objective: Describe the American criminal justice system in terms of its three major components and their respective functions. Level: Intermediate 2) Identify the three main components of the criminal justice system and outline their main functions. Answer: Answers should focus on the material found in Figure 1-3 in the textbook. Page Ref: 14 Objective: Describe the American criminal justice system in terms of its three major components and their respective functions. Level: Intermediate 19 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

3) Compare and contrast the consensus and conflict models found in the criminal justice system. Answer: Answers should define each model and discuss the similarities and differences between them. Key points should include the view of the systems model as an analytic tool, rather than reality; the various criticisms of the systems model; and the problems faced by the various agencies of the criminal justice system. Page Ref: 12-16 Objective: Describe the American criminal justice system in terms of its three major components and their respective functions. Level: Intermediate 4) List and explain in detail what is involved in each of the four stages of the pretrial activities. Answer: Answers should discuss the processes involved in the first appearance, the preliminary hearing, the information/indictment, and arraignment. Answers should include a comparison of the prosecutor's information and the grand jury indictment and should review the various acceptable pleas that may be entered at arraignment. Page Ref: 17-19 Objective: Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case processing. Level: Intermediate 5) Explain due process and review the Constitutional Amendments that specifically guarantee due process. Answer: Answers should define due process as procedural fairness and should focus on the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, all of which guarantee due process rights. Together, these amendments establish a benchmark of fairness in the American system of criminal justice by governing the government's actions. Page Ref: 21 Objective: Define due process of law, including where the American legal system guarantees due process. Level: Intermediate 6) Define multiculturalism, explain how and why it has changed over time in the U.S., and discuss the importance of multiculturalism in the criminal justice process. Answer: Answers should include a definition of multiculturalism as a society that is home to a multitude of different cultures, each with its own set of norms, values, and routine behaviors. Answers should discuss the evolving face of multiculturalism in the U.S., and explain how variations in norms, values, and experiences affect the reactions of different groups to the criminal justice system. Page Ref: 26-28 Objective: Explain how multiculturalism and social diversity present challenges to and opportunities for the American system of criminal justice. Level: Difficult

1.6 Critical Thinking Questions 1) How do the views of individual-rights advocates and public-order advocates differ? What similarities are there between the two perspectives? How can the concerns of both viewpoints be balanced? Which model do you prefer and why? Answer: Answers will vary but should include a review of the main viewpoints of each perspective and a discussion of the challenge involved in balancing personal freedoms and individual rights with the need for social control and the respect for legitimate authority. Page Ref: 9-10 Objective: Describe the public-order (crime-control) and individual-rights (due process) perspectives of criminal justice. Level: Difficult 2) What does justice mean to you? Discuss the three types of justice and their effect on individual rights to support your answer. Answer: Answers will vary but should include a review of civil justice, criminal justice, and the administration of justice. Page Ref: 10 Objective: Explain the relationship of criminal justice to general concepts of equity and fairness. Level: Intermediate 3) What does due process of law mean to you? How important is due process in relation to social control and the control and prevention of crime? In what situations might it be appropriate to sacrifice some due process to ensure social control? Explain and support your answer. Answer: Answers will vary but should include a discussion of the concept of due process and the due process model, as well as a discussion of the crime control model and the importance of social control. Page Ref: 21-23 Objective: Define due process of law, including where the American legal system guarantees due process. Level: Difficult

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 17e (Schmalleger) Chapter 2 The Crime Picture 2.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) If you are looking for national crime statistics and want data on crimes reported to the police, you should use which of the following sources of data? A) The Uniform Crime Reports B) The National Crime Victimization Survey C) A self-report survey D) None of the above Answer: A Page Ref: 34 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Basic 2) Which agency is responsible for the National Crime Victimization Survey? A) The Federal Bureau of Investigation B) The Central Intelligence Agency C) The US Department of Defense and Criminal Statistics D) The Bureau of Justice Statistics Answer: D Page Ref: 34 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Basic 3) What is the main reason why the Crime Index is no longer included in the UCR? A) Too many types of crime are not included. B) There are so many larcenies that this crime overshadows more serious index crimes. C) The Crime Index does not permit comparisons across jurisdictions or over time. D) No one was using it, so the FBI stopped calculating it. Answer: B Page Ref: 36 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Intermediate

4) For which of the following studies would you definitely want to use NIBRS rather than the UCR? A) A study examining changes in the overall crime rate in the U.S. over time B) A study examining crime patterns in the U.S. in the 1950s and 1960s C) A study examining rates of motor vehicle thefts in the U.S. today D) A study examining multiple crimes that occur within a single incident Answer: D Page Ref: 38 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Difficult 5) Which factor contributed to a dramatic increase in crime in the U.S. in the 1960s and 1970s? A) The baby boom B) Generation X C) The Depression D) Increasingly strict laws and an expanded justice system Answer: A Page Ref: 39 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Intermediate 6) According to the text, what should we expect to see in the near future when we examine crime statistics? A) The decline in crime observed since the mid-1990s is expected to continue until at least 2030. B) The decline in crime observed since the mid-1990s is expected to end and criminal activity will increase. C) The crime rate will continue to decline until it reaches the low crime rates characteristic of the 1950s. D) Crime rates will level off and remain stable for the foreseeable future. Answer: B Page Ref: 40 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Intermediate

7) The ________ compares the number of reported or discovered crimes to the number of crimes solved through arrest or other means. A) probability factor B) solvability factor C) clearance rate D) justification rate Answer: C Page Ref: 43 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Basic 8) Which weapon is used most often to commit murder? A) Handguns B) Blunt objects C) Knives D) Shotguns Answer: A Page Ref: 44 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Basic 9) ________ involves killing at least four victims at one location during one event. A) Mass murder B) Serial murder C) Involuntary manslaughter D) Second-degree murder Answer: A Page Ref: 44 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Basic 10) Which Part I crime has the highest clearance rate? A) Murder B) Robbery C) Rape D) Arson Answer: A Page Ref: 45 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Basic

11) Nonforcible with a victim under the age of consent is generally known as ________. A) sexual assault B) date rape C) statutory rape D) sexual battery Answer: C Page Ref: 45 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Basic 12) The most common reason why rape victims choose NOT to report their victimization is ________. A) embarrassment about the crime itself B) a fear of reprisal C) the belief that the police can't do anything D) exploitation by the criminal justice system Answer: A Page Ref: 46 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Basic 13) Most rapes are committed by ________. A) a relative of the victim B) an acquaintance of the victim C) a stranger D) the victim's spouse Answer: B Page Ref: 46 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Intermediate 14) ________ robbery is committed through intimidation and does not involve the use of a weapon. A) Street B) Strong-arm C) Highway D) Urban Answer: B Page Ref: 47 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Basic

15) The unlawful, intentional inflicting, or attempted or threatened inflicting, of serious injury upon the person of another is the crime of ________. A) simple assault B) aggravated assault C) reckless conduct D) attempted murder Answer: B Page Ref: 47 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Intermediate 16) ________ involves the unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft. A) Arson B) Burglary C) Robbery D) Assault Answer: B Page Ref: 48 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Basic 17) Most aggravated assaults are committed with ________. A) blunt objects B) hands C) knives D) firearms Answer: A Page Ref: 48 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Basic 18) ________ refer to events where social media directs people — often teenagers — to go to retail stores and rob them. A) Flash mobs B) Social crimes C) Social mobs D) Flash robs Answer: D Page Ref: 49 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Basic

19) ________ is the unlawful taking or attempted taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property, from the possession or constructive possession of another. A) Robbery B) Burglary C) Larceny/Theft D) Criminal trespass Answer: C Page Ref: 50 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Basic 20) What is the most common form of larceny? A) Stealing from motor vehicles B) Pocket picking C) Stealing from coin-operated machines D) Purse snatching Answer: A Page Ref: 50 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Intermediate 21) Shoulder surfing and dumpster diving are techniques used to commit which crime? A) Identity theft B) Embezzlement C) Robbery D) Burglary Answer: A Page Ref: 53 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Basic 22) When are Part II offenses counted? A) When a crime is committed B) When a crime is reported to the police C) When a person is taken into custody D) When a person is convicted of the crime Answer: C Page Ref: 54 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Basic

23) The dark figure of crime refers to ________. A) crime that occurs at night B) crime that is not reported to the police C) crimes committed by the police D) bias crimes Answer: B Page Ref: 56 Objective: Describe the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Basic 24) The National Crime Victimization Survey includes information about which of the following crimes? A) Kidnapping B) Murder C) Victimless crimes D) Robbery Answer: D Page Ref: 56 Objective: Describe the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Intermediate 25) Which of the following is a problem with the UCR/NIBRS program? A) It does not include data on crimes committed against children under the age of 12. B) It does not include information on the dark figure of crime. C) No attempt is made to validate the information obtained by crime victims who are interviewed by the UCR program. D) It often includes information on non-criminal events. Answer: B Page Ref: 57 Objective: Describe the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Intermediate 26) Which of the following is a problem with the NCVS program? A) Not all victims contact the police to report their victimization. B) White-collar crime does not fit into traditional reporting categories. C) Victims may misrepresent the facts to the police. D) Victims may include personal descriptions of non-criminal events. Answer: D Page Ref: 58 Objective: Compare and contrast the UCR/NIBRS and NCVS data collection and reporting programs. Level: Intermediate

27) A classification of crimes along a particular dimension, such as legal categories, offender motivation, victim behavior, or the characteristics of individual offenders is known as a ________. A) crime typology B) crime map C) crime analysis D) crime profile Answer: A Page Ref: 58 Objective: Describe how the special categories of crime discussed in this chapter are significant today. Level: Intermediate 28) The use of the Internet, e-mail, and other electronic communication technologies to bully another person is known as ________. A) cyberstalking B) stalking C) hate crime D) computer crime Answer: A Page Ref: 59 Objective: Describe how the special categories of crime discussed in this chapter are significant today. Level: Basic 29) Older people are more likely than younger people to ________. A) be victims of violent crimes B) refuse to report their victimization to the police C) be victimized by strangers D) be victims of hate crimes Answer: C Page Ref: 60 Objective: Describe how the special categories of crime discussed in this chapter are significant today. Level: Intermediate 30) Most hate crimes are motivated by ________. A) national origin B) religious bias C) sexual orientation D) race and ethnicity Answer: D Page Ref: 62 Objective: Describe how the special categories of crime discussed in this chapter are significant today. Level: Basic 8 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

31) The economic downturn led to a significant increase in which type of crime? A) Transnational organized crime B) Cyberstalking C) Mortgage fraud scams D) Hate crime Answer: C Page Ref: 62 Objective: Describe how the special categories of crime discussed in this chapter are significant today. Level: Intermediate 32) Unlawful activity undertaken and supported by organized criminal groups operating across national boundaries is known as ________ organized crime. A) international B) transnational C) intercontinental D) overseas Answer: B Page Ref: 64 Objective: Describe how the special categories of crime discussed in this chapter are significant today. Level: Basic 33) Phishing is a form of ________ crime. A) computer B) hate C) corporate D) violent Answer: A Page Ref: 67 Objective: Describe how any three of the special categories of crime discussed in this chapter are significant today. Level: Basic 2.2 True/False Questions 1) NIBRS represents a significant redesign of the original UCR program. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 37 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Basic

2) The clearance rate refers to the proportion of reported crimes that have been solved. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 43 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Basic 3) Most murders are committed by strangers. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 44 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Intermediate 4) In serial murder, there is some period of time between each killing. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 45 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Basic 5) Most researchers argue that the primary motive for rape is power rather than a desire for sexual gratification. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 46 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Intermediate 6) According to the hierarchy rule, only the most serious criminal offense per criminal incident is recorded in the UCR. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 47 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Intermediate 7) Most burglars know their victims. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 49 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Basic

8) According to the UCR/NIBRS Program, larceny-theft is the most frequently reported major crime. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 51 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Basic 9) Identity theft is a form of larceny. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 52 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Basic 10) The UCR only collects information on arrests for Part II crimes. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 54 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Intermediate 11) The dark figure of crime refers to crimes that are reported to the police. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 56 Objective: Describe the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Basic 12) NCVS interviewers validate the information obtained from victims against police records or other sources. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 58 Objective: Compare and contrast the UCR/NIBRS and NCVS data collection and reporting programs. Level: Intermediate 13) Most stalking laws require that the perpetrator make a credible threat of violence against the victim or members of the victim's immediate family. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 58 Objective: Describe how the special categories of crime discussed in this chapter are significant today. Level: Intermediate

14) When women are victims of violent crime, they are less likely to be injured than men. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 59 Objective: Describe how any three of the special categories of crime discussed in this chapter are significant today. Level: Basic 15) The use of the Internet, e-mail, and other electronic communication technologies to bully another person is known as cyberstalking. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 59 Objective: Describe how the special categories of crime discussed in this chapter are significant today. Level: Basic 16) Older people are more likely than younger people to be victims of property crime. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 59 Objective: Describe how the special categories of crime discussed in this chapter are significant today. Level: Intermediate 17) Most hate crimes are motivated by racial bias. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 62 Objective: Describe how the special categories of crime discussed in this chapter are significant today. Level: Intermediate 18) The problem of mortgage fraud has been declining in the last decade. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 62 Objective: Describe how the special categories of crime discussed in this chapter are significant today. Level: Basic 19) A corporation can be convicted of a crime. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 63 Objective: Describe how the special categories of crime discussed in this chapter are significant today. Level: Intermediate

20) Most offenders obtain weapons from retail establishments. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 65 Objective: Describe how the special categories of crime discussed in this chapter are significant today. Level: Basic 21) Individuals who have been convicted of misdemeanor domestic violence are not allowed to own or use a firearm. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 66 Objective: Describe how any three of the special categories of crime discussed in this chapter are significant today. Level: Basic 22) Drug violations are the main cause of the increase in the prison population in the U.S. today. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 65 Objective: Describe how the special categories of crime discussed in this chapter are significant today. Level: Basic 23) Most crimes committed via the Internet are new forms of offending. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 67 Objective: Describe how any three of the special categories of crime discussed in this chapter are significant today. Level: Basic 2.3 Fill in the Blank Questions 1) The Uniform Crime Reporting program is run by the ________. Answer: FBI Page Ref: 34 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Basic 2) U.S. involvement in World War II contributed to a significant ________ in crime in the U.S. Answer: decrease Page Ref: 39 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Intermediate

3) Clearances are mainly based on ________ rather than judicial disposition. Answer: arrests Page Ref: 43-44 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Intermediate 4) ________ discrimination in the criminal justice system occurs when racism is not an isolated practice but an integral part of the justice system. Answer: Systemic Page Ref: 43 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Intermediate 5) ________ murders involve the killing of at least four victims during one event and at one location. Answer: Mass Page Ref: 44 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Basic 6) Burglary is primarily a(n) ________ crime, even though it occasional involves personal confrontations. Answer: property Page Ref: 48 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Basic 7) ________ fraud involves obtaining credit, merchandise or services by fraudulent personal representation. Answer: Identity Page Ref: 52 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Basic 8) Many police departments still do not make regular reports to the FBI about the Part I crime of ________. Answer: arson Page Ref: 54 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Intermediate 14 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

9) A crime ________ is a scheme used to classify crimes along some particular dimension. Answer: typology Page Ref: 58 Objective: Describe how the special categories of crime discussed in this chapter are significant today. Level: Basic 10) ________ is the repeated harassing and threatening behavior by one individual against another. Answer: Stalking Page Ref: 58 Objective: Describe how the special categories of crime discussed in this chapter are significant today. Level: Basic 11) The most common motivation for a hate crime is ________ bias. Answer: racial Page Ref: 62 Objective: Describe how the special categories of crime discussed in this chapter are significant today. Level: Intermediate 12) ________ organized crime involves crimes committed by organized criminal groups that operate across national boundaries. Answer: Transnational Page Ref: 64 Objective: Describe how the special categories of crime discussed in this chapter are significant today. Level: Basic 13) ________ involves any crime perpetrated through the use of computer technology. Answer: Cybercrime Page Ref: 65 Objective: Describe how the special categories of crime discussed in this chapter are significant today. Level: Intermediate

2.4 Matching Questions Match the characteristic to the data source. A) National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) B) Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) C) National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) 1) Collects information on the dark figure of crime Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 2) Classifies robbery as a property crime Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 3) Distinguishes between Part I and Part II crimes Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 4) Records all offenses occurring in an incident Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 5) Collects data from crime victims Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 6) Does not collect data on homicides Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate Answers: 1) A 2) C 3) B 4) C 5) A 6) A

Match the crime with the source of data on crime rates. A) Uniform Crime Reports only B) Both the NCVS and the UCR C) National Crime Victimization Survey only 7) Homicide Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Difficult 8) Simple assault Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Difficult 9) Crimes not reported to the police Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Difficult 10) Arson Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Difficult 11) Robbery Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Difficult 12) Crimes against children under 12 Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Difficult 13) Motor vehicle theft Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Difficult 14) Attempted robbery Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Difficult

15) Aggravated assault Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Difficult Answers: 7) A 8) C 9) C 10) A 11) B 12) A 13) B 14) C 15) B Match the crime with the definition. A) The unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony B) A crime motivated by personal bias or prejudice C) Repeated harassing and threatening behavior by one individual against another D) Obtaining credit, merchandise, or services by fraudulent personal representation E) The unlawful taking or attempted taking of the property of another without use of force F) The unlawful taking or attempted taking of property by force or threat of force G) Killings at least two separate locations with almost no time break between murders H) Crimes committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupation I) Killing at least four victims at one location within one event 16) Robbery Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 17) Larceny Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 18) Identity Theft Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 19) Burglary Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 20) Stalking Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate

21) Spree killing Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Level: Intermediate Multiple 22) Mass murder Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 23) Hate crime Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 24) White-collar crime Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate Answers: 16) F 17) E 18) D 19) A 20) C 21) G 22) I 23) B 24) H 2.5 Essay Questions 1) Compare and contrast the traditional UCR and the enhanced UCR/NIBRS program and discuss three of the differences between the two programs. What advantages does NIBRS have over the traditional UCR? Answer: Answers should include a description of both the UCR and the NIBRS program, and review three of the differences listed in Table 2-1 in the textbook. A discussion of the advantages of an incident-based program over a summary program should be included. Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate

2) Identify the three major shifts in victimization patterns that have been identified since crime statistics were first gathered. Explain the causes of each. What is expected to occur in the near future and why? Answer: Answers should include a discussion of each of the three shifts and the possible causes of each. The first was a decrease in crime in the early 1940s, which was linked to the start of World War II, as large numbers of crime-prone young men entered military service. The second shift was a dramatic increase in crime from the 1960s to the 1990s. This was linked to the postwar baby boomers entering their crime-prone teenage years, increased police professionalism, increased reporting of crime, and the social upheaval of the 1960s. The third shift was a decrease in crime beginning in the 1990s, which has been linked to an aging out of the post-WWII baby boomers, new strict laws, expanding funding for police and justice systems, changing crime-fighting technologies, economic factors, and the increase in crimes that are not counted by official reporting programs. There is evidence to suggest that a new cycle of increased crime may begin in the near future, which may be due in part to new and innovative forms of victimization not easily captured by official measures. Page Ref: 38-41 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Intermediate 3) What are Part I crimes? List and define the four Part I violent offenses. Answer: Answers should include an explanation of Part I crimes as the 8 serious crimes included in the UCR. Answers should list the four violent crimes as murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, and should include definitions of each. Page Ref: 44-48 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Intermediate 4) List and define the four Part I property offenses. Answer: Answers should list the four Part I property crimes as burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson, and should include definitions of each. Page Ref: 48-54 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Intermediate

5) What are flash robs? How do flash robs differ from flash mobs? Define this crime and explain how it works, who commits flash robs, how many people are involved, and the issues facing store employees and owners. Answer: Answers should include a brief definition of flash mobs and how this concept has led to the more serious issue of flash robs, in which social media directs people to go to retail stores and rob them. A discussion of the characteristics of flash robs and the problems resulting from them should be included, along with an explanation of the costs of this crime for the victims. Page Ref: 49 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Difficult 6) Define identity theft and describe the common techniques used by identity thieves. Review the recent federal laws passed in an effort to combat identity theft. Answer: Answers should include a definition of identity theft as a crime in which an impostor obtains key pieces of information, such as Social Security and driver's license numbers, to obtain credit, merchandise, and services in the name of the victim. Students should explain the common techniques used by identity thieves, including dumpster diving, shoulder surfing, eavesdropping, and the use of the Internet to obtain personal identifying information. Identity theft became a federal crime in 1998 with the passage of the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act. The 2004 Penalty Enhancement Act increased the penalty for various forms of identity theft. Page Ref: 52-53 Objective: Describe the FBI's UCR/NIBRS Program, including its purpose, its history, and what it tells us about crime in the United States today. Level: Intermediate 2.6 Critical Thinking Questions 1) The eight Part I crimes included in the UCR have not been changed since 1979. How has the nature of crime in the U.S. changed since 1979 and how should the Part I crime category be changed to better reflect crime in the U.S. today? What impact would this have on crime statistics? Answer: Answers will vary but should discuss how crime patterns in the U.S. are shifting away from more "traditional" crimes like those measured by the UCR and towards innovative forms of crime, many of which use high technology. Answers should include a discussion of some of the various types of crimes (such as corporate and white-collar crime, as well as high-technology and computer crime) that are underrepresented in the UCR. Page Ref: 57 Objective: Compare and contrast the UCR/NIBRS and NCVS data collection and reporting programs. Level: Difficult

2) Explain hate crimes and review the various categories that are protected under federal hate crime laws. Why might some groups be protected while others are not? What other categories of individuals or groups who are not protected under the law might be targets for hate crimes? Answer: Answers will vary but should include a definition of hate crime and the main categories that are protected under federal hate crime laws. Students should discuss why the laws protect these groups but not others. Students should also suggest unprotected categories that could be targets for hate or bias crimes; possible answers could include bias against people experiencing homelessness, age-related bias, and bias related to political affiliation. Page Ref: 61-62 Objective: Describe how the special categories of crime discussed in this chapter are significant today. Level: Difficult

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 17e (Schmalleger) Chapter 3 The Search for Causes 3.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) A violation of social norms defining appropriate or proper behavior under a particular set of circumstances is known as ________. A) deviance B) anomie C) phrenology D) crime Answer: A Page Ref: 73 Objective: Summarize the development of criminological theory, including the role of social research in that development. Level: Basic 2) A ________ is a set of interrelated propositions that attempt to describe, explain, predict, and ultimately control some class of events. A) hypothesis B) conflict perspective C) trait D) theory Answer: D Page Ref: 74 Objective: Summarize the development of criminological theory, including the role of social research in that development. Level: Intermediate 3) Theory testing usually involves the development of a(n) ________ based on what the theory predicts. A) trait B) atavist C) hypothesis D) anomie Answer: C Page Ref: 75-76 Objective: Summarize the development of criminological theory, including the role of social research in that development. Level: Intermediate

4) ________ is an eighteenth-century approach to crime causation and criminal responsibility that emphasizes free will and reasonable punishments. A) The Classical School B) Biosocial Criminology C) Positivism D) The Psychological School Answer: A Page Ref: 76 Objective: Describe the Classical School of criminology, including how it continues to influence criminological theorizing through neoclassical thought. Level: Basic 5) Which of the following scholars is considered to be a Classical School criminologist? A) Cesare Lombroso B) Travis Hirschi C) Edwin Sutherland D) Cesare Beccaria Answer: D Page Ref: 78 Objective: Describe the Classical School of criminology, including how it continues to influence criminological theorizing through neoclassical thought. Level: Basic 6) What is atavism? A) A term used to identify a specific type of aggressive behavior B) A term used to denote the concentric zones characterized by disorder and transition C) A condition characterized by features thought to be common in earlier stages of human evolution D) A term used to describe the physical constitution or bodily characteristics of offenders Answer: C Page Ref: 80 Objective: Describe the basic features of biological theories of crime causation and their shortcomings. Level: Intermediate 7) According to somatotyping, ________ have the greatest likelihood of becoming criminal offenders. A) ectomorphic individuals B) mesomorphic individuals C) endomorphic individuals D) individuals with clear characteristics of all three types Answer: B Page Ref: 82 Objective: Describe the basic features of biological theories of crime causation and their shortcomings. Level: Intermediate 2 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

8) Which approach to explaining crime addresses the gender ratio problem? A) Psychological perspectives B) The Classical School C) Sociological theories D) Biosocial theories Answer: D Page Ref: 82 Objective: Explain biosocial criminology and show how biosocial understanding of criminal behavior focuses on the interaction between biology and the social and physical environments. Level: Intermediate 9) Distinct portions of a cell's DNA that carry coded instructions for making everything the body needs are known as ________. A) chromosomes B) genes C) somatotypes D) biochemical imbalances Answer: B Page Ref: 83 Objective: Explain biosocial criminology and show how biosocial understanding of criminal behavior focuses on the interaction between biology and the social and physical environments. Level: Intermediate 10) Which abnormal chromosomal structure is associated with the concept of a "supermale"? A) XY B) XXY C) XXX D) XYY Answer: D Page Ref: 84 Objective: Explain biosocial criminology and show how biosocial understanding of criminal behavior focuses on the interaction between biology and the social and physical environments. Level: Basic 11) A psychological principle that holds that the frequency of any behavior can be increased or decreased through reward, punishment, and association with other stimuli is ________. A) heritability B) behavioral conditioning C) profiling D) psychoanalysis Answer: B Page Ref: 87 Objective: Describe the fundamental assumptions of psychological explanations for crime and their shortcomings. Level: Difficult

12) ________ refer(s) to the relatively stable characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique, and that influence that person's behavior. A) Social norms B) Behavioral conditioning C) Personality D) Psychological profiling Answer: C Page Ref: 87 Objective: Describe the fundamental assumptions of psychological explanations for crime and their shortcomings. Level: Basic 13) ________ is a theory of human behavior, based on the writings of Sigmund Freud, that sees personality as a complex composite of interacting mental entities. A) Anomie B) Social development theory C) Psychopathology D) Psychoanalysis Answer: D Page Ref: 87 Objective: Describe the fundamental assumptions of psychological explanations for crime and their shortcomings. Level: Basic 14) What is the central defining characteristic of a psychopath? A) Hallucinations B) Neuroticism C) Impulsiveness D) Lack of empathy Answer: D Page Ref: 88 Objective: Describe the fundamental assumptions of psychological explanations for crime and their shortcomings. Level: Intermediate 15) Which of Eysenck's personality dimensions was most likely to be closely correlated with criminality? A) Psychoticism B) Introversion/extraversion C) Psychopathology D) Neuroticism/emotional stability Answer: A Page Ref: 89 Objective: Describe the fundamental assumptions of psychological explanations for crime and their shortcomings. Level: Intermediate 4 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

16) ________ is a sociological approach that emphasizes demographics and geographics and explains criminality as a product of society's impact on the individual. A) The Classical School B) The Chicago School C) The Positivist School D) Postmodernism Answer: B Page Ref: 90 Objective: Describe the basic features of sociological theories of crime causation. Level: Basic 17) ________ refers to a condition of normlessness that is said to exist when a group is faced with social change, uneven development of culture, maladaptiveness, disharmony, conflict, and lack of consensus. A) Anomie B) Postmodernism C) Containment D) Social disorganization Answer: D Page Ref: 92 Objective: Describe the basic features of sociological theories of crime causation. Level: Intermediate 18) Which of Merton's categories would a law-abiding citizen most likely fall into? A) Ritualist B) Conformist C) Innovator D) Retreatist Answer: B Page Ref: 92-93 Objective: Describe the basic features of sociological theories of crime causation. Level: Basic 19) ________ is the process in which a person openly rejects something they want but cannot obtain or achieve. A) Reaction formation B) Relative deprivation C) Anomie D) Technique of neutralization Answer: A Page Ref: 94 Objective: Describe the basic features of sociological theories of crime causation. Level: Basic

20) ________ theories emphasize the role of learning in crime causation. A) Social process B) Biosocial C) Conflict D) Emergent Answer: A Page Ref: 94-95 Objective: Describe social process theories of criminology, including the kinds of crime-control policies that might be based on them. Level: Basic 21) ________ theory focuses on the strength of the bond people share with individuals and institutions around them. A) Social learning B) Labeling C) Social control D) Social structure Answer: C Page Ref: 97 Objective: Describe social process theories of criminology, including the kinds of crime-control policies that might be based on them. Level: Basic 22) An offender neutralizes his guilt over the robbery of a convenience store by claiming that the victim routinely cheated customers and deserved to be targeted. This is an example of which technique of neutralization? A) Denial of the victim B) Denial of responsibility C) Appeal to higher loyalties D) Denial of injury Answer: A Page Ref: 97 Objective: Describe social process theories of criminology, including the kinds of crime-control policies that might be based on them. Level: Difficult

23) According to the Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency, very young subjects (as young as three years of age) are most likely to be found on the ________ pathway to delinquency. A) authority conflict B) multiple disruption C) covert D) overt Answer: A Page Ref: 99 Objective: Describe social process theories of criminology, including the kinds of crime-control policies that might be based on them. Level: Intermediate 24) ________ criminology argues that the distribution of wealth and power in society is the primary cause of criminal behavior. A) Positivist B) Radical C) Classical D) Biosocial Answer: B Page Ref: 101-102 Objective: Describe conflict theories of criminality, including the kinds of crime-control policies that might be based on them. Level: Basic 25) ________ criminology suggests that social control agencies and citizens should work together to alleviate social problems and human suffering and thus reduce crime. A) Biosocial B) Peacemaking C) Emergent D) Radical Answer: B Page Ref: 102 Objective: Describe conflict theories of criminality, including the kinds of crime-control policies that might be based on them. Level: Intermediate 26) Early feminist criminology argued that the differences in crime rates between men and women were due primarily to ________. A) biology B) the criminal justice system C) socialization D) deconstructionism Answer: C Page Ref: 104 Objective: Summarize emerging theories of criminology. Level: Intermediate 7 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

27) According to critical race theorists, the critical concept in social life is ________. A) race B) gender C) socioeconomic status D) fear Answer: A Page Ref: 105 Objective: Summarize emerging theories of criminology. Level: Basic 28) Which conflict theory is mainly deconstructionist? A) Feminist criminology B) Postmodern criminology C) Left realism D) Convict criminology Answer: B Page Ref: 106 Objective: Summarize emerging theories of criminology. Level: Basic 3.2 True/False Questions 1) All deviant behavior is a violation of the criminal law. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 73 Objective: Summarize the development of criminological theory, including the role of social research in that development. Level: Basic 2) According to the Classical School of Criminology, the two key determining factors of human behavior are right and wrong. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 78 Objective: Describe the Classical School of criminology, including how it continues to influence criminological theorizing through neoclassical thought. Level: Basic 3) According to routine activities theory, the presence of a capable guardian is a necessary element for a crime to occur. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 79 Objective: Describe the Classical School of criminology, including how it continues to influence criminological theorizing through neoclassical thought. Level: Intermediate

4) Cesare Lombroso's theory of atavism implies that some people are born criminals. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 80 Objective: Describe the basic features of biological theories of crime causation and their shortcomings. Level: Intermediate 5) Endomorphs are most likely to engage in delinquent or criminal behavior. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 82 Objective: Describe the basic features of biological theories of crime causation and their shortcomings. Level: Intermediate 6) Increased levels of testosterone may be linked to increased aggressiveness in men. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 85 Objective: Explain biosocial criminology and show how biosocial understanding of criminal behavior focuses on the interaction between biology and the social and physical environments. Level: Intermediate 7) Neurodivergence may be chemically influenced. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 86 Objective: Describe the fundamental assumptions of psychological explanations for crime and their shortcomings. Level: Basic 8) Someone with psychopathy is out of touch with reality in some fundamental way. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 88 Objective: Describe the fundamental assumptions of psychological explanations for crime and their shortcomings. Level: Basic 9) Dangerousness is an ascribed quality. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 90 Objective: Describe the fundamental assumptions of psychological explanations for crime and their shortcomings. Level: Difficult 10) According to Merton, innovators are most likely to be criminals. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 92-93 Objective: Describe the basic features of sociological theories of crime causation. Level: Intermediate 9 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

11) Sociological theories that blame the social environment for crime argue that the way to prevent crime is through social action. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 94 Objective: Describe the basic features of sociological theories of crime causation. Level: Intermediate 12) Broken windows theory is a perspective on crime causation that holds that the physical deterioration of an area leads to higher crime rates and an increased concern for personal safety among residents. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 95 Objective: Describe social process theories of criminology, including the kinds of crime-control policies that might be based on them. Level: Intermediate 13) According to labeling theory, criminality is a quality that is inherent in an action or in a person. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 98 Objective: Describe social process theories of criminology, including the kinds of crime-control policies that might be based on them. Level: Intermediate 14) Labeling theory specifically attempts to explain the origin of crime and deviance. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 98 Objective: Describe social process theories of criminology, including the kinds of crime-control policies that might be based on them. Level: Intermediate 15) Adolescent-limited offenders continue to reoffend through life. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 99 Objective: Describe social process theories of criminology, including the kinds of crime-control policies that might be based on them. Level: Basic 16) The conflict perspective suggests that the fundamental nature of group conflict centers on the exercise of political power. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 101 Objective: Describe conflict theories of criminality, including the kinds of crime-control policies that might be based on them. Level: Intermediate

17) Radical criminology argues that the creation of a capitalist society is the only solution to the problem of crime. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 102 Objective: Describe conflict theories of criminality, including the kinds of crime-control policies that might be based on them. Level: Intermediate 18) Peacemaking criminology emphasizes involving victims as well as offenders in criminal justice. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 102-103 Objective: Describe conflict theories of criminality, including the kinds of crime-control policies that might be based on them. Level: Basic 19) Modern feminist criminology focuses on the link between victimization and criminality in women offenders. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 103-104 Objective: Summarize emerging theories of criminology. Level: Basic 20) Critical race theory suggests that the idea of race affects how people think in America. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 105 Objective: Summarize emerging theories of criminology. Level: Basic 21) Feminist criminology is considered to be a deconstructionist theory. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 106 Objective: Summarize emerging theories of criminology. Level: Intermediate 3.3 Fill in the Blank Questions 1) A(n) ________ is tested by how well it describes and predicts reality. Answer: theory Page Ref: 74 Objective: Summarize the development of criminological theory, including the role of social research in that development. Level: Basic

2) A(n) ________ is an explanation that accounts for a set of facts and that can be tested by further investigation. Answer: hypothesis Page Ref: 75 Objective: Summarize the development of criminological theory, including the role of social research in that development. Level: Basic 3) According to Jeremy Bentham's concept of ________, individuals will avoid committing crime if the punishment for the crime outweighs the benefits of committing it. Answer: utilitarianism Page Ref: 78 Objective: Describe the Classical School of criminology, including how it continues to influence criminological theorizing through neoclassical thought. Level: Intermediate 4) Lombroso's theory of ________ suggests that criminals are throwbacks to earlier stages of human evolution. Answer: atavism Page Ref: 80 Objective: Describe the basic features of biological theories of crime causation and their shortcomings. Level: Basic 5) The ________ School of criminology stresses the application of scientific techniques to the study of crime and criminals. Answer: Positivist Page Ref: 80 Objective: Describe the basic features of biological theories of crime causation and their shortcomings. Level: Intermediate 6) Biosocial researchers argue that genes ________ human behavior rather than determining it. Answer: enable Page Ref: 86 Objective: Explain biosocial criminology and show how biosocial understanding of criminal behavior focuses on the interaction between biology and the social and physical environments. Level: Difficult 7) According to the theory of psychoanalysis, a psychopath lacks a fully developed ________. Answer: superego Page Ref: 87 Objective: Describe the fundamental assumptions of psychological explanations for crime and their shortcomings. Level: Intermediate

8) A person who has been diagnosed with ________ probably exhibits disordered or disjoined thinking and makes logical associations that are not typical of those made by other people. Answer: schizophrenia Page Ref: 88 Objective: Describe the fundamental assumptions of psychological explanations for crime and their shortcomings. Level: Intermediate 9) The attempt to categorize, understand, and predict the behavior of certain types of offenders based on behavioral clues they provide is known as psychological ________. Answer: profiling Page Ref: 89 Objective: Describe the fundamental assumptions of psychological explanations for crime and their shortcomings. Level: Basic 10) Shaw and McKay's concentric zone research found that crime was highest in Zone 2, which they termed the zone of ________. Answer: transition Page Ref: 92 Objective: Describe the basic features of sociological theories of crime causation. Level: Intermediate 11) According to Wolfgang and Ferracuti, crimes such as murder are more likely to be partially excused when they occur within a subculture of ________. Answer: violence Page Ref: 94 Objective: Describe the basic features of sociological theories of crime causation. Level: Intermediate 12) Inner ________ such as a positive self-image and a tolerance for frustration help prevent individuals from committing crimes and engaging in deviant behavior. Answer: containments Page Ref: 97 Objective: Describe social process theories of criminology, including the kinds of crime-control policies that might be based on them. Level: Intermediate 13) ________ techniques involve rationalizations that let offenders avoid feelings of guilt and responsibility for their criminal acts. Answer: Neutralization Page Ref: 97 Objective: Describe social process theories of criminology, including the kinds of crime-control policies that might be based on them. Level: Intermediate

14) According to the Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency, bullying as a first step to delinquency occurs on the ________ pathway. Answer: overt Page Ref: 99 Objective: Describe social process theories of criminology, including the kinds of crime-control policies that might be based on them. Level: Difficult 15) The main focus of radical criminology was the evils of a(n) ________ economic structure. Answer: capitalist Page Ref: 101-102 Objective: Describe conflict theories of criminality, including the kinds of crime-control policies that might be based on them. Level: Intermediate 16) Racial ________ theory argues members of the majority group (White people) fear Black people. Answer: threat Page Ref: 105 Objective: Summarize emerging theories of criminology. Level: Basic 17) Postmodern criminology is ________ because it challenges and debunks existing perspectives. Answer: deconstructionist Page Ref: 106 Objective: Summarize emerging theories of criminology. Level: Basic

3.4 Matching Questions Match the theory with its approach. A) Psychological B) Sociological C) Classical/Neoclassical D) Biological E) Emergent F) Social Process G) Conflict H) Biosocial 1) Neutralization Page Ref: 77 Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 2) Focal concerns Page Ref: 77 Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 3) Peacemaking Page Ref: 77 Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 4) Gender role problem Page Ref: 77 Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 5) Feminist Page Ref: 77 Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 6) Routine activities theory Page Ref: 77 Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 7) Psychoanalysis Page Ref: 77 Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 15 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

8) Atavism Page Ref: 77 Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate Answers: 1) F 2) B 3) G 4) H 5) E 6) C 7) A 8) D Match the sociological or social process theory with its definition. A) Crime occurs when there is a disjunction between socially acceptable goals and means in society B) Posits the existence of group values that support criminal behavior C) Crime is the product of socialization and is acquired by criminals according to the same principles that guide the learning of law-abiding behavior in conformists D) Offenders use various techniques to rationalize their criminal behavior and shed feelings of guilt E) Everyone is subject to inducements to crime but factors such as social roles, conscience, and a positive self-image help prevent individuals from engaging in crime and deviance F) Crime can be mapped according to its social characteristics G) Continued crime results from negative social reaction those defined as offenders H) The bond between individuals and society is the primary operative mechanism keeping individuals from engaging in crime 9) Social ecology theory Page Ref: 92-98 Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 10) Anomie theory Page Ref: 92-98 Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 11) Subcultural theory Page Ref: 92-98 Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 12) Differential association Page Ref: 92-98 Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 13) Containment theory Page Ref: 92-98 Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 16 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

14) Social control theory Page Ref: 92-98 Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 15) Neutralization Page Ref: 92-98 Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 16) Labeling theory Page Ref: 92-98 Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate Answers: 9) F 10) A 11) B 12) C 13) E 14) H 15) D 16) G Match Merton's categories to the type of criminality. A) Law-abiding behavior B) Political crime C) Repetitive and mundane lifestyle D) Drug use and vagrancy E) Property and white-collar crime 17) Conformist Page Ref: 92 Objective: Describe the basic features of sociological theories of crime causation. Level: Intermediate 18) Innovator Page Ref: 92 Objective: Describe the basic features of sociological theories of crime causation. Level: Intermediate 19) Retreatist Page Ref: 92 Objective: Describe the basic features of sociological theories of crime causation. Level: Intermediate 20) Ritualist Page Ref: 92 Objective: Describe the basic features of sociological theories of crime causation. Level: Intermediate

21) Rebel Page Ref: 92 Objective: Describe the basic features of sociological theories of crime causation. Level: Intermediate Answers: 17) A 18) E 19) D 20) C 21) B Match the neutralization technique to its definition. A) I'm a product of my background B) I did it for my friends C) They deserved it D) No one was really hurt E) The cops are corrupt 22) Denial of injury Page Ref: 97 Objective: Describe the basic features of sociological theories of crime causation. Level: Intermediate 23) Denial of responsibility Page Ref: 97 Objective: Describe the basic features of sociological theories of crime causation. Level: Intermediate 24) Appeal to higher loyalties Page Ref: 97 Objective: Describe the basic features of sociological theories of crime causation. Level: Intermediate 25) Denial of the victim Page Ref: 97 Objective: Describe the basic features of sociological theories of crime causation. Level: Intermediate 26) Condemnation of the condemners Page Ref: 97 Objective: Describe the basic features of sociological theories of crime causation. Level: Intermediate Answers: 22) D 23) A 24) B 25) C 26) E

3.5 Essay Questions 1) What is a theory? Describe the steps in criminological theory building, and explain the role that social research plays in the development of theories about crime. Answer: Responses should define a theory as a set of interrelated propositions that attempt to describe, explain, predict, and ultimately control some class of events. Answers should review the steps in theory building outlined in Figure 3-1 in the textbook, and should connect the role of theory building in the field as one that helps construct models to allow for better understanding of criminal behavior, and better development of social policies to reduce criminal behavior. Page Ref: 74-76 Objective: Summarize the development of criminological theory, including the role of social research in that development. Level: Difficult 2) List and explain the key assumptions of classical criminology. Explain the neoclassical perspective and how it differs from classical criminology. Answer: Answers should include the key assumptions of classical theories. A discussion of contemporary neoclassical criminology, which places more emphasis on rationality and cognition, should also be included. Some discussion of Beccaria and Bentham, and of rational choice and routine activities theory may also be incorporated. Page Ref: 76-79 Objective: Describe the Classical School of criminology, including how it continues to influence criminological theorizing through neoclassical thought. Level: Difficult 3) Describe the biosocial perspective and explain what this perspective considers most important to understanding behavior. Include a discussion of the gender ratio problem. Answer: Answers should describe biosocial criminology as a theoretical perspective that sees the interaction between biology and the physical and social environments as key to understanding human behavior, including criminality. Answers should explain the gender ration problem, discuss the need to explain gender differences by incorporating biological explanations for criminality, and explain how sociological, psychological, and other approaches tend to ignore the role that physiological differences can play in crime causation. Page Ref: 82-83 Objective: Explain biosocial criminology and show how biosocial understanding of criminal behavior focuses on the interaction between biology and the social and physical environments. Level: Difficult

4) Explain the three separate life pathways that lead to criminality that have been identified by the Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency. Answer: Answers should explain the concept of a developmental pathway as the emergence of behavioral patterns over time. The three separate pathways should be identified as the authority conflict pathway, overt pathway, and covert pathway. The various stages and processes in each pathway should be explained. Answers should point out that that the pathways are not mutually exclusive and can sometimes converge. Page Ref: 99 Objective: Describe social process theories of criminology, including the kinds of crime-control policies that might be based on them. Level: Intermediate 5) List the four key elements of the conflict perspective and describe how radical criminology differs from more conservative conflict theories. Discuss the policy directions that modern radical criminologists envision and explain how they differ from the policies earlier radical criminologists advocated. Answer: The four key elements of the conflict perspective should be identified. Answers should explain the main difference between conservative conflict theories, which held that conflict was a natural part of society, and radical criminology, which focused on capitalism. Responses should include comparison of early radical social policies, which tended to focus on completely changing existing political and economic arrangements in the U.S., and contemporary social policies which tend to promote middle-range strategies designed to reduce inequities and increase fairness in the justice system. Page Ref: 100-102 Objective: Describe conflict theories of criminality, including the kinds of crime-control policies that might be based on them. Level: Difficult 6) Explain the field of feminist criminology and discuss why some researchers believe there is a need for feminist as opposed to traditional theories of crime. Answer: Answers should define feminist criminology as a developing intellectual approach that emphasizes gender issues in criminology. Answers should explain that traditional theories focus on men, assuming that women are like men, and discuss the need for gender-differentiated theories of crime. Page Ref: 103-104 Objective: Summarize emerging theories of criminology. Level: Difficult

3.6 Critical Thinking Questions 1) Compare and contrast psychological and sociological theories of criminal behavior. Which approach do you consider to be a more valid explanation of the causes of crime? Support your opinion. Answer: Answers will vary but should review the key assumptions of both psychological and sociological theories. The student's opinions and the support provided for those opinions are critical to the answer. Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Difficult 2) Consider the city in which your university is located. Which areas in the city tend to have higher levels of crime and which have lower levels? How might these variations be explained by the sociological theories discussed in this chapter? Answer: Answers will vary. Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Difficult

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 17e (Schmalleger) Chapter 4 Criminal Law 4.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which type of law is also known as the "law on the books"? A) Statutory law B) Natural law C) Procedural law D) Administrative law Answer: A Page Ref: 113 Objective: Summarize the purpose, primary sources, and development of law. Level: Basic 2) In many states, ________ principles are used to interpret many legal issues. A) case law B) common law C) jurisprudence D) stare decisis Answer: B Page Ref: 114 Objective: Summarize the purpose, primary sources, and development of law. Level: Basic 3) The concept of ________ expresses the belief that an orderly society must be governed by established principles to maintain order. A) rule of law B) stare decisis C) codification D) inchoate Answer: A Page Ref: 114 Objective: Define the rule of law, including its importance in Western democratic societies. Level: Basic 4) Which of the following is an example of procedural law? A) The law that defines the crime of first degree and specifies the appropriate punishment B) A vehicle regulation law C) A law that specifies when a search warrant may be issued to the police D) A law that places restrictions on how a corporation may dispose of hazardous waste Answer: C Page Ref: 115-116 Objective: Summarize the various types of law, including the purpose of each. Level: Intermediate

5) Which of the following types of law is based on the assumption that acts injure not just individuals, but society as a whole? A) Tort law B) Administrative law C) Civil law D) Criminal law Answer: D Page Ref: 115 Objective: Summarize the various types of law, including the purpose of each. Level: Basic 6) Typically, the main objective of a civil lawsuit is to ________. A) punish a wrongdoer B) seek compensation C) deter others from committing a similar offense D) protect society Answer: B Page Ref: 116 Objective: Summarize the various types of law, including the purpose of each. Level: Basic 7) ________ is a legal principle that ensures that previous judicial decisions are considered when settling similar future cases. A) Precedent B) Statutory law C) Tort D) Inchoate Answer: A Page Ref: 116 Objective: Summarize the various types of law, including the purpose of each. Level: Intermediate 8) George has been convicted of a crime and been sentenced to a term of six months of incarceration. George most likely committed a(n) ________. A) felony B) act of treason C) misdemeanor D) infraction Answer: C Page Ref: 117 Objective: Describe six general categories of crimes and their characteristics. Level: Intermediate

9) Which crime best describes an attempt by a U.S. citizen to overthrow the government of the United States? A) Espionage B) Conspiracy C) Treason D) Infraction Answer: C Page Ref: 117 Objective: Describe six general categories of crimes and their characteristics. Level: Basic 10) Which of the following is an inchoate offense? A) Conspiracy B) Arson C) Simple assault D) Treason Answer: A Page Ref: 119 Objective: Describe six general categories of crimes and their characteristics. Level: Basic 11) Which of the following refers to the criminal act element of the crime? A) Actus reus B) Mens rea C) Corpus delicti D) Concurrence Answer: A Page Ref: 120 Objective: Describe the eight general features of crime. Level: Basic 12) On your way to work, you hit and kill a pedestrian because you were texting while driving. Which type of mens rea most likely exists in this situation? A) Reckless B) Negligent C) Purposeful D) Knowing Answer: B Page Ref: 121-122 Objective: Describe the eight general features of crime. Level: Intermediate

13) Bob runs a stop sign. He didn't see the sign and he did not intend to break the law. Bob is guilty of a(n) ________ offense. A) strict liability B) procedural C) juvenile D) inchoate Answer: A Page Ref: 122 Objective: Describe the eight general features of crime. Level: Difficult 14) ________ requires that the criminal act and the mental state occur together in order for a crime to take place. A) Causation B) Attendant circumstances C) Concurrence D) Corpus delicti Answer: C Page Ref: 123 Objective: Describe the eight general features of crime. Level: Intermediate 15) Under the principle of legality, ________ laws, which hold a person legally responsible for acts committed before the law was passed, are not binding. A) inchoate B) exigent circumstance C) ex post facto D) stare decisis Answer: C Page Ref: 124 Objective: Describe the eight general features of crime. Level: Basic 16) Some laws specify necessary ________ circumstances that must be present for a conviction to be obtained. A) third-party B) criminal C) attendant D) special Answer: C Page Ref: 124 Objective: Describe the eight general features of crime. Level: Basic

17) To establish the ________ of a crime, the state must show that a criminal law was violated and that someone violated it. A) corpus delicti B) stare decisis C) mens rea D) collateral estoppel Answer: A Page Ref: 125 Objective: Explain what is meant by the elements of a specific criminal offense. Level: Basic 18) A legal defense in which the defendant admits to committing the act in question but claims it was necessary in order to avoid some greater evil is called a(n) ________. A) alibi B) procedural defense C) justification defense D) excuse defense Answer: C Page Ref: 128 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Basic 19) Which of the following is an example of a procedural defense? A) The defendant was in another state at the time the crime occurred. B) The defendant committed the crime under duress. C) The defendant committed the crime in self-defense. D) The defendant was denied his right to a speedy trial. Answer: D Page Ref: 128, 137 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Intermediate 20) Self-defense falls into which category of defenses to a criminal charge? A) Alibi B) Procedural defense C) Excuse D) Justification Answer: D Page Ref: 128 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Basic

21) The ________ rule of law holds that a person can only defend a third party under circumstances and only to the degree that the third party could act. A) M'Naghten B) stand your ground C) alter ego D) retreat Answer: C Page Ref: 129 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Intermediate 22) Sarah is accused of murdering her husband. She claims that she killed him after having been severely physically and sexually abused by her husband for years. Sarah is most likely using which defense? A) Insanity B) Provocation C) Duress D) Necessity Answer: B Page Ref: 132 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Intermediate 23) The ________ holds that individuals cannot be held criminally responsible for their actions if at the time of the crime they did not know what they were doing or did not know that their actions were wrong. A) substantial capacity test B) irresistible-impulse test C) M'Naghten rule D) Durham rule Answer: C Page Ref: 132 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Basic 24) The defense of ________ is used by a defendant whose ability to understand the wrongfulness of their behavior is significantly impaired. A) mental incompetence B) insanity C) temporary insanity D) diminished capacity Answer: D Page Ref: 135 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Basic

25) Mental incompetence refers to the offender's mental condition ________. A) at the time the crime was committed B) at the time they were arrested C) immediately prior to prosecution D) during the sentencing hearing Answer: C Page Ref: 135 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Intermediate 26) Which of the following refers to improper or illegal inducement to crime by enforcement agents? A) Police fraud B) Entrapment C) Collateral estoppel D) Prosecutorial misconduct Answer: B Page Ref: 136 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Intermediate 27) In which of the following situations can an offender claim the constitutional protection of double jeopardy? A) The members of the trial jury cannot agree on a verdict, resulting in a hung jury, and the state orders a new trial. B) The offender's conviction has been set aside because of a procedural error and the state plans to retry him on the same charges. C) After the offender was acquitted, new evidence conclusively proving his guilt was uncovered and the prosecutor calls for a new trial. D) After the offender was acquitted in criminal court, he is tried in civil court. Answer: C Page Ref: 136 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Difficult 28) Which U.S. Constitutional Amendment guarantees the right to a speedy trial? A) Fourth B) Sixth C) Fifth D) Eighth Answer: B Page Ref: 137 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Basic

4.2 True/False Questions 1) Case law is the written or codified law that is enacted by a government body or agency having the power to make laws. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 113-114 Objective: Summarize the purpose, primary sources, and development of law. Level: Basic 2) Common law originates from usage and custom rather than from written statutes. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 114 Objective: Summarize the purpose, primary sources, and development of law. Level: Basic 3) The rule of law allows people to disagree with the law but not to disobey the law. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 114 Objective: Define the rule of law, including its importance in Western democratic societies. Level: Intermediate 4) Procedural law is one type of statutory law. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 115 Objective: Summarize the purpose, primary sources, and development of law. Level: Intermediate 5) Civil law is the part of the law that specifies the methods to be used in enforcing substantive law and is part of the criminal law system. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 116 Objective: Summarize the types of categories of law, including the purpose of each. Level: Intermediate 6) Civil suits typically seek punishment rather than compensation. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 116 Objective: Summarize the various types of law, including the purpose of each. Level: Basic 7) Stare decisis helps ensure predictability in the law and consistency in judicial decisions. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 116 Objective: Summarize the types of categories of law, including the purpose of each. Level: Intermediate

8) A sentence of two years in prison is a reasonable sentence for an offender convicted of an infraction. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 117 Objective: Describe six general categories of crimes and their characteristics. Level: Intermediate 9) Espionage can only be committed by a citizen of the United States. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 119 Objective: Describe six general categories of crimes and their characteristics. Level: Basic 10) Because you are late for class, you exceed the speed limit in a school zone and hit a child. This is an example of knowing behavior or mens rea. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 120-121 Objective: Describe six general categories of crimes and their characteristics. Level: Intermediate 11) Statutory rape is a strict liability crime. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 122 Objective: Describe the eight general features of crime. Level: Basic 12) If a law prohibiting a specific action goes into effect tomorrow, you cannot be punished for engaging in that action today. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 124 Objective: Describe the eight general features of crime. Level: Basic 13) It is necessary to establish every element of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt in order to find a defendant guilty of that crime. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 124 Objective: Explain what is meant by the elements of a specific criminal offense. Level: Basic 14) A key element of the corpus delicti of a crime is the identity of the person who committed it. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 125 Objective: Explain what is meant by the elements of a specific criminal offense. Level: Intermediate

15) Because you can prove that you were visiting family in Canada when a crime occurred in Maryland, you may use an alibi defense. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 127-128 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Basic 16) Stand-your-ground laws allow a defendant to claim that force was used in self-defense even if it would have been possible to escape the situation instead of using force. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 129 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Basic 17) In most jurisdictions, you are allowed to use deadly force to prevent someone from taking or damaging your property. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 130 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Intermediate 18) Age is a justification defense. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 131 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Basic 19) The M'Naghten rule focuses on the defendant's ability to distinguish right from wrong at the time of the crime. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 132 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Basic 20) According to the Supreme Court, eliminating the insanity defense violates the U.S. Constitution. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 134 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Basic 21) A defendant who has been acquitted in criminal court can be tried in civil court without violating the principle of double jeopardy. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 136 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Basic 10 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

22) Entrapment is an example of a procedural defense. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 136 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Basic 23) A defendant convicted as a result of planted evidence may be able to use a defense of police fraud. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 137 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Basic 4.3 Fill in the Blank Questions 1) The ________ code is the written form of the criminal law. Answer: penal Page Ref: 114 Objective: Define the rule of law, including its importance in Western democratic societies. Level: Intermediate 2) ________ is the philosophy of law. Answer: Jurisprudence Page Ref: 114 Objective: Define the rule of law, including its importance in Western democratic societies. Level: Intermediate 3) A wrongful act that violates the civil law is known as a(n) ________. Answer: tort Page Ref: 116 Objective: Summarize the types of categories of law, including the purpose of each. Level: Basic 4) According to the law of ________, a judge should consider the reasonings of prior courts when deciding a case. Answer: precedent Page Ref: 116 Objective: Summarize the types of categories of law, including the purpose of each. Level: Basic 5) If you commit a(n) ________, you will probably receive a ticket rather than a more severe punishment like jail time. Answer: infraction Page Ref: 117 Objective: Describe six general categories of crimes and their characteristics. Level: Intermediate 11 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

6) A(n) ________ offense is one that has not been fully carried out. Answer: inchoate Page Ref: 119 Objective: Describe six general categories of crimes and their characteristics. Level: Basic 7) While committing a bank robbery you fire your weapon at the armed security guard but miss and kill an unarmed customer instead. Although you did not intend to kill the customer, you may be found guilty of murder under the doctrine of ________ intent. Answer: transferred Page Ref: 121 Objective: Describe the eight general features of crime. Level: Intermediate 8) A strict ________ crime does not require the offender to have mens rea. Answer: liability Page Ref: 122 Objective: Describe the eight general features of crime. Level: Basic 9) ________ requires that the actus reus and mens rea occur together for a crime to take place. Answer: Concurrence Page Ref: 123 Objective: Describe the eight general features of crime. Level: Basic 10) In some cases, additional necessary ________ circumstances may be specified by law as required elements of an offense. Answer: attendant Page Ref: 124 Objective: Explain what is meant by the elements of a specific criminal offense. Level: Basic 11) ________ force is the degree of force that is appropriate in a given situation and is not excessive. Answer: Reasonable Page Ref: 129 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Basic 12) The defense of ________ claims that the defendant was compelled to commit the crime because of an unlawful threat. Answer: duress Page Ref: 131 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Basic 12 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

13) The ________ Rule for determining legal insanity asks whether the defendant knew what they were doing or whether the defendant knew that what they were doing was wrong. Answer: M'Naghten Page Ref: 132 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Basic 14) ________ is an improper or illegal inducement to crime by agents of law enforcement. Answer: Entrapment Page Ref: 136 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Basic 15) The ________ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees the right to a speedy trial. Answer: Sixth Page Ref: 137 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Basic 16) Prosecutorial misconduct is an example of a(n) ________ defense. Answer: procedural Page Ref: 137 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Basic

4.4 Matching Questions Match the type of law to its description. A) The law of precedent B) Written, codified laws C) The rules and regulations that define and specify the nature of and punishments for offenses of a public nature or wrongs committed against society or the state D) The law governing relationships between and among people, businesses and other organizations, and agencies of government E) The body of law originating from usage and custom rather than from written statutes F) The body of regulations created by governments to control the activities of industries, businesses, and individuals G) The body of rules that regulate how legal rights are enforced H) Written, codified laws describing what constitutes particular crimes and specifies the appropriate punishment for the offense 1) Criminal law Page Ref: 115-117 Objective: Summarize the types of categories of law, including the purpose of each. Level: Intermediate 2) Civil law Page Ref: 115-117 Objective: Summarize the types of categories of law, including the purpose of each. Level: Intermediate 3) Administrative law Page Ref: 115-117 Objective: Summarize the types of categories of law, including the purpose of each. Level: Intermediate 4) Procedural law Page Ref: 115-117 Objective: Summarize the types of categories of law, including the purpose of each. Level: Intermediate 5) Case law Page Ref: 115-117 Objective: Summarize the types of categories of law, including the purpose of each. Level: Intermediate 6) Statutory law Page Ref: 115-117 Objective: Summarize the types of categories of law, including the purpose of each. Level: Intermediate 14 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

7) Substantive criminal law Page Ref: 115-117 Objective: Summarize the types of categories of law, including the purpose of each. Level: Intermediate 8) Common law Page Ref: 112-113 Objective: Summarize the types of categories of law, including the purpose of each. Level: Intermediate Answers: 1) C 2) D 3) F 4) G 5) A 6) B 7) H 8) E Match the category of crime to its definition. A) A minor violation of the law usually punished by a ticket B) Actions by a U.S. citizen to help a foreign government overthrow, make war against, or seriously injure the U.S. C) A crime that has not been fully carried out D) A serious crime punishable by death or by incarceration of at least one year in prison E) A relatively minor crime that is punishable by up to one year of incarceration in a local jail F) Gathering, transmitting, or losing information related to the national defense in such a way that it becomes available to enemies of the U.S. and may be used to their advantage 9) Espionage Page Ref: 116-119 Objective: Describe six general categories of crimes and their characteristics. Level: Intermediate 10) Felony Page Ref: 116-119 Objective: Describe six general categories of crimes and their characteristics. Level: Intermediate 11) Treason Page Ref: 116-119 Objective: Describe six general categories of crimes and their characteristics. Level: Intermediate 12) Misdemeanor Page Ref: 116-119 Objective: Describe six general categories of crimes and their characteristics. Level: Intermediate 13) Inchoate offense Page Ref: 116-119 Objective: Describe six general categories of crimes and their characteristics. Level: Intermediate 15 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

14) Infraction Page Ref: 116-119 Objective: Describe six general categories of crimes and their characteristics. Level: Intermediate Answers: 9) F 10) D 11) B 12) E 13) C 14) A Match the defense with the category in which it falls. A) Procedural defense B) Justification C) Excuse 15) Entrapment Page Ref: 127-138 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Intermediate 16) Duress Page Ref: 127-138 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Intermediate 17) Double jeopardy Page Ref: 127-138 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Intermediate 18) Self defense Page Ref: 127-138 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Intermediate 19) Resisting unlawful arrest Page Ref: 127-138 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Intermediate 20) Insanity Page Ref: 127-138 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Intermediate 21) Selective prosecution Page Ref: 127-138 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Intermediate 16 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

22) Consent Page Ref: 127-138 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Intermediate 23) Mistake Page Ref: 127-138 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Intermediate 24) Provocation Page Ref: 127-138 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Intermediate Answers: 15) A 16) C 17) A 18) B 19) B 20) C 21) A 22) B 23) C 24) C 4.5 Essay Questions 1) What is common law? What impact does common law have on contemporary American criminal justice? Answer: Answers should include a definition of the common law and an explanation of how it is the basis of much modern criminal law in the U.S. Answers should also explain that, in most states, common law has been largely supplanted by statutory law but that common law principles are still used to interpret legal issues in many states. Page Ref: 114 Objective: Summarize the purpose, primary sources, and development of law. Level: Difficult 2) List and define the six types of law. Answer: Answers should include a definition of the six main types of law outlined in Figure 4-1 in the textbook: criminal law, administrative law, statutory law, civil law, case law, and common law. It would also be appropriate for answers to discuss the two types of statutory law, substantive and procedural. Page Ref: 114-116 Objective: Summarize the types of categories of law, including the purpose of each. Level: Difficult 3) List and define the six categories of crime and give an example of each category. Answer: Answers should include a definition of the six general categories of crime outlined in Figure 4-2 in the textbook: felony, misdemeanor, infraction, treason, espionage, and inchoate offense. Answers should also include an example of each. Page Ref: 116-119 Objective: Describe six general categories of crimes and their characteristics. Level: Intermediate

4) List and define the three main elements that are required for a crime to occur. Answer: Answers should include a discussion of actus reus (the guilty act), mens rea (the guilty mind), and concurrence. Page Ref: 119-123 Objective: Describe the eight general features of crime. Level: Difficult 5) List and define the four main levels, or types, of mens rea and give an example of each. Answer: Answers should include a review of the four main types of mens rea: purposeful or intentional, knowing, reckless, and negligent. Students should also give an example of each category. Page Ref: 120-122 Objective: Describe the eight general features of crime. Level: Difficult 6) Define strict liability, give an example of a strict liability offense, and explain why the issue of strict liability is relevant in a discussion of types of mens rea. Answer: Answers should explain strict liability as a category of crime that does not require a culpable mental state and an example of a strict liability crime (such as a routine traffic offense) should be presented. Answers should also explain that the issue of strict liability is relevant in a discussion of mens rea because crimes that fall into this category are an exception to the requirement of mens rea; it is not necessary for an individual to have mens rea to be found guilty of a strict liability crime. Page Ref: 122 Objective: Describe the eight general features of crime. Level: Difficult 7) List the four main categories of defenses to a criminal charge and give an example of each. Answer: Answers should define each of the four categories of defenses: alibi, justification, excuse, and procedural defense, and provide an example of each category. Page Ref: 127-138 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Intermediate 8) Explain the difference between mental illness and legal insanity and describe two of the tests or rules that are used to determine legal insanity. Explain the difference between being found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) and being found guilty but mentally ill (GBMI). Answer: Answers should compare and contrast legal insanity, which is a concept used by the judicial system when determining guilt or innocence, with the medical concept of mental illness. Tests that may be discussed in this essay include the M'Naghten Rule, the irresistible impulse test, the Durham rule, the substantial-capacity test, and the Brawner rule, as well as the federal definition of insanity (which is similar to that used in M'Naghten). Answers should also compare the two verdicts of NGRI and GBMI. Page Ref: 132-134 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Difficult 18 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

9) Procedural defenses claim that the defendant was discriminated against during the justice process or that some procedural law was violated. List and explain three procedural defenses. Answer: Answers may vary but should include a discussion of three of the procedural defenses reviewed in the text: entrapment, double jeopardy, collateral estoppel, selective prosecution, denial of a speedy trial, prosecutorial misconduct, and police fraud. Page Ref: 136-138 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Difficult 4.6 Critical Thinking Questions 1) What is the purpose of law? Explain the concept of "rule of law" and why it is so important. Would a society exist without laws? Comment on and analyze the pros and cons of these issues giving examples to support your opinions. Answer: Answers will vary but should include a discussion of the various purposes of law (as outlined in Table 4-1 in the textbook) and the elements of the rule of law. The student's opinion on the necessity of law for the existence of society and the support provided are key elements of this essay. Page Ref: 113-114 Objective: Multiple Level: Difficult 2) Justification defenses claim a kind of moral high ground and may be offered by people who find themselves forced to choose between "two evils." Do you think that such defenses are appropriate? Can causing harm be justified on the grounds that it prevents harm? Support your opinion. Answer: Answers will vary. The student's opinion regarding justification defenses, and the support provided for that opinion are key elements of the response. Page Ref: 128-130 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Difficult 3) If you could create your own rule for determining insanity in criminal trials, what would it be? Explain why you are proposing this rule. How would it differ from existing rules? Answer: Answers will vary but should include both a clear description of the student's proposed rule and the student's reasons for proposing it. Answers should also include an explanation of how the proposed rule differs from those described in the chapter. Page Ref: 132-134 Objective: Compare and contrast the four general categories of accepted criminal defense. Level: Difficult

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 17e (Schmalleger) Chapter 5 Policing: History and Structure 5.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which early society relied on urban cohorts and vigils to fight crime and ensure peace in the city? A) Rome B) Greece C) England D) Egypt Answer: A Page Ref: 143 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic 2) The modern-day sheriff is derived from which early English official? A) Parish constable B) Justice of the peace C) Shire reeve D) Magistrate Answer: C Page Ref: 145 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic 3) The Bow Street Runners was ________. A) an early English law enforcement unit formed by Henry Fielding B) a criminal organization led by Jonathan Wild C) created by the Metropolitan Police Act D) created by the Statute of Winchester Answer: A Page Ref: 146 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic 4) The London Metropolitan Police Service was created by ________. A) Henry Fielding B) Jonathan Wild C) Robert Peel D) Stephen Girard Answer: C Page Ref: 146 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic

5) One of the basic principles of the London Metropolitan Police was ________. A) the need for decentralized policing B) the practice of preventive patrol C) evidence-based policing D) vigilante justice Answer: B Page Ref: 146 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Intermediate 6) Because formal law enforcement frequently did not exist on the American frontier, ________ were often the only law available to early settlers. A) night watches B) shire reeves C) thief takers D) vigilantes Answer: D Page Ref: 148 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Intermediate 7) The first policewoman served with the ________. A) New York City Police Department B) Chicago Police Department C) Los Angeles Police Department D) Pennsylvania State Police Answer: C Page Ref: 148 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Intermediate 8) The 1931 report of the ________ recognized prohibition as unenforceable as well as a catalyst to police corruption. A) Wickersham Commission B) National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals C) Knapp Commission D) President's Crime Commission Answer: A Page Ref: 149-150 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic

9) The ________ was a federal agency that provided huge amounts of funding for research in the 1960s and 1970s and established the tradition of scientific police management. A) Wickersham Commission B) Law Enforcement Assistance Administration C) National Institute of Justice D) Office of Justice Programs Answer: B Page Ref: 151 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic 10) The results of the 1974 Kansas City experiment on preventive patrol suggest that ________. A) preventable crimes will decrease when patrol frequency is increased B) preventable crimes will increase in areas where the police do not patrol C) citizens' fear of crime will decrease in areas where the police reduce patrol frequency D) preventable crimes are not affected by police patrol Answer: D Page Ref: 151-152 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Intermediate 11) The Kansas City study of response time found that rapid police response to citizen reports of crime ________. A) significantly increases the likelihood of suspect arrest B) has little effect on the likelihood of suspect arrest C) helps solve significantly more crimes D) has a positive impact on citizen satisfaction with the police Answer: B Page Ref: 152 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Intermediate 12) According to the Kansas City study on response time, the reason why rapid police response to citizen reports of crime does not increase the number of arrests is that ________. A) there are not enough police officers on the street to respond to all calls B) police departments do not train officers well C) citizens do not report the event to the police until a considerable amount of time passes D) police officers do not drive fast enough to get to the crime scene Answer: C Page Ref: 152 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Intermediate

13) What impact did the Kansas City studies have on police patrol? A) Police patrol operations remained unchanged. B) Police departments eliminated patrol and developed new strategies for dealing with crime. C) Police developed new forms of directed patrol. D) Police increased their use of patrol. Answer: C Page Ref: 152 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Intermediate 14) ________ uses research into everyday police procedures to evaluate current practices and to guide officers and police executives in future decision making. A) Evidence-based policing B) Scientific police management C) Directed patrol D) The LEAA Answer: A Page Ref: 153 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic 15) The "evidence" in evidence-based policing refers to ________. A) information obtained from witnesses to the crime B) fingerprints found at the crime scene C) scientific evidence D) information acquired from social media Answer: C Page Ref: 153 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Intermediate 16) Which of the following federal law enforcement agencies is under the jurisdiction of the Department of Justice? A) The Federal Law Enforcement Training Center B) The U.S. Secret Service C) The Office of Labor Racketeering D) The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives Answer: D Page Ref: 155 Objective: Briefly describe federal law enforcement agencies, including the FBI. Level: Intermediate

17) Which federal agency is responsible for managing the database of DNA profiles of offenders? A) Drug Enforcement Administration B) U.S. Secret Service C) U.S. Customs D) Federal Bureau of Investigation Answer: D Page Ref: 156 Objective: Briefly describe federal law enforcement agencies, including the FBI. Level: Basic 18) Currently, the main priority of the Federal Bureau of Investigation is ________. A) transnational organized crime B) white-collar crime C) cyber crime D) violent crime Answer: C Page Ref: 158 Objective: Briefly describe federal law enforcement agencies, including the FBI. Level: Intermediate 19) The centralized model of state policing ________. A) is no longer commonly used in the United States B) is characteristic of state police in the southern United States C) combines criminal investigations with patrol of state highways D) frequently requires states to have a number of adjunct state-level law enforcement agencies Answer: C Page Ref: 158 Objective: Identify the two major models of state law enforcement organization. Level: Basic 20) Which agency would be considered a local law enforcement agency? A) Port authority B) Highway patrol C) AMTRAK Police D) Tribal police Answer: D Page Ref: 161 Objective: Describe the various kinds of local law enforcement agencies and their roles in enforcing the law. Level: Intermediate

21) Which agency head is most likely to be an elected official? A) The chief of a big city police department B) The director of a federal law enforcement agency C) The county sheriff D) The chief of a small municipal police department Answer: C Page Ref: 160 Objective: Describe the various kinds of local law enforcement agencies and their roles in enforcing the law. Level: Basic 22) Which local law enforcement official is responsible for serving court papers, maintaining security within courtrooms, and running the county jail? A) The chief of police B) The sheriff C) The bailiff D) The precinct captain Answer: B Page Ref: 160 Objective: Describe the various kinds of local law enforcement agencies and their roles in enforcing the law. Level: Basic 23) Which of the following is a reason for the rapid growth of the private security sector in the U.S.? A) Increasing rates of overall crime B) An increase in acts of domestic terrorism C) State fiscal crises D) Reduced trust in public police Answer: C Page Ref: 163 Objective: Describe private protective services in the United States and their possible future roles. Level: Intermediate 24) Private security forces may have been responsible for the ________. A) recent increase in the crime rate B) reduced fear of crime and terrorism C) increasing cost of policing D) recent decrease in reported crime Answer: D Page Ref: 163 Objective: Describe private protective services in the United States and their possible future roles. Level: Basic

5.2 True/False Questions 1) Kin policing was used by prehistorical societies. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 143 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic 2) Ancient Greece used urban cohorts to enforce laws, keep order, and control crowds. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 143 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic 3) The growth of modern police forces has been linked to gin riots in England. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 146 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic 4) When it was first founded, the London Metropolitan Police was very popular because of their effect on crime in London. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 147 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic 5) Slave patrols kept the peace among the general population in areas where ownership of enslaved people was permitted. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 147 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic 6) Vigilantism is the act of taking the law into one's own hands. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 148 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic 7) Early on, women who were police officers generally were hired to provide police services to women and children. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 148 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic 7 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

8) The Wickersham Commission report recognized that Prohibition was unenforceable and contributed to police corruption. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 149-150 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic 9) The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration provided education and training for police officers. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 151 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Intermediate 10) Scientific police management emphasizes the development of modern crime labs for the analysis of criminal evidence collected at crime scenes. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 151 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic 11) The Kansas City experiment found that increasing the level of preventive patrol had no effect on crime or fear of crime. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 151-152 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic 12) Prioritizing calls for service, rather than sending police out immediately to all calls, is an example of directed patrol. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 152 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic 13) The evidence used in evidence-based criminology is the same type of evidence that is used in a criminal trial. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 153 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic 14) All federal law enforcement agencies are under the jurisdiction of the Department of Justice. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 154 Objective: Briefly describe federal law enforcement agencies, including the FBI. Level: Basic 8 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

15) Any law enforcement agency in the U.S. may receive laboratory services from the FBI free of charge. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 156 Objective: Briefly describe federal law enforcement agencies, including the FBI. Level: Basic 16) A key priority of the FBI today is combating cyber criminals. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 158 Objective: Briefly describe federal law enforcement agencies, including the FBI. Level: Basic 17) Centralized state police agencies focus primarily on traffic and law enforcement duties on the state's highways. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 158 Objective: Identify the two major models of state law enforcement organization. Level: Basic 18) The NYPD is the largest law enforcement agency in the U.S. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 159 Objective: Describe the various kinds of local law enforcement agencies and their roles in enforcing the law. Level: Intermediate 19) City police chiefs usually are elected public officials. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 160 Objective: Describe the various kinds of local law enforcement agencies and their roles in enforcing the law. Level: Intermediate 20) Municipal police departments are responsible for operating county jails. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 160 Objective: Describe the various kinds of local law enforcement agencies and their roles in enforcing the law. Level: Basic 21) In most countries, private police outnumber public police officers. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 162 Objective: Describe private protective services in the United States and their possible future roles. Level: Basic 9 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

22) One reason for the growth in private security is an increase in workplace crime. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 163 Objective: Describe private protective services in the United States and their possible future roles. Level: Basic 23) The federal government employs private security personnel. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 163 Objective: Describe private protective services in the United States and their possible future roles. Level: Basic 24) The majority of the infrastructure in the U.S. is protected by public police. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 164 Objective: Describe private protective services in the United States and their possible future roles. Level: Basic 5.3 Fill in the Blank Questions 1) ________ policing involves conscripting individuals from within the group to keep order. Answer: Kin Page Ref: 143 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic 2) Ancient Rome used ________ to fight both crime and fires. Answer: vigils Page Ref: 143 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic 3) The Statute of ________ codified British police practices in 1285 and created the watch and ward system. Answer: Winchester Page Ref: 146 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic 4) The first modern police force in the world was created in ________. Answer: London Page Ref: 146 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic 10 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

5) On the American frontier, the law was enforced primarily by ________. Answer: vigilantes Page Ref: 148 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic 6) The 1931 ________ Commission report focused on the potential of Prohibition for police corruption. Answer: Wickersham Page Ref: 149 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic 7) The Kansas City experiment focused on the effectiveness of ________ patrol. Answer: preventive Page Ref: 151 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic 8) ________ patrol is a police-management strategy designed to increase the productivity of patrol officers through the scientific analysis and evaluation of patrol techniques. Answer: Directed Page Ref: 152 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic 9) ________ policing emphasizes the use of research to guide police work. Answer: Evidence-based Page Ref: 153 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Basic 10) The FBI is a part of the Department of ________. Answer: Justice Page Ref: 155 Objective: Briefly describe federal law enforcement agencies, including the FBI. Level: Basic 11) The ________ model of state policing draws a distinction between traffic enforcement and other state-level law enforcement functions. Answer: decentralized Page Ref: 158 Objective: Identify the two major models of state law enforcement organization. Level: Basic

12) A(n) ________ police department is a city- or town-based law enforcement agency. Answer: municipal Page Ref: 159 Objective: Describe the various kinds of local law enforcement agencies and their roles in enforcing the law. Level: Basic 13) ________ are elected law enforcement officials whose agencies are responsible for countywide law enforcement. Answer: Sheriffs Page Ref: 160 Objective: Describe the various kinds of local law enforcement agencies and their roles in enforcing the law. Level: Basic 14) Tribal police would be considered a ________ law enforcement agency. Answer: local Page Ref: 161 Objective: Describe the various kinds of local law enforcement agencies and their roles in enforcing the law. Level: Basic 15) One reason for the rapid growth of private policing in America is an increase in fear of crime and ________. Answer: terrorism Page Ref: 163 Objective: Describe private protective services in the United States and their possible future roles. Level: Intermediate 16) The recent decline in crime may be largely due to the activities of ________ police. Answer: private Page Ref: 163 Objective: Describe private protective services in the United States and their possible future roles. Level: Intermediate

5.4 Matching Questions Match the federal law enforcement agency with the government department it falls under. A) Department of the Interior B) Department of Justice C) Department of the Treasury D) Department of Homeland Security E) Department of Health and Human Services F) Department of State 1) Diplomatic Security Service Page Ref: 155 Objective: Briefly describe federal law enforcement agencies, including the FBI. Level: Intermediate 2) Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation Division Page Ref: 155 Objective: Briefly describe federal law enforcement agencies, including the FBI. Level: Intermediate 3) Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives Page Ref: 155 Objective: Briefly describe federal law enforcement agencies, including the FBI. Level: Intermediate 4) Bureau of Indian Affairs Page Ref: 155 Objective: Briefly describe federal law enforcement agencies, including the FBI. Level: Intermediate 5) Transportation Security Administration Page Ref: 155 Objective: Briefly describe federal law enforcement agencies, including the FBI. Level: Intermediate 6) U.S. Secret Service Page Ref: 155 Objective: Briefly describe federal law enforcement agencies, including the FBI. Level: Intermediate 7) U.S. Bureau of Prisons Page Ref: 155 Objective: Briefly describe federal law enforcement agencies, including the FBI. Level: Intermediate

8) U.S. Park Police Page Ref: 155 Objective: Briefly describe federal law enforcement agencies, including the FBI. Level: Intermediate 9) U.S. Marshals Service Page Ref: 155 Objective: Briefly describe federal law enforcement agencies, including the FBI. Level: Intermediate 10) Food and Drug Administration Office of Criminal Investigations Page Ref: 155 Objective: Briefly describe federal law enforcement agencies, including the FBI. Level: Intermediate 11) Federal Air Marshals Program Page Ref: 155 Objective: Briefly describe federal law enforcement agencies, including the FBI. Level: Intermediate 12) U.S. Coast Guard Page Ref: 155 Objective: Briefly describe federal law enforcement agencies, including the FBI. Level: Intermediate Answers: 1) F 2) C 3) B 4) A 5) D 6) D 7) B 8) A 9) B 10) E 11) F 12) D Match the type of law enforcement agency to its level of enforcement activity. A) Local B) State C) Federal 13) Campus police Page Ref: 155-161 Objective: Describe the three major levels of public law enforcement in the United States today. Level: Intermediate 14) Customs enforcement Page Ref: 155-161 Objective: Describe the three major levels of public law enforcement in the United States today. Level: Intermediate

15) Tribal police Page Ref: 155-161 Objective: Describe the three major levels of public law enforcement in the United States today. Level: Intermediate 16) Highway police Page Ref: 155-161 Objective: Describe the three major levels of public law enforcement in the United States today. Level: Intermediate 17) Weigh station operations Page Ref: 155-161 Objective: Describe the three major levels of public law enforcement in the United States today. Level: Intermediate 18) Postal inspection Page Ref: 155-161 Objective: Describe the three major levels of public law enforcement in the United States today. Level: Intermediate Answers: 13) A 14) C 15) A 16) B 17) B 18) C 5.5 Essay Questions 1) The two Kansas City studies greatly affected assumptions about police patrol activities. Describe each study, including their findings, and explain the effect the studies had on the role of traditional preventive patrol and traditional strategies for responding to calls for service. Answer: Answers should describe the format of the Kansas City experiment on patrol, including three levels of patrol examined (normal patrol, increased patrol, and no patrol), and review the results of the study, including the lack of impact of patrol level on rates of occurrence of crime or on citizen fear of crime. This study has been credited with beginning the nowestablished tradition of scientific studies of policing. Answers should also discuss the Kansas City study on response time and explain the results, including the lack of effect of fast police response on citizen satisfaction or suspect arrest. These studies led to the view that almost anything the police could do would be better than random patrol. Answers may also include some discussion of new patrol strategies, such as various kinds of directed patrol, and methods of prioritizing calls for service, which were developed as a result of the Kansas City studies. Page Ref: 151-153 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Difficult

2) Define evidence-based policing, explain how it works, and discuss its importance for policing today. Answer: Answers should include the basic premise of evidence-based policing (EBP): that we are all entitled to our own opinions, but not to our own facts. EBP should be defined as the use of the best available research on the outcomes of police work to implement guidelines and evaluate agencies, units, and officers. The importance of EBP as the most powerful force for change in policing, and a necessary approach for creating cost-effectiveness in policing should be included. Some mention could be made of the various organizations and institutes, such as the Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy and the Campbell Crime and Justice Group, which lead the movement towards EBP. Page Ref: 153-154 Objective: Summarize the historical development of policing in America. Level: Difficult 3) List and define the three levels of law enforcement and give an example of each level. Answer: Answers should include a description of federal, state, and local law enforcement. The discussion of federal law enforcement should include a description of the responsibilities of federal law enforcement officers. The discussion of state law enforcement should describe centralized and decentralized models. The discussion of local law enforcement should include a review of the various types of agencies included, such as municipal departments, sheriff's departments, and specialized departments. Examples of each level should also be included. Page Ref: 154-161 Objective: Describe the three major levels of public law enforcement in the United States today. Level: Intermediate 4) State police agencies are generally separated into two models. Compare and contrast the two models and define their functions within the states and communities they serve. Answer: Answers should include a description of the centralized and decentralized models, as well as a review of the functions and tasks of agencies in each model. Page Ref: 158 Objective: Identify the two major models of state law enforcement organization. Level: Intermediate 5.6 Critical Thinking Questions 1) Discuss some of the problems that might result from having so many different types and levels of law enforcement agencies in the United States today. Answer: Answers will vary but should include some discussion of the lack of uniformity and the resulting possible confusion over the naming, jurisdiction, function, and authority of law enforcement agencies. Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Describe the three major levels of public law enforcement in the United States today. Level: Difficult

2) Explain and analyze the relationship between traditional policing and the role of private security in America and the world today. Answer: Answers will vary but should discuss the need for cooperation between public and private security as well as the need for a joint focus on community-based crime prevention and security awareness programs as a way to maximize the cooperative crime-fighting potential of existing resources. Page Ref: Through Objective: Describe private protective services in the United States and their possible future roles. Level: Difficult

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 17e (Schmalleger) Chapter 6 Policing: Purpose and Organization 6.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which of the following statements best describes police involvement in enforcing the law? A) The police spend the majority of their time involved in law enforcement activities. B) The police are able to enforce all laws. C) The police are expected to support the law. D) Most police officers are involved in intensive, ongoing crime-fighting activities. Answer: C Page Ref: 170-171 Objective: Explain the police mission in democratic societies. Level: Intermediate 2) ________ is a proactive approach to the problem of crime. A) Crime prevention B) Criminal investigation C) Police management D) Span of control Answer: A Page Ref: 171 Objective: Explain the police mission in democratic societies. Level: Intermediate 3) ________ is a crime-analysis and police-management process built on crime mapping that was developed by the New York City Police Department. A) POST B) NLETS C) Span of Control D) CompStat Answer: D Page Ref: 172-173 Objective: Explain the police mission in democratic societies. Level: Basic 4) ________ offenses involve acts that create physical disorder or that reflect social decay. A) Quality of life B) Felony C) CompStat D) Legalistic Answer: A Page Ref: 173 Objective: Explain the police mission in democratic societies. Level: Basic

5) The broken windows model of policing focuses on which element of the police mission? A) Enforcing and supporting the law B) Investigating crimes and apprehending offenders C) Providing needed enforcement-related services D) Preserving the peace Answer: D Page Ref: 173-174 Objective: Explain the police mission in democratic societies. Level: Intermediate 6) ________ is one of the core operational strategies of policing. A) Providing services B) Problem solving C) Support services D) Preserving the peace Answer: C Page Ref: 174 Objective: Discuss the five core operational strategies of today's police departments. Level: Basic 7) ________ is the dominant operational policing strategy and is based on the ideas of Sir Robert Peel and the early London Metropolitan Police. A) Emergency response B) Problem solving C) Routine incident response D) Preventive Patrol Answer: C Page Ref: 174 Objective: Discuss the five core operational strategies of today's police departments. Level: Basic 8) ________ is information about a crime that forms the basis for determining the identity of the perpetrator. A) Problem solving B) Crime scene investigation C) The solvability factor D) Detective work Answer: C Page Ref: 177 Objective: Discuss the five core operational strategies of today's police departments. Level: Basic

9) CAPRA and SARA are examples of the methodology of ________. A) crime scene investigation B) detective work C) police support services D) police problem solving Answer: D Page Ref: 177 Objective: Discuss the five core operational strategies of today's police departments. Level: Basic 10) As a patrol officer in an urban police department, Luke is mainly involved in ________ activities. A) staff B) support C) line D) criminal Answer: C Page Ref: 179 Objective: Summarize the typical organizational structure of a police department. Level: Basic 11) ________ describes the order of authority within a police department. A) Organizational hierarchy B) Span of control C) Personnel priorities D) Chain of command Answer: D Page Ref: 179 Objective: Summarize the typical organizational structure of a police department. Level: Basic 12) Sarah is a police sergeant who is responsible for supervising six patrol officers. This number represents Sarah's ________. A) operational role B) chain of command C) span of control D) management hierarchy Answer: C Page Ref: 179 Objective: Summarize the typical organizational structure of a police department. Level: Basic

13) The political era of American policing was characterized by ________. A) police officers running for political office B) police, citizens, and politicians developing a close working relationship C) police serving the interests of politicians D) politicians funding police research Answer: C Page Ref: 179 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Basic 14) Which of the following was most characteristic of the reform era of policing? A) An emphasis on intelligence-led policing and homeland security B) Close ties between the police and public officials C) A partnership between the police and their communities and a focus on quality-of-life offenses D) A focus on professional crime fighting and solving traditional crimes Answer: D Page Ref: 179-180 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 15) The ________ era of policing was characterized by an increasing focus on quality-of-life offenses and the broken windows model of policing. A) new B) community C) political D) reform Answer: B Page Ref: 180 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 16) Which of the following is true of the new era of policing? A) It is characterized by close ties between police and public officials. B) It began around 1930 and lasted until the 1970s. C) It is still evolving and involves efforts to deal with threats to the homeland. D) It stresses the service role of police officers. Answer: C Page Ref: 180-181 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate

17) Which policing style was in use when the Rodney King beating occurred in Los Angeles? A) Reform B) Legalistic C) Service D) Watchman Answer: D Page Ref: 182 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 18) A police chief instructs officers to write tickets for any motorists who are going at least one mile per hour above the speed limit. This department is most likely operating under the ________ style of policing. A) watchman B) reform C) legalistic D) service Answer: C Page Ref: 182 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Difficult 19) Which of the following is most characteristic of the legalistic style of policing? A) Keeping order through informal police intervention B) Enforcing the letter of the law C) Working with social services and other agencies D) A focus on violations of social norms that do not break the law Answer: B Page Ref: 182 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 20) Police–community relations (PCR) ________. A) recognizes that the police derive their legitimacy from the community they serve B) emphasizes the need for less citizen participation in law enforcement C) emerged during the 1930s D) has been used exclusively in metropolitan areas Answer: A Page Ref: 182 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Basic

21) Officer Markus has just been informed that she is being semi-permanently assigned to a particular neighborhood and is expected to become familiar with the neighborhood, its residents, and their problems and concerns. This is an example of ________ policing. A) intensive B) neighborhood C) block D) team Answer: D Page Ref: 182-183 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Basic 22) ________ policing expands the traditional police goal of professional crime fighting to include nontraditional types of criminals. A) Team B) Community C) Problem-solving D) Strategic Answer: D Page Ref: 184 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Basic 23) Which police strategy emphasizes an increased capacity to deal with crimes that are not well controlled by traditional methods? A) Problem-solving policing B) Strategic policing C) Community policing D) Team policing Answer: B Page Ref: 184 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Basic 24) A neighborhood resource officer asks community residents to clean up trash, remove graffiti, and install better lighting in a local park that is known for extensive drug dealing. This request is characteristic of what type of policing? A) Strategic B) Problem-solving C) Rural D) Crime-fighting Answer: B Page Ref: 185 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Difficult

25) Which of the following is a characteristic of traditional policing? A) The view that the police are the public and the public are the police B) Police efficiency is measured by the absence of crime and disorder C) The role of the police is to solve problems D) The role of the police is to solve crimes Answer: D Page Ref: 186 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 26) Intelligence-led policing ________. A) is a method of managing the investigation into a serious crime B) emphasizes hiring police officers with college degrees C) is a technique used by police in the fight against terrorism D) is a key element in evidenced-based policing Answer: C Page Ref: 189-190 Objective: Compare the role of American police today in the post-9/11 environment with their pre-9/11 role. Level: Basic 27) Information that is compiled in an effort to anticipate, prevent, or monitor criminal activity is known as ________. A) criminal intelligence B) CompStat C) NLETS D) intelligence-led policing Answer: A Page Ref: 190 Objective: Compare the role of American police today in the post-9/11 environment with their pre-9/11 role. Level: Intermediate 28) Which of the following is a characteristic of a fusion center? A) Fusion centers are generally run by the FBI. B) Fusion centers conduct investigations. C) Fusion centers emphasize law enforcement cooperation. D) Fusion centers deal exclusively with issues related to terrorism. Answer: C Page Ref: 191 Objective: Compare the role of American police today in the post-9/11 environment with their pre-9/11 role. Level: Intermediate

29) Which of the following statements regarding women in policing is true? A) Women are highly underrepresented in policing today, compared to their representation in the population. B) Police officers who are women are more likely to be accused of using excessive force. C) Police officers who are women have more difficulty de-escalating potentially violent confrontations. D) Departments today are not actively attempting to recruit and retain women. Answer: A Page Ref: 193 Objective: Describe racial, ethnic, and gender diversity issues in policing, including ways to resolve them. Level: Intermediate 6.2 True/False Questions 1) The police spend the majority of their time enforcing the law and fighting crime. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 171 Objective: Explain the police mission in democratic societies. Level: Basic 2) Crime prevention focuses on reducing both crime and fear of crime. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 171-172 Objective: Explain the police mission in democratic societies. Level: Basic 3) The peacekeeping role of the police involves a focus on quality-of-life offenses. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 173 Objective: Explain the police mission in democratic societies. Level: Basic 4) Quality-of-life offenses are major law violations such as murder. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 173 Objective: Explain the police mission in democratic societies. Level: Basic 5) The broken windows model of policing is most relevant to the service provision role of the police. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 173-174 Objective: Explain the police mission in democratic societies. Level: Basic

6) Routine incident response is the dominant operational policing strategy today. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 174 Objective: Discuss the five core operational strategies of today's police departments. Level: Basic 7) Response time is strongly linked to citizen satisfaction. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 175 Objective: Discuss the five core operational strategies of today's police departments. Level: Basic 8) The preliminary investigation is carried out by trained crime scene investigators. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 177 Objective: Discuss the five core operational strategies of today's police departments. Level: Basic 9) Solvability factors are used to determine the identity of a perpetrator's identity. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 177 Objective: Discuss the five core operational strategies of today's police departments. Level: Basic 10) CAPRA and SARA are acronyms that relate to the methodology of police problem solving. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 177 Objective: Discuss the five core operational strategies of today's police departments. Level: Basic 11) Administration, training, and budgeting are examples of line operations. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 179 Objective: Summarize the typical organizational structure of a police department. Level: Basic 12) A patrol officer would be part of the department's staff operations. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 179 Objective: Summarize the typical organizational structure of a police department. Level: Intermediate

13) Unity of command refers to the number of personnel or units supervised by a particular commander. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 179 Objective: Summarize the typical organizational structure of a police department. Level: Basic 14) During the reform era, police focused on professional crime fighting and on capturing offenders. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 179-180 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Basic 15) A department cannot mix multiple policing styles. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 181 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Basic 16) The legalistic style of policing emphasizes crime control over crime prevention and uses discretion to keep order. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 181-182 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 17) Legalistic style police are more likely to give a speeding driver a ticket rather than a warning. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 182 Objective: Compare and contrast one of the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 18) The service style of policing is based on order maintenance. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 182 Objective: Compare and contrast one of the three most common policing styles. Level: Basic 19) Team policing was designed to provide total police services to a neighborhood. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 182-183 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Basic

20) Strategic policing fits best into Wilson's order maintenance style of policing. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 184 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 21) Strategic policing emphasizes the need to focus on nontraditional crimes and criminals. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 184 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Basic 22) Traditional policing views police professionalism as keeping close to the community improving the quality of life of citizens. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 186 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 23) Community policing focuses on dealing with citizens' problems and concerns. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 186 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 24) Many police officers and managers are not willing to accept community policing. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 187 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Basic 25) After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the core mission of the police changed to focus on terrorism. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 187 Objective: Compare the role of American police today in the post-9/11 environment with their pre-9/11 role. Level: Basic 26) Unless a law enforcement agency has a dedicated intelligence unit, it will find it difficult to effectively use information and intelligence disseminated by the federal government. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 190 Objective: Compare the role of American police today in the post-9/11 environment with their pre-9/11 role. Level: Basic 11 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

27) The central purpose of a fusion center is to share information. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 191 Objective: Compare the role of American police today in the post-9/11 environment with their pre-9/11 role. Level: Basic 28) Police departments have been working to increase the number of officers from underrepresented groups. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 193 Objective: Describe racial, ethnic, and gender diversity issues in policing, including ways to resolve them. Level: Basic 29) Women today are employed in policing in numbers approaching their representation in the population. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 193 Objective: Describe racial, ethnic, and gender diversity issues in policing, including ways to resolve them. Level: Basic 30) Officers who are women tend to be better at defusing and de-escalating potentially violent confrontations. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 193 Objective: Describe racial, ethnic, and gender diversity issues in policing, including ways to resolve them. Level: Basic 6.3 Fill in the Blank Questions 1) Crime ________ is a proactive approach to the problem of crime. Answer: prevention Page Ref: 171 Objective: Explain the police mission in democratic societies. Level: Basic 2) ________ is a crime-analysis and police management process built on crime mapping that was developed by the NYPD. Answer: CompStat Page Ref: 173-174 Objective: Explain the police mission in democratic societies. Level: Basic

3) ________ time is measured from the time a call for service is received by a dispatcher until an officer arrives on the scene. Answer: Response Page Ref: 175 Objective: Discuss the five core operational strategies of today's police departments. Level: Basic 4) The ________ factor involves information about a crime that forms the basis for determining the perpetrator's identity. Answer: solvability Page Ref: 177 Objective: Discuss the five core operational strategies of today's police departments. Level: Basic 5) White ________ refers to an unquestioned belief that white culture is superior to all others. Answer: supremacy Page Ref: 178 Objective: Discuss the five core operational strategies of today's police departments. Level: Basic 6) ________ operations are field activities that relate directly to daily police work. Answer: Line Page Ref: 179 Objective: Discuss the five core operational strategies of today's police departments. Level: Basic 7) ________ of command exists when every individual has only one supervisor to answer to and to take orders from. Answer: Unity Page Ref: 179 Objective: Discuss the five core operational strategies of today's police departments. Level: Basic 8) During the ________ era, the police emphasized professional crime fighting. Answer: reform Page Ref: 179-180 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Basic 9) ________-style police departments are mainly concerned with order maintenance. Answer: Watchman Page Ref: 181 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Basic

10) ________ policing involves assigning officers semipermanently to particular neighborhoods so they can become familiar with the residents, their problems, and their concerns. Answer: Team Page Ref: 182-183 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Basic 11) ________ policing considers professionalism to be providing a swift and effective response to serious crime. Answer: Traditional Page Ref: 186 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 12) ________ policing sees service calls as a vital police function. Answer: Community Page Ref: 186 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Basic 13) Criminal ________ is information that has been analyzed and integrated into a useful perspective. Answer: intelligence Page Ref: 190 Objective: Compare the role of American police today in the post-9/11 environment with their pre-9/11 role. Level: Intermediate 14) ________ intelligence provides information to decision makers about the changing nature of threats of terrorism or crime. Answer: Strategic Page Ref: 190 Objective: Compare the role of American police today in the post-9/11 environment with their pre-9/11 role. Level: Intermediate 15) ________ centers are collaborative efforts of multiple agencies designed to maximize their ability to detect, prevent, investigate, and respond to crime and terrorism. Answer: Fusion Page Ref: 191 Objective: Compare the role of American police today in the post-9/11 environment with their pre-9/11 role. Level: Intermediate

6.4 Matching Questions Match the police role to the operational category. A) Staff operation B) Line operation 1) Patrol Page Ref: 179 Objective: Summarize the typical organizational structure of a police department. Level: Basic 2) Criminal investigation Page Ref: 179 Objective: Summarize the typical organizational structure of a police department. Level: Basic 3) Training Page Ref: 179 Objective: Summarize the typical organizational structure of a police department. Level: Basic 4) Traffic enforcement Page Ref: 179 Objective: Summarize the typical organizational structure of a police department. Level: Basic 5) Scientific analysis of evidence Page Ref: 179 Objective: Summarize the typical organizational structure of a police department. Level: Basic 6) Personnel management Page Ref: 179 Objective: Summarize the typical organizational structure of a police department. Level: Basic Answers: 1) B 2) B 3) A 4) B 5) A 6) A

Match the characteristic to the historical era. A) Reform era B) Community policing era C) Political era D) New era 7) Crackdown on organized crime Page Ref: 179-181 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 8) Focus on quality-of-life offenses Page Ref: 179-181 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 9) Emphasis on procedural fairness Page Ref: 179-181 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 10) Close ties between police and public officials Page Ref: 179-181 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 11) Emphasis on professionalism and traditional crime-fighting Page Ref: 179-181 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 12) Paramilitary style organization Page Ref: 179-181 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 13) Broken windows model of policing Page Ref: 179-181 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 14) Emphasis on intelligence-led policing Page Ref: 179-181 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 16 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

Answers: 7) A 8) D 9) B 10) C 11) A 12) C 13) D 14) C Match the characteristic to the type of policing. A) Traditional policing B) Community policing C) Community policing 15) The role of the police is to solve crimes Page Ref: 186 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 16) Police efficiency is measured by the absence of crime and disorder Page Ref: 186 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 17) The role of headquarters is to preach organizational values Page Ref: 186 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 18) Crime intelligence is most important Page Ref: 186 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 19) Police effectiveness is determined by public cooperation Page Ref: 186 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 20) Prosecutions are seen as an important goal Page Ref: 186 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 21) The police are the public and the public are the police Page Ref: 186 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate

22) Police effectiveness is measured by response times. Page Ref: 186 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate Answers: 15) A 16) B 17) C 18) A 19) C 20) A 21) C 22) A Match the characteristic to the type of policing. A) Problem-solving policing B) Community policing C) Team policing D) Strategic policing include nontraditional kinds of criminals. E) Police-community relations 23) Emphasizes a partnership between the police and the community. Page Ref: 182-185 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 24) Involves the use of public-relations officers to provide an array of services Page Ref: 182-185 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 25) Assumes that many crimes are caused by existing social conditions within the community and that crime can be controlled by addressing these underlying issues Page Ref: 182-185 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 26) Emphasizes the goal of professional crime fighting but expands the enforcement target to include nontraditional kinds of criminals. Page Ref: 182-185 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate 27) Officers are assigned semi-permanently to particular neighborhoods. Page Ref: 182-185 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Intermediate Answers: 23) B 24) E 25) A 26) D 27) C

6.5 Essay Questions 1) List and define the five basic purposes of policing in a democratic society and give examples where appropriate. Answer: Answers should include definitions of the five basic purposes of policing: to enforce and support the laws of the society of which the police are a part, to investigate crimes and apprehend offenders, to prevent crime, to help ensure domestic peace and tranquility, and to provide the community with needed enforcement related services. Examples of each should be included. Page Ref: 170-174 Objective: Explain the police mission in democratic societies. Level: Difficult 2) List and define each of the five core operational strategies police departments use in their daily operation and provide examples of each. Answer: Answers should include definitions of each of the five operational strategies: preventive patrol, routine incident response, emergency response, criminal investigation, and problem solving. Examples of each should be included. Page Ref: 174-177 Objective: Discuss the five core operational strategies of today's police departments. Level: Difficult 3) Compare and contrast line and staff operations and give an example of each. Define the key elements of a police organizational chart, including chain of command, unity of command, and span of control. Answer: Answers should distinguish between line operations, which are activities directly related to police work, such as patrol and investigation, and staff operations, which are support roles such as training and human resources. Chain of command, unity of command, and span of control should be defined. Page Ref: 179 Objective: Summarize the typical organizational structure of a police department. Level: Intermediate 4) Compare and contrast James Q. Wilson's three policing styles. Discuss the pros and cons of each style. Answer: Answers should include a description of Wilson's three styles of policing: watchman, service, and legalistic. Some discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of each style should also be included. Page Ref: 181-182 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Difficult

6.6 Critical Thinking Questions 1) James Q. Wilson identified three styles of policing. In your opinion, which style best fits police work in today's society? Support your opinion with examples. Answer: Answers will vary but should express an opinion regarding the advantages of one of the three styles of policing over the others, and should provide support for this opinion. Page Ref: 181-182 Objective: Compare and contrast the three most common policing styles. Level: Difficult 2) Review the issues affecting women in policing today. Suggest ways in which some of these issues could be resolved and how the representation of women in policing could be increased. Use examples to support your responses. Answer: Answers will vary but should discuss the key obstacles facing women in policing today and suggest possible solutions to some of these obstacles. Page Ref: 193-194 Objective: Describe racial, ethnic, and gender diversity issues in policing, including ways to resolve them. Level: Difficult

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 17e (Schmalleger) Chapter 7 Policing: Legal Aspects 7.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Which Amendment prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures? A) The Fourth Amendment B) The Fifth Amendment C) The Sixth Amendment D) The Eighth Amendment Answer: A Page Ref: 202 Objective: Explain how the Bill of Rights protects Americans from police abuse. Level: Basic 2) What is the importance of the Fourteenth Amendment? A) It extends constitutional protections to state-level criminal justice. B) It creates exceptions to the protections provided in the Bill of Rights. C) It places the need to ensure public safety above the need to protect individual rights. D) It requires police to advise suspects of their rights using the Miranda warnings. Answer: A Page Ref: 202-203 Objective: Explain how the Bill of Rights protects Americans from police abuse. Level: Intermediate 3) ________ cases produce substantial changes both in the understanding of the requirements of due process and in the practical day-to-day operations of the justice system. A) Sensational B) Landmark C) Crucial D) Celebrated Answer: B Page Ref: 203 Objective: Explain how the ideas of due process and democratically inspired legal restraints on the police help to protect our personal freedoms. Level: Basic 4) Which U.S. Supreme Court case was responsible for the creation of the exclusionary rule? A) Powell v. Alabama B) Weeks v. U.S. C) Chimel v. California D) Johnson v. Avery Answer: B Page Ref: 204 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Basic 1 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

5) According to ________, evidence illegally seized by the police cannot be used in a trial. A) the exclusionary rule B) the Fifth Amendment C) Miranda v. Arizona D) the Sixth Amendment Answer: A Page Ref: 204 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Basic 6) The Weeks case applied the exclusionary rule to ________. A) all police officers B) state and local police officers only C) federal officers only D) state police officers only Answer: C Page Ref: 204 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Intermediate 7) A writ of certiorari ________. A) asks the court to free somebody who has been wrongfully convicted B) identifies probable cause for the court to issue an arrest warrant C) allows officers to search a suspect's home D) allows appellate courts to review the record of a lower court case Answer: D Page Ref: 205-206 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Basic 8) Which legal principle states that any evidence that is later developed as a result of an illegal search or seizure is excluded from trial? A) The good-faith exception B) The compelling interest doctrine C) The plain view doctrine D) The fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine Answer: D Page Ref: 206 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Basic

9) Which Supreme Court ruling applied the exclusionary rule to the states? A) Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. U.S. B) Weeks v. U.S. C) U.S. v. Leon D) Mapp v. Ohio Answer: D Page Ref: 205, 208 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Basic 10) According to the Supreme Court, in a search incident to arrest, where are the police permitted to search without a search warrant? A) The police may search the entire building in which the arrest occurred. B) The police may only search the area in the arrestee's immediate control. C) The police may only search the arrestee. D) The police may not conduct a search without a warrant. Answer: B Page Ref: 206-207 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Intermediate 11) Kel and Mary rent a house together. Officer Smith requests permission to search for drugs. Kel consents to the search but Mary refuses, because she has illegal drugs hidden in the kitchen. Based on Kel's consent, Officer Smith searches the house over Mary's objection, and finds the drugs. Which of the following is legally correct in the ensuing trial? A) The drugs can be used at Mary's trial because the police had Kel's consent to search the house. B) The drugs can be used at Mary's trial because the exclusionary rule does not apply in drug cases. C) The drugs cannot be used at Mary's trial because the police violated the plain-view doctrine. D) The drugs cannot be used at Mary's trial because she did not consent to the search. Answer: D Page Ref: 207 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Basic

12) Which U.S. Supreme Court made the exclusionary rule applicable to criminal prosecutions at the state level? A) The Rehnquist Court B) The Burger Court C) The Roberts Court D) The Warren Court Answer: D Page Ref: 207-208 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Basic 13) Probable cause is ________. A) a precedent-setting term concerned with the use of undercover operations B) a police procedural issue concerned with the use of deadly force C) a legal explanation for the use of interrogation as a means to elicit a confession D) a set of facts that cause a reasonable person to believe that a person committed a specific crime Answer: D Page Ref: 209 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Basic 14) A search warrant can only be issued if there is ________. A) latent evidence B) reasonable suspicion C) probable cause D) a writ of certiorari Answer: C Page Ref: 209 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Basic 15) Officer Choi is questioning neighborhood residents about a series of burglaries. She knocks on Joe's door and is invited into the house. While in the kitchen, Officer Choi notices a marijuana plant on the windowsill. Officer Choi may legally seize the plant under the ________ doctrine. A) exigent search B) good-faith C) plain-view D) compelling interest Answer: C Page Ref: 210-212 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Intermediate 4 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

16) An emergency search or exigent circumstances search may be conducted in which of the following situations? A) Incident to arrest B) When there is clear danger of the destruction of evidence C) When the evidence to be seized is in an area open to public inspection D) When the evidence to be seized will inevitably be discovered even without a search Answer: B Page Ref: 213 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Intermediate 17) A(n) ________ warrant is issued based on probable cause to believe that evidence of a crime which is not currently at the place described will likely be there when the warrant is executed. A) plain-view B) anticipatory C) latent D) electronic Answer: B Page Ref: 214-215 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Intermediate 18) Officer Martinez obtains an arrest warrant for Sam Jones. He finds Sam at home and promptly arrests him. Officer Martinez does not have a search warrant but decides to conduct a search incident to arrest. Where is Officer Martinez legally able to search? A) Officer Martinez may search the house in which the arrest occurred. B) Officer Martinez may only search the area which is in Sam's the arrestee's immediate control. C) Officer Martinez may search Sam and anyone else in the house. D) Officer Martinez may not conduct a search without a valid search warrant. Answer: B Page Ref: 217 Objective: Describe detention, arrest, and types of searches. Level: Intermediate 19) According to the Supreme Court, the police may conduct a "stop and frisk" without a warrant based on ________. A) preponderance of evidence B) reasonable suspicion C) probable cause D) totality of the circumstances Answer: B Page Ref: 218 Objective: Describe detention, arrest, and types of searches. Level: Basic 5 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

20) Which Supreme Court case set the standard for a "stop and frisk"? A) Brady v. U.S. B) Argersinger v. Hamlin C) Terry v. Ohio D) Miranda v. Arizona Answer: C Page Ref: 217-218 Objective: Describe detention, arrest, and types of searches. Level: Basic 21) The ________ exception to the exclusionary rule allows police to conduct warrantless searches of a vehicle. A) fleeing-targets B) plain view C) good faith D) reasonable suspicion Answer: A Page Ref: 221 Objective: Describe detention, arrest, and types of searches. Level: Intermediate 22) When are the police allowed to conduct a search of someone who is not suspected of a crime? A) Never — the Fourth Amendment prohibits suspicionless searches B) If the police have reasonable grounds to believe that the individual being searched may have some knowledge of a crime C) If the person being searched has a criminal record D) If there is an overriding concern for public safety Answer: D Page Ref: 224 Objective: Describe detention, arrest, and types of searches. Level: Intermediate 23) What legal concept provides a basis for a suspicionless search when public safety is at stake? A) Fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine B) Reasonable suspicion C) Probable cause D) Compelling interest Answer: D Page Ref: 224 Objective: Describe detention, arrest, and types of searches. Level: Intermediate

24) In the case of Illinois v. Gates, the Supreme Court established the ________ test for evaluating whether information provided by an informant may be the basis for issuing a warrant. A) totality of the circumstances B) latent circumstances C) good-faith D) two-pronged Answer: A Page Ref: 227 Objective: Describe the intelligence function, including the roles of police interrogation and the Miranda warning. Level: Basic 25) Which of the following fits the definition of interrogation, according to the Supreme Court? A) A police officer questions a witness at the scene of a crime. B) A police officer gives a suspect some instructions during booking. C) A police officer places a suspect into a lineup. D) A police officer gives a suspect his Miranda warning before conducting a search of the immediate area. Answer: C Page Ref: 227-228 Objective: Describe the intelligence function, including the roles of police interrogation and the Miranda warning. Level: Difficult 26) ________ involves tactics used by police interviewers that fall short of physical abuse but still pressure suspects to divulge information. A) Interrogation B) Inherent coercion C) Deception D) Coercion Answer: B Page Ref: 228-229 Objective: Describe the intelligence function, including the roles of police interrogation and the Miranda warning. Level: Basic 27) In Escobedo v. Illinois, the Supreme Court formally recognized a suspect's right to have an attorney present ________. A) at trial B) at an arraignment C) during police interrogation D) upon arrest Answer: C Page Ref: 229 Objective: Describe the intelligence function, including the roles of police interrogation and the Miranda warning. Level: Basic 7 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

28) The "Christian burial speech" led to the creation of which exception to the Miranda requirements? A) Inevitable discovery B) Public safety C) Good-faith D) Fleeing-targets Answer: A Page Ref: 233 Objective: Describe the intelligence function, including the roles of police interrogation and the Miranda warning. Level: Intermediate 29) 19-year-old Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, the surviving Boston Marathon bomber, was initially questioned by law enforcement officers before he was read his Miranda rights under which exception to Miranda? A) Inevitable discovery B) Public safety C) Good faith D) Fleeing-targets Answer: B Page Ref: 233 Objective: Describe the intelligence function, including the roles of police interrogation and the Miranda warning. Level: Intermediate 30) When are the police required to read the Miranda warnings to a suspect? A) When they arrest a suspect B) Before conducting a stop-and-frisk C) Before conducting a field interview D) Before questioning an arrested suspect Answer: D Page Ref: 234 Objective: Describe the intelligence function, including the roles of police interrogation and the Miranda warning. Level: Intermediate 31) Which federal law greatly expanded the ability of the police to intercept many forms of electronic communications? A) The Telecommunications Act of 1996 B) The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 C) The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 D) The Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act of 1994 Answer: C Page Ref: 239 Objective: Describe the intelligence function, including the roles of police interrogation and the Miranda warning. Level: Basic 8 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

32) Evidence of relevance to a criminal investigation that is not readily seen by the unaided eye is known as ________ evidence. A) forensic B) latent C) exculpatory D) documentary Answer: B Page Ref: 241 Objective: Describe the intelligence function, including the roles of police interrogation and the Miranda warning. Level: Basic 7.2 True/False Questions 1) The Fourteenth Amendment is included in the Bill of Rights. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 202 Objective: Explain how the Bill of Rights protects Americans from police abuse. Level: Intermediate 2) The Warren Court used the Fourteenth Amendment to require both state and federal criminal justice agencies to adhere to the Court's interpretation of the Constitution. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 203 Objective: Explain how the Bill of Rights protects Americans from police abuse. Level: Intermediate 3) The post-Warren Supreme Court has continued the trend of the Warren-era advances in the area of individual rights. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 203 Objective: Explain how the Bill of Rights protects Americans from police abuse. Level: Basic 4) Landmark cases clarify the procedural guidelines the criminal justice system must follow. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 203 Objective: Explain how the Bill of Rights protects Americans from police abuse. Level: Basic 5) The case of Weeks v. U.S. only applied the exclusionary rule to federal law enforcement officers. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 204 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Intermediate 9 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

6) The fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine is a legal principle that says that any evidence developed as the result of an illegal search or seizure may not be introduced at trial. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 206 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Intermediate 7) A search incident to arrest may include the entire building in which the arrest was made. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 207 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Basic 8) If one resident consents to a warrantless search, the police may still conduct the search even if another resident refuses to consent. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 207 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Basic 9) The good-faith exception may allow evidence obtained through an illegal search to be admitted at trial. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 208 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Intermediate 10) Mapp v. Ohio was a landmark case that restricted police from interrogating juveniles without their parents present. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 208 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Basic 11) The plain-view doctrine still applies if officers move objects so they can see evidence otherwise hidden from view. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 210-212 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Intermediate 10 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

12) The only justification for an emergency warrantless search is the belief that there is an immediate threat that evidence will be removed or destroyed. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 213 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Intermediate 13) No-knock warrants are permitted in all jurisdictions, according to federal statutes. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 214 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Intermediate 14) An anticipatory warrant requires probable cause. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 208 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Intermediate 15) A person is under arrest if a law enforcement officer restricts that person's freedom to leave. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 215 Objective: Describe detention, arrest, and types of searches. Level: Basic 16) Terry-type stops require reasonable suspicion. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 218 Objective: Describe detention, arrest, and types of searches. Level: Basic 17) The fleeing-targets exception to the exclusionary rule allows warrantless searches of vehicles. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 221 Objective: Describe detention, arrest, and types of searches. Level: Basic 18) Police may set up information-seeking roadblocks even though they are stopping people without any reasonable suspicion. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 223 Objective: Describe detention, arrest, and types of searches. Level: Intermediate 11 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

19) The police may only search a person if that person is suspected of a crime. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 224 Objective: Describe detention, arrest, and types of searches. Level: Intermediate 20) The current test for determining probable cause based on informant information is the twopronged test. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 227 Objective: Describe the intelligence function, including the roles of police interrogation and the Miranda warning. Level: Basic 21) A lineup is considered a form of interrogation. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 227 Objective: Describe the intelligence function, including the roles of police interrogation and the Miranda warning. Level: Basic 22) During interrogation, the police are permitted to use psychological manipulation in some limited circumstances. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 229 Objective: Describe the intelligence function, including the roles of police interrogation and the Miranda warning. Level: Basic 23) The Supreme Court recognized a suspect's right to have legal counsel present during interrogation in Escobedo v. Illinois. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 229 Objective: Describe the intelligence function, including the roles of police interrogation and the Miranda warning. Level: Basic 24) Miranda rights do not apply to undocumented immigrants living in the U.S. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 231 Objective: Describe the intelligence function, including the roles of police interrogation and the Miranda warning. Level: Intermediate

25) The police are required to provide a Miranda warning before questioning someone who is not under arrest. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 234 Objective: Describe the intelligence function, including the roles of police interrogation and the Miranda warning. Level: Intermediate 26) A confession is a form of nontestimonial evidence. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 235 Objective: Describe the intelligence function, including the roles of police interrogation and the Miranda warning. Level: Intermediate 27) When the police are conducting a phone tap, they must stop monitoring the call when it becomes obvious the conversation is innocent. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 238 Objective: Describe the intelligence function, including the roles of police interrogation and the Miranda warning. Level: Basic 28) Latent evidence is not readily seen by the unaided eye. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 241 Objective: Describe the intelligence function, including the roles of police interrogation and the Miranda warning. Level: Basic 7.3 Fill in the Blank Questions 1) The ________ Amendment provides protection against arrest without probable cause. Answer: Fourth Page Ref: 202 Objective: Explain how the Bill of Rights protects Americans from police abuse. Level: Basic 2) A(n) ________ case is a precedent-setting court decision that produces major changes in the practical operations of the criminal justice system. Answer: landmark Page Ref: 203 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Basic

3) The ________ rule holds that evidence illegally seized by the police cannot be used in a trial. Answer: exclusionary Page Ref: 204 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Basic 4) A police officer who conducts a search without a written judicial order authorizing that activity is conducting a(n) ________ search. Answer: warrantless Page Ref: 206 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Basic 5) The ________ exception to the exclusionary rule permits the use of evidence illegally seized by the police if the officers believed they were operating legally. Answer: good-faith Page Ref: 208 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Basic 6) A(n) ________ warrant allows a police officer to enter a specified area without needing to knock or identify themselves before entering. Answer: no-knock Page Ref: 214 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Basic 7) A(n) ________ warrant does not claim that evidence is present at the time the warrant is requested but expects that the evidence will be there when the warrant is executed. Answer: anticipatory Page Ref: 214 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Basic 8) A(n) ________ occurs when a police officer restricts an individual's freedom to leave. Answer: arrest Page Ref: 215 Objective: Describe detention, arrest, and types of searches. Level: Basic

9) The case of Terry v. Ohio permits a brief stop and frisk based on reasonable ________. Answer: suspicion Page Ref: 217-218 Objective: Describe detention, arrest, and types of searches. Level: Basic 10) Requiring all employees to take mandatory drug tests, regardless of any beliefs about their use of drugs, is an example of a(n) ________ search. Answer: suspicionless Page Ref: 224 Objective: Describe the intelligence function, including the roles of police interrogation and the Miranda warning. Level: Intermediate 11) The totality of the circumstances approach is used to determine if there is probable cause for issuing a warrant based on information obtained from a(n) ________. Answer: informant Page Ref: 227 Objective: Describe the intelligence function, including the roles of police interrogation and the Miranda warning. Level: Basic 12) ________ includes any police behaviors likely to produce an incriminating response from the suspect. Answer: Interrogation Page Ref: 227 Objective: Describe the intelligence function, including the roles of police interrogation and the Miranda warning. Level: Basic 13) If a suspect who only speaks Spanish is read his Miranda rights in English, he cannot make a(n) ________ waiver because he is not in a condition to understand the rights. Answer: knowing Page Ref: 232-233 Objective: Describe the intelligence function, including the roles of police interrogation and the Miranda warning. Level: Intermediate 14) Miranda ________ refers to the Supreme Court's ruling that the police are only required to provide warnings in situations involving both arrest and custodial interrogation. Answer: triggers Page Ref: 234 Objective: Describe the intelligence function, including the roles of police interrogation and the Miranda warning. Level: Basic

15) Physical evidence generally is ________ evidence. Answer: nontestimonial Page Ref: 235 Objective: Describe the intelligence function, including the roles of police interrogation and the Miranda warning. Level: Basic 16) Fingerprints and DNA are examples of non-visible or ________ evidence. Answer: latent Page Ref: 241 Objective: Describe the intelligence function, including the roles of police interrogation and the Miranda warning. Level: Basic

7.4 Matching Questions Match the Constitutional right with the amendment that guarantees it. A) Sixth B) Eighth C) Fourteenth D) Fifth E) Fourth 1) Right against double jeopardy Page Ref: 202 Objective: Explain how the Bill of Rights protects Americans from police abuse. Level: Basic 2) Applicability of constitutional rights to all citizens, regardless of state law or procedure Page Ref: 202 Objective: Explain how the Bill of Rights protects Americans from police abuse. Level: Basic 3) Right against arrest without probable cause Page Ref: 202 Objective: Explain how the Bill of Rights protects Americans from police abuse. Level: Basic 4) Right to a lawyer Page Ref: 202 Objective: Explain how the Bill of Rights protects Americans from police abuse. Level: Basic 5) Right against self-incrimination Page Ref: 202 Objective: Explain how the Bill of Rights protects Americans from police abuse. Level: Basic 6) Right to reasonable bail Page Ref: 202 Objective: Explain how the Bill of Rights protects Americans from police abuse. Level: Basic 7) Right against unreasonable searches and seizures Page Ref: 202 Objective: Explain how the Bill of Rights protects Americans from police abuse. Level: Basic

8) Right against excessive fines Page Ref: 202 Objective: Explain how the Bill of Rights protects Americans from police abuse. Level: Basic 9) Right to a speedy trial Page Ref: 202 Objective: Explain how the Bill of Rights protects Americans from police abuse. Level: Basic Answers: 1) A 2) C 3) D 4) E 5) A 6) B 7) D 8) B 9) E Match the Supreme Court case to its main ruling. A) U.S. v. Leon B) Weeks v. U.S. C) Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. U.S. D) Escobedo v. Illinois E) Terry v. Ohio F) Harris v. U.S. G) Chimel v. California H) Mapp v. U.S. 10) Created the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 11) Set the standard for a brief stop and frisk based on reasonable suspicion Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 12) Formally recognized the right to have legal counsel present during police interrogation Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 13) Established the exclusionary rule at the federal level Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 14) Created the plain view doctrine Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 18 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

15) Set forth the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 16) Placed limits on searches incident to arrest Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 17) Applied the exclusionary rule to the states Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate Answers: 10) A 11) E 12) D 13) B 14) F 15) C 16) G 17) H 7.5 Essay Questions 1) Define due process, as required by the Bill of Rights, and explain what a landmark case is and why it is important. Answer: Answers should include an explanation of the Constitutional requirement of due process, which mandates that justice system officials respect the rights of accused individuals throughout the criminal justice process. Answers should also define landmark cases as cases that produce substantial changes in the understanding of due process requirements and in the day-today operations of the justice system. They are important because they clarify the procedural guidelines by which the justice system, including the police, must abide. Page Ref: 202-203 Objective: Explain how the ideas of due process and democratically inspired legal restraints on the police help to protect our personal freedoms. Level: Intermediate 2) Explain the exclusionary rule and the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine. What limits do these place on the police? Answer: Answers should explain that the exclusionary rule holds that evidence illegally seized by the police cannot be used as evidence in a criminal trial, and should explain that the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine bars from use at trial any evidence that derives from an illegal search or seizure, even if the specific evidence that was illegally seized is not used. These act as a control on police behavior, limiting their ability to violate a suspect's due process rights without potentially harming the case against that suspect. Page Ref: 204-206 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Intermediate

3) Explain in detail two exceptions to the exclusionary rule. Answer: Answers will vary but should discuss two exceptions to the exclusionary rule. These may include the plain view exception, the good faith exception, the clerical errors exception, the emergency search exception, a search incident to arrest, or the fleeing targets exception, among others. An outline of the key exceptions is provided in Figure 7-1. Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Intermediate 4) Define arrest and explain how arrest differs from investigative detention. Answer: Answers should define arrest and should stress that arrest requires probable cause. Answers should also explain the concept of investigative detention, which only requires reasonable suspicion. Answers should point out that investigative detention falls short of arrest, because the amount of time a person may be detained is limited to the length of time it reasonably takes police to conduct the investigation. Page Ref: 215-216 Objective: Describe detention, arrest, and types of searches. Level: Intermediate 5) What is an interrogation? What limits have been placed on police interrogations? What behaviors are prohibited during an interrogation? Answer: Answers should include a definition of interrogation as any police behaviors likely to produce an incriminating response from the suspect. The police are not permitted to use physical abuse, inherent coercion, or psychological manipulation. The police are required to provide Miranda warnings to arrested suspects prior to interrogation and must allow suspects to have legal counsel present during interrogation. Page Ref: 227-232 Objective: Describe the intelligence function, including the roles of police interrogation and the Miranda warning. Level: Intermediate 6) Define and explain "inevitable discovery" and discuss the "Christian burial speech" and its implications for search and seizure by police. Answer: Answers should explain the concept of inevitable discovery as the idea that evidence, even if it was otherwise gathered inappropriately, can be used in a court of law if it would have invariably turned up in the normal course of events. Answers should also discuss the "Christian burial speech" and the two Supreme Court cases resulting from this event, and should explain the creation of the inevitable discovery exception to Miranda. Page Ref: 233 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Intermediate

7) Define electronic evidence and discuss the issues relative to the gathering of electronic evidence. Answer: Answers should define electronic evidence and its four special characteristics and should explain that electronic evidence is a form of latent evidence. Answers should also discuss Supreme Court rulings regarding the ability of the police to collect electronic evidence without a warrant. Page Ref: 241-242 Objective: Describe the intelligence function, including the roles of police interrogation and the Miranda warning. Level: Intermediate 7.6 Critical Thinking Questions 1) The views of the U.S. Supreme Court in the area of individual rights have changed dramatically over time. Compare the views of the Warren Court to those of the Burger, Rehnquist, and Roberts Courts. Why do you think these courts had such divergent views? Which do you prefer and why? Support your opinions. Answer: Answers will vary but should include a comparison of the more liberal Warren Court to the significantly more conservative views of later courts. Page Ref: 202-208 Objective: Multiple Level: Difficult 2) Define suspicionless searches. Discuss the pros and cons of permitting searches of individuals who are not suspected of a crime. Do you think that public safety is a compelling interest that can negate an individual's right to privacy or are these searches a violation of the individual's constitutional rights? Support your response. Answer: Answers will vary but should include a definition of suspicionless searches. The student's opinion regarding the constitutionality of these searches, and the support offered, are key elements of this essay. Page Ref: 224-225 Objective: Describe the circumstances under which police officers may conduct searches or seize property legally. Level: Difficult

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 17e (Schmalleger) Chapter 8 Policing: Issues and Challenges 8.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) How do new police officers enter the police subculture? A) They apply for admission after graduating from the academy. B) They are admitted into the subculture after completing their probationary period. C) They are socialized into the subculture. D) They join the subculture when they are first hired. Answer: C Page Ref: 249 Objective: Describe the police personality and police subculture. Level: Intermediate 2) A police subculture includes ________. A) giving priority to the official department code B) shared values, beliefs, and forms of behavior C) the development of a symbolic assailant D) a focus on police professionalism Answer: B Page Ref: 249 Objective: Describe the police personality and police subculture. Level: Basic 3) The concept of the police working personality was developed by ________. A) James Q. Wilson B) Jerome Skolnick C) Kenneth Davis D) Lawrence Sherman Answer: B Page Ref: 249 Objective: Describe the police personality and police subculture. Level: Basic 4) The two key elements in the definition of police corruption are ________. A) abuse of authority and absence of integrity B) absence of integrity and personal gain C) absence of integrity and cash benefit D) misuse of authority and personal gain Answer: D Page Ref: 252 Objective: Describe different types of police corruption and possible methods for building police integrity. Level: Basic

5) Which of the following activities best fits the definition of police corruption? A) An off-duty police officer steals a neighbor's lawn mower. B) A police officer knowingly participates in an illegal search. C) A police officer accepts money to ignore a traffic violation. D) A police officer uses drugs while off duty. Answer: C Page Ref: 252 Objective: Describe different types of police corruption and possible methods for building police integrity. Level: Difficult 6) Which type of police corruption identified by the Knapp Commission involves the active seeking of illicit money-making opportunities by officers? A) Grass eating B) Profiling C) Occupational deviance D) Meat eating Answer: D Page Ref: 254 Objective: Describe different types of police corruption and possible methods for building police integrity. Level: Basic 7) Which of the following is an example of a grass eater? A) An officer who accepts small bribes and minor services from citizens B) An officer who solicits bribes through threat or intimidation C) An officer who seeks out illicit moneymaking opportunities D) An officer who sells drugs confiscated from dealers Answer: A Page Ref: 254 Objective: Describe different types of police corruption and possible methods for building police integrity. Level: Intermediate 8) Which of the following is the most serious type of corruption? A) Accepting gratuities B) Denial of civil rights C) Role malfeasance D) Accepting bribes Answer: B Page Ref: 253 Objective: Describe different types of police corruption and possible methods for building police integrity. Level: Intermediate

9) Which of the following does the FBI consider an important strategy used to combat police corruption? A) Increased ethics training of both new and experienced officers B) Unannounced inspections of patrol forces in their patrol locations by supervisory personnel C) Setting up a "silent witness" telephone hotline to facilitate receipt of reports about potentially corrupt activities D) Reduction or elimination of one-man patrols Answer: A Page Ref: 255 Objective: Describe different types of police corruption and possible methods for building police integrity. Level: Intermediate 10) In most big-city police departments, which branch is tasked with investigating charges of wrongdoing involving members of the department? A) Internal Affairs Division B) Concerned Citizens Division C) Civilian Review Board D) Office of the Chief Answer: A Page Ref: 256 Objective: Describe different types of police corruption and possible methods for building police integrity. Level: Basic 11) The courts have supported drug testing of police officers based on ________ that drug abuse is occurring. A) proof beyond a reasonable doubt B) probable cause C) anonymous tips D) reasonable suspicion Answer: D Page Ref: 257 Objective: Describe different types of police corruption and possible methods for building police integrity. Level: Intermediate

12) The increasing formalization of police work and the accompanying rise in public acceptance of the police is known as ________. A) police ethics B) police professionalism C) police discretion D) legalistic police work Answer: B Page Ref: 257 Objective: Summarize the importance of police professionalism and ethics as well as methods for building them. Level: Basic 13) The special responsibility to adhere to moral duty and obligation that is inherent in police work is called ________. A) police ethics B) police professionalism C) police discretion D) legalistic police work Answer: A Page Ref: 258 Objective: Summarize the importance of police professionalism and ethics as well as methods for building them. Level: Basic 14) Agencies such as CALEA provide ________ to police departments that meet specified minimum professional standards. A) professionalism B) ethical training C) accreditation D) departmental review Answer: C Page Ref: 258 Objective: Summarize the importance of police professionalism and ethics as well as methods for building them. Level: Basic 15) Which of the following is true of better-educated police officers? A) Educated officers are less likely to have disciplinary problems. B) Educated officers are less likely to leave police work. C) Educated officers are less likely to question orders. D) Educated officers are less likely to request reassignment within the department. Answer: A Page Ref: 260 Objective: Summarize the importance of police professionalism and ethics as well as methods for building them. Level: Intermediate 4 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

16) Which of the following characteristics appears to be most important when identifying a candidate who will be an effective and successful police officer? A) Level of education B) Credit history C) Innate personal qualities D) Basic general knowledge Answer: C Page Ref: 261 Objective: Summarize the importance of police professionalism and ethics as well as methods for building them. Level: Intermediate 17) In general, officers killed in the line of duty are most likely to die in which type of incident (other than COVID-19)? A) A motor vehicle accident B) A vehicular assault C) Gunfire D) A duty-related illness Answer: C Page Ref: 262 Objective: Describe the dangers, conflicts, challenges, and sources of stress that police officers face in their work. Level: Intermediate 18) Programs such as the Collier County Spousal Academy are designed to help families of police officers cope with issues relating to ________. A) police use of deadly force B) child abuse C) spousal abuse D) police officer stress Answer: D Page Ref: 266 Objective: Describe the dangers, conflicts, challenges, and sources of stress that police officers face in their work. Level: Intermediate 19) ________ refers to the application of more force than is required to compel compliance from a suspect. A) Excessive use of force B) Excessive force C) Police use of force D) Force factor Answer: B Page Ref: 267 Objective: Summarize the guidelines for using force and for determining when excessive force has been used. Level: Intermediate 5 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

20) In which situation are police most likely to use force? A) While responding to a domestic disturbance B) During a criminal investigation C) While making a traffic stop D) While making an arrest Answer: D Page Ref: 267 Objective: Summarize the guidelines for using force and for determining when excessive force has been used. Level: Basic 21) The intentional use of a firearm or other instrument resulting in a high probability of death is known as ________. A) deadly force B) excessive force C) physical force D) force factor Answer: A Page Ref: 269 Objective: Summarize the guidelines for using force and for determining when excessive force has been used. Level: Basic 22) Prior to the Supreme Court ruling in Tennessee v. Garner, the use of deadly force by the police was governed by the ________ rule. A) fleeing felon B) objective reasonableness C) defense of life D) imminent danger Answer: A Page Ref: 269 Objective: Summarize the guidelines for using force and for determining when excessive force has been used. Level: Basic 23) In which 1989 case did the U.S. Supreme Court establish the standard of "objective reasonableness" in determining the appropriate use of deadly force by a police officer? A) Graham v. Connor B) Hunter v. Bryant C) Bivens v. Six unknown federal agents D) Malley v. Briggs Answer: A Page Ref: 269 Objective: Summarize the guidelines for using force and for determining when excessive force has been used. Level: Intermediate 6 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

24) Which of the following is an element of the federal deadly force policy? A) Deadly force may be used to prevent the escape of any fleeing suspect. B) Federal agents are required to give a verbal warning before any use of deadly force. C) Federal agents are not permitted to fire warning shots. D) Federal agents may fire weapons to disable moving vehicles. Answer: C Page Ref: 269 Objective: Summarize the guidelines for using force and for determining when excessive force has been used. Level: Basic 25) A ________ weapon is designed to disable, capture, or immobilize, but not kill, a suspect. A) non-lethal B) lethal C) non-forcible D) less-lethal Answer: D Page Ref: 272 Objective: Summarize the guidelines for using force and for determining when excessive force has been used. Level: Basic 26) The ability of police officers to make choices such as whether or not to investigate is known as ________. A) chain of command B) discretion C) atavistic choices D) police professionalism Answer: B Page Ref: 273 Objective: Explain how police discretion affects contemporary law enforcement. Level: Basic 27) What was the original purpose of profiling? A) To identify suspected terrorists attempting to enter the United States B) To limit the use of police discretion C) To help catch drug couriers attempting to enter the United States D) To reduce the risk of biased policing Answer: C Page Ref: 276 Objective: Explain how police discretion affects contemporary law enforcement. Level: Intermediate

28) In 2003, the U.S. Department of Justice banned its practice of racial profiling in all federal law enforcement agencies, except in cases involving ________. A) Muslims B) mass murderers C) terrorist suspects D) members of drug cartels Answer: C Page Ref: 276 Objective: Describe racial profiling and biased policing, including why they have become significant issues in policing. Level: Intermediate 29) What was the primary focus of the proposed Justice in Policing Act? A) To eliminate sovereign immunity for state and local governments B) To address systemic racism and bias and end racial profiling C) To make it easier for individuals to file civil suits against police departments for violations of civil rights D) To limit police discretion Answer: B Page Ref: 276 Objective: Describe racial profiling and biased policing, including why they have become significant issues in policing. Level: Intermediate 30) Which of the following situations could lead to a civil suit for police negligence? A) A police officer makes an arrest without just cause. B) A police officer uses excessive force against a member of the public. C) A police officer conducts a search without probable cause. D) A police officer injures an innocent bystander during a high-speed vehicle pursuit. Answer: D Page Ref: 279 Objective: Describe civil liability issues associated with policing, including common sources of civil suits against the police. Level: Intermediate 31) Law enforcement supervisors are ________. A) immune from civil liability for the actions of their officers B) civilly responsible for the actions of their officers C) civilly liable only for their own actions D) protected from civil liability under the Law Enforcement Code of Ethics Answer: B Page Ref: 280-281 Objective: Describe civil liability issues associated with policing, including common sources of civil suits against the police. Level: Intermediate

32) A federal civil suit alleging police misconduct that is filed against a local police officer is commonly known as a ________. A) Title 42 lawsuit B) Section 1983 lawsuit C) Bivens action D) tort claim Answer: B Page Ref: 280-282 Objective: Describe civil liability issues associated with policing, including common sources of civil suits against the police. Level: Intermediate 33) A federal civil suit alleging police misconduct that is filed against a federal law enforcement officer is commonly known as a ________. A) Title 42 lawsuit B) Section 1983 lawsuit C) Bivens action D) tort claim Answer: C Page Ref: 282 Objective: Describe civil liability issues associated with policing, including common sources of civil suits against the police. Level: Intermediate 34) ________ shields law enforcement officers from constitutional lawsuits if reasonable officers would believe their actions were lawful in light of clearly established law and the available information possessed by the officers. A) Qualified immunity B) Absolute immunity C) Probable cause D) Sovereign immunity Answer: A Page Ref: 282 Objective: Describe civil liability issues associated with policing, including common sources of civil suits against the police. Level: Intermediate 8.2 True/False Questions 1) The police subculture is mainly communicated through formal academy training. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 249 Objective: Describe the police personality and police subculture. Level: Basic

2) The police working personality was described by Jerome Skolnick. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 249 Objective: Describe the police personality and police subculture. Level: Basic 3) The "slippery slope" perspective suggests that accepting minor gratuities can lead to more serious violations of the law. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 253 Objective: Describe different types of police corruption and possible methods for building police integrity. Level: Basic 4) Occupational deviance mainly occurs to further the organizational goals of law enforcement. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 253 Objective: Describe different types of police corruption and possible methods for building police integrity. Level: Intermediate 5) Accepting a minor bribe is an example of meat eating. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 254 Objective: Describe different types of police corruption and possible methods for building police integrity. Level: Basic 6) The Knapp Commission focused on corruption in the New York City Police Department. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 254 Objective: Describe the different types of police corruption and possible methods for building police integrity. Level: Basic 7) The courts have supported drug testing of police officers based on reasonable suspicion that drug abuse is occurring. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 257 Objective: Describe different types of police corruption and possible methods for building police integrity. Level: Basic

8) Most police training programs today include an ethics component. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 258 Objective: Summarize the importance of police professionalism and ethics as well as methods for building them. Level: Basic 9) More highly-educated police officers are more likely to leave police work. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 260 Objective: Summarize the importance of police professionalism and ethics as well as methods for building them. Level: Basic 10) Educational level is not an important recruiting criterion for police recruitment. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 260 Objective: Summarize the importance of police professionalism and ethics as well as methods for building them. Level: Basic 11) Many police officers never fire their weapons in the line of duty. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 262 Objective: Describe the dangers, conflicts, challenges, and sources of stress that police officers face in their work. Level: Basic 12) Police officers may refuse to render assistance to a person with AIDS due to concerns of AIDS transmission. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 263 Objective: Describe the dangers, conflicts, challenges, and sources of stress that police officers face in their work. Level: Intermediate 13) Humor is a method of stress reduction used by the police. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 266 Objective: Describe the dangers, conflicts, challenges, and sources of stress that police officers face in their work. Level: Basic

14) Excessive use of police force is the use of necessary physical restraint by a police officer when dealing with a member of the public. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 259-258 Objective: Summarize the guidelines for using force and for determining when excessive force has been used. Level: Basic 15) Excessive use of force refers to the unacceptable use of force on a department-wide basis. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 267 Objective: Summarize the guidelines for using force and for determining when excessive force has been used. Level: Basic 16) The Supreme Court case of Tennessee v. Garner established the fleeing felon rule for the use of deadly force by the police. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 269 Objective: Summarize the guidelines for using force and for determining when excessive force has been used. Level: Basic 17) The federal standard for the use of deadly force by federal agents is objective reasonableness. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 269 Objective: Summarize the guidelines for using force and for determining when excessive force has been used. Level: Basic 18) Less-lethal weapons offer a potential solution to incidents of "suicide by cop." Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 272 Objective: Summarize the guidelines for using force and for determining when excessive force has been used. Level: Basic 19) Police discretion includes the decision to not make an arrest. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 273 Objective: Explain how police discretion affects contemporary law enforcement. Level: Intermediate

20) Behavioral profiling is a form of biased policing. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 274-275 Objective: Describe racial profiling and biased policing, including why they have become significant issues in policing. Level: Intermediate 21) Law enforcement supervisors can be held liable for the actions of the officers under their command. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 279 Objective: Summarize the civil, criminal, and non-judicial remedies available to individuals who believe their rights have been violated. Level: Basic 22) 1983 lawsuits are civil suits filed in state court. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 280 Objective: Describe civil liability issues associated with policing, including common sources of civil suits against the police. Level: Intermediate 23) A federal lawsuit directed specifically at federal officials or enforcement agents is known as a Bivens action. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 282 Objective: Describe civil liability issues associated with policing, including common sources of civil suits against the police. Level: Intermediate 24) The Supreme Court has supported sovereign immunity for individual police officers. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 283 Objective: Describe civil liability issues associated with policing, including common sources of civil suits against the police. Level: Basic 25) The Supreme Court gives qualified immunity to officers to protect them from lawsuits if the officers believed their actions were lawful based on the information they possessed at the time. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 283 Objective: Describe civil liability issues associated with policing, including common sources of civil suits against the police. Level: Basic

8.3 Fill in the Blank Questions 1) The police ________ involves a set of values, beliefs, and acceptable forms of behavior that is characteristic of the police. Answer: subculture Page Ref: 249 Objective: Describe the police personality and police subculture. Level: Basic 2) Police ________ is the abuse of police authority for personal or organizational gain. Answer: corruption Page Ref: 252 Objective: Describe different types of police corruption and possible methods for building police integrity. Level: Basic 3) The ________ Commission investigated police corruption in New York City in the early 1970s. Answer: Knapp Page Ref: 254 Objective: Describe different types of police corruption and possible methods for building police integrity. Level: Basic 4) Police ________ involves the increasing formalization of police work and increasing public acceptance of the police. Answer: professionalism Page Ref: 257 Objective: Summarize the importance of police professionalism and ethics as well as methods for building them. Level: Basic 5) Police ________ refers to the special responsibility to adhere to moral duty and obligations inherent in police work. Answer: ethics Page Ref: 258 Objective: Summarize the importance of police professionalism and ethics as well as methods for building them. Level: Basic 6) Anthrax, smallpox, and any other infectious diseases used illegally to cause death and injury to people are considered ________ weapons. Answer: biological Page Ref: 263 Objective: Describe the dangers, conflicts, challenges, and sources of stress that police officers face in their work. Level: Basic 14 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

7) Humor, exercise, and meditation are useful techniques for reducing ________. Answer: stress Page Ref: 266 Objective: Describe the dangers, conflicts, challenges, and sources of stress that police officers face in their work. Level: Basic 8) The force ________ is the level of force used by the police relative to the suspect's level of resistance. Answer: factor Page Ref: 268 Objective: Summarize the guidelines for using force and for determining when excessive force has been used. Level: Basic 9) The federal standard for use of deadly force by federal agents is the ________ danger standard. Answer: imminent Page Ref: 269 Objective: Summarize the guidelines for using force and for determining when excessive force has been used. Level: Basic 10) ________ weapons are designed to disable, capture, or immobilize suspects without killing them. Answer: Less-lethal Page Ref: 272 Objective: Summarize the guidelines for using force and for determining when excessive force has been used. Level: Basic 11) ________ gives officers the opportunity to exercise choice in their police activities. Answer: Discretion Page Ref: 273 Objective: Explain how police discretion affects contemporary law enforcement. Level: Basic 12) ________ profiling uses a person's demeanor, actions, bearing, and manner to identify an offender before they can act. Answer: Behavioral Page Ref: 274-275 Objective: Explain how police discretion affects contemporary law enforcement. Level: Basic

13) Police officers who injure innocent bystanders during high speed pursuits may be liable for a civil lawsuit because their actions may be considered ________. Answer: negligent Page Ref: 279 Objective: Describe civil liability issues associated with policing, including common sources of civil suits against the police. Level: Intermediate 14) A(n) ________ action is a civil suit brought against a federal government official for denying someone's constitutional rights. Answer: Bivens Page Ref: 282 Objective: Describe civil liability issues associated with policing, including common sources of civil suits against the police. Level: Intermediate 15) In the past, the doctrine of ________ immunity barred legal actions against state and local governments. Answer: sovereign Page Ref: 282 Objective: Describe civil liability issues associated with policing, including common sources of civil suits against the police. Level: Basic

8.4 Matching Questions Match the example to the type of corruption. A) Denial of civil right B) Role malfeasance C) Violent crimes D) Gratuities E) Criminal enterprise 1) Planting evidence Page Ref: 253 Objective: Describe the different types of police corruption and possible methods for building police integrity. Level: Intermediate 2) Accepting free coffee Page Ref: 253 Objective: Describe the different types of police corruption and possible methods for building police integrity. Level: Intermediate 3) Physically abusing a suspect Page Ref: 253 Objective: Describe the different types of police corruption and possible methods for building police integrity. Level: Intermediate 4) Reselling drugs confiscated by the police Page Ref: 253 Objective: Describe the different types of police corruption and possible methods for building police integrity. Level: Intermediate 5) Destroying evidence Page Ref: 253 Objective: Describe the different types of police corruption and possible methods for building police integrity. Level: Intermediate Answers: 1) A 2) D 3) C 4) E 5) B

Match the term to the definition. A) The level of force used by the police relative to the suspect's level of resistance B) Situations in which the use of force by police violates a law or statute C) The application of force greater than that required to compel compliance from a suspect D) The use of physical restraint by a police officer when dealing with a member of the public E) The unacceptable use of force, often on a department-wide basis 6) Excessive force Page Ref: 267-268 Objective: Summarize the guidelines for using force and for determining when excessive force has been used. Level: Intermediate 7) Excessive use of force Page Ref: 267-268 Objective: Summarize the guidelines for using force and for determining when excessive force has been used. Level: Intermediate 8) Illegal use of force Page Ref: 267-268 Objective: Summarize the guidelines for using force and for determining when excessive force has been used. Level: Intermediate 9) Police use of force Page Ref: 267-268 Objective: Summarize the guidelines for using force and for determining when excessive force has been used. Level: Intermediate 10) Force factor Page Ref: 267-268 Objective: Summarize the guidelines for using force and for determining when excessive force has been used. Level: Intermediate Answers: 6) C 7) E 8) B 9) D 10) A

8.5 Essay Questions 1) Describe the police subculture and the police working personality and explain the relationship between them. What are the main sources of the police working personality? Answer: Answers should include definitions of the police subculture as a set of values, believes and acceptable forms of behavior characteristic of the police, and the working personality as those aspects of the traditional values and patterns of behavior evidenced by officers who have been effectively socialized into the police subculture. Officers are socialized into the subculture informally by seasoned veterans; this plays a much greater role than formal academy training in determining how rookies come to see police work. The main sources of the police working personality include pre-existing traits and socialization into the subculture. Page Ref: 249-250 Objective: Describe the police personality and police subculture. Level: Intermediate 2) Define police corruption and distinguish between occupational deviance and abuse of authority. Explain the two types of corrupt officers identified by the Knapp Commission. Answer: Answers should include a definition of police corruption as the abuse of police authority for personal or organizational gain and explain that occupational deviance is corruption for personal benefit while abuse of authority is done to further the organizational goals of law enforcement. Answers should explain the difference between grass eaters and meat eaters, as defined by the Knapp Commission. Page Ref: 252-254 Objective: Describe different types of police corruption and possible methods for building police integrity. Level: Difficult 3) List and define three types of police corruption and give an example of each. Answer: Answers should identify and define three types of corruption from among those listed in Figure 8-1 in the textbook. An example of each should be provided Page Ref: 252-254 Objective: Describe different types of police corruption and possible methods for building police integrity. Level: Difficult 4) List and define three areas of stress that affect police officers and explain how these stressors impact the officers' lives. Identify methods that may be used to reduce stress among police officers. Answer: Answers should identify three major causes of stress, which may include frustration, long hours on the job; traumatic events and disturbing encounters, danger, boredom, moral dilemmas, personal issues and family life, macho attitudes, and physical ailments. Answers should also discuss the effects of stress on police officers and on their families and should review various stress reduction techniques. Page Ref: 263-266 Objective: Describe the dangers, conflicts, challenges, and sources of stress that police officers face in their work. Level: Intermediate 19 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

5) Compare and contrast the concepts of use of force, excessive force, and excessive use of force. Answer: Answers should include definitions of use of force as the use of physical restraint by a police officer when dealing with a member of the public; excessive force as using more force than is necessary to compel compliance from a suspect; and the excessive use of force as the phenomenon of force being used unacceptably, often on a department-wide basis. Page Ref: 267-268 Objective: Summarize the guidelines for using force and for determining when excessive force has been used. Level: Intermediate 6) Explain why the Federal Bureau of Investigation adopted an "imminent danger" standard for the use of deadly force. List and discuss the five key elements of that policy. Answer: Answers should discuss the events in Waco, Texas in 1995 and the 1992 Ruby Ridge shooting and explain their effects on the FBI's move to an imminent danger standard for the use of deadly force. The five elements of the federal deadly force policy should be reviewed, including defense of life, fleeing subject, verbal warnings, warning shot, and vehicles. Page Ref: 269 Objective: Summarize the guidelines for using force and for determining when excessive force has been used. Level: Intermediate 8.6 Critical Thinking Questions 1) Define police discretion. Do you think police discretion is a necessary element of police work? Why or why not? What problems can you envision to giving police officers discretion in the performance of their duties? Answer: Answers will vary but should include a definition of discretion as the opportunity for officers to exercise choice in their enforcement activities. Students should present and support their views about the need for discretion and identify problems created by the use of discretion. Page Ref: 273 Objective: Explain how police discretion affects contemporary law enforcement. Level: Difficult 2) Explain the concept of racial profiling. What arguments could be made to support the use of racial profiling by the police? Do you agree with these arguments? Why or why not? Are there situations in which the use of racial or characteristics may be appropriate when targeting a suspected offender? Explain your response. Answer: Answers will vary but should include a description of racial profiling and a discussion of arguments or defenses of the process. Students should explain their views of racial profiling and provide support for these views. Page Ref: 273-278 Objective: Describe racial profiling and biased policing, including why they have become significant issues in policing. Level: Difficult

3) Explain the concept of qualified immunity. Why do you think the Supreme Court supports this type of immunity? What are the advantages and disadvantages of giving police officers qualified immunity from civil lawsuits? Should police agencies also be given some form of immunity? Explain your response. Answer: Answers will vary but should include a description of qualified immunity and a discussion of the student's belief as to why the Court has supported this type of immunity. Students should discuss the pros and cons of qualified immunity. Answers should also include the student's opinion regarding providing police agencies with immunity from civil suits. Page Ref: 282-284 Objective: Describe racial profiling and biased policing, including why they have become significant issues in policing. Level: Difficult

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 17e (Schmalleger) Chapter 9 The Courts: Structure and Participants 9.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Because the states wanted to retain significant legislative authority and judicial autonomy, the United States has a(n) ________ system A) appellate court B) dual-court C) multi-court D) autonomous court Answer: B Page Ref: 293 Objective: Summarize the development of American courts, including the concept of the dualcourt system. Level: Basic 2) Courts that have the authority to review a decision made by a lower court are said to have ________ jurisdiction. A) original B) oversight C) mandatory D) appellate Answer: D Page Ref: 295 Objective: Summarize the development of American courts, including the concept of the dualcourt system. Level: Basic 3) ________ refers to the lawful authority of a court to hear or to act on a case from its beginning and to pass judgment on the law and the facts. A) Appellate jurisdiction B) Overlapping jurisdiction C) Original jurisdiction D) Limited jurisdiction Answer: C Page Ref: 294-295 Objective: Summarize the development of American courts, including the concept of the dualcourt system. Level: Basic

4) TV shows like The People's Court and Judge Judy are examples of which type of court? A) Appellate courts B) Trial courts of limited jurisdiction C) Trial de novo courts D) Trial courts of general jurisdiction Answer: B Page Ref: 296 Objective: Describe a typical state court system, including some of the differences between the state and federal court systems. Level: Intermediate 5) A trial de novo occurs when ________. A) a new case is brought before the court for the first time B) a case is retried on appeal C) a case that lost on appeal is brought before another court D) a state case is moved to federal court Answer: B Page Ref: 296 Objective: Describe a typical state court system, including some of the differences between the state and federal court systems. Level: Intermediate 6) Which of the following provides the first appellate level for courts of limited jurisdiction? A) Courts of last resort B) Trial courts of general jurisdiction C) Intermediate appellate courts D) District courts Answer: B Page Ref: 296 Objective: Describe a typical state court system, including some of the differences between the state and federal court systems. Level: Basic 7) While Bob was studying in the library, his wallet was stolen. When the thief was caught, Bob opted to resolve the case informally at a ________ staffed by volunteer mediators. A) community court B) criminal justice center C) dispute-resolution center D) deferral court Answer: C Page Ref: 297 Objective: Describe a typical state court system, including some of the differences between the state and federal court systems. Level: Difficult

8) A drug court is an example of a(n) ________. A) problem-solving court B) community court C) court of last resort D) dispute resolution center Answer: A Page Ref: 298-299 Objective: Describe a typical state court system, including some of the differences between the state and federal court systems. Level: Basic 9) ________ created the federal court system. A) Article III, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution. B) The Judiciary Act of 1789 C) The Bill of Rights D) President George Washington Answer: A Page Ref: 299 Objective: Describe the structure of the federal court system, including the various types of federal courts. Level: Basic 10) The U.S. District Courts are the ________ for the federal court system. A) trial courts B) appellate courts C) courts of last resort D) civil courts Answer: A Page Ref: 299 Objective: Describe the structure of the federal court system, including the various types of federal courts. Level: Basic 11) How are federal district court judges selected? A) They are elected by a popular vote. B) They are appointed by Congress with the approval of the President. C) They are appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate. D) They are chosen by sitting federal judges. Answer: C Page Ref: 300-301 Objective: Describe the structure of the federal court system, including the various types of federal courts. Level: Intermediate

12) ________ appeals to federal appellate courts involve major questions of law and policy where there is considerable professional disagreement among the courts. A) Nonconsensual B) Procedural C) Ritualistic D) Frivolous Answer: A Page Ref: 301 Objective: Describe the structure of the federal court system, including the various types of federal courts. Level: Intermediate 13) The power of judicial review allows the U.S. Supreme Court to ________. A) expand the scope of its original jurisdiction in state-level cases B) review and approve the structure of state court systems C) review lower-court decisions and state and federal statutes D) conduct trials in federal cases when it considers the issue to warrant it Answer: C Page Ref: 301-302 Objective: Describe the structure of the federal court system, including the various types of federal courts. Level: Intermediate 14) Which U.S. Supreme Court case established the Court's as the final interpreter of the U.S. Constitution? A) Sell v. U.S. B) U.S. v. Hazzard C) U.S. v. Montalvo-Murillo D) Marbury v. Madison Answer: D Page Ref: 302 Objective: Describe the structure of the federal court system, including the various types of federal courts. Level: Basic 15) Which of the following is a member of the courtroom work group? A) The victim B) A member of the jury C) A public defender D) The defendant Answer: C Page Ref: 303 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Intermediate

16) The judge ________. A) is responsible for presenting the state's case against the defendant B) determines what charge to bring against a suspect C) holds ultimate authority in the courtroom D) is responsible for testing the strength of the prosecution's case Answer: C Page Ref: 304 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Intermediate 17) The Missouri Plan is a ________. A) method of judicial selection based on merit B) plan for restructuring state courts systems to increase efficiency and reduce case backlog C) proposed method for increasing the effectiveness of court-appointed counsel D) guide to jury reform Answer: B Page Ref: 305 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Intermediate 18) The most important form of prosecutorial discretion lies in the power to ________. A) test the credibility and memory of the witness B) handle matters relating to individuals who have been declared mentally incompetent C) serve as a judge of probate to oversee wills and the administration of estates D) charge, or not to charge, a person with an offense Answer: D Page Ref: 308 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Basic 19) ________ is information having a tendency to clear a person of guilt or blame. A) Exculpatory evidence B) Direct evidence C) Fruit of the poisonous tree evidence D) Real evidence Answer: A Page Ref: 308 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Basic

20) George has been accused of multiple crimes. Why would the prosecutor want to try George separately on each charge? A) Trying charges separately would save the state considerable time and money. B) Trying charges separately would allow the prosecutor to present a complete sequence of all criminal events. C) Trying charges separately would allow another trial on a new charge if George is found not guilty at a trial. D) Trying charges separately would let the prosecutor present a considerable amount of evidence at trial. Answer: C Page Ref: 308 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Intermediate 21) A defendant who is not indigent and who can afford private attorney fees will have which type of defense attorney? A) A public defender B) Retained counsel C) Assigned counsel D) Court appointed counsel Answer: B Page Ref: 310 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Basic 22) Which type of indigent defense provides representation through written contracts between a government entity and a nonprofit entity? A) Governmental public defender offices B) Governmental conflict public defender offices C) Assigned or appointed counsel D) Nongovernmental public defender offices Answer: D Page Ref: 311 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Basic 23) The ________ keeps order in the courtroom and announces the judge's entry to the courtroom. A) court recorder B) bailiff C) clerk of court D) court administrator Answer: B Page Ref: 314 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Basic 6 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

24) The role of the ________ is to create a record of all that occurs during a trial. A) clerk of court B) court administrator C) court reporter D) bailiff Answer: C Page Ref: 315 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Basic 25) The clerk of court is responsible for ________. A) ensuring order in the courtroom during a trial B) creating a record of everything that occurs at a trial C) providing uniform court management D) summoning members of the public for jury duty Answer: D Page Ref: 316 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Basic 26) The Daubert standard focuses on which of the following? A) When scientific evidence may be introduced at trial B) How a defendant is determined to qualify for indigent legal defense C) Whether a defendant is permitted to waive their right to an attorney D) When subpoenas are legally allowed to be issued Answer: A Page Ref: 316 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Basic 27) An eyewitness who saw a crime being committed is an example of a(n) ________ witness. A) hostile B) known C) lay D) expert Answer: C Page Ref: 318 Objective: Describe the roles of outsiders, or nonprofessional courtroom participants. Level: Basic

28) A(n) ________ may provide information about the defendant's personality, family life, and business acumen in an effort to show that the defendant is not the kind of person who would commit the crime with which they are charged. A) character witness B) secure witness C) eyewitness D) expert witness Answer: A Page Ref: 318 Objective: Describe the roles of outsiders, or nonprofessional courtroom participants. Level: Basic 29) A subpoena ________. A) orders the sheriff to make an arrest B) is issued by a bailiff C) results in a trial de novo D) is a written order requiring an individual to appear in court Answer: D Page Ref: 318 Objective: Describe the roles of outsiders, or nonprofessional courtroom participants. Level: Basic 30) Which of the following individuals would probably be excluded from jury service? A) An elementary school teacher B) A police officer C) A naturalized U.S. citizen D) A professional athlete Answer: B Page Ref: 319 Objective: Describe the roles of outsiders, or nonprofessional courtroom participants. Level: Intermediate 31) ________ are often considered the most forgotten people in the courtroom. A) Victims B) Defendants C) Jurors D) Lay witnesses Answer: A Page Ref: 320 Objective: Describe the roles of outsiders, or nonprofessional courtroom participants. Level: Basic

32) The defendant exercises choice in the court process in which of the following decisions? A) Deciding what charges will be brought B) Deciding what plea to enter C) Selecting which form of indigent defense will be provided D) Deciding whether to be tried in absentia Answer: B Page Ref: 321 Objective: Describe the roles of outsiders, or nonprofessional courtroom participants. Level: Basic 9.2 True/False Questions 1) Under the dual court system, state courts may hear cases involving alleged violations of federal law. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 293 Objective: Summarize the development of American courts, including the concept of the dualcourt system. Level: Intermediate 2) A court with original jurisdiction has the lawful authority to review a decision made by a lower court. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 294-295 Objective: Describe a typical state court system, including some of the differences between the state and federal court systems. Level: Basic 3) The same court can have both original and appellate jurisdiction. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 296 Objective: Describe a typical state court system, including some of the differences between the state and federal court systems. Level: Intermediate 4) The framework used by state trial courts of general jurisdiction is the adversarial process. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 286 Objective: Describe a typical state court system, including some of the differences between the state and federal court systems. Level: Basic

5) The court of last resort is the court authorized by law to hear the final appeal on a matter. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 296 Objective: Describe a typical state court system, including some of the differences between the state and federal court systems. Level: Intermediate 6) Most convictions are reversed on appeal to a higher court. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 296 Objective: Describe a typical state court system, including some of the differences between the state and federal court systems. Level: Basic 7) Defendants who were tried in a state court system may have the option of appealing to the U.S. Supreme Court. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 297 Objective: Describe a typical state court system, including some of the differences between the state and federal court systems. Level: Intermediate 8) According to the Supreme Court, a federal court must order a new state trial if new evidence of the defendant's innocence is uncovered. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 297 Objective: Describe a typical state court system, including some of the differences between the state and federal court systems. Level: Intermediate 9) Dispute resolution centers are official components of the formal criminal justice system. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 297 Objective: Describe a typical state court system, including some of the differences between the state and federal court systems. Level: Basic 10) A domestic violence court is an example of a problem-solving court. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 298-299 Objective: Describe a typical state court system, including some of the differences between the state and federal court systems. Level: Basic

11) At the federal level, a case will generally start out in the U.S. circuit courts. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 299 Objective: Describe the structure of the federal court system, including the various types of federal courts. Level: Basic 12) The U.S. courts of appeals have mandatory jurisdiction over district court decisions. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 301 Objective: Describe the structure of the federal court system, including the various types of federal courts. Level: Basic 13) At least four U.S. Supreme Court justices must vote in favor of a hearing for a case to be heard. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 302 Objective: Describe the structure of the federal court system, including the various types of federal courts. Level: Basic 14) Jurors are members of the courtroom work group. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 303 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Basic 15) The primary duty of the trial judge is to ensure justice. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 303 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Intermediate 16) The Missouri Plan is designed to reform prosecutorial discretion. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 305 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Basic 17) A prosecutor exercises prosecutorial discretion when deciding which witnesses to call for trial. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 308 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Basic 11 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

18) The prosecutor's job essentially ends with a finding of guilt or innocence. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 309 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Intermediate 19) An indigent suspect charged with a crime that could involve a sentence of imprisonment has the constitutional right to be represented by counsel. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 310 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Basic 20) Attorneys representing indigent defendants under an assigned or appointed counsel system are full-time employees of the state. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 311 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Basic 21) Defendants have the constitutional right to represent themselves. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 311 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Basic 22) A defense attorney who violates client confidentiality to prevent a serious violent crime from occurring may be subject to penalties under state codes of professional conduct. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 314 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Basic 23) The clerk of court is responsible for keeping order in the courtroom and controlling access to members of the jury. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 314 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Basic 24) The reports of the court recorder are the basis for appellate review. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 315 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Intermediate

25) The Daubert standard is used to determine if scientific evidence is admissible in criminal court. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 316 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Basic 26) Lay witnesses may express opinions and draw conclusions in their testimony. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 316 Objective: Describe the roles of outsiders, or nonprofessional courtroom participants. Level: Intermediate 27) A victim may be a lay witness. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 318 Objective: Describe the roles of outsiders, or nonprofessional courtroom participants. Level: Intermediate 28) Victim assistance programs provide services to witnesses. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 319 Objective: Describe the roles of outsiders, or nonprofessional courtroom participants. Level: Intermediate 29) In most jurisdictions, non-citizens may serve on a jury if they have been legal residents of the U.S. for a specified minimum period of time. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 319-320 Objective: Describe the roles of outsiders, or nonprofessional courtroom participants. Level: Intermediate 30) In most cases, defendants must be present at trial. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 321 Objective: Describe the roles of outsiders, or nonprofessional courtroom participants. Level: Intermediate 31) A change of venue involves postponing the date of a trial to allow emotions to cool, as a way of ensuring a fair trial and an impartial jury. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 321 Objective: Describe the roles of outsiders, or nonprofessional courtroom participants. Level: Intermediate

9.3 Fill in the Blank Questions 1) A court's ________ is the territory, subject matter, or people over which that court may exercise authority. Answer: jurisdiction Page Ref: 293 Objective: Summarize the development of American courts, including the concept of the dualcourt system. Level: Basic 2) In a typical three-tiered court structure, the lowest court is a court of ________ jurisdiction. Answer: limited Page Ref: 296 Objective: Describe a typical state court system, including some of the differences between the state and federal court systems. Level: Basic 3) A(n) ________ by a convicted defendant asks that a higher court review the actions of a lower court. Answer: appeal Page Ref: 296 Objective: Describe a typical state court system, including some of the differences between the state and federal court systems. Level: Basic 4) Trial courts of general jurisdiction operate within a framework known as the ________ process. Answer: adversarial Page Ref: 296 Objective: Describe a typical state court system, including some of the differences between the state and federal court systems. Level: Basic 5) The operational functions of most state court systems are managed by a state court ________. Answer: administrator Page Ref: 297 Objective: Describe a typical state court system, including some of the differences between the state and federal court systems. Level: Basic 6) ________ courts are low-level courts that focus on quality-of-life crimes that erode a neighborhood's morale. Answer: Community Page Ref: 298 Objective: Describe a typical state court system, including some of the differences between the state and federal court systems. Level: Basic 14 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

7) The ________ courts are the trial courts of the federal system. Answer: district Page Ref: 299 Objective: Describe the structure of the federal court system, including the various types of federal courts. Level: Basic 8) ________ appeals brought before the U.S. courts of appeals are brought mainly because of the demands of litigants and the probability that the decision of the lower court will be reversed is negligible. Answer: Ritualistic Page Ref: 301 Objective: Describe the structure of the federal court system, including the various types of federal courts. Level: Basic 9) The ________ has the primary duty of ensuring justice. Answer: judge Page Ref: 303 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Intermediate 10) The ________ Plan for judicial selection combines elements of both election and appointment. Answer: Missouri Page Ref: 305 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Intermediate 11) A prosecutor who chooses to accept a plea bargain is exercising prosecutorial ________. Answer: discretion Page Ref: 308 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Intermediate 12) ________ evidence is information that has a tendency to clear a person of guilt or blame. Answer: Exculpatory Page Ref: 308 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Basic 13) A private attorney who is hired by the defendant is known as ________ counsel. Answer: retained Page Ref: 310 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Basic 15 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

14) The ________ is responsible for the order and security of the courtroom. Answer: bailiff Page Ref: 314 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Basic 15) The ________ standard is a test used to determine whether scientific evidence may be introduced at trial. Answer: Daubert Page Ref: 316 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Basic 16) A(n) ________ is a written document notifying witnesses that they are required to appear in court to testify. Answer: subpoena Page Ref: 318 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Intermediate 17) In most states, a jury is composed of ________ people. Answer: 12 Page Ref: 319 Objective: Describe the roles of outsiders, or nonprofessional courtroom participants. Level: Intermediate 18) The ________ is often the forgotten person in the courtroom. Answer: victim Page Ref: 320 Objective: Describe the roles of outsiders, or nonprofessional courtroom participants. Level: Intermediate 19) The movement of a trial or lawsuit from one jurisdiction to another or from one location to another within the same jurisdiction is known as change of ________. Answer: venue Page Ref: 321 Objective: Describe the roles of outsiders, or nonprofessional courtroom participants. Level: Intermediate

9.4 Matching Questions Match the type of jurisdiction with its definition. A) Requires a court to hear cases brought to it B) The lawful authority of a court to hear a case from the beginning and to pass judgment on the law and facts C) Gives a court jurisdiction over a restricted range of less serious cases D) The right of a court to hear all issues not delegated to lower courts E) The lawful authority of a court to review a decision made by a lower court 1) Mandatory jurisdiction Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Difficult 2) Original jurisdiction Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Difficult 3) Appellate jurisdiction Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Difficult 4) Limited jurisdiction Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Difficult 5) General jurisdiction Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Difficult Answers: 1) A 2) B 3) E 4) C 5) D Match the courtroom participant with their category. A) Member of the courtroom work group B) Nonprofessional courtroom participant 6) Public defender Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 17 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

7) Lay witness Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 8) Juror Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 9) Clerk of court Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 10) Bailiff Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 11) Defendant Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 12) Expert witness Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 13) Victim Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 14) Member of the press Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 15) Court reporter Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate Answers: 6) A 7) B 8) B 9) A 10) A 11) B 12) A 13) B 14) B 15) A 18 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

Match the member of the courtroom work group with their duty or responsibility. A) Ensure justice B) Present the state's case against the defendant C) Maintain all records of criminal cases D) Create a record of everything that occurs during a trial E) Announce the entrance of the judge F) Provide uniform court management G) Ensure the defendant's civil rights are not violated during criminal justice system processing 16) Defense counsel Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Describe the roles of professional members of the courtroom work group. Level: Difficult 17) Trial court administrator Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Describe the roles of professional members of the courtroom work group. Level: Difficult 18) Court reporter Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Describe the roles of professional members of the courtroom work group. Level: Difficult 19) Clerk of court Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Describe the roles of professional members of the courtroom work group. Level: Difficult 20) Bailiff Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Describe the roles of professional members of the courtroom work group. Level: Difficult 21) Judge Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Describe the roles of professional members of the courtroom work group. Level: Difficult 22) Prosecutor Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Describe the roles of professional members of the courtroom work group. Level: Difficult Answers: 16) G 17) F 18) D 19) C 20) E 21) A 22) B 19 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

9.5 Essay Questions 1) Explain the dual court system and why it developed. Answer: Answers should explain the existence of both state and federal court systems and discuss the view of the nation's founders concerning the need for individual states to retain significant legislative authority and judicial autonomy separate from federal control. Answers may also discuss the different jurisdictions of the two systems. Page Ref: 293 Objective: Summarize the development of American courts, including the concept of the dualcourt system. Level: Difficult 2) Define dispute-resolution centers, community courts, and problem-solving courts, including an explanation of the focus of each. Answer: Answers should include a definition and description of each type of each type. Dispute-resolution centers are informal and hear victims' claims regarding minor wrongs. They do not have to be part of the formal criminal justice system. Community courts are official components of the justice system and are low-level courts focusing on quality-of-life crimes that erode a neighborhood's morale. Problem-solving courts focus on relatively minor offenses and handle special populations (such as veterans, people with mental illness, or people experiencing homelessness) or deal with specific offenses (such as gun courts, domestic violence courts, or drug courts). Page Ref: 297-299 Objective: Describe a typical state court system, including some of the differences between the state and federal court systems. Level: Difficult 3) Identify the three levels of the federal court system and explain the jurisdiction and role of each. Answer: Answers should include a discussion of U.S. district courts as the federal trial courts, U.S. circuit courts or courts of appeal as the appellate court hearing appeals from district courts, and the U.S. Supreme Court as the federal court of last resort. Page Ref: 299-302 Objective: Describe the structure of the federal court system, including the various types of federal courts. Level: Intermediate 4) List and define three areas of prosecutorial discretion and discuss the benefits and pitfalls of each area. Answer: Answers will vary. Answers should include, but are not limited to, discussion of prosecutorial decisions to accept plea bargains, divert suspects to public or private social service agencies, ask suspects to seek counseling, to dismiss cases entirely, file separate or multiple charges, determine what charges will be brought against a defendant, determine which witnesses will be called, and make sentencing recommendations to the judge. Page Ref: 308-309 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Difficult 20 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

5) List and define three nonprofessional courtroom participants and explain their roles in the courtroom. Answer: Answers will vary. Answers should include a discuss of three of the following: defendants, victims, jurors, lay witnesses, spectators, and the press. Page Ref: 318-322 Objective: Describe the roles of outsiders, or nonprofessional courtroom participants. Level: Intermediate 6) In what ways might press reports and news coverage create problems for the criminal justice system and be damaging to the objective outcome of a criminal trial? What methods do judges have deal with the media to ensure the defendant receives a fair trial and an impartial jury? Answer: Answers should explain the ways in which press reports often create problems for the criminal justice system at all states of a criminal investigation. Answers should also focus on how pretrial publicity may impact the ability of the court to find jurors who have not already formed an opinion regarding the defendant's guilt or innocence and how new reports from the courtroom may create confusion among jurors. The legality of gag orders and alternative methods available to judges to deal with pretrial publicity should also be discussed. Page Ref: 321-322 Objective: Describe the roles of outsiders, or nonprofessional courtroom participants. Level: Difficult 9.6 Critical Thinking Questions 1) Explain the two sets of goals that motivate most problem-solving court programs. How might these goals conflict with each other? Which do you think should take priority in case of conflicts? Explain your views. Answer: Answers will vary but should include a discussion of the two main goals of problemsolving courts: case management and therapeutic jurisprudence. Answers should also consider ways in which the desire to expedite case processing and reduce caseloads could conflict with the focus on therapeutic jurisprudence and reduction of offending, and should discuss which of the two goals should take precedence in that situation. Support for the student's opinion should also be provided. Page Ref: 298-299 Objective: Describe a typical state court system, including some of the differences between the state and federal court systems. Level: Difficult

2) Discuss the two ways in which state judges are selected. Which method do you prefer and why? Do you agree with the Missouri Plan? Why or why not? Support your response. What other method might be used to select judges that could avoid some of the problems of the current systems? Answer: Answers will vary but should discuss judicial selection by election and political appointment and provide an opinion as to which method is preferable. Answers should also present an opinion as to the usefulness of the Missouri Plan. Support for all opinions is a key element of the response. Answers should also include a proposal for an alternative method of judicial selection. Page Ref: 304-305 Objective: Identify all typical job titles of the courtroom work group members. Level: Difficult 3) Compare and contrast the roles of the courtroom work group with those of nonprofessional courtroom participants. Analyze how they work together to ensure a successful completion to a case before the court. Do their individual roles intertwine to make the system work? Answer: Answers will vary but should focus on the statutory requirements and ethical considerations that guide members of the courtroom workgroup and the roles of each member. Answers should also explain the various nonprofessional participants and discuss how the courtroom work group and nonprofessional outsiders work together within the criminal justice system. Page Ref: 303-322 Objective: Multiple Level: Difficult 4) Discuss the legality of allowing still, video, and television cameras in courtrooms in the U.S. What impact might audio and video recordings of court proceedings have on the ability of the court to provide a fair trial? Do you think that court proceedings should be televised, photographed, or recorded in any way? Why or why not? Explain and support your views. Answer: Answers will vary but should review court opinions regarding allowing photographing or recording various types of court proceedings as well as the pros and cons of allowing this type of access. The student's views on this issue should be presented and supported. Page Ref: 321-322 Objective: Describe the roles of professional members of the courtroom work group. Level: Difficult

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 17e (Schmalleger) Chapter 10 Pretrial Activities and the Criminal Trial 10.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) What is the earliest stage of the court process at which defendant may be given formal notice of the charges against them? A) Arraignment B) Preliminary hearing C) Grand jury hearing D) First appearance Answer: D Page Ref: 328 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Basic 2) Based on the decision in McNabb v. U.S., the standard maximum time by which a first appearance should be held has been set at ________ hours after arrest. A) 72 B) 12 C) 48 D) 24 Answer: C Page Ref: 328 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Basic 3) When is a probable cause hearing necessary? A) When there is an extended delay before the defendant appears before a magistrate B) When the arrest was made without a warrant C) When the suspect is being held without bail D) When the suspect requests one Answer: B Page Ref: 328 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Intermediate 4) Which of the following is a purpose of bail? A) To allow defendants to spend time with their families B) To allow defendants to assist the attorneys with their case C) To ensure that defendants remain employed during the pretrial period D) To prevent unconvicted suspects from unnecessary imprisonment Answer: D Page Ref: 330 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Intermediate 1 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

5) Release on recognizance ________. A) requires the defendant to pay bail in cash B) permits the defendant to post non-cash collateral C) results in the pretrial detention of a suspect D) permits release on the basis of a written promise to appear Answer: D Page Ref: 332 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Basic 6) Bob consigned all of his stock holdings to the court as collateral to ensure he would not abscond before trial. What type of bail did Bob post? A) Unsecured bond B) Signature bond C) Deposit bail D) Property bond Answer: D Page Ref: 332 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Intermediate 7) Defendants who are given the option of deposit bail ________. A) are required to post the full amount of the bail with the court B) forfeit the entire amount of court-ordered bail if they fair to appear in court C) receive the full amount of the deposit back when they appear in court D) are required to comply with various conditions imposed by the court Answer: D Page Ref: 332 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Intermediate 8) A ________ law limits the right to bail for certain kinds of offenders. A) judicial concern B) security C) detention D) danger Answer: D Page Ref: 335 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Basic

9) An indictment is sent to the trial court by the ________. A) grand jury B) prosecutor C) bailiff D) defense attorney Answer: A Page Ref: 336 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Basic 10) If a grand jury is not used, the prosecutor files a(n) ________ against the accused. A) charging document B) information C) peremptory challenge D) property bond Answer: B Page Ref: 336 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Basic 11) What is the primary purpose of the preliminary hearing? A) To give defendants the opportunity to challenge the legal basis for their detention B) To once again inform defendants of the specific charges against them C) To allow defendants to enter a plea D) To help ensure defendants will reappear when summoned by the court Answer: A Page Ref: 336 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Basic 12) Which of the following types of pleas is most similar to a guilty plea? A) Nolo contendere B) Innocent C) Not guilty D) Standing mute Answer: A Page Ref: 336 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Intermediate

13) When a defendant "stands mute" at arraignment, they are considered to have entered a ________. A) no-contest plea B) not guilty plea C) guilty plea D) negotiated plea Answer: B Page Ref: 337 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Intermediate 14) Overall, approximately what percent of state criminal cases are resolved through plea bargaining? A) Almost 50 percent B) Almost 75 percent C) Almost 85 percent D) Almost 95 percent Answer: D Page Ref: 337 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Basic 15) The primary purpose of a criminal trial is to ________. A) determine the guilt or innocence of a defendant B) determine if a crime has been committed C) safeguard the trial system of the United States D) ensure a defendant's rights have been safeguarded Answer: A Page Ref: 339 Objective: State the purpose of the criminal trial. Level: Basic 16) ________ is established only when the prosecutor presents sufficient evidence to convince the judge or jury that the defendant is guilty as charged. A) Adversarial guilt B) Legal guilt C) Factual guilt D) Evidential guilt Answer: B Page Ref: 339 Objective: State the purpose of the criminal trial. Level: Intermediate

17) American criminal trial courts operate under a structure known as ________. A) presentation of evidence B) the adversarial system C) jury selection D) the reasonable doubt doctrine Answer: B Page Ref: 339 Objective: State the purpose of the criminal trial. Level: Basic 18) The right to a speedy trial is guaranteed by the ________ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. A) Fourth B) Fifth C) Sixth D) Eighth Answer: C Page Ref: 340 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic 19) ________ do not require the attorney making it to provide a reason for the challenge. A) Challenges for knowledge B) Challenges for cause C) Peremptory challenge D) Challenges to the array Answer: C Page Ref: 341-342 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic 20) During jury selection, challenges for cause ________. A) are restricted in number by statute B) do not require the attorney to give a reason for the challenge C) signify the belief that the juror pool is biased in some way D) claim that an individual juror cannot be fair or impartial Answer: D Page Ref: 342 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic

21) ________ the jury removes the jurors from all possible outside influences. A) Sequestering B) Separating C) Segregating D) Isolating Answer: A Page Ref: 342 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic 22) ________ evidence requires interpretation or requires a judge or jury to reach a conclusion based on what the evidence indicates. A) Circumstantial B) Exculpatory C) Real D) Direct Answer: A Page Ref: 344 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic 23) Fingerprints and tire tracks are examples of ________ evidence. A) direct B) real C) testimonial D) circumstantial Answer: B Page Ref: 345 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic 24) Daichi has been sworn in as a witness in a criminal trial. When asked about the defendant's whereabouts at the time of the crime, Daichi deliberately lies to give the defendant an alibi. Daichi's action is known as ________. A) probative value B) perjury C) hearsay D) reasonable doubt Answer: B Page Ref: 346 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic

25) If the prosecutor calls a witness to the stand, who conducts the redirect examination? A) The prosecutor B) The defense attorney C) The judge D) The jury Answer: A Page Ref: 346 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Intermediate 26) Which of the following is an exception to the hearsay rule? A) An opening statement B) A peremptory challenge C) A dying declaration D) The presentation of direct evidence Answer: C Page Ref: 347 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Intermediate 27) An oral or written request asking the court to make a specified finding, decision, or order is also known as ________. A) a motion B) hearsay evidence C) direct evidence D) a trial de novo Answer: A Page Ref: 348 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic 28) The standard of proof required for conviction in a criminal trial is ________. A) reasonable grounds B) probable cause C) beyond a reasonable doubt D) preponderance of the evidence Answer: C Page Ref: 350 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic

29) What is a hung jury? A) A jury that refuses to leave after the trial ends B) A jury that ignores the evidence when deciding its verdict on the case C) A jury that is not impartial D) A jury that is unable to agree on a verdict Answer: D Page Ref: 350 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic 30) Court ________ would reduce the number of jurisdictions. A) sequestration B) unification C) nullification D) professionalization Answer: B Page Ref: 352 Objective: Describe ways of improving the adjudication process. Level: Intermediate 31) Critics of virtual courtrooms argue that online criminal trials violate which of the following? A) The Sixth Amendment B) The Speedy Trial Act C) The Eighth Amendment D) The Confrontation Clause Answer: D Page Ref: 354 Objective: Describe ways of improving the adjudication process. Level: Intermediate 10.2 True/False Questions 1) During the first appearance, the suspect is given the opportunity to present evidence of their innocence. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 328 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Basic 2) Defendants are entitled to be represented by counsel at a first appearance. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 329 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Basic

3) The right to bail is guaranteed in the Constitution. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 331 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Basic 4) Release on recognizance requires the payment of a cash bond. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 332 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Basic 5) The defendant must be present during a grand jury hearing. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 336 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Intermediate 6) The purpose of a preliminary hearing is to determine the guilt of a defendant. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 336 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Basic 7) Plea bargaining reduces the time needed to resolve a criminal case by circumventing the trial process. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 337 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Intermediate 8) The majority of criminal cases are resolved through negotiated pleas. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 337 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic 9) Legal guilt deals with the issue of whether the defendant is actually responsible for the crime of which they are accused. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 339 Objective: State the purpose of the criminal trial. Level: Basic

10) The adversarial system used in the U.S. is based on the advocacy model. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 339 Objective: State the purpose of the criminal trial. Level: Basic 11) If the defendant requests a three-week continuance from the court, this delay does not affect the time limits required for a speedy trial. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 341 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Intermediate 12) A challenge to the array is used by judges to bar real evidence from the criminal trial. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 342 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic 13) Peremptory challenges may not be used to exclude potential jurors on the basis of either race or gender. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 342 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Intermediate 14) If evidence has probative value, judges are required to admit it. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 345 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic 15) Testimony is oral evidence offered by a sworn witness on the witness stand during a criminal trial. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 345 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic 16) If a defendant refuses to testify at trial, the prosecutor can tell the jury this may be an indication that the defendant is guilty. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 345-346 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic

17) For a witness to be guilty of perjury, the false statement must have been made intentionally. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 346 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Intermediate 18) A dying declaration is an exception to the hearsay rule. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 347 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Intermediate 19) During the closing argument, the judge reviews the evidence and explains the statutory elements of the alleged offense to the jury. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 349 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic 20) A "hung jury" is deadlocked and cannot come to a unanimous decision. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 350 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic 21) A professional jury system may lead to a lack of peer juries. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 352 Objective: Describe ways of improving the adjudication process. Level: Intermediate 22) Court unification would prevent sentencing variation by different judges. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 352 Objective: Describe ways of improving the adjudication process. Level: Intermediate 23) Most jails today have been equipped with the digital equipment needed for virtual courtroom appearances. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 354 Objective: Describe ways of improving the adjudication process. Level: Intermediate

10.3 Fill in the Blank Questions 1) The practice of pretrial ________ involves holding defendants who are considered flight risks in jail until trial. Answer: detention Page Ref: 339 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Basic 2) The most common release/detention decision-making mechanism in the courts is ________. Answer: bail Page Ref: 330 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Basic 3) ________ bonds are an alternative to bail that allow release based on the defendant's written promise to appear. Answer: Signature Page Ref: 332 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Intermediate 4) In some states, ________ laws limit the right to bail to certain kinds of offenders. Answer: danger Page Ref: 335 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Intermediate 5) In some states, a(n) ________ jury is part of the pretrial process. Answer: grand Page Ref: 335 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Basic 6) In states that do not use grand juries, the prosecutor files a(n) ________ or complaint against the accused. Answer: information Page Ref: 336 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Basic 7) A defendant generally enters a plea at the ________. Answer: arraignment Page Ref: 336 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Basic 12 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

8) Criminal trials under the U.S. system of justice are built around a(n) ________ system. Answer: adversarial Page Ref: 339 Objective: State the purpose of the criminal trial. Level: Basic 9) ________ challenges allow an attorney to remove a potential juror without giving a reason. Answer: Peremptory Page Ref: 341 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic 10) A(n) ________ jury is isolated from the public during the course of a trial and throughout the deliberation process. Answer: sequestered Page Ref: 342 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Basic 11) The 1986 ________ decision laid out the requirements that defendants must prove when seeking to establish the discriminatory use of peremptory challenges. Answer: Batson Page Ref: 343 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Intermediate 12) ________ evidence requires interpretation or that requires a judge or jury to reach a conclusion based on what the evidence indicates. Answer: Circumstantial Page Ref: 344 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic 13) Before witnesses are permitted to testify, their ________ to testify must be established. Answer: competence Page Ref: 345 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic 14) In some states, ________ may be allowed to testify by closed-circuit television. Answer: children Page Ref: 347 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic

15) A dying declaration is an exception to the ________ rule. Answer: hearsay Page Ref: 347 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic 16) In cases involving a nearly hung jury, the judge may use the ________ charge to encourage jurors to come to a decision. Answer: Allen Page Ref: 350 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic 17) After making a decision in a case, the jury delivers its ________ to the court. Answer: verdict Page Ref: 350 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic 18) Court ________ would reduce the number of jurisdictions. Answer: unification Page Ref: 352 Objective: Describe ways of improving the adjudication process. Level: Basic 19) Critics of virtual courtrooms argue that holding criminal trials online violates the ________ Clause of the U.S. Constitution. Answer: Confrontation Page Ref: 354 Objective: Describe ways of improving the adjudication process. Level: Basic

10.4 Matching Questions Match the action with the pretrial activity during which it first occurs. Some pretrial activities may be used more than once. A) Grand jury B) First appearance C) Arraignment D) Preliminary hearing 1) Refers an indictment to the trial court Page Ref: 329 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Intermediate 2) Court determines if there is probable cause to hold the defendant for trial Page Ref: 329 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Intermediate 3) Defendants may be ordered to undergo evaluation to determine if they are competent to stand trial Page Ref: 329 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Intermediate 4) Defendants are given formal notice of the charges against them Page Ref: 329 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Intermediate 5) The defendant enters a plea Page Ref: 329 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Intermediate 6) Defendants are advised of their rights Page Ref: 329 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Intermediate Answers: 1) A 2) D 3) D 4) B 5) C 6) B

Match the bail alternative with its definition. A) Permits individuals to pledge non-cash items as collateral against pretrial flight B) Pretrial release that imposes requirements on the defendant C) A form of cash bond that is posed with the court and eliminates the need for a bail bond agent D) A form of pretrial release issued by an arresting officer based on the defendant's written promise to appear E) A bail alternative that does not require the defendant to deposit money with the court, but which does permit the court to seize the amount of the bond if the defendant fails to appear F) An alternative to bail that places responsibility for the defendant's appearance in court on another individual or agency G) Pretrial release of individuals arrested for serious crimes based on a written agreement 7) Release on recognizance Page Ref: 332 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Intermediate 8) Property bond Page Ref: 332 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Intermediate 9) Deposit bail Page Ref: 332 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Intermediate 10) Conditional release Page Ref: 332 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Intermediate 11) Third-party custody Page Ref: 332 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Intermediate 12) Unsecured bond Page Ref: 332 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Intermediate 13) Signature bond Page Ref: 332 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Intermediate 16 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

Answers: 7) G 8) A 9) C 10) B 11) F 12) E 13) D Place the stages of a criminal trial in the proper order. A) Jury selection B) Judge's charge to the jury C) Trial initiation D) Jury deliberations E) Presentation of evidence F) Opening statements G) Closing arguments H) Verdict 14) First stage Page Ref: 340 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Intermediate 15) Second stage Page Ref: 340 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Intermediate 16) Third stage Page Ref: 340 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Intermediate 17) Fourth stage Page Ref: 340 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Intermediate 18) Fifth stage Page Ref: 340 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Intermediate 19) Sixth stage Page Ref: 340 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Intermediate

20) Seventh stage Page Ref: 340 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Intermediate 21) Eighth stage Page Ref: 340 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Intermediate Answers: 14) C 15) A 16) F 17) E 18) G 19) B 20) D 21) H Match the type of jury selection challenge to the example. A) The defense attorney claims that the pool of potential jurors is not truly representative of the community B) The defense attorney claims that a potential juror cannot be fair or impartial C) The prosecutor removes a potential juror but does not give any reason for doing so 22) Peremptory challenge Page Ref: 342 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic 23) Challenge to the array Page Ref: 342 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic 24) Challenge for cause Page Ref: 342 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic Answers: 22) C 23) A 24) B Match the type of evidence to the example. A) Evidence that proves a fact without requiring the judge to draw inferences B) Evidence that requires the jury to make inferences and draw conclusions C) Physical material or traces of physical activity 25) Circumstantial evidence Page Ref: 344-345 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic 18 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

26) Direct evidence Page Ref: 344-345 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic 27) Real evidence Page Ref: 344-345 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Basic Answers: 25) B 26) A 27) C 10.5 Essay Questions 1) List and define three of the different types of bail options open to the defendant and give an example of when each can be used. Answer: Answers should include definitions of three of the following: • Release on recognizance (ROR) • Property bond • Deposit bail • Conditional release • Third-party custody • Unsecured bond • Signature bonds Page Ref: 332 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Intermediate 2) Explain the purpose and function of the grand jury and how grand juries operate. Answer: Answers should explain how grand juries are used and their primary purpose as a filter to eliminate cases where there is not enough evidence for further processing. Answers should also discuss how grand jury hearings are held and the process of these hearings. A true bill should also be explained. Page Ref: 335-336 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Intermediate

3) Explain the difference between legal and factual guilt and why this distinction is important. Answer: Answers should define factual guilt as relating to the issue of whether the defendant actually responsible for the crime of which they are accused (i.e., did the defendant actually do it?) and legal guilt as being established when the prosecutor presents sufficient evidence to convince the judge or jury that the defendant is guilty as charged. The distinction is important because it highlights the fact that the burden of proof rests with the prosecution and also because it indicates the possibility that a factually guilty defendant may be found "not guilty" (i.e., not legally guilty). Page Ref: 339 Objective: State the purpose of the criminal trial. Level: Difficult 4) List and explain the three types of challenges that are recognized in criminal courts during the jury selection process. Answer: Answers should discuss the three types of challenges: challenges to the array, challenges for cause, and peremptory challenges. Page Ref: 342 Objective: State the procedure, nature and purpose of the criminal trial. Level: Difficult 5) Explain the concept of "hearsay" and the hearsay rule used in court. Identify two exceptions to this rule. Answer: Answers should define hearsay as information not based on the witness's personal knowledge and should describe the hearsay rule, which prohibits the use of hearsay evidence in court. Exceptions to the hearsay rule that may be discussed include a dying declaration, a spontaneous statement, and certain out-of-court statements. Page Ref: 347-348 Objective: State the procedure, nature and purpose of the criminal trial. Level: Difficult 6) Define and explain at least two different approaches that are being used to improve the adjudication process. Answer: Answers will vary but should include discussion of approaches such as court unification, the increasing use of court-watch citizens' groups, and the statistical measurement of court performance. Answers may also discuss the use of virtual courtrooms. Page Ref: 352-354 Objective: Describe ways of improving the adjudication process. Level: Difficult

10.6 Critical Thinking Questions 1) Discuss the pros and cons of pretrial release. How can the court ensure that the defendant's rights are protected while also protecting society? How might the bail system discriminate against poor or indigent defendants? What might be done to reduce this type of discrimination? Answer: Answers will vary but should include a discussion of the need to balance the rights of unconvicted defendants with the possible risk to society if a dangerous defendant is released before trial. Answers should also discuss the recent report by the National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals which found that the vast majority of felony defendants were unable to raise the money to make bail and should reflect on how this affects those individuals, especially compared to those defendants who could afford bail. Some discussion of alternative non-financial bail options should also be included. For example: a discussion of the way some states have enacted significant bail reforms that either eliminate money bail for nonviolent offenses or set a cap on the use of money bail for minor offenses, or the trend towards requiring judges to take a defendant's financial situation into account when setting bail. Page Ref: 330-335 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Difficult 2) Discuss the advantages of plea bargaining and some concerns that exist with the process. What potential for misuse exists and what are the risks to the defendant? What benefits does plea bargaining provide? Do you think that plea bargaining should be eliminated or at least limited in scope? Explain your opinion. Answer: Answers will vary but should explain the pros and cons of plea bargaining, including potential for misuse by prosecutors and defense attorneys who are more interested in a quick resolution to a case than to seeing justice done. The student's opinion regarding the use of plea bargaining, and the student's support for that opinion, are key elements of the response. Page Ref: 337-338 Objective: Describe the pretrial steps and activities. Level: Difficult 3) One suggestion for improving the jury trial is to use professional jurors. Discuss the pros and cons of using professional jurors. Do you agree with the use of a professional jury system? Why or why not? Support your response. Answer: Answers will vary but should discuss advantages such as dependability, knowledge, and equity, as well as potential problems such as juror boredom leading to decisions made out of hand, the possibility that jurors may categorize defendants based on previous experiences, the difficulty of establishing job requirements and evaluating job performance, and the concerns about providing peer jurors. The student's opinion of the professional juror system and support for that opinion are key elements of the response. Page Ref: 352 Objective: Describe the criminal trial process. Level: Difficult

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 17e (Schmalleger) Chapter 11 Sentencing 11.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) The just deserts model of sentencing emphasizes ________. A) the use of fines B) retribution C) restitution D) placing offenders on probation Answer: B Page Ref: 360 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Basic 2) Which goal of sentencing focuses on separating offenders from society to reduce opportunities for further criminality? A) Incapacitation B) Deterrence C) Retribution D) Rehabilitation Answer: A Page Ref: 360 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Basic 3) General deterrence attempts to ________. A) prevent individual offenders from engaging in future criminal acts B) make the victim whole again C) discourage potential offenders from committing crimes D) separate offenders from the community to reduce opportunities for future criminality Answer: C Page Ref: 361 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Intermediate 4) Which of the following is a characteristic of restorative justice? A) Crime is seen as an act against the state and a violation of the law. B) Crime control is the responsibility of the criminal justice system. C) Victims tend to be peripheral in the process of resolving a crime. D) Crime has individual and social dimensions of responsibility. Answer: D Page Ref: 362 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Intermediate

5) Which sentencing model tends to involve the greatest amount of judicial discretion? A) Presumptive sentencing B) Determinate sentencing C) Indeterminate sentencing D) Structured sentencing Answer: C Page Ref: 363 Objective: Define indeterminate sentencing, including its purpose. Level: Intermediate 6) A sentence of 8 to 15 years in prison is an example of ________ sentencing. A) consecutive B) concurrent C) indeterminate D) structured Answer: C Page Ref: 363 Objective: Define indeterminate sentencing, including its purpose. Level: Basic 7) Under the indeterminate sentencing model, what is the primary determinant of the amount of time served? A) The leniency of the judge B) The inmate's behavior while incarcerated C) Pressure from politicians D) The leniency of the parole board Answer: B Page Ref: 363 Objective: Define indeterminate sentencing, including its purpose. Level: Basic 8) Proportionality means that ________. A) caseloads must be distributed equally among the available judges B) there should be a direct relationship between the severity of the sanction and the seriousness of the crime C) the offender's criminal history should be objectively considered at sentencing D) similar crimes are punished with similar sentences Answer: B Page Ref: 364 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Basic

9) ________ is a sentencing principle that holds that an offender's criminal history should be taken into account in sentencing decisions. A) Equity B) Proportionality C) Social debt D) Good time Answer: C Page Ref: 364 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Intermediate 10) Which of the following is a form of structured sentencing? A) Indeterminate sentencing B) Contemporary sentencing C) Quasi-independent sentencing D) Determinate sentencing Answer: D Page Ref: 365 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Intermediate 11) Which of the following is a mitigating circumstance? A) The defendant induced others to participate in the crime. B) The crime was committed for hire. C) The defendant acted under strong provocation. D) The defendant possessed a deadly weapon during the crime. Answer: C Page Ref: 366 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Intermediate 12) Federal sentencing guidelines ________. A) provide a range of punishments for a specific crime B) eliminate judicial discretion completely C) tend to be uniform across states D) do not permit departures from the guidelines Answer: A Page Ref: 367 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Intermediate

13) In the case of ________ the U.S. Supreme Court cases ruled that requiring sentencing judges to consider facts that have not been proven to a jury violates the Constitution. A) Apprendi v. New Jersey B) U.S. v. Booker C) Melendez v. U.S. D) Blakely v. Washington Answer: A Page Ref: 368 Objective: Describe the structured sentencing models in use that became popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Basic 14) ________ is a type of sentencing plan that allows no leeway in the imposition of a sentence for a person convicted of a crime. A) Mandatory sentencing B) Indeterminate sentencing C) Presumptive sentencing D) Truth in sentencing Answer: A Page Ref: 370 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Basic 15) ________ involves suspending criminal proceedings and referring the alleged offender to a private agency. A) Diversion B) Presentence investigation C) Deterrence D) Three-strikes Answer: A Page Ref: 371 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Basic 16) What appears to be the most dramatic result of the recent emphasis on the use of mandatory sentencing and other get-tough policies? A) Crime rates have fallen dramatically. B) The average length of prison terms has decreased. C) The use of incarceration as a sentencing option has increased significantly. D) Offender rehabilitation programs have become increasingly successful. Answer: C Page Ref: 372 Objective: Tell how get-tough-on-crime sentencing practices led to significant prison overcrowding in the United States. Level: Intermediate 4 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

17) What is the main priority of justice reinvestment? A) Prioritizing the use of alternatives to incarceration for nonviolent offenders B) Increasing the use of fines as a punishment to create a sustained revenue stream for the criminal justice system C) Developing an investment portfolio to eventually allow the criminal justice system to be selfsupporting D) Expanding the use of mandatory sentencing policies Answer: A Page Ref: 375 Objective: Describe alternative sentences and their relationship to justice reinvestment strategies. Level: Intermediate 18) If a judge requests information on a convicted defendant's background, the probation or parole office will conduct a ________ investigation. A) probation B) presentence C) presumptive sentencing D) general deterrence Answer: B Page Ref: 375-376 Objective: Explain the purpose of presentence investigations and presentence investigation reports. Level: Basic 19) What is the main limitation of the Crime Victims' Rights Act? A) It only provides rights to victims of federal crimes. B) It does not require courts to ensure that victims are afforded their rights. C) It does not give victims the legal authority necessary to assert their rights in court. D) The Act does not have any limitations. Answer: A Page Ref: 379 Objective: Describe the history of victims' rights and services, including the growing role of the victim in criminal justice proceedings today. Level: Difficult 20) Research into victim-impact statements has found that ________. A) they have a significant impact on judicial sentencing decision-making B) juries are not required to consider victim-impact statements C) sentencing decisions are rarely affected by them D) oral impact statements have more impact than written documents Answer: C Page Ref: 381 Objective: Describe the history of victims' rights and services, including the growing role of the victim in criminal justice proceedings today. Level: Intermediate 5 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

21) Which of the following is an advantage of the imposition of fines as a criminal sanction? A) Fines are expensive to administer. B) Fines can reduce the stress placed on state resources by the use of incarceration. C) Fines can reduce recidivism through incapacitation. D) Fines contribute to prison overcrowding. Answer: B Page Ref: 382-383 Objective: List the four traditional sentencing options. Level: Intermediate 22) The day-fine system solves which objection to the use of fines? A) The collection of fines is expensive and creates administrative difficulties for the criminal justice system. B) Fines are unfair because more affluent offenders can buy their way out of prison while indigent offenders are unable to pay fines. C) Not only do fines not appear to reduce recidivism, they have been linked to increased involvement in future crime. D) It is difficult to ensure proportionality when imposing fines. Answer: B Page Ref: 383 Objective: List the four traditional sentencing options. Level: Intermediate 23) What effect did the USA PATRIOT Act have on the death penalty in the U.S.? A) The death penalty was abolished for federal crimes. B) The requirement of a mandatory appeal in cases involving a capital sentence was eliminated. C) The method of imposing death was standardized throughout the U.S. D) The list of federal crimes punishable by death was expanded significantly. Answer: D Page Ref: 385 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Intermediate 24) The majority of death-penalty states use which method of execution? A) Firing squad B) Hanging C) Electrocution D) Lethal injection Answer: D Page Ref: 386 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Basic

25) ________ requires that a prison inmate be brought before a judicial officer to determine if they are being lawfully imprisoned. A) Restorative justice B) Diversion C) A victim impact statement D) A writ of habeas corpus Answer: D Page Ref: 386 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Basic 26) Opportunities for federal appeals by death-row inmates have been limited by the ________ Act A) Victim and Witness Protection B) Victims of Crime C) Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement D) Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Answer: D Page Ref: 388 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Basic 27) Which of the following arguments regarding the death penalty is a retentionist rationale? A) Just deserts B) Lack of proven deterrence C) Arbitrariness D) Discrimination Answer: A Page Ref: 390, 395 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Basic 28) The Innocence Protection Act of 2004 provides federal funds to help eliminate ________. A) the misinterpretation of forensic evidence at trial B) witness misidentification C) the backlog of unanalyzed DNA samples D) withholding of evidence by prosecutors Answer: C Page Ref: 392 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Basic

29) The protectionist argument justifying capital punishment is fairly weak because the underlying social interest can also be met by which other sentencing option? A) Severe fines B) Incarceration C) Probation D) The use of alternative sanctions Answer: B Page Ref: 395 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Intermediate 30) The Supreme Court's decision in the case of Furman v. Georgia was a statement against ________. A) the use of capital punishment by the criminal justice system B) giving a jury the authority to impose a capital sentence C) the manner in which statutes permitted the death penalty to be imposed D) the disproportionality of the death penalty for crimes other than first degree murder Answer: C Page Ref: 396 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Basic 31) In which case did the Supreme Court approve the separation of the determination of guilt from the determination of the sentence? A) Furman v. Georgia B) Woodson v. North Carolina C) Wilkerson v. Utah D) Gregg v. Georgia Answer: D Page Ref: 396 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Basic 32) The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that ________ must decide the facts that lead to a death sentence. A) juries B) high courts C) appellate courts D) judges Answer: A Page Ref: 397 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Basic

33) Based on the Supreme Court's ruling in Woodson v. North Carolina, when is a mandatory death sentence for first degree murder constitutional? A) When there are aggravating circumstances that make the crime even more serious B) When the victim was a police officer who was killed during the performance of their duty C) When the murder was committed by a prison inmate already serving a life sentence without the possibility of parole D) Never — mandatory application of the death penalty is unconstitutional Answer: D Page Ref: 397 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Basic 11.2 True/False Questions 1) Incapacitation corresponds to the just deserts model of sentencing. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 360 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Basic 2) The "nothing works" doctrine suggested that rehabilitation did not reduce recidivism. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 361 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Intermediate 3) Victim restitution is a key element of the restorative justice model. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 362 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Intermediate 4) A sentence of "four years in prison" is an indeterminate sentence. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 363 Objective: Define indeterminate sentencing, including its purpose. Level: Intermediate 5) The severity of an inmate's crime is the primary determinate of the actual amount of time served under an indeterminate sentence. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 363 Objective: Define indeterminate sentencing, including its purpose. Level: Basic

6) The indeterminate sentencing model can result in judicial discrimination based on the offender's race or social class. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 364 Objective: Define indeterminate sentencing, including its purpose. Level: Intermediate 7) The concept of social debt would suggest that an offender with a prior criminal record should receive a more severe punishment than a first-time offender committing the same offense. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 364-365 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Basic 8) The use of torture during a crime is an example of a mitigating circumstance. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 365-366 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Basic 9) Judges are not permitted to depart from the federal sentencing guidelines. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 367 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Intermediate 10) Plea bargaining is permitted under the federal sentencing guidelines. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 368 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Basic 11) Three-strikes laws are a form of mandatory sentencing. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 370 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Intermediate

12) Mandatory sentencing laws appear to reduce the use of plea bargaining and increase the number of cases that are brought to trial. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 371 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Intermediate 13) Rising crime rates in the U.S. are the biggest drivers of rising incarceration rates. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 372 Objective: Tell how get-tough-on-crime sentencing practices led to significant prison overcrowding in the United States. Level: Basic 14) Stigmatic shaming is commonly used in restorative justice programs. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 374-375 Objective: Describe alternative sentences and their relationship to justice reinvestment strategies. Level: Basic 15) Justice reinvestment emphasizes the use of alternative sanctions for nonviolent offenders. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 375 Objective: Describe alternative sentences and their relationship to justice reinvestment strategies. Level: Basic 16) Presentence investigations are conducted by the court. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 376 Objective: Explain the purpose of presentence investigations and presentence investigation reports. Level: Basic 17) In federal criminal courts, judges are required to receive presentence reports. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 377 Objective: Explain the purpose of presentence investigations and presentence investigation reports. Level: Basic

18) The majority of states have passed victims' rights amendments to their state constitutions. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 379 Objective: Describe the history of victims' rights and services, including the growing role of the victim in criminal justice proceedings today. Level: Basic 19) The Crime Victims' Rights Act only establishes statutory rights for victims of federal crimes. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 379 Objective: Describe the history of victims' rights and services, including the growing role of the victim in criminal justice proceedings today. Level: Intermediate 20) Research suggests that victim-impact statements have a significant effect on judicial sentencing decisions. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 381 Objective: Describe the history of victims' rights and services, including the growing role of the victim in criminal justice proceedings today. Level: Intermediate 21) The use of fines is increasing in response to prison overcrowding problems. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 382-383 Objective: List the four traditional sentencing options. Level: Basic 22) The day-fine system takes the offender's financial resources into account. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 383 Objective: List the four traditional sentencing options. Level: Basic 23) The automatic review of death sentences by appellate courts helps to reduce the delay in carrying out sentences of execution. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 386 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Intermediate 24) DNA evidence is increasingly being used to identify wrongful convictions. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 391 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Basic 12 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

25) Death penalty retentionists argue that the death penalty fails to be an effective deterrent only because of the delays produced by repeated appeals. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 390 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Difficult 26) Because of the increasing number of death penalty cases involving wrongful convictions, the Supreme Court has ruled that convicted offenders have a fundamental right to access DNAtestable evidence. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 393 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Intermediate 27) According to the Supreme Court, a simple showing of racial discrepancies in the application of the death penalty constitutes a constitutional violation. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 394 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Basic 28) The death penalty retentionist claim of protection is weak because other sentences could achieve the same goal. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 395 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Basic 29) The case of Coker v. Georgia approved a bifurcated trial procedure in capital cases. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 396-397 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Basic 30) The death penalty may not be imposed on an adult offender if he was under the age of 18 at the time the crime was committed. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 397 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Basic 31) Support for the use of the death penalty in the U.S. has declined overall since the mid-1990s. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 399 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Basic 13 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

11.3 Fill in the Blank Questions 1) The sentencing goal of ________ involves punishment based on the need for revenge. Answer: retribution Page Ref: 360 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Basic 2) ________ is a sentencing goal that focuses on preventing the offender from committing crimes by reducing their opportunities for crime. Answer: Incapacitation Page Ref: 360 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Basic 3) The ________ justice model defines crime as an act against the state and a violation of the law. Answer: retributive Page Ref: 362 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Intermediate 4) ________ time is deducted from the amount of time an offender must serve in prison on a given sentence because the offender participated in a special project or program. Answer: Gain Page Ref: 364 Objective: Define indeterminate sentencing, including its purpose. Level: Basic 5) The principle of ________ suggests that two offenders who commit the same crime in different states should receive about the same sentence. Answer: equity Page Ref: 364-365 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Basic 6) ________ circumstances may be used by the defense to show reduced criminal responsibility and suggest a lesser sentence is called for. Answer: Mitigating Page Ref: 365 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Basic

7) Three-strikes laws are an example of ________ sentencing. Answer: mandatory Page Ref: 370 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Basic 8) ________ involves officially suspending criminal proceedings against an alleged offender and referring them to a treatment program. Answer: Diversion Page Ref: 371 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Intermediate 9) ________ shaming is a sentencing innovation that uses public embarrassment to attempt to change an offender's behavior. Answer: Stigmatic Page Ref: 374-375 Objective: Describe alternative sentences and their relationship to justice reinvestment strategies. Level: Basic 10) Victim-offender mediation, intensive supervision, and day reporting are examples of ________ sentencing. Answer: alternative Page Ref: 375 Objective: Explain the purpose of presentence investigations and presentence investigation reports. Level: Basic 11) The Crime Victims' Rights Act only provides statutory rights to victims of ________ crimes. Answer: federal Page Ref: 379 Objective: Describe the history of victims' rights and services, including the growing role of the victim in criminal justice proceedings today. Level: Intermediate 12) The use of ________ as a form of criminal sanction suffers from built-in inequities. Answer: fines Page Ref: 382 Objective: List the four traditional sentencing options. Level: Basic

13) The ________ argument against capital punishment claims that access to effective legal representation is affected by the defendant's financial and other resources. Answer: arbitrariness Page Ref: 390 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Intermediate 14) The retentionist claim of ________ is the weakest argument for capital punishment. Answer: protection Page Ref: 395 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Basic 15) In the case of Ring v. Arizona, the Supreme Court ruled that ________ must decide the facts that lead to a death sentence. Answer: juries Page Ref: 396-397 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Basic

11.4 Matching Questions Match the sentencing goal to its definition. A) Separates offenders from the community to reduce opportunities for future criminality B) Attempts to prevent potential offenders from becoming involved in crime by making an example of the offender being sentenced C) A just deserts perspective that emphasizes taking revenge and holds offenders responsible for their crimes D) Attempts to make the victim and community "whole again" by addressing the damage crime causes E) Attempts to reform convicted offenders and reduce the likelihood of future criminality F) Uses punishment to prevent a particular offender from engaging in repeat criminality 1) General deterrence Page Ref: 360-361 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Intermediate 2) Retribution Page Ref: 360-361 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Intermediate 3) Incapacitation Page Ref: 360-361 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Intermediate 4) Specific deterrence Page Ref: 360-361 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Intermediate 5) Restoration Page Ref: 360-361 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Intermediate 6) Rehabilitation Page Ref: 360-361 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Intermediate Answers: 1) B 2) C 3) A 4) F 5) D 6) E

Match the characteristic to the type of justice. A) Retributive justice B) Restorative justice 7) Victims are central to the process of resolving a crime Page Ref: 362 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Intermediate 8) Negotiation and dialogue are emphasized Page Ref: 362 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Intermediate 9) Crime is a violation of a law Page Ref: 362 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Intermediate 10) Offender accountability is defined as taking punishment Page Ref: 362 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Intermediate 11) Crime control lies primarily with the community Page Ref: 362 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Intermediate 12) The offender is defined by the capacity to make reparation Page Ref: 362 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Intermediate 13) The criminal justice system controls crime Page Ref: 362 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Intermediate 14) There is an emphasis on adversarial relationships Page Ref: 362 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Intermediate

15) The offender and victim are directly involved Page Ref: 362 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Intermediate 16) Pain is imposed to deter, punish, and prevent crime Page Ref: 362 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Intermediate Answers: 7) B 8) B 9) A 10) A 11) B 12) B 13) A 14) A 15) B 16) A Match the type of sentencing to its definition. A) A sentencing model that encourages rehabilitation through the use of general and relatively unspecific sentences B) Sentencing models that provide greater control over sentencing systems C) A sentencing model in which the offender is given a fixed term of imprisonment that may be reduced by good time or gain time D) A sentencing model that includes a range of sentences for each charge and provides a mechanism for review of departure from the guidelines E) A sentencing model that allows no leeway in the nature of the sentence required for a specific offense 17) Indeterminate sentencing Page Ref: 363-370 Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 18) Determinate sentencing Page Ref: 353-360 Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 19) Structured sentencing Page Ref: 353-360 Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 20) Presumptive sentencing Page Ref: 353-360 Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate

21) Mandatory sentencing Page Ref: 353-360 Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate Answers: 17) A 18) C 19) B 20) D 21) E Match each characteristic of a crime with the type of circumstance it represents in court. A) Mitigating circumstance B) Aggravating circumstance 22) The crime was especially cruel Page Ref: 365-366 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Intermediate 23) The defendant made restitution to the victim Page Ref: 365-366 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Intermediate 24) The defendant helped the police apprehend another felon Page Ref: 365-366 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Intermediate 25) The defendant was hired to commit the crime Page Ref: 365-366 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Intermediate 26) The victim was an on-duty police officer engaged in the performance of police duties Page Ref: 365-366 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Intermediate 27) The defendant has a good reputation in the community Page Ref: 365-366 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Intermediate 20 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

28) The victim participated voluntarily in the crime Page Ref: 365-366 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Intermediate 29) The defendant had a gun Page Ref: 365-366 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Intermediate 30) The defendant used a position of trust to commit the crime Page Ref: 365-366 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Intermediate 31) The defendant committed the crime to avoid being arrested Page Ref: 365-366 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Intermediate Answers: 22) B 23) A 24) A 25) B 26) B 27) B 28) A 29) B 30) B 31) B Match the capital punishment argument to its focus. A) Retentionist B) Abolitionist 32) Just deserts Page Ref: 390 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Intermediate 33) Lack of proven deterrence Page Ref: 390 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Intermediate 34) Discrimination Page Ref: 390 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Intermediate

35) Retribution Page Ref: 390 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Intermediate 36) Expense Page Ref: 390 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Intermediate 37) Human life is sacred Page Ref: 390 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Intermediate 38) Arbitrariness Page Ref: 390 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Intermediate 39) Infliction on the innocent Page Ref: 390 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Intermediate 40) Protection Page Ref: 390 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Intermediate Answers: 32) A 33) B 34) B 35) B 36) A 37) B 38) A 39) B 40) A

Match the capital punishment argument to its counterclaim. A) Claims of disproportionality do not consider variations in frequency and seriousness of criminal behavior between and within different groups B) Justice is beyond price C) The taking of a life demands revenge D) There are other ways to meet societal goals, such as life imprisonment E) There is no evidence that innocent people have been executed F) There are multiple safeguards at all levels of processing to protect the innocent and ensure the guilty are put to death G) Forgiveness and rehabilitation are higher goals H) Capital punishment is a holdover from more primitive times and modern standards of human decency require the use of other alternatives I) Capital punishment is ineffective because it is not imposed with swiftness and certainty 41) Just deserts Page Ref: 390 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Difficult 42) Lack of proven deterrence Page Ref: 390 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Difficult 43) Discrimination Page Ref: 390 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Difficult 44) Expense Page Ref: 390 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Difficult 45) Retribution Page Ref: 390 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Difficult 46) Human life is sacred Page Ref: 390 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Difficult

47) Arbitrariness Page Ref: 390 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Difficult 48) Infliction on the innocent Page Ref: 390 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Difficult 49) Protection Page Ref: 390 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Difficult Answers: 41) H 42) I 43) A 44) B 45) G 46) C 47) F 48) E 49) D Match the Supreme Court case on the death penalty to its ruling. A) Abolished the imposition of the death penalty on an offender who was under the age of 18 at the time the crime was committed B) The execution of individuals with intellectual disabilities is unconstitutional C) Statutes that allowed for an arbitrary and capricious application of the death penalty were invalidated D) Upheld a bifurcated trial procedure in capital cases E) Statutes requiring a mandatory sentence of death for first degree murder are unconstitutional F) Struck down statutes imposing the death penalty for the rape of an adult woman G) Decisions on facts such as aggravating circumstances that may lead to a death sentence must be made by juries, not judges H) Imposing the death penalty for the rape of a child where the crime did not result in and was not intended to result in the victim's death is unconstitutional I) An IQ score of 70 or greater is not sufficient to bar an inmate from claiming mental disability in the face of execution 50) Furman v. Georgia Page Ref: 397 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Intermediate 51) Gregg v. Georgia Page Ref: 397 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Intermediate

52) Woodson v. North Carolina Page Ref: 397 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Intermediate 53) Coker v. Georgia Page Ref: 397 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Intermediate 54) Ring v. Arizona Page Ref: 397 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Intermediate 55) Roper v. Simmons Page Ref: 397 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Intermediate 56) Atkins v. Virginia Page Ref: 397 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Intermediate 57) Kennedy v. Louisiana Page Ref: 397 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Intermediate 58) Hall v. Florida Page Ref: 397 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Intermediate Answers: 50) C 51) D 52) E 53) F 54) G 55) A 56) B 57) H 58) I 11.5 Essay Questions 1) List and define the five goals of criminal sentencing. Answer: Answers should include definitions of the five goals of criminal sentencing: retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, rehabilitation, and restoration. Page Ref: 359-362 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Intermediate

2) Explain the concept of restorative justice and describe its focus, purpose, and goals. List and explain at least four differences between retributive and restorative justice. Answer: Answers should define restorative justice as a sentencing model that builds on restitution and community participation in an attempt to make the victim and the community "whole again." There is a focus on balance, which is achieved by giving equal consideration to offender accountability and community safety. The community safety dimension recognizes that the community can participate in ensuring its own safety; the accountability element defines criminal conduct in terms of obligations incurred by the offender. The main goal of restorative justice is to improve the quality of life for all members of the community. Differences between restorative and retributive justice, as discussed in Table 11-2 in the textbook, should be included in the response. Page Ref: 361-362 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Difficult 3) Explain aggravating and mitigating circumstances and when they are used. List and describe at least three aggravating and three mitigating circumstances. Answer: Answers should define aggravating circumstances as circumstances relating to the commission of a crime that make it more serious than the average instance of that crime and mitigating circumstances as circumstances relating to the commission of a crime that may be considered to reduce the defendant's blameworthiness. In jurisdictions with sentencing guidelines or presumptive sentencing, these are considered by the judge when imposing a sentence that is at variance from the guidelines or presumptive term. A discussion of specific aggravating and mitigating circumstances, as described in the CJ Issues box, should also be included in the response. Page Ref: 365-366 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Difficult 4) Explain the role of plea bargaining in the federal judicial system. What conditions did the Sentencing Commission place on plea bargaining under the sentencing guidelines and what impact do these conditions have? Answer: Answers should discuss the major role played by plea bargaining in the federal judicial system, and should stress that approximately 90% of all federal sentences are the result of guilty pleas, and the large majority of those stem from plea negotiations. Answers should discuss the requirements and conditions created by the Sentencing Commission and should discuss the impact of these requirements, including preventing defendants from hiding the actual nature of their offense behind a substitute plea. Page Ref: 368 Objective: Describe structured sentencing models that became so popular during the late twentieth century, using the federal model as an example. Level: Difficult

5) Describe the presentence investigation process. Explain who orders the investigation and why, and who conducts the investigation. Identify the different forms that may be used for a presentence report. Answers should be specific and use examples when necessary. Answer: Answers should define the presentence investigation (PSI) as the examination of a convicted offender's background prior to sentencing and should explain that they are ordered by the court for use in the sentencing decision and are generally conducted by probation or parole officers. The three main forms of presentence reports should be described. Page Ref: 375-378 Objective: Explain the purpose of presentence investigations and presentence investigation reports. Level: Difficult 6) List and define two abolitionist and two retentionist arguments regarding capital punishment. For each, explain the counterclaim to the argument. Answer: Answers should discuss the rationales regarding capital punishment as discussed in Table 11-4 in the textbook. Abolitionist arguments may include the concern regarding the execution of the innocent, a lack of proven deterrence, arbitrariness, discrimination, expense, and the view of human life as sacred. Retentionist arguments may include just deserts, revenge/retribution, and protection. The counterclaim for each argument the student presents should also be explained. Page Ref: 390 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Difficult 11.6 Critical Thinking Questions 1) Of the five goals of criminal sentencing, which do you believe is the most effective in dealing with defendants? Provide support for your opinion. Answer: Answers will vary but should include a discussion of the student's opinion regarding the most effective of the five sentencing goals discussed in the text. Answers should also provide support for that opinion. Page Ref: 359-362 Objective: Describe the five goals of contemporary criminal sentencing. Level: Intermediate 2) Compare and contrast determinate and indeterminate sentencing structures and discuss the rationale for each and the critiques or problems with each. Explain which sentencing scheme you prefer and why. Provide support for your views, including examples as needed. Answer: Answers will vary but should include definitions of both determinate and indeterminate sentencing. The purpose or rationale for each scheme should be discussed as well as critiques of each. Students should also identify their preferred sentencing scheme and provide support for that preference. Page Ref: 363-365 Objective: Multiple Level: Difficult

3) Explain the advantages of fines as a sentencing alternative and the concerns that have been raised regarding the use of this punishment. Discuss which types of crimes you think should be punishable by fines and which should not, and explain your views. Explain the day-fine system and discuss whether you think the day-fine system is a good idea or a form of discrimination based on socio-economic status. Give support for your views. Answer: Answers will vary but should review the advantages of fines discussed in the text as well as the concerns regarding the differential impact the punishment has on affluent compared to indigent or lower income offenders. Answers should include a discussion of types of crimes that are and are not suitable to be punished using a fine, and should include support. The day-fine system used in Scandinavia should be explained and students should discuss the constitutional impact of imposing fines of differing amounts for the same offense based on the offender's financial resources. Support for the student's views should be included. Page Ref: 382-384 Objective: List the four traditional sentencing options. Level: Difficult 4) Discuss the concern about sentencing innocent persons to death. What does the research suggest about this issue? Do you think that this concern is sufficient to warrant the abolition of the death penalty? Why or why not? Support your answer with examples and statistics. Answer: Answers will vary but should discuss the evidence and research presented in the text regarding claims of innocence. The student's opinion regarding the significance of this issue and the support for that opinion are key elements of the response. Page Ref: 389-393 Objective: State the arguments for and against capital punishment. Level: Difficult

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 17e (Schmalleger) Chapter 12 Probation, Parole, and Reentry 12.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Probation is ordered by the ________. A) parole board B) victim C) investigating officer D) court Answer: D Page Ref: 409 Objective: Describe the history, purpose, and characteristics of probation. Level: Basic 2) What is the most common form of criminal sentencing in the U.S. today? A) Incarceration B) Fine C) Parole D) Probation Answer: D Page Ref: 410 Objective: Describe the history, purpose, and characteristics of probation. Level: Basic 3) Mary is sentenced to probation. The conditions she must observe apply to all probationers in the jurisdiction where she was sentenced. These are known as ________ conditions. A) specific B) special C) general D) binding Answer: C Page Ref: 410 Objective: Describe the history, purpose, and characteristics of probation. Level: Difficult 4) General conditions of probation ________. A) are ordered by the judge and are tailored to the needs of the individual offender B) are designed to reduce the cost of probation supervision C) apply to all probationers in a given jurisdiction D) relate mainly to military justice systems Answer: C Page Ref: 410 Objective: Describe the history, purpose, and characteristics of probation. Level: Basic

5) Which of the following is most likely to be a special condition of probation, rather than a general condition? A) The probationer must remain within the jurisdiction of the court. B) The probationer may not possess a firearm. C) The probationer must surrender their driver's license. D) The probationer must allow the probation officer to visit at home or work. Answer: C Page Ref: 410 Objective: Describe the history, purpose, and characteristics of probation. Level: Intermediate 6) Which of the following sentences is a prisoner reentry strategy? A) Community service B) Probation C) Restitution D) Parole Answer: D Page Ref: 411-412 Objective: Describe the history, purpose, and characteristics of parole. Level: Intermediate 7) Parole boards make decisions regarding ________ parole. A) discretionary B) mandatory C) statutory D) restitution Answer: A Page Ref: 412 Objective: Describe the history, purpose, and characteristics of parole. Level: Basic 8) ________ is an early release option under which an inmate who is deemed "low risk," due to a serious health condition is released from prison earlier than otherwise expected. A) Discretionary release B) Prisoner reentry C) Medical parole D) Mandatory parole Answer: C Page Ref: 412 Objective: Describe the history, purpose, and characteristics of parole. Level: Basic

9) Lucas violated several conditions of his parole. This resulted in parole ________ and he was returned to prison. A) revocation B) reentry C) restitution D) desistance Answer: A Page Ref: 414 Objective: Describe the history, purpose, and characteristics of parole. Level: Basic 10) Which of the following is considered a disadvantage of probation and parole? A) Increased use of community services B) Reduced risk of criminal socialization C) Increased employment D) Relative lack of punishment Answer: D Page Ref: 416-417 Objective: Compare the advantages and disadvantages of probation and parole. Level: Intermediate 11) Why was the case of Griffin v. Wisconsin so significant? A) It extended key procedural safeguards to parolees and probationers. B) It addressed the relative lack of punishment resulting from community-based sanctions like parole and probation. C) It ensured that probationers are entitled to due process rights during revocation hearings. D) It considered probation to be similar to incarceration and holds that the exclusionary rule does not apply. Answer: D Page Ref: 417 Objective: Identify significant court cases affecting probation and parole. Level: Intermediate 12) ________ hearings determine whether parolees have violated the conditions of their parole. A) Judicial B) Revocation C) Investigatory D) Imprisonment Answer: B Page Ref: 417 Objective: Identify significant court cases affecting probation and parole. Level: Basic

13) Which of the following is one of the most frequent violations for which probation or parole revocation occurs? A) The offender commits a new violent or property crime while under supervision. B) The offender leaves the jurisdiction without permission while under supervision. C) The offender is found in possession of a firearm while under supervision. D) The offender abuses alcohol or drugs while under supervision. Answer: D Page Ref: 417 Objective: Identify significant court cases affecting probation and parole. Level: Intermediate 14) According to the Supreme Court in the case of Morrissey v. Brewer, procedural safeguards are required at ________. A) parole revocation hearings B) preliminary hearings C) parole board hearings D) parole supervision meetings Answer: A Page Ref: 418 Objective: Identify significant court cases affecting probation and parole. Level: Basic 15) As a new probation officer, the most active stage of your job will involve ________. A) intake procedures B) needs assessment and diagnosis C) supervision of clients D) providing investigative assistance to prosecutors Answer: C Page Ref: 419 Objective: Compare and contrast the work of probation officers and parole officers. Level: Basic 16) Which of the following is a characteristic of the social work model of probation and parole? A) Clients are "wards" who are controlled by probation and parole officers. B) There is an emphasis on community protection. C) Officers assist clients meet the conditions imposed upon them by their sentences. D) Officers must be willing to report clients for new offenses or violations of release conditions. Answer: C Page Ref: 419 Objective: Compare and contrast the work of probation officers and parole officers. Level: Basic

17) Which of the following is an advantage of intermediate sanctions? A) They are more directly related to the offense committed. B) They more severely punish offenders C) They are socially cost-effective. D) They more clearly stigmatize the offender. Answer: C Page Ref: 421 Objective: Describe various intermediate sanctions. Level: Intermediate 18) Which type of sentence requires that offenders serve time in a local jail before a period of supervised probation? A) Shock probation B) Split sentence C) Shock incarceration D) Mixed sentence Answer: B Page Ref: 422 Objective: Describe various intermediate sanctions. Level: Basic 19) Who makes the release decision when an offender is sentenced to shock parole? A) The prosecutor B) The parole board C) The U.S. Sentencing Commission D) The judge Answer: B Page Ref: 422 Objective: Describe various intermediate sanctions. Level: Basic 20) Which intermediate sanction resembles a military-style boot camp? A) Shock incarceration B) Shock probation C) Shock parole D) Intensive supervision Answer: A Page Ref: 422 Objective: Describe various intermediate sanctions. Level: Intermediate

21) Which of the following is an example of a mixed sentence? A) An offender is sentenced to spend 60 days in jail, followed by two years on supervised probation. B) An offender is sentenced to 4 months in a boot-camp style prison. C) An offender is sentenced to home confinement and must wear electronic monitoring equipment D) An offender is sentenced to serve weekends in jail and be supervised by a probation officer during the week. Answer: D Page Ref: 423 Objective: Describe various intermediate sanctions. Level: Intermediate 22) What form of probation requires frequent face-to-face contacts between the probation officer and the probationer? A) Concentrated probation B) Intensive probation supervision C) Directed probation D) Shock probation Answer: B Page Ref: 423 Objective: Describe various intermediate sanctions. Level: Intermediate 23) Sari has been convicted of a federal crime and is sentenced to home confinement. She is only allowed to leave home for court appearances and medical appointments. Sari has been sentenced to which type of home confinement? A) Curfew B) Home detention C) Home IPS D) Home incarceration Answer: D Page Ref: 425-426 Objective: Describe various intermediate sanctions. Level: Intermediate 24) According to critics of parole, why are there so many parole violations? A) Parole boards are releasing large groups of offenders. B) Parole boards are imposing too many conditions on parolees. C) Incarcerated people are not properly reintegrated into society. D) Parole officers are not adequately supervising parolees. Answer: C Page Ref: 428 Objective: Describe the likely future of probation and parole. Level: Intermediate

25) What does research suggest about Serious Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) programs? A) Participation in SVORI programs is associated with longer times to arrest. B) SVORI programs are more effective at reducing reincarceration for offenders who are women. C) SVORI programs are particularly effective at reducing post-release reincarceration. D) SVORI programs appear to be ineffectual. Answer: A Page Ref: 429 Objective: Describe the likely future of probation and parole. Level: Intermediate 26) What was the main purpose of the 2008 Second Chance Act? A) To create alternatives to prison for convicted offenders B) To give judges greater discretion in sentencing nonviolent repeat offenders C) To reduce the number of parolees being returned to prison for technical violations D) To reduce the use of parole Answer: C Page Ref: 429 Objective: Describe the likely future of probation and parole. Level: Basic 27) What is the primary purpose of probation? A) Incapacitation B) Deterrence C) Retribution D) Rehabilitation Answer: D Page Ref: 423 Objective: Describe the likely future of probation and parole. Level: Basic 28) According to the National Institute of Corrections, ________ had the largest impact on reducing recidivism. A) treatment-oriented intensive supervision B) cognitive-behavioral programs C) substance use treatment in prison D) vocational education in prison Answer: A Page Ref: 432 Objective: Describe the likely future of probation and parole. Level: Basic

12.2 True/False Questions 1) Probation is a sentence imposed by the court. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 409 Objective: Describe the history, purpose, and characteristics of probation. Level: Basic 2) Probation is the most common form of criminal sentencing in the United States today. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 410 Objective: Describe the history, purpose, and characteristics of probation. Level: Basic 3) Offenders convicted of serious violent crimes are not eligible for probation. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 410 Objective: Describe the history, purpose, and characteristics of parole. Level: Basic 4) Violation of special conditions of probation can result in revocation of probation. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 410 Objective: Describe the history, purpose, and characteristics of probation. Level: Basic 5) Because federal probation officers are law enforcement officers, they have the authority to make arrests. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 411 Objective: Describe the history, purpose, and characteristics of probation. Level: Basic 6) Mandatory parole is the release of an inmate from prison based on the decision of a parole board or similar authority. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 412 Objective: Describe the history, purpose, and characteristics of parole. Level: Basic 7) Nationwide, approximately 75% of parolees successfully complete parole. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 413 Objective: Describe the history, purpose, and characteristics of parole. Level: Basic

8) Probation is more successful than parole at reducing the risk of criminal socialization. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 416 Objective: Compare the advantages and disadvantages of probation and parole. Level: Intermediate 9) Parole is believed to help support the just deserts model of sentencing. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 416 Objective: Compare the advantages and disadvantages of probation and parole. Level: Intermediate 10) A probation officer must get a search warrant before a search of a probationer's residence is permitted. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 417 Objective: Identify significant court cases affecting probation and parole. Level: Basic 11) Failing to report to probation or parole officer when required is one of the most frequent violations for which revocation occurs. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 417 Objective: Identify significant court cases affecting probation and parole. Level: Basic 12) Probation and parole officers may be responsible for making sentencing recommendations to judges. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 419 Objective: Compare and contrast the work of probation officers and parole officers. Level: Basic 13) Parole officers who view their clients as wards that must be controlled are identifying with the social work model of parole. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 419 Objective: Compare and contrast the work of probation officers and parole officers. Level: Intermediate 14) Some probationers may be permitted to contact probation officers by mail rather requiring in-person meetings. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 419-420 Objective: Describe various intermediate sanctions. Level: Intermediate 9 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

15) Working as a probation or parole officer is attractive because of the small caseloads and opportunities for career mobility. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 420 Objective: Explain the work of probation officers and parole officers. Level: Basic 16) Boot camp programs do not appear to have a significant impact on offender recidivism. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 423 Objective: Describe various intermediate sanctions. Level: Intermediate 17) A mixed sentence includes elements of both probation and parole. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 423 Objective: Describe various intermediate sanctions. Level: Basic 18) Intensive probation supervision can be effective at reducing recidivism. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 424 Objective: Describe various intermediate sanctions. Level: Basic 19) Federal offenders on home detention are on full-time lockdown at home except to go to court or medical appointments. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 425 Objective: Describe various intermediate sanctions. Level: Intermediate 20) Research suggests that electronic monitoring reduces the risk of parole revocation. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 427 Objective: Describe various intermediate sanctions. Level: Intermediate 21) Reintegration appears to be a key element in reducing recidivism rates among inmates released on parole. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 428 Objective: Describe the likely future of probation and parole. Level: Intermediate

22) The majority of people released from prison are rearrested within three years of release. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 428 Objective: Describe the likely future of probation and parole. Level: Intermediate 23) Reentry courts oversee an offender's supervised release into the community. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 429 Objective: Describe the likely future of probation and parole. Level: Basic 24) Treatment programs in prison are more effective in reducing recidivism than treatmentoriented intensive supervision programs in the community. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 432 Objective: Describe the likely future of probation and parole. Level: Intermediate 12.3 Fill in the Blank Questions 1) ________ is a sentence served while under supervision in the community. Answer: Probation Page Ref: 409 Objective: Describe the history, purpose, and characteristics of probation. Level: Basic 2) A violation of conditions of probation may result in ________. Answer: revocation Page Ref: 410 Objective: Describe the history, purpose, and characteristics of probation. Level: Basic 3) Parole boards make decisions about ________ parole. Answer: discretionary Page Ref: 412 Objective: Describe the history, purpose, and characteristics of parole. Level: Basic 4) ________ parole may be an early-release option for low-risk inmates with serious physical or mental health conditions. Answer: Medical Page Ref: 412 Objective: Describe the history, purpose, and characteristics of parole. Level: Basic

5) One condition of parole may be to require parolees to make ________ payments to the victim of the crime. Answer: restitution Page Ref: 414 Objective: Identify significant court cases affecting probation and parole. Level: Basic 6) In the case of Morrissey v. Brewer, the Supreme Court ruled that procedural safeguards are required during revocation hearings involving ________. Answer: parolees Page Ref: 418 Objective: Identify significant court cases affecting probation and parole. Level: Intermediate 7) Conducting presentence investigations is part of the ________ function of parole and probation work. Answer: intake Page Ref: 418-419 Objective: Compare and contrast the work of probation officers and parole officers. Level: Basic 8) The number of clients assigned to a probation or parole officer is that officer's ________. Answer: caseload Page Ref: 419 Objective: Compare and contrast the work of probation officers and parole officers. Level: Basic 9) ________ sanctions fall between probation and incarceration. Answer: Intermediate Page Ref: 420 Objective: Describe various intermediate sanctions. Level: Basic 10) A(n) ________ sentence generally requires an offender to serve a short period of incarceration followed by a term of supervised probation. Answer: split Page Ref: 422 Objective: Describe various intermediate sanctions. Level: Basic 11) A sentencing option that makes use of "boot camp"-type prisons to impress on convicted offenders the realities of prison life is known as ________ incarceration. Answer: shock Page Ref: 422 Objective: Describe various intermediate sanctions. Level: Intermediate 12 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

12) An offender who participates in a community-service program while on probation in the community is serving a(n) ________ sentence. Answer: mixed Page Ref: 423 Objective: Describe various intermediate sanctions. Level: Basic 13) The form of home confinement that requires participants to remain at home during certain times of day, usually in the evening is known as ________. Answer: curfew Page Ref: 425 Objective: Describe various intermediate sanctions. Level: Basic 14) The goal of offender reentry program is to show ________ from crime, or the cessation of offending. Answer: desistance Page Ref: 428 Objective: Describe the likely future of probation and parole. Level: Basic 15) ________ courts are designed to help reduce recidivism by overseeing an offender's supervised release into the community. Answer: Reentry Page Ref: 429 Objective: Describe the likely future of probation and parole. Level: Basic 16) The primary purpose of probation is ________. Answer: rehabilitation Page Ref: 432 Objective: Describe the likely future of probation and parole. Level: Basic

12.4 Matching Questions Identify whether each item is characteristic of probation, parole, or both. A) Both probation and parole B) Probation C) Parole 1) A court-ordered sanction Page Ref: Throughout chapter Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 2) Offenders must abide by mandatory conditions Page Ref: Throughout chapter Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 3) The most common form of criminal sentencing in the U.S. today Page Ref: Throughout chapter Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 4) A prisoner reentry strategy Page Ref: Throughout chapter Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 5) Violations may result in incarceration Page Ref: Throughout chapter Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 6) Abolished at the federal level for crimes committed after Nov. 1, 1978 Page Ref: Throughout chapter Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 7) Increases the offender's ability to make restitution to the victim Page Ref: Throughout chapter Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 8) Effectiveness may be improved through the use of reentry courts Page Ref: Throughout chapter Objective: Multiple Level: Intermediate 14 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

Answers: 1) B 2) A 3) B 4) C 5) A 6) C 7) A 8) C Match the Supreme Court case on probation and/or parole to its ruling. A) Procedural safeguards are necessary in revocation hearings involving probationers. B) A probationer's incriminating statements to a probation officer may be used as evidence against them if the probationer does not specifically claim a right against self-incrimination. C) Parole boards do not have to specify the evidence or reasoning used in deciding to deny parole. D) Probation officers may conduct searches of a probationer's residence without a search warrant or probable cause. E) Police officers may conduct a warrantless search of a person who is subject to a parole search condition, even when there is no suspicion of criminal wrongdoing and even when the sole reason for the search is that the person is on parole. F) The exclusionary rule does not apply to searches by parole officers, even when such searches yield evidence of parole violations. G) Parole cannot be revoked for a failure to pay a fine and make restitution if it cannot be shown that the defendant was responsible for the failure. H) Procedural safeguards are necessary in revocation hearings involving parolees. 9) Morrissey v. Brewer Page Ref: 418 Objective: Identify significant court cases affecting probation and parole. Level: Intermediate 10) Gagnon v. Scarpelli Page Ref: 418 Objective: Identify significant court cases affecting probation and parole. Level: Intermediate 11) Greenholtz v. Nebraska Penal Inmates Page Ref: 418 Objective: Identify significant court cases affecting probation and parole. Level: Intermediate 12) Bearden v. Georgia Page Ref: 418 Objective: Identify significant court cases affecting probation and parole. Level: Intermediate 13) Minnesota v. Murphy Page Ref: 418 Objective: Identify significant court cases affecting probation and parole. Level: Intermediate

14) Griffin v. Wisconsin Page Ref: 418 Objective: Identify significant court cases affecting probation and parole. Level: Intermediate 15) Samson v. California Page Ref: 418 Objective: Identify significant court cases affecting probation and parole. Level: Intermediate 16) Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole v. Scott Page Ref: 418 Objective: Identify significant court cases affecting probation and parole. Level: Intermediate Answers: 9) H 10) A 11) C 12) G 13) B 14) D 15) E 16) F Match the intermediate sanction to its definition or characteristic. A) A form of house arrest calling for 24-hour-lockdown, except for court appearances B) Boot camp C) An offender serves a period of time in jail and is then placed on supervised probation D) An offender is on probation during the week but spends weekends in jail E) A form of house arrest requiring participants to remain at home every day during certain times F) The strictest form of probation for adults in the U.S. G) Essentially involves a resentencing decision by the court 17) Shock incarceration Page Ref: 422-426 Objective: Describe various intermediate sanctions. Level: Intermediate 18) Split sentencing Page Ref: 412-416 Objective: Describe various intermediate sanctions. Level: Intermediate 19) Shock probation Page Ref: 412-416 Objective: Describe various intermediate sanctions. Level: Intermediate 20) Curfew Page Ref: 412-416 Objective: Describe various intermediate sanctions. Level: Intermediate 16 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

21) Mixed sentence Page Ref: 412-416 Objective: Describe various intermediate sanctions. Level: Intermediate 22) Intensive supervision Page Ref: 412-416 Objective: Describe various intermediate sanctions. Level: Intermediate 23) Home incarceration Page Ref: 412-416 Objective: Describe various intermediate sanctions. Level: Intermediate Answers: 17) C 18) B 19) G 20) E 21) D 22) F 23) A 12.5 Essay Questions 1) List and explain in detail some of the key advantages and disadvantages of probation and parole. Answer: Answers will vary but should include a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages probation and parole have over imprisonment. Advantages of probation and parole include lower cost, increased employment, restitution opportunities, community support, a reduced risk of criminal socialization, increased use of community services, and increased opportunity for rehabilitation. Disadvantages include a relative lack of punishment, increased risk to the community, increased social cost, and discriminatory and unequal effects. Page Ref: 415-417 Objective: Compare the advantages and disadvantages of probation and parole. Level: Difficult 2) Describe three of the most significant Supreme Court decisions since the 1970s that provide the legal framework for probation and parole supervision. Answer: Answers will vary but should include a review of three of the cases discussed in Table 12-1 in the textbook. Note that answers should not include a discussion of either Escoe v. Zerbst or Mempa v. Rhay, as these cases both occurred before the 1970s. Page Ref: 418 Objective: Identify significant court cases affecting probation and parole. Level: Difficult

3) List and explain the four main functions of probation and parole work and what duties each function involves for probation or parole officers. Explain two challenges that parole and probation officers face in their work. Answer: Answers should review the four main functions of probation/parole work: intake procedures, diagnosis and needs assessment, client supervision, and resentence investigation. For each function, answers should include a description of the primary duties involved. Responses should also discuss two challenges faced by parole and probation officers, which may include the need to balance two conflicting sets of duties, large caseloads, lack of opportunity for career mobility, and high levels of stress. Page Ref: 418-420 Objective: Compare and contrast the work of probation officers and parole officers. Level: Difficult 4) Discuss the underlying purpose of using intermediate sanctions and explain the three distinct advantages of intermediate sanctions. List and describe in detail three intermediate sanctions. Answer: Answers will vary but should explain the purpose of intermediate sanctions as a way of providing the courts with a greater range of sentencing options that allow them to apply appropriate punishments to convicted offenders without be limited by the traditional choice between prison and probation. The three advantages of intermediate sanctions should be discussed: they are less expensive than imprisonment, they are socially cost-effective, and they provide greater flexibility. Answers should include a detailed explanation of three of the intermediate sanctions discussed in the text, which include split sentencing, shock probation or parole, shock incarceration, community service, intensive supervision, and home confinement. Page Ref: 420-427 Objective: Describe various intermediate sanctions. Level: Difficult 5) Explain the purpose of the Second Chance Act. Identify the common characteristic of the types of programs funded by the Act. What impact has the Act had? Include statistics where relevant in your response. Answer: Answers should identify the primary purpose of the Second Chance Act as reducing the number of people being returned to prison after parole release due to state-run "hair-trigger" parole systems that send large numbers of people back to prison for technical violations or other relatively minor reasons, rather than for new crimes. The programs funded by the Act focus on assisting offenders in the transition from prison to the community. The Act appears to be successful as the recidivism rate among parolees who left supervision has dropped by 6% between 2008 and 2013. Page Ref: 429-430 Objective: Describe the likely future of probation and parole. Level: Difficult

12.6 Critical Thinking Questions 1) There has been a move away from the use of discretionary parole in some states, and at the federal level. Discuss the implications of this for the criminal justice system. Do you believe that parole should be significantly limited or abolished altogether? Why or why not? Support your response with statistics where appropriate. Answer: Answers will vary but could consider the effect that the reduction or elimination of parole may have on sentencing, prison crowding, and offender behavior. The student's opinion regarding the reduction or abolition of parole and the support for this opinion are key elements of the response. Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Difficult 2) Your state is developing a new probation initiative in an effort to reduce the risk of probation revocation and offender recidivism. Suggest at least three elements that should be included in such an initiative and provide support for your choices, including evidence as to how these elements will meet the goals of the new initiative. Answer: Answers will vary but should include not only suggestions for programmatic elements but also statistics and research evidence to support the claim that these elements will contribute to a reduced risk of revocation and recidivism. The HOPE program discussed in the text may be a good starting point for this essay. Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Describe the likely future of probation and parole. Level: Difficult

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 17e (Schmalleger) Chapter 13 Prisons and Jails 13.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Lex talionis is also known as the law of ________. A) retaliation B) exile C) talent D) rated capacity Answer: A Page Ref: 440 Objective: Describe early criminal punishments. Level: Basic 2) The stocks and the pillory are examples of what early form of punishment? A) Exile B) Branding C) Public humiliation D) Flogging Answer: C Page Ref: 440 Objective: Describe early criminal punishments. Level: Basic 3) The ________ was an early American system of imprisonment that was considered to be humane and that provided inmates with the opportunity for rehabilitation. A) Massachusetts system B) Pennsylvania system C) Irish system D) Elmira system Answer: B Page Ref: 442 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Basic 4) The first mass prison system, in which inmates lived, ate, and worked together in enforced silence, was known as the ________ system. A) Auburn B) Pennsylvania C) Reformatory D) Pittsburgh Answer: A Page Ref: 444 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Basic 1 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

5) The ________ model of corrections emphasized indeterminate sentencing and rehabilitation. A) community-based B) reformatory C) mass prison D) penitentiary Answer: B Page Ref: 444 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Basic 6) The modern practice of parole has its origins in the work of which reformer? A) Sir Walter Crofton B) Robert Martinson C) Captain Alexander Maconochie D) Zebulon Brockway Answer: C Page Ref: 435 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Basic 7) What made Maconochie's system of marks unique and innovative in corrections at that time? A) It ensured that offenders learned to read and write. B) It increased the severity of the punishment endured by inmates. C) It prevented correctional officers from abusing inmates. D) It put the responsibility for earning early release on the inmate. Answer: D Page Ref: 444-445 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Intermediate 8) Which system of inmate labor turned control of inmates over to non-correctional personnel? A) The contract system B) The public-works system C) The public-account system D) The lease system Answer: D Page Ref: 447 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Intermediate

9) What impact did the Ashurst-Sumners Act have on prisons? A) It effectively ended prison industries. B) It increased the problem of prison overcrowding. C) It expanded the use of intermediate sentencing. D) It limited the use of "good time" credits. Answer: A Page Ref: 447 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Intermediate 10) Which era of corrections was characterized by a lack of innovation and a focus on custody and institutional security? A) The community-based era B) The industrial era C) The penitentiary era D) The punitive era Answer: D Page Ref: 449 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Intermediate 11) Why did some inmates oppose the treatment model? A) They preferred the limitations characteristic of the punitive era. B) They were not given a choice in treatment participation. C) They were opposed to rehabilitation efforts. D) They disliked the warehousing aspect of the model. Answer: B Page Ref: 450 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Basic 12) Work release is representative of which era in the development of U.S. prisons? A) The reform era B) The treatment era C) The mass incarceration era D) The community-based era Answer: D Page Ref: 451 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Basic

13) Which of the following is a strategy for dealing with serious offenders that focuses on protecting society rather than on rehabilitation? A) Warehousing B) Work release C) Deinstitutionalization D) The mark system Answer: A Page Ref: 451 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Intermediate 14) Robert Martinson's "nothing-works" doctrine was an attack on ________. A) warehousing B) treatment C) prison industries D) selective incapacitation Answer: B Page Ref: 451-452 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Intermediate 15) The emphasis on individual responsibility is a key characteristic of the ________ model. A) rehabilitative B) medical C) justice D) decarceration Answer: C Page Ref: 453 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Intermediate 16) Which of the following prison programs is most characteristic of the mass incarceration era of corrections? A) Prison industries B) Group therapy C) Work release D) Chain gangs Answer: D Page Ref: 453 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Intermediate

17) The national move towards evidence-based corrections took place during the ________ era of corrections. A) mass incarceration B) decarceration C) community-based D) treatment Answer: B Page Ref: 455 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Intermediate 18) A typical state prison today ________. A) is a massive high-security facility housing over 1,000 inmates B) is fairly small, with a population of less than 500 inmates C) uses an open-style design D) emphasizes the use of solitary confinement Answer: B Page Ref: 456 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Intermediate 19) A journalist is writing an article on prison overcrowding in the U.S. and wants to use the estimate that shows the highest amount of overcrowding. Which definition of prison capacity would she most likely choose to use? A) Rated capacity B) Design capacity C) Confinement capacity D) Operational capacity Answer: B Page Ref: 458 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Intermediate 20) ________ incapacitation seeks to identify the most dangerous criminals and incarcerate them to protect society. A) Collective B) Focused C) High-security D) Selective Answer: D Page Ref: 458-459 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Basic

21) Which of the following is an important security tool in medium-security prisons? A) Laser motion detectors B) The count C) Gun towers D) Inmate restraint Answer: B Page Ref: 459 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Basic 22) What is the purpose of an external or initial classification system in corrections? A) To assign new inmates to a custody level B) To assign new inmates to treatment programs C) To identify which inmates should be assigned to prison labor programs D) To determine whether an inmate should be placed in a state or federal prison Answer: A Page Ref: 460 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Intermediate 23) The typical American prison today is ________. A) an ADMAX prison B) minimum or medium custody C) a private prison D) a maximum custody facility Answer: B Page Ref: 460 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Intermediate 24) In Johnson v. California, the Supreme Court reviewed California's unwritten policy of racially segregating prison inmates each time they entered a new correctional facility, as a way of preventing gang-related violence. What was the Court's ruling, and why? A) The policy was acceptable because it protected inmates and helped to ensure safety and security within the prisons. B) The policy was unconstitutional because forced segregation violated the 8th Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. C) The policy was acceptable because it had been shown to significantly reduce the amount of violence caused by racial gangs in prisons. D) The policy was unconstitutional because it did not serve a compelling state interest. Answer: D Page Ref: 461 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Difficult

25) What is a federal ADMAX prison? A) A prison for white-collar criminals B) A maximum-security prison for women C) A facility for housing offenders who have violated administrative law D) An ultra-high-security prison Answer: D Page Ref: 462 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Intermediate 26) Which of the following is a characteristic of a medium security federal correctional institution? A) It provides inmate labor to off-site work programs. B) It has the highest staff-to-inmate ratio. C) It has mostly cell-type housing. D) It has a highly secured perimeter. Answer: C Page Ref: 463 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Intermediate 27) Which of the following is considered to be the most secure prison ever built by the federal government? A) FCC at Allenwood, Pennsylvania B) ADMAX at Florence, Colorado C) California City Correctional Center D) CCM at Washington, D.C. Answer: B Page Ref: 465 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Basic 28) What was the original purpose of a jail? A) To hold inmates who have been sentenced to long periods of incarceration B) To operate community-based programs with a custodial component C) To serve as a transfer point for offenders with mental illness D) To hold arrested suspects who are awaiting trial Answer: D Page Ref: 467 Objective: Summarize the role jails currently play in American corrections and issues jail administrators face. Level: Intermediate

29) Most people processed through jails in the U.S. are ________. A) juveniles B) older adults C) women D) members of minority groups Answer: D Page Ref: 467 Objective: Summarize the role jails currently play in American corrections and issues jail administrators face. Level: Basic 30) According to the text, the fastest-growing population of jail inmates is ________. A) women B) Hispanic Americans C) Black Americans D) Asian Americans Answer: A Page Ref: 468 Objective: Summarize the role jails currently play in American corrections and issues jail administrators face. Level: Basic 31) Women who are officers working in jails ________. A) are disproportionately skewed toward lower-ranked jobs B) make up about 50% of correctional officers in jails C) are usually regarded negatively by officers who are men D) are usually not allowed to supervise incarcerated men in unscreened showers Answer: A Page Ref: 468 Objective: Summarize the role jails currently play in American corrections and issues jail administrators face. Level: Basic 32) The jail strategy that eliminates traditional barriers between inmates and corrections staff is known as ________ supervision. A) intense B) direct C) custodial D) close Answer: B Page Ref: 470 Objective: Summarize the role jails currently play in American corrections and issues jail administrators face. Level: Intermediate

33) Why are regional jails becoming more popular? A) They provide inmates with opportunities for job training. B) They are more economical. C) They are more humane. D) They have been shown to have reduced levels of inmate violence. Answer: B Page Ref: 471 Objective: Summarize the role jails currently play in American corrections and issues jail administrators face. Level: Intermediate 34) Which of the following statements regarding prison privatization is true? A) The privatization movement began in the early 21st century and has been expanding quickly. B) Research suggests that private prisons produce significant cost savings over publicly-run institutions. C) More inmates are currently held in private prisons than in government-operated prisons. D) Correctional officers working in private prisons are not covered by state laws that restrict strikes by public correctional officers. Answer: D Page Ref: 472-474 Objective: Describe the current and likely future roles of private prisons. Level: Intermediate 13.2 True/False Questions 1) The primary purpose of mutilation as a punishment for criminal behavior is specific deterrence. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 440 Objective: Describe early criminal punishments. Level: Basic 2) The stocks and pillory were designed to publicly humiliate offenders and give members of the community an opportunity for vengeance. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 440 Objective: Describe early criminal punishments. Level: Basic 3) Workhouses provided training in marketable job skills so inmates would be able to find jobs upon release. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 441 Objective: Describe early criminal punishments. Level: Basic

4) The Pennsylvania system used congregate workshops and required inmates to be silent at all times. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 442-444 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Basic 5) Sir Walter Crofton's Irish system emphasized the need to reintegrate offenders back into the community prior to release. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 445 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Intermediate 6) The Ashurst-Sumners Act allowed inmates to refuse to participate in treatment programs in prison. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 447 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Basic 7) Prison industries today no longer involve the private sector. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 448 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Intermediate 8) Deinstitutionalization emphasized the need for rehabilitation to occur in the community. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 450 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Intermediate 9) The "nothing-works" doctrine contributed to a move away from rehabilitation. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 452 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Basic 10) The just deserts concept emphasized deterrence as the main purpose of incarceration. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 453 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Basic

11) Chain gangs today mainly use jail inmates. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 453 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Basic 12) The rate of imprisonment varies widely by state. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 455 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Basic 13) The design capacity of a prison refers to the number of inmates the prison can handle, according to the judgment of experts. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 458 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Basic 14) According to the U.S. Supreme Court, overcrowding in prison constitutes cruel and unusual punishment. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 458 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Basic 15) One criticism of selective incapacitation is the high rate of false positives. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 459 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Intermediate 16) Death-row inmates are placed in maximum security institutions. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 459 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Basic 17) The typical American prison today is a maximum-security institution. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 460 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Basic

18) Internal classification systems are used to determine what treatment and other programs are needed by individual inmates within a particular facility. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 460 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Intermediate 19) The ADMAX unit is the most high-security federal correctional institution. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 462 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Basic 20) Most people processed through jails are White. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 467 Objective: Summarize the role jails currently play in American corrections and issues jail administrators face. Level: Basic 21) The majority of women in jail have not graduated from high school. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 468 Objective: Summarize the role jails currently play in American corrections and issues jail administrators face. Level: Basic 22) Women who work in jails generally have equal status with staffers who are men. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 468 Objective: Summarize the role jails currently play in American corrections and issues jail administrators face. Level: Intermediate 23) Research suggests that violence between inmates and staff is more common in newgeneration jails because of the lack of barriers separating them. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 470 Objective: Summarize the role jails currently play in American corrections and issues jail administrators face. Level: Intermediate

24) Jails rarely provide programs for inmates who need drug treatment. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 470 Objective: Summarize the role jails currently play in American corrections and issues jail administrators face. Level: Intermediate 25) According to various studies, private prisons have failed to create significant cost savings for the states that use them. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 473 Objective: Describe the current and likely future roles of private prisons. Level: Intermediate 26) Like public employees, corrections officers employed by private prisons are limited in their ability to strike. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 474 Objective: Describe the current and likely future roles of private prisons. Level: Basic 13.3 Fill in the Blank Questions 1) Historically, ________ were used to house debtors and vagrants in Europe Answer: workhouses Page Ref: 441 Objective: Describe the historical development of prisons. Level: Basic 2) Under the British program of ________, convicted offenders were banished to the American colonies. Answer: transportation Page Ref: 441 Objective: Describe early criminal punishments. Level: Basic 3) The early ________ system of imprisonment emphasized solitary confinement and minimal contact between inmates and staff. Answer: Pennsylvania Page Ref: 442 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Basic

4) In the ________ system of imprisonment, inmates ate and worked together in silence. Answer: Auburn Page Ref: 444 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Basic 5) The Elmira Reformatory in New York State used ________ sentencing to make early release possible for offenders. Answer: indeterminate Page Ref: 446 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Intermediate 6) The ________ era emphasized custody and institutional security and was characterized by an "out of sight, out of mind" philosophy. Answer: punitive Page Ref: 449 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Basic 7) The ________ era was based on a medical model of corrections. Answer: treatment Page Ref: 449 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Basic 8) During the ________ era, large numbers of offenders were incarcerated in an attempt to protect society and prevent crime, but rehabilitation was essentially abandoned. Answer: warehousing Page Ref: 451 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Basic 9) The focus on the need for cost-effective solutions to correctional issues is characteristic of the current ________ era. Answer: decarceration Page Ref: 454 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Basic 10) The ________ capacity is the number of inmates that a prison can effectively accommodate based on an appraisal of the institution's staff, programs, and services. Answer: operational Page Ref: 458 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Basic 14 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

11) ________ incapacitation is a strategy that focuses on identifying the most dangerous criminals and sending them to prison as a way of protecting society. Answer: Selective Page Ref: 458-459 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Basic 12) Death-row inmates are all housed in ________ security prisons. Answer: maximum Page Ref: 459 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Basic 13) Prisons use a(n) ________ system to assign new inmates to initial custody levels based on perceived dangerousness, escape risk, and type of offense. Answer: classification Page Ref: 460 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Basic 14) Federal prison camps are ________ security prisons. Answer: minimum Page Ref: 462 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Intermediate 15) An offender sentenced to a seven-month term of incarceration would be held in a(n) ________. Answer: jail Page Ref: 467 Objective: Summarize the role jails currently play in American corrections and issues jail administrators face. Level: Basic 16) ________ are the largest growth groups in American jails today. Answer: Women Page Ref: 468 Objective: Summarize the role jails currently play in American corrections and issues jail administrators face. Level: Intermediate

17) ________ jails are built and run using the combined resources of a variety of local jurisdictions. Answer: Regional Page Ref: 471 Objective: Summarize the role jails currently play in American corrections and issues jail administrators face. Level: Intermediate 18) The ________ movement emphasizes the wider use of private prisons. Answer: privatization Page Ref: 472 Objective: Describe the current and likely future roles of private prisons. Level: Basic

13.4 Matching Questions Match the prison era to the relevant characteristic. A) The introduction of the congregate silent Auburn system B) A focus on employing cost-effective solutions to correctional issues C) Characterized by the belief that incarcerated people owed a debt to society that could only be repaid through a rigorous period of confinement D) A major expansion of prison industries E) Characterized by mass imprisonment to protect society and an abandonment of any hope of rehabilitation F) An emphasis on punishment as the root cause of incarceration resulted in limited inmate privileges and an increase in the pain of imprisonment G) Maconochie's mark system contributed to the development of parole in the U.S. H) Represented a transition to deinstitutionalization I) Based on a medical model that viewed the offender as someone who was sick but could be rehabilitated J) The development of the Pennsylvania system 1) Penitentiary era Page Ref: 442-455 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Intermediate 2) Mass prison era Page Ref: 442-455 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Intermediate 3) Reformatory era Page Ref: 442-455 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Intermediate 4) Industrial era Page Ref: 442-455 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Intermediate 5) Punitive era Page Ref: 442-455 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Intermediate

6) Treatment era Page Ref: 442-455 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Intermediate 7) Community-based era Page Ref: 442-455 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Intermediate 8) Warehousing era Page Ref: 442-455 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Intermediate 9) Mass incarceration era Page Ref: 442-455 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Intermediate 10) Decarceration era Page Ref: 442-455 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Intermediate Answers: 1) J 2) A 3) G 4) D 5) C 6) I 7) H 8) E 9) F 10) B Match the method of measuring prison capacity to its definition. A) The size of the inmate population that a facility can handle according to the judgment of experts B) The number of inmates that a facility can effectively accommodate based on an appraisal of the institution's staff, programs, and services C) The inmate population that the institution was originally built to handle 11) Design capacity Page Ref: 458 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Intermediate 12) Operational capacity Page Ref: 458 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Intermediate

13) Rated capacity Page Ref: 458 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Intermediate Answers: 11) C 12) B 13) A Match the federal security level with its main characteristics. A) Dormitory housing, limited/no perimeter fencing, relatively low staff-to-inmate ratio B) Institutions with different missions and security levels located in close proximity C) Strengthened perimeters, mostly cell-type housing D) Highly secured perimeters with walls or reinforced fences, single and multiple occupant cell housing E) Double fenced perimeters with electronic detection systems, mostly dormitory or cubicle housing F) Facilities with special missions 14) Administrative facilities Page Ref: 462-463 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Intermediate 15) Federal correctional complexes Page Ref: 462-463 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Intermediate 16) High security U.S. penitentiaries Page Ref: 462-463 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Intermediate 17) Medium security federal correctional institutions Page Ref: 462-463 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Intermediate 18) Low security federal correctional institutions Page Ref: 462-463 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Intermediate 19) Minimum security federal prison camps Page Ref: 462-463 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Intermediate 19 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

Answers: 14) F 15) B 16) D 17) C 18) E 19) A 13.5 Essay Questions 1) List and describe three different early forms of punishment used prior to the development of prisons and give examples of each. Answer: Answers will vary but should include discussion of three of the following: flogging, mutilation, branding, public humiliation, workhouses, and exile. Page Ref: 439-441 Objective: Describe early criminal punishments. Level: Intermediate 2) During the Industrial Era prisons intended to capitalize on the labor of convicts by using them as laborers in the community. Define and describe three of the six different systems of inmate labor in use in the early twentieth century. Answer: Answers will vary but should include a discussion of three of the following systems of inmate labor: the contract system, the piece-price system, the lease system, the public-account system, the state-use system, and the public-works system. Page Ref: 447 Objective: List major milestones in the historical development of prisons. Level: Intermediate 3) Explain selective and collective incapacitation and discuss the advantages and problems with each strategy. Answer: Answers should define both collective and selective incapacitation. Answers should also include a review of the problems with each type of incapacitation and the benefits of each. Page Ref: 458-459 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Intermediate 4) Explain the use of prison classification systems, including the two main types of systems. Answer: Answers should explain the use of prison classification systems as a way of assigning inmates to custody levels based on factors such as perceived dangerousness, offense history, escape risk, and type of offense. Answers should review the two types of classification systems: initial or external custody classification and internal classification. Page Ref: 460-461 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Intermediate

5) In addition to holding arrested suspects who are awaiting trial, jails today have many different purposes. List and explain three of these additional purposes. Answer: Answers may vary but should include a discussion of three of the following: • Jails receive individuals pending arraignment and hold them awaiting trial, conviction, or sentencing. • Jails readmit probation, parole, and bail-bond violators and absconders. • Jails temporarily detain juveniles, people with mental illness, and others pending transfer to appropriate facilities. • Jails hold individuals for the military, for protective custody, for contempt, and for the courts as witnesses. • Jails release convicted inmates to the community upon completion of their sentence. • Jails transfer inmates to federal, state, or other authorities. • Jails house inmates for federal, state, or other authorities because of overcrowding in their facilities. • Jails operate community-based programs with day reporting, home detention, electronic monitoring, or other types of supervision. • Jails hold inmates sentenced to short terms (generally less than one year). Page Ref: 467 Objective: Summarize the role jails currently play in American corrections and issues jail administrators face. Level: Intermediate 6) Explain three special problems or challenges faced by women incarcerated in jails today. Answer: Answers will vary but should discuss problems faced by jailed women today, such as a lack of a gender-specific classification system, lack of separate housing for women, substance use, low education, pregnancy, a lack of substantive medical programs for incarcerated women, and the demand that jailed mothers contribute to the support of their dependent children. Page Ref: 468 Objective: Summarize the role jails currently play in American corrections and issues jail administrators face. Level: Intermediate

13.6 Critical Thinking Questions 1) While the stated goal of selective incapacitation is to avoid incarcerating offenders who could be better served through other sanctions, many states are implementing it as a way to deal with budgetary challenges. What possible conflicts could arise if states prioritize budgetary concerns over other goals of selective incapacitation? What problems are created by the high rate of false positives and how might these impact society? Answer: Answers will vary but should discuss the concern that emphasizing selective incapacitation as a way of reducing the number of incarcerated offenders and therefore reducing prison operating costs may result in a push to release inmates who may pose a threat to society or who may benefit more from a term of incarceration. Additionally, answers should discuss the concerns raised about the high rate of false positives, which involve the identification of low-risk offenders as potentially dangerous and result in the unnecessary incarceration of individuals who do not represent a continuing threat to society. Page Ref: 458-459 Objective: Describe the purpose and major characteristics of today's prisons. Level: Difficult 2) Given that women make up a relatively small percentage of the jail population, should states be required to provide special services for them or do you think that this would create an unfair burden on correctional systems in a time of budget cuts? Support your response with statistics and examples. Answer: Answers will vary the student's opinion regarding the need for special services for women jail inmates and the support provided for that opinion are also elements of the response to this question. Page Ref: 468 Objective: Summarize the role jails currently play in American corrections and issues jail administrators face. Level: Difficult 3) Prison privatization is a key topic today. Discuss some of the arguments for and against the privatization of prisons. Explain your opinion about privatization and support it with facts and examples. Answer: Answers will vary but should include a discussion of some of the arguments for and against privatization that are provided in Exhibit 13-6. The student's view about privatization and the support for their view are key elements of the response. Page Ref: 472-474 Objective: Describe the current and likely future roles of private prisons. Level: Difficult

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 17e (Schmalleger) Chapter 14 Prison Life 14.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) A ________ institution is an enclosed facility separated from society both socially and physically, where the inhabitants share all aspects of their daily lives. A) correctional B) total C) regimented D) juvenile Answer: B Page Ref: 481 Objective: Describe early research on prison life, including the development of the concept of total institutions. Level: Basic 2) The socialization of inmates into the prison subculture is called ________. A) role development B) prisonization C) schooling D) neutralization Answer: B Page Ref: 482 Objective: Describe early research on prison life, including the development of the concept of total institutions. Level: Basic 3) What is prison argot? A) The prison code B) Prison slang C) A type of alcohol that prison inmates secretly brew D) A code name for gay men in prison Answer: B Page Ref: 483 Objective: Describe the realities of prison life in men's prisons. Level: Basic

4) In The Society of Captives, Gresham Sykes identified the pains of imprisonment as ________ that incarcerated people experience. A) deprivations B) importations C) victimizations D) illnesses Answer: A Page Ref: 484 Objective: Describe the realities of prison life in men's prisons. Level: Basic 5) The ________ model of prison culture suggests that inmates bring values, roles, and behavioral patterns from the outside world. A) importation B) liberty C) autonomy D) deprivation Answer: A Page Ref: 484 Objective: Describe the realities of prison life in men's prisons. Level: Basic 6) According to John Irwin, an inmate who takes advantage of the positive experiences the prison has to offer is a(n) ________. A) retreatist B) opportunist C) legalist D) hedonist Answer: B Page Ref: 484-485 Objective: Describe the realities of prison life in men's prisons. Level: Intermediate 7) Which type of inmate is most likely to think of prison as his home? A) The colonizer B) The radical C) The legalist D) The hedonist Answer: A Page Ref: 484-485 Objective: Describe the realities of prison life in men's prisons. Level: Intermediate

8) Many sexually aggressive inmates in prison continue to participate in gang rapes because they ________. A) are gay B) need sexual release C) want to avoid becoming victims themselves D) have a damaged masculinity Answer: C Page Ref: 486 Objective: Describe the realities of prison life in men's prisons. Level: Intermediate 9) Which of the following best describes offenders who are women? A) Disproportionately White B) Married mothers of minor children C) Most likely to have been convicted of a property crime D) Survivors of physical or sexual abuse as children Answer: D Page Ref: 488-489 Objective: Differentiate between men's and women's prisons. Level: Intermediate 10) Most incarcerated women are housed in ________. A) centralized state institutions dedicated exclusively to housing women who are felons B) special wings of facilities that are otherwise institutions for men C) co-ed prisons that allow men and women access to the same facilities at the same time D) co-ed prisons that allow men and women access to the same facilities at different times Answer: A Page Ref: 491 Objective: Differentiate between men's and women's prisons. Level: Intermediate 11) Career offenders who are women, have adapted to prison life, and generally keep to themselves represent which style of adaptation to prison life? A) The square B) The cool C) The life D) The homebody Answer: B Page Ref: 493 Objective: Differentiate between men's and women's prisons. Level: Basic

12) In prison argot, "crack kids" are ________. A) babies born in prison B) streetwise young women with no respect for traditional prison values C) streetwise young women who are drug dealers in prison D) incarcerated women who are children of drug dealers Answer: B Page Ref: 493-494 Objective: Differentiate between men's and women's prisons. Level: Intermediate 13) One of the leading formative influences on the staff culture of corrections officers is the ________. A) lack of opportunity for promotion and career development B) lack of political support for raises C) potential threat that inmates pose D) frustration and boredom associated with the job Answer: C Page Ref: 494 Objective: Describe prison life from the corrections officer's point of view. Level: Basic 14) What are rookie correctional officers most likely to learn through socialization? A) The ideals of professionalism rarely translate into reality. B) Rehabilitation is the number one priority of corrections officials. C) It is best to keep to oneself and not fraternize with other officers. D) All prison inmates are "monsters." Answer: A Page Ref: 494 Objective: Describe prison life from the corrections officer's point of view. Level: Basic 15) The ten years between 1970 and 1980 have been called the ________ of prison riots. A) "explosive decade" B) "historic era" C) "death knell" D) "mainstay" Answer: A Page Ref: 495 Objective: Describe the nature of security threat groups and summarize the causes of prison riots. Level: Basic

16) An inmate organization whose members act together to pose a threat to the safety of corrections staff or the public is a ________. A) security threat group B) total institutional organization C) domestic terrorist group D) RICO group Answer: A Page Ref: 496 Objective: Describe the nature of security threat groups and summarize the causes of prison riots. Level: Basic 17) What is civil death? A) The legal status of death row inmates who have exhausted all possible appeals in state and federal appellate courts B) The effect on an inmate who files a civil suit, regardless of the eventual ruling by the civil court C) The legal status of inmates denied certain rights because they are incarcerated felons D) The result of prison administrators refusing inmates access to the prison law library Answer: C Page Ref: 499 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Basic 18) Soon after the hands-off doctrine ended, ________ began intervening in the running of prisons in multiple states. A) the U.S. Attorney General B) federal courts C) Congress D) the U.S. Bureau of Prisons Answer: B Page Ref: 499-500 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Intermediate

19) How did the Supreme Court case of Pell v. Procunier affect prisoners' rights? A) It established grievance procedures for federal inmates to file complaints when their rights are violated. B) It ended the hands-off doctrine. C) It reinforced the right of states to deny voting rights to individuals with prior felony convictions. D) It established a balancing test to weigh individual rights against public order and protection. Answer: D Page Ref: 500 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Basic 20) Why do prisoners' rights bear a strong resemblance to privileges? A) Inmates must earn back their constitutional rights. B) Most prisoners' rights are optional and granted at the discretion of individual correctional officers. C) Prisoners' rights are constrained by the legitimate needs of imprisonment. D) Prisoners' rights are not governed by laws external to the institution. Answer: C Page Ref: 500 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Intermediate 21) A(n) ________ is a formal arrangement which gives inmates the opportunity to register complaints about the conditions of their confinement. A) grievance procedure B) court hearing C) balancing test D) inquisition Answer: A Page Ref: 501 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Basic

22) According to the Supreme Court decision in Wolff v. McDonnell, ________. A) sanctions cannot be levied against inmates without appropriate due process B) inmates have the right to consult jailhouse lawyers when trained legal assistance is not available C) double-celling is not in itself cruel and unusual punishment D) prison officials are required to provide proper medical care to inmates Answer: A Page Ref: 492, 504 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Intermediate 23) Brown v. Plata was a 2011 landmark case from California that dealt with ________. A) racial issues B) gangs in prisons C) overcrowding conditions D) rights of incarcerated women Answer: C Page Ref: 502 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Intermediate 24) Which Supreme Court case appears to have signaled a return to the hands-off doctrine of earlier times? A) Cruz v. Beto B) Hudson v. Palmer C) Estelle v. Gamble D) Wilson v. Seiter Answer: D Page Ref: 504 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Intermediate 25) Challenges to prison conditions by inmates, which are brought under the Eighth Amendment, must show ________ by the officials responsible for the conditions. A) deliberate indifference B) wanton infliction C) recklessness D) criminality Answer: A Page Ref: 505 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Basic 7 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

26) What was the purpose behind the Prison Litigation Reform Act? A) It was designed to increase inmate access to legal counsel when filing civil lawsuits. B) It was an effort to reduce the number of lawsuits brought by state prison inmates in federal courts. C) It was an attempt to ensure that inmates had reasonable grounds before they filed criminal appeals in federal court. D) It was intended to ensure inmates received their constitutional rights. Answer: B Page Ref: 507 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Intermediate 27) Inmates who were over the age of 50 when they entered prison are most likely to have committed ________. A) violent crimes B) property crimes C) non-violent drug crimes D) victimless crimes Answer: A Page Ref: 508 Objective: Describe the major issues that prisons face today. Level: Intermediate 28) Which of the following statements regarding neurodivergent inmates is true? A) The number of inmates with severe mental illness is similar to the number in the general population. B) Inmates with significant neurodivergence account for only a small percentage of incarcerated individuals. C) Only a few states operate facilities specializing in psychiatric confinement of convicted offenders. D) Inmates with serious mental illness are more likely to be incarcerated for violent crimes than those without serious mental illness. Answer: D Page Ref: 509 Objective: Describe the major issues that prisons face today. Level: Intermediate 14.2 True/False Questions 1) Residents in total institutions generally are cut off from the larger society. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 481 Objective: Describe early research on prison life, including the development of the concept of total institutions. Level: Basic 8 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

2) Prisonization refers to the slang that is characteristic of prison subcultures and prison life. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 482 Objective: Describe early research on prison life, including the development of the concept of total institutions. Level: Basic 3) Research has shown that during the six months prior to release from prison, inmates begin to demonstrate a renewed appreciation for conventional values as opposed to prison values. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 483 Objective: Describe the realities of prison life in men's prisons. Level: Basic 4) Prison subcultures tend to remain stable over time, despite changes in the wider culture. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 483 Objective: Describe the realities of prison life in men's prisons. Level: Basic 5) The deprivation model of prison subculture suggests that inmates bring values, roles and behavior patterns from the outside world into prison with them. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 484 Objective: Describe the realities of prison life in men's prisons. Level: Basic 6) Prison staff tend to be sympathetic to the needs of radical inmates. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 484-485 Objective: Describe the realities of prison life in men's prisons. Level: Basic 7) Non-heterosexual inmates are a greater risk of sexual victimization in prison. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 486 Objective: Describe the realities of prison life in men's prisons. Level: Intermediate 8) Most inmates who sexually assault other inmates in prison generally do not consider themselves to be gay. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 486 Objective: Describe the realities of prison life in men's prisons. Level: Intermediate

9) Incarcerated men are more likely than incarcerated women to have experienced physical or sexual abuse. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 488 Objective: Differentiate between men's and women's prisons. Level: Intermediate 10) The primary reason most children of incarcerated women never visit their mothers during the period of incarceration is the desire to avoid the prison environment. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 490 Objective: Differentiate between men's and women's prisons. Level: Intermediate 11) Most prisons for women do not have programs specifically designed for incarcerated women. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 491 Objective: Differentiate between men's and women's prisons. Level: Intermediate 12) Incarcerated women form same-sex relationships to compensate for the loss of other affectional relationships outside prison. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 493 Objective: Differentiate between men's and women's prisons. Level: Intermediate 13) Sexual misconduct between staff and inmates is more common in men's prisons than in women's prisons. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 493 Objective: Differentiate between men's and women's prisons. Level: Intermediate 14) The potential threat posed by inmates is a major influence on staff culture in prison. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 494 Objective: Describe life from the corrections officer's point of view. Level: Basic 15) The primary concern of prison staff is inmate custody and control. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 495 Objective: Describe life from the corrections officer's point of view. Level: Basic

16) Nearly all states conduct psychological screenings of applicants to assess candidates applying for jobs as correctional officers. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 495 Objective: Describe prison life from the corrections officer's point of view. Level: Intermediate 17) The 1980s were known as the "explosive decade" of prison riots. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 495 Objective: Describe the nature of security threat groups and summarize the causes of prison riots. Level: Basic 18) Civil death is the legal status of inmates who lose most of their rights after being convicted of a crime. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 499 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Intermediate 19) The balancing test weighs individual rights against the need for public order. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 500 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Intermediate 20) Because they are subject to the needs of imprisonment, prisoners' rights are considered to be absolute rights. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 500 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Intermediate 21) Correctional authorities may not impose punishments on inmates without appropriate due process. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 504 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Basic

22) Inmates have a reasonable expectation of privacy in their cells under the Fourth Amendment. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 503 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Basic 23) Inmates who challenge prison conditions must show deliberate indifference on the part of prison officials. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 505 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Intermediate 24) The Prison Litigation Reform Act was designed to reduce the number of lawsuits filed by state prison inmates in federal courts. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 507 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Intermediate 25) Large-scale prison construction in the 1980s has contributed to an increase in the number of older inmates in prison today. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 508 Objective: Describe the major issues that prisons face today. Level: Intermediate 26) According to the Supreme Court, neurodivergent inmates cannot be required to take antipsychotic drugs against their will. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 510 Objective: Describe the major issues that prisons face today. Level: Intermediate 27) Most states mainstream inmates with intellectual disabilities into the general prison population. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 510 Objective: Describe the major issues that prisons face today. Level: Intermediate

28) Inmates in prison are targets for radicalization. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 510 Objective: Describe the major issues that prisons face today. Level: Intermediate 14.3 Fill in the Blank Questions 1) The prison ________ includes the values and behavioral patterns characteristic of prison inmates. Answer: subculture Page Ref: 482 Objective: Describe early research on prison life, including the development of the concept of total institutions. Level: Basic 2) ________ is the process by which newly institutionalized offenders come to accept prison lifestyles and criminal values. Answer: Prisonization Page Ref: 482 Objective: Describe early research on prison life, including the development of the concept of total institutions. Level: Basic 3) According to the ________ model of the prison subculture, inmates bring with them values, roles, and behavior patterns from the outside world. Answer: importation Page Ref: 484 Objective: Describe the realities of prison life in men's prisons. Level: Basic 4) Inmates who consider prison as their home and do not want to leave are known as ________. Answer: colonizers Page Ref: 484-485 Objective: Describe the realities of prison life in men's prisons. Level: Basic 5) Gender ________ refers to the need to understand and take account of the differences that women and men bring to the criminal justice system, and to adjust strategies and practices in ways that appropriately respond to those conditions. Answer: responsiveness Page Ref: 490 Objective: Differentiate between men's and women's prisons. Level: Basic

6) In women's prisons, ________ inmates were more likely to be career offenders. Answer: cool Page Ref: 493 Objective: Differentiate between men's and women's prisons. Level: Basic 7) ________ is a major staff concern that ensures order within the prison. Answer: Control Page Ref: 495 Objective: Describe prison life from the corrections officer's point of view. Level: Basic 8) Today, gangs in prison tend to be known as security ________ groups. Answer: threat Page Ref: 496 Objective: Describe the nature of security threat groups and summarize the causes of prison riots. Level: Basic 9) The ________ doctrine was the neutral approach that the courts took towards prison management until the late 1960s. Answer: hands-off Page Ref: 499 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Basic 10) The ________ test, established in Pell v. Procunier, attempts to weigh the rights of an individual against the state's need to restrict a person's freedom to protect society. Answer: balancing Page Ref: 500 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Intermediate 11) Because they are constrained by the legitimate needs of imprisonment, prisoners' rights are considered to be ________. Answer: conditional Page Ref: 500 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Intermediate

12) Modern ________ procedures involve formal arrangements allowing inmates to file complaints about the conditions of confinement with the authorities and receive mandated responses. Answer: grievance Page Ref: 501 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Basic 13) ________ indifference involves a wanton disregard by corrections personnel for the wellbeing of an inmate, requiring both actual knowledge that a harm is occurring and disregard of the risk of harm. Answer: Deliberate Page Ref: 505 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Intermediate 14) The ________ of America's prison population is due in part to new sentencing policies that result in longer prison sentences. Answer: graying Page Ref: 508 Objective: Describe the major issues that prisons face today. Level: Intermediate 15) Gathering and sharing ________ is a way for corrections officers to help in the fight against terrorism. Answer: intelligence Page Ref: 510 Objective: Describe the major issues that prisons face today. Level: Basic

14.4 Matching Questions Match the inmate type to his/her description. A) An inmate who may experience neurotic or psychotic episodes, become involved in drug and alcohol abuse, or attempt suicide to avoid the realities of prison B) An inmate who views prison as home and does not look forward to leaving, and who usually holds a position of power or respect among the inmate population C) An inmate who sees prison as a natural consequence of crime and who is likely to continue a life of crime once released from prison D) An inmate who acts as a "jailhouse lawyer" E) An inmate who is affiliated with a gang within prison and uses membership to obtain desired goods inside and outside of prison F) An inmate who sees himself as a political prisoner and society as an oppressor forcing criminality on members of the public through the unequal distribution of power and wealth G) An inmate who takes advantage of the positive experiences offered by prison, such as education, job training, and counseling H) An inmate who participates in spiritual activities and who may ask the prison administration to accommodate special spiritual needs I) An inmate who adjusts to prison by being violent, who is frequently written up, and who spends a lot of time in solitary confinement J) An inmate who tends to live for the moment, rather than considering the future, and who is involved in officially condemned activities such as smuggling contraband, homosexuality, and gambling 1) The retreatist Page Ref: 484-485 Objective: Describe the realities of prison life in men's prisons. Level: Intermediate 2) The hedonist Page Ref: 484-485 Objective: Describe the realities of prison life in men's prisons. Level: Intermediate 3) The religious Page Ref: 484-485 Objective: Describe the realities of prison life in men's prisons. Level: Intermediate 4) The mean dude Page Ref: 484-485 Objective: Describe the realities of prison life in men's prisons. Level: Intermediate

5) The legalist Page Ref: 484-485 Objective: Describe the realities of prison life in men's prisons. Level: Intermediate 6) The opportunist Page Ref: 484-485 Objective: Describe the realities of prison life in men's prisons. Level: Intermediate 7) The gang-banger Page Ref: 484-485 Objective: Describe the realities of prison life in men's prisons. Level: Intermediate 8) The realist Page Ref: 484-485 Objective: Describe the realities of prison life in men's prisons. Level: Intermediate 9) The radical Page Ref: 484-485 Objective: Describe the realities of prison life in men's prisons. Level: Intermediate 10) The colonizer Page Ref: 484-485 Objective: Describe the realities of prison life in men's prisons. Level: Intermediate Answers: 1) A 2) J 3) H 4) I 5) D 6) G 7) E 8) C 9) F 10) B

Match the Supreme Court case to its finding. A) Prison officials have a duty to provide proper medical care to inmates B) Sanctions may not be levied against inmates without appropriate due process C) Invalidated a policy that involved racially segregating prison inmates entering a new correctional facility D) Incarcerated inmates do not have to be advised of their Miranda rights when being questioned by law enforcement officers E) Inmates with mental illness may be required to take antipsychotic drugs against their wishes F) The totality of the circumstances must be considered when determining if prisoners' rights are violated — conditions that may not violate inmate rights individually may do so in combination G) Inmates must have reasonable opportunity to practice their religious faiths H) Created a balancing test for inmate rights 11) Estelle v. Gamble Page Ref: 502-503 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Intermediate 12) Howes v. Fields Page Ref: 502-503 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Intermediate 13) Pell v. Procunier Page Ref: 502-503 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Intermediate 14) Washington v. Harper Page Ref: 502-503 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Intermediate 15) Wolff v. McDonnell Page Ref: 502-503 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of prisoners' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Intermediate

16) Johnson v. California Page Ref: 502-503 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Intermediate 17) Wilson v. Seiter Page Ref: 502-503 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Intermediate 18) Cruz v. Beto Page Ref: 502-503 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Intermediate Answers: 11) A 12) D 13) H 14) E 15) B 16) C 17) F 18) G 14.5 Essay Questions 1) Explain the prison subculture and the concept of prisonization. Discuss the two models used to explain the existence of prison subcultures. Answer: Answers should define the concept of the prison subculture and explain the process of prisonization, including its purpose. Answers should also review the deprivation and importation models of prison subculture. Page Ref: 482-483 Objective: Describe early research on prison life, including the development of the concept of total institutions. Level: Intermediate 2) What is gender responsiveness? Why is it an important issue in corrections? Explain two of the National Institute of Corrections recommendations regarding gender responsiveness in prison. Answer: Answers should define the concept of gender responsiveness and explain the impact on incarcerated women of a prison system that was designed for incarcerated men and that is run mainly by men. Answers should also explain two the recommendations made in the recent NIC report regarding gender-responsive policies and practices. Page Ref: 490-491 Objective: Differentiate between men's and women's prisons. Level: Difficult

3) List and explain the three different lifestyles or styles of adaptation to prison life used by incarcerated women that were identified by researcher Esther Heffernan. Also identify the new type of inmate that began arriving in women's prisons about 2 years ago and explain how this inmate type affected the social structure of women's prisons. Answer: Answers should explain the three styles of adaptation to prison life identified by Heffernan: the square, the cool, and the life. Answers should also discuss crack kids and explain their impact on the social structure of women's prisons. Page Ref: 493-494 Objective: Differentiate between men's and women's prisons. Level: Difficult 4) Explain the purpose of the 1996 Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA) and why the Act was needed. Discuss how the Supreme Court has responded to the Act and the criticisms raised by opponents of the Act. Explain the impact the Act has had. Answer: Answers should explain the problems within the justice system that led to the passage of the PLRA and discuss the purpose of the Act. Concerns raised by opponents of the PLRA should also be presented. Answers should incorporate statistics that were used to support the passage of the Act as well as the results of research on the effect of the PLRA. Page Ref: 507-508 Objective: Discuss the legal aspects of inmates' rights, including the consequences of related, precedent-setting U.S. Supreme Court cases. Level: Difficult 14.6 Critical Thinking Questions 1) Explain the concept of a total institution. Do you think that prisons today should be total institutions? Explain and support your opinion. Answer: Answers will vary but should include a description of a total institution as an enclosed facility that is separated from society both socially and physically, and where inhabitants share all aspects of their daily lives. A discussion of the appropriateness of continuing to create prisons that are total institutions is a key element of the student's response. Page Ref: 481 Objective: Describe total institutions. Level: Difficult 2) Discuss the pros and cons of continuing to incarcerate older inmates. How do you think states should deal with aging inmates? If these offenders are released, what effect will that have on society? Answer: Answers will vary, but should include a discussion of some of the problems involved in incarcerating long-term and older inmates, including their special needs, the inability of prisons to adequately support the medial needs of aging offenders, and the high costs of confining inmates over age 50. Answers should also address the issue of rehabilitating older offenders and the reduced risk of recidivism. A discussion of the effect of releasing older inmates should also be included. Page Ref: 508-509 Objective: Describe the major issues that prisons face today. Level: Difficult 20 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 17e (Schmalleger) Chapter 15 Juvenile Justice 15.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Under Roman law, the ________ had absolute control over the child. A) state B) mother C) father D) courts Answer: C Page Ref: 521 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Basic 2) The legal principle of parens patriae ________. A) permits the state to assume the role of the parents B) permits the state to declare juveniles delinquent C) defines status offenses D) defines undisciplined children Answer: A Page Ref: 521 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Basic 3) The child-savers movement ________. A) created a separate juvenile justice system B) resulted in the creation of the reform school C) focused on providing homes for children who were living on the streets D) embodied the legal principle of parens patriae Answer: B Page Ref: 522 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Intermediate 4) The first juvenile court that was separate in form and function from adult criminal courts was created in ________. A) New York B) Illinois C) Rhode Island D) Pennsylvania Answer: B Page Ref: 522 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Basic

5) The philosophical principles on which the juvenile court movement was based state that the ________ is the "ultimate parent" of the child. A) father B) church C) mother D) state Answer: D Page Ref: 523 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Basic 6) What is one of the key philosophical principles on which the juvenile court movement was based? A) Parents should have ultimate control over and responsibility for their children. B) Justice should be individualized and tailored to the child. C) Punitive procedures should be used to save children. D) Juveniles are entitled to the same due process rights as adults. Answer: B Page Ref: 523 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Intermediate 7) 15-year-old Mary breaks into Bob's apartment and steals his laptop. Mary is a(n) ________ child. A) dependent B) neglected C) delinquent D) abused Answer: C Page Ref: 523-524 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Difficult 8) Children who purchase cigarettes or alcohol are considered to be ________. A) status offenders B) neglected children C) dependent children D) juvenile delinquents Answer: A Page Ref: 523-524 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Basic

9) Because Naomi's parents are unable to care for her, she is considered to be a(n) ________. A) abused child B) dependent child C) neglected child D) undisciplined child Answer: B Page Ref: 523-524 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Basic 10) Aaron was sexually abused by his uncle when he was a child. Now, as a teenager, he commits a variety of property crimes, including larceny and burglary. Aaron best falls into which of the following categories? A) Abused child B) Dependent child C) Crossover youth D) Dual system youth Answer: C Page Ref: 525 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Basic 11) Which landmark U.S. Supreme Court case guaranteed juveniles many of the same procedural due process rights as adults? A) McKeiver v. Pennsylvania B) Kent v. U.S. C) In re Winship D) In re Gault Answer: D Page Ref: 525-526 Objective: Describe important U.S. Supreme Court decisions relating to juvenile justice, including their impact on the handling of juveniles by the system. Level: Basic 12) In the case of In re Winship, the Supreme Court held that delinquency must be established ________. A) beyond a reasonable doubt B) to the court's satisfaction C) by a preponderance of the evidence D) by clear and convincing evidence Answer: A Page Ref: 526 Objective: Describe important U.S. Supreme Court decisions relating to juvenile justice, including their impact on the handling of juveniles by the system. Level: Basic

13) What is currently the minimum age at which someone may commit first-degree murder and be sentenced to death? A) 14 B) 16 C) 18 D) 21 Answer: C Page Ref: 527 Objective: Describe important U.S. Supreme Court decisions relating to juvenile justice, including their impact on the handling of juveniles by the system. Level: Basic 14) The 1974 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act stated that any state who accepted federal funds through the Act must ________. A) grant juveniles the right to trial by jury B) establish teen courts C) deinstitutionalize status offenders D) abandon the doctrine of parens patriae Answer: C Page Ref: 527 Objective: Describe important U.S. Supreme Court decisions relating to juvenile justice, including their impact on the handling of juveniles by the system. Level: Intermediate 15) Currently, it is not clear whether juveniles ________. A) can waive their Miranda rights B) have a right to trial by jury under the U.S. Constitution C) have a right to counsel in juvenile court proceedings D) can be executed for a crime committed at age 16 Answer: A Page Ref: 529 Objective: Describe important U.S. Supreme Court decisions relating to juvenile justice, including their impact on the handling of juveniles by the system. Level: Intermediate 16) ________ jurisdiction applies when the juvenile court is the only court that has statutory authority to deal with children for specified infractions. A) Exclusive B) Original C) Sole D) Concurrent Answer: A Page Ref: 529 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Basic

17) Juvenile courts have original jurisdiction over juveniles charged with ________. A) serious felonies B) status offenses C) first-degree murder D) federal offenses Answer: B Page Ref: 530 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Basic 18) Which of the following is a characteristic of juvenile proceedings? A) A focus on criminality B) Public trials C) Adversarial setting D) Specific right to treatment Answer: D Page Ref: 531 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Intermediate 19) Compared to the adult system, the juvenile justice system is more likely to ________. A) employ diversion from further formal processing at all stages in the process B) impose the death penalty for first-degree murder C) protect the defendant's due process rights D) focus on legal issues of guilt or innocence Answer: A Page Ref: 531 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Intermediate 20) A juvenile petition filed in juvenile court is similar to a ________ in adult court. A) verdict B) criminal complaint C) warrant D) waiver Answer: B Page Ref: 531 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Intermediate

21) The first step in decision-making regarding a juvenile whose behavior is in violation of the law is known as ________. A) adjudication B) disposition C) arraignment D) intake Answer: D Page Ref: 533 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Basic 22) Transfer hearings are held in ________. A) appellate courts B) adult courts C) juvenile courts D) family group conferences Answer: C Page Ref: 533 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Basic 23) The juvenile court's fact-finding process, which is similar to an adult trial, is known as a(n) ________ hearing. A) intake B) adjudicatory C) preliminary D) dispositional Answer: B Page Ref: 534 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Intermediate 24) 15-year-old Micah is brought before Juan, a juvenile court judge. There is considerable evidence to show that Micah is guilty of violating the criminal law. In this situation, Juan has the power to ________. A) open the courtroom to the press and public B) sentence Micah to death C) waive Micah's Miranda right D) decide it is not in Micah's best interest to be adjudicated delinquent Answer: D Page Ref: 534 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Intermediate

25) Teen court is an alternative approach to juvenile justice in which alleged offenders are judged and/or sentenced by a ________. A) jury of teachers and social workers B) specially appointed judge C) jury of their peers D) juvenile court judge Answer: C Page Ref: 535 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Basic 26) The ________ hearing is the final stage in the processing of adjudicated juveniles and is similar to an adult sentencing hearing. A) dispositional B) detention C) adjudicatory D) exit Answer: A Page Ref: 535 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Basic 27) In the majority of adjudicated delinquency cases, judges decide to ________. A) confine the juvenile in a secure institution B) order the juvenile to pay restitution or participate in community service C) place the juvenile on formal probation D) order postadjudicatory review Answer: C Page Ref: 535 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Basic 28) A juvenile confined in a private facility is likely to be ________. A) held for a violent offense B) a sex offender C) younger than 14 D) a White boy Answer: D Page Ref: 538 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Basic

29) In recent years, the juvenile justice system appears to be ________. A) becoming increasingly similar to the adult criminal court system B) returning to the original principles of the juvenile court C) limiting the rights of victims of juvenile crime D) moving towards increasingly severe punishments for juveniles Answer: B Page Ref: 541-542 Objective: Briefly describe possible future directions in juvenile justice. Level: Intermediate 30) Juvenile justice reform that involves policymakers and administrators making direct managerial changes is an example of a ________. A) resolution strategy B) reinvestment strategy C) realignment strategy D) reinvention strategy Answer: A Page Ref: 542 Objective: Briefly describe possible future directions in juvenile justice. Level: Basic 31) Your state governor has announced that the state will close the majority of state juvenile justice facilities. She says that the state will provide funds to each county to help them deal with juveniles in the community. This is an example of a ________ strategy. A) resolution B) reinvestment C) realignment D) reinvention Answer: C Page Ref: 542 Objective: Briefly describe possible future directions in juvenile justice. Level: Difficult 32) A ________ sentence imposes both a juvenile sanction and an adult criminal sentence on an adjudicated delinquent. A) blended B) combined C) dual D) mandatory Answer: A Page Ref: 543 Objective: Briefly describe possible future directions in juvenile justice. Level: Basic

15.2 True/False Questions 1) Before the modern era, children who committed crimes in the Western world did not receive any preferential treatment because of their youth. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 520 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Basic 2) New York's houses of refuge were intended to shelter serious juvenile delinquents. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 521-522 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Intermediate 3) Reform schools created by the child savers movement focused on pre-delinquent children. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 522 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Basic 4) The 1899 Illinois Juvenile Court Act emphasized retribution in place of reformation. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 523 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Basic 5) Status offenders are delinquent children who have been transferred to adult court. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 523-524 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Basic 6) Delinquent children would be considered criminals if they were adults. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 523 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Basic 7) In the case of Kent v. United States, the Supreme Court said that courts must provide the essentials of due process in juvenile proceedings. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 526 Objective: Describe important U.S. Supreme Court decisions relating to juvenile justice, including their impact on the handling of juveniles by the system. Level: Intermediate 9 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

8) In re Winship found that juveniles do not have a constitutional right to a trial by a jury of their peers. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 526 Objective: Describe important U.S. Supreme Court decisions relating to juvenile justice, including their impact on the handling of juveniles by the system. Level: Intermediate 9) When Jack was 16, he killed a classmate. Because he was not tried for the crime until he was 19, the court was able to impose a sentence of death. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 527 Objective: Describe important U.S. Supreme Court decisions relating to juvenile justice, including their impact on the handling of juveniles by the system. Level: Intermediate 10) According to the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act, status offenders must be deinstitutionalized. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 527 Objective: Describe important U.S. Supreme Court decisions relating to juvenile justice, including their impact on the handling of juveniles by the system. Level: Basic 11) The Supreme Court has stated that a suspect's age must be considered when determining whether that suspect would feel free not to respond to police questioning. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 529 Objective: Describe important U.S. Supreme Court decisions relating to juvenile justice, including their impact on the handling of juveniles by the system. Level: Intermediate 12) A juvenile court has original jurisdiction when it is the only court that has statutory authority to deal with children for specified infractions. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 529-530 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Basic 13) The juvenile court philosophy limits judicial discretion. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 531 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Intermediate

14) The purpose of the preliminary hearing is to determine whether there is probable cause to believe that the juvenile committed the alleged act. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 533 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Basic 15) When a serious offense is involved, the court will hold an adjudicatory hearing to determine if the case should be transferred to adult court. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 533-534 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Intermediate 16) Teen court is an alternative approach to juvenile justice in which alleged offenders who are teenagers are dealt with by judges who specialize in adolescent offenders and offenses. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 535 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Basic 17) The majority of juveniles who are adjudicated delinquent are placed on formal probation. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 535 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Basic 18) Juveniles in secure confinement are most likely to have committed a status offense. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 536 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Intermediate 19) Overcrowding is not a problem in juvenile institutions. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 538 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Basic 20) Appeals are less important at the juvenile level because most sentences of confinement are so short that the juvenile may be released before the appellate review process is completed. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 538 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Intermediate

21) A blended sentence is a juvenile court disposition that imposes both a juvenile sanction and an adult criminal sentence upon an adjudicated delinquent. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 543 Objective: Briefly describe possible future directions in juvenile justice. Level: Basic 22) States today are moving away from the original principles of the juvenile court. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 538, 541-542 Objective: Briefly describe possible future directions in juvenile justice. Level: Basic 23) Resolution strategies for changing the juvenile justice system involve permanent organizational and structural modifications, such as closing facilities or eliminating agencies. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 542 Objective: Briefly describe possible future directions in juvenile justice. Level: Basic 15.3 Fill in the Blank Questions 1) The ________ Juvenile Court Act created the first juvenile court that was separate in form and function from adult criminal courts. Answer: Illinois Page Ref: 522 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Basic 2) A(n) ________ offender is a child who has committed an act such as truancy that is against the law only because of the offender's age. Answer: status Page Ref: 523 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Basic 3) ________ children are not receiving proper care from their parents or guardians. Answer: Neglected Page Ref: 523 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Basic 4) ________ youth have been victims of maltreatment and have also engaged in delinquent acts. Answer: Crossover Page Ref: 525 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Basic 12 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

5) According to the Supreme Court, mandatory life without parole sentences for juveniles convicted of homicide violate the ________ Amendment. Answer: Eighth Page Ref: 527 Objective: Describe important U.S. Supreme Court decisions relating to juvenile justice, including their impact on the handling of juveniles by the system. Level: Basic 6) The ________ network was created to facilitate rapid response by law enforcement and the community to kidnapped or abducted children. Answer: Amber Page Ref: 528 Objective: Describe important U.S. Supreme Court decisions relating to juvenile justice, including their impact on the handling of juveniles by the system. Level: Basic 7) A juvenile court has ________ jurisdiction over juveniles when other courts have equal statutory authority to originate proceedings. Answer: concurrent Page Ref: 530 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Basic 8) A juvenile ________ is a document filed in juvenile court alleging illegal behavior by a juvenile. Answer: petition Page Ref: 531 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Basic 9) ________ is the first step in decision making regarding a juvenile whose behavior or alleged behavior is in violation of the law. Answer: Intake Page Ref: 533 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Basic 10) The ________ hearing is similar to an adult criminal trial. Answer: adjudicatory Page Ref: 534 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Basic

11) If a juvenile is found delinquent, a(n) ________ hearing will be held to determine the form of treatment or penalty that should be imposed. Answer: dispositional Page Ref: 535 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Basic 12) The juvenile appellate process is known as ________ review. Answer: postadjudicatory Page Ref: 538 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Basic 13) Research suggests that adolescent behavior differs from that of adults due to significant differences in adolescent ________ development. Answer: brain Page Ref: 542 Objective: Briefly describe possible future directions in juvenile justice. Level: Intermediate 14) ________ strategies for changing the juvenile justice system involve direct managerial changes brought about by the efforts of administrators, policymakers, and elected officials. Answer: Resolution Page Ref: 542 Objective: Briefly describe possible future directions in juvenile justice. Level: Basic 15) A(n) ________ sentence imposes both a juvenile sanction and an adult criminal sentence on a juvenile. Answer: blended Page Ref: 543 Objective: Briefly describe possible future directions in juvenile justice. Level: Basic 16) States today are focusing on developing and improving ________ programs that help transition and reintegrate juveniles back into society and reduce recidivism. Answer: aftercare Page Ref: 544 Objective: Briefly describe possible future directions in juvenile justice. Level: Basic

15.4 Matching Questions Match the category of juvenile to the description. A) Children who are beyond parental control B) Children who do not receive proper care from their parents or guardians C) Children who experience physical harm at the hands of parents or guardians D) Children who do not have parents or guardians to care for them E) Children who violate the criminal law F) Children who violate laws written only for them G) Children who have been victims of maltreatment and also engage in delinquent acts H) Children who have formally entered both the juvenile justice and child welfare systems 1) Status offenders Page Ref: 523-525 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Intermediate 2) Dependent children Page Ref: 523-525 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Intermediate 3) Undisciplined children Page Ref: 523-525 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Intermediate 4) Delinquent children Page Ref: 523-525 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Intermediate 5) Abused children Page Ref: 523-525 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Intermediate 6) Neglected children Page Ref: 523-525 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Intermediate 7) Dual-system youth Page Ref: 523-525 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Intermediate 15 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

8) Crossover youth Page Ref: 523-525 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Intermediate Answers: 1) F 2) D 3) A 4) E 5) C 6) B 7) H 8) G Match the Supreme Court case to its decision. A) Set the evidentiary standard in delinquency cases as proof beyond a reasonable doubt B) Severely restricted the conditions under which transfers from juvenile to adult court may occur C) Held that sentencing a juvenile to life without the possibility of parole for a crime not involving homicide was unconstitutional D) Provided juveniles with basic due process rights at hearings that could result in institutional commitment E) Permitted pretrial detention of juveniles and held that it may be necessary for the protection of the child and others F) Juveniles do not have a constitutional right to trial by a jury of their peers G) Required courts to provide the essentials of due process in juvenile proceedings H) Held that mandatory sentences of life without parole for juveniles convicted of homicide are unconstitutional I) Prohibited execution of offenders who committed capital crimes when under the age of 18 J) Held that the age of suspects must be considered when determining whether they would feel free not to respond to police questioning 9) In re Gault Page Ref: 525-527 Objective: Describe important U.S. Supreme Court decisions relating to juvenile justice, including their impact on the handling of juveniles by the system. Level: Intermediate 10) Graham v. Florida Page Ref: 525-527 Objective: Describe important U.S. Supreme Court decisions relating to juvenile justice, including their impact on the handling of juveniles by the system. Level: Intermediate 11) Roper v. Simmons Page Ref: 525-527 Objective: Describe important U.S. Supreme Court decisions relating to juvenile justice, including their impact on the handling of juveniles by the system. Level: Intermediate

12) Kent v. U.S. Page Ref: 525-527 Objective: Describe important U.S. Supreme Court decisions relating to juvenile justice, including their impact on the handling of juveniles by the system. Level: Intermediate 13) Mckeiver v. Pennsylvania Page Ref: 517-519 Objective: Describe important U.S. Supreme Court decisions relating to juvenile justice, including their impact on the handling of juveniles by the system. Level: Intermediate 14) Schall v. Martin Page Ref: 517-519 Objective: Describe important U.S. Supreme Court decisions relating to juvenile justice, including their impact on the handling of juveniles by the system. Level: Intermediate 15) Miller v. Alabama Page Ref: 517-519 Objective: Describe important U.S. Supreme Court decisions relating to juvenile justice, including their impact on the handling of juveniles by the system. Level: Intermediate 16) In re Winship Page Ref: 517-519 Objective: Describe important U.S. Supreme Court decisions relating to juvenile justice, including their impact on the handling of juveniles by the system. Level: Intermediate 17) J.D.B. v. North Carolina Page Ref: 517-519 Objective: Describe important U.S. Supreme Court decisions relating to juvenile justice, including their impact on the handling of juveniles by the system. Level: Intermediate 18) Breed v. Jones Page Ref: 517-519 Objective: Describe important U.S. Supreme Court decisions relating to juvenile justice, including their impact on the handling of juveniles by the system. Level: Intermediate Answers: 9) D 10) C 11) I 12) G 13) F 14) E 15) H 16) A 17) J 18) B

Match the characteristic to the type of proceedings: adult, juvenile, or both. A) Juvenile proceedings B) Both juvenile and adult proceedings C) Adult criminal proceedings 19) Focus on criminality Page Ref: 530-531 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Difficult 20) Assumed innocent until proven guilty Page Ref: 530-531 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Difficult 21) Right against self-incrimination Page Ref: 530-531 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Difficult 22) Closed hearings Page Ref: 530-531 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Difficult 23) Specific right to treatment Page Ref: 530-531 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Difficult 24) Right to an attorney Page Ref: 530-531 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Difficult 25) Public record of proceedings Page Ref: 530-531 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Difficult 26) System goals are protection and treatment Page Ref: 530-531 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Difficult

27) Limited rights against unreasonable searches Page Ref: 530-531 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Difficult 28) Adversarial setting Page Ref: 530-531 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Difficult Answers: 19) C 20) C 21) B 22) A 23) A 24) B 25) C 26) A 27) A 28) C Match the type of juvenile hearing to its description. A) Used to decide what treatment or penalty the court should impose on a delinquent juvenile B) Similar to an adult criminal trial; the fact-finding process by which the court determines whether there is enough evidence to sustain the allegations C) Occurs only in cases involving serious offenses; determines whether the case should be handled by the adult criminal court D) Determines if there is probable cause to believe the juvenile committed the alleged act E) Part of the intake process; may be conducted by a judge or officer of the court and may involve diversion of the juvenile to a social service agency 29) Detention hearing Page Ref: 533-535 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Intermediate 30) Preliminary hearing Page Ref: 533-535 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Intermediate 31) Adjudicatory hearing Page Ref: 533-535 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Intermediate 32) Dispositional hearing Page Ref: 533-535 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Intermediate 33) Transfer hearing Page Ref: 533-535 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Intermediate 19 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

Answers: 29) E 30) D 31) B 32) A 33) C 15.5 Essay Questions 1) List and define three of the five philosophical principles on which the juvenile court movement was based. Answer: Answers should include discussion of three of the following principles: • The state is the "higher or ultimate parent" of all the children within its borders. • Children are worth saving, and non-punitive procedures should be used to save the child. • Children should be nurtured. While the nurturing process is under way, they should be protected from the stigmatizing impact of formal adjudicatory procedures. • To accomplish the goal of reformation, justice needs to be individualized; that is, each child is different, and the needs, aspirations, living conditions, etc., of each child must be known in their individual particulars if the court is to be helpful. • Noncriminal procedures are necessary to give primary consideration to the needs of the child. The denial of due process can be justified in the face of constitutional challenges because the court acts not to punish, but to help. Page Ref: 523 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Difficult 2) Most jurisdictions identify six categories of juveniles who are subject to juvenile court jurisdiction. List and define three of these six categories. Answer: Answers should include discussion of three of the following: delinquent children, undisciplined children, dependent children, neglected children, abused children, and status offenders. Page Ref: 523 Objective: Describe how the juvenile justice system has evolved in the Western world. Level: Intermediate 3) During the 21st century, several Supreme Court cases focused specifically on the types of punishments that may be imposed on juveniles convicted of homicide. List these cases and explain how juveniles who have been convicted of homicide may be sentenced in light of these decisions. Answer: Answers should review Roper v. Simmons, Graham v. Florida, and Miller v. Alabama. Answers may also discuss the case of Montgomery v. Louisiana. Answers should also synthesize the findings of these cases and explain what sentences currently are permitted for offenders who are convicted of homicide committed while under the age of 18. Page Ref: 527 Objective: Describe important U.S. Supreme Court decisions relating to juvenile justice, including their impact on the handling of juveniles by the system. Level: Difficult

4) Compare and contrast the juvenile justice system and the adult criminal case process. List and explain two similarities and four differences between them. Answer: Answers should include, but should not be limited to, the information in Exhibit 51-1. Note that the primary similarities mentioned in this Exhibit are that both systems provide a right against self-incrimination and a right to an attorney. Page Ref: 530-531 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Difficult 15.6 Critical Thinking Questions 1) While the U.S. Supreme Court has guaranteed juveniles many of the same procedural rights as adults, not all adult procedural rights have been extended to juveniles charged with delinquent behaviors. Discuss some of the rights that juveniles currently are denied. Do you believe that juveniles should have all the same due process rights as adults? Why or why not? Provide support for your opinion. Answer: Answers will vary but should discuss some of the rights not provided to juveniles, such as the right to a jury trial, the right to a public trial, the assumption of innocence, and the protection against unreasonable searches and seizures. The student's opinion regarding juvenile rights and support for that opinion are key elements of the response. Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Describe important U.S. Supreme Court decisions relating to juvenile justice, including their impact on the handling of juveniles by the system. Level: Difficult 2) Although adjudicatory hearings for juveniles are similar to adult trials, there are some notable differences. Do you believe these differences benefit juveniles or harm them? Explain your opinion and provide support, using specific examples of differences between adjudicatory hearings and adult trials. Answer: Answers will vary but should include examples of some of the key differences between adjudicatory hearings and adult trials, such as: an emphasis on privacy; informality; speed; evidentiary standard; the philosophy of the court; and no right to a trial by jury. The student's opinion regarding the impact of these differences on juveniles and support for that opinion are key elements of the answer. Page Ref: 534 Objective: Explain how the juvenile justice system works. Level: Difficult

3) According to a recent study of strategies for changing the juvenile justice system, the models of reform that have been adopted by various states can be categorized into three groups. List, define, and explain the three groups. Identify the model that you believe works the best and provide support for your opinion. Answer: Answers should include a clear discussion of resolution, reinvestment, and realignment strategies. The student's opinion regarding the most effective model and support for that opinion are also key elements of the response. Page Ref: 542 Objective: Briefly describe possible future directions in juvenile justice. Level: Difficult

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 17e (Schmalleger) Chapter 16 Drugs and Crime 16.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) ________ substances are chemicals that affect cognition, feeling, or awareness. A) Addictive B) Psychoactive C) Controlled D) Recreational Answer: B Page Ref: 551 Objective: Define drugs and drug abuse and the impact drug use has on the American criminal justice system. Level: Basic 2) The consumption of which psychoactive substance has been shown to commonly increase aggression? A) LSD B) Cocaine C) Alcohol D) Heroin Answer: C Page Ref: 552 Objective: Define drugs and drug abuse and the impact drug use has on the American criminal justice system. Level: Basic 3) During the 19th century, baby formulas containing ________ were fed to infants born to addicted mothers. A) opium B) heroin C) cocaine D) alcohol Answer: A Page Ref: 552 Objective: Define drugs and drug abuse and the impact drug use has on the American criminal justice system. Level: Basic

4) Which of the following best typifies the public health generalist approach to drug policy in the U.S.? A) Drug-control policies are necessary to prevent the collapse of public order. B) All controlled substances are potentially harmful. C) Drug policy must balance the social costs of drug use and the costs of enforcement. D) Drug use is a form of defiance of lawful authority and threatens the social fabric. Answer: B Page Ref: 553-554 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Intermediate 5) The first major piece of federal antidrug legislation was the ________. A) Harrison Narcotics Act B) Narcotic Control Act C) Controlled Substances Act D) Marijuana Tax Act Answer: A Page Ref: 554 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Basic 6) The ________ Act removed heroin from the list of medically useful substances and required pharmacies to remove all medicines containing heroin. A) Boggs B) Narcotic Control C) Harrison D) Analogue Answer: A Page Ref: 554 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Basic 7) The ________ forms the basis of federal enforcement efforts today. A) Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act B) Narcotics Control Act C) Boggs Act D) Anti-Drug Abuse Act Answer: A Page Ref: 555 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Basic

8) According to the Federal Controlled Substances Act, drugs that fall into ________ have no established medical usage and have great potential for abuse. A) Schedule I B) Schedule II C) Schedule III D) Schedule IV Answer: A Page Ref: 555 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Basic 9) A biologically-based craving for a specific drug that results from frequent use of the substance is known as ________ dependence. A) psychological B) psychosomatic C) proactive D) physical Answer: D Page Ref: 556 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Basic 10) President Reagan created the cabinet-level position of ________ as part of his focus on the war on drugs. A) drug general B) drug kingpin C) drug commandant D) drug czar Answer: D Page Ref: 558 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Basic 11) Which of the following is considered to be a designer drug? A) Marijuana B) Ecstasy C) Opioids D) Mescaline Answer: B Page Ref: 557 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Intermediate

12) Which of the following federal laws created federal drug courts? A) The 1994 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act B) The 1997 Drug-Free Communities Act C) The 2016 Twenty-first Century Cures Act D) The 1988 Anti-Drug Abuse Act Answer: C Page Ref: 559 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Basic 13) The most commonly used illicit drug is ________. A) cocaine B) heroin C) inhalants D) marijuana Answer: D Page Ref: 561 Objective: Describe the most common drugs used in the United States and who uses them. Level: Basic 14) According to the federal Consolidated Appropriations Act, the federal government may not use the Act's funds to ________. A) oppose the legalization of marijuana use B) target international drug trafficking rings C) prevent states from implementing laws authorizing the use of medical marijuana D) criminalize any new designer drugs that are created after the passage of the Act Answer: C Page Ref: 562 Objective: Describe the most common drugs used in the United States and who uses them. Level: Intermediate 15) Cocaine users who speedball cocaine are mixing it with ________. A) LSD B) heroin C) marijuana D) MDMA Answer: B Page Ref: 563 Objective: Describe the most common drugs used in the United States and who uses them. Level: Intermediate

16) The Heroin Signature Program identifies the ________ of a heroin sample. A) port of entry B) source countries C) distribution method D) level of drug purity Answer: B Page Ref: 565 Objective: Describe the most common drugs used in the United States and who uses them. Level: Intermediate 17) ________ are synthetic psychoactive substances often found at "raves" and dance parties. A) Recreational drugs B) Psychoactive drugs C) Curtilage drugs D) Club drugs Answer: D Page Ref: 455 Objective: Describe the most common drugs used in the United States and who uses them. Level: Basic 18) Stealing prescription medicines for recreational use is known as ________. A) drug trafficking B) psychoactive control C) pharmaceutical diversion D) interdiction Answer: C Page Ref: 568 Objective: Describe the most common drugs used in the United States and who uses them. Level: Basic 19) Which of the following is a direct cost of a burglary committed to support a drug habit? A) The homeowner's lost wages from missed work time spent dealing with the aftermath of the burglary B) The value of the time the homeowner spends at court C) The value of the property stolen during the burglary D) The mental stress resulting from the crime Answer: C Page Ref: 568 Objective: Explain the link between drugs and other social costs. Level: Intermediate

20) Why is HIV/AIDS considered to be a cost associated with drug use? A) People with HIV/AIDS are likely to become addicted to drugs as a result of contracting the disease. B) Drug users who have HIV/AIDS are likely to deliberately infect others. C) A large percentage of HIV infection is linked to intravenous drug use. D) HIV/AIDS is not considered a cost associated with drug use. Answer: C Page Ref: 558 Objective: Explain the link between drugs and other social costs. Level: Difficult 21) The federal government spends the most money on which method of combating the drug problem? A) Interdiction B) Prevention C) International law enforcement D) Treatment Answer: D Page Ref: 571 Objective: Explain the link between drugs and other social costs. Level: Intermediate 22) Which strategy for attacking the drug problem may lead to greater long term problems including possibly increasing crime by keeping drug prices higher than they would otherwise be? A) Drug courts B) Interdiction C) Strict law enforcement D) Asset forfeiture Answer: C Page Ref: 572 Objective: Summarize various efforts to respond to the drug problem, including your assessment of each effort's effectiveness. Level: Basic 23) Which anti-drug strategy authorizes the seizure of any illicit proceeds from crimes relating to illicit drugs? A) Strict domestic enforcement B) Interdiction C) Crop control D) Asset forfeiture Answer: D Page Ref: 572 Objective: Summarize various efforts to respond to the drug problem, including your assessment of each effort's effectiveness. Level: Basic

24) A U.S. Customs and Border Protection agent stationed at a major international airport seizes a large supply of cocaine found hidden in an airline passenger's baggage. This is an example of which drug-control strategy? A) Forfeiture B) Interdiction C) Crop control D) Strict law enforcement Answer: B Page Ref: 574 Objective: Summarize various efforts to respond to the drug problem, including your assessment of each effort's effectiveness. Level: Basic 25) Research studies have called into question the effectiveness of which anti-drug strategy? A) School-based drug education B) Drug courts C) Asset forfeiture D) International drug-control treaties Answer: A Page Ref: 576 Objective: Summarize various efforts to respond to the drug problem, including your assessment of each effort's effectiveness. Level: Intermediate 26) Which of the following strategies substantially reduces the penalties associated with drug use but may not eliminate them entirely? A) Decriminalization B) Legalization C) Interdiction D) Drug court Answer: A Page Ref: 577 Objective: Summarize various efforts to respond to the drug problem, including your assessment of each effort's effectiveness. Level: Basic

27) What is the limitation model? A) A program that eliminates the laws and criminal penalties associated with the production, sale, and possession of some but not all drugs B) A program that redefines some illegal drug-related activities to make them ticketable rather than arrestable C) A program that makes certain drugs legally available but places limits on who can distribute them D) A program that reduces the severe mandatory sentences associated with various drug offenses Answer: C Page Ref: 578 Objective: Summarize various efforts to respond to the drug problem, including your assessment of each effort's effectiveness. Level: Basic 28) The two-market system would provide ________ with legitimate access to controlled substances. A) U.S. citizens B) individuals over the age of 21 C) registered people with drug addictions D) individuals who require drugs for medical purposes Answer: C Page Ref: 579 Objective: Summarize various efforts to respond to the drug problem, including your assessment of each effort's effectiveness. Level: Basic 16.2 True/False Questions 1) The number of women incarcerated for drug crimes is increasing at a faster rate than men. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 550 Objective: Define drugs and drug abuse and the impact drug use has on the American criminal justice system. Level: Basic 2) Drugs refer specifically to bioactive or psychoactive chemical substances that are proscribed by law. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 550 Objective: Define drugs and drug abuse and the impact drug use has on the American criminal justice system. Level: Basic

3) Psychoactive drugs have no legitimate medical uses. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 551 Objective: Define drugs and drug abuse and the impact drug use has on the American criminal justice system. Level: Basic 4) Most psychoactive substances are not addictive. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 551 Objective: Define drugs and drug abuse and the impact drug use has on the American criminal justice system. Level: Intermediate 5) The Harrison Act effectively eliminated legal access to heroin. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 554 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Basic 6) The Anti-Drug Abuse Act forms the basis of federal enforcement efforts today. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 555 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Basic 7) Physical dependence is a biologically based craving for a specific drug that results from frequent use of the substance. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 556 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Basic 8) Schedule V controlled substances are prescription drugs with a low potential for abuse. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 557 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Intermediate 9) Designer drugs are usually manufactured in hidden laboratories. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 557 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Basic

10) According to the Supreme Court, a police search of garbage for drug paraphernalia violates the Fourth Amendment right to privacy. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 559 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Intermediate 11) After President Joe Biden took office, the federal emphasis shifted to a harm reduction approach. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 560 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Intermediate 12) Heroin is the most dangerous commonly-used drug in the United States. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 564 Objective: Describe the most common drugs used in the United States and who uses them. Level: Intermediate 13) The primary source of ketamine is pharmaceutical diversion. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 568 Objective: Describe the most common drugs used in the United States and who uses them. Level: Intermediate 14) The value of stolen property is a type of indirect cost of drug crime. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 568 Objective: Explain the link between drugs and other social costs. Level: Intermediate 15) Drug traffickers tend to structure their transactions to be below $10,000 to avoid bank reporting requirements. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 570 Objective: Explain the link between drugs and other social costs. Level: Intermediate 16) Strict anti-drug enforcement measures are successful at discouraging widespread drug abuse. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 571 Objective: Summarize various efforts to respond to the drug problem, including your assessment of each effort's effectiveness. Level: Basic

17) The size of the U.S. international boundary makes interdiction efforts difficult. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 571 Objective: Summarize various efforts to respond to the drug problem, including your assessment of each effort's effectiveness. Level: Basic 18) Crop control is designed to control the foreign production of illegal drugs. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 574 Objective: Summarize various efforts to respond to the drug problem, including your assessment of each effort's effectiveness. Level: Basic 19) Research suggests that the DARE program is one of the most effective mechanisms for preventing or reducing drug usage among juveniles. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 575 Objective: Summarize various efforts to respond to the drug problem, including your assessment of each effort's effectiveness. Level: Basic 20) Offenders who participate in drug courts are less likely to be rearrested than offenders who go through traditional courts. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 576 Objective: Summarize various efforts to respond to the drug problem, including your assessment of each effort's effectiveness. Level: Intermediate 21) Legalization involves eliminating the laws and criminal penalties associated with the use or possession of a drug. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 577*578 Objective: Summarize various efforts to respond to the drug problem, including your assessment of each effort's effectiveness. Level: Basic 22) The two-market approach makes drugs legally available and removes criminal penalties. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 579 Objective: Summarize various efforts to respond to the drug problem, including your assessment of each effort's effectiveness. Level: Intermediate

16.3 Fill in the Blank Questions 1) Drug abuse shares many characteristics with ________ crimes such as gambling and sex work. Answer: victimless Page Ref: 550 Objective: Define drugs and drug abuse and the impact drug use has on the American criminal justice system. Level: Basic 2) ________ drug use involves the relatively infrequent use of illicit drugs, primarily with friends. Answer: Recreational Page Ref: 550 Objective: Define drugs and drug abuse and the impact drug use has on the American criminal justice system. Level: Basic 3) Opium was brought to the United States by ________ immigrants. Answer: Chinese Page Ref: 552 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Basic 4) ________ is the only psychoactive substance whose consumption has been shown to commonly increase aggression. Answer: Alcohol Page Ref: 552 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Basic 5) The ________ approach to current drug policy in the U.S. suggests that drug-control policies are necessary to prevent the collapse of public order and of society itself. Answer: legalist Page Ref: 554 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Intermediate 6) Because it was not considered a dangerous drug, marijuana was not included in the first federal antidrug legislation, the ________ Act. Answer: Harrison Page Ref: 554 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Basic

7) ________ drugs like meth, MDMA, and GHB are created in clandestine laboratories. Answer: Designer Page Ref: 557 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Basic 8) Drug ________ involves the transporting, storage, importing, exporting, or sale of a controlled substance. Answer: trafficking Page Ref: 561 Objective: Describe the most common drugs used in the United States and who uses them. Level: Intermediate 9) The most potent central nervous system stimulant of natural origin is ________. Answer: cocaine Page Ref: 563 Objective: Describe the most common drugs used in the United States and who uses them. Level: Difficult 10) ________, which is a derivative of opium, is becoming increasingly popular among younger users. Answer: Heroin Page Ref: 564-565 Objective: Describe the most common drugs used in the United States and who uses them. Level: Intermediate 11) Known on the street as speed or ice, ________ is a stimulant drug that has strong effects on the central nervous system and may change how the brain functions. Answer: methamphetamine Page Ref: 565 Objective: Describe the most common drugs used in the United States and who uses them. Level: Intermediate 12) ________ drugs are synthetic psychoactive substances often found at bars and "raves." Answer: Club Page Ref: 566 Objective: Describe the most common drugs used in the United States and who uses them. Level: Basic 13) Pharmaceutical ________ involves the theft of prescription medicines for non-legitimate purposes. Answer: diversion Page Ref: 568 Objective: Describe the most common drugs used in the United States and who uses them. Level: Basic

14) ________ costs are costs that are immediately associated with drug crimes. Answer: Direct Page Ref: 568 Objective: Explain the link between drugs and other social costs. Level: Basic 15) ________ allows for the seizure of anything of value derived from illegal enterprise. Answer: Forfeiture Page Ref: 572 Objective: Summarize various efforts to respond to the drug problem, including your assessment of each effort's effectiveness. Level: Basic 16) ________ is a federal statute that allows for the federal seizure of assets derived from illegal enterprise. Answer: RICO Page Ref: 572 Objective: Summarize various efforts to respond to the drug problem, including your assessment of each effort's effectiveness. Level: Intermediate 17) ________ involves intercepting drug traffic at the nation's borders. Answer: Interdiction Page Ref: 574 Objective: Summarize various efforts to respond to the drug problem, including your assessment of each effort's effectiveness. Level: Basic 18) The ________ of drugs would eliminate the laws and criminal penalties associated with their use or possession. Answer: legalization Page Ref: 577-578 Objective: Summarize various efforts to respond to the drug problem, including your assessment of each effort's effectiveness. Level: Basic 19) ________ involves reducing the penalties associated with drug use but not eliminating them completely. Answer: Decriminalization Page Ref: 577-578 Objective: Summarize various efforts to respond to the drug problem, including your assessment of each effort's effectiveness. Level: Basic

20) The ________ model proposes making drugs legally available but limiting which professions and institutions can distribute the drugs. Answer: limitation Page Ref: 578 Objective: Summarize various efforts to respond to the drug problem, including your assessment of each effort's effectiveness. Level: Intermediate 16.4 Matching Questions Match the term in the numbered column with the answer in the lettered column. A) Created federal drug schedules and associated penalties B) Restricted access to substances used in the manufacture of methamphetamine C) Removed heroin from the list of medically useful substances and made marijuana a federally prohibited controlled substance D) Authorized the death penalty for federal offenders involved in large-scale drug trafficking and mandated life imprisonment for offenders convicted of three violent felonies or drug offenses E) Authorized $1 billion in grants to states to address drug problems and funded the creation of additional federal drug courts F) Required anyone dealing in narcotics to register with the federal government and pay an annual tax G) Increased penalties for recreational drug use and allowed areas to be designated as highintensity drug-trafficking areas H) Criminalized designer drugs I) Created drug-free school zones and enhanced drug-control and drug-education programs in schools J) Required patent medicines be properly and accurately labeled 1) Anti-Drug Abuse Act Page Ref: 554-559 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Intermediate 2) Food and Drug Act Page Ref: 554-559 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Intermediate 3) Analogue Act Page Ref: 554-559 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Intermediate

4) Harrison Act Page Ref: 554-559 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Intermediate 5) Boggs Act Page Ref: 554-559 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Intermediate 6) Controlled Substances Act Page Ref: 554-559 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Intermediate 7) Crime Control Act Page Ref: 554-559 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Intermediate 8) USA PATRIOT Act reauthorization Page Ref: 554-559 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Intermediate 9) Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act Page Ref: 554-559 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Intermediate 10) Twenty-first Century Cures Act Page Ref: 554-559 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Intermediate Answers: 1) G 2) J 3) H 4) F 5) C 6) A 7) I 8) B 9) D 10) E

Match the drug to the appropriate federal drug schedule. A) Schedule III B) Schedule I C) Schedule V D) Schedule II E) Schedule IV 11) PCP Page Ref: 555-557 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Intermediate 12) Valium Page Ref: 555-557 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Intermediate 13) Cough suppressants Page Ref: 555-557 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Intermediate 14) Marijuana Page Ref: 555-557 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Intermediate 15) Anabolic steroids Page Ref: 555-557 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Intermediate 16) Hydrocodone Page Ref: 555-557 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Intermediate 17) Cocaine Page Ref: 555-557 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Intermediate 18) Methamphetamine Page Ref: 555-557 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Intermediate 17 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

19) Heroin Page Ref: 555-557 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Intermediate 20) Librium Page Ref: 555-557 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Intermediate Answers: 11) D 12) E 13) C 14) B 15) A 16) A 17) D 18) D 19) B 20) E Match the strategy for attacking the drug problem in the United States with the appropriate example. A) A major drug dealer is arrested and the profits from his business are seized by the court B) A Coast Guard cutter prevents a cargo ship carrying 15 tons of cocaine from docking at the Port of Miami C) A media campaign is planned that is designed to emphasize the dangers of drug use D) Individuals found in possession of small amounts of marijuana are punished with a fine, rather than any time in jail E) Law enforcement agents eradicate an opium crop in South America 21) Forfeiture Page Ref: 571-578 Objective: Summarize various efforts to respond to the drug problem, including your assessment of each effort's effectiveness. Level: Intermediate 22) Interdiction Page Ref: 571-578 Objective: Summarize various efforts to respond to the drug problem, including your assessment of each effort's effectiveness. Level: Intermediate 23) Decriminalization Page Ref: 571-578 Objective: Summarize various efforts to respond to the drug problem, including your assessment of each effort's effectiveness. Level: Intermediate 24) Anti-drug education Page Ref: 571-578 Objective: Summarize various efforts to respond to the drug problem, including your assessment of each effort's effectiveness. Level: Intermediate 18 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

25) Crop control Page Ref: 571-578 Objective: Summarize various efforts to respond to the drug problem, including your assessment of each effort's effectiveness. Level: Intermediate Answers: 21) A 22) B 23) D 24) C 25) E 16.5 Essay Questions 1) What is a "drug"? How do laws and social conventions affect whether a substance is viewed as a drug? Answer: Answers should include a definition of a drug as any chemical substance that has a noticeable effect on the mind or body. Answers should explain that both the law and social convention make strong distinctions between drugs that are socially acceptable and those that are not and explain that some substances may have profound effects on the mind and body are not even thought of as drugs. Page Ref: 550-552 Objective: Define drugs and drug abuse and the impact drug use has on the American criminal justice system. Level: Intermediate 2) Describe the purpose of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 and explain the schedules that were created by the Act. Answer: Answers should explain that the Act was a response to growing concerns about American's drug problem and was designed to encompass all aspects of drug abuse and to permit federal intervention at all levels of use. Answers should also review the five schedules (Schedules I-V) that were set up by Title II, the Controlled Substances Act (CSA), and that classify psychoactive drugs according to their degree of psychoactivity and abuse potential. Page Ref: 555-557 Objective: Discuss the history of drug use and abuse, and drug control legislation in America. Level: Difficult 3) List and briefly define the six general types of strategies for attacking the drug problem. Provide an analysis of the effectiveness of each. Answer: Answers should include definitions of each of the six strategies: strict law enforcement; asset forfeiture; interdiction; crop control; prevention and treatment; and legalization and decriminalization. Answers should also discuss the effectiveness, or lack of effectiveness, of each strategy. Page Ref: 571-579 Objective: Summarize various efforts to respond to the drug problem, including your assessment of each effort's effectiveness. Level: Difficult

16.6 Critical Thinking Questions 1) The question of the legalization and/or decriminalization of drugs is a controversial topic that elicits strong opinions on both sides of the topic. Define both approaches and present and analyze some of the arguments that have been offered in support of each. Explain the limitation model and give an example of it. Explain whether or not you are in favor of the legalization, decriminalization, and/or limitation of drugs and support your opinion with facts and data where appropriate. Answer: Answers will vary but should include definitions of both legalization (the elimination of laws and criminal penalties associated with the use or possession of a drug) and decriminalization (the reduction of penalties). Arguments for and against legalization and decriminalization should be presented. The limitation model should be identified as a compromise approach to drug legalization. An example of the limitation model that may be presented is the two-market system. A key element of the answer is a discussion of the student's opinion regarding decriminalization, legalization, and limitation as well as support for that opinion. Page Ref: 577-579 Objective: Summarize various efforts to respond to the drug problem, including your assessment of each effort's effectiveness. Level: Difficult

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 17e (Schmalleger) Chapter 17 Terrorism and Multinational Criminal Justice 17.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) A(n) ________ criminologist is involved in the cross-national study of crime. A) ethnocentric B) classical C) biosocial D) comparative Answer: D Page Ref: 586 Objective: None - Chapter intro Level: Basic 2) ________ people tend to believe that their social or ethnic group and culture are superior to others. A) Globalized B) Transnational C) Ethnocentric D) Infrastructured Answer: C Page Ref: 587 Objective: None - Chapter intro Level: Basic 3) What is the biggest problem researchers encounter when comparing the crime rates of different nations? A) Differences in the definition of specific crimes B) Differences in practices of crime reporting C) Political influences on the reporting of crime statistics to international agencies D) Biases in the interpretation of crime statistics Answer: A Page Ref: 588 Objective: None - Chapter intro Level: Intermediate 4) Under Islamic law, fatwahs are ________. A) crimes that are considered to be offenses against God B) commands from God that must be obeyed C) the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad D) commands from a religious leader that must be obeyed Answer: D Page Ref: 589 Objective: Describe the principles that form the basis of Islamic law. Level: Intermediate 1 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

5) Under Islamic law, ________ crimes are considered offenses against God. A) Tazir B) Hudud C) Koranic D) Arabic Answer: B Page Ref: 590 Objective: Describe the principles that form the basis of Islamic law. Level: Basic 6) Which of the following is a tazir crime? A) Adultery B) Murder C) Drinking alcohol D) Theft Answer: B Page Ref: 591 Objective: Describe the principles that form the basis of Islamic law. Level: Intermediate 7) Which of the following statements about tazir crimes is true? A) Tazir crimes are offenses against God. B) Tazir crimes include actions that may be considered acceptable in a spiritual society. C) Representatives of the victim may administer the punishment for a tazir crime. D) Punishments for tazir crimes do not involve physical punishments. Answer: C Page Ref: 591 Objective: Describe the principles that form the basis of Islamic law. Level: Difficult 8) Islamic justice is based mainly on ________. A) the moral conceptions of individual judges B) a rational and predictable legal code C) the personal moral code of the crime victim D) the offender's social status Answer: A Page Ref: 591 Objective: Describe the principles that form the basis of Islamic law. Level: Intermediate

9) What is the International Bill of Human Rights? A) A UN code that calls for fair treatment of incarcerated people B) A UN resolution supporting the rights and dignity of anyone coming into contact with a criminal justice system C) A UN code encouraging law enforcement officers to be aware of individual rights when performing their duties D) An international agreement facilitating the international sharing of information and research findings Answer: B Page Ref: 592 Objective: List important international criminal justice organizations, and summarize their collective role in fighting international crime. Level: Intermediate 10) What is Interpol's main purpose? A) To serve as a global judicial institution with international jurisdiction complementing national legal systems around the world B) To collect and disseminate intelligence among the member nations of the European Union C) To act as a clearinghouse for information on offenses and suspects believed to operate across national boundaries D) To increase globalization of criminal justice Answer: C Page Ref: 593 Objective: List important international criminal justice organizations, and summarize their collective role in fighting international crime. Level: Basic 11) Although the initiative to develop the International Criminal Court began in the 1940s, it was delayed by ________. A) the Nuremberg trials B) the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina C) World War II D) the cold war Answer: D Page Ref: 595 Objective: List important international criminal justice organizations, and summarize their collective role in fighting international crime. Level: Intermediate

12) Prior to the creation of the International Criminal Court, the courts in Belgium were available to the rest of the world for the prosecution of ________. A) alleged violations of civil rights B) alleged crimes against humanity C) allegations of international drug trafficking D) allegations of violent crimes that crossed national boundaries Answer: B Page Ref: 595 Objective: List important international criminal justice organizations, and summarize their collective role in fighting international crime. Level: Intermediate 13) ________ involves the internationalization of trade, services, investment, information, and other forms of human social activity. A) Transnationalism B) Ethnocentrism C) Extradition D) Globalization Answer: D Page Ref: 596 Objective: Explain globalization and its possible relationship to transnational crime and terrorism. Level: Basic 14) ________ has emerged as one of the most pressing challenges of the early 21st century. A) Domestic terrorism B) Transnational crime C) Serious violent crime D) The development of new designer drugs Answer: B Page Ref: 596-597 Objective: Explain globalization and its possible relationship to transnational crime and terrorism. Level: Intermediate 15) According to the National Institute of Justice, transnational crime groups profit more from globalization than legitimate businesses because ________. A) legitimate businesses do not take advantage of their global opportunities B) legitimate businesses are subject to the laws and regulations of domestic and host countries C) transnational groups are not subject to extradition D) legitimate businesses cannot influence governmental policy Answer: B Page Ref: 585 Objective: Explain globalization and its possible relationship to transnational crime and terrorism. Level: Intermediate 4 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

16) Which of the following criminalized the transportation of women for immoral purposes, such as sex work? A) The Mann Act B) The Trafficking Victims Protection Act C) The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act D) The Hyperglobalization Act Answer: A Page Ref: 598 Objective: Distinguish between human smuggling and human trafficking, and describe the extent of both problems today. Level: Basic 17) Illegal immigration in which an agent is paid to help a person cross a border clandestinely is known as ________. A) trafficking in persons B) sex trafficking C) human smuggling D) domestic terrorism Answer: C Page Ref: 599 Objective: Distinguish between human smuggling and human trafficking, and describe the extent of both problems today. Level: Basic 18) What is the key difference between human smuggling and trafficking in persons? A) Human smuggling generally occurs with the consent of the person being smuggled while trafficking in persons does not. B) Human smuggling involves active coercion while trafficking in persons does not. C) Trafficking in persons threatens the lives of the undocumented immigrants while human smuggling does not. D) There is no difference between the two. Answer: A Page Ref: 599 Objective: Distinguish between human smuggling and human trafficking, and describe the extent of both problems today. Level: Intermediate 19) Trafficking in persons is often committed ________. A) to help people escape repressive government regimes B) for purposes of sexual or labor exploitation C) to reunite families D) These are all purposes of trafficking. Answer: B Page Ref: 599 Objective: Distinguish between human smuggling and human trafficking, and describe the extent of both problems today. Level: Intermediate 5 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

20) Which of the following is an element of human smuggling? A) The person being smuggled is usually coerced. B) The person being smuggled is exploited or forced to perform some type of labor. C) The person being smuggled is generally cooperating. D) The person being smuggled does not have to cross a border. Answer: C Page Ref: 600 Objective: Distinguish between human smuggling and human trafficking, and describe the extent of both problems today. Level: Intermediate 21) Which of the following is a characteristic of trafficking? A) Trafficking always involves crossing an international border. B) Trafficking involves the cooperation of the person being transported. C) Trafficking involves forced labor or exploitation. D) Trafficking facilitates the illegal entry of people from one country to another. Answer: C Page Ref: 600 Objective: Distinguish between human smuggling and human trafficking, and describe the extent of both problems today. Level: Intermediate 22) The ________ established the Human Smuggling and Trafficking Center within the U.S. State Department. A) Homeland Security Act B) Trafficking Victims Protection Act C) Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act D) Immigration and Nationality Act Answer: C Page Ref: 600 Objective: Distinguish between human smuggling and human trafficking, and describe the extent of both problems today. Level: Difficult 23) According to Gwynn Nettler, terrorists may kill one person and frighten ten thousand. This is an example of which characteristic of terrorism? A) Lack of rules B) Economy C) Lack of clarity D) Meaning Answer: B Page Ref: 601 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Basic

24) The unlawful use of force or violence by an individual or a group that is based and operates entirely within the United States and its territories, acts without foreign direction, and directs its activities against elements of the U.S. government or population is known as ________ terrorism. A) international B) national C) domestic D) foreign Answer: C Page Ref: 602 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Basic 25) ________ terrorism refers only to acts of terrorism that occur outside the United States. A) Domestic B) International C) Anarchist D) Foreign Answer: D Page Ref: 602 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Basic 26) Which of the following is an example of domestic terrorism? A) The 1995 Oklahoma City bombing B) The events of September 11, 2001 C) The 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center in New York D) The 1996 truck bomb attack on the U.S. military barracks in Dhahran Answer: A Page Ref: 602 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Basic 27) The first time that Americans were undeniably the target of international terrorism occurred in ________. A) 1988, with the bombing of Pan-Am flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland B) 1993, with the bombing of the World Trade Center C) 1996, with the truck bomb attack on U.S. military barracks in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia D) 2001, with the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon Answer: A Page Ref: 604 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Intermediate

28) The U.S. Department of State consider ________ to be the most active state sponsor of terrorism. A) Iraq B) Iran C) North Korea D) Cuba Answer: B Page Ref: 605 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Intermediate 29) The vulnerability of America's infrastructure creates serious concerns about possible acts of ________. A) narcoterrorism B) cyberterrorism C) global terrorism D) ethnocentric terrorism Answer: B Page Ref: 605-606 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Intermediate 30) The link between drug traffickers and terrorists has been termed ________. A) narcoterrorism B) domestic terrorism C) international terrorism D) globalization Answer: A Page Ref: 606 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Basic 31) Free and open international borders contributes to which level of the building process for international terrorism? A) Leadership B) Organization C) Underlying conditions D) International environment Answer: D Page Ref: 607 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Intermediate

32) According to the Bipartisan Policy Center's National Security Preparedness Group report, the biggest threat to American national security may now come from ________. A) small groups of homegrown terrorists B) the Mexican drug trade C) undocumented immigrants from Canada D) large groups of terrorists from Saudi Arabia Answer: A Page Ref: 609 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Intermediate 33) The 2011 National Strategy for Counterterrorism maintained a focus on ________. A) preventing domestic terrorism B) deterring Islamic-inspired terrorism C) expanding the USA PATRIOT Act D) expanding the Department of Homeland Security Answer: B Page Ref: 610 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Intermediate 17.2 True/False Questions 1) Ethnocentrism does not interfere with the work of comparative criminologists. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 587 Objective: None - Chapter intro Level: Basic 2) Comparative criminologists have found that most countries have similar definitions of common crimes such as robbery or auto theft. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 588 Objective: None - Chapter intro Level: Basic 3) Under Islamic law, tazir crimes are crimes against God. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 590-591 Objective: Describe the principles that form the basis of Islamic law. Level: Basic 4) Today, under modern Islamic law, men and women are treated similarly. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 591 Objective: Describe the principles that form the basis of Islamic law. Level: Basic 9 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

5) The International Bill of Human Rights is a UN resolution supporting the rights and dignity of anyone coming into contact with a criminal justice system. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 592 Objective: List important international criminal justice organizations, and summarize their collective role in fighting international crime. Level: Basic 6) Interpol has no field agents and has no powers of arrest in member countries. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 594 Objective: List important international criminal justice organizations, and summarize their collective role in fighting international crime. Level: Basic 7) The International Criminal Court is a global institution that is used for trying countries engaged in serious crimes such as state-sponsored terrorism. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 595 Objective: List important international criminal justice organizations, and summarize their collective role in fighting international crime. Level: Intermediate 8) People who want to retrain traditional ways of thinking and acting may oppose globalization. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 596 Objective: Explain globalization and its possible relationship to transnational crime and terrorism. Level: Intermediate 9) Transnational crime is becoming a less serious issue in the 21st century. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 597 Objective: Explain globalization and its possible relationship to transnational crime and terrorism. Level: Basic 10) George, who is a Chinese citizen, commits a crime in the United States. This is an example of a transnational crime. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 597 Objective: Explain globalization and its possible relationship to transnational crime and terrorism. Level: Intermediate

11) The surrender by one country to another of an individual accused or convicted of an offense in the second country is known as transnational justice. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 598 Objective: Explain globalization and its possible relationship to transnational crime and terrorism. Level: Intermediate 12) Trafficking in persons involves exploiting unwilling people through force or threat. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 599 Objective: Distinguish between human smuggling and human trafficking, and describe the extent of both problems today. Level: Intermediate 13) Human smuggling is a form of illegal immigration. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 599 Objective: Distinguish between human smuggling and human trafficking, and describe the extent of both problems today. Level: Basic 14) The majority of people who are assisted in illegally entering the U.S. each year are trafficked rather than smuggled. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 599 Objective: Distinguish between human smuggling and human trafficking, and describe the extent of both problems today. Level: Basic 15) Victims of trafficking can be trafficked within their own countries and communities. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 599 Objective: Distinguish between human smuggling and human trafficking, and describe the extent of both problems today. Level: Basic 16) Human smuggling generally involves some form of forced labor or exploitation. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 600 Objective: Distinguish between human smuggling and human trafficking, and describe the extent of both problems today. Level: Intermediate

17) Human smuggling and human trafficking arise from similar underlying conditions. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 600 Objective: Distinguish between human smuggling and human trafficking, and describe the extent of both problems today. Level: Intermediate 18) People who are smuggled into the U.S. are considered to be victims. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 600 Objective: Distinguish between human smuggling and human trafficking, and describe the extent of both problems today. Level: Intermediate 19) Domestic terrorism is committed by individuals or groups that are based and operate entirely within the United States. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 602 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Basic 20) Foreign terrorism may involve terrorist acts that take place within the U.S. if the offenders have some connection to a foreign power. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 602 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Basic 21) Cyberterrorism can be either domestic or international in origin. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 605 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Intermediate 22) According to the U.S. State Department, Syria is the most active state sponsor of terrorism today. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 605 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Intermediate 23) Narcoterrorism uses the Internet and the World Wide Web to plan and carry out terrorist attacks. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 606 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Basic 12 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

24) In the building process for international terrorist organizations, poverty, political corruption, and religious conflict are examples of underlying conditions that lead to terrorism. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 607 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Intermediate 25) The Secret Service is part of the Department of Homeland Security. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 609 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Basic 26) An organization based in the United States may still be designated as a foreign terrorist organization if it has members who are not U.S. citizens. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 611 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Difficult 27) If an organization is designated as a foreign terrorist organization by the U.S. government, some members may be kept from entering the U.S. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 611 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Basic 17.3 Fill in the Blank Questions 1) People who are ________ believe in the superiority of their own social or ethnic group and culture. Answer: Ethnocentric Page Ref: 587 Objective: None - Chapter intro Level: Basic 2) ________ differences create the biggest problem for cross-national comparisons of crime data. Answer: Definitional Page Ref: 588 Objective: None - Chapter intro Level: Basic

3) A(n) ________ crime is a serious violation of Islamic law that is regarded as an offense against God, such as theft, robbery, adultery, or alcohol consumption. Answer: Hudud Page Ref: 590 Objective: Describe the principles that form the basis of Islamic law. Level: Basic 4) The integrated police intelligence-gathering and dissemination arm of the member nations of the European Union is called ________. Answer: Europol Page Ref: 594-595 Objective: List important international criminal justice organizations, and summarize their collective role in fighting international crime. Level: Basic 5) ________ refers to the internationalization of trade, information, crime, and other forms of human social activity. Answer: Globalization Page Ref: 596 Objective: Explain globalization and its possible relationship to transnational crime and terrorism. Level: Basic 6) The increasingly rapid pace of the globalization process is known as ________. Answer: hyperglobalization Page Ref: 596 Objective: Explain globalization and its possible relationship to transnational crime and terrorism. Level: Basic 7) ________ organized crime involves unlawful activity that crosses national boundaries. Answer: Transnational Page Ref: 596 Objective: Explain globalization and its possible relationship to transnational crime and terrorism. Level: Basic 8) If an individual suspected of engaging in terrorist acts in the U.S. is living in France, France may be asked to ________ the suspect so that s/he can be tried in an American court. Answer: extradite Page Ref: 598 Objective: Explain globalization and its possible relationship to transnational crime and terrorism. Level: Intermediate

9) The ________ Act is a federal law that criminalized the transportation of women or girls for the purpose of sex work. Answer: Mann Page Ref: 598 Objective: Distinguish between human smuggling and human trafficking, and describe the extent of both problems today. Level: Basic 10) Sex ________ occurs when someone is induced to engage in a commercial sex act by force, fraud, or coercion. Answer: trafficking Page Ref: 598 Objective: Distinguish between human smuggling and human trafficking, and describe the extent of both problems today. Level: Basic 11) Human ________ is a form of illegal immigration in which an agent is paid to help a person cross a border clandestinely. Answer: smuggling Page Ref: 599 Objective: Distinguish between human smuggling and human trafficking, and describe the extent of both problems today. Level: Basic 12) ________ terrorism occurs entirely within the United States. Answer: Domestic Page Ref: 602 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Basic 13) A form of terrorism that makes use of high technology, especially computers and the Internet, in the planning and carrying out of terrorist attacks is called ________. Answer: cyberterrorism Page Ref: 605 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Basic 14) A country's ________ includes transportation and communications systems as well as power and water lines. Answer: infrastructure Page Ref: 605 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Basic

15) ________ is a political alliance or link between major drug traffickers and terrorist groups. Answer: Narcoterrorism Page Ref: 606 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Basic 17.4 Matching Questions For each crime, identify whether it is considered a Hudud crime or a tazir crime under Islamic law. A) Tazir B) Hudud 1) Murder Page Ref: 590-591 Objective: Describe the principles that form the basis of Islamic law. Level: Intermediate 2) Theft Page Ref: 590-591 Objective: Describe the principles that form the basis of Islamic law. Level: Intermediate 3) Assault Page Ref: 590-591 Objective: Describe the principles that form the basis of Islamic law. Level: Intermediate 4) Maiming Page Ref: 590-591 Objective: Describe the principles that form the basis of Islamic law. Level: Intermediate 5) Adultery Page Ref: 590-591 Objective: Describe the principles that form the basis of Islamic law. Level: Intermediate 6) Drinking alcohol Page Ref: 590-591 Objective: Describe the principles that form the basis of Islamic law. Level: Intermediate 7) Manslaughter Page Ref: 590-591 Objective: Describe the principles that form the basis of Islamic law. Level: Intermediate 16 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

8) Highway robbery Page Ref: 590-591 Objective: Describe the principles that form the basis of Islamic law. Level: Intermediate Answers: 1) A 2) B 3) A 4) A 5) B 6) B 7) A 8) B Match each characteristic to the type of crime. A) Human trafficking/trafficking in persons B) Human smuggling 9) The people involved are victims Page Ref: 598-600 Objective: Distinguish between human smuggling and human trafficking, and describe the extent of both problems today. Level: Intermediate 10) May or may not involve crossing an international border Page Ref: 598-600 Objective: Distinguish between human smuggling and human trafficking, and describe the extent of both problems today. Level: Intermediate 11) The people involved are violating the law Page Ref: 598-600 Objective: Distinguish between human smuggling and human trafficking, and describe the extent of both problems today. Level: Intermediate 12) Contains an element of force, fraud, or coercion Page Ref: 598-600 Objective: Distinguish between human smuggling and human trafficking, and describe the extent of both problems today. Level: Intermediate 13) Involves no forced labor or other exploitation Page Ref: 598-600 Objective: Distinguish between human smuggling and human trafficking, and describe the extent of both problems today. Level: Intermediate 14) Individuals are free to change jobs or leave Page Ref: 598-600 Objective: Distinguish between human smuggling and human trafficking, and describe the extent of both problems today. Level: Intermediate 17 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

15) Individuals involved generally are cooperating Page Ref: 598-600 Objective: Distinguish between human smuggling and human trafficking, and describe the extent of both problems today. Level: Intermediate 16) People involved have their movements limited or their documents confiscated Page Ref: 598-600 Objective: Distinguish between human smuggling and human trafficking, and describe the extent of both problems today. Level: Intermediate Answers: 9) A 10) A 11) B 12) A 13) B 14) B 15) B 16) A Classify each terrorist act as domestic or international terrorism. A) Domestic B) International 17) The destruction of Pan American's London-New York Flight 103 Page Ref: 602-605 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Intermediate 18) The destruction of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001 Page Ref: 602-605 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Intermediate 19) The bombing in Atlanta during the 1996 Olympics Page Ref: 602-605 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Intermediate 20) The 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center Page Ref: 602-605 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Intermediate 21) The Oklahoma City bombing Page Ref: 602-605 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Intermediate

22) The activities of the Unabomber Page Ref: 602-605 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Intermediate 23) The attacks on U.S. embassies in Kenya, Nairobi, and Dares Salaam Page Ref: 602-605 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Intermediate 24) The bombing during the 2013 Boston Marathon Page Ref: 602-605 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Intermediate Answers: 17) B 18) B 19) A 20) B 21) A 22) A 23) B 24) A 17.5 Essay Questions 1) Explain the four main reasons why comparative criminologists may find it difficult to compare the crime rates of different nations. Answer: Answers should review the four key reasons why crime rates of different nations are difficult to compare: definitional differences; diverse crime-reporting practices; political and other influences on the reporting of statistics to international agencies; and social, cultural, and economic differences. Page Ref: 588 Objective: None - Chapter intro Level: Intermediate 2) Islamic courts typically exist on three levels. Explain and define those three levels and how they differ from each other. Answer: Answers should review the three main levels of Islamic courts: first level courts, second level courts, and special courts. Answers should include the types of cases heard by each level and the differences among the levels when appeals are attempted. Page Ref: 591 Objective: Describe the principles that form the basis of Islamic law. Level: Intermediate

3) According to the United Nations, an offense can be considered transnational in nature if any of four conditions are met. List and define these four conditions. Answer: Answers should explain the four conditions identified by the UN: • The offense is committed in more than one country • The offense is committed in one country but a substantial part of its preparation, planning, direction, or control takes place in another country • The offense is committed in one country but involves an organized criminal group that engages in criminal activities in more than one country • The offense is committed in one country but has substantial effects in another country. Page Ref: 597 Objective: Explain globalization and its possible relationship to transnational crime and terrorism. Level: Intermediate 4) Define human smuggling and trafficking in persons (TIP) and explain the similarities and differences between them. Answer: Answers should include the definitions of both human smuggling and trafficking in persons. The differences identified in Table 17-1 should form a key part of the answer. While there are significant differences between human smuggling and TIP, the underlying conditions that give rise to both illegal activities are often similar, and may include extreme poverty, lack of economic opportunity, civil unrest, and political uncertainty. Page Ref: 598-600 Objective: Distinguish between human smuggling and human trafficking, and describe the extent of both problems today. Level: Difficult 5) List and define the six characteristics that criminologist Gwynn Nettler say are shared by all forms of terrorism. Answer: Answers should both identify and define Nettler's six characteristics: no rules; no innocents; economy; publicity; meaning; and no clarity. Page Ref: 601 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Intermediate 6) According to federal law, what criteria must be met for an organization to be designated as a foreign terrorist organization (FTO)? What are the legal consequences of an FTO designation? Answer: Answers should explain the three criteria required for an organization to be designated as an FTO. Answers should also review the legal consequences of an FTO designation. Page Ref: 611 Objective: Define the five major types of terrorism. Level: Intermediate

17.6 Critical Thinking Questions 1) Given the difficulties in comparing crime rates among different countries, what value do such cross-national comparisons have? Answer: Answers will vary but should discuss how knowledge of the criminal justice systems of other countries may be used. Answers may also consider how cross-national comparisons may affect ethnocentrism and American exceptionalism. Page Ref: 586-589 Objective: None - Chapter intro Level: Difficult 2) How might increasing globalization affect criminals today? How might it affect the ability of criminal justice systems to address the problem of crime? Do you think that, overall, globalization is a positive thing or not? Explain your opinion. Answer: Answers will vary but should discuss how the process of globalization has encouraged international criminal activity, such as terrorism, drug trafficking, pornography, human trafficking, and organized crime. Answers should also discuss how globalization has contributed to increased international cooperation among criminal justice organizations and to the creation of Interpol, Europol, and the ICC. The student's opinion as to the nature of globalization and support for this opinion are key elements of the response. Page Ref: 580-586 Objective: Multiple Level: Difficult

Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text for the 21st Century, 17e (Schmalleger) Chapter 18 The Future of Criminal Justice 18.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) ________ includes criminal offenses committed through the use of altered genetic material. A) WMD B) Biometrics C) Biocrime D) Terrorist crime Answer: C Page Ref: 620 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Basic 2) ________ is a nontechnical type of cyber intrusion that involves tricking people into breaking security procedures, such as persuading them to give out password details. A) Criminal engineering B) Social engineering C) Hacking D) Profiling Answer: B Page Ref: 621 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Basic 3) ________ is a category of cybercrime that includes stealing trade secrets or copyrighted information. A) Theft of services B) Telemarketing fraud C) Electronic vandalism D) Information piracy Answer: D Page Ref: 622 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Intermediate

4) Planting a virus is an example of which category of cybercrime? A) Electronic vandalism B) Information piracy C) Telemarketing fraud D) Theft of services Answer: A Page Ref: 622 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Intermediate 5) ________ includes computer worms and Trojan horses. A) Technoware B) Malware C) Phishing D) Bioware Answer: B Page Ref: 623 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Basic 6) ________ is a form of high-technology fraud that uses official-looking e-mail messages to steal valuable information by directing victims to phony websites. A) Phishing B) Spam C) Spyware D) Worm Answer: A Page Ref: 623 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Basic 7) Illegally copying a software program is known as software ________. A) piracy B) attachment C) duplication D) phishing Answer: A Page Ref: 624 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Basic

8) In which part of the world does software piracy appear to be most common? A) The United States B) Latin America C) Western Europe D) Asia Answer: D Page Ref: 624 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Intermediate 9) Which of the following biocrimes would be considered bioterrorism? A) Illegally harvesting human organs for medical transplantation B) Human cloning C) Infecting food crops with toxins D) Illegally harvesting stem cells Answer: C Page Ref: 625 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Intermediate 10) What was the purpose of the SMILECon conference for police officers? A) To help develop ways to raise public opinion of the police B) To train police in the use of social media C) To make police aware of new high-technology investigative tools D) To create linkages between police and criminalists Answer: B Page Ref: 625 Objective: Describe the current and likely future roles of technology in both crime and in the fight against crime. Level: Intermediate 11) ________ applies scientific techniques to the detection and evaluation of criminal evidence. A) Profiling B) Pathology C) Social engineering D) Criminalistics Answer: D Page Ref: 628 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Basic

12) Alphonse Bertillon was responsible for creating the first ________. A) weapon of mass destruction B) human clone C) modern system of personal identification D) application of DNA technology in criminal cases Answer: C Page Ref: 628 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Basic 13) ________ is a system used to match a suspect's fingerprints against stored records. A) CODIS B) AFIS C) METAPOL D) VICAP Answer: B Page Ref: 629 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Basic 14) Which of the following is an example of an early form of biometric technology used to identify individuals? A) Voice authentication systems B) Fingerprinting C) Body odor sniffers D) Retinal scanning Answer: B Page Ref: 629 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Intermediate 15) ________ involves recognizing people by physical characteristics and personal traits. A) DNA profiling B) Forensic anthropology C) Ballistics D) Biometrics Answer: D Page Ref: 629 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Basic

16) Which criminalistics technique is used to reconstruct the likeness of a decomposed or dismembered body? A) Fingerprint analysis B) Forensic anthropology C) Medical pathology D) Forensic entomology Answer: B Page Ref: 629 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Basic 17) The study of insect behavior to determine the time of death of a corpse is called ________. A) forensic entomology B) evidence pathology C) forensic technology D) forensic anthropology Answer: A Page Ref: 629 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Basic 18) Which biometric technique is considered nearly infallible from a scientific point of view and is increasingly preferred by criminal justice experts as a method of identification? A) Digital fingerprint analysis B) Retinal scanning C) DNA analysis D) Hand geometry Answer: C Page Ref: 630 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Intermediate 19) Which of the following is an example of familial DNA searching? A) Using a convicted offender's DNA to confirm the paternity of a biological child B) Identifying a suspect by comparing their DNA to that of their biological relatives C) Conducting post-conviction DNA testing at the request of the suspect's biological family D) Using an inference engine to profile criminal suspects based on family characteristics Answer: B Page Ref: 634 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Intermediate

20) A law enforcement agency that wants to compare a DNA profile they obtained from a crime scene with other DNA profiles around the country would use which of the following national database? A) ViCAP B) NCIC C) METAPOL D) CODIS Answer: D Page Ref: 634 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Basic 21) ________ attempt(s) to duplicate the decision-making processes used by skilled investigators in evidence analysis and pattern recognition. A) Expert systems B) METAPOL C) Audit trails D) Augmented reality Answer: A Page Ref: 635 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Basic 22) ________ uses statistical techniques to analyze data and anticipate the likelihood of crime occurrence in locations of interest. A) Hot-spot policing B) Predictive policing C) An audit trail D) An expert system Answer: B Page Ref: 636 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Basic

23) The Department of Homeland Security is particularly concerned that weapons of mass destruction and other contraband useful to terrorists might enter the U.S. in which way? A) Airport cargo B) Illegal border crossings C) Clandestine trucking operations D) Seaport shipping containers Answer: D Page Ref: 637 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Intermediate 24) ________ technology is used to search cargo and luggage for particles left behind when narcotics and explosives contraband are packaged and handled. A) Radiation detection equipment B) Surveillance drone C) Trace detection D) Nanoreality Answer: C Page Ref: 638 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Basic 25) ________ technology provides users with real-time fact-based information that can be accessed during real-world activity. A) Cybertechnology B) Augmented reality C) Trace detection D) Nanoreality Answer: B Page Ref: 638 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Intermediate 26) In criminal justice, ________ are particularly significant because they may create perceived injustices. A) sentinel events B) audit trails C) technocrimes D) biometrics Answer: A Page Ref: 640 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Intermediate 7 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

18.2 True/False Questions 1) A crime that employs advanced or emerging technology in its commission is known as a cybercrime. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 619 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Basic 2) Illegally harvesting medical organs for transplantation is a type of biocrime. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 620 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Basic 3) The most likely way for a criminal to break through a computer network's security system is by using a hacker with advanced programming skills. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 621 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Intermediate 4) The Council of Europe cybercrime treaty focuses on standardizing cybercrime laws around the world. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 621-622 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Basic 5) Ransomware is a form of cybercrime. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 622 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Intermediate 6) Electronic money laundering is a form of information piracy. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 622 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Intermediate 8 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

7) The most expensive security incidents involve financial fraud. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 622 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Intermediate 8) The U.S. has one of the highest rates of software piracy in the world. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 624 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Intermediate 9) The criminal justice system formally regulates crimes that take place in the Metaverse. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 624 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Basic 10) Anthrax is a possible bioterrorism agent. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 625 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Intermediate 11) Social networking technologies can backfire and harm police during tactical situations. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 626 Objective: Describe the current and likely future roles of technology in both crime and in the fight against crime. Level: Intermediate 12) The use of technology in the service of criminal investigation, the application of scientific techniques to the detection and evaluation of criminal evidence is known as the field of criminalistics. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 628 Objective: Describe the current and likely future roles of technology in both crime and in the fight against crime. Level: Intermediate

13) A correctional officer is a criminalist. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 628 Objective: Describe the current and likely future roles of technology in both crime and in the fight against crime. Level: Intermediate 14) Alphonse Bertillion pioneered the use of fingerprints to identify offenders. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 628 Objective: Describe the current and likely future roles of technology in both crime and in the fight against crime. Level: Basic 15) Biometrics is an advanced technique designed to help determine the cause of injury or death. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 629 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Basic 16) Forensic entomology techniques may be used to reconstruct the likeness of a decomposed or dismembered body. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 629 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Basic 17) In addition to determining guilt, DNA analysis can prove innocence as well. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 630 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Basic 18) Currently, federal law enforcement agencies are not permitted to collect DNA samples from criminal suspects who have been arrested for serious crimes until after they have been convicted. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 630 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Intermediate

19) CODIS is a DNA database that allows law enforcement agencies to compare DNA profiles to identify suspects or link serial crimes. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 632 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Basic 20) Hot-spot policing uses statistical techniques to analyze data and anticipate the likelihood of crime occurrence in locations of interest to the police. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 636 Objective: Describe the current and likely future roles of technology in both crime and in the fight against crime. Level: Intermediate 21) Augmented reality provides information in real time. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 638 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Intermediate 22) The wrongful conviction of a high-profile defendant is an example of a sentinel event. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 640 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Intermediate 18.3 Fill in the Blank Questions 1) A criminal offense that employs any form of advanced or emerging technology in its commission is called a(n) ________. Answer: technocrime Page Ref: 619 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Basic 2) A criminal offense perpetrated through the use of biologically active substances, including chemicals, toxins, or disease-causing organisms in known as a(n) ________. Answer: biocrime Page Ref: 620 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Basic 11 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

3) The most likely way for a criminal to break into a computer system is through social ________. Answer: engineering Page Ref: 621 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Basic 4) ________ includes a variety of malicious computer programs, such as viruses, worms, and Trojan horses. Answer: Malware Page Ref: 623 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Basic 5) ________ is a form of cybercrime that relies on social engineering by using official-looking email messages to elicit responses from victims. Answer: Phishing Page Ref: 623 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Basic 6) Illegally copying software programs is known as software ________. Answer: piracy Page Ref: 624 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Basic 7) ________ is unsolicited commercial email whose primary purpose is to advertise or promote a commercial product or service. Answer: Spam Page Ref: 624 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Basic 8) The ________ is an immersive computer-simulated environment that allows people to interact with each other using avatars and personas they create. Answer: Metaverse Page Ref: 624 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Basic 12 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

9) The anonymous anthrax letters that caused five deaths in 2001 were a type of biocrime known as ________. Answer: bioterrorism Page Ref: 625 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Intermediate 10) ________ involves the application of scientific techniques to the detection and evaluation of criminal evidence. Answer: Criminalistics Page Ref: 628 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Basic 11) ________ is the analysis of firearms, ammunition, projectiles, bombs, and explosives. Answer: Ballistics Page Ref: 629 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Intermediate 12) When a decomposed body is discovered, a model of the deceased individual may be created by forensic ________. Answer: anthropology Page Ref: 629 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Basic 13) The ________ Project is a volunteer organization that uses DNA technology to investigate and challenge dubious convictions. Answer: Innocence Page Ref: 630 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Intermediate 14) HITMAN and NCAVC are examples of ________ systems designed to duplicate the decision-making processes of skilled investigators. Answer: expert Page Ref: 635 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Intermediate 13 Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Inc.

15) ________ policing involves analyzing data and using the results to anticipate future crime. Answer: Predictive Page Ref: 636 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Basic 16) Overlaying digital information on a user's real-world experience is an example of ________ reality. Answer: augmented Page Ref: 638 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Basic 17) ________ involves creating useful products at a molecular level, such as microscopic cameras or recording devices. Answer: Nanotechnology Page Ref: 639 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Basic 18) The criminal justice system's failure to correct problems that are red-flagged by ________ events may be due to the system's tendency to ascribe blame to individuals rather than the system itself. Answer: sentinel Page Ref: 640 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Intermediate

18.4 Matching Questions Match the cybercrime to its definition. A) The use of official-looking email messages to elicit response from victims by directing them to phony websites B) Unsolicited commercial bulk email whose primary purpose is to advertise or promote a commercial product or service C) A computer program designed to secretly invade a computer system and modify the way it operates or alter the information stored in the system D) The illegal transfer of data from one storage medium to another E) Malicious computer programs such as worms or Trojan horses 1) Computer virus Page Ref: 622-624 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Intermediate 2) Phishing Page Ref: 622-624 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Intermediate 3) Malware Page Ref: 622-624 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Intermediate 4) Software piracy Page Ref: 622-624 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Intermediate 5) Spam Page Ref: 622-624 Objective: Describe the historical relationship between technological advances and criminal activity. Level: Intermediate Answers: 1) C 2) A 3) E 4) D 5) B

Match the biometric technique to its definition. A) Studying insects to determine issues such as the time of death B) The analysis of firearms and explosives C) Integrated fingerprint databases D) Reconstructing the likeness of a decomposed or dismembered body 6) Ballistics Page Ref: 629 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Intermediate 7) Forensic entomology Page Ref: 629 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Intermediate 8) Forensic anthropology Page Ref: 629 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Intermediate 9) IAFIS Page Ref: 629 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Intermediate Answers: 6) B 7) A 8) D 9) C 18.5 Essay Questions 1) Technology can create opportunities for both criminals and criminal justice. Discuss and give examples of how technological advances can be a double-edged sword for the justice system. Answer: Answers will vary but should explain how modern technology can create both opportunities and threats for the criminal justice system, and how both law enforcement and criminals can make use of new technologies. Answers should also discuss why it is important for law enforcement officers and agencies to understand emerging technologies, to avoid becoming part of the problem instead of the solution. Page Ref: Throughout Objective: Multiple Level: Difficult

2) Explain biocrime and bioterrorism and discuss the various ways biocrimes may be committed. Provide examples of biocrimes and explain why biocrime is a major concern today. Answer: Answers will vary but should define biocrime as a criminal offense perpetrated through the use of biological active substances, including chemicals and toxins, disease-causing organisms, altered genetic material, and organic tissues and organs. Bio-terrorism is a form of biocrime that involves the intentional or threated use of viruses, bacteria, fungi, or toxins from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans, animals, or plants. Examples of biocrimes may include the anthrax letters mailed in 2001, illegal harvesting of human organs for medical transplant, and biological attacks on agricultural plants and animals. The fear that terrorists could create bioweapons through bioengineering using bioterror agents that could produce serious disease or death explains why this issue is such a concern today. Page Ref: 620, 625 Objective: Multiple Level: Difficult 3) Explain how and why social media is being used by law enforcement, and discuss the problems that may result from the adoption of social media by law enforcement agencies. Answer: Answers will vary but should discuss the benefits that social media can have for law enforcement, such as the ability to notify the community about major incidents, provide links to ongoing investigations and newsworthy events, steer people away from accident sites, coordinate searchers during Amber Alerts, and generate anonymous tips. Problems resulting from the use of social media, such as the loss of the element of surprise, should also be discussed. Page Ref: 625-627 Objective: Describe the current and likely future roles of technology in both crime and in the fight against crime. Level: Difficult 4) Define expert systems, identify the three components upon which they depend, and explain the purpose of expert systems. Present an example of an expert system and explain how it works. Explain how expert systems differ from relational databases. Answer: Expert systems are computer models that attempt to duplicate the decision-making processes used by skilled investigators in the analysis of evidence and in the recognition of patterns that such evidence might represent. They use computers to make inferences based on available information and to draw conclusions or to make recommendations to the system's operators. Expert systems depend on three components: a user interface or terminal; a knowledge base containing information on what is already known in the area of investigation; and a computer program known as an inference engine that compares user input and stored information according to established decision-making rules. Expert systems that may be discussed include NCAVC, HITMAN, and DARPA. Relational databases permit fast and easy sorting of large numbers of records. Page Ref: 635-636 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Difficult

5) Explain augmented reality (AR), list and describe three capabilities that AR systems may provide police officers, and discuss the potential benefits and drawbacks of each. Answer: Answers should define augmented reality as the real-time and accurate overlay of digital information on a user's real-world experience, through visual, aural, and/or tactile interfaces. Some of the new capabilities that may be discussed include facial, voiceprint, and other biometric recognition data of known criminals; automated scans for chemical, biological, and explosive threats in the immediate area; real-time language translation to assist interaction with people who do not speak English; three-dimensional maps complete with building floor plans, sewer system schematics, and possible access and escape routes; advanced optics, including digital zoom and audio amplification for seeing and hearing at a distance; friend-or-foe identification technology; and the coordinated deployment of robots and remotely piloted aerial vehicles. The pros and cons of these capabilities should also be discussed. Page Ref: 638-639 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Difficult 18.6 Critical Thinking Questions 1) Law enforcement practitioners of the future will be aided in their criminalistics work by a number of technologies. List and define three of the new technologies that aid law enforcement in solving crime. Explain which of these technologies you feel is the best and why. Answer: Answers will vary but technologies that may be discussed include DNA profiling, the use of online databases for the sharing criminal justice information, computer-aided investigation, computer-based training, and predictive policing. The student's opinion regarding which technology is the test and the support provided for that opinion are key elements of the responses. Page Ref: 630-637 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Difficult 2) The DNA Sexual Assault Justice Act and the Innocence Protection Act were signed into law in 2004. Select one of these two Acts and explain its purpose. Analyze why the Act was necessary and name the key elements. Give your opinion concerning the impact of your chosen Act on the police and courts. Answer: Answers will vary but should focus on only one of the two Acts in the question, not both. Page Ref: 632-634 Objective: Describe the field of criminalistics, including the contribution of evolving technology. Level: Difficult