Test Bank for Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition by Denise Boyd by ACADEMIAMILL

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

CHAPTER 1: BASIC CONCEPTS AND METHODS Chapter 1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Developmental psychology is the scientific study of ________ in our bodies, behaviour, thinking, emotions, social relationships, and personalities. maturity and stability age-related changes social and cultural norms genetic and biological influences Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.1 Explain each of the philosophies that are important to the study of human development. 1 01-1-01 2 Knowledge

Answer: age-related changes 2. The belief that humans must seek redemption and lead a disciplined life to reduce the influence of innate tendencies toward acting immorally is associated with the philosophical doctrine of innate goodness. original sin. empiricism. blank slate. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.1 Explain each of the philosophies that are important to the study of human development. 1 01-1-02 3 Knowledge

Answer: original sin. 3. A developmental psychologist who espouses the ideas of the philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau would suggest that the basis for human development is life experiences and external environmental influences that shape a "blank slate" malleable individual. preprogrammed sequential stages and genetically inherited traits. the struggle between an individual's selfish/sinful nature and redemption. an individual's effort to achieve his or her inborn potential. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.1 Explain each of the philosophies that are important to the study of human development. 2 01-1-03 3 Knowledge

Answer: an individual's effort to achieve his or her inborn potential.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 4. A developmental psychologist who espouses the ideas of the English philosopher John Locke would suggest that the basis for human development is the struggle between an individual's selfish/sinful nature and redemption. an individual's effort to achieve his or her inborn potential. preprogrammed sequential stages and genetically inherited traits. environmental influences that shape a "blank slate" malleable individual. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.1 Explain each of the philosophies that are important to the study of human development. 2 01-1-04 3 Knowledge

Answer: environmental influences that shape a "blank slate" malleable individual. 5. Which scientist contributed the concept of developmental stages to the scientific study of human development? Charles Darwin. John Watson. Arnold Gesell. G. Stanley Hall. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists. 1 01-1-05 3 Knowledge

Answer: Charles Darwin. 6. ______ are recognized as the first scientific studies of child development. Darwin's baby biographies. Gesell's studies of maturation. Hall's questionnaires and interviews. Piaget's cognitive theories. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists. 2 01-1-06 5 Knowledge

Answer: Hall's questionnaires and interviews. 7. Early developmental psychology pioneer G. Stanley Hall believed that developmentalists should identify ________ to further the field's understanding of child development. milestones. norms. developmental stages. maturation processes.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists. 2 01-1-07 5 Knowledge

Answer: norms. 8. ________ is the term used to describe the average age at which children reach developmental milestones. "Norms" "Maturation stage" "Psycho-social developmental stage" "Phenomenon" Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists. 2 01-1-08 5 Knowledge

Answer: "Norms" 9. Piaget's landmark body of work defined our understanding of cognitive development in children. Piaget's work convinced him that logical thinking develops in _______ stages between birth and adolescence. two three four five Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists. 1 01-1-09 5 Knowledge

Answer: four 10. Arnold Gesell suggested the term ________ to describe genetically programmed sequential patterns of change such as puberty or menopause. "stages" "maturation" "norms" "milestones" Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: "maturation" 11. Genetically programmed patterns of change, such as the changes associated with puberty, exemplify the developmental process known as milestone attainment. maturation. developmental stages. individuation. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists. 2 01-1-11 5 Comprehension

Answer: maturation. 12. Which of the following best describes Arnold Gesell's thoughts on maturation? Infants are taught how to walk. Infants do not have to be taught how to walk. Infants are taught how to use their fine motor skills. Infants model their parents in learning gross motor skills. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists. 2 01-1-12 5 Knowledge

Answer: Infants do not have to be taught how to walk. 13. Based on the work of Jean Piaget, which of the following developmental achievements does not belong in a description of children's cognitive development? Children learn through observation of role models and their environment. Children use their senses and motor abilities to explore the world and develop basic concepts of space and time. Children begin to use symbols, such as language, to think and communicate. Children use their logical thinking skills to solve problems in the everyday world. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists. 2 01-1-13 5 Comprehension

Answer: Children learn through observation of role models and their environment.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 14. How did the threat of war in Europe lead directly to the creation of a formal organization of practicing psychologists in Canada? Canadian psychologists were ordered to help with the British war effort. Canadian psychologists wanted to join the war effort. Canadian psychologists were recruited to help children in Britain. The military gave Canadian psychologists funding for child and family related research. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.3 Describe the contributions made by Canadian developmental psychologists during the field’s formative years. 1 01-1-14 6 Knowledge

Answer: Canadian psychologists wanted to join the war effort. 15. Canadian psychologists were very active during World War II, performing numerous consultation and training functions for the British government and the war effort that included all of the following EXCEPT personnel selection. recruitment. public opinion management. discipline strategies. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.3 Describe the contributions made by Canadian developmental psychologists during the field’s formative years. 2 01-1-15 6 Knowledge

Answer: discipline strategies.

16. What are the three domains of development? metaphysical, metatarsal, metacognition. birth, puberty and life, death. physical, cognitive, social. genesis, development, deterioration. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.5 List and describe the three major domains of development. 1 01-1-16 7 and 8 Knowledge

Answer: physical, cognitive, social.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 17. A qualitiative change is a change in characteristic, kind, or type. a change in amount. change triggered by becoming taller. the continuity side of the debate. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 1 01-1-17 8 Knowledge

Answer: a change in characteristic, kind, or type. 18. Which of the following most clearly represents a core belief of the lifespan perspective of developmental psychology? Due to aging population trends, older adulthood must become the primary focus of developmental psychology. Culture ultimately influences development more than any other factor. The capacity for plasticity in response to environmental demands is the most important force in determining developmental outcomes. All stages of development must be understood in terms of the culture and context in which they occur. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.4 Explain the importance of the lifespan perspective. 2 01-1-18 7 Knowledge

Answer: All stages of development must be understood in terms of the culture and context in which they occur. 19. According to the "lifespan" perspective, _______ have/has helped psychology greatly enhance its understanding of human development. historical theories. input from many disciplines. significant increases in the lifespan. advances in biology. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.4 Explain the importance of the lifespan perspective. 2 01-1-19 7 Knowledge

Answer: input from many disciplines.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 20. What is the term developmentalist Paul Baltes used to describe one's adaptive capacity for positive change in response to the environmental demands that are possible in one's lifespan? goal directed. plasticity. maximizing gain. compensating strategies. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.4 Explain the importance of the lifespan perspective. 2 01-1-20 7 Knowledge

Answer: plasticity. 21. Scientists who study age-related changes in development use three broad categories called ______ to classify developmental changes. "stages" "spheres" "zones" "domains" Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.5 List and describe the three major domains of development. 1 01-1-21 7 Knowledge

Answer: "domains" 22. The three broad categories used by developmentalists to classify developmental changes include physical, social, and _______ domains. biological psychological cognitive maturational Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.5 List and describe the three major domains of development. 2 01-1-22 8 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: cognitive 23. The central factors in the nature–nurture controversy are environmental continuity and psychological comfort. inborn biases and genetic predispositions. change triggered by social processes or change caused by cultural influences. biological processes and experiential factors. Learning Objective: 1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development. Difficulty: QuestionID: PageReference: Skill:

1 01-1-23 10 and 11 Knowledge

Answer: biological processes and experiential factors.

24. Today's developmental theorists have adopted a model that considers human development to be the result of complex reciprocal interaction between cultural biases and parenting. multiple personal and environmental factors. plasticity and maturational patterns. social factors and individual development. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development. 1 01-1-24 11 Knowledge

Answer: multiple personal and environmental factors. 25. The theory that considers human development to be a complex reciprocal interaction between multiple personal and environmental factors is the inbornist model. the interactionist model. internalist model. the ecologicalist model. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development. 1 01-1-25 10 and 11 Knowledge

Answer: the interactionist model.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 26. The concepts of vulnerability and resilience coupled with environmental factors are key features of the ______ model of development. nature–nurture. lifespan. continuity–discontinuity. interactionist. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development. 1 01-1-26 10 and 11 Knowledge

Answer: interactionist. 27. Which of the following is not an illustration of the interactionist model of experience? Juanita has always found it easy and enjoyable to meet new people and make new friends. Her friends say, "Juanita has never met a stranger!" When one-year-old Roberto pinched his fingers in a closing door, he screamed and cried and could not be soothed for 10 minutes. Sally's family has always teased her about being so clumsy and "klutzy" that she falls over her own feet. So Sally avoids sports or activities such as dancing or tennis because she knows she would look foolish. Dimitri's family and co-workers have to be careful in their interactions with him. It seems he is always hearing criticism or hostility when none is intended. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development. 3 01-1-27 10 and 11 Application

Answer: When one-year-old Roberto pinched his fingers in a closing door, he screamed and cried and could not be soothed for 10 minutes. 28. Studies of Canadian children have shown that a combination of a highly vulnerable child and a poor or unsupportive environment produces the most negative developmental outcome. However, extensive data exists to support the possibility of a potential positive outcome. either of these two negative conditions alone, a vulnerable child or a poor environment, can be overcome. environment plays a lesser part in outcome because delinquent or highly aggressive behaviour is genetically predetermined. parent–child relationships and child developmental outcomes are independent of, and unaffected by, any factors other than those of the immediate family environment. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development. 2 01-1-28 11 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: either of these two negative conditions alone, a vulnerable child or a poor environment, can be overcome. 29. Which of the following developmental outcomes would be most consistent with the vulnerability/resilience interactionist model of development? Positive developmental outcome is possible only for children with few vulnerabilities and many protective factors. Very low IQ scores are most common among children who were born with a very low birth weight and who are reared in highly stressed, uninvolved families. Normal birth weight infants born into upper socioeconomic status families invariably have superior levels of intelligence. Children born into caring, facilitative families have sufficient protective factors to overcome or offset any vulnerabilities that might potentially affect their development. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development. 3 01-1-29 11 Comprehension

Answer: Very low IQ scores are most common among children who were born with a very low birth weight and who are reared in highly stressed, uninvolved families. 30. The _____ issue seeks to find out if age-related change is determined more by qualitative or quantitative factors. nature–nurture universal–individual continuity–discontinuity atypical–typical Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 1 01-1-30 8 and 9 Comprehension

Answer: continuity–discontinuity 31. Our sense of "the right time" to go to college, marry, have children, or retire is determined by our biological clock. social clock. age norms. gender. Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-1-31 9 Comprehension

Answer: social clock.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 32. Hannah is thrilled that she has been accepted into an architecture program. All of her friends have also received letters of acceptance to their desired school programs; they all feel they are achieving in life what they need to. This is referred to as biological clock. social norms. developmental milestones. social clock. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 1 01-1-32 9 Comprehension

Answer: social clock. 33. Maria Ivosevic married for the first time at age 39, and at age 40 she is pregnant for the first time. She is now considering starting college to become a computer systems engineer. When Maria laughingly tells her friends, "I have never done anything when I was supposed to," she is referring to the social clock. the biological clock. the critical period. social norms. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 1 01-1-33 9 Comprehension

Answer: the social clock. 34. ________ is a term describing a generally negative attitude about aging, typified by the belief that older persons are incompetent or unable to complete required job functions. "Biological clock" "Discontinuity" "Ageism" "Plasticity" Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 1 01-1-34 9 Comprehension

Answer: "Ageism"

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 35. The notion that job performance declines in older adults, leading to denied opportunities to work, is referred to as "the social clock." "cohort effects." "ageism." "group specific changes." Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 1 01-1-35 9 Comprehension

Answer: "ageism." 36. Roberta is intelligent, works hard, and is 20 years old. She applies for a job at a bank to help pay for her college education. She does not get the job, because the bank feels she is not old enough. Roberta has experienced the social clock. cohort effects. ageism. discontinuity. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 1 01-1-36 9 Comprehension

Answer: ageism. 37. Which of the following is an accurate summary of the influences of culture and cohort upon development? The cultural factors that affect individuals in our society today are the same factors that were influential in 1940 or will be influential in 2040. Most of the patterns of cohort development observed in our culture will appear in every other culture. Development is influenced by variations of culture and by the historical experiences of generations within each culture. The individuals within each culture are likely to have age-linked experiences that are similar for all cohorts within that culture. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 2 01-1-37 10 Comprehension

Answer: Development is influenced by variations of culture and by the historical experiences of generations within each culture.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 38. A system of meanings and customs shared by an identifiable group and transmitted across generations comprises the ________ of the group. age norms cohort culture collective identity Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 1 01-1-38 9 Comprehension

Answer: culture 39. A cohort is a sequence of shared cultural experiences. everyone who belongs to a specific culture. a genetically programmed, sequential pattern of change. a group of individuals who are born within a fairly narrow time frame and who share historical experiences. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 1 01-1-39 10 Knowledge

Answer: a group of individuals who are born within a fairly narrow time frame and who share historical experiences. 40. Which of the following are members of the same cohort? an urban child in Europe and a rural child in Canada. a woman raising her children during World War II and a woman raising her children during the Vietnam conflict in the 1970s. a grandfather, his son, and his four grandsons. a high-school student in Alberta and a high-school student in Quebec. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 2 01-1-40 10 Application

Answer: a high-school student in Alberta and a high-school student in Quebec

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 41. The idea that there are significant periods in development when an organism is especially sensitive to the presence or absence of particular influences is referred to as critical period. on-time timing. off-time timing. sensitive period. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 1 01-1-41 10 Knowledge

Answer: critical period. 42. Which of the following illustrates the concepts of critical period or sensitive period? A 3-month-old infant cries when a new babysitter arrives. The period from 6 to 12 months of age is the important time for infants to start eating solid foods. In the months after birth, infants need to experience certain types of stimulation or experiences in order for their nervous systems to develop normally and completely. A 10-month-old infant cries when he is not allowed to throw food on the floor. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3 01-1-42 10-11 Analysis

Answer: In the months after birth, infants need to experience certain types of stimulation or experiences in order for their nervous systems to develop normally and completely. 43. Developmental psychologists use the term "sensitive period" to mean a span of months or years during which a child may be particularly responsive to specific forms of experience or particularly influenced by their absence. a time of psychological fragility, usually due to some type of loss, such as the death of a spouse, termination of employment, or deterioration due to aging. the period of time during which developmental norms for physical development are reached or achieved. the specific period in development when an organism is especially sensitive to the presence (or absence) of some particular kind of experience. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 3 01-1-43 10 Knowledge

Answer: a span of months or years during which a child may be particularly responsive to specific forms of experience or particularly influenced by their absence.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 44. Which of the following is the BEST example of an "off-time" event that could have negative effects upon an individual's development? being divorced at the age of 25. the deaths of elderly parents. the death of one's spouse at the age of 30. experiencing a life-threatening illness at the age of 60. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 3 01-1-44 10 Comprehension

Answer: the death of one's spouse at the age of 30. 45. Atypical development can include all of the following except: exceptionalities. developmental delays. psychological disorders. death in late adulthood. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 3 01-1-45 10 Knowledge

Answer: death in late adulthood. 46. Which of the following is NOT a goal of developmental psychology? to explain. to improve. to describe. to predict. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.8 List and describe the research goals of scientists who study human development. 1 01-1-46 11 and 12 Knowledge

Answer: to improve. 47. Sets of statements that propose general principles to explain development are known as theories. the research design. research questions. hypotheses.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.8 List and describe the research goals of scientists who study human development. 1 01-1-47 12 Knowledge

Answer: theories. 48. Predictions that can be tested in an effort to explain human development are known as influences. theories. variables. hypotheses. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.8 List and describe the research goals of scientists who study human development. 1 01-1-48 12 Knowledge

Answer: hypotheses. 49. Which of the following statements is the best example of a hypothesis about human development? All the children in the high-scoring group were breast-fed as infants, which explains their higher levels of achievement. If breast milk is a superior supplement for infant brain development, then on psychological tests, children who were breast-fed as infants should perform better than children who were not breast-fed as infants. Human breast milk contains nutrients that are essential for the formation of neurons and synapses in an infant's developing brain. Cross-cultural studies have determined that human breast milk provides the ideal nutrition for infant brain development. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.8 List and describe the research goals of scientists who study human development. 3 01-1-49 12 Application

Answer: If breast milk is a superior supplement for infant brain development, then on psychological tests, children who were breast-fed as infants should perform better than children who were not breast-fed as infants.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 50. The Maple Leaf Elementary School counsellor, psychologist, and social worker and the parents of 8-year-old Jimmy Jackson are working as a cooperative team to determine why Jimmy exhibits a pattern of highly aggressive behaviour toward his peers and teachers. Jimmy's behaviour has been extensively observed, he has been subjected to a battery of psychological tests, and his parents have been interviewed. This in-depth examination of Jimmy Jackson is an example of a(n) correlational study. case study. ethnography. naturalistic observation. Learning Objective:

1.9 State the advantages and disadvantages of the research methods used in identifying relationships among variables.

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1 01-1-50 12 Comprehension

Answer: case study. 51. Of the following, which is the best example of a naturalistic observation? A serial killer is subjected to a battery of psychological exams and intensive interviews in an effort to determine the factors that influenced his developmental pathway to homicidal behaviour. A researcher interested in the effects of caffeine on learning provides high-caffeine drinks to an experimental group who are being taught a complicated game and caffeine-free drinks to a control group who are being taught the same game. Researchers interested in children's gender-related interactions videotape children while they are playing during recess and while they are engaged in cooperative learning assignments in their classrooms. A researcher is studying the effects of sleep deprivation on 20-year-olds in a sleep lab. Learning Objective:

1.9 State the advantages and disadvantages of the research methods used in identifying relationships among variables.

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2 01-1-51 13 Application

Answer: Researchers interested in children's gender-related interactions videotape children while they are playing during recess and while they are engaged in cooperative learning assignments in their classrooms. 52. Which of the following is a TRUE statement about correlations? A correlation of +.80 is stronger than a correlation of -.80. A correlation of +1.00 indicates a weak relationship between two variables. A correlation of zero indicates a strong relationship between two variables. Correlations can range from -1.00 to +1.00 and describe the strength of a relationship between two variables.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

1.9 State the advantages and disadvantages of the research methods used in identifying relationships among variables.

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1 01-1-52 13-14 Comprehension

Answer: Correlations can range from -1.00 to +1.00 and describe the strength of a relationship between two variables. 53. The ________ research method would be effective in extensively studying a teacher who has superior skills in conflict resolution. survey case study naturalistic observation cross-sectional design Learning Objective:

1.9 State the advantages and disadvantages of the research methods used in identifying relationships among variables.

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1 01-1-53 12-13 Application

Answer: case study 54. Researchers in Canada have established a negative correlation between the temperature and the use of heaters. This means that there is no relationship between temperature and use of heaters. as the temperature rises, the use of heaters increases. as the temperature rises, the use of heaters decreases. the relationship between temperature and use of heaters is ambiguous. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.9 State the advantages and disadvantages of the research methods used in identifying relationships among variables. 2 01-1-54 13-14 Comprehension

Answer: as the temperature rises, the use of heaters decreases. 55. Which of the following is NOT a key feature of an experimental study? an independent variable. subjects in a control group. controls for cohort effects. subjects in an experimental group.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ. 1 01-1-55 14-15 Knowledge

Answer: controls for cohort effects. 56. A researcher who wants to study how radiation affects a developing human fetus might use a(n) ________ research design. case study. quasi-experimental. experimental. naturalistic observation. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.9 State the advantages and disadvantages of the research methods used in identifying relationships among variables. 1 01-1-56 14-15 Comprehension

Answer: quasi-experimental. 57. In a research study examining the effects of nutrition on the physical growth of children in early childhood, a researcher randomly assigns a group of children and their parents to meet with a dietician to receive proper dietary instruction. The other group of children do not receive proper dietary guidance. After two years of study, the researcher compares the average growth of the two groups by reviewing their height and weight. The independent variable in this study is ________ and the dependent variable is ________. dietary instruction; height and weight. level of activity; height and weight. parental input; length of the dietary instruction. height and weight; dietary instruction. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ. 2 01-1-57 14-15 Comprehension

Answer: dietary instruction; height and weight. 58. A researcher interested in the effects of test anxiety on math test performance finds 40 volunteer students who report high levels of test anxiety. The researcher randomly assigns 20 of the students to a workshop on relaxation techniques and the other 20 students to a workshop on basic computer skills. After four weeks of classes, the researcher compares the average math test scores of the two groups to see which group has better scores. The independent variable in this study is ________ and the dependent variable is ________. type of workshop; math test scores. length of the workshop; test anxiety. test anxiety; length of the workshops. math test scores; type of workshop. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 19

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ. 2 01-1-58 14-15 Comprehension

Answer: type of workshop; math test scores. 59. A researcher is interested in determining the effects of a medication on high blood pressure. She administers treatment to one group and no special treatment to the remaining group. The group that receives no special treatment is referred to as the experimental group. the control group. the placebo group. the contrast group. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ. 2 01-1-59 14-15 Application

Answer: the control group.

60. In a(n) ________ design, subjects of different ages are studied at the same time and the results are compared. ethnographic longitudinal cross-sectional cross-cultural Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ. 1 01-1-60 15-16 Knowledge

Answer: cross-sectional

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 61. Which of the following is the best example of a cross-sectional research study? Each year the five-year-olds of Ontario are given number and letter proficiency exams before they begin kindergarten. Dr. Sanchez assessed the eye-hand coordination of the second, fourth, and sixth graders of Maple Leaf Elementary School in December 2001, 2003, 2005, and 2007. A number of graduate students studied the playground interactions of two classes of fourth graders by secretly videotaping the playground activities from the third-floor window of an adjacent building. Dr. Huang assessed the eye-hand coordination of the second, fourth, and sixth graders of Maple Leaf Elementary School in September 2001. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ. 2 01-1-61 15-16 Application

Answer: Dr. Huang assessed the eye-hand coordination of the second, fourth, and sixth graders of Maple Leaf Elementary School in September 2001. 62. Beginning in 1976, Jane Ledingham and Alex Swartzman began studying children living in innercity neighbourhoods in Montreal, and they are still studying these same people, now grown adults, today. This is an example of a sequential study. a longitudinal study. a cohort effect. a cross-sectional study. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ. 1 01-1-62 15-17 Comprehension

Answer: a longitudinal study. 63. The National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth collects data on children every 2 years (1 cycle) as they grow into adulthood. A new sample of infants is added at the third cycle, and at each subsequent cycle. This is an example of a(n) ________ design. longitudinal cross-sectional experimental sequential Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ. 2 01-1-63 15-17 Comprehension

Answer: sequential

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

64. Dr. Rosalind Chiu has spent 5 years in northern Ontario studying children raised in either Anglophone or Francophone families to investigate differences in child-rearing practices. Dr. Chiu's work is an example of ________ research. longitudinal sequential ethnographic multi-cultural Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ. 2 01-1-64 18–19 Comprehension

Answer: ethnographic 65. Dr. Jones requires the students in her developmental psychology class to participate in research on parenting style and childhood punishment. Each student completes a survey and responds to questions about these topics. When all data is collected, Dr. Jones condenses each student's responses and creates an alphabetized summary sheet of the student names with the data as a handout for the participants. Is there a problem with this strategy? Yes. The preferred methodology for this type of research is to conduct experiments. Yes. The ethical principle of participants' right to confidentiality has been violated. Yes. There is a problem because the classroom creates a cohort effect. No. The students completed the survey without complaint of confidentiality. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.12 Identify five ethical standards that developmental researchers must follow. 1 01-1-65 19-20 Application

Answer: Yes. The ethical principle of participants' right to confidentiality has been violated. 66. The Canadian Psychological Association has published ethical standards for practitioners, researchers, and scientists that address protection of the rights of humans used in research. protection of the rights of humans and animals used in research. requirements to justify the benefits of research versus harm to human subjects. scrutiny of research methods by an appointed unbiased observer. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.12 Identify five ethical standards that developmental researchers must follow. 1 01-1-66 19-20 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 67. Complete the list of research ethics endorsed by the Canadian Psychological Association: informed consent; confidentiality; knowledge of results; explanation for deception (if used); and respect for the dignity of humans. responsibility to society. protection from harm. responsibility to participants. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.12 Identify five ethical standards that developmental researchers must follow. 2 01-1-67 19–20 Knowledge

Answer: protection from harm.

68. A detailed description of a single culture or context is known as ethnography. stenography. orthography. geography. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.11 Describe the importance of cross-cultural research to the study of human development. 1 01-1-68 19-20 Knowledge

Answer: ethnography.

Chapter 1 True-False Questions 1. The original sin doctrine holds that a child is born with an innately good and competent nature. a b

True False

Learning 1.1 Explain each of the philosophies that are important to the study of human development. Objective: Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-2-01 Page-Reference: 3 Skill: Knowledge Answer: b. False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

Charles Darwin and other evolutionists believed they could understand the developing human by keeping baby biographies. a True b False Learning Objective: 1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-2-02 Page-Reference: 3 Skill: Knowledge Answer: a. True

3. Darwin's baby biographies were the first scientific studies of child development. a True b False Learning Objective: 1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 01-2-03 Page-Reference: 3 Skill: Comprehension Answer: b. False

4. The concept of developmental stages came from Darwin's theory of evolution. a True b False Learning Objective: 1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-2-04 Page-Reference: 3 Skill: Knowledge Answer: a. True

5. Stanley Hall of Clark University used questionnaires to study large numbers of children. His article "The Contents of Children's Minds on Entering School" represented the first scientific study of child development. a True b False Learning Objective: 1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 01-2-05 Page-Reference: 4-5 Skill: Knowledge Answer: a. True

6. G. Stanley Hall opposed Darwin's concept of developmental milestones related to age. a b

True False

Learning Objective:

1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-06 4-5 Knowledge

Answer: b. False

7. Beginning to walk or beginning to menstruate are examples of development based upon maturation. a b

True False

Learning Objective:

1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-07 5 Analysis

Answer: a. True

8. Piaget's description of the cognitive stages of development and the theory he proposed to explain them became the foundation of modern developmental psychology. a True b False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-2-08 5 Knowledge

Answer: b. False

9. Prior to World War II, there was no formal organization of practicing psychologists in Canada. a b

True False

Learning Objective:

1.3 Describe the contributions made by Canadian developmental psychologists during the field’s formative years.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-09 6 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

10. The Canadian Psychological Association was founded in 1939. a b

True False

Learning Objective:

1.3 Describe the contributions made by Canadian developmental psychologists during the field’s formative years.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-10 6 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

11. The term "development" now encompasses the entire lifespan rather than just childhood and adolescence. a True b False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

1.4 Explain the importance of the lifespan perspective.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-11 7 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

12. Modern developmental psychology practices a multidisciplinary approach known as the "lifespan perspective." a True b False Learning Objective:

1.4 Explain the importance of the lifespan perspective.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-12 7 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

13. Puberty is an example of a quantitative change. a b

True False

Learning Objective:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-13 8 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 14. In Canada, the belief that adults should retire at age 65 is defined by the social clock. a b

True False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-14 9 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 15. The concept of the critical period would explain why many kindergartners are distressed during the first week of their kindergarten experience. a True b False Learning Objective:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-2-15 10 Analysis

Answer: b. False

16. Examples of atypical development consist of developmental delay, mental illness, aggressiveness, and the like. a True b False Learning Objective:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-16 10 Comprehension

Answer: a. True

17. The term "nature–nurture controversy" is used to describe the debate about the relative contributions of biological processes and experience to individual development. a True b False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-17 10-11 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 18. According to the vulnerability and resilience view, tendencies toward emotional irritability or alcoholism is a exclusively a function of environmental influences. a True b False Learning Objective:

1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-17 11 Knowledge

Answer: b. False

19. "Older adults make more memory errors than young and middle-aged adults do." This statement is an example of "prediction," one of the goals of psychology. a True b False Learning Objective:

1.8 List and describe the research goals of scientists who study human development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-2-19 11-12 Application

Answer: b. False 20. Although some research may be used to improve people's lives, this is not always the case with research involving developmental psychology because many variables may be involved that affect individuals differently, coupled with the fact that there are no concrete answers. a True b False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

1.8 List and describe the research goals of scientists who study human development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-20 11-12 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 21. Studying one woman over a two-year period to obtain information regarding her physical health and habits is a great example of survey research. a True b False Learning Objective:

1.9 State the advantages and disadvantages of the research methods used in identifying relationships among variables.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-21 13 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 22. If a control group is not used during an experiment, the researcher cannot rule out the possibility that something other than the treatment is creating the observed results. a True b False Learning Objective:

1.9 State the advantages and disadvantages of the research methods used in identifying relationships among variables.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-2-22 14-15 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 23. A researcher measures the impact of different types of activities at child-care programs upon the intellectual, emotional, and social well-being of economically disadvantaged preschool children. The independent variable in this experiment is the type of activity. a True b False Learning Objective:

1.9 State the advantages and disadvantages of the research methods used in identifying relationships among variables.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: b. False 24. A cross-sectional research study follows a group of subjects over a period of time. a b

True False

Learning Objective:

1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-24 15-16 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 25. Because longitudinal studies require only single tests of subjects, practice effects and loss of subjects are not problematic for researchers who use this research strategy. a True b False Learning Objective:

1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-25 15-17 Comprehension

Answer: b. False

26. "Ethnography" is a term that describes a system of meanings and customs shared by an identifiable group and transmitted across generations. a True b False Learning Objective:

1.11 Describe the importance of cross-cultural research to the study of human development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-26 18 Knowledge

Answer: b. False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 27. Research ethics exist to protect humans but are sorely lacking for the protection of animals used in research. a True b False Learning Objective:

1.12 Identify five ethical standards that developmental researchers must follow.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-27 19-20 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 28. The three domains of development are physical, cognitive, and biological. a b

True False

Learning Objective:

1.5 List and describe the three major domains of development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-2-28 19-20 Knowledge

Answer: b. False

Chapter 1 Short Answer Questions 1. Summarize the contributions made to developmental psychology by Darwin, G. Stanley Hall, Arnold Gesell, and Piaget. Learning Objective:

1.2 Describe the contributions of the early developmental scientists.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-3-01 3–5 Comprehension

Answer: 2. Briefly describe the historical roots of psychology in Canada. What role did World War II play in this process?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

1.3 Describe the contributions made by Canadian developmental psychologists during the field’s formative years.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-3-02 5-6 Analysis

Answer: 3. Describe the lifespan approach to developmental psychology. What factors have enriched our understanding of development? What factors have contributed to the expansion in focus beyond childhood and adolescence? Learning Objective:

1.4 Explain the importance of the lifespan perspective. 1.5 List and describe the three major domains of development. 1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-3-03 7 Comprehension

Answer:

4. Discuss Paul Balte's concept of plasticity in development and its role in adjustment to aging.

Learning Objective:

1.4 Explain the importance of the lifespan perspective.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-3-05 7 Comprehension

Answer: 5. Briefly list and explain the three (3) different domains of development.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

1.5 List and describe the three major domains of development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-3-03 7–8 Knowledge

Answer: 6. Describe what is meant by a "social clock" and give an example.

Learning Objective:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-3-06 9 Application

Answer: 7. What is a critical period? What is a sensitive period? Give examples to illustrate your answers.

Learning Objective:

1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-3-07 10 Comprehension

Answer: 8. What is the nature–nurture controversy? If developmental psychologists have moved away from either/or approaches to the question of the relative contributions of biology and environment to development, what perspectives or approaches currently offer insight into the nature–nurture question? Learning Objective:

1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-3-08 10-11 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 9. What are the key features of the interactionist model of development?

Learning Objective:

1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-3-09 10-11 Comprehension

Answer: 10. A developmental psychologist who employs an interactionist model to study human development would examine which aspects of an individual's development? Learning Objective:

1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-3-10 10-11 Comprehension

Answer:

11. List and explain the four (4) goals developmental psychologists set out to achieve through the usage of the scientific method. Learning Objective:

1.8 List and describe the research goals of scientists who study human development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-3-11 11-12 Comprehension

Answer:

12. Outline the primary differences between the experimental group and the control group in experiments. Why is a control group necessary for effective experimental research purposes?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

1.9 State the advantages and disadvantages of the research methods used in identifying relationships among variables.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-3-12 14-15 Knowledge

Answer:

13. Identify and explain the limitation of correlations in research. What is the difference between positive and negative correlations? Learning Objective:

1.9 State the advantages and disadvantages of the research methods used in identifying relationships among variables.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 01-3-13 15-16 Knowledge

Answer: 14. What are the key features of longitudinal research design, cross-sectional design, and sequential design? What factors might determine which design a researcher will use? Learning Objective:

1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-3-14 15-18 Comprehension

Answer:

15. Describe the five ethical research standards outlined by the CPA. Explain how each standard offers protection to human and animal (where applicable) research participants. Learning Objective:

1.12 Identify five ethical standards that developmental researchers must follow.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-3-15 19-20 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: 16. Discuss the importance of cross-cultural research to the study of human development.

Learning Objective:

1.11 Describe the importance of cross-cultural research to the study of human development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-3-16 18 Comprehension

Answer:

Chapter 1 Essay Questions

1. Consider the three basic categories of age-related change: 1) universal changes common to all human beings; 2) group-specific changes shared by members of a culture or a cohort; and 3) individual differences resulting from unique, non-shared experiences. Provide an illustrative example for each of these categories of change. Discuss which of these categories, in your opinion, is the most powerful or influential source of developmental change. Learning Objective: 1.4 Explain the importance of the lifespan perspective. 1.5 List and describe the three major domains of development. 1.6 Explain developmental changes in terms of continuity and discontinuity. 1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development. 1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ. 1.11 Describe the importance of cross-cultural research to the study of human development. Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3 01-4-01 9–10 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 2. Explain the interactionist approach to development. What is the nature-nurture controversy and how does it impact child vulnerabilities and resiliency?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

1.7 Describe the interactionist model of development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-4-02 10-11 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 3. Identify the four goals of developmental psychology, and describe how developmental psychologists might use scientific methods to achieve each of the goals. Learning Objective:

1.8 List and describe the research goals of scientists who study human development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-4-03 11-12 Application

Answer: Answers will vary 4. As a researcher, you are interested in studying the impact of mothers' behaviour in childhood upon their own children's psychosocial and health problems. Using the cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential design methodologies, describe how you could develop research projects to study this issue. What ethical issues would you need to consider as you develop your research designs? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1.10 Describe how cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential research designs differ. 1.11 Describe the importance of cross-cultural research to the study of human development. 1.12 Identify five ethical standards that developmental researchers must follow. 2 01-4-04 15-18 Application

Answer: Answers will vary 5. Discuss a real or hypothetical experiment that is unethical. List and discuss the ethical standards that have been violated by this experiment and those that have been honoured by this experiment. Learning Objective:

1.12 Identify five ethical standards that developmental researchers must follow.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 01-4-05 19-20 Application

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

CHAPTER 2: THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT Chapter 2 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Knowledge of ________ is foundational to understanding evolutionary theories. genetics biological processes epigenetics developmental milestones Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.1 Describe the structure and function of genes. 2 02-1-01 23 Knowledge

Answer: biological processes 2. Evolutionary theorists propose that the genetic and physiological processes that underlie human behaviour changed gradually over time through _____________ and ____________ . genetic mutation; natural selection cognitive; social behaviour social; cultural behaviour nature; nurture Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. 2 02-1-02 24 Knowledge

Answer: genetic mutation; natural selection 3. Strings of genetic material in the nuclei of the cell are called genes. chromosomes. deoxyribonucleic acid. amino acids. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.1 Describe the structure and function of genes. 1 02-1-03 24 Knowledge

Answer: chromosomes.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 4. The nuclei of our body cells contain ____ pairs of chromosomes. 15 23 30 46 Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.1 Describe the structure and function of genes. 1 02-1-04 24 Knowledge

Answer: 23 5. _____ are the genetic units responsible for determining traits such as a person's blood type. Genomes Chromosomes Genes Phenotypes Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.1 Describe the structure and function of genes. 1 02-1-05 24 Knowledge

Answer: Genes 6. The entire DNA that an individual human body possesses is called its genotype. genome. phenotype. genetic profile. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.1 Describe the structure and function of genes. 1 02-1-06 25 Knowledge

Answer: genome. 7. An individual's own unique genetic blueprint is his or her genome. phenotype. genotype. genetic inheritance.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 1 02-1-07 25 Knowledge

Answer: genotype. 8. _______ are organic compounds that form the core structural elements of muscle, brain, and bone in the human body. Genes Chromosomes Amino acids Proteins Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.1 Describe the structure and function of genes. 2 02-1-08 25 Knowledge

Answer: Proteins 9. Describing one's self as male, 5'10", with brown eyes and brown curly hair provides details about appearance that would be called one's ______ in the scientific world. "genome" "phenotype" "polygenetic inheritance" "genotype" Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 1 02-1-09 25 Comprehension

Answer: "phenotype" 10. Broad lips, nearsightedness, and freckles are produced by _______ in genetic transmissions. dominant genes two recessive genes polygenetic gene influences multifactorial gene influences Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 1 02-1-10 25-26 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: dominant genes 11. A pattern of inheritance in which a single gene strongly influences a person's outward appearance is called polygenetic inheritance pattern. dominant-recessive pattern. expressive gene pattern. silent gene pattern. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 1 02-1-11 25 Knowledge

Answer: dominant-recessive pattern. 12. Patrick and Mary both have brown eyes. If their child has blue eyes, then both Patrick and Mary must be carrying a recessive gene for blue eyes. either Mary or Patrick must be carrying a recessive gene for blue eyes. both Mary and Patrick must be carrying a dominant gene for blue eyes. either Mary or Patrick must be carrying a dominant gene for blue eyes. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 2 02-1-12 25-26 Comprehension

Answer: both Patrick and Mary must be carrying a recessive gene for blue eyes. 13. Martha carries two genes for brown eyes (dominant gene) and John carries two genes for blue eyes (recessive gene). Their child will have a 50 percent chance of brown eyes. 75 percent chance of brown eyes. 100 percent chance of blue eyes. 100 percent chance of brown eyes. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 2 02-1-13 25-26 Comprehension

Answer: 100 percent chance of brown eyes.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 14. Alexia, Sasha, and Derek have each inherited curly hair from their father. Alexia has wavy hair, Sasha has medium coils, and Derek has tight curls. The variance in the amount and type of curly hair among the children is an example of ________ in genetic inheritance. recessive gene homozygous gene carriers gene expressivity polygenetic influences Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 2 02-1-14 26 Comprehension

Answer: gene expressivity 15. Fumi has dark skin. Her husband Liam has pale skin. Their children will likely have dark skin (dominant-recessive). pale skin (dominant-recessive). blended colour skin (polygenetic inheritance). some with dark skin; some with light skin (polygenetic inheritance). Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 2 02-1-15 26-27 Comprehension

Answer: blended colour skin (polygenetic inheritance). 16. Height as a genetic trait is largely determined by dominant genes. environmental factors like nutrition and abuse/neglect. genes and environmental factors. race, culture, and gender. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 2 02-1-16 27 Knowledge

Answer: genes and environmental factors. 17. ________ are genes found only in the fluid that surrounds an unfertilized ovum. Miscreation genes Morphogen genes Mitochondrial genes Mutant genes Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 5

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 1 02-1-17 27 Knowledge

Answer: Mitochondrial genes 18. Epigenetic mechanisms regulate gene expression by altering the DNA structure and function of certain genes. signalling certain genes to be activated or "turned on". signalling certain genes to be either dominant or recessive. signalling certain genes to be either active or inactive. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.3 Describe how epigenetic mechanisms regulate genes and development. 1 02-1-18 27-28 Knowledge

Answer: signalling certain genes to be either active or inactive. 19.

Which statement provides the best example of a core belief of ethology evolutionary theory? Human children, regardless of their environment, have the unique ability to learn language early in life without any specific instruction from adults. Evolution has produced genes that cause humans to form emotional relationships like bonding that facilitate survival. Traits like intelligence, shyness, and aggressiveness are directly transmitted through heredity. Evolution has provided humans with genetic programming that helps us cooperate and survive in groups.

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. 2 02-1-19 28-29 Comprehension

Answer: Evolution has produced genes that cause humans to form emotional relationships like bonding that facilitate survival. 20. The study of epigenetic changes related to the development of the brain, behaviour, and psychological processes in relation to environmental factors is known as _____________. behavioural epigenetics. ethology. nativism. evolutionary prenatal programming.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.3 Describe how epigenetic mechanisms regulate genes and development. 2 02-1-20 28 Knowledge

Answer: behavioural epigenetics. 21. Ethology emphasizes genetically determined ________________ behaviours that are assumed to have evolved through natural selection. predictive-adaptive survival hereditary evolutionary psychology Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. 2 02-1-21 28 Knowledge

Answer: survival 22. ____________ is defined as the study of genetically inherited cognitive and social characteristics produced via natural selection to promote human adaptation and survival. Sociobiology Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary prenatal programming Evolutionary psychology Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. 2 02-1-22 29 Knowledge

Answer: Evolutionary psychology 23. According to the predictive–adaptive response theory, a fetus will adapt its ____ to accommodate an anticipated future environment based on conditions in its prenatal environment. perception gestation length physiology calorie intake Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. 1 02-1-23 30 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: physiology 24. Based on clues and conditions in its prenatal environment, a fetus will make changes geared to ensure its survival in a similar postnatal future environment. This survival process is called "natural selection." "survival of the fittest." "survival–adaptation response." "predictive–adaptive response." Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. 1 02-1-24 30 Knowledge

Answer: "predictive–adaptive response." 25. _______ is the branch of science involved in the study of human genetic make-up, including gene location and gene functioning. Epigenetics Human genomics Microbiology Evolutionary biology Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.5 Describe how biological and evolutionary theories contribute to our understanding of disease processes and interventions 1 02-1-25 31 Knowledge

Answer: Human genomics 26. According to newer research theories such as the predictive–response theory, to be most effective, early intervention strategies designed to prevent chronic diseases like diabetes must focus on the ____ stage of development. prenatal 0–2 yrs. 0–6 yrs. 0–puberty Learning Objective:

2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. 2.5 Describe how biological and evolutionary theories contribute to our understanding of disease processes and interventions

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 02-1-26 31 Knowledge

Answer: prenatal

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 27. Genetic diseases such as Hemophilia, Huntington's disease, and sickle-cell disease account for roughly ____% of all human disease in developed countries. 5 10 15 20 Learning Objective:

2.5 Describe how biological and evolutionary theories contribute to our understanding of disease processes and interventions

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 02-1-27 30 Knowledge

Answer: 5 28. Psychoanalytic theorists explain developmental change in terms of relationships between the individual and his or her environment. assimilation and accommodation of external stimuli. manipulation of environmental influences to reward or punish. the influence of internal drives and emotions upon behaviour. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 1 02-1-28 33 Knowledge

Answer: the influence of internal drives and emotions upon behaviour. 29. One of Freud's most important theoretical contributions is the idea that human behaviour is governed by conscious and ________ processes. self-actualizing unconscious sexual analytical Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 1 02-1-29 33 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 1 02-1-30 33 Knowledge

Answer: id. 31. The instinctual drive for physical pleasure present at birth and forming the motivating force behind all human behaviour is the libido. id. ego. superego. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 1 02-1-31 33 Knowledge

Answer: libido. 32. According to Freud's model of personality, which of the following would be most consistent with the actions of the id? restraining your desire to have a hot-fudge sundae. planning to seduce a sexual partner. stealing food to eat when you are hungry. learning from your mistakes. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 2 02-1-32 33 Analysis

Answer: stealing food to eat when you are hungry. 33. Alejandro and Miguel were shopping and saw a CD that they both wanted. Alejandro did not have the money to buy the CD, so he decided to steal it. Miguel decided to wait until he had saved the money as he had been punished by his mother for previously stealing a CD. Miguel is acting on his id. ego. superego. libido. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: superego. 34. One-year-old Melanie has formed a secure attachment to her mother. Erik Erikson would claim that Melanie has mastered which of his psychosocial stages? trust versus mistrust identity versus role confusion autonomy versus shame and doubt industry versus inferiority Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 2 02-1-34 34-35 Comprehension

Answer: trust versus mistrust 35. Erikson argued that, in order to achieve intimacy, one must achieve an integrated sense of self. That is, the individual must master the _____________ stage before intimacy can be reached. autonomy versus shame and doubt initiative versus guilt identity versus role confusion generativity versus stagnation Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 1 02-1-35 35 Comprehension

Answer: identity versus role confusion 36. According to Sigmund Freud, a ________ is characterized by behaviours that reflect unresolved problems and unmet needs. libido fixation defence mechanism conscious thought Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 1 02-1-36 33 Knowledge

Answer: fixation

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 37. The psychosexual stages in which pleasure comes from touching the genitals are the latency stage and oral stage. oral stage and anal stage. anal stage and latency stage. phallic stage and genital stage. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 1 02-1-37 33 Comprehension

Answer: phallic stage and genital stage. 38. Which of the following represents the correct order in the progression of Freud's stages of psychosexual development? libido, personality structures, defence mechanisms, and identification genital, latency, phallic, oral, and anal oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital anal, oral, phallic, latency, and genital Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 2 02-1-38 33 Knowledge

Answer: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital 39. The theorist who developed the theory of psychosocial stages was Sigmund Freud. Erik Erikson. Jean Piaget. B. F. Skinner. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 1 02-1-39 34 Knowledge

Answer: Erik Erikson. 40. Erik Erikson believed that one must pass through eight _______ stages to develop a stable identity. psychosocial stages lifespan stages psychosexual stages cognitive–social stages Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 12

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 1 02-1-40 34 Knowledge

Answer: psychosocial stages 41. Erikson is to Freud as ________ is to ________. assimilation; accommodation psychosocial; psychosexual identity; cognition reinforcement; mental category Learning Objective:

2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 02-1-41 33-34 Comprehension

Answer: psychosocial; psychosexual 42. Erikson's psychosocial theory of development is based on the idea that development occurs from the interaction between changes in age and changes in cognitions. social demands. environmental reinforcements or punishments. defence mechanisms. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 1 02-1-42 34 Knowledge

Answer: social demands. 43. What factor is generally considered to be an essential aspect of an infant's first psychosocial task? learning to control bodily sensations or developing shame if unsuccessful and not sensitively treated by caregivers. becoming purposeful, goal-oriented, and assertive, which leads to conflicts with parents. learning to differentiate tasks that can be accomplished independently and tasks that require assistance to accomplish. being treated lovingly and predictably by caregivers and learning to trust.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 2 02-1-43 34–35 Analysis

Answer: being treated lovingly and predictably by caregivers and learning to trust. 44. Sixteen-year-old Soo Ling is trying to decide what to do about her postsecondary education. She isn't sure what career she wants to pursue and she can't decide which postsecondary institution to choose. She is in which of the following stages of Erikson’s theory? identity versus role confusion. trust versus mistrust. industry versus inferiority. integrity versus despair. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 2 02-1-44 34–35 Application

Answer: identity versus role confusion. 45. According to Erikson, the foundation or prerequisite for resolving the crisis of intimacy versus isolation is self-esteem and self-efficacy. the formation of an identity. formal operational thought. self-acceptance. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 1 02-1-45 34-35 Comprehension

Answer: the formation of an identity. 46. Which of the following is a way to achieve a sense of generativity? quitting your job because you are not able to get along with your new boss. caring for elderly parents. leaving your partner because he or she is abusive. retiring from a long-held occupation or career.. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: caring for elderly parents. 47. Reflecting upon one's life positively, without regrets, would place an individual on which side of the crisis in late adulthood? generativity identity integrity despair Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 2 02-1-47 35 Comprehension

Answer: integrity 48. The idea that each human being is motivated to achieve full human potential is a key concept of which of the following theories? Systems Psychoanalytic Humanistic Social learning Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.8 Describe the basic concepts of humanistic theory. 1 02-1-48 33-36 Knowledge

Answer: humanistic 49. Which of the following most accurately represents Maslow's key concept in his theory of human development? Development is influenced by early childhood experiences and the development of a stable identity. Humans are motivated to develop schemes for understanding their worlds. These schemes further develop through equilibration, assimilation, and accommodation. Deficiency motives are drives to maintain physical or emotional homeostasis by eating, drinking, or being loved; being motives lead us to seek understanding and personal growth. Development is motivated by role models, intrinsic reinforcements, and cognitive elements in learning. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.8 Describe the basic concepts of humanistic theory. 1 02-1-49 35-36 Knowledge

Answer: Deficiency motives are drives to maintain physical or emotional homeostasis by eating, drinking, or being loved; being motives lead us to seek understanding and personal growth.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 50. Why are humanistic theories important to our understanding of human development? They focus only on the best in people. They de-emphasize physical needs. They combine psychoanalytic and learning theories. They view each person as having potential. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.8 Describe the basic concepts of humanistic theory. 3 02-1-50 35-36 Comprehension

Answer: They view each person as having potential. 51. Abraham Maslow used the term ________ to describe the ultimate goal of human life. "physiological needs" "esteem needs" "self-actualization" "deficiency motives" Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.8 Describe the basic concepts of humanistic theory. 1 02-1-51 35-36 Knowledge

Answer: "self-actualization" 52. Theories that assert that development results from an accumulation of experiences are known as psychoanalytic theories. learning theories. cognitive theories. evolutionary theories. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.9 Explain how classical conditioning occurs. 1 02-1-52 37 Knowledge

Answer: learning theories. 52. Learning that results from the association of stimuli is called classical conditioning. operant conditioning. observational learning. social-cognitive conditioning.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.9 Explain how classical conditioning occurs. 1 02-1-53 37 Knowledge

Answer: classical conditioning. 54. Classical conditioning was rooted in the ideas and research conducted by Jean Piaget. Ivan Pavlov. B. F. Skinner. Abraham Maslow. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.9 Explain how classical conditioning occurs. 1 02-1-54 37 Knowledge

Answer: Ivan Pavlov. 55. Salivation occurs naturally when you put food in your mouth. In classical conditioning the food is the ________ and salivating is the ________. unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response conditioned stimulus; conditioned response unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response conditioned stimulus; unconditioned response Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.9 Explain how classical conditioning occurs. 2 02-1-55 37-38 Application

Answer: unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response 56. In classical conditioning, if the acidity of lemon juice automatically causes your mouth to pucker, the lemon juice is the ________ and the puckering of lips is the ________. conditional stimulus; unconditioned response. conditional stimulus; conditioned response. punishment; conditioned response. unconditional stimulus; unconditioned response. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.9 Explain how classical conditioning occurs. 2 02-1-56 37 Application

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: unconditional stimulus; unconditioned response. 57. Learning to repeat or stop behaviours because of their consequences refers to classical conditioning. operant conditioning. observational learning. punishment. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 1 02-1-57 38 Knowledge

Answer: operant conditioning. 58. Which of the following is an aspect of operant conditioning that would make a behaviour more likely to occur again? Negative reinforcement. Extinction. Intrinsic reinforcement. Positive punishment. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 3 02-1-58 38 Knowledge

Answer: Negative reinforcement. 59. Marvin is pestering his mother for an advance on his allowance, whining for 10 minutes saying things like, "Please, Mom, can't I have my allowance early? Please? Oh, come on, Mom, I need it now. Mom!" His mother ignores Marvin's pleas for 10 minutes, but finally gives in and says, "Oh, all right. Here it is. Anything to stop your whining." If in the future the boy engages in more whining to get what he wants, and the mother gives in even more easily, then according to the principles of the learning theory, Marvin has been ________ and the mother has been ________. positively reinforced; punished. negatively reinforced; punished. negatively reinforced; positively reinforced. positively reinforced; negatively reinforced. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 3 02-1-59 38 Analysis

Answer: positively reinforced; negatively reinforced.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 60. Eleven-year-old Madison is expected to keep her room clean and to empty all trash and garbage in the house. When Madison is too busy to complete her household chores, she is grounded. Her parents tell her that until her room is clean and the trash is emptied she is to remain at home, have no visitors, and may not use her iPod. In this situation, grounding serves as a ________ for Madison. negative reinforcement intrinsic reinforcement punishment positive reinforcement Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 3 02-1-60 38 Analysis

Answer: negative reinforcement 61. Roberta has been studying very hard and finds out that she has received an A+ on her English test. Her parents praise her and take her out to buy a new summer outfit. She is so happy that her parents are proud of her that she studies even harder for the next English test. This is an example of positive reinforcement. negative reinforcement. partial reinforcement. extinction. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 2 02-1-61 38 Application

Answer: positive reinforcement. 62. A teacher succeeds in eliminating a student's undesirable behaviour by ignoring it. This is referred to as negative reinforcement. extinction. shaping. partial reinforcement. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 1 02-1-62 39 Application

Answer: extinction.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 63. Last year, five-year-old Emily began a bedtime ritual that frustrated her parents. Shortly after being put to bed for the evening, Emily would begin a series of requests: "I need a drink of water." "Please read me another story." "I think something is under my bed. Come look!" Emily's parents finally resolved that they would not respond to Emily and warned her that once she went to bed, she was expected to go quietly to sleep. Through a long and difficult week, Emily's parents held firm and ignored her pleas and tears. Now, Emily drifts peacefully and quickly to sleep when she is put to bed. Emily's parents practiced the learning principle of punishment. extinction. positive reinforcement. modelling. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 3 02-1-63 39 Analysis

Answer: extinction. 64. Albert Bandura's observation that we may learn by watching another person behave in a certain way is the foundation for what theory? social cognitive theory classical conditioning operant conditioning social interaction theory Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.14 Describe Bandura’s concepts of modelling, reciprocal determinism, and self-efficacy. 2 02-1-64 44 Comprehension

Answer: social cognitive theory 65. ________ is to Skinner as ________ is to Bandura. Intrinsic reinforcement; scheme Libido; assimilation Unconditional stimulus; working memory Reinforcement; observational learning Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 2.14 Describe Bandura’s concepts of modelling, reciprocal determinism, and self-efficacy. 1 02-1-65 44 Comprehension

Answer: Reinforcement; observational learning

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 66. Which of the following is an example of behaviour influenced by the principles of social cognitive theory? Lise cooperates when the dentist cleans her teeth. As a result of the role conflict between her parental responsibilities and her need for personal development, Irina decides to drop out of college for a semester. Nick misses his 11 p.m. curfew by one hour and is grounded by his parents for a week. He vows never to let that happen again. When Dr. Jones responds angrily to a request from her daughter Sally, Sally's sister Judy decides she will wait until tomorrow to ask her mother for permission to buy a new video game. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.14 Describe Bandura’s concepts of modelling, reciprocal determinism, and self-efficacy. 3 02-1-66 44-45 Analysis

Answer: When Dr. Jones responds angrily to a request from her daughter Sally, Sally's sister Judy decides she will wait until tomorrow to ask her mother for permission to buy a new video game. 67. When one-year-old Owen points to every man he sees and says "Daddy," he has employed which Piagetian process? equilibration assimilation accommodation scaffolding Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 2 02-1-67 40-41 Comprehension

Answer: assimilation 68. The work of ________ attempts to answer the question "How does thinking develop?" B. F. Skinner Jean Piaget Sigmund Freud Uri Bronfenbrenner Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 1 02-1-68 40 Knowledge

Answer: Jean Piaget

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 69. According to the principles of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, if you know how to act at a party, you are using a ________ to guide and direct your behaviour. scheme reinforcement defence mechanism memory Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 1 02-1-69 40-41 Application

Answer: scheme 70. Twelve-month-old Ahmed pointed to an airplane flying overhead and said "Bird!" This is an example of the Piagetian process of concrete operations. accommodation. preoperational thought. assimilation. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 3 02-1-70 40-41 Analysis

Answer: assimilation. 71. Three-year-old Ali used to call all flying objects, such as airplanes and slowly falling leaves, "birds." Now he correctly labels airplanes, butterflies, birds, and bees. What Piagetian process has Ali accomplished? Assimilation. Accommodation. Concrete operations. Scheme. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 3 02-1-71 41 Analysis

Answer: Accommodation.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 72. A child who efficiently sucks a breast or a bottle is presented with a drinking straw, which requires a different sucking strategy. What is likely to happen? The child will assimilate a new strategy and immediately be successful at sucking in a new fashion. The child will be frustrated and unable to learn the new strategy. Children who learn to drink from bottles are unsuccessful at learning to drink from straws. The child will accommodate the straw by changing the existing scheme for sucking and adding a new strategy to deal with the straw. The child will abandon previous schemes for sucking and create a new scheme for sucking from a straw. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 3 02-1-72 40-41 Analysis

Answer: The child will accommodate the straw by changing the existing scheme for sucking and adding a new strategy to deal with the straw. 73. The Piagetian process of accommodation involves taking in an event or experience and connecting it to an existing scheme. changing an existing scheme as a result of new information or experiences. understanding the world in terms of one's senses and motor actions. using symbols to represent the world. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 1 02-1-73 41 Knowledge

Answer: changing an existing scheme as a result of new information or experiences. 74. Piaget believed that in the process of ________, children use both assimilation and accommodation to create schemes that fit the reality of their environments. nativism equilibration scaffolding accommodation Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 1 02-1-74 41 Knowledge

Answer: equilibration

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 75. In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, a child begins to understand the world in terms of sensory information and motor activities in the stage of preoperations. from birth to 18 months. of equilibration. from two to six years of age. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 1 02-1-75 41 Knowledge

Answer: from birth to 18 months. 76. In the ________ stage of cognitive development, a child begins to use symbols to think and communicate and also begins to take others' perspectives. formal operations sensorimotor preoperational concrete operations Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 1 02-1-76 41 Knowledge

Answer: preoperational 77. According to Piaget, it is in the ________ stage of cognitive development that a child can manipulate ideas as well as concrete objects or events. In this stage, a child can think about abstract ideas and hypothetical situations. equilibration information processing formal operations concrete operations Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 1 02-1-77 41 Knowledge

Answer: formal operations

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 78. According to the information-processing theory of cognition, a developmental psychology student is using the memory process of ________ when she relates the information about memory formation that she learned in developmental psychology class to the information she had previously learned in introductory psychology class. encoding abstraction accommodation equilibration Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.12 Describe information-processing theory processes. 2 02-1-78 41 Analysis

Answer: encoding 79. Neo-Piagetian theories have had what effect on information-processing theory? made it more credible contradicted it completely disproved it expanded on it Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.12 Describe information-processing theory processes. 2 02-1-79 43 Knowledge

Answer: expanded on it 80. The belief in one's own capacity to cause an intended event to occur or to perform a task is known as reciprocal determinism. self-efficacy. modelling. reinforcement. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.14 Describe Bandura’s concepts of modelling, reciprocal determinism, and self-efficacy. 1 02-1-84 45 Knowledge

Answer: self-efficacy.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 81. Information that is to be stored in memory, such as a grocery list or a friend's birthday, is processed in ________ before it is moved to long-term memory for storage. sensory memory the superego the proximodistal stage short-term memory Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.12 Describe information-processing theory processes. 1 02-1-81 43 Knowledge

Answer: short-term memory 82. The theory that asserts that a child's learning of new cognitive skills is guided by an adult, more skilled child, or older sibling who structures their learning experience would be sociocultural theory. classical conditioning. operant conditioning. the hierarchy of needs. Learning Objective:

2.13 Describe how Vygotsky’s concepts of scaffolding and zone of proximal development influence cognitive development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 02-1-82 44 Comprehension

Answer: sociocultural theory. 83. Which of the following theories best explains that to teach a child an adult must gain and keep the child's attention; model the best strategy; and adapt the whole process to the child's developmental level? psychoanalytic theories social-cognitive theory sociocultural theory information processing theory Learning Objective:

2.13 Describe how Vygotsky’s concepts of scaffolding and zone of proximal development influence cognitive development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 02-1-83 44 Comprehension

Answer: sociocultural theory

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 84. Seven-year-old Elena is developing her math skills. She can add and subtract single-digit math problems (7 + 3 = 10), and with assistance from her mother, she works double digit problems (12 + 10 = 22). Vygotsky would suggest that this situation illustrates Elena's adaptive processes of assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration. sensorimotor development. scaffold. zone of proximal development. Learning Objective:

2.13 Describe how Vygotsky’s concepts of scaffolding and zone of proximal development influence cognitive development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 02-1-84 44 Application

Answer: zone of proximal development. 85. Holism, the view that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, is a core principle of _______ theory. evolutionary Vygotsky's sociocultural systems cognitive learning Learning Objective:

2.15 Describe how contexts influence development from Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological perspective.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 02-1-85 46 Application

Answer: systems 86. Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory is considered a learning theory. humanistic theory. systems theory. cognitive theory. Learning Objective:

2.15 Describe how contexts influence development from Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological perspective.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 02-1-86 46 Knowledge

Answer: systems theory.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 87. The systems approach to human development takes into consideration the ever-changing (dynamic) interaction of personal factors with social relationships. biological systems. cognitive processing. external factors. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.15 Describe how contexts influence development from Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological perspective. 2 02-1-87 46 Knowledge

Answer: external factors. 88. The level of Bronfenbrenner's theory that includes the influences of the health care and educational systems is called the _____________. macrosystem. microsystem. exosystem. person. Learning Objective:

2.15 Describe how contexts influence development from Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological perspective.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 02-1-88 46-47 Knowledge

Answer: exosystem.

89. Which theorists endorse early intervention strategies? ecobiodevelopmentalists neo-Piagetians evolutionary theorists Information-processing theorists Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.16 Explain why ecobiodevelopmentalists endorse early intervention strategies. 1 02-1-89 48 Knowledge

Answer: ecobiodevelopmentalists

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 90. From the 1880s to 1996 the government established and maintained residential schools in order to Canadianize Indigenous children. Which of the following statements has an error in wording about the transgenerational impact of colonization in Canada? isolation, suppression of traditional language and practices, regimented routines, incidents of abuse, malnourishment, exposure to death and disease inadequate education and vocational training ongoing transgenerational physical, psychological, and sociocultural adversities experienced by Indigenous peoples the apprehension, or “scooping up,” of First Nations children for adoption into mostly nonIndigenous families by provincial child protection services which was called “the Twenties Scoop” Learning Objective:

2.15 Describe how contexts influence development from Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological perspective.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 02-1-90 48 Knowledge

Answer: ecobiodevelopmentalists Chapter 2 True-False Questions 1. The predictive–adaptive response suggests that the fetus has an intuitive ability to predict its future post-birth environment and is then able to adapt its physiology to ensure survival in that anticipated environment. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. 1 02-2-01 30 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 2. Behavioural epigenetics research suggests that parental care can physically alter molecular epigenetic structures in offspring. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.3 Describe how epigenetic mechanisms regulate genes and development. 1 02-2-02 28 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 3. Gene expression is controlled through dominant-recessive patterns of inheritance. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.3 Describe how epigenetic mechanisms regulate genes and development. 1 02-2-03 28 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 4. The toddler who screams angrily when she is denied candy is being controlled by her ego. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 2 02-2-04 33 Application

Answer: a. True 5. According to Freud, if needs are unmet and problems are not resolved during a child's early experiences, then a fixation may result. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 1 02-2-05 34 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 6. According to Erikson's theory of development, at mid-life, an individual is confronted with the crisis of integrity versus despair. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 1 02-2-06 34 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 7. A major assumption of Maslow's theory is that each person is born with a basic drive to achieve her or his full potential, or self-actualization. a True. b False. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.8 Describe the basic concepts of humanistic theory. 1 02-2-07 35-36 Knowledge

Answer: a. True. 8. Positive punishment is the same as negative reinforcement. a b

True Fals

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 3 02-2-08 38-39 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 9. People take less time to learn a new behaviour under partial reinforcement conditions. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 1 02-2-09 39 Knowledge

Answer: a. False 10. The gradual elimination of a behaviour through repeated non-reinforcement is called extinction. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 1 02-2-10 39 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 11. Piaget's theory of cognitive development provides a comprehensive explanation for how children acquire emotional responses such as fear or comfort. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 2 02-2-11 40 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 12. If Gregory says "doggie" to describe a horse, a cow, and an elephant, then he has not yet learned the Piagetian process of how to accommodate. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 2 02-2-12 41 Application

Answer: a. True 13. Piaget's theory of cognitive development has been tremendously valuable in developmental research. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 2 02-2-13 40-41 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 14. The capacity of short-term memory is much less than the capacity of long-term memory. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.12 Describe information-processing theory processes. 1 02-2-14 43 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 15. A parent tries to help a child learn how to read by sounding out new words. This is an example of scaffolding. a True b False Learning Objective:

2.13 Describe how Vygotsky’s concepts of scaffolding and zone of proximal development influence cognitive development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 02-2-15 44 Application

Answer: a. True 16. The systems approach to human development emphasizes the biological system when studying how humans grow. a True b False Learning Objective:

2.15 Describe how contexts influence development from Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological perspective.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 02-2-16 46 Knowledge

Answer: a. False 17. Critics of evolutionary theories claim that those theories underestimate the impact of the environment and place too much emphasis on heredity. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. COMPARING THEORIES 2.17 Determine the distinguishing characteristics of human development theories. 1 02-2-17 49 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 18. Complex chemical units of a chromosome that control or influence inherited traits are called chromosomes. a b

True False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.1 Describe the structure and function of genes. 1 02-2-18 Knowledge

Answer: b. False

19. An individual’s unique genetic blueprint is called a genotype. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 1 02-2-19 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

20. A pattern of inheritance in which a single dominant gene influences a person’s phenotype but two recessive genes are necessary to produce an associated trait is called a dominant-recessive pattern. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 1 02-2-20 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 21. Advances in human genomics will play a vital role in predicting and preventing diseases. a b

True False

Learning Objective:

2.5 Describe how biological and evolutionary theories contribute to our understanding of disease processes and interventions.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 02-2-21 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True

22. There is growing awareness now of the need to promote early intervention strategies not only during prenatal development but also before conception. a True b False Learning Objective:

2.5 Describe how biological and evolutionary theories contribute to our understanding of disease processes and interventions.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 02-2-22 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

23. The last stage in Erikson’s psychosocial theory is generativity vs. stagnation. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 1 02-2-23 Knowledge

Answer: a. False

24. When a response occurs reliably in connection with a conditioned stimulus in this way, it is known as a conditioned (learned) response. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.9 Explain how classical conditioning occurs. 1 02-2-24 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 25. Classical conditioning is of interest in the study of development because of the role it plays in the acquisition of emotional responses. a True b False Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 35

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.9 Explain how classical conditioning occurs. 1 02-2-25 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 26. Negative reinforcement entails adding a condition (usually something unpleasant) following a behaviour and decreases the chances that the behaviour will occur again. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 1 02-2-26 Knowledge

Answer: a. False 27. Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological systems theory explains development in terms of the relationships among individuals and their environments, or interconnected contexts, over the passage of time, called the chronosystem. a True b False Learning Objective:

2.15 Describe how contexts influence development from Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological perspective.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 02-2-27 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 28. In Bronfenbrenner’s theory, the macrosystem (the sociocultural context), is the manifestation of the overarching sociocultural ideologies, values, and beliefs, and organization of the social systems and public policy through macroinstitutions, such as the federal government, in which a child is growing up. a True b False Learning Objective:

2.15 Describe how contexts influence development from Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological perspective.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True 29. Bandura’s ideas emphasize the roles of thinking (cognition) and of learning by observation (modelling) in human behaviour. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.14 Describe Bandura’s concepts of modelling, reciprocal determinism, and self-efficacy. 1 02-2-29 Knowledge

Answer: a. 30. Ecobiodevelopmentalists say that the foundations of healthy development, and the origins of many impairments and susceptibilities to diseases and metal disorders, can be biologically embedded through epigenetic–environment interactions beginning prior to conception and continuing throughout the early years of life. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.16 Explain why ecobiodevelopmentalists endorse early intervention strategies. 1 02-2-30 Knowledge

31. Regarding the transgenerational impacts of colonization in Canada, child apprehension policies inflicted serious emotional harm not only on Indigenous children and their parents but also on future generations of their families and communities. a True b False Learning Objective:

2.15 Describe how contexts influence development from Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological perspective.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 02-2-30 Knowledge

Answer: a. True Chapter 2 Short Answer Questions

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 1. Identify and briefly summarize the basic ideas that are shared by the biological and evolutionary theories of human development. In what ways do these theories differ? Learning Objective:

2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. 2.5 Describe how biological and evolutionary theories contribute to our understanding of disease processes and interventions.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 02-3-01 23–31 Comprehension

Answer: 2. How do evolutionary psychology and evolutionary developmental psychology theories differ?

Learning Objective:

2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 02-3-02 29-30 Knowledge

Answer: 3. What is the predictive-adaptive response? What impact or influence does it have on development?

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.4 Describe how evolutionary theories explain individual differences. 2 02-3-03 30 Knowledge

Answer: 4. Summarize the most important concepts and assumptions of Erikson's theory of human development. Choose any two of the stages of this theory and discuss the crisis, the strength to be acquired, and the activities associated with each stage. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 2 02-3-04 34–35 Application

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 5. Describe Maslow's humanistic theory of development. Identify each stage in this theory and discuss how each stage relates to the next. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.8 Describe the basic concepts of humanistic theory. 2 02-3-05 35-36 Comprehension

Answer: 6. Explain how classical and operant conditioning affect behaviour and development. What are the similarities and differences in the two approaches? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.9 Explain how classical conditioning occurs. 2.10 Explain the process of operant conditioning. 2 02-3-06 37-39 Comprehension

Answer: 7. Three of Piaget's most useful concepts are scheme, assimilation, and accommodation. Give an example to illustrate each of these concepts. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 2 02-3-07 40-41 Application

Answer: 8. How might Piaget's theory and the information-processing theory of cognitive development be thought of as complementary? In other words, what might each theory contribute to an overall greater understanding of children's cognitive development? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.11 Describe how cognitive development progresses, according to Piaget. 3 02-3-08 40-43 Analysis

Answer:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 9. How are Vygotsky's sociocultural theory and Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory similar in their views on human development? How do these theories differ in their explanations of human development? Learning Objective:

2.13 Describe how Vygotsky’s concepts of scaffolding and zone of proximal development influence cognitive development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 02-3-09 44, 46-48 Analysis

Answer: 10. Explain how Albert Bandura's concepts of observational learning and reciprocal determinism shape and influence development. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.14 Describe Bandura’s concepts of modelling, reciprocal determinism, and self-efficacy. 3 02-3-10 44-46 Application

Answer: 11. What is the systems approach to human development? List all factors that are relevant to this approach. Include examples of the transgenerational impacts of colonization in Canada. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.15 Describe how contexts influence development from Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological perspective. 2.16 Explain why ecobiodevelopmentalists endorse early intervention strategies. 2 02-3-11 46 Knowledge

Answer: Chapter 02 Essay Questions 1. Discuss one major strength or contribution and one major weakness of Freud's theory. Discuss one major strength or contribution and one major weakness of Erikson's theory. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.6 Summarize the main ideas of Freud’s psychosexual theory. 2 02-4-01 33-35 Analysis

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: Answers will vary 2. A basic assumption of Erikson's theory is that each new crisis is thrust upon the developing person because of changes in social demands that accompany changes in age. Choose any three of Erikson's stages and briefly describe the cultural and social demands commonly associated with each stage. Discuss how the crisis of each developmental stage could be successfully and unsuccessfully resolved. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2.7 Identify the conflict associated with each of Erikson’s psychosocial stages. 3 02-4-02 34–35 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 3. If you had to put together an eclectic theory of human development, which elements of the major theories would you find most useful to include? Select elements from at least three major theories, and explain what you think each element contributes to our understanding of development. What assumptions about development would you include in your eclectic theory of human development? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

See all LOs for this chapter. 3 02-4-03 23–49 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 4. Explain how genetics, epigenetics, and environmental mechanisms interact to determine health and disease. Learning Objective:

2.1 Describe the structure and function of genes. 2.2 Describe the ways genes influence development. 2.3 Describe how epigenetic mechanisms regulate genes and development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 02-4-04 23–32 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 5. Identify and explain the four key elements of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory. Describe how these various contexts influence development from Bronfenbrenner's perspective. Do you support this approach to development? Why or why not? Include examples of the transgenerational impacts of colonization in Canada.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

2.15 Describe how contexts influence development from Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological perspective.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 02-4-05 46–48 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

CHAPTER 3: PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT AND BIRTH Chapter 3 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Which of the following is a correct statement about the events leading up to conception? Conception normally takes place in the uterus. After ovulation, the ovum travels down the uterus to the fallopian tube. Ordinarily, a woman produces two ova per month, one from each of her ovaries. After ejaculation, sperm travel the following path: the vagina, cervix, uterus, and fallopian tube. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 2 03-1-01 56 3 Application

Answer: After ejaculation, sperm travel the following path: the vagina, cervix, uterus, and fallopian tube. 2. Specialized cells used in reproduction that contain only 23 single chromosomes are called zygotes. gametes. autosomes. XY chromosomes. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 1 03-1-02 56 3 Knowledge

Answer: gametes. 3. How many chromosomes are found in the nucleus of the typical human cell? 46 23 pairs 23 pairs and an extra pair of sex-determining chromosomes 46 pairs Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 1 03-1-03 56 3 Knowledge

Answer: 23 pairs.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 4. At conception, sperm and ova unite to form a new cell called a(n) gamete. zygote. embryo. autosome. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 1 03-1-04 56 3 Knowledge

Answer: zygote. 5. A zygote that has two X-chromosomes will develop into a boy. a girl. a gamete. twins. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 1 03-1-05 56 3 Knowledge

Answer: a girl. 6. A female contributes ________ to the genetics that determine the sex of a zygote, and a male contributes ________ to determine the sex of a zygote. gametes; genes autosomes; sex chromosomes X-chromosomes; X- and Y-chromosomes monogenic alleles; polygenic alleles Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 1 03-1-06 56 3 Comprehension

Answer: X-chromosomes; X- and Y-chromosomes 7. What types of twins are conceived when more than one ovum is produced and where both have been fertilized by separate sperm? fraternal twins. identical twins. monozygotic twins. germinal twins.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 1 03-1-07 56 3 Application

Answer: fraternal twins 8. Which of the following statements is true regarding women over age 35 and multiple births? Women over age 35 are more likely to conceive and produce multiple births only if they have taken fertility drugs. Women over age 35 are more likely to conceive and produce multiple births only if the person who fathered the child is over age 50. Women over age 35 are more likely to naturally conceive and produce multiple births. Women over age 35 are more likely to conceive and produce multiple births only if the person who fathered the child is under age 30. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 1 03-1-08 56 3 Knowledge

Answer: Women over age 35 are more likely to naturally conceive and produce multiple births. 9. Naseema and Parmajit are twins. Based upon the incidence of births of twins, the girls are most likely ________ twins. monozygotic polygenetic dizygotic identical Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 2 03-1-09 56 3 Comprehension

Answer: dizygotic 10. Which of the following is a factor associated with multiple births? The presence of hormones in the foods we eat has led to an increase in multiple births. The number of women under the age of 30 who are giving birth has increased in Canada. The prevalent use of artificial insemination has led to an increase in multiple births. The number of women older than age 35 who give birth has increased in Canada.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 2 03-1-10 62 Comprehension

Answer: The number of women older than age 35 who give birth has increased in Canada. 11. Which of the following statements is true regarding women over age 35 and multiple births? Women over age 35 are more likely to conceive and produce multiple births only if they have taken fertility drugs. Women over age 35 are more likely to conceive and produce multiple births only if the person who fathered the child is over age 50. Women over age 35 are more likely than younger women to experience difficulty becoming pregnant. Women over age 35 are more likely to produce multiple births only if they have conceived through in vitro fertilization. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 1 03-1-11 56 3 Knowledge

Answer: Women over age 35 are more likely than younger women to experience difficulty becoming pregnant. 12. All of the following are assisted human reproduction (AHR) treatments EXCEPT ovulation stimulation drugs. in vitro fertilization. artificial insemination. embryo vitrification. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 1 03-1-12 56-57 3-4 Knowledge

Answer: embryo vitrification. 13. The potential for multiple births increases most with _______ treatments. any assisted human reproduction (AHR) activity in vitro fertilization artificial insemination ovulation stimulation drugs

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 1 03-1-13 57 4 Knowledge

Answer: in vitro fertilization 14. When an egg and a sperm are combined in a petri dish and the resulting embryo is implanted in a woman's uterus, the assisted reproduction technique is known as cryptopreservation. artificial insemination. cloning. in vitro fertilization. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 1 03-1-14 57 4 Knowledge

Answer: in vitro fertilization. 15. Which of the following is NOT a true statement about in vitro fertilization? Cryopreservation has been found to have significant negative effects upon the development of infants and children who were cryopreserved as embryos. In Canada, three or more embryos will be simultaneously implanted in a woman's uterus in order to increase the likelihood of at least one live birth. IVF is less successful among older women than among younger women. In vitro fertilization is also known as the "test tube baby" method. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 2 03-1-15 57 4-5 Comprehension

Answer: Cryopreservation has been found to have significant negative effects upon the development of infants and children who were cryopreserved as embryos. 16. In the assisted reproduction technique known as ________, donor sperm may be deposited directly into the uterus of a woman who wants to conceive without a male partner. vitrification artificial insemination in vitro fertilization cryopreservation

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 1 03-1-16 57-58 5 Knowledge

Answer: artificial insemination 17. Concerns and ethical dilemmas related to assisted human reproductive techniques, practices, and outcomes have prompted Canada to ban multiple egg transfers in IVF treatments. legislate the maintenance of a personal health information registry to provide children of donated sperm and ova with access to their medical histories. require identification of sperm and egg donors and ban anonymity of donors. establish registries for parent and sibling searches by children conceived via donor sperm/eggs. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 1 03-1-17 58 Knowledge

Answer: legislate the maintenance of a personal health information registry to provide children of donated sperm and ova with access to their medical histories. 18. In Karen's pregnancy, the zygote has implanted in her fallopian tube rather than her uterus. What type of pregnancy is this? ectopic proximodal interstitial spontaneous Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.2 Describe the mother’s experience during the three trimesters of pregnancy. 1 03-1-18 60 7 Knowledge

Answer: ectopic 19. Dilara, at six weeks pregnant, is experiencing symptoms of nausea and vomiting. These symptoms are associated with a condition of pregnancy known as __________. toxemia of pregnancy. morning sickness. gestational diabetes. spontaneous abortion.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.2 Describe the mother’s experience during the three trimesters of pregnancy. 1 03-1-19 60 7 Knowledge

Answer: morning sickness. 20. Which of the following is associated with the first trimester of pregnancy? implantation bleeding. formation of a mucus "plug" to seal the entrance to the uterus. effacement. the uterus begins to shift position and put pressure on the woman's bladder. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.2 Describe the mother’s experience during the three trimesters of pregnancy. 2 03-1-20 60 7 Comprehension

Answer: the uterus begins to shift position and put pressure on the woman's bladder. 21. A condition that can cause a baby to grow too rapidly and result in premature labour or an infant that is too large for a vaginal birth is gestational diabetes. toxaemia. ectopic pregnancy. high blood pressure. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.2 Describe the mother’s experience during the three trimesters of pregnancy. 1 03-1-21 61 8 Knowledge

Answer: gestational diabetes. 22. All of the following are associated with the third trimester of pregnancy EXCEPT weight gain. secretion of colostrum. increased risk of spontaneous abortion. toxemia. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.2 Describe the mother’s experience during the three trimesters of pregnancy. 2 03-1-22 61 8 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: increased risk of spontaneous abortion. 23. Which of the following is the best example of the cephalocaudal principle of development during the prenatal period? The brain is formed before the reproductive system. The digestive organs are formed before the heart. Differentiation of the gonads and the lobes of the brain occur simultaneously. The spinal cord develops before the arms. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.3 Outline the milestones of the three stages of prenatal development. 2 03-1-23 61 8 Analysis

Answer: The brain is formed before the reproductive system. 24. Which of the following is the best example of the proximodistal principle of development during the prenatal period? The spinal cord develops before the arms. The brain is formed before the reproductive system. Differentiation of the gonads occurs before the eyes are formed. The digestive organs are formed before the heart. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.3 Outline the milestones of the three stages of prenatal development. 2 03-1-24 61 8 Analysis

Answer: The spinal cord develops before the arms. 25. The stages of prenatal development, in order, are blastocyst, implantation, and organogenesis. germinal, embryonic, and fetal. zygotic, germinal, embryonic, and fetal. fetal, embryonic, germinal, and zygotic. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.3 Outline the milestones of the three stages of prenatal development. 1 03-1-25 61-64 8-9 Knowledge

Answer: germinal, embryonic, and fetal.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 26. Which of the following statements about the placenta is true? The placenta typically is expelled during the third stage of labour. An embryo/fetus is attached to the placenta by the amniotic sac. The placenta is where the mother's and baby's blood are mixed to transfer oxygen, nutrients, and waste products. The placenta forms during organogenesis. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.3 Outline the milestones of the three stages of prenatal development. 2 03-1-26 61-62 8-9 Comprehension

Answer: The placenta is where the mother's and baby's blood are mixed to transfer oxygen, nutrients, and waste products. 27. After implantation has been completed, an inner membrane creates a sac filled with liquid where the baby will float. This inner membrane is called the blastocyst. the amnion. the placenta. organogenesis. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.3 Outline the milestones of the three stages of prenatal development. 1 03-1-27 63 10 Comprehension

Answer: the amnion. 28. The ________ stage of prenatal development begins at implantation and continues until the end of week 8. amnion germinal embryonic fetal Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.3 Outline the milestones of the three stages of prenatal development. 1 03-1-28 61-62 10 Knowledge

Answer: embryonic

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 29. The ________ stage of prenatal development involves refinements of the organ systems, especially the lungs and brain. fetal germinal embryonic teratogenic Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.3 Outline the milestones of the three stages of prenatal development. 2 03-1-29 63-64 10-11 Knowledge

Answer: fetal 30. When does a developing infant begin to respond to stimuli such as its mother's voice or light introduced into the uterus? during the fetal stage. during the germinal stage. during the embryonic stage. as soon as the sensory systems are formed in organogenesis. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.3 Outline the milestones of the three stages of prenatal development. 1 03-1-30 63-64 11 Comprehension

Answer: during the fetal stage. 31. Caitlin's doctor has told her that her baby has attained viability. What does this mean? The baby doesn't have any more developing left to do. The baby is at the most important stage of development. The baby no longer needs nourishment from the mother. The baby has the ability to live outside the womb. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.3 Outline the milestones of the three stages of prenatal development. 2 03-1-31 63 10 Knowledge

Answer: The baby has the ability to live outside the womb. 32. Movement to the head-down position for birth occurs during which weeks of pregnancy? weeks 17–20. weeks 21–24. weeks 29–32. weeks 33–36.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.3 Outline the milestones of the three stages of prenatal development. 1 03-1-32 64 11 Knowledge

Answer: weeks 33–36. 33. In brain development, neuron proliferation or increases in neuron development and numbers occurs most dramatically during the germinal stage. embryonic stage. fetal stage. post-birth infant stage. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.3 Outline the milestones of the three stages of prenatal development. 1 03-1-33 64 11 Comprehension

Answer: fetal stage. 34. As fetal brain development progresses, neuron cell bodies permanently relocate to designated areas of the brain through a process called neuronal proliferation. neuronal migration. neuronal transplanting. neuron resettlement. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.3 Outline the milestones of the three stages of prenatal development. 1 03-1-34 64-65 Comprehension

Answer: neuronal migration. 35. Which of the following in utero behaviours signals that synapse formation is occurring in the fetal brain? blinking. yawning. kicking. turning. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.3 Outline the milestones of the three stages of prenatal development. 1 03-1-35 65 11 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: yawning. 36. As fetal brains develop, neurons acquire additional structures that enhance their critical role in overall brain functioning. Which of the following is not one of the structures or parts of a developing neuron? axon. glial. dendrite. synapse. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.3 Outline the milestones of the three stages of prenatal development. 1 03-1-36 65 12 Knowledge

Answer: glial. 37. ________ can be best described as the glue and support system for neurons. Synapses Cell bodies Axons Glial cells Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.3 Outline the milestones of the three stages of prenatal development. 1 03-1-37 65 12 Knowledge

Answer: Glial cells 38. Which of the following is an accurate statement about sex differences in prenatal development? Female fetuses appear more sensitive to external stimulation and advance more rapidly in skeletal development. More females than males are conceived. Females are typically longer and weigh more at birth than males. Males are more advanced in all aspects of prenatal development, particularly development of the skeleton. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.4 List some of the ways male and female fetuses differ. 2 03-1-38 66 13 Knowledge

Answer: Female fetuses appear more sensitive to external stimulation and advance more rapidly in skeletal development.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

39. Which of the following is a true statement about prenatal behaviour? In recent years, techniques such as ultrasound imaging and fetal heart rate monitoring have provided researchers with a great deal more information about fetal behaviour. In recent years, the number of research studies examining fetal behaviour has decreased significantly. The fetus cannot distinguish between familiar and novel stimuli by the 32nd or 33rd week. Fetuses did not demonstrate any significant different heart-rate patterns in response to a poem read by their mothers compared to that read by a stranger, suggesting that fetuses cannot remember and recognize their mother’s voice (in the womb). Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.5 Describe some of the behaviours scientists have observed in fetuses. 1 03-1-39 66 13 Knowledge

Answer: In recent years, techniques such as ultrasound imaging and fetal heart rate monitoring have provided researchers with a great deal more information about fetal behaviour.

40.

An abnormal structure, function, or body metabolism present at birth that results in physical or mental disability or death is called congenital anomaly. atypical anomaly. autosomal disorders. phenylketonuria.

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.6 Identify the effects of the major dominant, recessive, and sex-linked disorders. 1 03-1-40 67 14 Knowledge

Answer: congenital anomaly. 41. An autosomal disorder that typically does not show symptoms until adulthood is sickle-cell disease. phenylketonuria. Huntington's disease. Tay-Sachs disease. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: Huntington's disease. 42. ______, a rare autosomal genetic disorder caused by an inability to metabolize an essential amino acid, can lead to developmental delay if undetected. Tay-Sachs disease Cystic fibrosis Phenylketonuria Muscular dystrophy Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.6 Identify the effects of the major dominant, recessive, and sex-linked disorders. 1 03-1-42 68 14 Knowledge

Answer: Phenylketonuria 43. People of Eastern European Jewish and Gaspé French Canadian ancestries are most at risk for having offspring with the fatal autosomal degenerative gene disorder called Huntington's disease. Tay-Sachs disease. Cystic fibrosis. Sickle-cell anemia. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.6 Identify the effects of the major dominant, recessive, and sex-linked disorders. 1 03-1-43 68 15 Knowledge

Answer: Tay-Sachs disease. 44. A serious sex-linked genetic disorder where the person's blood lacks the chemical components needed for blood to clot is called hemophilia. sickle cell anemia. Tay-Sachs disease. fragile X syndrome. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.6 Identify the effects of the major dominant, recessive, and sex-linked disorders. 2 03-1-44 68 15 Knowledge

Answer: hemophilia.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 45. What is the most common chromosomal anomaly? Phenylketonuria. Turner's syndrome. Fragile-X syndrome. Trisomy 21. Learning Objective:

3.7 Identify common trisomy errors and sex-chromosome anomalies that can affect development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 03-1-45 69 16 Knowledge

Answer: Trisomy 21. 46. Which of the following individuals would most likely have the greatest risk for bearing a trisomy 21, or Down syndrome child? Ms. Branco, age 45 Mrs. MacDonald, age 25 Ms. Shin, age 18 Mrs. Poirier, age 35 Learning Objective:

3.7 Identify common trisomy errors and sex-chromosome anomalies that can affect development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 03-1-46 69 16 Comprehension

Answer: Ms. Branco, age 45 47. A characteristic common to many individuals who have sex chromosome anomalies is obesity. sexual development (puberty) that occurs either very early or very late. learning difficulties. extremely high levels of intelligence. Learning Objective:

3.7 Identify common trisomy errors and sex-chromosome anomalies that can affect development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 03-1-47 69 16 Comprehension

Answer: learning difficulties.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 48. Diseases/infections such as cancer and chlamydia, and drugs (e.g., tobacco, alcohol) that can cause birth defects are called chromosomal anomalies. teratogens. mutagens. trisomies. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.8 Identify the risks associated with teratogenic maternal diseases. 1 03-1-48 69-70 16 Application

Answer: teratogens.

49. The prenatal risks of _______ infection include a host of adverse birth outcomes, including microcephaly and other neurological deficits. cytomegalovirus (CMV) Zika HIV syphilis Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.8 Identify the risks associated with teratogenic maternal diseases. 1 03-1-49 69-70 18 Knowledge

Answer: Zika 50. The basic rule that governs the effects of teratogens is that the more teratogens present, the more likely it is that prenatal development will be adversely affected. the larger the molecule (virus, chemical, etc.), the greater the risk of a harmful effect by the teratogen. the further the pregnancy has advanced, the greater the risk for defects or malformations. an organ system is most vulnerable to disruption during the time when it is developing rapidly. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.8 Identify the risks associated with teratogenic maternal diseases. 2 03-1-50 69-70 18 Comprehension

Answer: an organ system is most vulnerable to disruption during the time when it is developing rapidly.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 51. Your friend Ann, who is four weeks pregnant, calls you in great distress. She has never had rubella before, and this afternoon she was exposed to the disease at a child's birthday party. Should she be concerned? No. The placenta is a perfect filter and will prevent the virus from reaching and affecting the embryo. Yes. If she does get rubella, the disease will make the effects of morning sickness worse. No. The risk to the embryo/fetus is in the germinal period prior to implantation and the development of the placenta. Yes. At this stage of gestation, rubella poses serious risks of heart defects, cataracts, or deafness to the embryo. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.8 Identify the risks associated with teratogenic maternal diseases. 2 03-1-51 70 16 Application

Answer: Yes. At this stage of gestation, rubella poses serious risks of heart defects, cataracts, or deafness to the embryo. 52. Which of the following is NOT true with regard to prenatal infection with HIV? Maternal use of the drug AZT during pregnancy lowers the risk of prenatal transmission of the virus. Approximately 25% of infants born to HIV-infected mothers will themselves become infected. Most pregnant women who are HIV positive or who have AIDS will give birth to infants who are HIV positive. The infant may contract the virus in the birth canal during delivery. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.8 Identify the risks associated with teratogenic maternal diseases. 2 03-1-52 71 Comprehension

Answer: Most pregnant women who are HIV positive or who have AIDS will give birth to infants who are HIV positive. 53. A friend is pregnant and you observe her smoking. Which of the following is the best advice or information you could give to her? Smoking is okay during pregancy as pregnant women who smoke have lower rates of miscarriage, stillborn babies, premature birth, neonatal death, low-birth-weight babies, and neurobehavioural disorders. Infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy have lower rates of heart defects, lung defects, and cerebral haemorrhages. Nicotine is less addictive than aspirin, and so there is little risk of giving birth to an addicted neonate who would experience respiratory distress, asthma, or emphysema. She should quit smoking because infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy weigh an average of 150 grams less at birth and lower birth weight has a variety of potential negative shortand long-term risks.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.9 Describe the potential adverse effects of drugs on prenatal development. 2 03-1-53 72 19 Application

Answer: She should quit smoking because infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy weigh an average of 150 grams less at birth and lower birth weight has a variety of potential negative short- and long-term risks. 54. Mrs. Robertson is receiving information and advice about prenatal care from her health care team. With regard to alcohol, what advice will they most likely give Mrs. Robertson? Avoid liquors such as whiskey and bourbon, but beer and wine in moderation are acceptable. Drink only in moderation. Avoid alcohol entirely. Reduce alcohol consumption by half. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.9 Describe the potential adverse effects of drugs on prenatal development. 1 03-1-54 72-73 21 Comprehension

Answer: Avoid alcohol entirely. 55. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of children born with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)? As children, adolescents, and adults, they are shorter than normal and have smaller heads, and their intelligence test scores indicate mild developmental delay. Children with FAS who are not intellectually delayed often have learning and behavioural difficulties The child may have a very high physical activity level or may even be hyperactive. The children frequently have heart anomalies and hearing losses, and their faces are distinctive, with smallish-looking, wide-set eyes; a somewhat flattened nose; a thin upper lip; and often a long, flattened space between the nose and mouth. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.9 Describe the potential adverse effects of drugs on prenatal development. 2 03-1-55 73 20 Knowledge

Answer: The child may have a very high physical activity level or may even be hyperactive.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 56

Which of the following answers is false? Studies of the effects of marijuana use during pregnancy have yielded mixed results, in part because Until October, 2018 non-medical use of cannabis in Canada was illegal, which impeded comprehensive clinical research. Researchers have found it is difficult to identify the unique effects of cannabis on its own, because pregnant women who use cannabis are also more likely than those who do not, to smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol, and use at least one other illicit substance, all of which can produce adverse outcomes. Cannabinoids, chemicals found in cannabis, such as THC, pass from the mother to the fetus through the placenta, and if using cannabis affects the mother’s mind and body, it also affects the fetus’s mind and body. There is an increase in preterm growth rate, size and weight, as well as a decrease in spontaneous preterm births and neonatal care unit admissions associated with smoking marijuana when pregnant.

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.9 Describe the potential adverse effects of drugs on prenatal development. 2 03-1-56 73 21-22 Knowledge

Answer: There is an increase in preterm growth rate, size and weight, as well as a decrease in spontaneous preterm births and neonatal care unit admissions associated with smoking marijuana when pregnant. 57. Why is it difficult to determine the specific impact of cocaine use by pregnant women? These women frequently don't cooperate in research as they are using too much cocaine to be coherent. Typically these women are are disadvantaged and abuse multiple substances, making it difficult to separate the effects of cocaine from those of poverty and other drugs. Most of the babies die at birth immediately. Research studies don't follow these children as they grow older. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.9 Describe the potential adverse effects of drugs on prenatal development. 2 03-1-57 73 21 Comprehension

Answer: Typically these women are are disadvantaged and abuse multiple substances, making it difficult to separate the effects of cocaine from those of poverty and other drugs. 58. A woman's health care provider will likely encourage her to eat foods high in folic acid, such as beans or spinach, during pregnancy. What is the purpose of this dietary recommendation? to reduce the effects of stress on the fetus. to reduce the risk of neural tube anomalies, such as spina bifida. to help moderate the effects of teratogens to which the fetus might be exposed. to ensure sufficient weight gain for a healthy baby.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.10 Describe other maternal factors that can adversely influence prenatal development. 2 03-1-58 74 21 Comprehension

Answer: to reduce the risk of neural tube anomalies, such as spina bifida. 59. If you were advising friends about the relationship between maternal age and the risks of childbearing, which of the following would NOT be accurate information? One intriguing trend in Canada is that, since the early 1990s, increasingly more women postpone their first pregnancy until their 30s; this accounts for ~43% of firstborns. More than half of women giving birth in Canada are now aged 30 and older and ~22% of women giving birth are aged 35 and older. Experts have reached a consensus that age is the single most important factor related to pregnancy outcome, and it is more important than prenatal care, health, or lifestyle habits. Infants born to women over the age of 35, whether single or multiple birth, are at higher risk of having problems such as heart malformations and chromosomal disorders. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.10 Describe other maternal factors that can adversely influence prenatal development. 2 03-1-59 74-75 22-23 Comprehension

Answer: Experts have reached a consensus that age is the single most important factor related to pregnancy outcome, and it is more important than prenatal care, health, or lifestyle habits. 60. When researchers have examined the relationship between maternal mental health and prenatal development, the most consistent finding has been that there is no link between maternal emotions and the development of the infant. infants whose mothers were anxious or depressed are more likely to be anxious or depressed as adults. stressful psychological states, such as anxiety or depression, lead to spontaneous abortion or fetal death. fetuses of severely distressed mothers (e.g., those with anxiety, depression, and subjectively experienced stress) are more likely to have emotional, cognitive or behavioural disorders later in childhood and into adulthood. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.10 Describe other maternal factors that can adversely influence prenatal development. 1 03-1-60 75 23 Knowledge

Answer: fetuses of severely distressed mothers (e.g., those with anxiety, depression, and subjectively experienced stress) are more likely to have emotional, cognitive or behavioural disorders later in childhood and into adulthood.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 61. Juliette takes anti-convulsant drugs to control her epileptic seizures. She has just found out that she is pregnant. Her doctor is most likely to recommend that she stop taking anti-convulsant medications immediately. have an abortion for medical reasons. try to manage the effects of the medications through proper dosages. be prepared to have a child with serious birth defects. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.10 Describe other maternal factors that can adversely influence prenatal development. 3 03-1-61 74-75 Application

Answer: try to manage the effects of the medications through proper dosages. 62. Agents that damage cellular DNA are called chromosomal anomalies. teratogens. mutagens. trisomies. Learning Objective:

3.11 Describe how mutagenic, environmental, and epigenetic teratogens adversely affect prenatal development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3 03-1-62 76 24 Knowledge

Answer: mutagens. 63. Which of the following best represents a true statement about paternal influence on reproductive risk? Changes in sperm exposed to toxins after fertilization cannot impact the prenate. There is no correlation between paternal age and birth abnormalities. Men who work in occupations such as janitors, painters, printers, firefighters, and woodworkers, as well as occupations related to agriculture, such as farmers, gardeners, and butchers, and the art and textile industries are at higher risk for reproductive abnormalities due to toxin exposure. Sperm adversely affected by toxins up to six months before conception can impact the prenate. Learning Objective:

3.12 Describe how preconceptual and prenatal paternal factors can adversely influence development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 03-1-63 76-77 25 Knowledge

Answer: Men who work in occupations such as janitors, painters, printers, firefighters, and woodworkers, as well as occupations related to agriculture, such as farmers, gardeners, and butchers, and the art and textile industries are at higher risk for reproductive abnormalities due to toxin exposure.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 64. Which of the following diagnostic tests are able to identify chromosomal errors and many genetic disorders prior to birth? Amniocentesis Alpha-fetoprotein blood test Fetoscopy Ultrasound Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.13 Identify preconceptual and prenatal assessment and diagnostic procedures. 3 03-1-64 78 26 Application

Answer: Amniocentesis 65. How are infants affected by birth medications? Infants are not affected by birth medications because the placenta effectively filters such medications. Infants whose mothers received birth medications are usually more sluggish, spend more time sleeping, and gain a little less weight during the first weeks after birth. Birth medications typically have no observable short- or long-term effects on an infant. Birth medications significantly depress infant respiration and heart rate and pose considerable risk to infant mortality. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.14 Summarize the birth choices available to expectant parents. 2 03-1-65 80 29 Comprehension

Answer: Infants whose mothers received birth medications are usually more sluggish, spend more time sleeping, and gain a little less weight during the first weeks after birth. 66. An analgesic is a localized anesthetic. painkiller. general anesthetic. sedative. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.14 Summarize the birth choices available to expectant parents. 2 03-1-66 80 29 Application

Answer: painkiller.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 67. In order, the three stages of normal labour are latent, moderate contractions; opening of the cervix to allow the infant's head to slip free; and active, intense contractions. breech presentation; pushing; and movement into and out of the birth canal. dilation and effacement of the cervix; delivery of the baby; and delivery of the placenta. delivery of the baby; dilation and effacement of the cervix; and delivery of the afterbirth. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.15 Describe what happens in each of the three stages of labour. 2 03-1-67 81-83 30 Knowledge

Answer: dilation and effacement of the cervix; delivery of the baby; and delivery of the placenta. 68. Dilation and effacement refer to when the cervix dilates and flattens out to approximately 10 centimetres. when contractions are relatively far apart. when the last two centimetres of dilation are achieved. active phase contractions. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.15 Describe what happens in each of the three stages of labour. 2 03-1-68 81 30 Comprehension

Answer: when the cervix dilates and flattens out to approximately 10 centimetres. 69. At the actual time of delivery, the cervix must be dilated to approximately 5 centimetres. 8 centimetres. 10 centimetres. 12 centimetres. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.15 Describe what happens in each of the three stages of labour. 2 03-1-69 81 30 Comprehension

Answer: 10 centimetres. 70. Contractions that are closer together, more intense, and occur around 3–4 centimetres dilation are called early phase contractions. latent phase contractions. transitional contractions. active phase contractions. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 23

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.15 Describe what happens in each of the three stages of labour. 2 03-1-70 81 30 Comprehension

Answer: active phase contractions. 71. What characterizes the transition period of labour? Pain. Release of the mucus plug and dilation of the cervix. Passage through the birth canal. Lethargy. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.15 Describe what happens in each of the three stages of labour. 3.1-70 03-1-71 81 30 Comprehension

Answer: Pain. 72. It is in the ________ stage of labour that the mother pushes and delivery begins. third active second first Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.15 Describe what happens in each of the three stages of labour. 2 03-1-72 82-83 30 Knowledge

Answer: second 73. What occurs during the third stage of labour? The cervix opens and thins. The contractions are strong, closely spaced, and quite painful. The placenta is delivered. The infant's head crowns. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.15 Describe what happens in each of the three stages of labour. 1 03-1-73 83 30 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: The placenta is delivered. 74. Which of the following is a false statement regarding Caesarean deliveries in Canada? Critics argue that Caesarean sections are often performed unnecessarily. The Canadian Caesarean delivery rate has always been the absolute highest in the world. Delivery by Caesarean section before the onset of labour poses a significantly lower risk of infant mortality and morbidity compared with vaginal delivery and Caesarean after labour onset. In Canada today, infants in breech positions are nearly all delivered through an abdominal incision (a Caesarean section or C-section) rather than vaginally. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.15 Describe what happens in each of the three stages of labour. 2 03-1-74 83-84 31-32 Comprehension

Answer: The Canadian Caesarean delivery rate has always been the highest in the world. 75. If a labouring woman's blood pressure _____________, a Caesarean delivery may be indicated. decreases increases increases or decreases remains unchanged Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.15 Describe what happens in each of the three stages of labour. 1 03-1-75 83-84 32 Knowledge

Answer: increases or decreases 76. If an infant's umbilical cord is positioned in such a manner that pressure causes the cord to collapse, the infant may experience anoxia. a breech birth. a premature delivery. a lengthy delivery process. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.15 Describe what happens in each of the three stages of labour. 2 03-1-76 84 32 Comprehension

Answer: anoxia.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 77. Which of the following items is unrelated to the others? oxygen deprivation fetal distress anoxia premature birth Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.15 Describe what happens in each of the three stages of labour. 2 03-1-77 84 32 Comprehension

Answer: premature birth 78. Which of the following aspects of neonatal functioning is not assessed by the Apgar scale? Babinski reflex. colour. heart rate. respiration. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.16 Identify what assessment tools are used to assess the health of a newborn. 1 03-1-78 84 32-33 Knowledge

Answer: Babinski reflex. 79. Five minutes after birth, Devon's APGAR score was 10. What do you know about Devon? He is in no immediate danger, but observation and monitoring are warranted. An Apgar score of 10 at five minutes after birth is a diagnosis of physiological problems that require treatment. He is a fit and healthy baby. He is in critical condition, possibly in respiratory or cardiac distress, and needs immediate resuscitation and care. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.16 Identify what assessment tools are used to assess the health of a newborn. 2 03-1-79 84 33 Application

Answer: He is a fit and healthy baby.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 80. A neonate receives an APGAR score of 7. What does this mean? The baby is in no danger. The baby needs help establishing normal breathing patterns. The baby is in critical condition. The baby is non-responsive. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.16 Identify what assessment tools are used to assess the health of a newborn. 1 03-1-80 84 33 Application

Answer: The baby is in no danger. . 81. The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale may be used to identify ________ in neonates. maladaptive reflexes reflex reactivity neurological problems behavioural problems Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.16 Identify what assessment tools are used to assess the health of a newborn. 1 03-1-81 85 33 Knowledge

Answer: neurological problems 82. Which of the following infants would be described as a low-birth-weight baby? Philippe, born weighing 2400 grams. Rosa, born at 38 weeks and weighing 2500 grams. Indira, born weighing 3000 grams. Sakis, born at 39 weeks and weighing 3500 grams. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.17 Describe the risks associated with low birth weight in infants. 2 03-1-82 85 33-34 Application

Answer: Philippe, born weighing 2400 grams. 83. A preterm infant is an infant born before the ______ week of gestation. 40th 42nd 39th 38th

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.17 Describe the risks associated with low birth weight in infants. 1 03-1-83 85 33 Knowledge

Answer: 38th 84. The most common reason for an infant to be born with a low birth weight is maternal use of substances such as nicotine, alcohol, or cocaine. that the infant was born before the full gestation period. that the infant lacks surfactant, which adds weight in the last weeks of gestation. maternal exposure to mutagens. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.17 Describe the risks associated with low birth weight in infants. 2 03-1-84 85 33-34 Comprehension

Answer: that the infant was born before the full gestation period. 85. A common medical treatment for infants born at 32 weeks gestation or before is surfactant therapy to enable respiration. immunization against hepatitis. blood transfusion to provide white blood cells to fight infections. high-fat diet to foster weight gain. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.17 Describe the risks associated with low birth weight in infants. 2 03-1-85 85 34 Knowledge

Answer: surfactant therapy to enable respiration. 86. Among Canada’s Indigenous women these rates are much higher—reportedly ___% consume alcohol and ~___% binge drink during pregnancy 40; 22 12; 5 70; 2 15; 16 Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.9 Describe the potential adverse effects of drugs on prenatal development. 2 03-1-85 85 34 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: surfactant therapy to enable respiration. 87. As of 2017, Canada has a new law called the ____________________ which governs how genetic test results can be used. This act now provides legal protection against discrimination based on genetic information in areas such as insurance, employment, and human rights. Genomic Study of Humans (GSH) Genetic Non-Discrimination Act (GNA) Generalized Non-Genetics (GNG) Greater Canada Act (GCA) Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.13 Identify preconceptual and prenatal assessment and diagnostic procedures. 2 03-1-87 85 34 Knowledge

Answer: Genetic Non-Discrimination Act (GNA)

88. A recent review of Manitoba programs studying ways to improve pregnancy outcomes found that a(n) _____________________ for the lowest income women resulted in positive outcomes, including reductions in LBW, preterm births, and length of hospital stays and increases in breastfeeding initiation unconditional prenatal income Medical team available 22 hours a day self-esteem boost spa day once a month Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.13 Identify preconceptual and prenatal assessment and diagnostic procedures. 2 03-1-88 85 34 Knowledge

Answer: Genetic Non-Discrimination Act (GNA)

Chapter 3 True-False Questions 1. If the ovum is not fertilized, it travels down towards the uterus where it disintegrates and is expelled with the menstrual fluid. a True b False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 1 03-2-01 56 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 2. Artificial insemination is more successful than in vitro fertilization. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 1 03-2-02 57 5 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 3. Due to mounting legal, health, and ethical concerns, Canada’s Assisted Human Reproduction Act has legislated the maintenance of a personal health information registry that contains nonidentifying medical information about the sperm and egg donors. This registry will allow children of donated sperm and ova to have access to their medical histories. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 2 03-2-03 57 Knowledge

Answer: b. True 4. Artificial insemination is an AHR procedure that is less likely to result in multiple births than other procedures. a True. b False. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 1 03-2-04 57 5 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 5. In several studies of children conceived through IVF, developmentalists have discovered serious negative consequences resulting from cryopreservation (freezing and thawing of fertilized eggs). a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 1 03-2-05 57 5 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 6. A zygote is a single cell, created when sperm and ovum unite. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 1 03-2-06 56 3 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 7. Gametes contain 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 1 03-2-07 56 3 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 8. A zygote's sex is determined by the sperm's sex chromosome. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 1 03-2-08 56 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 9. Identical twins originate from a single zygote that divides into two parts, each of which develops into a separate individual. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 1 03-2-09 56 3 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 10. Gestational diabetes is a risk to a pregnancy because it may cause stunting of the fetus's growth and may result in a low birth weight infant. a True b Fals Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 2 03-2-10 61 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 11. During the second trimester of pregnancy, from the end of week 12 through week 24, morning sickness usually disappears, resulting in increased appetite. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.2 Describe the mother’s experience during the three trimesters of pregnancy. 2 03-2-10 61 Comprehension

Answer: b. True 12. The stages of human prenatal development are germinal, embryonic, and fetal. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True 13. The age of viability is approximately 24 weeks of gestation. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.3 Outline the milestones of the three stages of prenatal development. 1 03-2-13 63 10 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 14. More boys are conceived than girls, but fewer boys are born. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.3 Outline the milestones of the three stages of prenatal development. 2 03-2-14 66 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 15. Another finding is that male fetuses are more responsive to touch, while female fetuses appear to be more responsive to sounds. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.4 List some of the ways male and female fetuses differ. 2 03-2-15 66 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 16. Newborns appear to remember stimuli that they were exposed to prenatally. a b

True False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.5 Describe some of the behaviours scientists have observed in fetuses. 1 03-2-16 66-67 13 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 17. One group at risk for Tay-Sachs Disease are French Canadians living in the Gaspé region of Quebec. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.6 Identify the effects of the major dominant, recessive, and sex-linked disorders. 1 03-2-17 68 15 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 18. HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is one of many sexually transmitted organisms that can be passed directly from mother to fetus. The virus can cross the placenta and enter the fetus’s bloodstream; the infant may contract the virus in the birth canal during delivery; or the virus can be passed through the breast milk after delivery. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.8 Identify the risks associated with teratogenic maternal diseases. 1 03-2-18 71 18 Knowledge

Answer: b. True 19. The advice about alcohol use typically given to pregnant women is "drink in moderation." a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.9 Describe the potential adverse effects of drugs on prenatal development. 1 03-2-19 72-73 19 Comprehension

Answer: b. False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 20. The prenatal risks of Zika infection include a host of adverse birth outcomes, including microcephaly and other neurological deficits. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.8 Identify the risks associated with teratogenic maternal diseases. 1 03-2-20 75 17 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 21. Mutagens are agents that cause alterations (mutations) to genomic DNA. a b

True False

Learning Objective:

3.11 Describe how mutagenic, environmental, and epigenetic teratogens adversely affect prenatal development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 03-2-21 76 24 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 22. Fetoscopy is a prenatal screening tool that involves the insertion of a tiny camera into the womb to directly observe fetal development. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.13 Identify preconceptual and prenatal assessment and diagnostic procedures. 1 03-2-22 79 27 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 23. Ultrasonography has become a routine part of prenatal care in Canada because of its usefulness in monitoring fetal growth. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.14 Summarize the birth choices available to expectant parents. 3 03-2-23 78 26 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: b. True 24. A midwife is someone who has had children herself and can therefore help during labour. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.14 Summarize the birth choices available to expectant parents. 2 03-2-24 80 29 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 25. Midwife practice involves assessing, supervising, and caring for women prior to and during pregnancy, labour, and the postpartum period. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.14 Summarize the birth choices available to expectant parents. 1 03-2-25 80 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 26. Heart rate and respiratory rate are two aspects of a newborn's condition that are observed and scored when administering the Apgar scale. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.16 Identify what assessment tools are used to assess the health of a newborn. 1 03-2-26 84 34-35 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 27. The strength of a newborn's grip is tested and scored in the Apgar scale. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: b. False 28. The health of a newborn is usually assessed, in the hospital and/or by midwives, by the use of the Apgar scale. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.16 Identify what assessment tools are used to assess the health of a newborn. 1 03-2-28 84 32-33 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 29. Mandy and John's baby was born eight weeks early. There is a good chance that their child will suffer from respiratory distress syndrome. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.17 Describe the risks associated with low birth weight in infants. 2 03-2-30 85 34 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 30. Any infant who has a weight of 2500 grams or less is considered a low birth weight baby. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.17 Describe the risks associated with low birth weight in infants. 2 03-2-31 85 34 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 31. Boys are more likely than girls to show long-term effects of low birth weight. a b

True False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.17 Describe the risks associated with low birth weight in infants. 1 03-2-31 85 34 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 32. As of 2017, Canada has a new law—the Genetic Non-Discrimination Act (GNA)— governing how genetic test results can be used a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.13 Identify preconceptual and prenatal assessment and diagnostic procedures. 1 03-2-32 85 34 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

Chapter 03 Short Answer Questions 1. Briefly describe the two ways that twins are formed, and describe the genetic relationships between twins. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 2 03-3-01 56 4 Comprehension

Answer: 2. What are the trends regarding multiple births in Canada? What factors contribute to multiple birth rates? What are the risks and concerns? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 2 03-3-02 56 Knowledge

Answer:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 3. Discuss and compare cryopreservation and vitrification in IVF infertility treatments. Why are these procedures used? How might newer procedures affect IVF procedures and outcomes? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 2 03-3-03 57 4 Knowledge

Answer: 4. Compare and contrast what is meant by the terms "chromosomes" and "autosomes."

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.6 Identify the effects of the major dominant, recessive, and sex-linked disorders. 2 03-3-04 67 Comprehension

Answer: 5. What are the stages of prenatal development? What are the key events in each stage?

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.6 Identify the effects of the major dominant, recessive, and sex-linked disorders. 1 03-3-05 61–64 8-9 Comprehension

Answer: 6. What is the purpose of fetal assessment? Name and describe three types of fetal assessment. When and why are they used? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.13 Identify preconceptual and prenatal assessment and diagnostic procedures. 2 03-3-06 77–79 Knowledge

Answer: 7. What is meant by the term "fetal distress"? Give an example of how it might occur.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.15 Describe what happens in each of the three stages of labour. 3 03-3-07 84 30 Analysis

Answer: 8. Why is the saying "timing is everything" particularly true with regard to prenatal development and exposure to teratogens? Learning Objective:

3.11 Describe how mutagenic, environmental, and epigenetic teratogens adversely affect prenatal development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 03-3-08 61-64 Analysis

Answer: 9. How do maternal age, chronic illnesses, and maternal mental health affect a developing embryo/fetus? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.10 Describe other maternal factors that can adversely influence prenatal development. 2 03-3-09 74-75 23 Analysis

Answer: 10. Describe the range of birth options and birth locations available to women in Canada.

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.14 Summarize the birth choices available to expectant parents. 2 03-3-10 79-81 28 Comprehension

Answer: 11. What typical differences exist in infants whose mothers received drugs during labour and delivery in comparison to infants whose mothers did not receive anesthetics during labour and delivery?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.14 Summarize the birth choices available to expectant parents. 1 03-3-11 80 Knowledge

Answer: 12. Summarize the stages of labour and identify important events in each stage.

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.15 Describe what happens in each of the three stages of labour. 3 03-3-12 81-83 Comprehension

Answer: 13. Describe classifications of neonate low birth weight. What risks are present for the neonate? Discuss two important considerations regarding the neonate's care and growth. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.17 Describe the risks associated with low birth weight in infants. 1 03-3-13 85 Knowledge

Answer: 14. What are some paternal influences preconceptually and prenatally?

Learning Objective:

3.12 Describe how preconceptual and prenatal paternal factors can adversely influence development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 03-3-14 85 Knowledge

Answer:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

Chapter 3 Essay Questions 1. Briefly identify at least two assisted human reproduction (AHR) techniques, and describe how these techniques resolve problems with conception. What prenatal or postnatal problems might be associated with the use of AHR techniques? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.1 Explain the process of reproduction. 2 03-4-01 56–58 4 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 2. Identify and explain the three stages of prenatal development. During which stage does the risk of exposure to teratogens carry the most significant risk? Why is this problematic for expectant mothers? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.2 Describe the mother’s experience during the three trimesters of pregnancy. 3.11 Describe how mutagenic, environmental, and epigenetic teratogens adversely affect prenatal development. 2 03-4-02 61-76 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 3. Discuss the topic of sex differences in prenatal development. How significant are sex differences in the maturational process? How do hormones affect sex differences? What patterns emerge regarding sex or gender differences? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.4 List some of the ways male and female fetuses differ. 2 03-4-03 66 Analysis

Answer: 4. Should Canadian laws be changed to increase legal protection for the fetus? What issues might such laws address regarding maternal lifestyle behaviours? What would happen to the rights of the mother if such laws were to be brought into effect?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

3.12 Describe how preconceptual and prenatal paternal factors can adversely influence development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3 03-4-04 69–76 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 5. Summarize some of the most commonly used prenatal diagnostic tests and describe the information sought when these tests are used. How might these tests be a source of stress and depression for parents-to-be? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3.16 Identify what assessment tools are used to assess the health of a newborn. 2 03-4-05 77–79 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

CHAPTER 4: PHYSICAL, SENSORY, AND PERCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY Chapter 4 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. At age 2, Susie is 90 cm tall. We can predict that when she is an adult, Susie will be ________ tall. 180 cm 165 cm 150 cm 200 cm Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.1 Describe what important changes in the brain take place during infancy. 1 04-1-01 91 3 Knowledge

Answer: 180 cm 2. The process by which unused or unnecessary neural pathways and connections are eliminated is called adaptive pruning. synaptogenesis. synaptic pruning. myelinization. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.1 Describe what important changes in the brain take place during infancy. 1 04-1-02 92 95 Knowledge

Answer: synaptic pruning. 3. What is the process in neuronal development in which a sheath covers individual axons and electrically insulates them from one another to improve the conductivity of the nerve? reticularization myelinization synaptic reconstruction neuroplasticity Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.1 Describe what important changes in the brain take place during infancy. 1 04-1-03 93 95 Knowledge

Answer: myelinization

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 4. George Beaton, professor emeritus at the University of Toronto and a world-renowned pioneer in the study of human nutrition requirements, advised that mortality rates can be reduced by 23% by supplying young children living in at-risk countries with vitamin A. brain functioning can be improved by 23% by supplying young children living in at-risk countries with vitamin A. the risk of learning problems can be reduced by supplying young children living in at-risk countries with vitamin A. physical growth can be enhanced by supplying young children living in at-risk countries with vitamin A. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants. 1 04-1-04 100 103 Knowledge

Answer: mortality rates can be reduced by 23% by supplying young children living in at-risk countries with vitamin A. 5. The ability of the brain to reorganize brain structures in response to experience is called myelinization. synaptogenesis. reticularization. neuroplasticity. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.1 Describe what important changes in the brain take place during infancy. 1 04-1-05 92 95 Knowledge

Answer: neuroplasticity. 6. At birth, the newborn infant can regulate vital functions such as respiration, sleep, and elimination because the ________ is/are sufficiently developed. cortex reflexes controlling these functions midbrain and medulla reticular formation Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.1 Describe what important changes in the brain take place during infancy. 1 04-1-06 91-92 94 Knowledge

Answer: midbrain and medulla

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 7. The process of synaptogenesis followed by pruning in response to experience in infancy means all of the following EXCEPT that the first two years are critical times for children to have both stimulation and order in their environments. nutrition is vitally important during infancy. the infant brain is more "plastic," or can be reorganized more effectively, in infancy than in any other time in life. myelinization is not occurring. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.1 Describe what important changes in the brain take place during infancy. 2 04-1-07 92 94 Analysis

Answer: myelinization is not occurring. 8. Which of the following activities becomes possible as a result of the myelinization of the reticular formation? dexterity in manipulation of small objects, such as a needle and thread. judgment in decision-making, such as evaluating various options. concentration in thinking, such as focusing attention on a task. speed and agility in motor skills, such as running to catch a ball. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.1 Describe what important changes in the brain take place during infancy. 2 04-1-08 93 96 Analysis

Answer: concentration in thinking, such as focusing attention on a task. 9. Sucking, withdrawing from pain, or closing the pupil of the eye in response to bright light are examples of the Babinski and Moro reflexes. primitive responses that disappear by six months of age. adaptive reflexes that enable a neonate to survive reconstruction. mature responses necessary for socialization as a human. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.2 Describe how infants’ reflexes and behavioural states change. 1 04-1-09 93 96 Comprehension

Answer: adaptive reflexes that enable a neonate to survive reconstruction.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 10. A vase falls and smashes on the floor. A baby sleeping in the same room reacts by throwing her hands in the air and arching her back. This is referred to as the Babinski Reflex. Moro, or startle, reflex. adaptive reflex. primitive reflex. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.2 Describe how infants’ reflexes and behavioural states change. 3 04-1-10 94 96 Analysis

Answer: Moro, or startle, reflex. 11. Karran was playing with his daughter. As he was counting her toes, he stroked the bottom of her foot causing her to splay out her toes and then curl them in. This reaction is called the Babinski reflex. Moro, or startle, reflex. adaptive reflex. primitive reflex. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.2 Describe how infants’ reflexes and behavioural states change. 3 04-1-11 94 96 Analysis

Answer: Babinski reflex. 12. Sucking, swallowing, pupil dilation, and grasping are all examples of Babinski reflexes. Moro, or startle, reflexes. adaptive reflexes. primitive reflexes. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.2 Describe how infants’ reflexes and behavioural states change. 3 04-1-12 94 96 Analysis

Answer: adaptive reflexes. 13. Research conducted by University psychologist Philip Zelazo helps us to understand how primitive reflexes develop. how stimulating primitive reflexes helps later motor development. why primitive infant reflexes disappear. how many different primitive reflexes infants have.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.2 Describe how infants’ reflexes and behavioural states change. 3 04-1-13 94 96 Analysis

Answer: how stimulating primitive reflexes helps later motor development. 14. Which of the following abilities does a neonate have? The ability to select a preferred toy from other toys by touch. The ability to focus on an object within an 8- to 10-foot range. The ability to visually track a fast-moving object. The ability to recognize his or her mother's face and smell. Learning Objective:

4.3 Outline how infants’ bodies change and the typical pattern of motor skill development in the first two years.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 04-1-14 116 Comprehension

Answer: the ability to recognize his or her mother's face and smell. 15. Neonate sleep as much as _________% of the time, as much in the daytime as at night. 20 80 40 to 60 30 to 45 Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.2 Describe how infants’ reflexes and behavioural states change. 1 04-1-15 94 97 Comprehension

Answer: 80 16. Gina wants to return to work after her infant develops a regular pattern of sleep and wakefulness. You can predict that Gina can plan to return to work when the baby is approximately ________ old. six months six weeks one month one year

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.2 Describe how infants’ reflexes and behavioural states change. 1 04-1-16 94-95 97 Analysis

Answer: six months 17. Which of the following is NOT a true statement about colic? The colic condition typically begins at about two weeks of age and then disappears spontaneously at three or four months of age. Colic is a pattern involving intense bouts of crying totalling three or more hours a day, three or more times a week, for more than three weeks, for no immediately apparent reason (such as hunger or a wet diaper) and that nothing will alleviate. An estimated 40-75% of infants suffer from colic. Providing a small dose of the probiotic, Lactobacillus reuteri DSM17 938, has been shown to be helpful for exclusively breastfed infants with colic. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants. 1 04-1-17 95 97 Knowledge

Answer: An estimated 40-75% of infants suffer from colic. 18. According to a recent University of Western research study about the causes of colic in young infants, which of the following statements is true? Infants who were exclusively breast-fed were most at risk. Infants who were exclusively bottle fed non-human milk, were most at risk. Feeding methods or the use of human/non-human milk were not significant causal factors. Infants who were fed with a combination of breast milk and non-human milk were most at risk. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants. 2 04-1-18 95 97-98 Knowledge

Answer: Feeding methods or the use of human/non-human milk were not significant causal factors. 19. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about the physical development of premature or low-birth-weight infants? If a correction is made for a premature infant's "gestational age," there are few differences in physical development when the premature infant is compared to full-term infants. Premature and low-birth-weight babies typically achieve developmental milestones, such as rolling over or crawling, more slowly than full-term babies. Premature or low-birth-weight babies often have an insufficiently developed sucking reflex. Breast milk is a nutritionally complete food for premature or low-birth-weight infants.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

4.5 Discuss the developmental issues of preterm and low-birth-weight infants.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 04-1-19 95-96 Comprehension

Answer: Breast milk is a nutritionally complete food for premature or low-birth-weight infants. 20. The process by which an infant's and child's bones harden is ossification. fontanel formation. fusion. myelinization. Learning Objective:

4.3 Outline how infants’ bodies change and the typical pattern of motor skill development in the first two years.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 04-1-20 95-96 98 Knowledge

Answer: ossification. 21. Improved lung efficiency and increased heart muscle strength mean that children have increased reticular activation. intersensory integration. ossification. stamina. Learning Objective:

4.3 Outline how infants’ bodies change and the typical pattern of motor skill development in the first two years.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 04-1-21 96 98 Comprehension

Answer: stamina. 22. Severely restricting a baby's movement slows down the acquisition of _______________. motor skills. cognitive abilities. proximodistal patterns. cepholocaudal patterns.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

4.3 Outline how infants’ bodies change and the typical pattern of motor skill development in the first two years.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 04-1-22 96 Knowledge

Answer: motor skills. 23. Which of the following statements is false? Cross-cultural research suggests using caution when referring to standardized milestones for motor development. Through observations made in various natural cultural settings, recent studies have shown fairly wide variability in the ages at which infants reach developmental milestones. When compared to Canadian mainstream standards, infants from some parts of the world are well ahead of average, while in other regions they are delayed. Indigenous children generally achieve gross motor skills later but language skills earlier than expected in comparison to broader Canadian norms but perhaps it would be prudent to compare an Indigenous child to his peers within the same Indigenous cultural reference group, and any significant differences could be considered a reasonable indicator of risk. Learning Objective:

4.3 Outline how infants’ bodies change and the typical pattern of motor skill development in the first two years.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 04-1-23 103 99 Knowledge

Answer: Indigenous children generally achieve gross motor skills later but language skills earlier than expected in comparison to broader Canadian norms but perhaps it would be prudent to compare an Indigenous child to his peers within the same Indigenous cultural reference group, and any significant differences could be considered a reasonable indicator of risk. 24. Neuropsychologists have suggested that the timing of respiratory illnesses that can lead to ear infections is important. Many note that infants who have chronic ear infections are more likely than their peers to have learning disabilities, attention disorders, and language deficits during the school years. sound blindness. lower IQ than their opposite sex peers. cardiovascular disorders; respiratory difficulties; and gastrointestinal complications. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants. 1 04-1-24 103 105-106 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: learning disabilities, attention disorders, and language deficits during the school years. 25. Which of the following interventions helps facilitate more rapid growth and development in preterm infants by providing skin-to-skin contact between the parent and child? kangaroo care. marsupial care. koala care. pouch care. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.5 Discuss the developmental issues of preterm and low-birth-weight infants. 1 04-1-25 103 106 Knowledge

Answer: kangaroo care. 26. Which of the following is the best example of gender differences in child development? Separate bones of the wrist appear earlier in boys than in girls giving them better hand manipulation skills. In humans and primates, male and female infants display similar preferences for rough-and-tumble play during the first two years of life. Boys surpass girls in physical development up until age two. Boys across all cultures are more likely to suffer from developmental delays, are less healthy, and have higher mortality rates than girls. Learning Objective:

4.3 Outline how infants’ bodies change and the typical pattern of motor skill development in the first two years.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 04-1-26 97 100 Analysis

Answer: Boys across all cultures are more likely to suffer from developmental delays, are less healthy, and have higher mortality rates than girls. 27. Which of the following is the best example of a child's manipulative skills? Chio navigates around the table by holding onto each chair as she moves. Nigel uses his thumb and forefinger to carefully pick up and eat a small piece of cereal. While her mother shops at the grocery store, two-year-old Allison sits contentedly in the child carrier seat of the grocery cart. Rosita and her father sit on the floor and roll the ball back and forth to each other.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

4.3 Outline how infants’ bodies change and the typical pattern of motor skill development in the first two years.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 04-1-27 97 99 Analysis

Answer: Nigel uses his thumb and forefinger to carefully pick up and eat a small piece of cereal. 28. Male infants display a clear preference for _____________ play. rough-and-tumble imitative imaginary manipulative Learning Objective:

4.3 Outline how infants’ bodies change and the typical pattern of motor skill development in the first two years.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 04-1-28 97 Knowledge

Answer: rough-and-tumble 29. Regarding The Nipissing District Developmental Screen (NDDS), which of the following statements is false? It can be used with children aged 1 month to 6 years to screen for problems in any of the critical areas such as gross motor, fine motor, vision, hearing, speech, language, communication, cognitive, social/emotional, and self-help. It is a culturally sensitive tool. It is now being used in many jurisdictions across Canada and internationally. It is only available in English. Learning Objective:

4.3 Outline how infants’ bodies change and the typical pattern of motor skill development in the first two years.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 04-1-29 98-99 100 Comprehension

Answer: It is only available in English. 30. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about the advantages of breast-feeding? Breast milk contributes to more rapid weight and size gain. Breastfed infants are less likely to suffer from such problems as diarrhea, gastroenteritis, bronchitis, ear infections, and colic, and they are less likely to die in infancy. Breastfeeding contributes to a higher risk for chronic diseases, including diabetes, heart disease, obesity, some types of cancers, and also neurodevelopmental disorders. Breast milk appears to stimulate better gut microbiota and immune system function.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants. 1 04-1-30 98-99 Comprehension

Answer: Breastfeeding contributes to a higher risk for chronic diseases, including diabetes, heart disease, obesity, some types of cancers, and also neurodevelopmental disorders. 31. Which statement about breast-feeding is correct? It is not nutritionally superior to bottle-feeding. It promotes rapid weight and size gain. It cannot transmit viruses. It contributes to diarrhea, gastroenteritis, bronchitis, ear infections, and colic. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants. 2 04-1-31 98-99 Comprehension

Answer: It promotes rapid weight and size gain. 32. It is recommended that an infant's first solid food be either fruits or vegetables, whichever the baby prefers. something sweet to stimulate the taste for solid food. an iron-fortified single-grain cereal, such as rice. a source of protein, such as ground chicken. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants. 1 04-1-32 99-100 102 Knowledge

Answer: an iron-fortified single-grain cereal, such as rice. 33. Around the world, the leading cause of death of children under the age of five is iron-deficiency anemia. macronutrient malnutrition. kwashiorkor. marasmus.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants. 1 04-1-33 100 103 Knowledge

Answer: macronutrient malnutrition. 34. Which of the following does NOT belong with the others? micronutrient malnutrition. weight of 60% less than the weight expected for age. chronic diarrhea. parasitic infections. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants. 2 04-1-34 100 Analysis

Answer: micronutrient malnutrition. 35. The disease kwashiorkor is associated with excess dietary vitamin B12. insufficient dietary protein. impaired immune system functioning. insufficient opportunity to practice motor skills. Learning Objective:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 04-1-35 100 103 Knowledge

Answer: insufficient dietary protein. 36. What action did Canada take almost 50 years ago that lowered rates of micronutrient malnutrition in babies and young children? promoted breast feeding education as a national health strategy fortified food and milk with essential minerals and vitamins fortified baby formula with iron and vitamin D promoted public awareness of the need for iron supplements and vitamins Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: fortified food and milk with essential minerals and vitamins 37. Canada is a world leader in food fortification. This means growth hormones have been added to our dairy products. all our food products have been inspected. all our food products are low fat. essential vitamins and/or minerals have been added to some food products. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants. 2 04-1-37 100 103 Comprehension

Answer: essential vitamins and/or minerals have been added to some food products. 38. If baby Vincent is an average infant, by his first birthday he will have had weekly episodes of colic. a respiratory illness. several instances of sleep apnea. no illnesses whatsoever. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants. 1 04-1-38 101 104 Knowledge

Answer: a respiratory illness. 39. Why is it especially important to treat infants' respiratory infections that cause ear infections promptly and to take measures to reduce the transmission of respiratory illnesses causing ear infections among infants? Daycare facilities and other alternative care facilities will not provide care while a child is ill. Infant immunizations cannot be given while a child is ill. Ear infections may impair hearing and compromise the development of brain areas that are essential for language learning. Respiratory illnesses causing ear infections are easily spread to other members of the family. Learning Objective:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants. 4.6 Identify the general outcomes of post-term infants.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 04-1-39 101 104-5 Comprehension

Answer: Ear infections may impair hearing and compromise the development of brain areas that are essential for language learning.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 40. It is important to reduce the rate of post-term deliveries because post-term babies are more likely to be physically unhealthy. the mother becomes very uncomfortable. post-term babies have higher rates of fetal and neonatal mortality. post-term babies are more likely to have developmental delays. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.6 Identify the general outcomes of post-term infants. 2 04-1-40 110 106 Knowledge

Answer: post-term babies have higher rates of fetal and neonatal mortality. 41. Premature infants who experience more skin-to-skin contact with their parents (kangaroo method) have shown more rapid developmental progress and ______. alleviation of sucking/swallowing problems. decreased gastrointestinal problems. decreased susceptibility to infection. alleviation of the pain response. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.5 Discuss the developmental issues of preterm and low-birth-weight infants. 2 04-1-41 103 106 Knowledge

Answer: alleviation of the pain response. 42. Higher rates of infant mortality are associated with living in urban centres. family income level. family health history. family size. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.7 Discuss the issue of infant mortality in Canada. 2 04-1-42 104 Knowledge

Answer: family income level. 43. Hannah was a preterm infant; she was born two months early. She may be 12 months old but her doctor refers to her as being a 10-month-old. What term would her doctor use to describe this statement? corrected age gestational correction kwashiorkor neonate correction Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 14

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.5 Discuss the developmental issues of preterm and low-birth-weight infants. 1 04-1-43 102 Knowledge

Answer: corrected age 44. Which of the following factors is NOT associated with reducing the risk of SIDS? providing a smoke-free environment during pregnancy and in the home after the infant's birth. avoiding laying the baby on soft surfaces or loose bedding. bed sharing or napping with the baby on a sofa. placing the baby on her back when she sleeps. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.7 Discuss the issue of infant mortality in Canada. 1 04-1-44 104-105 107 Knowledge

Answer: bed sharing or napping with the baby on a sofa. 45. One precaution that a parent can take to reduce the risk of SIDS is to feed the infant a high-fat diet. to ensure that the infant does not become ill with a respiratory infection. to position the infant to sleep on her back. to equip the infant with an electronic breathing monitor. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.7 Discuss the issue of infant mortality in Canada. 2 04-1-45 104-105 107-8 Knowledge

Answer: to position the infant to sleep on her back. 46. In Canada, the highest rate of SIDS is found in Ontario. in cities. in isolated rural communities. in areas where there is a high concentration of Inuit, First Nations, or Métis people. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.7 Discuss the issue of infant mortality in Canada. 2 04-1-46 104-105 107 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: in areas where there is a high concentration of Inuit, First Nations, or Métis people. 47. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) tends to occur more often when a child sleeps on its back. tends to occur more often if the mother smoked during pregnancy or the infant came into contact with smoke after birth. tends to occur more in females. risks increase with maternal age. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.7 Discuss the issue of infant mortality in Canada. 2 04-1-47 104-105 108 Knowledge

Answer: tends to occur more often if the mother smoked during pregnancy or the infant came into contact with smoke after birth. 48. According to visual acuity theory, which child has the poorest eyesight? John cannot tell that the blue item 10 feet in front of him is his favourite blue truck. Roberta can see her red toy, which is 30 feet away from her. Reema cannot see her pink blanket, which is 30 feet away from her. Ben can see his orange boots 15 feet in front of him. Learning Objective:

4.8 Describe how infants’ visual abilities change across the first months of life. 4.9 Describe how infants’ senses of hearing, smell, taste, touch, and motion compare to those of older children and adults.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 04-1-48 106 110 Comprehension

Answer: John cannot tell that the blue item 10 feet in front of him is his favourite blue truck. 49. Babies are born with much poorer visual acuity than their eventual adult ability. At which age do most children reach adult visual acuity standards? 2 years 4 years 7 years 5 years Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Answer: 7 years

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 50. Within the first two weeks of a newborn's life he or she will have limited "tracking ability." Which of the following scenarios would provide the best opportunity for a baby to successfully track? a bright object moving quickly from left to right any bright object moving quickly a familiar object moving quickly at any distance any object moving very slowly toward the child Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Answer: any object moving very slowly toward the child 51. A baby's tracking ability becomes skilful rather quickly, generally around 6 to 10 weeks. 16 to 20 weeks. 33 to 40 months. a year. Learning Objective:

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 04-1-51 106 110 Knowledge

Answer: 6 to 10 weeks. 52. Which statement is TRUE regarding colour vision and the very first few weeks of a newborn child's life? All the types of cells necessary to see are not present, so babies can only see in black and white. The types of cells in the eyes necessary to see red, green, and blue are probably present by 1 month of age. All the types of cells necessary to see are not present, therefore the babies can see black, white, and only muted shades of blue. Not all the types of cells necessary to see are present at birth, so babies can only see white, black, and red. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 53. Regarding sensory skills, which of the following statements is true? The infant's sense of touch is the poorest of all senses. There is no discernable difference between visual and auditory acuity. A newborn's visual acuity is better than her auditory acuity. A newborn's auditory acuity is better than his visual acuity. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Answer: A newborn's auditory acuity is better than his visual acuity. 54. The infant's sense that may well be the best developed of all is smell. sight. touch. hearing. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Answer: touch. 55. Theorists who claim that perceptual abilities are inborn are called nativists. empiricists. naturalists. primaligists. Learning Objective:

4.14 Summarize what arguments nativists and empiricists offer in support of their theories of perceptual development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 04-1-55 116 120 Knowledge

Answer: nativists.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 56. Theorists who argue that perceptual abilities are learned are called nativists. empiricists. naturalists. primaligists. Learning Objective:

4.14 Summarize what arguments nativists and empiricists offer in support of their theories of perceptual development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 04-1-56 116 120 Knowledge

Answer: empiricists. 57. Researchers first present a baby with a particular sight, sound, or object over and over until he________—that is, until he stops looking at it or showing interest in it. habituates dishabituates linearates cries due to the sensory overload. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.10 Describe how researchers study perceptual development in infants. 1 04-1-57 109 119 Knowledge

Answer: habituates 58. Three-year-old Hannah says to her mother "Look, Mom, the railroad lines are getting closer together as they get farther away." This can be explained by a monocular cue called interposition. motion parallax. kinetic cue. linear perspective. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.11 Detail how depth perception and patterns of looking change over the first two years. 1 04-1-58 110 114 Knowledge

Answer: linear perspective. 59. Sarah is a 4-month-old infant. She will likely use ________________ to judge depth. kinetic cues monocular cues linear perspective binocular cues Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 19

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.11 Detail how depth perception and patterns of looking change over the first two years. 1 04-1-59 110-111 114 Knowledge

Answer: binocular cues 60. An infant of one month who is visually examining an object will look at the internal or central features, such as the eyes and nose of the human face. the edges of an object. the texture or variations on the surface of the object. the colour of an object. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.11 Detail how depth perception and patterns of looking change over the first two years. 1 04-1-60 111 115 Comprehension

Answer: the edges of an object. 61. For over 40 years, researchers have studied infant perception, especially the perception of faces. Based on the facts they have discovered, all of the following are true EXCEPT that there is little indication that faces are uniquely interesting to infants. babies prefer looking at attractive faces. babies prefer their mother's face. babies prefer their father's face. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.11 Detail how depth perception and patterns of looking change over the first two years. 1 04-1-61 112 115 Knowledge

Answer: babies prefer their father's face. 62. Which of the following is NOT a true statement regarding newborns and their ability to discriminate between individual voices? Newborns can tell their father's voice from another man's voice. Newborns can tell their mother's voice from another female voice. Newborns cannot tell their father's voice from another male voice. Premature infants are less likely to recognize their mother's voice than those babies born at term. Learning Objective:

4.12 Detail how infants perceive human speech, recognize voices, and recognize sound patterns other than speech.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: Newborns can tell their father's voice from another man's voice. 63. Early studies established that as early as ______________, babies an discriminate between speech sounds like pa and ba. 1 month 2 months 3 months 4 months Learning Objective:

4.12 Detail how infants perceive human speech, recognize voices, and recognize sound patterns other than speech.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 04-1-63 114 117 Knowledge

Answer: 1 month 64. Research findings demonstrate that, in infancy, intermodal perception is possible as early as _____________ and becomes common by ________________. 1 month, 3 months. 1 month, 6 months. 2 months, 4 months. 2 months, 6 months. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.13 Explain the importance of intermodal perception. 1 04-1-64 115 119 Knowledge

Answer: 1 month, 6 months. 65. A goal of the new Baby Connectome Project (part of a larger study, the Human Connectome Project) is to connect mothers and fathers and grandparents so they raise the baby in an improved manner build a map of all the neural connections in the brain see how the brain connects to the spinal cord have babies better separate cognitive and motor tasks Learning Objective:

4.1 Describe what important changes in the brain take place during infancy.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 04-1-65 115 119 Knowledge

Answer: build a map of all the neural connections in the brain

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 66. Recent immigrant mothers are more likely to initiate and sustain exclusive breastfeeding than Canadian-born mothers—with a median duration of ______ months verses ______ months, respectively. 4.6; 3.9 6; 2 12; 5 2.2; 1.1 Learning Objective:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 04-1-6 115 119 Knowledge

Answer: 4.6; 3.9 67. Breast milk appears to stimulate better _______________ and immune system function. sleep teething gut microbiota paternal bonding Learning Objective:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 04-1-6 115 119 Knowledge

Answer: gut microbiota Chapter 4 True-False Questions 1. By age 2 to 2 1/2 children are half as tall as they will be as adults. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.1 Describe what important changes in the brain take place during infancy. 1 04-2-01 91 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 2. Synaptic pruning is a period in which unnecessary pathways and connections are eliminated. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.1 Describe what important changes in the brain take place during infancy. 1 04-2-02 92 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 3. The cortex is the least developed part of the brain at birth. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.1 Describe what important changes in the brain take place during infancy. 2 04-2-03 92 94 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 4. Because infants' brains have a high degree of plasticity, they are not as vulnerable to environmental influences. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.1 Describe what important changes in the brain take place during infancy. 3 04-2-04 92-93 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 5. The persistence of the Moro and Babinski reflexes past approximately six months of age may indicate the existence of some type of neurological problem. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.2 Describe how infants’ reflexes and behavioural states change. 1 04-2-05 94 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 6. The Babinski reflex is a good example of an adaptive reflex. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.2 Describe how infants’ reflexes and behavioural states change. 2 04-2-06 94 96 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 7. North American parents tend to expect infants to acquire stable sleeping patterns naturally, without parental intervention, during the first two years of life. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.2 Describe how infants’ reflexes and behavioural states change. 3 04-2-07 95 97 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 8. It is important to teach infants how to sleep through the night as soon as possible. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.2 Describe how infants’ reflexes and behavioural states change. 3 04-2-08 94 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 9. Infants tend to sleep 70 percent of the time until they are approximately 6–8 weeks old. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.2 Describe how infants’ reflexes and behavioural states change. 2 04-2-09 94 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: b. False 10. Regarding colic, several factors have been implicated: gastrointestinal factors—gut inflammation and impaired gut microbiota; neurological factors—migraine headache; and psychosocial factors— inadequate parent child-interactions, parental anxiety or depression, and household stress. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.2 Describe how infants’ reflexes and behavioural states change. 2 04-2-10 95 97 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 11. Manufactured formula is superior nutritionally to breast milk. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants. 2 04-2-11 98-99 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 12. New immigrant mothers bottle-feed more due to their perception that bottle-feeding is preferred in Canada. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants. 1 04-2-12 98-99 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 13. Health care experts recommend that mothers exclusively breast-feed their babies for six or more months in the first year of life. a True b False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants. 1 04-2-13 98-99 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 14. At the age of 1 month, Tommy is able to reach for and grasp objects. a b

True False

Learning Objective:

4.3 Outline how infants’ bodies change and the typical pattern of motor skill development in the first two years.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 04-2-14 96 99 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 15. There has been no research that indicates female infants develop manipulative skills before male infants. a True b False Learning Objective:

4.3 Outline how infants’ bodies change and the typical pattern of motor skill development in the first two years.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 04-2-15 97 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 16. Researchers from Canada have found that supplying vitamin A to young children living in at-risk countries decreases the mortality rates of those children. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants 2 04-2-16 100 103 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 17. There can be good reasons to warrant a doctor's recommendation for a patient to not breast-feed her child. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants 1 04-2-17 99 101 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 18. In Canada, mass vaccinations have lowered the rate of some infectious diseases. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants 1 04-2-18 100-101 103 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 19. Post-term babies have higher rates of fetal and neonatal mortalities. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.6 Identify the general outcomes of post-term infants. 1 04-2-20 103 106 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 20. Infant mortality rates among Inuit, First Nations, and Metis infants are two to four times the national average. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.7 Discuss the issue of infant mortality in Canada. 1 04-2-22 104 107 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 21. Smoking by the mother during pregnancy or by anyone in the home after the infant's birth is a risk factor for SIDS. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.7 Discuss the issue of infant mortality in Canada. 1 04-2-21 104-105 107 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 22. Sudden infant death syndrome is more likely to occur if the infant is placed in a crib with a crib bumper. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.7 Discuss the issue of infant mortality in Canada. 2 04-2-22 104-105 108 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 23. Normal visual acuity in adults is 20/20; infants are not that far off with 20/40 vision. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.8 Describe how infants’ visual abilities change across the first months of life. 1 04-2-23 106 110 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 24. Babies cannot see colour at birth, they can only see in black and white. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.8 Describe how infants’ visual abilities change across the first months of life. 1 04-2-24 107 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 25. At birth, the neonate is blind. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.8 Describe how infants’ visual abilities change across the first months of life. 1 04-2-25 106 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 26. Although hearing improves up to adolescence, babies are born with better auditory acuity than visual acuity. a True b False Learning Objective:

4.9 Describe how infants’ senses of hearing, smell, taste, touch, and motion compare to those of older children and adults.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 04-2-26 107 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 27. Research indicates that newborns have not developed their sense of smell and taste because they cannot differentiate between the four basic flavours of normal, sweet, sour, and bitter. a True b False Learning Objective:

4.9 Describe how infants’ senses of hearing, smell, taste, touch, and motion compare to those of older children and adults.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 04-2-27 108 111 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 28. Nativist theorists claim that perceptual abilities are inborn. a b

True False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

4.14 Summarize what arguments nativists and empiricists offer in support of their theories of perceptual development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 04-2-28 116 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 29. Newborns are able to discriminate between individual voices. a b

True False

Learning Objective:

4.12 Detail how infants perceive human speech, recognize voices, and recognize sound patterns other than speech.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 04-2-29 114 118 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 30. It is interesting to wonder how early a baby can learn something via one sense and transfer that information to another sense (for example, recognize solely by feel a toy she has seen but never before felt). This skill is usually called intermodal perception. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.13 Explain the importance of intermodal perception. 1 04-2-30 114 118 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 31. Building a map of all the neural connections—the connectome—is a goal of the new Baby Connectome Project a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.1 Describe what important changes in the brain take place during infancy. 1 04-2-31 114 118 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 32. Health Canada, the Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS), Dieticians of Canada, and Breastfeeding Committee for Canada recommend that breastfeeding should be the sole source of infant nutrition for at least the first six months of life if possible. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants. 1 04-2-32 114 118 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 33. By about 6 months of age infants are able to engage in reciprocal eye gaze with their parents, which suggests that babies are showing signs of active social communication at this stage. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.10 Describe how researchers study perceptual development in infants. 1 04-2-33 114 118 Knowledge

Answer: a. True Chapter 4 Short Answer Questions 1. Describe 3 important changes in the brain that take place during infancy.

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.1 Describe what important changes in the brain take place during infancy. 3 04-3-01 91–93 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 2. Compare and contrast the processes of pruning and myelinization that occur in an infant's brain.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.1 Describe what important changes in the brain take place during infancy. 1 04-3-02 92–93 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 3. Discuss the changes in the wake/sleep cycles of children from birth to 6 months of age.

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.2 Describe how infants’ reflexes and behavioural states change 2 04-3-03 94-95 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 4. Your friend's child has colic. What advice would you give regarding diet and other ways to help the baby? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.2 Describe how infants’ reflexes and behavioural states change 2 04-3-04 95 Application

Answer: Answers will vary 5. Describe and compare adaptive reflexes and primitive reflexes.

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.2 Describe how infants’ reflexes and behavioural states change 1 04-3-05 102 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 6. Identify and describe the three motor-skill groups used by developmentalists.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

4.3 Outline how infants’ bodies change and the typical pattern of motor skill development in the first two years.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 04-3-06 95–98 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 7. Define the term "marasmus," and describe the effect it has on an infant.

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants. 2 04-3-07 100 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 8. What are micronutrients? What role do they play in infant health and nutrition? What steps can countries take to increase access to micronutrients for young children? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants. 2 04-3-08 100 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 9. In Canada, which women are less likely to breast-feed? What reasons might explain this?

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants. 3 04-3-09 98-100 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 10. What are immunizations and what role have they historically played in the health of Canadian babies? Which diseases have been targeted?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants. 2 04-3-10 100-101 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 11. What does "SIDS" stand for, and what are the possible underlying causes of SIDS? Include information about infant mortality rates among Indigenous people. Learning Objective:

4.7 Discuss the issue of infant mortality in Canada.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 04-3-11 104-105 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 12. Describe the discriminating ear of the young infant. What sounds does she pay attention to? What distinctions does he make? Describe the infant's discriminating abilities. Learning Objective:

4.9 Describe how infants’ senses of hearing, smell, taste, touch, and motion compare to those of older children and adults.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 04-3-12 107 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 13. What do we know about a newborn's ability to see colour?

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.8 Describe how infants’ visual abilities change across the first months of life. 2 04-3-13 107 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 14. There have been numerous research studies into babies' perceptions of faces. Describe what is known about this.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.8 Describe how infants’ visual abilities change across the first months of life. 2 04-3-14 112 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 15. Name and describe three methods that researchers use to study perceptual development in infants.

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.8 Describe how infants’ visual abilities change across the first months of life. 2 04-3-15 116 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary Chapter 4 Essay Questions 1. Although you cannot fully prepare new parents for the marvellous physical changes of infancy, you have learned enough in studying lifespan development to alert new parents to the most important and significant aspects of physical development during the first year. Briefly summarize the typical reflexes and perceptual skills of neonates, describe the states-of-consciousness cycles, and identify the developmental milestones of the first year. Learning Objective:

4.3 Outline how infants’ bodies change and the typical pattern of motor skill development in the first two years.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 04-4-01 91–116 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 2. Briefly describe the health issues most likely to impact Canadian infants in their first year of life. Include in your answer a review of sudden infant death syndrome and the factors associated with it, including information about Indigenous people. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants. 1 04-4-02 98–101 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 3. Describe the depth perception abilities of infants. Outline the research of Albert Caron and Rose Caron, and what was the impact of this study on child development? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.8 Describe how infants’ visual abilities change across the first months of life. 1 04-4-03 111–112 115 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 4. Discuss the pivotal role of nutrition in infant health and development. What are the risks pertaining to nutrition for children in underdeveloped countries? How do Canadian children fare? Why? What role does breast-feeding play in the health and nutrition of infants and young children? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.4 Discuss the health issues of infants. 2 04-4-04 98–100 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 5. Identify the short-term and long-term implications of pre-term and low-birth-weight infants. What is kangaroo care and what are this practice's benefits? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

4.5 Discuss the developmental issues of preterm and low-birth-weight infants. 2 04-4-05 102–103 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

CHAPTER 5: COGNITICE DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY Chapter 5 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. According to Piaget, an infant's adaptive processes of assimilating new information and accommodating existing schemes constitute the ________ period. preoperational sensorimotor information processing schematic Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 1 05-1-01 120 124 Knowledge

Answer: sensorimotor 2. There are _____ substages in Piaget's sensorimotor stage of cognitive development. three eight six four Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 1 05-1-02 120 125 Knowledge

Answer: six 3. According to Piaget's substages of sensorimotor development, which of the following behaviours would most accurately reflect the ability of a child who is under the age of 1 month? Marvin begins to suck his mother's breast when it is placed in his mouth. When Mary, who has been breast-fed, receives a bottle, she is able to adjust her sucking to the rubber nipple. Reem's toy rattle makes a sound when she hits it on her plate. Now she keeps hitting the plate to hear the sound again and again. Hannah pushes the button on her musical nursery rhyme book, to hear "Mary Had a Little Lamb." She chooses this button over and over again, instead of choosing a different song. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 2 05-1-03 121 125 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: Marvin begins to suck his mother's breast when it is placed in his mouth. 4. According to Piaget's substages of sensorimotor development, which of the following behaviours would most accurately reflect the ability of a child who is 4 to 8 months old? Jake begins to suck his mother's breast when it is placed in his mouth. When Bianca, who has been breast-fed, receives a bottle, she is able to adjust her sucking to the rubber nipple. Martina's toy rattle makes a sound when she hits it on her plate. Now she keeps hitting the plate to hear the sound again and again. Jacob pushes the button on his musical nursery rhyme book, to hear "Row Row Row Your Boat." He chooses this button over and over again, instead of choosing a different song. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 2 05-1-04 121 125 Comprehension

Answer: Martina's toy rattle makes a sound when she hits it on her plate. Now she keeps hitting the plate to hear the sound again and again. 5. According to Piaget's substages of sensorimotor development, which of the following behaviours would most accurately reflect the ability of a child who is 8 to 12 months old? Ahmed begins to suck his mother's breast when it is placed in his mouth. When Abby, who has been breast-fed, receives a bottle, she is able to adjust her sucking to the rubber nipple. Reem's toy rattle makes a sound when she hits it on her plate. Now she keeps hitting the plate to hear the sound again and again. Hannah pushes the button on her musical nursery rhyme book, to hear "Itsy Bitsy Spider." She chooses this button over and over again, instead of choosing a different song. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 2 05-1-05 121 125 Comprehension

Answer: Hannah pushes the button on her musical nursery rhyme book, to hear "Itsy Bitsy Spider." She chooses this button over and over again, instead of choosing a different song. 6. According to Piaget's substages of sensorimotor development, which of the following behaviours would most accurately reflect the ability of a child who is 1 to 4 months old? Marvin begins to suck his mother's breast when it is placed in his mouth. When Fatinah, who has been breast-fed, receives a bottle, she is able to adjust her sucking to the rubber nipple. Reem's toy rattle makes a sound when she hits it on her plate. Now she keeps hitting the plate to hear the sound again and again. Mike pushes the button on his musical nursery rhyme book, to hear "Itsy Bitsy Spider." He chooses this button over and over again, instead of choosing a different song.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 2 05-1-06 121 125 Application

Answer: When Fatinah, who has been breast-fed, receives a bottle, she is able to adjust her sucking to the rubber nipple. 7. According to Piaget, 1-month-old infants are equipped only with primitive, inborn schemes or reflexes. remember events or objects although they cannot mentally think about them. understand that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight. are able to mentally manipulate ideas and images. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 2 05-1-07 121 125 Comprehension

Answer: are equipped only with primitive, inborn schemes or reflexes. 8. Three-month-old Tovah accidentally sucks her fist, likes the sensation, and does it again. This is an example of cross-modal transfer. a tertiary circular reaction. a primary circular reaction. dishabituation. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 2 05-1-08 121 125 Application

Answer: a primary circular reaction. 9. Cedric sees his bottle just out of reach on the bed. He pulls on the blanket under the bottle and is able to drag the bottle close enough that he can reach it. This behaviour is an example of ________, which typically begins to occur at approximately ________. symbolic function; 3 months. secondary circular reactions; 2 years of age. object permanence; 6 months. means-ends behaviour; 8 to 12 months.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 2 05-1-09 121 125 Analysis

Answer: means-ends behaviour; 8 to 12 months. 10. When a baby's behaviour displays a purposeful, experimental quality or purposeful trial-and-error repetitions, such as dropping a toy repeatedly to see where it lands, the child is demonstrating _________ cognitive skills. secondary circular reactions coordination of secondary schemes tertiary circular reactions means end Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 2 05-1-10 121 125 Analysis

Answer: tertiary circular reactions 11. Haruko finds her mother's keys and begins to play with them. She works patiently in an attempt to fit the keys into an opening in the VCR. She tries the keys one at a time; she tries to put the key ring into the slot; she tries to separate the keys into two groups. Finally, she succeeds in jamming the keys into the equipment. Haruko's age is most likely 8 months. 3 years 5 years. 15 months. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 2 05-1-11 121-122 125 Analysis

Answer: 15 months. 12. The understanding that an object continues to exist even when we do not see it or touch it is called habituation. dishabituation. object permanence. cross-modal transfer.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 1 05-1-12 122 126 Knowledge

Answer: object permanence. 13. Newer research into Piaget's theory of object permanence confirms that babies are born equipped with a full-fledged knowledge of objects. Piaget's belief that an infant's understanding of objects is tied to reaching motor skill development seen in 7- to 8-month-old infants. that touching and reaching motor skill development is not necessary for infants to understand object permanence. that an infant's understanding of object permanence is tied to experience rather than motor skill development. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.2 Identify some challenges offered to Piaget’s explanation of infant cognitive development. 2 05-1-13 123-124 127-8 Comprehension

Answer: that touching and reaching motor skill development is not necessary for infants to understand object permanence. 14. Current research methods use _________ to study object permanence in infants. brain imaging motor skill development computer simulations visual response tracking Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.2 Identify some challenges offered to Piaget’s explanation of infant cognitive development. 2 05-1-14 123-124 127-8 Comprehension

Answer: visual response tracking 15. A 7-month-old baby is showing interest in a toy and has begun to reach for it. If you partially cover the toy with a blanket, the baby will successfully uncover the toy. If you completely cover the toy with the blanket, the baby will search for the toy in several locations. lose interest and cease looking or searching for the toy. signal you to search for the toy. search for the toy in the location of the blanket.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 2 05-1-15 121-124 127-8 Analysis

Answer: lose interest and cease looking or searching for the toy. 16. Which of the following would not be a type of learning that an infant of one month could accomplish? schematic learning social cognitive learning habituation classical conditioning Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 5.4 Describe the kinds of ways infants can learn. 5.5 Describe how categorical understanding changes over the first two years. 5.7 Identify how intelligence is measured in infancy. 2 05-1-16 126-128 Comprehension

Answer: social cognitive learning 17. The fact that you know as you write this test that it will continue to exist when you have completed it is an example of object continuity. object permanence. object relativism. deferred permanence. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 2 05-1-17 122 127-8 Knowledge

Answer: object permanence. 18. Piaget's most fundamental theoretical proposal was that a child constructed an understanding of the world based on ______________________. nature. genetics. experience. maturation.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 2 05-1-18 124 Knowledge

Answer: experience. 19. Zachary, age 6 months, watches his sister stick her tongue out at the chicken Mom is serving for supper. The next day, Zachary sticks his tongue out at the Cheerios Mom puts on his high-chair tray. Zachary's behaviour is an example of ______ in infants. object permanence violation-of-expectancy procedures conditioning and modelling deferred imitation Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 2 05-1-19 124-125 Knowledge

Answer: deferred imitation 20. Several recent research studies have identified some capacity for deferred imitation capabilities in infants as young as 6 weeks of age. These discoveries are significant because they provide evidence that supports Piaget's theories about age and deferred imitation capacities. they provide clear evidence that cognitive development progresses in stages. they confirm that infants do learn through modelling. they change the sequence of Piaget's stages of development. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 2 05-1-20 Comprehension

Answer: they confirm that infants do learn through modelling. 21. Your sister just had a baby, and you are discussing the pros and cons of letting her child watch positive children's programming on television. According to the American of Pediatrics, no child should watch television before the age of 12 months. 18 months. 24 months. 36 months.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 2 05-1-21 122-123 127 Knowledge

Answer: 24 months. 22. Studies have shown that viewing TV before the age of 3 might be harmful in terms of a child's cognitive and language development in all of the following areas EXCEPT prosocial interactions. reading recognition. reading comprehension. attention abilities. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 1 05-1-22 123 127 Knowledge

Answer: prosocial interactions. 23. Which of the following statements best explains the impact of television on children's basic cognitive processes? Early TV viewing may be harmful to a child's cognitive and language development in the areas of reading and attentional abilities. Exposing infants to the sensory stimulation of TV enhances language development. The cognitive stimulation benefits of TV viewing surpass those of traditional toys like rattles, balls etc. There is no noted positive or negative impact on cognitive skill development in infants and toddlers caused by TV viewing. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 1 05-1-23 122-123 127 Knowledge

Answer: Early TV viewing may be harmful to a child's cognitive and language development in the areas of reading and attentional abilities. 24. Which of the following statements is true regarding the impact of television viewing on children's behaviour? The amount of time spent watching TV in infancy/childhood establishes later TV viewing patterns. Viewing prosocial and altruistic themed TV programs in infancy/childhood has no behavioural impact, but viewing violent/aggressive themed TV programs influences behaviour. There is no proof of a correlation between viewing violent/aggressive themed TV programs in childhood and increases in these behaviours in young children. The hours spent watching TV correlate with increased interest in learning and school performance.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 2 05-1-24 122-123 127 Knowledge

Answer: The amount of time spent watching TV in infancy/childhood establishes later TV viewing patterns. 25. One of the most effective reinforcers for almost all babies is musical toys. the father's laughter. the mother's voice. breast milk. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.4 Describe the kinds of ways infants can learn. 1 05-1-25 127 ??? Knowledge

Answer: the mother's voice. 26. Elizabeth Spelke's research into infants' understanding of the nature of objects and how they behave indicates that infants in the 2- to 3-month age category have some limited understanding of objects and how they behave. infants in the 2- to 3-month age category have some understanding of the nature of objects, but little understanding about how objects will behave. infants in the 2- to 3-month age category lack both object permanence and object concept cognitive skills, and are unable to understand objects or object behaviour. infants in the 2- to 3-month age category understand remarkably well what objects are and what to expect about how objects will behave. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.3 Summarize what the research tells us about infants’ understanding of objects. 2 05-1-26 Comprehension

Answer: infants in the 2- to 3-month age category understand remarkably well what objects are and what to expect about how objects will behave. 27. An infant's understanding about the nature of objects and how they behave has been referred to as object projection. object expectation. object permanence. object concept.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 1 05-1-27 125 129 Knowledge

Answer: object concept. 28. According to Renee Baillargeon's research pertaining to an infant's knowledge about objects, infants have developed all of the following basic hypotheses about objects EXCEPT where objects come from. the ways objects function. how objects move. how objects connect to one another. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.2 Identify some challenges offered to Piaget’s explanation of infant cognitive development. 2 05-1-28 123-124 130 Knowledge

Answer: where objects come from. 29. A basic premise of Renee Baillargeon's research pertaining to infants' knowledge about objects is infants' understanding about objects expands as they progress through sequential cognitive stages. infants are born with an innate understanding about objects. infants are born with built-in strategies for learning about objects. infant cognition is far too complex to be inferred from their interactions with objects. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 05-1-29 123-124 130 Knowledge

Answer: infants are born with built-in strategies for learning about objects. 30. The process by which an infant differentiates and recognizes distinct objects based on mental images of objects in the environment is called object individuation. object expectancy. object property. object manifestation. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.3 Summarize what the research tells us about infants’ understanding of objects. 1 05-1-30 125 129 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: object individuation. 31. University researcher Fei Xu identified that infants use three broad categories to differentiate and recognize distinct objects. Which of the following is NOT one of the categories identified by Fei Xu? spatiotemporal information (e.g., information about the location and motion of objects). plasticity factors about how experience changes perception. object's property information (e.g., the perceptual qualities of an object, such as colour texture and size). awareness of distinct kinds of objects (e.g., a duck versus a ball). Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.3 Summarize what the research tells us about infants’ understanding of objects. 2 05-1-31 125 129-30 Knowledge

Answer: plasticity factors about how experience changes perception. 32. Babies exhibit evidence of learning from four weeks after birth. the first moments following birth. two weeks after birth. the first week after birth. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.4 Describe the kinds of ways infants can learn. 1 05-1-32 Comprehension

Answer: the first moments following birth. 33. Mavis Gunther's research with inexperienced mothers who nursed their newborns found that when the mother's nursing technique caused the babies' nostrils to be blocked by the breast, the babies refused to nurse on the side of the breast where they had experienced smothering. showed no difference in their breast-feeding behaviour. outright refused to breast-feed. Breast-fed but showed symptoms associated with anxiety. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.4 Describe the kinds of ways infants can learn. 1 05-1-33 126 130 Knowledge

Answer: refused to nurse on the side of the breast where they had experienced smothering.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 34. Schematic learning in young infants can be understood as the organization of experiences into expectancies. the infant's ability to grasp basic-level categories. a demonstration of habituation in infant learning. the organization of experiences into hierarchical categories. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.5 Describe how categorical understanding changes over the first two years. 2 05-1-34 127 131 Knowledge

Answer: the organization of experiences into expectancies. 35. Joan is a 7-month-old baby. Her mother has just shown her nine pictures of different human faces. The tenth picture shown is an image of a dog, and Joan looks surprised. Joan's reaction demonstrates modelling. operant learning. classical conditioning. habituation and dishabituation. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.7 Identify how intelligence is measured in infancy. 2 05-1-35 130 134 Application

Answer: habituation and dishabituation. 36. Based on schematic learning, a 7-month-old would NOT be able to understand which of the following: that dogs and people are in different categories. that animals and furniture are in different categories. that dogs and birds are in different categories. that dogs and trees are in different categories. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.5 Describe how categorical understanding changes over the first two years. 2 05-1-36 127-128 132 Comprehension

Answer: that dogs and birds are in different categories.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 37. Schematic learning theories imply that children at different ages actively use categories to process information. They describe both lower-level and higher-level categorical knowledge. At what age is a child able to utilize and understand both? 6 months 12 months 18 months 24 months Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.5 Describe how categorical understanding changes over the first two years. 2 05-1-37 Comprehension

Answer: 12 months 38. ___________ is the decrease in interest and behavioural responses to a stimulus after repeated exposure to that stimulus. Habituation Dishabituation Operant conditioning Object permanence Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.7 Identify how intelligence is measured in infancy. 2 05-1-38 Application

Answer: Habituation 39. The most widely used test of infant intelligence is called Bayley Scales of Infant Development. APGAR scales of development. Nativisms IQ Scale. Butler Scales of Infant Development. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.7 Identify how intelligence is measured in infancy. 1 05-1-39 138 133 Knowledge

Answer: Bayley Scales of Infant Development.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 40. An infant's ability to remember an event is strongly related to two factors: ________ and ________. whether the infant is breast-fed or bottle-fed; the quality of social interactions the child has experienced. her age; the specific context in which the original experience occurred. his IQ; capacity for cross-modal transfer. parental efforts to reinforce the memory; the speed of the infant's perception of the event. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.7 Identify how intelligence is measured in infancy. 2 05-1-40 Comprehension

Answer: her age; the specific context in which the original experience occurred 41. Infant IQ tests such as the Bayley Scales of Infant Development typically measure infants' social interaction skills and communication development. predictive factors for childhood IQ and school performance. infants' sensory and motor skills. the extent to which infants can be classically conditioned to respond to neutral stimuli. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.7 Identify how intelligence is measured in infancy. 1 05-1-41 129-130 133 Knowledge

Answer: infants' sensory and motor skills. 42. B. F. Skinner's theoretical perspective on children's language development was based on the idea that children make rule-governed rather than random errors when learning language. the naming explosion will not occur if the child has suffered impaired hearing due to repeated respiratory infections. children are born with an innate language processor that contains the grammatical structure of all human language. the principles of operant conditioning underlie all aspects of human learning, including language. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.7 Identify how intelligence is measured in infancy. 5.8 Describe how the environment influences language development. 2 05-1-42 132 ??? Comprehension

Answer: the principles of operant conditioning underlie all aspects of human learning, including language.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 43. Which individual did NOT contribute to the body of knowledge regarding language theory? Piaget Skinner Chomsky Slobin Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.8 Describe how the environment influences language development. 1 05-1-43 Comprehension

Answer: Piaget 44. Many theories have been presented to explain the nature of language development in childhood. Which of the following perspectives is NOT one of them? behaviourist view. naturalistic view. nativist view. constructivist view. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.8 Describe how the environment influences language development. 1 05-1-44 131 ??? Knowledge

Answer: naturalistic view 45. A simplified higher-pitched speech that adults use with infants and young children can best be described as modelling. language acquisition acts. infant-directed speech. interactionist responses. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.8 Describe how the environment influences language development. 1 05-1-45 132 136 Knowledge

Answer: infant-directed speech. 46. The sound pattern that consists of repeated combinations of consonants and vowels is holophrases. schematic phrasing. cooing. babbling.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.8 Describe how the environment influences language development. 5.9 Trace the pattern of early language development in infants. 1 05-1-46 133 136 Comprehension

Answer: babbling. 47. Which of the following represents the typical sequence of the beginning of language up to the first words? crying, cooing, babbling, gesturing, receptive language. babbling, intonational babbling, cooing, expressive language. receptive language, intonational babbling, babbling, expressive language, gesturing. babbling, cooing, expressive language, gesturing. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.9 Trace the pattern of early language development in infants. 2 05-1-47 133 ?? Comprehension

Answer: crying, cooing, babbling, gesturing, receptive language. 48. Werker's research demonstrates that one characteristic of infants that helps them to learn language is intelligence. concentration. the ability to babble. the ability to distinguish between human speech and other non-speech sounds. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.9 Trace the pattern of early language development in infants. 3 05-1-48 133-134 136 Application

Answer: the ability to distinguish between human speech and other non-speech sounds. 49. If Abraham tells his son, "No! Hot!" the child will move his hands away from the hot stove. However, the child cannot say, "Hot stove" himself. This demonstrates what principle of children's language development? Receptive language develops before expressive language. Children make rule-governed rather than random errors when learning language. Children respond to parents' intonational babbling. Holophrases are the precursor of the naming explosion. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: Receptive language develops before expressive language. 50. Which of the following is the best example of a child's first word, according to linguists? Dylan repeats the consonant and vowel syllable "dah" over and over again with rhythmic intonation. Rosario says "goggie" when she is referring to the family dog or her sister. Indira points to her blanket, opens and closes her hand, and grunts repeatedly. Beth says "ba" and points when she wants her bottle. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.9 Trace the pattern of early language development in infants. 2 05-1-50 136 Analysis

Answer: Beth says "ba" and points when she wants her bottle. 51. Baby Guan pointed to his mother's shoes on the floor and said, "Mommy." It was clear that he meant, "Those are Mommy's shoes." This is an example of gestural language. a holophrase. receptive language. meaningful babbling. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.9 Trace the pattern of early language development in infants. 1 05-1-51 134 140 Application

Answer: a holophrase. 52. Once children speak their first words at around 12 months, they then tend to go through a slow period of word acquisition until about the age of 2. At approximately age 2, children typically slowly and gradually improve their language, provided they have a stimulating environment. regress in their language development as a result of neural pruning. stabilize in their language development until kindergarten or first grade. experience a naming explosion during which they add names of things or people to their vocabulary. Learning Objective:

5.9 Trace the pattern of early language development in infants.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 05-1-52 136 141 Comprehension

Answer: experience a naming explosion during which they add names of things or people to their vocabulary.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 53. Which of the following words would be typical of the vocabulary of a 2-year-old? bicycle run bottle plate Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.8 Describe how the environment influences language development. 2 05-1-53 136 Analysis

Answer: bottle 54. Research indicates that children who are fluently bilingual encounter few, if any, learning problems in school. always get better grades in school. have decreased ability to focus on tasks. are more intelligent. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.13 Describe how language development varies across cultures. 2 05-1-54 138 143 Knowledge

Answer: encounter few, if any, learning problems in school. 55. In language development theory, the term "telegraphic speech" refers to short sentences with distinct features, including two- or three-word sentences. a process that takes many years to develop due to its complex language processing. lexical words and grammatical words. This term does not exist in language theory. Learning Objective:

5.11 Identify what kinds of sentences children produce between 18 and 24 months of age. 5.13 Describe how language development varies across cultures.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 05-1-55 139 141 Knowledge

Answer: short sentences with distinct features, including two- or three-word sentences. 56. Comprehension of spoken language is called expressive language. cognitive language. receptive language. holophrasing. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 18

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.9 Trace the pattern of early language development in infants. 1 05-1-56 137-138 140 Knowledge

Answer: receptive language. 57. An addition to a word that changes the word's meaning is referred to as expressive style. an inflection. referential style. a lexical word. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.11 Identify what kinds of sentences children produce between 18 and 24 months of age. 1 05-1-57 137 141 Knowledge

Answer: an inflection. 58. What is the style of language that demonstrates the ability to to produce, understand, and respond to meaningful words? referential style. motherese. expressive style. language utterance. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.10 Identify the characteristics of toddlers’ first words. 1 05-1-58 136 141-2 Knowledge

Answer: expressive style. 59. What particular inflection indicates feeling or context? telegrapch speech. pragmatic marker. motherese. holophrases. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.10 Identify the characteristics of toddlers’ first words. 1 05-1-59 139 142 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: pragmatic marker. 60. Holophrases appear to ______________ telegraphic speech in every language. precede follow improve reorder Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.10 Identify the characteristics of toddlers’ first words. 2 05-1-60 139 ?? Knowledge

Answer: precede 61. Which of the following statements is true regarding language acquisition rates in children? Rates of language acquisition follow common set sequential patterns. The speed at which children acquire language varies widely. The mean length of utterance (MLU) is a good test for cognitive delay. Gender determines the speed of language acquisition. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.10 Identify the characteristics of toddlers’ first words. 1 05-1-61 137-139 ?? Knowledge

Answer: The speed at which children acquire language varies widely. 62. Studies in a wide variety of language communities including Turkish, Japanese, and Hebrew reveal all of the following to be true EXCEPT that specific word order used in sentences varies. babies coo before they babble. babies understand language before they speak. babies begin to use their first words at about 12 months. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.13 Describe how language development varies across cultures. 1 05-1-62 Knowledge

Answer: specific word order used in sentences varies.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 63. Cultural differences in child rearing may contribute to an underestimation of ___________ skills when assessments based on mainstream Canadian population norms are conducted on Indigenous children. motor visual language cultural Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.8 Describe how the environment influences language development. 5.13 Describe how language development varies across cultures. 1 04-1-63 115 119 Knowledge

Answer: language 64. Many Indigenous children are raised in distinct environments, ones that value respectful, ___________ communication (i.e., differences in body language; eye-gaze; and speaking delay, volume, and frequency) as well as ones that place more emphasis on _____________ over vocabulary (a pattern that emphasizes receptive over expressive language skills). direct; indirect speaking dominant; comprehension gestures; gestures non-verbal; comprehension Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.8 Describe how the environment influences language development. 5.13 Describe how language development varies across cultures. 1 04-1-64 115 119 Knowledge

Answer: non-verbal; comprehension 65. Measures of basic information-processing skills in infancy, such as rate of habituation at ____months, is one way to predict later intelligence-test scores. 2 12 16 4 Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.7 Identify how intelligence is measured in infancy. 1 04-1-65 115 119 Knowledge

Answer: 4

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 66. Early word learning seems to follow ___________ patterns in all cultures. However, the word order of a child’s telegraphic speech depends on which language he is learning. unusual similar distinct confusing Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.13 Describe how language development varies across cultures. 1 04-1-66 115 119 Knowledge

Answer: similar 67. More recent research suggests that Piaget __________________ infants’ capabilities, as well as the degree to which some concepts may be wired into the brain. overestimated Invented details about failed at proving underestimated Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.2 Identify some challenges offered to Piaget’s explanation of infant cognitive development. 1 04-1-67 115 119 Knowledge

Answer: underestimated Chapter 5 True-False Questions 1. According to Piaget's theory, means-end behaviour is carried out in the pursuit of a specific goal. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 1 05-2-01 121 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 2. An infant of 2 months of age will not look for her bottle if it accidentally rolls away. a b

True False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 1 05-2-02 121 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 3. The understanding that objects continue to exist when they can't be seen is known as "deferred imitation." a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 2 05-2-03 122 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 4. According to the Canadian Paediatric Society, children under the age of 2 should watch no television. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 1 05-2-04 123 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 5. Infants as young as 2 months old are capable of imitating observed behaviour. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 1 05-2-05 124 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 6. One of the benefits of an infant's exposure to television is cognitive stimulation. a b

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 1 05-2-06 123 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 7. Researcher Renée Baillargeon believes that knowledge about objects is not built in, but that the strategies for learning are innate. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.2 Identify some challenges offered to Piaget’s explanation of infant cognitive development. 1 05-2-07 123 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 8. Object individuation is the process by which an infant differentiates and recognizes distinct objects based on mental images of objects in the environment. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.3 Summarize what the research tells us about infants’ understanding of objects. 2 05-2-08 125 129 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 9. According to Piaget's theory, infants are born with an understanding of the nature of objects and how they behave. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 1 05-2-09 125 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 10. Mavis Gunther hypothesized that classical conditioning was at work when she studied the effects on babies of inexperienced mothers' breast-feeding techniques. a True b False Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 24

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.4 Describe the kinds of ways infants can learn. 1 05-2-10 126–127 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 11. Newborns can learn by operant conditioning. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.4 Describe the kinds of ways infants can learn. 1 05-2-11 126 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 12. The concept that smaller categories are nested within larger ones is called "hierarchical categorization." a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.5 Describe how categorical understanding changes over the first two years. 1 05-2-12 127 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 13. The Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence is a standardized test of habituation rates in infants. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.7 Identify how intelligence is measured in infancy. 1 05-2-13 130 134 Comprehension

Answer: b. True

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 14. If a child has cerebral palsy and can't perform many tasks on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, the accurate professional advice would be to suggest the use of the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.7 Identify how intelligence is measured in infancy. 1 05-2-14 129 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 15. Noam Chomsky would be considered to have a constructivist view of language development. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.8 Describe how the environment influences language development. 1 05-2-15 131 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 16. Infant-directed speech is simplified, higher-pitched speech that adults use with infants and young children. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.8 Describe how the environment influences language development. 1 05-2-16 132 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 17. In the theoretical debate about language development, one could say that B. F. Skinner is a behaviourist and Noam Chomsky is a nativist. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.8 Describe how the environment influences language development. 1 05-2-17 131 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True

18. Cultural differences in child rearing may contribute to an underestimation of language skills when assessments based on mainstream Canadian population norms are conducted on Indigenous children. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.8 Describe how the environment influences language development. 5.13 Describe how language development varies across cultures. 1 05-2-17 131 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

19. Developmentalists know that, with respect to language development, children whose parents talk to them often, read to them regularly, and use a wider range of words in speech differ from children whose parent do not. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.8 Describe how the environment influences language development. 1 05-2-19 132 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 20. Cooing is when the infant makes repetitive vowel sounds, particularly the uuu sound. a b

True False

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5.9 Trace the pattern of early language development in infants. 1 05-2-20 133 Knowledge

Answer: b. True

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 21. Cross-cultural studies show that children usually learn words for the names of people or objects before they learn words for actions. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.13 Describe how language development varies across cultures. 1 05-2-21 136 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 22. Between 16 months and 2 years of age, young children experience vocabulary increase spurts called holophrases. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.10 Identify the characteristics of toddlers’ first words. 1 05-2-22 136 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 23. "Sst" is a word if a child consistently uses it to refer to her sister. a b

True False

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5.10 Identify the characteristics of toddlers’ first words. 2 05-2-23 136 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 24. When a child points to her father's shoe and says "Daddy" she is using a holophrase. a b

True False

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5.10 Identify the characteristics of toddlers’ first words. 1 05-2-24 136 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 25. Children's earliest simple two- or three-word sentences are called telegraphic speech. a b

True False

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5.11 Identify what kinds of sentences children produce between 18 and 24 months of age. 1 05-2-25 137 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 26. Research has identified social and emotional benefits to bilingual education for children but no proven cognitive benefits. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.13 Describe how language development varies across cultures. 1 05-2-26 138 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 27. The majority of children who talk late, unfortunately, do not catch up. a b

True False

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5.12 Describe individual differences that are evident in language development. 1 05-2-27 137 142 Knowledge

Answer: a. False 28. Boys have less speech delays than girls. a b

True False

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5.12 Describe individual differences that are evident in language development 1 05-2-28 138 142 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 29. Across all cultures, children learn language and word order in the same ways and sequences. a b

True False

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5.13 Describe how language development varies across cultures. 1 05-2-29 137 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 30. Cultural differences present a challenge for measuring Indigenous children’s language development. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.8 Describe how the environment influences language development. 1 05-2-30 137 Knowledge

Answer: b. True Chapter 5 Short Answer Questions 1. Describe the difference between primary circular reaction and secondary circular reaction with respect to language development. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 2 05-3-01 121 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 2. Summarize Piaget's description of infant development by briefly describing one or two cognitive behaviours or skills that represent each of the sensorimotor stages. In what ways was Piaget correct in his description of early infant cognitive development? In what ways was he incorrect? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: Answers will vary 3. Summarize the research findings on infants and television exposure. What are the implications for infant development? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 2 05-3-03 122-123 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 4. Describe the findings of Mavis Gunther's research on breast-feeding.

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5.4 Describe the kinds of ways infants can learn. 2 05-3-04 126-127 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 5. Discuss our current understanding of infant memory capacity. How does this view compare with Piaget's beliefs about infant memory? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.4 Describe the kinds of ways infants can learn. 2 05-3-05 128–129 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 6. Describe the development of language during the first year of life.

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5.8 Describe how the environment influences language development. 1 05-3-06 131–139 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 7. Explain the role of conditioning with respect to infant learning.

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5.4 Describe the kinds of ways infants can learn. 3 05-3-07 126 Application

Answer: Answers will vary 8. Compare and contrast two different tools for measuring infant intelligence.

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5.7 Identify how intelligence is measured in infancy. 2 05-3-08 129-130 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 9. Compare and contrast the behaviourist and nativist views of language development.

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5.8 Describe how the environment influences language development. 2 05-3-09 131 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 10. Describe how the first words are formed making reference to expressive language, holophrases and the naming explosion. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.10 Identify the characteristics of toddlers’ first words. 2 05-3-10 136 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 11. What are the advantages and disadvantages of growing up bilingual? What advice would you give to parents who want to know if they should encourage their child to become proficient in two languages? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.13 Describe how language development varies across cultures. 2 05-3-11 139 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 12. What are some of the commonalities and differences in infant language-learning patterns and behaviours across cultures? What do these findings tell us about infants and language development? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.13 Describe how language development varies across cultures. 1 05-3-12 139 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary Chapter 5 Essay Questions 1. Describe the six substages of Piaget's sensorimotor stage.

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5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 1 05-4-01 120-122 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 2. What is object permanence? Describe the process or stages through which it develops.

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5.1 Describe the milestones of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. 1 05-4-02 122 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: Answers will vary 3. Describe the process of early language acquisition. Make reference to early word use, vocabulary expansion, articulation, and early sentence use. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.8 Describe how the environment influences language development. 2 05-4-03 136–137 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 4. Compare the behaviourist, nativist, and interactionist beliefs about early language development. What has recent research shown about early language influences? Which theory do these research findings seem to support? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.8 Describe how the environment influences language development. 2 05-4-04 131-132 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 5. Describe how language development is similar and divergent across cultures. Make reference to specific inflections to support your response. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

5.13 Describe how language development varies across cultures. 2 05-4-05 131-132 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

CHAPTER 6: SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY Chapter 6 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Which of the following is NOT a true statement about the developmental benefits of proximity between infants and caregivers? Proximity protectively restricts the infant's movements and keeps the child safe. Proximity contributes to the development of a strong emotional bond between the child and the caregiver. Proximity permits social interactions between the child and the caregiver. Proximity imprints the caregiver's identity and makes the infant wary of strangers. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.1 Describe how Freud’s and Erikson’s views of personality development in the first two years differ. 1 06-1-01 142 147 Comprehension

Answer: Proximity imprints the caregiver's identity and makes the infant wary of strangers. 2. According to Freud's perspective on development, if an infant's weaning is not properly managed, the result could be an inability to form close emotional bonds. fixation at the oral stage of development. a difficult temperament. obsessive attention to the details of relationships. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.1 Describe how Freud’s and Erikson’s views of personality development in the first two years differ. 2 06-1-02 143 148 Comprehension

Answer: fixation at the oral stage of development. 3. Erikson went beyond Freud's view of infancy because Erikson discussed the importance of culture. recognized that fathers are important too. talked about nursing and weaning. claimed that it is important to respond to all of an infants' needs. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.1 Describe how Freud’s and Erikson’s views of personality development in the first two years differ. 3 06-1-03 143 148 Comprehension

Answer: claimed that it is important to respond to all of an infants' needs.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 4. Attachment relationships are of particular value for infants because such relationships assure infants have a safe base from which to explore. mature. achieve high intelligence. grow. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.2 Describe the main ideas of attachment theory from the ethological perspective. 1 06-1-04 143 Comprehension

Answer: have a safe base from which to explore. 5. When a sense of attachment is developed, you feel a sense of security. comfort when the person you are attached to is present. comfort knowing that a safe base exists for you. all of the above. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.2 Describe the main ideas of attachment theory from the ethological perspective. 1 06-1-05 143 Knowledge

Answer: all of the above. 6. An infant's emotional ties to a parent, from which the child derives security, is known as an affectional bond. attachment. synchrony. social referencing. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.2 Describe the main ideas of attachment theory from the ethological perspective. 1 06-1-06 143 Knowledge

Answer: attachment. 7. The research conducted with Romanian orphans adopted by Canadian families lends support to the concept of reactive attachment disorder. social referencing. stranger anxiety. psychoanalytic theory.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.2 Describe the main ideas of attachment theory from the ethological perspective. 3 06-1-07 144-145 Analysis

Answer: reactive attachment disorder. 8. The reciprocal pattern of signalling and responding through which infants indicate their needs and adults respond is called ________ by developmentalists. "attaching" "synchrony" "rhythm" "bonding" Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.3 Describe how synchrony affects parent–infant relations. 1 06-1-08 145 150 Comprehension

Answer: "synchrony" 9. A mutual interlocking pattern of attachment behaviours shared by a parent and child is known as attachment. synchrony. an affectional bond. proximity promoting behaviour. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.3 Describe how synchrony affects parent–infant relations. 1 06-1-09 145 150 Knowledge

Answer: synchrony. 10. Which of the following is the best example of the synchrony of behaviours that underlies the development of an attachment relationship? When Jeremy and Amanda refused to be satisfied with separate toys, they were each given 30 minutes in time out. Dr. Hall rocked, read stories, and sang to her infant son until they were both drowsy. Six-month-old Jarod and his mother have a conversation in which she imitates his babbling and he seems to imitate what she is saying. Kenny and Carrie shared toys and tasks to build a sand fort in the sandbox.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.3 Describe how synchrony affects parent–infant relations. 2 06-1-10 145-146 Analysis

Answer: Six-month-old Jarod and his mother have a conversation in which she imitates his babbling and he seems to imitate what she is saying. 11. Once a child has developed a clear attachment, several other related behaviours begin to appear. Which of the following is a good example of these attachment-related behaviours? social referencing. difference in eating and sleeping patterns. difference in temperament. a lack of separation anxiety. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.4 Identify the four phases of attachment and the behaviours associated with them. 2 06-1-11 148 153 Comprehension

Answer: social referencing. 12. Parents should expect their child to begin to protest being left with an unfamiliar babysitter when the child is approximately 6 months old. 1 year old. 2 months old. 9 months old. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.4 Identify the four phases of attachment and the behaviours associated with them. 2 06-1-12 148 Comprehension

Answer: 6 months old. 13. It is apparent that 2-year-old Hoshi has strong attachments to both his mother and his father. You might expect that if Hoshi falls off the swing and cuts his knee, he will turn to his mother. neither parent, because fear and pain will overwhelm his proximity-seeking behaviour. his father. either parent. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: his mother. 14. When infants use facial expressions to help them understand what to do in new situations, they are engaging in what researchers call social referencing. deferred imitation. schematic learning. cross-modal transfer. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.4 Identify the four phases of attachment and the behaviours associated with them. 1 06-1-14 148 Knowledge

Answer: social referencing. 15. Francois sees a stranger enter the room and he immediately looks at his mother's face. His mother reacts to the stranger by smiling. Francois is using internal models of experience. social referencing. synchrony. proximity-seeking behaviour. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.4 Identify the four phases of attachment and the behaviours associated with them. 1 06-1-15 148 Analysis

Answer: social referencing. 16. Juan is 16 months old and meeting his uncle for the first time. His uncle reaches for him, but Juan clings to his mother and refuses to let go. Juan is most likely experiencing separation anxiety. stranger anxiety. social referencing. avoidant attachment. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.4 Identify the four phases of attachment and the behaviours associated with them. 1 06-1-16 148 Analysis

Answer: stranger anxiety.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 17. Madeline cries and protests when she is separated from her father. This is an example of separation anxiety. stranger anxiety. social referencing. secure attachment. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.4 Identify the four phases of attachment and the behaviours associated with them. 1 06-1-17 148 Analysis

Answer: separation anxiety. 18. Mary Ainsworth's attachment assessment procedure, the Strange Situation, consisted of adults wearing masks with a variety of common emotional expressions in order to assess infants' social referencing skills. assessing children's reactions while gradually introducing them into daycare settings through progressively longer visits. a series of episodes involving various combinations of an infant, the infant's mother, and a stranger together in a room. evaluations of infants reared solely by one parent. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.5 Identify characteristics of the four attachment patterns discovered by Ainsworth. 1 06-1-18 148-149 154 Knowledge

Answer: a series of episodes involving various combinations of an infant, the infant's mother, and a stranger together in a room. 19. Pederson and Moran from the University of Western Ontario changed Ainsworth's Strange Situation research in one important way. They observed mother–infant interactions in their homes. added fathers to the experiment. only studied infants with secure attachments. brought the child's toys from home into the laboratory. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.5 Identify characteristics of the four attachment patterns discovered by Ainsworth. 3 06-1-19 149 Knowledge

Answer: observed mother–infant interactions in their homes.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 20. Arthur is an independent and curious child who is always exploring. He readily separates from his mother when he is left at the nursery school, and he is happy to see her when she returns. Arthur most likely would be classified as having a(n) ________ attachment. ambivalent secure disorganized/disoriented avoidant Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.5 Identify characteristics of the four attachment patterns discovered by Ainsworth. 1 06-1-20 149 Analysis

Answer: secure 21. Harrison is a 1-year-old child who is pleasant and cooperative with most adults. When his mother is at home, he does not seek or approach her as he plays. If she leaves him to go to work, he does not greet her or seek her presence when she returns. Harrison most likely would be classified as having a(n) ________ attachment. ambivalent disorganized avoidant secure Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.5 Identify characteristics of the four attachment patterns discovered by Ainsworth. 1 06-1-21 149 154 Analysis

Answer: avoidant 22. If you were to visit the Fedor home in the middle of the day, you would find 1-year-old Vlad playing close to his mother. Your presence would upset him, and his mother would have difficulty comforting him. If she left the room briefly, he would be extremely upset, but he would seem to both seek and avoid her when she returned. Vlad most likely would be classified as having a(n) ________ form of attachment. avoidant disorganized secure ambivalent Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.5 Identify characteristics of the four attachment patterns discovered by Ainsworth. 1 06-1-22 149 154 Analysis

Answer: ambivalent

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 23. As an employee of the Happy Times Day Care Centre, you have many opportunities to observe children interacting with their parents. You notice that when the mother of 1-year-old Todd comes to pick him up, he seems apprehensive as he greets her. His behaviour seems contradictory because he will move toward her, but he will not make eye contact with her. Todd most likely would be classified as having a(n) _________ form of attachment. secure disorganized/disoriented avoidant ambivalent Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.5 Identify characteristics of the four attachment patterns discovered by Ainsworth. 1 06-1-23 149 154 Analysis

Answer: disorganized/disoriented 24. Paress went with her mother to her grandparents' home. She readily separated from her mother and played with her toys. When a friend she did not know came by to visit, she sought out and used her mother as a safe base for the rest of the day while she continued play. Paress would most likely be classified as having a(n) ________ form of attachment. secure avoidant ambivalent disorganized/disoriented Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.5 Identify characteristics of the four attachment patterns discovered by Ainsworth. 1 06-1-24 149 Analysis

Answer: secure 25. Studies of parent–child interactions suggest that the crucial ingredients for a secure attachment are caregivers who are emotionally available and contingently responsive to a child's cues. an intact family structure (two adults) and sufficient financial resources. an infant who is physically and neurologically healthy and caregivers who are loving and caring. parents who are firm and consistent in their discipline and give the child undivided attention. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.5 Identify characteristics of the four attachment patterns discovered by Ainsworth. 2 06-1-25 150 Comprehension

Answer: caregivers who are emotionally available and contingently responsive to a child's cues.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 26. Which of the following does NOT affect the development of a secure attachment with an infant? the parents' emotional availability. sensitivity to a child's cues and responding appropriately. consistency. parental age. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.5 Identify characteristics of the four attachment patterns discovered by Ainsworth. 1 06-1-26 150-151 Knowledge

Answer: parental age. 27. Which of the following is false regarding autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)? Developmentalists once believed that ASDs were disorders that impaired an individual’s ability to understand and engage in the give-and-take of social relationships, resulting from a disturbance in the attachment process caused by insensitive parenting. ASDs are caused by flawed attachment processes and immunological responses to vaccinations. Despite their difficulties with synchrony, most infants with ASDs are securely attached to their caregivers. ASDs are disorders that impair an individual’s ability to understand and engage in the give-and-take of social relationships. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.5 Identify characteristics of the four attachment patterns discovered by Ainsworth. 1 06-1-27 150-151 155 Knowledge

Answer: ASDs are caused by flawed attachment processes and immunological responses to vaccinations. 28. Which of the following is the best example of contingent responsiveness? Nine-month-old Isabella avoids her mother's eyes and seems drowsy, so her mother ceases their game of peek-a-boo and allows Isabella to go to sleep. The Svenson family's plan for caring for their infant hinges on care being provided by a member of the family so that the child is never left with strangers. Four-year-old Andrew asks to have his training wheels removed, and his father complies. Ralph and Rhonda believe that responding too quickly will spoil their child. Learning Objectives:

6.6 Describe what variables might affect a parent’s ability to establish an attachment relationship with an infant.

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2 06-1-28 150 Analysis

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: Nine-month-old Isabella avoids her mother's eyes and seems drowsy, so her mother ceases their game of peek-a-boo and allows Isabella to go to sleep. 29. Mercedes enjoys interacting with her baby. She tends to smile back at the baby when she smiles, talk to the baby when she vocalizes, and pick up the baby when she cries. This is an example of a secure attachment. contingent responsiveness. ambivalent attachment. social referencing. Learning Objectives:

6.6 Describe what variables might affect a parent’s ability to establish an attachment relationship with an infant.

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1 06-1-29 150 167 Analysis

Answer: contingent responsiveness. 30. Which of the following is consistently observed in attachment relationships that are classified as insecure? low levels of responsiveness to the child. low socioeconomic status. abuse. single-parent family structure. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.5 Identify characteristics of the four attachment patterns discovered by Ainsworth. 1 06-1-30 149 Comprehension

Answer: low levels of responsiveness to the child. 31. A team of child psychologists have classified Ann as having a disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern. What situation is likely in Ann's developmental history? She may have a difficult temperament and parents who do not know how to respond to her. She may have been abused or have a parent who has a traumatic developmental history. She may have parents who have mental disorders, such as clinical depression. She may have been born with low birth weight and have experienced health problems for the first few years of life. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.5 Identify characteristics of the four attachment patterns discovered by Ainsworth. 2 06-1-31 149 Comprehension

Answer: She may have been abused or have a parent who has a traumatic developmental history.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 32. Which of the following factors would be most likely to cause a change in the quality of an infant's attachment relationship? an upheaval in the family, such as the death of a parent. the child's maturation. the formation of an attachment relationship with a teacher. the addition of new siblings to the family. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.5 Identify characteristics of the four attachment patterns discovered by Ainsworth. 6.6 Describe what variables might affect a parent’s ability to establish an attachment relationship with an infant. 2 06-1-32 149 Analysis

Answer: an upheaval in the family, such as the death of a parent. 33. According to research, which of the following is a characteristic of children or adolescents who were securely attached as infants? more positive and empathetic behaviour toward friends and siblings, but no effect on academic performance. social and emotional skills that tend to facilitate early sexual activity. greater social skills coupled by lower self-esteem. better grades. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.5 Identify characteristics of the four attachment patterns discovered by Ainsworth. 6.7 Summarize the research on the long-term consequences of attachment quality. 1 06-1-33 149 Comprehension

Answer: better grades. 34. Research has shown that children who are securely attached tend to be less sociable, and happy only with the mother–child relationship. be more reluctant to explore. be more empathetic and emotionally mature. need to be in constant proximity to the parent figure. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.5 Identify characteristics of the four attachment patterns discovered by Ainsworth. 1 06-1-34 149 Comprehension

Answer: be more empathetic and emotionally mature.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 35. Which of the following conclusions is true with respect to adolescents with a secure attachment? They are more socially skilled, have more intimate friendships, and are more likely to be rated as leaders. They are more likely to become sexually active early and practice riskier sex. They have less supportive friendships. They have lower self-esteem. Learning Objectives:

6.5 Identify characteristics of the four attachment patterns discovered by Ainsworth. 6.7 Summarize the research on the long-term consequences of attachment quality.

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1 06-1-35 151 Comprehension

Answer: They are more socially skilled, have more intimate friendships, and are more likely to be rated as leaders. 36. Your friend Saeed, age 25, says that he often felt like the parent in his family when he was a child. While he tries hard to please his family, he is very angry at his parents for failing to be the parents he needed. Using the terminology psychologists have developed to classify the security or insecurity of an adult's attachment to his parents, Saeed's attachment most likely would be classified as ambivalent. dismissing/detached. disorganized. insecure/dependent and imbalanced. Learning Objectives:

6.5 Identify characteristics of the four attachment patterns discovered by Ainsworth. 6.7 Summarize the research on the long-term consequences of attachment quality.

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2 06-1-36 151-152 Analysis

Answer: ambivalent. 37. Foundation is to house as ________ is to personality. temperament attachment classification emotion self-concept Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.8 Summarize the dimensions of temperament. 2 06-1-37 152-153 Analysis

Answer: temperament

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 38. The term "temperament" refers to one of three personality patterns that children typically display. the typical pattern of response a child makes when she is angry or frustrated. the degree to which a child will permit himself to be influenced by others. inborn behavioural and emotional predispositions that form the basis of personality. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.8 Summarize the dimensions of temperament. 1 06-1-38 164 Knowledge

Answer: inborn behavioural and emotional predispositions that form the basis of personality. 39. Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions proposed by researchers who study temperament? inhibition or shyness. activity level. intelligence. persistence. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.8 Summarize the dimensions of temperament. 1 06-1-39 152-153 Knowledge

Answer: intelligence. 40. Your neighbour Zalina says that her two children were very different from each other right from birth. Her son was very fussy and had difficulty developing regular schedules, while her daughter was calm, happy, and adaptable. Zalina is describing differences in her children's sociability patterns. personalities. temperaments. attachments. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.8 Summarize the dimensions of temperament. 2 06-1-40 152-153 Analysis

Answer: temperaments. 41. The set of enduring behavioural and emotional predispositions that a child uses to approach their world is called personality. threshold of responsiveness. adaptability measure. temperament. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 13

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.8 Summarize the dimensions of temperament. 1 06-1-41 152-153 160 Knowledge

Answer: temperament. 42. Temperament is to personality as _________ is to ____________. a painting; a canvas. a canvas; a painting. a carriage; a horse. a horse; a carriage. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.8 Summarize the dimensions of temperament. 2 06-1-42 152-153 Comprehension

Answer: a canvas; a painting. 43. The infant temperament spectrum identified by Thomas and Chess includes all of the following EXCEPT easy temperament. ambivalent temperament. difficult temperament. slow-to-warm-up temperament. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.8 Summarize the dimensions of temperament. 1 06-1-43 153 Knowledge

Answer: ambivalent temperament. 44. The five key aspects of temperament that encompass issues such as sociability, activity levels, emotional reactivity, and self-regulation are called the ________ of temperament. domains ranges dimensions measurements Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.8 Summarize the dimensions of temperament. 2 06-1-44 153 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: dimensions 45. Proof of strong genetic heredity patterns in temperament traits was gained by studying sibling groups. gorillas. identical twins. chimpanzees. Learning Objectives:

6.9 Describe the roles of heredity, neurological processes, and environment in the formation of temperament.

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1 06-1-45 153 Knowledge

Answer: identical twins. 46. Jerome Kagan's research on temperament suggests that temperament results more from differing thresholds for arousal in the parts of the brain. the influences of environment and heredity. genetically transmitted traits. trait and environment interaction. Learning Objectives:

6.9 Describe the roles of heredity, neurological processes, and environment in the formation of temperament.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 06-1-46 153 Knowledge

Answer: differing thresholds for arousal in the parts of the brain. 47. A low activity 5-year-old choosing to do a puzzle rather than participate in a game of Duck Duck Goose is an example of _________ in temperament. inhibition niche-picking goodness of fit reflective choice Learning Objectives:

6.9 Describe the roles of heredity, neurological processes, and environment in the formation of temperament.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 06-1-47 154 Analysis

Answer: niche-picking

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 48. The degree to which a child's temperament is adaptable to his environment is called survival of the fittest. goodness of fit. niche-picking. temperament matching. Learning Objectives:

6.9 Describe the roles of heredity, neurological processes, and environment in the formation of temperament.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 06-1-48 155 Knowledge

Answer: goodness of fit. 49. Zitzi is a very intense, highly active, emotionally reactive 2 year old who has difficulty making transitions. His mother Andu is very easy-going and loves being with other people. Often their social outings end in disaster, with Andu having to leave the situation to take Zitzi home. What principle of temperament does their relationship illustrate? frontal lobe asymmetry. niche-picking. goodness of fit. ambivalent insecure attachment. Learning Objectives:

6.9 Describe the roles of heredity, neurological processes, and environment in the formation of temperament.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 06-1-49 155 162 Comprehension

Answer: goodness of fit. 50. Which of the following statements best represents the relationship between parenting and temperament? Parenting has little to no influence over temperament because temperament traits are inborn. Parenting interactions and practices tend to strengthen or reinforce innate qualities. The impact of parenting on temperament is culturally specific with certain cultures, such as the Chinese culture, having significant impacts on traits like inhibition/disinhibition. Parental influence is greatest with easy-temperament children. Learning Objectives:

6.9 Describe the roles of heredity, neurological processes, and environment in the formation of temperament.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 06-1-50 154-155 Knowledge

Answer: Parenting interactions and practices tend to strengthen or reinforce innate qualities.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 51. The characteristics or traits one exhibits as an infant will change significantly depending on maturation and experience. remain stable until puberty for approximately half the population. change or modify with maturation except for those individuals at the most extreme end of a given temperament continuum. remain consistent over childhood and adolescence and likely into adulthood. Learning Objectives:

6.9 Describe the roles of heredity, neurological processes, and environment in the formation of temperament.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 06-1-51 155 Knowledge

Answer: remain consistent over childhood and adolescence and likely into adulthood. 52. At 2, Giovanna knows her name, knows that she is a girl and that she is a big sister. Psychologists would say that Giovanna is in the ________ stage of self-concept development. cataloguing subjective self existential self objective self Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.10 Describe how the subjective self, the objective self, and the emotional self develop during the first two years. 2 06-1-52 156 164 Analysis

Answer: objective self 53. Goran is 11 months old. He loves to press a button on the side of his story book that makes different animal sounds. Goran appears to know that he must press the button to hear the sounds. Psychologists would say that Goran is in the ________ stage of self-concept development. self awareness subjective self objective self cataloguing Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.10 Describe how the subjective self, the objective self, and the emotional self develop during the first two years. 2 06-1-53 155-156 163 Analysis

Answer: subjective self

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 54. Between 2 and 5 months of age, babies begin to identify changes in emotions expressed by others by watching faces. listening to voice tones. combined multisensory cues like facial expressions, voice tones, etc. Babies in this age group cannot discern other people's emotions. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.10 Describe how the subjective self, the objective self, and the emotional self develop during the first two years. 1 06-1-54 157 Knowledge

Answer: watching faces. 55. Between 5 and 7 months, babies are able to comprehend the emotions of others through individual cues such as voice tone alone. combined multisensory cues like facial expressions, voice tones, etc. mirror neurons activated in the brain. imitating emotional expression. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.10 Describe how the subjective self, the objective self, and the emotional self develop during the first two years. 1 06-1-55 157 165 Knowledge

Answer: combined multisensory cues like facial expressions, voice tones, etc. 56. An infant's understanding of others' emotions assists development in all of the following ways EXCEPT self-expression of emotion. anticipation of others' behaviour. existential self-awareness. as a reference and guide for their own behaviour. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.10 Describe how the subjective self, the objective self, and the emotional self develop during the first two years. 1 06-1-56 157 Knowledge

Answer: existential self-awareness. 57. A 2-year-old pointing to the window to redirect her mother's attention from the television to the birds outside is a form of ________ awareness. egocentric re-direction of joint attention interactional

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.10 Describe how the subjective self, the objective self, and the emotional self develop during the first two years. 2 06-1-57 158 166 Knowledge

Answer: joint attention 58. One of the core developmental skills required to demonstrate joint attention is adequate attention span. an understanding that others have interests of their own. an understanding of one's own thought and emotions. delayed gratification. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.10 Describe how the subjective self, the objective self, and the emotional self develop during the first two years. 1 06-1-58 158 Knowledge

Answer: an understanding that others have interests of their own. 59. One of the difficulties with determining the impact of nonparental care on infants and young children is that extended parental benefits now allow parents to stay home during the critical or sensitive periods of brain and emotional development, altering their impact. the quality and monitoring processes for daycares and licensed home-care providers negates any risk of negative impacts. non-parental care is poorly defined and includes a wide range of providers, from grandparents to licensed daycares. stress levels of working parents are so high that this issue is more important to research than nonparental care outcomes. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.11 Explain why it is difficult to study the effects of nonparental care on development. 2 06-1-59 159 168 Knowledge

Answer: nonparental care is poorly defined and includes a wide range of providers, from grandparents to licensed daycares. 60. In Canada, the most common pattern of nonparental care for infants and toddlers is grandparents outside the child's home. nonrelatives outside the child's home. licensed daycares. relatives inside the child's home.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.11 Explain why it is difficult to study the effects of nonparental care on development. 1 06-1-60 159-160 169 Knowledge

Answer: nonrelatives outside the child's home.

61.According to researchers, the impact of daycare on children’s personalities is not entirely rosy. Recent Canadian and American studies link the number of hours spent in daycare with later behaviour problems at school age. However, the association is not a simple one— subsequent findings suggest that the number of hours spent in daycare is more strongly related to _____________ behaviour (e.g., heightened aggression with peers and lower compliance with teachers and parents) when children were in low-quality daycare and spent proportionally more time with large groups of peers internalizing externalizing introverted extroverted Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.12 Describe the impact of nonparental care on cognitive and social development. 2 06-1-62 160-161 169 Knowledge

Answer: externalizing 62. Regarding infants in centre-based nonparental care, which factor is most likely to produce positive or neutral outcomes for these children? amount of time spent in centre-based care high quality centre-based care easy child temperament age of entry combined with gender Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.12 Describe the impact of nonparental care on cognitive and social development. 2 06-1-62 160-161 169 Knowledge

Answer: high quality centre-based care

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 63. Infants who are cared for by grandparents in their own homes receive _______________. joint attention. nonparental care. goodness of fit. niche-picking. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.11 Explain why it is difficult to study the effects of nonparental care on development. 2 06-1-64 160 Knowledge

Answer: nonparental care. 64. The number of mothers who exclusively breastfed for at least six months (28%) increased by approximately ______ % after the child-care reforms took effect. 20 30 40 50 Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.10 Describe how the subjective self, the objective self, and the emotional self develop during the first two years. 1 06-1-64 160 Knowledge

Answer: 40 65. Which of the following statements about the emotional self is false? Development of the emotional self begins when babies learn to identify changes in emotion expressed in others’ faces, at 2 to 3 months of age. In the early weeks, infants are much better at discerning the emotional expressions of a familiar face than those of an unfamiliar face. By 5 to 7 months, babies begin to “read” one channel at a time, responding to facial expression alone or vocal expression alone, even when the emotions are displayed by a stranger rather than Mom or Dad. By 1-month babies respond to a much wider variety of emotions than older infants do and can distinguish among happy, surprised, angry, fearful, interested, and sad faces. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.10 Describe how the subjective self, the objective self, and the emotional self develop during the first two years. 3 06-1-65 144-145 Analysis

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: By 1-month babies respond to a much wider variety of emotions than older infants do and can distinguish among happy, surprised, angry, fearful, interested, and sad faces. 66. Which of the following statements about the effects of nonparental care is false? In virtually every developed country in the world, women have entered the workforce in fewer numbers over the past several decades. In Canada, employment rates have been increasing for both lone mothers and, even more dramatically, for partnered mothers with children under 3 years of age. Nearly three-quarters of households where the youngest child is under the age of 6 now have dual wage earner parents, most of whom work full time, and this has led to major changes in child-care services. Back in 2000, changes to the federal Employment Insurance (EI) Act that extended the duration of benefit payments for parental leave had an immediate effect in the first year; the length of parental leaves and the number of parents staying home from work to care for their infants rose sharply. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.10 Describe how the subjective self, the objective self, and the emotional self develop during the first two years. 3 06-1-66 144-145 Analysis

Answer: In virtually every developed country in the world, women have entered the workforce in fewer numbers over the past several decades. 67. In 1967, only ____% of Canadian mothers with preschool children were in the labour force; by 2015, roughly ___% of such women were working outside the home. 45; 75 17; 70 5; 95 15; 49 Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.10 Describe how the subjective self, the objective self, and the emotional self develop during the first two years. 3 06-1-67 144-145 Analysis

Answer: 17; 70 68. Nonparental child care is provided roughly equally by nonrelatives in home daycares (~___%) and in regulated licensed daycare centres (~___%) and by grandparents, other relatives or nannies (~___%) in a variety of settings. 15; 16; 18 22; 32; 45 5; 10; 27 31; 33; 28

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.11 Explain why it is difficult to study the effects of nonparental care on development. 3 06-1-68 144-145 Analysis

Answer: 31; 33; 28 69. Which of the following statements is false regarding intergenerational continuity and change in attachment patterns for Indigenous Canadians? In Canada, colonization (i.e., the social, cultural, and geographic displacement of Indigenous peoples by European settlers that began to take hold in the 1600s) was the beginning of positive bonds that hold families and communities together. There was the decimation of an estimated 60% of Indigenous peoples due to contagious diseases that were brought over with the arrival of the first European settlers and for which Indigenous people had no natural immunity (e.g., smallpox, tuberculosis, cholera, influenza). Indigenous peoples were to upheaval caused by government-sanctioned efforts to force them to take on European cultural values at the cost of becoming disconnected from their own traditional ways of living. This process of cultural assimilation was reinforced through the relocation and social regrouping of Indigenous peoples onto remote reserves, by placing an estimated 150 000 of their children into residential boarding schools, and by unwittingly creating a forced dependence on government support. The ’60s Scoop placed many Indigenous children into foster care and also adopted them into nonIndigenous families. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.7 Summarize the research on the long-term consequences of attachment quality. 3 06-1-69 144-145 Analysis

Answer: In Canada, colonization (i.e., the social, cultural, and geographic displacement of Indigenous peoples by European settlers that began to take hold in the 1600s) was the beginning of positive bonds that hold families and communities together. 70. Regarding tactile responsiveness, which of the following statements is true? Harlow’s research introduced us to the idea that another essential component of attachment involves social touch— unpleasant physical contact in context of social interactions, which for infants generally involves tactile experiences with caregivers in the form of rough stroking, which is associated with anxiety. Fast, abrupt, intense contact is favourable to a slow, gentle caress fast, and produces a range of neural-biological and emotional responses. Neuro-biological responses to social touch are linked to stimulation of specific neural receptors on our skin (i.e., C-tactile afferent fibres) that respond optimally to near-normal skin temperature and caresslike (slowly moving, gentle) touch. Neural stimulation engages leg muscles associated with the upturning of the foot, the release of neurotransmitters and hormones (e.g., oxytocin) associated with “pleasure” and stress reduction, and activation of the despair and antisocial regions of the brain.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives:

6.6 Describe what variables might affect a parent’s ability to establish an attachment relationship with an infant.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3 06-1-70 144-145 Analysis

Answer: Neuro-biological responses to social touch are linked to stimulation of specific neural receptors on our skin (i.e., C-tactile afferent fibres) that respond optimally to near-normal skin temperature and caress-like (slowly moving, gentle) touch. 71. By _________ year(s) of age, infants have also formed expectations that adults will act in ways that will benefit others (e.g., comfort a crying baby) which is perhaps an early form of morality. Relatedly, by _________ months of age, infants expect adults to care for others in need within the same group (ingroup), but helping out is seen as optional for members of other groups. two; 18 one; 17 four; 19 three; 25 Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.10 Describe how the subjective self, the objective self, and the emotional self develop during the first two years. 3 06-1-70 144-145 Analysis

Answer: one; 17

Chapter 6 True-False Questions 1. In Freud's oral stage, from birth to age 2, infants derive satisfaction through the mouth. a b

True False

Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.1 Describe how Freud’s and Erikson’s views of personality development in the first two years differ. 1 06-2-01 142 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 2. According to Sigmund Freud, adult behaviours such as swearing or nail-biting may be manifestations of infant frustrations that occurred while weaning. a True b False Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 24

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.1 Describe how Freud’s and Erikson’s views of personality development in the first two years differ. 1 06-2-02 143 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 3. Harlow's experiment demonstrated that feeding is the most important factor in the development of attachment. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.1 Describe how Freud’s and Erikson’s views of personality development in the first two years differ. 3 06-2-03 143 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 4. Bowlby and other ethologists argue that the tendency to recreate the parent-infant relationship in each new relationship formed continues into adulthood. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.2 Describe the main ideas of attachment theory from the ethological perspective. 1 06-2-04 144 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 5.A 10-month-old mirroring her mother's anxious facial expression is an example of adapting an internal model. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.2 Describe the main ideas of attachment theory from the ethological perspective. 1 06-2-05 147 Knowledge

Answer: b. False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 6. By age 5, most children have a clear model of their primary caretaker, a self model, and a model or blueprint for relationships. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.2 Describe the main ideas of attachment theory from the ethological perspective. 1 06-2-06 144 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 7. Once secure attachment is established in the first two years of life, nothing, not even major life losses or traumas, can change it. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.4 Identify the four phases of attachment and the behaviours associated with them. 1 06-2-07 148-149 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 8. If they are happily married, mothers tend to be more responsive to their children. a b

True False

Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.4 Identify the four phases of attachment and the behaviours associated with them. 1 06-2-08 151 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 10. The duration of fathers’ parental leaves in Canada has remained far greater than that of mothers— 70% of men took more than a month off work to care for their newborn before returning to work. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.10 Describe how the subjective self, the objective self, and the emotional self develop during the first two years. 1 06-2-10 148 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: b. False 11. One crucial ingredient for secure attachment is the emotional availability of the caregiver. a b

True False

Learning Objectives:

6.6 Describe what variables might affect a parent’s ability to establish an attachment relationship with an infant.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 06-2-11 150 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 12. Marko expresses discomfort when he meets his godmother for the first time, so he clings to his mother. This is an example of separation anxiety. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.4 Identify the four phases of attachment and the behaviours associated with them. 1 06-2-12 148 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 13. A pattern of attachment where an infant avoids contact with the parent and shows no preference for the parent over other people is called "ambivalent attachment." a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.5 Identify characteristics of the four attachment patterns discovered by Ainsworth. 1 06-2-13 149 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 14. A disorganized/disoriented attachment is likely to occur when the child has been abused. a b

True False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.5 Identify characteristics of the four attachment patterns discovered by Ainsworth. 1 06-2-14 149 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 15. Many depressed mothers are just as sensitive and responsive to their babies’ needs as mothers who do not suffer from depression. a True b False Learning Objectives:

6.6 Describe what variables might affect a parent’s ability to establish an attachment relationship with an infant.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 06-2-15 151 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 16. Infants' differences in temperament originate in differential social experiences. a b

True False

Learning Objectives:

6.9 Describe the roles of heredity, neurological processes, and environment in the formation of temperament.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 06-2-16 153-155 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 17. "Temperament" refers to a pattern of responding to people and objects in the environment. a b

True False

Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.8 Summarize the dimensions of temperament. 1 06-2-17 152 Comprehension

Answer: b. False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 18. Neurological variables have proven to be abundantly more causal than genetics in the development of temperament characteristics. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.8 Summarize the dimensions of temperament. 1 06-2-18 154 161 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 19. "Personality" refers to a pattern of responding to people and objects in the environment. a b

True False

Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.8 Summarize the dimensions of temperament. 1 06-2-19 152 160 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 20. Children in the category “difficult children” display few intense reactions, either positive or negative, and appear nonresponsive to unfamiliar people. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.8 Summarize the dimensions of temperament. 1 06-2-20 153 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 21. Kumar has come to understand that he is a separate person from his mother, and that he has life experiences as well as repercussions from the environment he lives in. Kumar has realized his objective self. a True b False Learning Objectives:

6.10 Describe how the subjective self, the objective self, and the emotional self develop during the first two years.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: b. False 22. Researchers at the University of New Brunswick have found that 2-year-olds have learned how to redirect another person's attention by pointing. a True b False Learning Objectives:

6.10 Describe how the subjective self, the objective self, and the emotional self develop during the first two years.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 06-2-22 158 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 23. In Canada, the majority of women with preschool and school-aged children are not in the labour force. a True b False Learning Objectives:

6.10 Describe how the subjective self, the objective self, and the emotional self develop during the first two years.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 06-2-23 159 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 24. Changes to the Federal Employment Insurance Act in 2000 extended the length of benefit payments for parental leave, which has encouraged more parents to stay at home for the first year of their child's life. a True b False Learning Objectives:

6.10 Describe how the subjective self, the objective self, and the emotional self develop during the first two years.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 06-2-24 159 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 25. High-quality enriched daycare has beneficial overall developmental outcomes for young children. a b

True False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives:

6.10 Describe how the subjective self, the objective self, and the emotional self develop during the first two years.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 06-2-25 161 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 26. Dozens of studies show that children rated as securely attached to their mothers in infancy are later more sociable, more positive in their behaviour toward friends and siblings, less clingy and dependent on teachers, less aggressive and disruptive, more empathetic, and more emotionally mature in their interactions in school and other settings outside the home. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.7 Summarize the research on the long-term consequences of attachment quality. 1 06-26 161 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 27. Those with secure attachments—particularly those with avoidant attachments—not only have less positive and supportive friendships in adolescence but also are more likely to become sexually active early and to practise riskier sex a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.7 Summarize the research on the long-term consequences of attachment quality. 1 06-27 161 Knowledge

Answer: a. False 28. The interpretation of research on nonparental care has to take into account a variety of issues such as an enormous range of different care arrangements in Canada including infants who are cared for by grandparents in their own homes as well as those who are enrolled in daycare centres. In addition, infants enter these care arrangements at different ages, and they remain in them for varying lengths of time. a True b False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.11 Explain why it is difficult to study the effects of nonparental care on development. 1 06-28 161 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 29. Since the majority of researchers have studied only children in daycare centres, it is not known whether these findings will generalize to children in family daycare or to children who are given athome care by someone other than a parent. Moreover, it’s not clear whether the results of these studies apply to non-Western cultures. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.11 Explain why it is difficult to study the effects of nonparental care on development. 1 06-29 161 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 30. A good deal of evidence indicates that high-quality, cognitively enriched daycare has beneficial effects on many children’s overall cognitive and language development (Owen, 2011). This effect is particularly strong for children from socioeconomically disadvantaged families, who show significant and lasting gains in IQ and later school performance after attending enriched daycare throughout infancy and early childhood a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.12 Describe the impact of nonparental care on cognitive and social development. 1 06-30 161 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 31. The Government of Canada initiated community-based access to quality child-care services for First Nations and Inuit parents who are starting a new job or participating in a training program. This corresponds with the overarching strategy to provide culturally appropriate child-care programs that are shaped by the cultures, languages, traditions, values, and customs of Indigenous Canadians. a True b False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives:

6.6 Describe what variables might affect a parent’s ability to establish an attachment relationship with an infant.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 06-31 161 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

Chapter 6 Short Answer Questions 1. Describe the four-phase development of infants' attachment to their parents as suggested by Bowlby. Describe the related infant behaviours a parent might expect to observe during the time that attachment is forming. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.4 Identify the four phases of attachment and the behaviours associated with them. 2 06-3-01 147 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 2. What are the long-term consequences of attachment quality? Include in your answer a discussion of the cross-generational transmission of attachment and cultural variations. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.7 Summarize the research on the long-term consequences of attachment quality. 2 06-3-02 148 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 3. How is a child's temperament a factor in her or his attachment with important caregivers?

Learning Objectives:

6.6 Describe what variables might affect a parent’s ability to establish an attachment relationship with an infant. 6.9 Describe the roles of heredity, neurological processes, and environment in the formation of temperament.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: Answers will vary 4. Describe the process of niche-picking.

Learning Objectives:

6.9 Describe the roles of heredity, neurological processes, and environment in the formation of temperament.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 06-3-04 154 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 5. Describe the two-phase process by which a child develops a sense of self. How does the development of self-awareness explain the behaviours usually described as "the terrible twos"? Learning Objectives:

6.10 Describe how the subjective self, the objective self, and the emotional self develop during the first two years.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 06-3-05 155-158 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 6. Given what is known about the effects of daycare on children's development, what advice would you give a friend who has to return to work and must find care for her child? How would you advise a friend for whom returning to work is an option but not a necessity? Learning Objectives:

6.10 Describe how the subjective self, the objective self, and the emotional self develop during the first two years.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 06-3-06 159-161 Application

Answer: Answers will vary 7. Describe how mental health disorders affect caregiver characteristics, contingent responsiveness, and attachment behaviours. Give examples to illustrate your points.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives:

6.6 Describe what variables might affect a parent’s ability to establish an attachment relationship with an infant.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 06-3-07 151 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 8. What is "goodness of fit" theory? How might it affect attachment quality?

Learning Objectives:

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 06-3-08 155 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 9. What is the Strange Situation test and what does it measure? Describe the set up and what you would look for if you were the researcher. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.5 Identify characteristics of the four attachment patterns discovered by Ainsworth. 3 06-3-09 148 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 10. Discuss the theories of Kagan and others about the role that neurological processes play in creating behaviour differences. What is the relationship between neurological processes and temperament? Learning Objectives:

6.9 Describe the roles of heredity, neurological processes, and environment in the formation of temperament.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3 06-3-10 153 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 11. Can infants and toddlers develop secure attachments to their parents if they are repeatedly separated from them? Use Jay Belsky's findings to support your answer. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.12 Describe the impact of nonparental care on cognitive and social development. 2 06-3-11 161-162 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary

Chapter 6 Essay Questions 1. Your friends are considering adopting an infant, but they are concerned about whether they will be able to develop deep, long-lasting bonds with a child to which they did not give birth. How would you respond to their concern? What could they do to ensure the development of these bonds? Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.3 Describe how synchrony affects parent–infant relations. 2 06-4-01 145-151 Application

Answer: Answers will vary 2. Babies with different temperaments react differently to the world around them, and they also trigger different reactions from the people taking care of them. Using Thomas and Chess's typology of temperament, provide specific examples to describe how an infant's temperament would affect the development of its attachment with a caregiver. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.8 Summarize the dimensions of temperament. 2 06-4-02 153-155 Application

Answer: Answers will vary 3. Imagine you are a radio talk-show personality who gives parenting advice. You are often asked "How can I be sure I am choosing a good daycare facility?" and "Should I send my child to a daycare or would it be developmentally better if I care for her at home?" Summarize how you would answer these questions.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.12 Describe the impact of nonparental care on cognitive and social development. 2 06-4-03 159-161 Application

Answer: Answers will vary 4. Describe and explain the infant's journey through the processes that contribute to the development of a sense of self. Comment on the separate self, self-permanence, the objective self, the emotional self, other awareness, and joint attention as progressive stages in the formation of a sense of self. How does each stage or function change the infant's understanding of himself, his relationships, and his world? Learning Objectives:

6.10 Describe how the subjective self, the objective self, and the emotional self develop during the first two years.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3 06-4-04 155-158 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 5. Discuss the pivotal role of attachment in infant development. What are the four phases of attachment and the behaviours associated with them? Name and describe the four types of attachment, and discuss their origins and stability. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.4 Identify the four phases of attachment and the behaviours associated with them. 3 06-4-05 147-149 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 6. Describe the main elements of attachment theory from an ethologist's perspective. How do the bonds that form in infancy impact later aspects of one's development? Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

6.2 Describe the main ideas of attachment theory from the ethological perspective. 2 06-4-06 143-144 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

CHAPTER 7: PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVEOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD Chapter 7 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. The typical pattern of children's growth from age two to adolescence is that they add approximately 11 cm of height and 4 kg of weight per year. too variable to generalize because there is no common pattern of growth through this period. much faster and greater than from birth to age 2. that they add approximately 5–8 cm of height and 2.7 kg of weight per year. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.1 Summarize the major milestones of growth and motor development between 2 and 6. 1 07-1-01 168 174 Knowledge

Answer: that they add approximately 5–8 cm of height and 2.7 kg of weight per year. 2. Of the following, a 6-year-old would have the highest level of skill and confidence in activities involving the small muscles of the hands and fingers. large muscle activities such as running, jumping, climbing, and hopping. manipulation of items such as paint brushes, chalk, crayons, and pencils. using sports equipment such as bicycles, roller skates, skateboards, and snow skis. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.1 Summarize the major milestones of growth and motor development between 2 and 6. 2 07-1-02 168 175 Comprehension

Answer: large muscle activities such as running, jumping, climbing, and hopping. 3. Lara is able to hop, skip, and grasp a pencil maturely. According to the text, Lara is most likely to be 2 years old. 12 years old. 5 years old. 3 years old. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.1 Summarize the major milestones of growth and motor development between 2 and 6. 1 07-1-03 168 Comprehension

Answer: 5 years old.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 4. Concerning milestones of physical development, a 2-year-old is NOT able to run easily. climb. pick up small objects. walk on tiptoe. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.1 Summarize the major milestones of growth and motor development between 2 and 6. 1 07-1-04 168 175 Comprehension

Answer: walk on tiptoe. 5. Dr. Chin is giving 5-year-old Lucia a pre-kindergarten physical examination. When Dr. Chin asks Lucia to jump up and down and hop on one leg, Lucia's ________ is/are being examined. intersensory integration large muscle skills habituation response fine motor skills Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.1 Summarize the major milestones of growth and motor development between 2 and 6. 2 07-1-05 168 Comprehension

Answer: large muscle skills 6. Roberta has just turned 2 years old. Which of the following activities would she be able to do? turn the pages of one of her story books. play hopscotch with her older sister. hold a pencil between thumb and forefinger in the proper position for writing. colour between the lines in her colouring book. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.1 Summarize the major milestones of growth and motor development between 2 and 6. 2 07-1-06 168 Analysis

Answer: turn the pages of one of her story books. 7. Manuel is 4 years old. He can participate in all the following activities EXCEPT racing with his father to see who is fastest. climbing up on the table to get an apple from a bowl. picking up toys and other play items and placing them on shelves and in a toy box. playing hopscotch, which requires skipping on alternating feet on a chalk pattern on the sidewalk.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.1 Summarize the major milestones of growth and motor development between 2 and 6. 2 07-1-07 168 Analysis

Answer: playing hopscotch, which requires skipping on alternating feet on a chalk pattern on the sidewalk. 8. Early childhood is a period of optimum growth and maturation for ________, in comparison to any other period of life. the skeletal system the corpus callosum manipulative skills synaptogenesis Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.2 Highlight the important changes that happen in the brain during these years. 1 07-1-08 170 177 Knowledge

Answer: the corpus callosum 9. The term ________ is used to describe the functional specialization of the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex. "synaptogenesis" "myelinisation" "domination" "lateralization" Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.2 Highlight the important changes that happen in the brain during these years. 1 07-1-09 170 177 Knowledge

Answer: "lateralization" 10. Neuroscientists believe that the determination of which functions will or will not be lateralized originates in our social experiences. cultural norms. physical experiences. genes. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.2 Highlight the important changes that happen in the brain during these years. 1 07-1-10 170 177 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: genes. 11. The developmental process that is the impetus behind brain lateralization is socialization in social and cultural norms. learning and using language. practicing locomotor, non-locomotor, and manipulative skills. having diverse social experiences. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.2 Highlight the important changes that happen in the brain during these years. 1 07-1-11 170 177 Knowledge

Answer: learning and using language. 12. Our inability to recall much about the first three years of life is called immature hippocampus syndrome. infantile amnesia. preverbal amnesia. unconscious memory formation. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.2 Highlight the important changes that happen in the brain during these years. 2 07-1-12 171 Comprehension

Answer: infantile amnesia. 13. Myelinization of the reticular formation and the hippocampus in the brain probably accounts for improvements in ________ during early childhood. sociability and altruism locomotor and manipulative skills grammar and vocabulary attention and concentration Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.2 Highlight the important changes that happen in the brain during these years. 2 07-1-13 171 Knowledge

Answer: attention and concentration

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 14. Scientists believe that handedness is the result of social experiences. cultural norms. genes. physical experiences. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.2 Highlight the important changes that happen in the brain during these years. 1 07-1-14 171 177 Knowledge

Answer: genes. 15. The most common pattern for handedness is that most people have right-brain lateralization for handedness. most left-handers are left-brain dominant. it is the result of genetic inheritance. experience, rather than genetic factors, determines right-handedness. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.2 Highlight the important changes that happen in the brain during these years. 2 07-1-15 171 Knowledge

Answer: it is the result of genetic inheritance. 16. Which of the following is accurate information regarding nutrition during the early childhood years? Young children eat two thirds as much as adults. The eating habits of early childhood are linked with weight problems later in life as metabolic rates can vary. If a child seems to have no appetite, it is important to tempt the child to eat by providing sweets or other preferred food. Many children don't consume the majority of their daily calories by eating regular meals. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.3 Highlight the nutritional and health care needs of young children. 2 07-1-16 171-172 179 Comprehension

Answer: Many children don't consume the majority of their daily calories by eating regular meals.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 17. Which of the following is a developmental outcome caused by Canada's obesogenic environment? Eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia are on the rise among children under 10. Children under 10 are becoming more health conscious and choosing healthy food over fast foods. Obesity rates have significantly increased among children under 5. Breast-fed children do not develop obesity. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.3 Highlight the nutritional and health care needs of young children. 2 07-1-17 172 180 Knowledge

Answer: Obesity rates have significantly increased among children under 5. 18. Overconsumption and _______ are the main cornerstones of obesity. heredity video games junk food a sedentary lifestyle Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.3 Highlight the nutritional and health care needs of young children. 1 07-1-18 172 Knowledge

Answer: a sedentary lifestyle 19. What predictions can be made about TV watching and children's health based on the Quebec Longitudinal Study of preschoolers? Higher rates of TV watching are correlated with higher rates of depression among preschoolers. Higher rates of TV watching are correlated with higher BMIs and snacking among preschoolers. Higher rates of TV watching are correlated with poor school adjustment among preschoolers. Higher rates of TV watching are correlated with body image negativity and higher rates of eating disorders. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.3 Highlight the nutritional and health care needs of young children. 2 07-1-19 172 180 Knowledge

Answer: Higher rates of TV watching are correlated with higher BMIs and snacking among preschoolers.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 20. Which of the following is a false statement about young children? University of Guelph researchers have found that genetic variants in taste receptors can play a role in food preferences and dietary habits. Some children carry gene profiles that predispose them to a preference for sweet, fat, salty, and even sour tastes, while others may carry a gene profile linked to an aversion to, for example, bitter flavours such as found in green leafy vegetables. Taste preferences are linked to children’s eating patterns in general and snacking in particular— especially when it comes to eating energy-rich and nutrient-poor snacks such as salty snacks, desserts, and sugary drinks that lead to excess energy consumption and an increased risk for chronic diseases. Over the past decade, children aged 2 to 9 consumed significantly more free/added sugars (i.e., any sugar added to a food or drink to make it sweeter). Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.3 Highlight the nutritional and health care needs of young children. 1 07-1-20 173 181 Knowledge

Answer: Over the past decade, children aged 2 to 9 consumed significantly more free/added sugars (i.e., any sugar added to a food or drink to make it sweeter).

21. Which of the following factors is NOT associated with higher rates of child injury? the time period of April to October. the afternoon time period. being a boy. parents who practice higher levels of protective supervision. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.3 Highlight the nutritional and health care needs of young children. 1 07-1-21 173 181 Knowledge

Answer: parents who practice higher levels of protective supervision.

22. Which of the following is a false statement regarding accidents causing injury and death in young children? In any given year ~3 in 1000 children aged 1 to 4 years in Canada have an accident that requires hospitalization. Unintentional injuries account for slightly more than one in two of all deaths for children in this age range of 1 to 4 years old. An estimated 90% of childhood injuries are preventable. Canadian physicians recommend that caregivers develop ongoing home safety and childproofing measures. These can include, for example, removing choking hazards from a child’s reach, using child-resistant lids, lowering household hot water temperature below 50°C, and ensuring that functioning smoke alarms are placed properly in the home. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 7

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.3 Highlight the nutritional and health care needs of young children. 2 07-1-22 173 Knowledge

Answer: Unintentional injuries account for slightly more than one in two of all deaths for children in this age range of 1 to 4 years old.

23. In Canada, child maltreatment is most often perpetrated by stepmothers/common-law partners. stepfathers/common-law partners. biological mothers. biological fathers. Learning Objectives:

7.4 Describe the factors surrounding adverse childhood experiences and how traumatic events affect children’s development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 07-1-23 174 Knowledge

Answer: biological mothers. 24. All of the following are reasons why boys have higher rates of injury EXCEPT parents give boys more freedom to roam. parents expect boys to play independently and with less supervision than girls. boys are clumsier. parents assume boys will take more risks. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.3 Highlight the nutritional and health care needs of young children. 2 07-1-24 173 Comprehension

Answer: boys are clumsier. 25. Which of the following is an example of a socio-cultural influence that could make physical abuse of children more likely? the belief that children have rights. the belief that children are property. social norms for humane treatment of children. stressful employment conditions.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives:

7.4 Describe the factors surrounding adverse childhood experiences and how traumatic events affect children’s development.

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2 07-1-25 174 Analysis

Answer: the belief that children are property. 26. Which of the following characteristics increases the risk that a child will be abused? having higher intelligence. being taller and heavier than age peers. having a high activity level. having a developmental delay/disability. Learning Objectives:

7.4 Describe the factors surrounding adverse childhood experiences and how traumatic events affect children’s development.

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1 07-1-26 174 Knowledge

Answer: having a developmental delay/disability. 27. All the following characteristics are associated with an increased risk that a parent will be abusive EXCEPT a history of abuse. substance abuse. depression. full-time employment. Learning Objectives:

7.4 Describe the factors surrounding adverse childhood experiences and how traumatic events affect children’s development.

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1 07-1-27 174 Knowledge

Answer: full-time employment. 28. Children who experience frequent, profound, or multiple types of abuse may be more vulnerable to developing schizophrenia. psychosis. post-traumatic stress disorder. ADHD.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives:

7.4 Describe the factors surrounding adverse childhood experiences and how traumatic events affect children’s development.

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1 07-1-28 175 Knowledge

Answer: post-traumatic stress disorder. 29. A disorder characterized by extreme levels of anxiety, flashback memories of episodes of abuse, nightmares, and sleep disturbance is called acute reactive depression. panic and anxiety disorder. post-traumatic stress disorder. dissociative identity disorder. Learning Objectives:

7.4 Describe the factors surrounding adverse childhood experiences and how traumatic events affect children’s development.

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1 07-1-29 175 Knowledge

Answer: post-traumatic stress disorder. 30. Brain differences in children with PTSD resulting from trauma showed more left brain arousal which allows emotional detachment and verbal processing of the trauma. an enlarged hippocampus, where memory is stored. an enlarged amygdala, which regulates negative emotions. more right brain arousal which processes non-verbal information. Learning Objectives:

7.4 Describe the factors surrounding adverse childhood experiences and how traumatic events affect children’s development.

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1 07-1-30 175 Knowledge

Answer: more right brain arousal which processes non-verbal information. 31. According to Piaget, at about age 2, children begin to use ________ in their thinking. comparisons inflections operations symbols

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.5 Summarize the characteristics of children’s thought during Piaget’s preoperational stage. 1 07-1-31 177 Knowledge

Answer: symbols 32. Tovah loves playing in the rain. She loves catching raindrops on her tongue, splashing puddles as hard as she can, and stirring mud with a stick. Tovah is engaging in ________ play. sensorimotor gender-role sociodramatic constructive Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.5 Summarize the characteristics of children’s thought during Piaget’s preoperational stage. 2 07-1-32 177 Analysis

Answer: sensorimotor 33. A young child's belief that everyone sees and experiences the world the way she does is known as "egocentrism." "conservation." "metacognition." "false belief principle." Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.5 Summarize the characteristics of children’s thought during Piaget’s preoperational stage. 1 07-1-33 177 186 Knowledge

Answer: "egocentrism." 34. The young child's tendency to understand and think about the world in terms of one variable at a time, such as all moving objects must be animals, is an example of Piaget's concept of egocentrism. centration. conservation. compensation. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.5 Summarize the characteristics of children’s thought during Piaget’s preoperational stage. 2 07-1-34 178 186 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: centration. 35. Regarding early long-term memories in children, which of the following is a true statement? Adults and older children rarely remember more than a few events that took place before 3 years of age (infantile amnesia)—in fact, the cut-off age for our earliest memories seems to occur around 2 1/2 years of age. In early childhood, memory deteriorates considerably for both one-time events and everyday experiences and around the age of 8 our earliest memories begin to improve. In early childhood, memory improves considerably for both one-time events and everyday experiences and peaks at around the age of 8 as our earliest memories begin to fade—becoming less accessible or forgotten. After around age eight, we also start to date our earliest remaining memories as having happened later than they actually did occur by about a year Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.2 Highlight the important changes that happen in the brain during these years. 1 07-1-35 179 189 Knowledge

Answer: In early childhood, memory deteriorates considerably for both one-time events and everyday experiences and around the age of 8 our earliest memories begin to improve.

36. Regarding obesogenic environments, which of the following is a true statement? Indigenous children are at a particularly high risk. Although the rates of childhood obesity are lower for Canadian Indigenous children compared to their American Indigenous peers (de Schweinitz & Wojcicki, 2017), Canadian Indigenous children’s rates of obesity are about double that of non-Indigenous Canadian children. The factors associated with obesity and overweight in Canadian Indigenous children are manifold. Family-based interventions are convenient, accessible, and, most importantly, engage parents as partners in research and who have decision-making power and control over intervention programs. However, programs such as this may be particularly ill suited to both disadvantaged and Indigenous families. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.3 Highlight the nutritional and health care needs of young children. 2 07-1-36 180 Comprehension

Answer: Family-based interventions are convenient, accessible, and, most importantly, engage parents as partners in research and who have decision-making power and control over intervention programs. However, programs such as this may be particularly ill suited to both disadvantaged and Indigenous families. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 12

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

Answer: 4–5 years old

37. Childhood stressors, ranging from day-to-day maltreatment to traumatic events, that increase the risk of wide-ranging, negative health and social consequences over the life course are referred to as adversity increases adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) unintentional injuries intentional injuries Learning Objectives:

7.4 Describe the factors surrounding adverse childhood experiences and how traumatic events affect children’s development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 07-1-37 178 186 Knowledge

Answer: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) 38.Except for the most severe and/or frequent acts of maltreatment, most instances of child victimization in Canada are ___________ to police or child protective services. overreported unreported exaggerated when going invented when going Learning Objectives:

7.4 Describe the factors surrounding adverse childhood experiences and how traumatic events affect children’s development.

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1 07-1-38 178 186 Knowledge

Answer: unreported 39.Recent Canadian research has found that, among those born between 1980 and 1999, roughly ________ of those surveyed said they had experienced physical abuse, while ___________ reported they had been sexually abused during childhood. one-fifth; one-half one-sixth; three-quarters two-thirds; one-fifth three-quarters; one-eighth

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives:

7.4 Describe the factors surrounding adverse childhood experiences and how traumatic events affect children’s development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 07-1-39 178 186 Knowledge

Answer: two-thirds; one-fifth

40.The most common forms of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) were neglect (_____%), which involves a failure to supervise, leading to harm or the risk of harm to a child’s safety or development; exposure to intimate partner violence (34%), where the child witnessed, overheard, or saw the physical injuries from violence occurring between the caregivers and/or their partners; physical abuse (20%), including hitting, shaking, choking, or burning; emotional maltreatment (____%), where the child has suffered or is at high risk of suffering from mental, emotional, or developmental problems caused by exposure to family violence, overtly punitive treatment, habitual or extreme verbal abuse, or inadequate affection; and sexual abuse (3%), involving a child who has been or is at substantial risk of being sexual molested or sexual exploited. 15; 8 75; 12 64; 56 34; 9 Learning Objectives:

7.4 Describe the factors surrounding adverse childhood experiences and how traumatic events affect children’s development.

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1 07-1-40 178 186 Knowledge

Answer: 34; 9 41.University of Calgary researchers have found that mothers who themselves have been victims of physical/emotional/sexual abuse, had parents with mental health or substance abuse problems, had a parent who went to jail, had a non-intact family, and/or witnessed abuse to others in the family are at (a) ________ risk to abuse or neglect their own children. lower no higher little Learning Objectives:

7.4 Describe the factors surrounding adverse childhood experiences and how traumatic events affect children’s development.

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1 07-1-41 178 186 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: higher 42.In Canada, we have observed that for several generations Indigenous children have experienced __________ levels of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in the form of family situations, social circumstances, and living conditions associated with childhood maltreatment. lower small insignificant higher Learning Objectives:

7.4 Describe the factors surrounding adverse childhood experiences and how traumatic events affect children’s development.

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1 07-1178 186 Comprehension

Answer: higher 43. More recent evidence suggests that preschoolers are a great deal more cognitively sophisticated than Piaget thought. Which of the following is a false statement? Despite their egocentrism, children as young as 3 years of age appear to have at least some ability to understand that another person perceives things or experiences things differently than they do. Developmental psychologist John Flavell has proposed two levels of perspective taking ability. At level 1, the child knows that other people experience things differently. At level 2, the child develops a whole series of complex rules for figuring out precisely what the other person sees or experiences. Between ages 2 and 6, children learn to regulate or modulate their expressions of emotion to conform to others’ expectations In addition, preschool children use emotional expressions such as crying or smiling to get things they want. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.6 Describe how recent research has challenged Piaget’s view of this period. 1 07-1-43 178 186 Knowledge

Answer: Despite their egocentrism, children as young as 3 years of age appear to have at least some ability to understand that another person perceives things or experiences things differently than they do.. 44. In one of Piaget's classic experiments, a child was shown a three-dimensional scene featuring different sizes and colours of mountains. The child was able choose a drawing that best represented the mountain scene as she saw it, but was unable to choose a drawing that reflected how someone else might see the mountain from a different perspective. The child's inability to take another's perspective indicates inability to think symbolically. breakdown of social referencing. egocentrism. failure to conserve.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.5 Summarize the characteristics of children’s thought during Piaget’s preoperational stage. 1 07-1-44 178 186 Comprehension

Answer: egocentrism. 45. The young child's tendency to think about the world in terms of one variable at a time, such as the notion that all moving objects are animals, is an example of egocentric thought. centration. conservation. locomotion capacity. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.5 Summarize the characteristics of children’s thought during Piaget’s preoperational stage. 2 07-1-45 178 Knowledge

Answer: centration. 46. According to Piaget, accomplishment of conservation requires the ability to mentally manipulate symbolic external characteristics. means that a child will not be fooled by an apparent change in volume when water is poured from a short, wide glass into a tall, thin glass. rarely occurs before age 9. requires the ability to see the perspective of others. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.5 Summarize the characteristics of children’s thought during Piaget’s preoperational stage. 2 07-1-46 179 Comprehension

Answer: means that a child will not be fooled by an apparent change in volume when water is poured from a short, wide glass into a tall, thin glass. 47. Gabriella believes that when she spreads out her pennies across the table, she actually has more pennies than if they were in one small pile. Gabriella has not achieved egocentrism. conservation. false belief principle. theory of mind.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.5 Summarize the characteristics of children’s thought during Piaget’s preoperational stage. 1 07-1-47 179 187 Comprehension

Answer: conservation. 48. Joey has an iDog that dances to music when it is plugged into a computer. Joey believes the dog is alive because it moves. Joey's thinking demonstrates Piaget's concept of _______, seen in young children. conservation animism compensation locomotion capacity awareness Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.5 Summarize the characteristics of children’s thought during Piaget’s preoperational stage. 2 07-1-48 178-179 187 Knowledge

Answer: animism 49. Grasping the false belief principle enables a child to know when someone is lying. learn not to trust all adults. determine when something is not what it seems to be. understand what influences other people's thinking. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.7 Describe theory of mind and how it develops. 3 07-1-49 181 190 Comprehension

Answer: understand what influences other people's thinking. 50. A ________ is a set of ideas that a child constructs to explain other people's ideas, beliefs, desires, and behaviours. metamemory theory of mind perspective metacognition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: theory of mind 51. Language skills, such as knowledge of words like "want," "need," "think," or "remember" are related to ____________________ development. theory of mind appearance and reality conservation egocentrism Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.7 Describe theory of mind and how it develops. 1 07-1-51 181-182 Knowledge

Answer: theory of mind 52. A child's development of a theory of mind may be influenced by all of the following EXCEPT sensorimotor play. language skills. pretend play that is shared with other children. discussion of emotion-provoking past events with parents. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.7 Describe theory of mind and how it develops. 2 07-1-52 181-182 Comprehension

Answer: sensorimotor play. 53. According to Case's neo-Piagetian explanation of children's cognitive development, the key limitation in the cognitive ability of a younger child, compared to an older child, is the younger child's less operationally efficient short-term storage space for handling cognitive schemes. greater egocentrism. fewer and less diverse educational and social experiences. undeveloped theory of mind. Learning Objectives:

7.8 Describe how information-processing and sociocultural theorists explain changes in young children’s thinking.

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1 07-1-53 182-183 191 Knowledge

Answer: less operationally efficient short-term storage space for handling cognitive schemes.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 54. A child's ability to think about or evaluate the quality of her thinking is critical thinking. conservation. metacognition. intelligence. Learning Objectives:

7.8 Describe how information-processing and sociocultural theorists explain changes in young children’s thinking.

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1 07-1-54 185 194 Comprehension

Answer: metacognition. 55. Knowledge about how memory works and the ability to control and reflect on one's own memory function is known as metacognition. metamemory. conservation. critical thinking. Learning Objectives:

7.8 Describe how information-processing and sociocultural theorists explain changes in young children’s thinking.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 07-1-55 185 Comprehension

Answer: metamemory. 56. According to Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development, which of the following is not a stage in cognitive development from birth to age 7? egocentric speech stage conservation stage ingrowth stage naive psychology stage Learning Objectives:

7.8 Describe how information-processing and sociocultural theorists explain changes in young children’s thinking.

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1 07-1-56 185–186 194-5 Knowledge

Answer: conservation stage

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 57. According to Vygotsky, a 3-year-old child who uses language as a guide to solving problems, such as saying "Put it there" to himself as he builds a tower of blocks, is using dialogic communication. naive psychology. egocentric speech. social speech. Learning Objectives:

7.8 Describe how information-processing and sociocultural theorists explain changes in young children’s thinking.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 07-1-57 185-186 195 Comprehension

Answer: egocentric speech. 58. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the first sentences that usually occur when children are around two years of age? They usually include nouns, verbs, and adjectives. They usually include plurals and past tenses. They are usually two to three words. They are created according to rules. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.9 Describe how fast-mapping helps children learn new words. 2 07-1-57 187 Comprehension

Answer: They usually include plurals and past tenses. 59. If a child is using verb forms or verb tenses (such as "eating" or "ate" from the verb "to eat"), then the child is using holophrases. overgeneralization. appropriate extension. inflections. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.10 Highlight what happens during the grammar explosion. 2 07-1-59 188 197 Comprehension

Answer: inflections. 60. The term _____________ is used to describe when children categorically link new words to the real objects and events that the words refer to. "inferring" "language explosion" "inflections" "fast-mapping" Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 20

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.9 Describe how fast-mapping helps children learn new words. 1 07-1-60 188 196 Knowledge

Answer: "fast-mapping" 61. Which of the following best represents the earliest inflection used among children learning English, according to Roger Brown? "I ran." "A cat." "Doggie running." "Come in." Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.10 Highlight what happens during the grammar explosion. 2 07-1-61 188 Analysis

Answer: "Doggie running." 62. When Gregoriev says, "My doggie runned away," he is using dialogic meaning. overextension of class. overregularization. extended word meaning. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.10 Highlight what happens during the grammar explosion. 2 07-1-62 188 197 Analysis

Answer: overregularization. 63. Marta smiled for her Mom and said, "See I have 3 teeths!" This is an example of complex sentences. overregularization. inflections. phonology. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.10 Highlight what happens during the grammar explosion. 1 07-1-63 188 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: overregularization. 64. The term ________ is used to describe a child's sensitivity to the sound patterns that are specific to her language. "dialogic sensitivity" "operational efficiency" "oral inflection" "phonological awareness" Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.11 Describe what phonological awareness is and why it is important. 1 07-1-64 189 200 Knowledge

Answer: "phonological awareness" 65. The best way to help a child increase both receptive and expressive language is to read a story to the child. read a story to the child and talk about the story. read a story and ask the child questions about the story. read a story several times to the child. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.11 Describe what phonological awareness is and why it is important. 2 07-1-65 190 Knowledge

Answer: read a story several times to the child. 66. Malcolm Gladwell contends that one of the reasons that Chinese children have an early advantage in mastering math skills is due to cultural reinforcement. shorter word lengths to identify numbers. parental expectations. brain structure differences due to expanded short-term memory capacity. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.12 Describe the similarities and differences in language and numeracy development. 1 07-1-66 192 Knowledge

Answer: shorter word lengths to identify numbers.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 67. Concordia University studies suggest that young children have the capacity and interest to understand math concepts and numbers. All of the following activities are good ways for parents to incorporate math concepts into everyday life EXCEPT board games with dice. pouring and measuring in cooking and food preparation. setting the table. including the child in budget discussions and banking transactions regarding the family's finances. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.12 Describe the similarities and differences in language and numeracy development. 1 07-1-67 192 201 Comprehension

Answer: including the child in budget discussions and banking transactions regarding the family's finances. 68. Compared with boys, girls enter school with higher levels of all of the following skills except: communication skills. copying and symbol use. attention and self-control of impulsive behaviour. curiosity. Learning Objectives:

7.14 Identify what kinds of evidence support the nature and nurture explanations for individual differences in IQ

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 07-1-68 197 Knowledge.

Answer: curiosity. 69. Children whose IQ scores are below ________ may be referred to as intellectually delayed or having a developmental disability, and those who score above ________ are often called gifted. 70; 130 70; 130 and are creative 100; 200 70; 130 Learning Objectives:

7.13 Describe the strengths and weaknesses of IQ tests. 7.14 Identify what kinds of evidence support the nature and nurture explanations for individual differences in IQ.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 07-1-69 193 203 Knowledge

Answer: 70; 130 Answer: Environment or family influence

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 70. Measures of skills like capacity, creativity, social sense, and so forth are included in modern, more holistic IQ measures. have now been included in tests of intelligence. are not necessary to measure, because they do not predict future success. are not measured in standard IQ tests and are a limitation of the IQ testing process. Learning Objectives:

7.13 Describe the strengths and weaknesses of IQ tests. 7.14 Identify what kinds of evidence support the nature and nurture explanations for individual differences in IQ.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 07-1-70 195 Comprehension

Answer: are not measured in standard IQ tests and are a limitation of the IQ testing process. 71. Researchers who have analyzed IQ scores of adopted twins have found that identical twins are more like one another in IQ than fraternal twins are. They also have found that IQs of adopted children are more strongly correlated with the IQs of their biological parents than with the IQs of their adoptive parents. These research results suggest that intelligence has a strong genetic component. that a child's biological heritage predicts her lifetime patterns of achievement and accomplishment. that a child's intellectual capacity is fixed at birth. that environment has no impact upon IQ. Learning Objectives:

7.14 Identify what kinds of evidence support the nature and nurture explanations for individual differences in IQ

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 07-1-71 195 Analysis

Answer: that intelligence has a strong genetic component. 72. Eleanor Thomas measured five domains of readiness for 3-5 year-olds to learn at school. These domains included all of the following except: language and communication skill. academic skill. self-regulation of learning. reaction range. Learning Objectives:

7.14 Identify what kinds of evidence support the nature and nurture explanations for individual differences in IQ

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 07-1-72 196-197 206 Knowledge

Answer: reaction range.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 73. Even though intelligence is highly heritable, the person's score within the ________ is determined by the environment. range of operational efficiency reaction range internal model of intellect genotype and phenotype Learning Objectives:

7.14 Identify what kinds of evidence support the nature and nurture explanations for individual differences in IQ

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 07-1-73 198 207 Comprehension

Answer: reaction range 74. Which of the following examples best illustrates the concept of the reaction range with regard to IQ? A child's IQ score was 150 at age 6 and 155 at age 8. A child's IQ test result could range from 100 to 125 points. A child's IQ test result could range from 130 to 135 points. A child's IQ score was 125, and when she tested after an illness the score was 115. Learning Objectives:

7.14 Identify what kinds of evidence support the nature and nurture explanations for individual differences in IQ

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 07-1-74 198 207 Comprehension

Answer: A child's IQ test result could range from 100 to 125 points. 75. Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the NLSCY's findings about school readiness among Canadian children? On variables they rated, boys had more school-readiness skills overall than girls. Early daily activities like reading, exposure to sports and arts, and positive parent/child interaction can ameliorate risks generally associated with low-income environments. Expectations for school-readiness skills are too high for children under 5 and are more appropriate for children 5 to 6 years. Programs like Aboriginal Head Start and HighScope produced temporary but no long-term gains or benefits. Learning Objectives:

7.14 Identify what kinds of evidence support the nature and nurture explanations for individual differences in IQ

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 07-1-75 196 206 Knowledge

Answer: Early daily activities like reading, exposure to sports and arts, and positive parent/child interaction can ameliorate risks generally associated with low-income environments.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 76. There are concerns over cultural biases associated with Indigenous children’s IQ test results as recognized in the joint Canadian Psychological Association and Psychology Foundation of Canada’s [CPA; PFC] (2018) response to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada’s Report (2015). Which of the following is not true? Western psychological assessments tend to predict performance in Western school systems, as well as all parts of Indigenous knowledge so that no skills are missed during assessment. Psychology should broaden operational definitions to include definitions used by Indigenous Peoples. Constructs such as “intelligence” should be described within the cultural context of the person being assessed. Procedures may need to be modified to include others, such as parents, grandparents, caregivers, or other family members who may help clients feel comfortable in the testing situation and thus perform optimally. Learning Objectives:

7.14 Identify what kinds of evidence support the nature and nurture explanations for individual differences in IQ

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 07-1-76 196 206 Knowledge

Answer: Early daily activities like reading, exposure to sports and arts, and positive parent/child interaction can ameliorate risks generally associated with low-income environments.

Chapter 7 True-False Questions 1. A child's rate of growth in height and weight is faster during the toddler and preschool years than in infancy. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.1 Summarize the major milestones of growth and motor development between 2 and 6. 1 07-2-01 167 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 2. Language functions that enable humans to understand the meanings of words and the structure of sentences are carried out in the right hemisphere of the brain. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.2 Highlight the important changes that happen in the brain during these years. 1 07-2-02 170 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: b. False 3. Developmentalists refer to our inability to remember much about the first three years of life as "dissociative fugue." a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.2 Highlight the important changes that happen in the brain during these years. 1 07-2-03 171 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 4. Handedness appears to have a genetic source. a b

True False

Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.2 Highlight the important changes that happen in the brain during these years. 1 07-2-04 171 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 5. Results from the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (LSCDQ) have found that preschoolers who watched more hours of television than their peers ate less snacks on a daily basis while watching television. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.3 Highlight the nutritional and health care needs of young children. 2 07-2-05 171-172 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 6. Food aversions often develop during the preschool years. a b

True False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.3 Highlight the nutritional and health care needs of young children. 1 07-2-06 171 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 7. In cases of child maltreatment, mothers are reported to be responsible for the abuse 61% of the time. a b

True False

Learning Objectives:

7.4 Describe the factors surrounding adverse childhood experiences and how traumatic events affect children’s development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 07-2-07 174 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 8. Children with physical or mental disabilities are more likely to be abused. a b

True False

Learning Objectives:

7.4 Describe the factors surrounding adverse childhood experiences and how traumatic events affect children’s development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 07-2-08 174 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 9. Parents who themselves have been victims of abuse are at a lower risk to abuse or neglect their children. a True b False Learning Objectives:

7.4 Describe the factors surrounding adverse childhood experiences and how traumatic events affect children’s development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 07-2-09 174 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 10. A child who is beginning to use symbols is entering the preoperational stage. a b

True False

Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.5 Summarize the characteristics of children’s thought during Piaget’s preoperational stage. 1 07-2-10 177 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 11. An egocentric preschooler believes that everyone sees and experiences the world the way she does. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.5 Summarize the characteristics of children’s thought during Piaget’s preoperational stage. 2 07-2-11 179 Comprehension

Answer: b. True 12. By approximately three years of age, a child can distinguish between appearance and reality. a b

True False

Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.5 Summarize the characteristics of children’s thought during Piaget’s preoperational stage. 1 07-2-12 181 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 13. A child's development of a theory of mind is influenced by the child's ability to pretend. a b

True False

Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.7 Describe theory of mind and how it develops. 1 07-2-13 181-182 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 14. By age 6, most children realize that knowledge can be derived through inference. a b

True False

Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.7 Describe theory of mind and how it develops. 200 07-2-14 182 190 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 15. If a child has not acquired phonological awareness before entering elementary school, she will be unable to learn to read proficiently. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.11 Describe what phonological awareness is and why it is important. 2 07-2-15 189 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 16. Using language as a guide to problem solving is called metacognition. a b

True False

Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.8 Describe how information-processing and sociocultural theorists explain changes in young children’s thinking. 2 07-2-16 185 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 17. The inability of adults and older children to remember more than a few events that took place before 3 years of age is known as theory of mind. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.2 Highlight the important changes that happen in the brain during these years. 1 07-2-17 181 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 18. The first spoken sentences typically consist of simple two-word utterances that include inflections. a b

True False

Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.10 Highlight what happens during the grammar explosion. 2 07-2-18 188 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 19. The correlation between children's IQ test scores and school performance is 1.00. a b

True False

Learning Objectives:

7.13 Describe the strengths and weaknesses of IQ tests. 7.14 Identify what kinds of evidence support the nature and nurture explanations for individual differences in IQ.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 07-2-19 194 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 20. IQ scores measure children's inherent competencies and abilities to achieve. a b

True False

Learning Objectives:

7.13 Describe the strengths and weaknesses of IQ tests. 7.14 Identify what kinds of evidence support the nature and nurture explanations for individual differences in IQ.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 07-2-20 193 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 21. Families that ask questions, rather than give commands, foster higher IQ scores in their children. a b

True False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives:

7.13 Describe the strengths and weaknesses of IQ tests. 7.14 Identify what kinds of evidence support the nature and nurture explanations for individual differences in IQ.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 07-2-21 193-194 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 22. The concept of the reaction range suggests that the upper and lower boundaries of IQ scores are determined by a child's genetic inheritance. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.14 Identify what kinds of evidence support the nature and nurture explanations for individual differences in IQ. 1 07-2-22 198 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 23. Parents of higher IQ children tend to talk to their children often and use language that is descriptively rich and accurate, helping their children master new skills. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.14 Identify what kinds of evidence support the nature and nurture explanations for individual differences in IQ. 1 07-2-23 195 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 24. Unintentional injuries account for slightly more than one in five of all deaths for children age 1 to 4 in Canada. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.3 Highlight the nutritional and health care needs of young children. 1 07-2-24 172 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 25. Of all the substantiated cases of child maltreatment, about 75% involved more than one category, with the most prevalent combinations involving a mixture of either neglect, exposure to intimate partner violence, emotional maltreatment, or physical abuse. a True b False Learning Objectives:

7.4 Describe the factors surrounding adverse childhood experiences and how traumatic events affect children’s development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 07-2-25 175 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 26. Vygotsky’s theory includes two important general principles: the zone of proximal development and scaffolding. a True b False Learning Objectives:

7.8 Describe how information-processing and sociocultural theorists explain changes in young children’s thinking.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 07-2-26 185-186 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 27. Psychologists use the term "fast-mapping" to refer to the ability of 3- to 6-year-olds to categorically link new words to real-world referents. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.9 Describe how fast-mapping helps children learn new words. 1 07-2-27 187 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 28. The encouragement of invented spelling is detrimental to the development of reading skills in young children. a True b False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.11 Describe what phonological awareness is and why it is important. 1 07-2-28 189–190 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 29. Canadian author Malcolm Gladwell suggests that language plays a role in our ability to master numbers. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.11 Describe what phonological awareness is and why it is important. 1 07-2-29 192 200 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 30. Since IQ tests do not measure an individual's creativity, insight, street smarts, ability to read social cues, or understanding of spatial relationships, modern developmentalists have less faith in IQ scores. a True b False Learning Objectives:

7.13 Describe the strengths and weaknesses of IQ tests. 7.14 Identify what kinds of evidence support the nature and nurture explanations for individual differences in IQ.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 07-2-30 193–195 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 31. The Government of Canada sponsors both off- and on-reserve Aboriginal Head Start programs for preschool-aged Indigenous children. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.14 Identify what kinds of evidence support the nature and nurture explanations for individual differences in IQ. 1 07-2-31 193–195 Knowledge

Answer: b. True

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 32. There are concerns over cultural biases associated with Indigenous children’s IQ test results. a b

True False

Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.14 Identify what kinds of evidence support the nature and nurture explanations for individual differences in IQ. 1 07-2-32 193–195 Knowledge

Answer: b. True 33. Inflections are when the grammatical features of children’s speech become more similar to those of adult speech. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.10 Highlight what happens during the grammar explosion. 1 07-2-33 193–195 Knowledge

Answer: b. False

Chapter 7 Short Answer Questions 1. Describe the milestones of motor development from infancy to early childhood.

Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.1 Summarize the major milestones of growth and motor development between 2 and 6. 1 07-3-01 168 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 2. What is lateralization? What aspects of a child's development are affected by lateralization?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.2 Highlight the important changes that happen in the brain during these years. 2 07-3-02 170 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 3. What characteristics are associated with children who are more likely to be abused? What characteristics are associated with parents who are more likely to be abusive? Are there cultural differences? Learning Objectives:

7.4 Describe the factors surrounding adverse childhood experiences and how traumatic events affect children’s development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 07-3-03 174-175 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 4. Describe how egocentrism is related to conservation.

Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.5 Summarize the characteristics of children’s thought during Piaget’s preoperational stage. 3 07-3-04 177-179 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 5. How could you test a 2-year-old child's understanding of appearance and reality? How might you test a 5-year-old child's understanding? Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.5 Summarize the characteristics of children’s thought during Piaget’s preoperational stage. 2 07-3-05 179-180 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 6. How does the operational efficiency of a child's short-term storage space influence the child's ability to solve problems or think logically?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.8 Describe how information-processing and sociocultural theorists explain changes in young children’s thinking. 2 07-3-06 182-183 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 7. Discuss the limitations of IQ tests, including cross-cultural concerns.

Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.13 Describe the strengths and weaknesses of IQ tests. 7.14 Identify what kinds of evidence support the nature and nurture explanations for individual differences in IQ. 2 07-3-07 195 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 8. Discuss how the concept of reaction range solves the nature–nurture controversy.

Learning Objectives:

7.14 Identify what kinds of evidence support the nature and nurture explanations for individual differences in IQ.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3 07-3-08 198 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 9. Discuss health and nutrition in early childhood. What are the nutritional needs and patterns of children in early childhood? Explain the role of obesogenic environments in the health of children in this age group. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.3 Highlight the nutritional and health care needs of young children. 2 07-3-09 171-172 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 10. What is the impact of unintentional injuries and accidents on children in early childhood? What are the trends and risk factors?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.3 Highlight the nutritional and health care needs of young children. 1 07-3-10 172–173 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 11. Describe the impact of traumatic experiences in early childhood. What are the impacts and consequences for children? Include cross-cultural differences. Learning Objectives:

7.4 Describe the factors surrounding adverse childhood experiences and how traumatic events affect children’s development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3 07-3-11 174-175 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 12. Explain theories of mind in early childhood. Describe, using examples, the progression in awareness of "others" from its earliest demonstrations to age 7. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.5 Summarize the characteristics of children’s thought during Piaget’s preoperational stage. 3 07-3-12 181-182 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 13. Describe strategies that parents and child-care providers could use to strengthen language skills in early childhood. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.12 Describe the similarities and differences in language and numeracy development. 3 07-3-13 190-191 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 14. Describe the suggested relationship between language and numeracy. What evidence exists to support these claims?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.12 Describe the similarities and differences in language and numeracy development. 3 07-3-14 192 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 15. Describe how fast-mapping assists young children in the acquisition of new words.

Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.9 Describe how fast-mapping helps children learn new words. 3 07-3-15 187–188 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary

Chapter 7 Essay Questions 1. Describe a developmentally appropriate play activity for a child in each of these age groups: (a) 18– 24 months; (b) 2–3 years; (c) 3–4 years; (d) 4–5 years; and (e) 5–6 years. Explain how the play activity relates to the cognitive development associated with that age and stage. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.5 Summarize the characteristics of children’s thought during Piaget’s preoperational stage. 2 07-4-01 168 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 2. What is the grammar explosion? Highlight what happens during this period and discuss what factors might impede a child's language development in early childhood. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.10 Highlight what happens during the grammar explosion. 1 07-4-02 188-195 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 3. If you were a public official whose assignment was to develop a program to maximize the intellectual development of every child born in your community, what would be the key factors and essential components of your plan? What recommendations would you make, and what programs would you implement in order to achieve your goal? Learning Objectives:

7.13 Describe the strengths and weaknesses of IQ tests. 7.14 Identify what kinds of evidence support the nature and nurture explanations for individual differences in IQ.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 07-4-03 192-198 Application

Answer: Answers will vary 4. Define and describe the main types of childhood abuse. What factors can contribute to abuse and neglect, and how does abuse affect children's development? Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

7.4 Describe the factors surrounding adverse childhood experiences and how traumatic events affect children’s development. 1 07-4-04 1174-176 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 5. Describe what is happening during the rapid progress in vocabulary and grammar associated with early childhood. What is phonological awareness, and why is it important? Learning Objectives:

7.9 Describe how fast-mapping helps children learn new words. 7.10 Highlight what happens during the grammar explosion. 7.11 Describe what phonological awareness is and why it is important.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3 07-4-05 187–192 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

CHAPTER 8: SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD Chapter 8 Multiple-Choice Questions

1. Freud's view of children's development during the preschool years focused on ________ development. psychosocial psychosexual psychocognitive psychophysical Learning Objectives:

8.1 Summarize the major themes of development proposed by psychoanalytic theorists for the early childhood period.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 08-1-01 202 211 Knowledge

Answer: psychosexual 2. According to Erikson, a preschooler's development is centered on her new mobility and her accompanying desire for autonomy. identification with her mother and the resulting competition for her father. increased operational efficiency and the expanded capacity of cognitive short-term storage space. improved manipulative and locomotor skills. Learning Objectives:

8.1 Summarize the major themes of development proposed by psychoanalytic theorists for the early childhood period.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 08-1-02 202 Knowledge

Answer: new mobility and her accompanying desire for autonomy. 3. The preschool years, from age 2 to 6, include which two of Erikson's stages of development? oral; anal. trust versus mistrust; identity development versus confusion. autonomy versus shame and doubt; initiative versus guilt. vertical relationships; horizontal relationships.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives:

8.1 Summarize the major themes of development proposed by psychoanalytic theorists for the early childhood period.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 08-1-03 202 Knowledge

Answer: autonomy versus shame and doubt; initiative versus guilt. 4. The developmental ability that initiates the developmental crisis of initiative versus guilt is the ability to see another's point of view. altruism. social referencing. the ability to plan. Learning Objectives:

8.1 Summarize the major themes of development proposed by psychoanalytic theorists for the early childhood period.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 08-1-04 202 Knowledge

Answer: the ability to plan. 5. A central theme that emerges from both Freud's and Erikson's views of development during the preschool period is that language, cognition, and motor skills are developmentally intertwined, and one aspect of development supports other aspects of development. the basis for children's social and personality development is their cognitive development. children's sexual development is triggered by social and emotional interactions with peers. families must balance their children's emerging skills and desire for autonomy with the parental need to protect and control their children. Learning Objectives:

8.1 Summarize the major themes of development proposed by psychoanalytic theorists for the early childhood period.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 08-1-05 202 Comprehension

Answer: families must balance their children's emerging skills and desire for autonomy with the parental need to protect and control their children. 6. Concerning child poverty, the Early Years Study recommended school-based breakfast programs. increased food and shelter allowances for poor families. stricter enforcement of child-welfare laws. radical social policy change to support young children.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.5 Identify how ethnicity and socioeconomic status interact with parenting styles. 1 08-1-06 237–238 245 Knowledge

Answer: radical social policy change to support young children. 7. When children in early childhood categorize their peers into those who are "nice" and those who are "not nice", they are exhibiting person perception. social-cognitive theory. information-processing theory. cognitive development theory. Learning Objectives:

8.2 Summarize the findings of social-cognitive theorists with respect to young children’s understanding of the social world.

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2 08-1-07 203 212 Application

Answer: social-cognitive theory. 8. Yelena, age 7, says her best friend Ashley is the prettiest, smartest, nicest girl in the class. Yelena's description demonstrates the new found skill of early childhood called social judgment. person perception. meaning in friendship. observation and categorization. Learning Objectives:

8.2 Summarize the findings of social-cognitive theorists with respect to young children’s understanding of the social world.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 08-1-08 203 212 Application

Answer: person perception. 9. By age 5, children are more likely to remember the faces of people of their own race than those of people of a different race. This phenomenon is called racial-bias effect. cross-race effect. ethnocentric effect. similarity–difference effect.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives:

8.2 Summarize the findings of social-cognitive theorists with respect to young children’s understanding of the social world.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 08-1-09 203 212 Comprehension

Answer: cross-race effect. 10. Children who can classify other people into groups of those they "like" and those whom they do not, they are demonstrating person perception. perception-bound thought. egocentrism. reciprocity of relationships. Learning Objectives:

8.2 Summarize the findings of social-cognitive theorists with respect to young children’s understanding of the social world.

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1 08-1-10 203 212 Comprehension

Answer: person perception. 11. Young children rely on two factors as they categorize or classify people: their most recent interactions with a person and that person's observable characteristics. the other person's moral rules and social graces. their own internal models of attachment and their metacognitions about the other person. their own powers of observation and previous social experiences with similar people. Learning Objectives:

8.2 Summarize the findings of social-cognitive theorists with respect to young children’s understanding of the social world.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 08-1-11 203 Comprehension

Answer: their most recent interactions with a person and that person's observable characteristics. 12. Researchers have found that children begin to respond differently to violations of social conventions and moral rules between the ages of __________________. 2 and 3 6 and 7 1 and 2 4 and 5

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives:

8.2 Summarize the findings of social-cognitive theorists with respect to young children’s understanding of the social world.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 08-1-12 203 212 Knowledge

Answer: 2 and 3 13. By the age of ________, children may say that it is more wrong for a child to hit another person than it is to forget to say "please." 1 year 2 to 3 years 6 years 4 to 5 years Learning Objectives:

8.2 Summarize the findings of social-cognitive theorists with respect to young children’s understanding of the social world.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 08-1-13 203-204 212 Comprehension

Answer: 2 to 3 years 14. Shaking hands with another person when you meet them is an example of a(n) moral rule. social convention. understanding of others' intentions. person perception. Learning Objectives:

8.2 Summarize the findings of social-cognitive theorists with respect to young children’s understanding of the social world.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 08-1-14 203 Knowledge

Answer: social convention. 15. Which of the following is NOT a true statement about preschoolers' social-cognitive perspectives? Preschoolers may demonstrate an understanding that intentional wrongdoing deserves greater punishment than accidental violations of rules. By kindergarten age, a child can demonstrate person perception by identifying her smartest playmate. Preschoolers' judgments about others may be inconsistent because they may be based on the child's most recent interactions with the person being judged. Preschoolers are generally unable to differentiate between violations of social conventions and violations of moral rules.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives:

8.2 Summarize the findings of social-cognitive theorists with respect to young children’s understanding of the social world.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 08-1-15 203 Comprehension

Answer: Preschoolers are generally unable to differentiate between violations of social conventions and violations of moral rules. 16. Which of the following is an accurate statement about the attachment relationships of children in early childhood? In early childhood, the child's internal model of attachment appears to generalize and become a property of all the child's social relationships. A preschooler does not yet understand that relationships continue to exist in the absence of the attachment figure. Two- and three-year-olds who are securely attached to their parents are more likely than insecurely attached children to have positive relationships with their preschool teachers. The nature of the attachment relationship undergoes change at about age eight. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.3 Describe how attachment changes during the early childhood years. 2 08-1-16 205 214 Comprehension

Answer: In early childhood, the child's internal model of attachment appears to generalize and become a property of all the child's social relationships. 17. Positive parenting practices tended to reduce aggressive behaviours by age 25 to ______% 25 30 42 52 Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.4 Discuss how parenting styles affect children’s development. 2 08-1-17 206 215 Knowledge

Answer: 52 18. Which of the following is NOT a dimension of family functioning as conceptualized by Diana Baumrind in her study of parenting styles? warmth or nurturance. discipline. clear and consistent rules. maturity demands.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.4 Discuss how parenting styles affect children’s development. 1 08-1-18 206 215 Knowledge

Answer: discipline. 19. Canadian research indicates that children in high-risk family situations outgrow their behaviour problems by adolescence. always have behaviour problems. are more empathetic to other children with family problems. benefit from positive and nurturing parents. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.4 Discuss how parenting styles affect children’s development. 2 08-1-19 206 Knowledge

Answer: benefit from positive and nurturing parents. 20. Children whose parents have high maturity demands, compared to children whose parents have low expectations, possess all of the following characteristics EXCEPT more altruism. more generosity. higher self-esteem. more noncompliance. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.4 Discuss how parenting styles affect children’s development. 1 08-1-20 206-209 Knowledge

Answer: more noncompliance. 21. Authoritarian and authoritative parents would vary most widely on which of the following dimensions of parenting? control. expectations. warmth and nurturance. maturity demands. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.4 Discuss how parenting styles affect children’s development. 1 08-1-21 207-208 216 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: warmth and nurturance 22. According to Diana Baumrind, the ________ parent is high in nurturance but low in maturity demands, control, and communication. permissive authoritarian neglecting authoritative Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.4 Discuss how parenting styles affect children’s development. 2 08-1-22 208 Comprehension

Answer: permissive 23. According to Diana Baumrind, the ________ parent is high in control and maturity demands but low in nurturance and communication. authoritarian neglecting permissive authoritative Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.4 Discuss how parenting styles affect children’s development. 2 08-1-23 207 Comprehension

Answer: authoritarian 24. The permissive parenting style consists of low nurturance and high communication. high control and low communication. low maturity demands and low nurturance. high nurturance and low maturity demands, control, and communication. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.4 Discuss how parenting styles affect children’s development. 1 08-1-24 208 Comprehension

Answer: high nurturance and low maturity demands, control, and communication.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 25. Which parenting style is linked to the best outcome for the child? uninvolved. authoritarian. authoritative. permissive. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.4 Discuss how parenting styles affect children’s development. 2 08-1-25 206-209 Comprehension

Answer: authoritative. 26. The parenting style that is quite militant, where there are high levels of demand and control, and low levels of warmth and communication, is the ________ type. permissive. authoritarian. authoritative. uninvolved. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.4 Discuss how parenting styles affect children’s development. 1 08-1-26 207 Comprehension

Answer: authoritarian. 27. Children whose parents use the authoritative parenting style tend to be more compliant. have high self-esteem. be independent. all of the above. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.4 Discuss how parenting styles affect children’s development. 1 08-1-27 207 Comprehension

Answer: all of the above. 28. Chao and Willms' research found that the largest proportion of Canadian parents were authoritarian. permissive. enmeshed. authoritative.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.4 Discuss how parenting styles affect children’s development. 2 08-1-28 208 Comprehension

Answer: authoritative. 29. Maccoby and Martin conceptualized parenting on the dimensions of ________ and ________. the child's form of attachment; the child's maturity level. communication; discipline. level of control or demand; level of acceptance. the parent's personality; the child's temperament. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.4 Discuss how parenting styles affect children’s development. 1 08-1-29 207 Comprehension

Answer: level of control or demand; level of acceptance. 30. Neglectful or uninvolved parenting may have its origins in the immaturity of the parents. inadequate bonding time between parent and child. parental depression or overwhelming stress. low socioeconomic status. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.4 Discuss how parenting styles affect children’s development. 1 08-1-30 208 Knowledge

Answer: parental depression or overwhelming stress. 31. Which of the following is the best example of inductive discipline? Beverly's parents explained that she was being punished because it was wrong to take money from her mother's purse without permission. Jarod was punished for fighting even though the other child started the fight. As punishment for their careless mental mistakes during practice, the team had to run five extra laps. Mr. Smith said, "Because I said so!" when his daughters asked why they were forbidden to go to the mall.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.4 Discuss how parenting styles affect children’s development. 2 08-1-31 210 219 Analysis

Answer: Beverly's parents explained that she was being punished because it was wrong to take money from her mother's purse without permission. 32. Parents' explaining why a punished behaviour is wrong is called uninvolved discipline. permissive discipline. inductive discipline. hostile discipline. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.4 Discuss how parenting styles affect children’s development. 1 08-1-32 210-211 219 Knowledge

Answer: inductive discipline. 33. In the four dimensions of parent–child interactions, the dimension that uses sarcasm, insults, and mixes anger with punishment is called punitive/aversive. hostile/ineffective. positive. consistent. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.4 Discuss how parenting styles affect children’s development. 1 08-1-33 208 221 Comprehension

Answer: hostile/ineffective. 34. In the four dimensions of parent–child interactions, the dimension that uses intimidation by shouting or by using physical punishment is called punitive/aversive. hostile/ineffective. positive. consistent. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: punitive/aversive. 35. In Canada, approximately what percentage of children aged 0 to _5 years of age live in lone-parent homes? 8% 17.5% 19% 22% Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.6 Explain how family structure is related to children’s development. 1 08-1-35 213 222 Knowledge

Answer: 17.5% 36. In Canada, approximately what percentage of children aged 0 t to 5 years of age live in marriedcouple families? 38% 72% 59% 77% Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.6 Explain how family structure is related to children’s development. 1 08-1-36 213 Knowledge

Answer: 59% 37. In Canada, the dominant family structure is the lone-parent family. the divorced family. the two-parent family in which the couple is married. the two-parent family in which the couple is living common-law. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.6 Explain how family structure is related to children’s development. 1 08-1-37 213 222 Knowledge

Answer: the two-parent family in which the couple is married.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 38. When children live in households headed by both parents, stress levels _____________. decreased. stayed the same. increased. increased for families living in urban areas. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.6 Explain how family structure is related to children’s development. 1 08-1-38 214 222 Knowledge

Answer: decreased. 39. Parents who tend to be vulnerable to a range of problems (e.g., higher rates of emotional disorders, chronic stress, etc.) fall under the category of custodial grandparents. lone parents. gay parents. lesbian parents. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.6 Explain how family structure is related to children’s development. 1 08-1-39 214 222 Knowledge

Answer: lone parents. 40. The optimum family structure for children's development is any structure that meets the child's needs. a structure that contains at least one biological parent. undetermined due to lack of research. two natural parents. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.6 Explain how family structure is related to children’s development. 1 08-1-40 214 222 Comprehension

Answer: two natural parents. 41. One factor which increases the impact of lone parenthood is gender of the parent. income level of the family. amount of contact with the non-custodial parent. age of the child.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.6 Explain how family structure is related to children’s development. 2 08-1-41 228 Knowledge

Answer: gender of the parent. 42. Children of same-sex parents experience sex-role identity confusion. are less psychologically healthy than their peers. are likely to be heterosexual. are more intelligent than their peers. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.6 Explain how family structure is related to children’s development. 1 08-1-42 214-215 223 Comprehension

Answer: are likely to be heterosexual. 43. In the first few years after divorce, children show all of the following characteristics EXCEPT school performance usually declines. more aggressive, defiant, or negative behaviour. a greater likelihood of experimenting with drugs and alcohol in pre-adolescence (10–12). a greater likelihood of engaging in criminal behaviour in adolescence (13–19). Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.7 Describe the impact of divorce on children in early childhood and in later years. 1 08-1-43 216 224 Knowledge

Answer: a greater likelihood of experimenting with drugs and alcohol in pre-adolescence (10–12). 44. All of the following are known to be long-term effects experienced by children whose parents divorce EXCEPT higher rates of unmarried pregnancies. higher risk of mental health problems in adulthood. lack of financial and emotional support to succeed in college. fear of intimacy in relationships. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.7 Describe the impact of divorce on children in early childhood and in later years. 1 08-1-44 216 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: higher rates of unmarried pregnancies. 45. Which of the following is a known persistent long-term negative consequence of divorce for children? a lack of financial resources and the emotional support to succeed in post-secondary education. high counselling/therapy needs due to their perception of an "unhappy childhood". chronic immaturity and regressed behaviour due to a fear of growing up. significantly higher rates of chosen lifelong single status or singlehood. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.7 Describe the impact of divorce on children in early childhood and in later years. 1 08-1-45 216 Knowledge

Answer: a lack of financial resources and the emotional support to succeed in post-secondary education. 46. Which of the following is an explanation for the negative effects of divorce on children? Divorce reduces the financial and emotional resources available to support children, but does not affect the percentage that go on to post-secondary education. Divorce increases the likelihood that the family climate will shift away from authoritative parenting. Divorce does not cause long-lasting disruption in family functioning. Divorce terminates children's attachment bonds with the parent who leaves the home. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.7 Describe the impact of divorce on children in early childhood and in later years. 1 08-1-46 217 Comprehension

Answer: Divorce increases the likelihood that the family climate will shift away from authoritative parenting.

47. Group-entry skills are important if a child is to engage in ________ play. dialogic parallel cooperative sensorimotor Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: cooperative 48. What differentiates aggression from rough play? intentionality. if the participants aren't friends. if the children have been told to stop and won't. injuries. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.10 Identify the key factors in preschool children’s aggressive behaviour. 2 08-1-48 219 228 Comprehension

Answer: intentionality. 49. Behaviour intended to harm another person or an object is called aggression. friendship. cooperative play. prosocial behaviour. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.10 Identify the key factors in preschool children’s aggressive behaviour. 1 08-1-49 219 Knowledge

Answer: aggression. 50. Which of the following is NOT a reason why children's physical aggression decreases across the preschool years? As children improve their cognitive skills, they are less frustrated and are therefore less likely to act aggressively. As their egocentrism declines, children are increasingly able to understand other children's thoughts and feelings. Children come to understand that prosocial, altruistic behaviour will accomplish their desires more effectively than aggressive behaviour. The development of dominance hierarchies and the corresponding knowledge of each other's place in the pecking order serve to reduce physical aggression. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.10 Identify the key factors in preschool children’s aggressive behaviour. 2 08-1-50 219-220 228-9 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 51. According to Richard Tremblay's research on aggression, which of the following correctly illustrates indirect aggression? gossiping about someone who hurt your feelings. secretly tripping someone because you are mad at them. shoving someone out of your way to get into the checkout line first. bumping into someone purposely so that they fall against the wall. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.10 Identify the key factors in preschool children’s aggressive behaviour. 1 08-1-51 220 227 Knowledge

Answer: gossiping about someone who hurt your feelings. 52. When children are 4 to 8 years old, their physical aggression ________. remains the same. decreases. increases. is directed only toward peers. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.10 Identify the key factors in preschool children’s aggressive behaviour. 1 08-1-52 219-220 Comprehension

Answer: decreases. 53. Jill exposes her friend’s secrets to others because she is secretly glad it makes her friend cry when she finds out what has been done. Jill's behaviour is an example of ________ aggression. instrumental inductive indirect frustration-synthesis Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.10 Identify the key factors in preschool children’s aggressive behaviour. 2 08-1-53 219 227 Analysis

Answer: indirect 54. Aisha shouted, "Get up! I get to sit next to Daddy!" and then she pushed her sister. Aisha's behaviour is an example of ________ aggression. physical aggression social-cognitive frustration-synthesis hostile

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.10 Identify the key factors in preschool children’s aggressive behaviour. 2 08-1-54 219 Analysis

Answer: physical aggression 55. When 4-year-old Alexandra wants an item or an activity, she will attack her parents with her fists until they laughingly and protestingly give her what she wants. Her parents' decision to give into Alexandra's demands in this fashion will reinforce her behaviour and possibly create a long-lasting pattern of aggression and defiance. will be effective in teaching her prosocial behaviour because their behaviour will be a model for her. will eventually help her moderate and regulate her emotions by protecting her from frustration and unhappiness. is appropriate and understandable because unresolved conflict would not be an effective parenting strategy. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.10 Identify the key factors in preschool children’s aggressive behaviour. 2 08-1-55 219-220 Analysis

Answer: will reinforce her behaviour and possibly create a long-lasting pattern of aggression and defiance. 56. All of the following factors have been suggested as explanations for children's aggression EXCEPT frustration. modelling. reinforcement. classical conditioning. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.10 Identify the key factors in preschool children’s aggressive behaviour. 2 08-1-56 221 Comprehension

Answer: classical conditioning. 57. Behaviour intended to help another person is called aggression. prosocial behaviour. instrumental aggression. positivity.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.11 Trace the changes in prosocial behaviour and friendship patterns during early childhood. 1 08-1-57 223 231 Knowledge

Answer: prosocial behaviour. 58. Which of the following is an example of prosocial behaviour that is characteristic of a preschooler? helping a friend solve a problem. trying to comfort another child who appears hurt or sad. holding open a door so that a heavily laden person can pass through. volunteering to give no-longer-used toys to a needy child. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.11 Trace the changes in prosocial behaviour and friendship patterns during early childhood. 2 08-1-58 223-224 Analysis

Answer: trying to comfort another child who appears hurt or sad 59. Which of the following parental behaviours is NOT linked to higher rates of altruistic or prosocial behaviour in their children? allowing children to develop their own rules of behaviour. providing parental models of altruistic behaviour. having children do helpful things. creating a loving and warm family environment. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.11 Trace the changes in prosocial behaviour and friendship patterns during early childhood. 2 08-1-59 224 Analysis

Answer: allowing children to develop their own rules of behaviour.

60. The behaviour expected for males and females in a given culture is known as gender concepts. sex roles. gender constancy theory. gender schema theory.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.14 Describe the major theoretical orientations that explain gender development. 1 08-1-60 228 236+ Comprehension

Answer: sex roles. 61. Social-cognitive theorists have emphasized the role of ________ in shaping children's sex-role behaviour and attitudes. peers media parents story books Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.14 Describe the major theoretical orientations that explain gender development. 1 08-1-61 228 Knowledge

Answer: parents 62. When 4-year-old Muhammed thinks of activities, behaviours, or personal characteristics as being "for mommy" or "for daddy," he is using gender schema. gender concepts. gender stereotypes. sex-typing. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.14 Describe the major theoretical orientations that explain gender development. 1 08-1-62 230 237 Analysis

Answer: gender schema. 63. If Ravi has gender stability, then he knows Mommy will still be a girl even if she wears Daddy's cap and overalls and does Daddy's job of changing the oil in the car. has recently begun to think of activities and personal characteristics as "for girls" or "for boys." knows he will grow up and be a daddy. must be about 2 years old. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: knows he will grow up and be a daddy. 64. A style of communicating that involves suggestions, support, and agreement between the participants is called ________, and this style is typically used between ________. sex-typed; age-peers unequal in social status. constricting; boys. facilitating; peers. enabling; girls. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.16 Describe the sex-typed behaviour of young children. 1 08-1-64 233 240 Comprehension

Answer: enabling; girls. 65. The style of communicating that tends to derail, shorten or end interaction, inhibiting or causing partners to withdraw, is common among boys. girls. children under 12 years. adolescents. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.16 Describe the sex-typed behaviour of young children. 1 08-1-65 233 Knowledge

Answer: boys. 66. Thomas likes to play dress-up and wear his Mom's clothes. He rarely plays with the other boys outside, preferring to be in the company of his two sisters. Tommy exhibits an enabling style. instrumental aggression. cross-gender behaviour. gender constancy. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.16 Describe the sex-typed behaviour of young children. 1 08-1-66 233 Analysis

Answer: cross-gender behaviour.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 67. Indigenous child-rearing practices in Canada were described as being characteristic of a ___________ parenting style, but they found no association with negative outcomes in Indigenous children. authoritarian hostile permissive authoritative Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.5 Identify how ethnicity and socioeconomic status interact with parenting styles. 1 08-1-67 220 Knowledge

Answer: permissive 68. Specific aspects of effective, contemporary, tradition-focused Indigenous parenting practices depict an absence of corporal punishment, an emphasis on a child’s ___________, and a ______ respect for the child’s need to make their own decisions in order to help them develop responsibility. physical skills; low autonomy; high writing skills; high mathematics skills; low Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.5 Identify how ethnicity and socioeconomic status interact with parenting styles. 1 08-1-68 233 Knowledge

Answer: autonomy; high 69. _____________ child-rearing practices go well beyond the role of the biological parent(s) and are viewed as a collective responsibility of the extended family whereby grandparents, aunts and uncles, and others within the communal social network help instill cultural values such as respect and spirituality. Canadian American Big-city Indigenous Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.5 Identify how ethnicity and socioeconomic status interact with parenting styles. 1 08-1-69 233 Knowledge

Answer: Indigenous

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 70. _______________ discipline helps most preschoolers gain control of their behaviour and learn to look at situations from perspectives other than their own. Deductive Interpersonal Inductive Intermittent Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.4 Discuss how parenting styles affect children’s development. 1 08-1-70 233 Knowledge

Answer: Inductive 71. Many young adults whose parents are divorced lack the financial resources and emotional support necessary to succeed in post-secondary education; a majority report that they struggle with fears of ____________ in relationships; and they are ___________ likely to rely on social assistance income intimacy; more abandonment; less being judged; more grandparent interference; less Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.7 Describe the impact of divorce on children in early childhood and in later years. 1 08-1-71 233 Knowledge

Answer: intimacy; more 72. Lone parenthood, divorce, and step-parenthood all increase the likelihood that the family climate or style will shift away from _________________ parenting authoritative permissive authoritarian hostile-ineffective Learning Objectives:

8.8 Identify some possible ways divorce-related changes in family structure affect development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 08-1-72 Knowledge

Answer: authoritative

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 73. Children with ___________ temperaments may show heightened aggressiveness or other behavioural problems in school—but when such behaviour results in peer rejection, they may be motivated to change their behaviour in order to gain social acceptance. easy-going difficult permissive slow-to-warm-up Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.12 Describe temperament changes in early childhood. 1 08-1-73 Knowledge

Answer: difficult 74. The ability to control emotional states and emotion-related behaviour is called niche-picking. reaction range. self-concept. emotional regulation. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.13 Trace the changes in the young child’s categorical, emotional, and social selves during the preschool years. 1 08-1-74 Knowledge

Answer: emotional regulation. 75. The ability to identify with another person’s emotional state is called the self-concept. the categorical self. empathy. moral emotions. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.13 Trace the changes in the young child’s categorical, emotional, and social selves during the preschool years. 1 08-1-75 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.15 Identify how preschoolers acquire sex-role knowledge. 1 08-1-76 Knowledge

Answer: 5

Chapter 8 True-False Questions 1. According to Erikson, the challenges of the autonomy versus shame stage of early childhood are triggered by disruptions in the child's attachment bond with her parents. a True b False Learning Objectives:

8.1 Summarize the major themes of development proposed by psychoanalytic theorists for the early childhood period.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 08-2-01 202 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 2. Recent theory suggests that cognitive growth and social growth occur separately. a b

True False

Learning Objectives:

8.2 Summarize the findings of social-cognitive theorists with respect to young children’s understanding of the social world.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 08-2-02 203 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 3. By the age of 2 or 3, children seem to understand that violating a social convention, such as failing to say "thank you," is less serious than violating a moral rule, such as taking another child's toy without permission. a True b False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives:

8.2 Summarize the findings of social-cognitive theorists with respect to young children’s understanding of the social world.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 08-2-03 203-204 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 4. The most consistently negative outcomes for children's behaviour and development have been associated with the authoritarian style of parenting. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.4 Discuss how parenting styles affect children’s development. 2 08-2-04 207-208 Analysis

Answer: b. False 5. The parenting style that is most likely to use inductive discipline is the authoritarian type. a b

True False

Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.4 Discuss how parenting styles affect children’s development. 1 08-2-05 210 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 6. The authoritative parenting style is high in nurturance, communication, clarity and consistency, and maturity demands. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.4 Discuss how parenting styles affect children’s development. 1 08-2-06 208 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 7. Theorists Maccoby and Martin completely rejected Baumrind's theory of parenting styles, and created their own four-step model which focuses on nurturance and demand. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.4 Discuss how parenting styles affect children’s development. 2 08-2-07 207 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 8. A Canadian study by Landy and Tam found that positive and supportive parenting can reduce the incidence of problems, especially for children in high-risk family situations such as low-income or parental depression. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.4 Discuss how parenting styles affect children’s development. 1 08-2-08 206 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 9. Roberta is a 3-year-old preschooler who has just written on the walls of her bedroom. Roberta knew this was not allowed. Her mother asks her to go to her "time out chair," and explains and reminds Roberta of what she has done and why she is being punished. This is an example of inductive discipline. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.4 Discuss how parenting styles affect children’s development. 2 08-2-09 210 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 10. Inductive discipline is a negative parenting strategy in which parents instruct the child in a neverending list of demands in order to help the child meet their intended goals. a True b False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.4 Discuss how parenting styles affect children’s development. 1 08-2-10 210 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 11. Although in decline, the dominant family structure in Canada is still children living with married parents. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.6 Explain how family structure is related to children’s development. 1 08-2-11 213 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 12. In Canada, roughly six times as many Indigenous children under the age of 4 (1.8%), compared to non-Indigenous children (0.3%), are living under the care of their grandparents in skip-generation households a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.6 Explain how family structure is related to children’s development. 1 08-2-12 214 Knowledge

Answer: b. True 13. Children whose parents divorce have a higher risk of mental health problems in adulthood. a b

True False

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8.7 Describe the impact of divorce on children in early childhood and in later years. 1 08-2-13 216 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 14. Children living in step-families have higher rates of delinquency, behaviour problems in school, and lower grades than children in intact families. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.7 Describe the impact of divorce on children in early childhood and in later years. 1 08-2-14 216 225 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 15. It is important to keep in mind that divorce is not a single variable, and many of the stressors that existed in a child's life before a divorce may continue to be present after divorce. Therefore, the developmental outcome for these children may have been the same had their parents stayed married. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.7 Describe the impact of divorce on children in early childhood and in later years. 1 08-2-15 214-216 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 16. The long-term negative effects of divorce are greater for boys than for girls. a b

True False

Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.7 Describe the impact of divorce on children in early childhood and in later years. 2 08-2-16 216-217 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 17. Remarriage does not resolve all family problems. a b

True False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives:

8.8 Identify some possible ways divorce-related changes in family structure affect development.

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3 08-2-17 217 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 18. The emerging field of epigenetics suggests that children come into the world with aggressive predispositions rather than starting out as "innocents" who acquire aggressiveness. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.10 Identify the key factors in preschool children’s aggressive behaviour. 1 08-2-20 222 231 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 19. A child who pushes her playmate away and grabs his toy is reinforced for her aggression because she gets the toy. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.10 Identify the key factors in preschool children’s aggressive behaviour. 1 08-2-21 219 Analysis

Answer: a. True 20. If a parent exhibits prosocial behaviour, the child will tend to exhibit the same behaviour. a b

True False

Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.11 Trace the changes in prosocial behaviour and friendship patterns during early childhood. 1 08-2-22 223-224 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 21. Prosocial attributions such as "You're such a helpful boy!" help to create an internalized pattern of prosocial behaviour that will persist throughout the individual's lifespan. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.11 Trace the changes in prosocial behaviour and friendship patterns during early childhood. 1 08-2-23 223-224 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 22. Being a tomboy does not interfere with the development of a "feminine" personality in adulthood. a b

True False

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8.16 Describe the sex-typed behaviour of young children. 1 08-2-24 233 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 23. The ability to label one's own gender correctly and to identify others as men and women is called "gender stability." a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.14 Describe the major theoretical orientations that explain gender development. 1 08-2-23 229 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 24. Understanding that gender is a stable, life-long characteristic is termed "gender stability." a b

True False

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8.14 Describe the major theoretical orientations that explain gender development. 1 08-2-24 229 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 25. The enabling style of interacting involves being supportive, expressing agreement, and making suggestions; it is commonly exhibited by girls. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.16 Describe the sex-typed behaviour of young children. 1 08-2-25 233 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 26. A Canadian study showed that stereotyped ideas of sex-role knowledge do not start early in a child's development. You will be hard pressed to hear a 3-year-old say "Mommy cooks and Daddy fixes the car." a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.15 Identify how preschoolers acquire sex-role knowledge 1 08-2-28 230 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 27. By age 6, most of the neurological changes that are precursors to lifelong learning, behaviour, and health are complete. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.16 Describe the sex-typed behaviour of young children. 1 08-2-26 238 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 28. In Canada, roughly six times as many Indigenous children under the age of 4 (1.8%), compared to non-Indigenous children (0.3%), are living under the care of their grandparents in skip-generation households. a True b False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.6 Explain how family structure is related to children’s development. 1 08-2-28 238 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 29. Ineffective parenting contributes to an intergenerational transfer of risk for family poverty and child vulnerability. a True b False Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.5 Identify how ethnicity and socioeconomic status interact with parenting styles. 1 08-2-29 238 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

Chapter 8 Short Answer Questions 1. What is person perception, and how is it a factor in children's social development? Describe the bases of children's judgments of other people. Learning Objectives:

8.2 Summarize the findings of social-cognitive theorists with respect to young children’s understanding of the social world.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 08-3-01 203 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 2. How does a child's attachment relationship with her parents change or vary during the preschool years? Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.3 Describe how attachment changes during the early childhood years. 2 08-3-02 205 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 3. What are the mechanisms or processes by which divorce affects children?

Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.7 Describe the impact of divorce on children in early childhood and in later years. 1 08-3-03 215-216 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 4. What are some specific suggestions for parents who want to encourage their children to be more generous or altruistic? Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.11 Trace the changes in prosocial behaviour and friendship patterns during early childhood. 1 08-3-04 223 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 5. Describe the process by which a child develops a sense of gender through the early childhood years. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.14 Describe the major theoretical orientations that explain gender development. 2 08-3-05 228-231 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 6. How does gender schema theory explain children's sex-role behaviours during the preschool years?

Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.14 Describe the major theoretical orientations that explain gender development. 2 08-3-06 230-231 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 7. Summarize the characteristics of the enabling style and the constricting/restricting style of children's interactions with playmates. Give examples to illustrate the two styles, and discuss gender as an aspect of these patterns of interactions. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.16 Describe the sex-typed behaviour of young children. 3 08-3-07 233 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 8. Define and discuss cultural and social influences in relation to parenting styles and practices. Compare Canadian parenting practice preferences with Indigenous and other cultures. What are the implications? How does SES influence or not influence parenting? Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.5 Identify how ethnicity and socioeconomic status interact with parenting styles. 3 08-3-08 211-213 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 9. Discuss aggression in early childhood. Include patterns, risk factors, and origins. Based on current research explorations, what are the implications for intervention? Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.10 Identify the key factors in preschool children’s aggressive behaviour. 1 08-3-09 219-233 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 10. What are the effects of different types of family structures on child development? What are the implications for social policy? Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.3 Describe how attachment changes during the early childhood years. 3 08-3-10 213-214 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 11. Discuss the formation of friendships in early childhood. Why are friendships relevant to the development of a young child's personality and self-concept? Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.11 Trace the changes in prosocial behaviour and friendship patterns during early childhood. 3 08-3-11 224-228 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary

Chapter 8 Essay Questions 1. You have been asked to talk to your community club about characteristics of effective parenting. Using the work of Diana Baumrind and others, develop a presentation that includes the following components: four common aspects or dimensions of family functioning; four widely cited styles or patterns of parenting and the role of cultural context in Indigenous parenting styles; and a summary of the research on child outcomes as related to the dimensions of family functioning and parenting styles. Include examples and illustrations in your discussion. Learning Objectives:

8.4 Discuss how parenting styles affect children’s development. 8.5 Identify how ethnicity and socioeconomic status interact with parenting styles.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3 08-4-01 206-213 Application

Answer: Answers will vary 2. Discuss some ways that parents can lessen the negative effects of divorce on their children. Why will these techniques help lessen the trauma for children? Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.7 Describe the impact of divorce on children in early childhood and in later years. 3 08-4-02 215–217 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 3. What are the effects of poverty on children and families in Canada? What are the factors associated with poverty which result in these negative effects?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.5 Identify how ethnicity and socioeconomic status interact with parenting styles. 3 08-4-03 237-238 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 4. Discuss the concept and goals of discipline in child-rearing. What constitutes effective discipline? Is there a consensus regarding effective discipline practices? How do factors such as child temperament and parenting style affect discipline? What are the implications for child development and school readiness? What is Canada's position on physical punishment? What is your personal opinion? Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

8.4 Discuss how parenting styles affect children’s development. 3 08-4-04 209-211 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 5. How do pre-schoolers learn about gendered behaviour? What are some examples of sex-typed behaviours of children in early childhood? What advice would you offer to parents for how to navigate gender development with their children? Learning Objectives:

8.15 Identify how preschoolers acquire sex-role knowledge. 8.16 Describe the sex-typed behaviour of young children.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3 08-4-05 228-234 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

CHAPTER 9: PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD Chapter 9 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about girls' and boys' physical development during middle childhood? Boys perform better than girls in activities that require strength and speed. Girls are more advanced than boys in skeletal and muscular maturation, which makes girls more coordinated. Girls are more advanced than boys in their rate of growth in height. Boys are more advanced than girls in the development of fine motor coordination. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.1 Identify what kinds of physical changes occur during middle childhood. 2 09-1-01 241 Knowledge

Answer: Boys are more advanced than girls in the development of fine motor coordination. 2. During middle childhood, the overall pattern of brain development shows a steady increase in the myelinization of neural axons across the limbic system. cerebellum. cerebral cortex. cranial nerves. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.2 Describe the ways the brain changes during these years. 2 09-1-02 241 248 Knowledge

Answer: cerebral cortex. 3. The ability to focus cognitive activity on the important elements of a problem or situation is known as myelinization. selective attention. association areas. spatial cognition. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.2 Describe the ways the brain changes during these years. 1 09-1-03 241 Comprehension

Answer: selective attention.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 4. As a result of development of the cerebral cortex in middle childhood, children show advancements in language skills. eye-hand coordination. logic, planning, and attention. regulation of emotion. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.2 Describe the ways the brain changes during these years. 2 09-1-04 241 Comprehension

Answer: logic, planning, and attention. 5. Which of the following is NOT a cognitive function that improves significantly as a result of brain growth and development in middle childhood? selective attention information-processing speed logic person perception Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.2 Describe the ways the brain changes during these years. 1 09-1-05 241-252 Comprehension

Answer: person perception 6. Which of the following concepts does not belong with the others? lateralization spatial perception relative right–left orientation aggression Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.2 Describe the ways the brain changes during these years. 2 09-1-06 242 Analysis

Answer: aggression 7. When you imagine how a room would look with the furniture arranged differently, you are using selective attention. association areas. spatial perception. relative right–left orientation.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.2 Describe the ways the brain changes during these years. 1 09-1-07 242 Knowledge

Answer: spatial perception. 8. Among school-aged children, the most significant health risks are associated with accidents and obesity. infectious diseases such as colds and influenza. stress. environmental toxins and pollutants. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.3 Identify what the health risks are for 6- to 12-year-olds. 1 09-1-08 243 Knowledge

Answer: accidents and obesity. 9. In Canada, the reduction in accident rates among young children is associated with media awareness campaigns. reduced physical activity among children. improved parental supervision and parenting practices. improved social monitoring through schools, children's aid societies, etc. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.3 Identify what the health risks are for 6- to 12-year-olds. 2 09-1-09 243 Knowledge

Answer: reduced physical activity among children. 10. In children aged 5 to 9, playground accidents (especially those involving monkey bars, swings, or slides) account for about ______________ of all cases of traumatic brain injury (TBI), an injury to the head that results in diminished brain function such as a loss of consciousness, confusion, or drowsiness half one-quarter one-eighth three-quarters

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.3 Identify what the health risks are for 6- to 12-year-olds. 2 09-1-10 243 Knowledge

Answer: half 11. To be considered overweight, Body Mass Index (BMI) must be above the ________ for a child's sex and age. 75th percentile 85th percentile 95th percentile 97th percentile Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.3 Identify what the health risks are for 6- to 12-year-olds. 1 09-1-11 244 Knowledge

Answer: 85th percentile 12. To be considered obese, Body Mass Index (BMI) must be above the ________ for a child's sex and age. 55th percentile 65th percentile 85th percentile 97th percentile Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.3 Identify what the health risks are for 6- to 12-year-olds. 1 09-1-12 244 251 Knowledge

Answer: 97th percentile 13. Which of the following statements is true about overweight and obesity rates in childhood? Most overweight babies become overweight adults. Being overweight in middle childhood significantly increases the likelihood of being overweight as an adult. Adult obesity patterns are set more in adolescence than in other developmental stages. Most overweight and obese children lose weight by adolescence. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: Being overweight in middle childhood significantly increases the likelihood of being overweight as an adult. 14. Which of the following statements is true regarding weight loss diets for children? Children can follow the same weight loss diets as adults. Increased daily exercise should eliminate the need for a diet. Obese children require special diets developed and supervised by nutritional experts. Restricted calorie diets are never recommended due to the fact that children are still growing and have special nutritional needs. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.3 Identify what the health risks are for 6- to 12-year-olds. 1 09-1-14 244-245 Knowledge

Answer: Obese children require special diets developed and supervised by nutritional experts. 15. Which of the following statements is true regarding obesity research? Genetics contribute to obesity. Epigenetic factors have more of an impact than genetic factors. Overeating is less important than genetic predisposition. Gender is a risk factor for obesity. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.3 Identify what the health risks are for 6- to 12-year-olds. 2 09-1-15 244 Knowledge

Answer: Genetics contribute to obesity. 16. Researchers who have studied the effects of video games on children's development have noted that all of the following are associated with playing video games EXCEPT improved visual-spatial skills. increased emotional hostility solely toward teachers. increased aggressive behaviour if playing more violent video games. improved hand-eye coordination Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.3 Identify what the health risks are for 6- to 12-year-olds. 1 09-1-16 245 253 Knowledge

Answer: increased emotional hostility solely toward teachers.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 17. Which of the following is an accurate statement about weight issues in middle childhood? Obesity most likely results from a genetic predisposition that promotes overeating. Most children who are overweight in middle childhood will become average-weight adults. Increasing a child's level of exercise and changing their eating habits will not overcome obesity in adulthood, because metabolic rates change throughout the lifespan. Fear of developing an unattractive body may lead some children to diet or to become dissatisfied with their weight and physical appearance. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.3 Identify what the health risks are for 6- to 12-year-olds. 2 09-1-17 245 Analysis

Answer: Fear of developing an unattractive body may lead some children to diet or to become dissatisfied with their weight and physical appearance. 18. Which of the following is NOT an example of the language achievements that first occur during middle childhood? the use of words that are derived from basic words by adding a prefix or a suffix the ability to convince others through polite persuasion the creation of complex sentences that include inflections the use of correct forms of past tense and proper descriptions of events that occurred in the past Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.7 Explain how vocabulary and other aspects of language change during middle childhood. 2 09-1-18 253 Analysis

Answer: the creation of complex sentences that include inflections 19. Which of the following is NOT an example of a derived word? meaningless vacation unambiguous illegible Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.7 Explain how vocabulary and other aspects of language change during middle childhood. 1 09-1-19 253 Analysis

Answer: vacation

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 20. Which of the following is NOT an example of what Piaget termed "concrete operations"? reversibility automaticity serial ordering multiplication Learning Objective:

9.4 Describe what cognitive advantages children gain as they move through Piaget’s concrete operational stage.

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1 09-1-20 247 256 Knowledge

Answer: automaticity 21. Concrete operations permit children to understand language. their own metacognitions. person perception. relations among objects. Learning Objective:

9.4 Describe what cognitive advantages children gain as they move through Piaget’s concrete operational stage.

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1 09-1-21 247 Comprehension

Answer: relations among objects. 22. A child who understands conservation of mass or volume would, of necessity, understand egocentrism. reversibility. animism. metaphors and analogies. Learning Objective:

9.4 Describe what cognitive advantages children gain as they move through Piaget’s concrete operational stage.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3 09-1-22 247 Analysis

Answer: reversibility.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 23. When children understand that Chihuahuas and great Danes are both dogs and that dogs are also animals, they are demonstrating the cognitive skill known as ________. class inclusion conservation reversibility deductive logic Learning Objective:

9.4 Describe what cognitive advantages children gain as they move through Piaget’s concrete operational stage.

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2 09-1-23 248 Analysis

Answer: class inclusion 24. Inductive logic is the ability to use experience to create a general principle. the ability to understand another person's perspective. the understanding that superficial changes to the appearance of an object do not change the essence or the reality of the object. the ability to use a general principle to predict a specific outcome. Learning Objective:

9.4 Describe what cognitive advantages children gain as they move through Piaget’s concrete operational stage.

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1 09-1-24 248 Comprehension

Answer: the ability to use experience to create a general principle. 25. Which of the following is the best example of a child's use of inductive logic? Wing's mother showed him an apple cut into two pieces and an apple cut into four pieces and asked him which one was more apple. Wing was able to reply correctly, "They are the same." Marcel has learned that he is better at language arts than math, so he has to spend more time and work harder on his math lessons. Imani has learned that if he is kind and cooperative with his peers, they will be nice to him. Beverly's assignment in language arts class was to write a paper about what her life would be like if she were a boy. Learning Objective:

9.4 Describe what cognitive advantages children gain as they move through Piaget’s concrete operational stage.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 09-1-25 248 Analysis

Answer: Imani has learned that if he is kind and cooperative with his peers, they will be nice to him.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 26. Deductive logic is the enhanced ability to see another's perspective or point of view. reasoning based on hypothetical premises that requires the ability to use a general principle to predict a specific outcome. understanding that both physical actions and mental operations can be reversed. the ability to analyze one's memory skills and develop a strategy to remember more facts or dates. Learning Objective:

9.4 Describe what cognitive advantages children gain as they move through Piaget’s concrete operational stage.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 09-1-26 248 Knowledge

Answer: reasoning based on hypothetical premises that requires the ability to use a general principle to predict a specific outcome. 27. Which of the following is the best example of a child's use of deductive logic? Sam's mother showed him an apple cut into two pieces and an apple cut into four pieces and asked him which one was more apple. Sam was able to reply correctly, "They are the same." Yousef has learned that if he is kind and cooperative with his peers, they will be nice to him. Muhammed has learned that he is better at language arts than math, so he has to spend more time and work harder on his math lessons. For her assignment in language arts class, Lateefah wrote a paper about what her life would be like if she were a boy. Learning Objective:

9.4 Describe what cognitive advantages children gain as they move through Piaget’s concrete operational stage.

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2 09-1-27 248 Analysis

Answer: For her assignment in language arts class, Lateefah wrote a paper about what her life would be like if she were a boy. 28. A child's ability to apply cognitive skills, such as reversibility or class inclusion, to a variety of problems or situations is called processing efficiency. automaticity. horizontal decalage. metacognition. Learning Objective:

9.4 Describe what cognitive advantages children gain as they move through Piaget’s concrete operational stage.

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1 09-1-28 248 255 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: horizontal decalage. 29. If Alec understands class inclusion, then he understands what grade he will be in at school. conservation of volume. that the task of cleaning his room also includes taking his dirty clothes to the laundry. that squirrels are mammals and that mammals are animals. Learning Objective:

9.4 Describe what cognitive advantages children gain as they move through Piaget’s concrete operational stage.

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2 09-1-29 248 Analysis

Answer: that squirrels are mammals and that mammals are animals. 30. According to Robert Siegler, children's cognitive development occurs as a result of improved operational efficiency and expanded short-term storage capacity. children's physical development and improved motor skills. improvements in metacognition. the acquisition of basic rules that are then applied to new problems on the basis of experience. Learning Objective:

9.5 Describe what horizontal decalage is and how Siegler explains concrete operational thinking.

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1 09-1-30 248-249 257 Knowledge

Answer: the acquisition of basic rules that are then applied to new problems on the basis of experience. 31. In Robert Siegler's research on problem-solving, children who use the preoperational-like Rule I take into account only one dimension of a problem. can use a formula to systematically compare relevant factors. can evaluate the merits of abstract proposals. calculate and estimate using multiple dimensions or characteristics. Learning Objective:

9.5 Describe what horizontal decalage is and how Siegler explains concrete operational thinking.

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1 09-1-31 248-249 Knowledge

Answer: take into account only one dimension of a problem.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 32. Which of the following represents the key contrast between Piaget's and Siegler's views on children's cognitive development? horizontal decalage versus relative left–right orientation. age versus experience. metacognition versus executive processes. processing efficiency versus short-term storage capacity. Learning Objective:

9.4 Describe what cognitive advantages children gain as they move through Piaget’s concrete operational stage. 9.5 Describe what horizontal decalage is and how Siegler explains concrete operational thinking.

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2 09-1-32 248-249 Comprehension

Answer: age versus experience. 33. Which of the following is NOT an aspect of Robert Siegler's observations of children's problemsolving abilities? When very young children eventually develop a rule for problem-solving, the rule will evaluate or take into account only one dimension of the problem they are attempting to solve. Children acquire strategies or rules for problem-solving by experiences such as trial-and-error and experimentation. Children follow a logical sequence in their development of rules for problem-solving, and the rate at which they move through the sequence is dependent upon their experiences. Cognitive development occurs as children experience progressively more complex educational demands and challenges within a formal setting. Learning Objective:

9.5 Describe what horizontal decalage is and how Siegler explains concrete operational thinking.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 09-1-33 248-249 Comprehension

Answer: Cognitive development occurs as children experience progressively more complex educational demands and challenges within a formal setting. 34. Which one of the following questions would be asked by developmental psychologists who use the information-processing perspective to understand children's cognitive development? What cognitive structures are common to all children? How does the efficient use of short-term memory capacity change with age? How do children's developing sensory capabilities and improving motor skills support their cognitive development? How does one child's cognitive ability compare to or differ from the average cognitive abilities of other children of the same age?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.6 Explain how children’s information-processing skills improve during middle childhood. 3 09-1-34 250 257 Analysis

Answer: How does the efficient use of short-term memory capacity change with age? 35. Most developmental psychologists agree that the basis of children's cognitive development is the capacity of long-term memory. the ability to develop and employ rules and strategies for problem-solving. increases in processing efficiency with age. the age at which executive processes are developed. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.6 Explain how children’s information-processing skills improve during middle childhood. 1 09-1-35 250 Knowledge

Answer: increases in processing efficiency with age. 36. The information-processing view of children's cognitive development in middle childhood includes all of the following components EXCEPT acquisition of automaticity. accommodation of new schemes. increased processing efficiency. expanded expertise. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.6 Explain how children’s information-processing skills improve during middle childhood. 2 09-1-36 250-252 Comprehension

Answer: accommodation of new schemes. 37. In support of the hypothesis that improved processing efficiency accounts for cognitive development, researchers have found that children's thinking and response time are more determined by genetic factors than by environmental factors. get faster with age. are determined by abilities to accommodate and assimilate new schemes. are slower with maturation and increased experience. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.6 Explain how children’s information-processing skills improve during middle childhood. 2 09-1-37 250-252 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: get faster with age. 38. When the teacher asked, "How many metres is 300 centimetres?" Carmen answered "three" without having to pause to compute the number of centimetres in a metre. Carmen's skill is an example of the cognitive ability of metacognition. mnemonics. elaboration. automaticity. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.6 Explain how children’s information-processing skills improve during middle childhood. 2 09-1-38 250 Analysis

Answer: automaticity. 39. "Knowing about knowing" is called ________ by cognitive researchers. expertise inductive logic automaticity metacognition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.6 Explain how children’s information-processing skills improve during middle childhood. 1 09-1-39 251 258 Comprehension

Answer: metacognition 40. A child who can tell you what study methods work best for different subjects or what subjects are hardest for her to learn would be displaying expertise. metacognition. deductive logic. automaticity. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.6 Explain how children’s information-processing skills improve during middle childhood. 2 09-1-40 251-252 Analysis

Answer: metacognition.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 41. Zana, age 8, knows everything there is to know about Egypt. She loves to read about the pyramids, pharaohs, burial rites, and so forth. Zana's passion about Egypt has allowed her to accumulate "expert" knowledge on the subject. All of the following statements about the effects of expertise are true EXCEPT: Age differences in strategy use or memory ability disappear when the younger child has more expertise than the older. Using advanced information-processing skills in their areas of expertise helps children's general memory and reasoning abilities. Children's capacity for creativity increases with knowledge they have about a topic. The amount of knowledge a child possesses greatly affects the efficiency of her informationprocessing system. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.6 Explain how children’s information-processing skills improve during middle childhood. 2 09-1-41 252-253 Knowledge

Answer: Using advanced information-processing skills in their areas of expertise helps children's general memory and reasoning abilities. 42. To help himself remember the names of the planets in the order of their distance from the sun, Ali uses the first letter of the name of each planet to create a nonsense word. This is an example of an information-processing strategy known as rehearsal. inductive reasoning. mnemonics. systematic searching. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.6 Explain how children’s information-processing skills improve during middle childhood. 2 09-1-42 252 259 Analysis

Answer: mnemonics. 43. To help himself remember the tools he was to take to his father, Antonio repeated the five-item list over and over, under his breath. This is an example of an information-processing strategy known as mnemonics. elaboration. organization. rehearsal. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.6 Explain how children’s information-processing skills improve during middle childhood. 2 09-1-43 252 Analysis

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 44. Information-processing psychologists now believe that an individual's information-processing skills may depend greatly on family upbringing. the quality and quantity of relevant information stored in long-term memory. gender. the age of the individual. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.6 Explain how children’s information-processing skills improve during middle childhood. 2 09-1-4 252 Knowledge

Answer: the quality and quantity of relevant information stored in long-term memory. 45. During the middle childhood years, the focus of education is problem-solving. socialization of the child as a productive citizen. developing strategies to improve processing efficiency. the ability to read and write. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.8 Describe what should be included in an effective literacy curriculum. 1 09-1-45 254 260 Knowledge

Answer: the ability to read and write. 46. When children receive instruction in how sounds correspond to letters, they are being taught the balanced approach to reading. basic phonics. logic and comprehension strategies. mnemonics. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.8 Describe what should be included in an effective literacy curriculum. 1 09-1-46 254-255 261 Knowledge

Answer: basic phonics. 47. In middle childhood, development of the ability to read well would be least influenced by strategies for writing. spatial cognition. phonological awareness. automaticity for symbol-sound connections.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.8 Describe what should be included in an effective literacy curriculum. 2 09-1-47 254 Comprehension

Answer: spatial cognition.

48. In Canada, the frequency of the use of standardized achievement tests has decreased. increased substantially for all school-aged children. decreased in favour of increased use of projective tests. stayed the same. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.11 Explain the challenges of evaluating students across Canada’s educational systems. 3 09-1-48 256 264 Comprehension

Answer: decreased. 49. According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, a child who could distinguish the patterns of leaf growth on several different types of trees would possess a ________ type of intelligence. naturalist interpersonal linguistic spatial Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.11 Explain the challenges of evaluating students across Canada’s educational systems. 2 09-1-49 258-259 Analysis

265

Answer: naturalist 50. According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, the ability to be sensitive to the behaviour, moods, and needs of others is an example of the ________ type of intelligence. naturalist intrapersonal bodily kinesthetic interpersonal

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.11 Explain the challenges of evaluating students across Canada’s educational systems. 2 09-1-50 258-259 Analysis

Answer: interpersonal 51. Which of the following is a component of Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence? componential intelligence experimental intelligence related intelligence perceptual intelligence Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.11 Explain the challenges of evaluating students across Canada’s educational systems. 1 09-1-51 259 266 Knowledge

Answer: componential intelligence 52. Robert Sternberg would say that a child who knows the best soil and weather conditions for planting a vegetable crop would have ________ intelligence. experiential perceptual componential contextual Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.11 Explain the challenges of evaluating students across Canada’s educational systems. 2 09-1-52 259 Analysis

Answer: contextual 53. When Jim and his friends want to build a treehouse, it is Jim who figures out the strategies for getting the building materials up into the tree. Robert Sternberg would say that Jim is demonstrating ________ intelligence. contextual componential experiential perceptual Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: componential 54. Daniel Goleman's theory of emotional intelligence relates all of the following components to the achievement of intellectual potential EXCEPT the capacity to channel one's emotions into the pursuit of worthwhile goals. the ability to express one's emotions appropriately. awareness of one's own emotions. sensitivity to the moods, emotions, and needs of others. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.11 Explain the challenges of evaluating students across Canada’s educational systems. 1 09-1-54 259 266 Knowledge

Answer: sensitivity to the moods, emotions, and needs of others. 55. Which psychologist does not belong with the others in this list? Robert Sternberg Jean Piaget Howard Gardner Daniel Golema Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.11 Explain the challenges of evaluating students across Canada’s educational systems. 1 09-1-55 258-259 Analysis

Answer: Jean Piaget 56. The cause or source of learning disabilities is LEAST likely to be genetic factors. social-cognitive factors, such as modelling of ineffective reading or learning strategies. subtle neurological problems. general problems with understanding the sounds and structure of language. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.13 Describe the issues involved with children with learning disabilities. 2 09-1-56 260-261 Analysis

Answer: social-cognitive factors, such as modelling of ineffective reading or learning strategies.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 57. In Canadian school systems, disorders such as ADHD, autism, deafness, gifted intellectual ability, blindness, and so forth are categorized as learning disabilities. pervasive developmental disorders. exceptionalities. bio-neurological disorders. Learning Objective:

9.13 Describe the issues involved with children with learning disabilities. 9.14 Describe how attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder affects a child’s development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 09-1-57 260 Knowledge

Answer: exceptionalities.

58. Sam has ADHD. His teacher includes lots of activities, role plays, games, and organizing tools to help Sam stay focused and learn the material in a way that helps him. These instructional changes to help Sam are called IEPs. program modifications. program accommodations. balanced learning strategies. Learning Objective:

9.13 Describe the issues involved with children with learning disabilities. 9.14 Describe how attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder affects a child’s development.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 09-1-58 262 Knowledge

Answer: program accommodations. 59. Ali has a learning disability. To help her be successful, Ali has reduced assignments in her English and social studies classes. This type of change to help Ali is called inclusive learning programming. program modification. program accommodation. balanced learning strategies. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.13 Describe the issues involved with children with learning disabilities. 1 09-1-59 262 Knowledge

Answer: program modification.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 60. What statement about learning disabilities (LD) is true? LD is clearly defined, understood, and supported through consistent special education policies across Canada's provinces and territories. To receive a diagnosis of LD, a child must have average or above intellectual functioning. LD is a very precise disorder with very specific symptoms and criteria that define it. Consensus among the scientific community has determined that LD is a non-genetic disorder. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.13 Describe the issues involved with children with learning disabilities. 2 09-1-60 260-263 Knowledge

Answer: To receive a diagnosis of LD, a child must have average or above intellectual functioning. 61. A global team of researchers has been the first to discover a set of common genetic factors that account for roughly _______% of the risk for ADHD. 45 22 16 5 Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.14 Describe how attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder affects a child’s development. 1 08-1-61 Knowledge

Answer: 22 62.

Non-inherited risk factors associated with ADHD can include ________ injury/injuries or exposure to environmental _________ that can alter the structure of the developing brain. physical; medicines eye; pollens ear; sounds brain; toxins

Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.14 Describe how attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder affects a child’s development. 1 08-1-62 Knowledge

Answer: brain; toxins

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 63. It is now considered that there are three types of ADHD: (1) the __________ type, in which a high activity level is the main problem; (2) the _________type, in which an inability to sustain attention is the major difficulty; and (3) the combined type which presents symptoms from both. attentive; impulsive hyperactive-impulsive; inattentive inattentive; hyperactive toxic; hyperactive-impulsive Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.14 Describe how attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder affects a child’s development. 1 08-1-63 Knowledge

Answer: hyperactive-impulsive; inattentive 64. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder has been differentiated into two types on the basis of children's self-regulation and social skills. school performance and self-regulation skills. social skills and activity level. activity level and ability to sustain attention. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.14 Describe how attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder affects a child’s development. 2 09-1-64 263-265 272 Knowledge

Answer: activity level and ability to sustain attention. 65. Researchers in Ontario have been investigating the association between sleep problems and ADHD. Which is NOT a finding of their study when comparing children who have ADHD to children who do not have ADHD? Children who have ADHD have more difficulty in falling asleep. Children who have ADHD have difficulty in staying asleep. Children who have ADHDdisplay less movements in their sleep. Children who have ADHD display instability in sleep duration. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.14 Describe how attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder affects a child’s development. 2 09-1-65 264 Knowledge

Answer: Children who have ADHD display less movements in their sleep.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 66. When treating a child with ADHD, it can be said that medication can help with all of the following concerns to some degree EXCEPT to reduce the child's activity level. to help control the child's impulses. to improve the child's grades in school. to improve the child's social behaviour. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.14 Describe how attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder affects a child’s development. 1 09-1-66 264-265 Knowledge

Answer: to improve the child's grades in school. 67. Which of the following is NOT a problem or difficulty that children who have ADHD are likely to experience? disruptive behaviour that causes rejection by peers ineffective parenting poor grades on messy schoolwork severe weight loss Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.14 Describe how attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder affects a child’s development. 2 09-1-67 263-265 273 Knowledge

Answer: severe weight loss 68. What percentage of elementary school children served by the Toronto District School Board have a language other than English as their first language? 26% 65% 41% 53% Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.9 Identify the issues related to children who are second-language learners. 2 09-1-68 256 263 Knowledge

Answer: 41% 69. An education program that is set up to teach English to children part of the day and also teach some academic subjects only in English is called a(n) bilingual education program. submersion language program. inclusive education program. English as a second language program.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.9 Identify the issues related to children who are second-language learners. 1 09-1-69 256 263 Knowledge

Answer: English as a second language program. 70. Limited English proficient (LEP) students do not have a greater rate of school failure as long as parents also receive instruction in English. their school attendance is regular. schools provide some transition to English-only instruction. they enter English school at an early age. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.9 Identify the issues related to children who are second-language learners. 1 09-1-70 255-256 263 Knowledge

Answer: schools provide some transition to English-only instruction. 71. Researchers have found that early French immersion education has what effect on students' academic achievements? Their spoken language skills improve but their written language skills suffer. Their English language skills suffer. Their language and thinking skills improve. As teens, they speak French better than English. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.10 Summarize the benefits of bilingual education. 2 09-1-71 256-257 Knowledge

Answer: Their language and thinking skills improve. 72. Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the impacts or benefits of learning another language? It instills an appreciation for another culture. It encourages children to be more open minded. It delays the onset of dementia. It enhances verbal language skills in both languages but does not increase written language skills. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.10 Summarize the benefits of bilingual education. 1 09-1-72 256-257 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: It enhances verbal language skills in both languages but does not increase written language skills. 73. Which statement is true regarding heritage languages in Canada? Passing on language and culture (heritage) is the responsibility of the individual or family. Indigenous people have a well-defined system for preserving their cultural heritage and languages. Governments must preserve heritage languages through legislation and protective policies. The Canadian government's concern is English proficiency not heritage-language proficiency. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.10 Summarize the benefits of bilingual education. 1 09-1-73 257 264 move up and add Indigenous answers and questions Knowledge

Answer: Governments must preserve heritage languages through legislation and protective policies. 74. Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence proposes 8 types of intelligence. They are linguistic, logical/mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. linguistic, deductive, musical, spatial, bodily kinesthetic, emotional, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. linguistic, inductive, musical, spatial, bodily kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. inflective, logical, musical, spatial, bodily kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.11 Explain the challenges of evaluating students across Canada’s educational systems. 2 09-1-74 259 265 Comprehension

Answer: linguistic, logical/mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. 75. A learning style that is defined as a tendency to ignore the details of a task in order to focus on the “big picture” is referred to as a(n) analytical style. relational style. comparison style. biological style. Learning Objectives:

9.12 Summarize what kinds of group differences in achievement educational researchers have found.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 08-1-75 Knowledge

Answer: relational style.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

76. There is emerging evidence of similarity in the __________ connectomes of a parent and child who share day-to-day emotional experiences. In fact, being neurally “in-tune” with their parent’s connectome is associated with ____________ benefits for the child and may be thought of as a measure of social bonding. basic; physical social; social environmental; only a few functional; emotional Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.2 Describe the ways the brain changes during these years. 1 08-1-76 Knowledge

Answer: functional; emotional 77. Inherent in federal, provincial, and territorial legislation and policy is the recognition that heritage languages are fundamental to the preservation of the multicultural nature of our country. There is a particular need to preserve the languages of Canadian ____________ peoples, since their culture is based on oral tradition and is expressed most fully through their primary heritage language. Asian Indigenous Scottish Greek Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.10 Summarize the benefits of bilingual education. 1 08-1-77 Knowledge

Answer: Indigenous 78. There are now _______ as many Indigenous children as Elders who can speak an Indigenous language. three times six times twice fourteen times Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.10 Summarize the benefits of bilingual education. 1 08-1-78 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: twice 79. In Canada, for instance, IQ tests have not been standardized on ___________ children, and so many of those children score below average on verbal tests of IQ and average or above on nonverbal tests. Asian Iranian European Indigenous Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.11 Explain the challenges of evaluating students across Canada’s educational systems. 1 08-1-79 Knowledge

Answer: Indigenous 80. Some ADHD symptoms may reflect unique learning styles and behavioural patterns that are particularly more common in ___________, and in ______________ children worldwide, rather than being part of a true disorder. girls; Indigenous boys; Indigenous teenagers; European infants; French-speaking Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.14 Describe how attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder affects a child’s development. 1 08-1-80 Knowledge

Answer: boys; Indigenous 81. Children with ADHD display instability in sleep ____________, sleep duration, and true sleep (the number of minutes of sleep time excluding all periods of wakefulness, which can be measured by electroencephalograph [EEG] activity), and therefore it may be imperative to determine the impact that a ____________ sleep has on daytime behaviour. hours; restful minutes; restless onset; disturbed content; dreamless Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.14 Describe how attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder affects a child’s development. 1 08-1-81 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: onset; disturbed

Chapter 9 True-False Questions 1. During middle childhood, girls have better fine motor coordination than boys because girls' muscles mature more rapidly than boys' muscles. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.1 Identify what kinds of physical changes occur during middle childhood. 1 09-2-01 241 Analysis

Answer: b. False 2. Boys tend to achieve fine motor coordination more rapidly than girls do. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.1 Identify what kinds of physical changes occur during middle childhood. 1 09-2-02 241 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 3. Improvements in logic and planning during middle childhood occur as a result of growth of the frontal lobes of the brain. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.2 Describe the ways the brain changes during these years. 1 09-2-03 241 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 4. Two major growth spurts take place during middle childhood. The first takes place between the ages of 6 and 8, and the second growth spurt takes place between the ages of 10 and 12. a True b False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.1 Identify what kinds of physical changes occur during middle childhood. 1 09-2-04 248 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 5. By age 7, studies demonstrate that children grasp conservation of mass or substance. a b

True False

Learning Objective:

9.4 Describe what cognitive advantages children gain as they move through Piaget’s concrete operational stage.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 09-2-05 248 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 6. Parents who want to help an obese child lose weight should put the child on a weight-loss diet. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.3 Identify what the health risks are for 6- to 12-year-olds. 1 09-2-06 243 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 7. Research shows that children as young as 7 years old sometimes express dissatisfaction with their weight and physical appearance. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.3 Identify what the health risks are for 6- to 12-year-olds. 1 09-2-07 245 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 8. Inductive reasoning is a type of reasoning in which subordinate classes are included in larger, superordinate classes. a True b False Learning Objective:

9.4 Describe what cognitive advantages children gain as they move through Piaget’s concrete operational stage.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 09-2-08 248 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 9. Deductive logic involves going from the specific to the general. a b

True False

Learning Objective:

9.4 Describe what cognitive advantages children gain as they move through Piaget’s concrete operational stage.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 09-2-09 248 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 10. According to Robert Siegler, children's rules for problem-solving emerge from their specific experiences. a True b False Learning Objective:

9.5 Describe what horizontal decalage is and how Siegler explains concrete operational thinking.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 09-2-10 248-249 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 11. If a child can correctly answer the question "What is 8 times 8?" without pausing to calculate the answer, the child is demonstrating the cognitive skill of metacognition. a True b False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

9.6 Explain how children’s information-processing skills improve during middle childhood.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 09-2-11 251 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 12. A child who understands hierarchical classification but has never seen illustrations of the solar system would be able to create classifications of planets, suns, and moons in the solar system as easily as a child who is an amateur astronomer. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.6 Explain how children’s information-processing skills improve during middle childhood. 2 09-2-12 252 Analysis

Answer: b. False 13. Researchers believe that the general problem that underlies poor reading skills is difficulty with sound-letter combinations. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.7 Explain how vocabulary and other aspects of language change during middle childhood. 2 09-2-13 254-255 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 14. The ability to recall information from long-term memory without using short-term memory is called automaticity. This skill can only be acquired as a result of brain growth known as myelinization. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.6 Explain how children’s information-processing skills improve during middle childhood. 2 09-2-14 250-251 Application

Answer: b. False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 15. Automaticity is the ability to recall information from long-term memory without using short-term memory capacity. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.6 Explain how children’s information-processing skills improve during middle childhood. 1 09-2-15 250-251 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 16. In Canada, a significant aspect of IQ tests is that they have been standardized for Indigenous children. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.11 Explain the challenges of evaluating students across Canada’s educational systems. 1 09-2-16 257-258 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 17. According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, intrapersonal intelligence is the ability to understand oneself. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.11 Explain the challenges of evaluating students across Canada’s educational systems. 1 09-2-17 258 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 18. According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, intrapersonal intelligence refers to sensitivity to the behaviour, moods, and needs of others. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.11 Explain the challenges of evaluating students across Canada’s educational systems. 1 09-2-18 258 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 19. Daniel Goleman's theory of emotional intelligence is supported by the fact that children's ability to control their emotions in childhood is strongly related to measures of academic achievement in high school. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.11 Explain the challenges of evaluating students across Canada’s educational systems. 3 09-2-19 259 Analysis

Answer: a. True 20. Research has shown that the submersion style of education is the most effective approach to help LEP students to quickly become proficient in English. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.9 Identify the issues related to children who are second-language learners. 1 09-2-20 255 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 21. Bilingual education has many educational, social, and cognitive benefits, including dementia prevention. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.9 Identify the issues related to children who are second-language learners. 1 09-2-21 256-257 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 22. Writing tests in their home language is a legitimate educational support for LEP students in their transition to English-only instruction. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.9 Identify the issues related to children who are second-language learners. 1 09-2-22 255 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True 23. Many Indigenous languages are now extinct or lost due to the lack of heritage-language legislation and policies in Canada. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.10 Summarize the benefits of bilingual education. 2 09-2-23 257 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 24. Twenty-five percent of the Canadian population experience learning problems related to early childhood learning disabilities. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.13 Describe the issues involved with children with learning disabilities. 2 09-2-24 261 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 25. The term "dyslexia" is often used incorrectly to refer to a learning disability related solely to reading. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.13 Describe the issues involved with children with learning disabilities. 1 09-2-25 261 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 26. In the diagnosis of LD, intellectual functioning is not considered, but assessing acquisition, organization, retention, understanding, and use of verbal or nonverbal information skills are assessed. a True b False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.13 Describe the issues involved with children with learning disabilities. 2 09-2-26 261-263 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 27. All children with ADHD have significant difficulties paying attention to tasks. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.13 Describe the issues involved with children with learning disabilities. 1 09-2-27 263 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 28. Sleep-deprived children display many characteristics similar to those who have ADHD (such as, hyperactivity, lack of coordination, and learning difficulty), and they are often misdiagnosed as having ADHD. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.13 Describe the issues involved with children with learning disabilities. 1 09-2-28 263-264 272 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 29. Psychologists are fairly sure that diet, environmental toxins, and brain damage are causal in ADHD. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.13 Describe the issues involved with children with learning disabilities. 2 09-2-29 263 Knowledge

Answer: b. False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 30. Recent studies in Canada have shown that girls outperform boys in reading, writing, and math. a b

True False

Learning Objective:

9.12 Summarize what kinds of group differences in achievement educational researchers have found.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 09-2-30 259 Comprehension

Answer: a. True

Chapter 9 Short Answer Questions 1. How is obesity a health concern in middle childhood? What are the causes of obesity during middle childhood? What can parents do if they have a child who is obese? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.3 Identify what the health risks are for 6- to 12-year-olds. 2 09-3-01 243–245 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 2. What experiments could you design to assess whether a 7-year-old child understands reversibility and class inclusion? Learning Objective:

9.4 Describe what cognitive advantages children gain as they move through Piaget’s concrete operational stage.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3 09-3-02 248 Application

Answer: Answers will vary 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using IQ tests with students during middle childhood?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.11 Explain the challenges of evaluating students across Canada’s educational systems. 2 09-3-03 257-259 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 4. Briefly summarize and critique Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.11 Explain the challenges of evaluating students across Canada’s educational systems. 3 09-3-04 258 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 5. Identify the psychologist who developed the emotional intelligence theory and briefly describe this theory. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.11 Explain the challenges of evaluating students across Canada’s educational systems. 2 09-3-05 258-259 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 6. Discuss what is meant by the term "learning disability." What causes a learning disability? How is a learning disability dealt with in the educational environment? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.13 Describe the issues involved with children with learning disabilities. 2 09-3-06 260-261 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 7. How do the defining characteristics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder influence a child's educational experiences and social experiences?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.13 Describe the issues involved with children with learning disabilities. 3 09-3-07 263–265 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 8. Briefly identify the relevant issues that are associated with educating children whose first language is not English. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.9 Identify the issues related to children who are second-language learners. 1 09-3-08 255–256 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 9. What is an individual education plan (IEP) and what role does it play in program accommodations for certain students? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.13 Describe the issues involved with children with learning disabilities. 2 09-3-09 262 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 10. Briefly summarize bilingual education practices. What are the different models and recommended best practices? What are the benefits of bilingual education? What is the Canadian position on bilingual education? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.10 Summarize the benefits of bilingual education. 3 09-3-10 256–257 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 11. Describe the primary changes that take place in the brain and central nervous system in middle childhood.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.2 Describe the ways the brain changes during these years. 1 09-3-11 241-243 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 12. Describe the effects of video games on child development in middle childhood. What are the pros and cons? What recommendations would you make to parents about video game use? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.3 Identify what the health risks are for 6- to 12-year-olds. 3 09-3-12 245-246 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 13. What is the critics position on using standardized achievement tests? What do they recommend instead? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.11 Explain the challenges of evaluating students across Canada’s educational systems. 2 09-3-13 257 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary

Chapter 9 Essay Questions 1. Discuss childhood obesity. Identify measures, trends, the broad range of factors that contribute, implications, and strategies to address change. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.3 Identify what the health risks are for 6- to 12-year-olds. 3 09-4-01 244–246 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 2. Describe children's cognitive development during middle childhood by explaining advances in their information-processing skills. What can parents and educators do to foster improvements in children's information-processing skills? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.6 Explain how children’s information-processing skills improve during middle childhood. 3 09-4-02 250-253 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 3. How do theories of intelligence by Howard Gardner, Robert Sternberg, or Daniel Goleman challenge traditional ideas about measuring children's intelligence? Of the theories of intelligence discussed in your text, which do you favour and why? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.11 Explain the challenges of evaluating students across Canada’s educational systems. 2 09-4-03 258-259 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 4. How do conditions such as a learning disability or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affect a child's ability to learn and to perform in school? What is the latest information and research about ADHD in boys and in Indigenous children worldwide, and how might teachers help children in school by using this updated information? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.13 Describe the issues involved with children with learning disabilities. 2 09-4-04 261-265 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 5. What are the benefits of pursuing bilingual education? How does this promote an appreciation for diversity? Why is there is a particular need to preserve the languages of Canadian Indigenous peoples? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

9.10 Summarize the benefits of bilingual education. 3 09-4-05 256–257 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

CHAPTER 10: SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD

Chapter 10 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. According to Freud's view, what is the developmental task of children in middle childhood? to expand their sexual-role identities to develop friendships and social skills to develop a sense of competence by achieving culturally defined learning goals to re-negotiate relationships and attachment bonds with parents Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.1 Describe how psychoanalytic theorists characterized the middle childhood years. 1 10-1-01 268-269 Knowledge

Answer: to develop friendships and social skills 2. Avery is a 12-year-old female. She spends most of her social time hanging out with girls her own age. Freud would say Avery is at which stage of her psychosexual development? oral anal latency phallic Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.1 Describe how psychoanalytic theorists characterized the middle childhood years. 1 10-1-02 269 Comprehension

Answer: latency 3. According to Erikson, the psychosocial crisis of children in middle childhood is latency versus sexual development. basic trust versus mistrust. industry versus inferiority. autonomy versus shame and doubt. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.1 Describe how psychoanalytic theorists characterized the middle childhood years. 1 10-1-03 269 277 Knowledge

Answer: industry versus inferiority.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 4. According to Erikson, children resolve the psychosocial task of middle childhood in the forum of school and achieving culturally defined learning goals. relationships with parents and siblings. friendships with others. the neighbourhood or community. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.1 Describe how psychoanalytic theorists characterized the middle childhood years. 2 10-1-04 269 277 Application

Answer: school and achieving culturally defined learning goals. 5. Considering the Big Five personality traits, a child who is extroverted has which of the following qualities? is affectionate and forgiving. is artistic and curious. is efficient and organized. is active and assertive. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.2 Summarize the main ideas of trait and social-cognitive theorists. 1 10-1-05 269–270 278 Knowledge

Answer: is active and assertive. 6. Ten-year-old Amandeep is described by her family and friends as affectionate, trusting, kind, and sympathetic. Amandeep most likely demonstrates the personality trait known as openness. extraversion. agreeableness. conscientiousness. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.2 Summarize the main ideas of trait and social-cognitive theorists. 1 10-1-06 269-270 Knowledge

Answer: agreeableness. 7. Eleven-year-old Robert is described by his family and friends as anxious, tense, and self-pitying. Robert likely demonstrates the personality trait known as neuroticism. extraversion. introversion. conscientiousness.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.2 Summarize the main ideas of trait and social-cognitive theorists. 2 10-1-07 269-270 Comprehension

Answer: neuroticism. 8. A 12-year-old's self-concept is more likely to ______compared to that of a 6-year-old child's. be simple focus on surface characteristics include psychological factors be concrete Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.3 Identify the features of the psychological self. 2 10-1-08 271 279 Analysis

Answer: include psychological factors 9. Albert Bandura included these three factors in his reciprocal model of interactive components that shape development. environmental, behavioural, and personal genetic, environmental, and behavioural social, behavioural, and genetic personal , social, and environmental Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.2 Summarize the main ideas of trait and social-cognitive theorists. 1 10-1-09 270-271 Knowledge

Answer: environmental, behavioural, and personal 10. A 6-year-old's description of another person, in comparison to a 10-year-old's description, would include primarily internal, abstract characteristics. be more truthful. be focused on external, concrete features. be less kind. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: be focused on external, concrete features. 11. The child who says, "My friend is very smart and he is more helpful than I am" is most likely _______ than the child who describes his best friend by saying, "My friend has a fast bike." smarter more observant more socially adaptive older Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.3 Identify the features of the psychological self. 2 10-1-11 271 Analysis

Answer: older 12. Which of the following children's statements illustrates the use of a psychological construct in describing an individual? "She lives in a really nice house." "She won't help anyone, and she is very selfish." "Her bike is newer than anyone's." "He has brown hair." Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.5 Describe how children’s understanding of others changes in middle childhood. 1 10-1-12 295–296 Analysis

Answer: "She won't help anyone, and she is very selfish." 13. Social-learning theorist Albert Bandura would say that children learn moral behaviour from internalizing moral standards. discipline. observing others. appropriately administered reinforcements and punishments. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.2 Summarize the main ideas of trait and social-cognitive theorists. 1 10-1-13 270-271 Comprehension

Answer: observing others.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 14. Children's global self-evaluation, which includes factors such as how well they like themselves or how happy they are, is termed intrapersonal perception. self-esteem. self-construct. introspective assessment. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.4 Describe the role that self-esteem and meaningfulness have on the valued self. 1 10-1-14 272 281 Knowledge

Answer: self-esteem. 15. A global evaluation of one's own worth is known as self-perception. self-esteem. self-concept. self-evaluation. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.4 Describe the role that self-esteem and meaningfulness have on the valued self. 1 10-1-15 272-273 281 Comprehension

Answer: self-esteem. 16. Differences in self-esteem are derived from one's experience with success or failure. the value attached to some skill/quality by peers or family. the labels and judgments that come from others. all of the above. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.4 Describe the role that self-esteem and meaningfulness have on the valued self. 1 10-1-16 272-273 281 Comprehension

Answer: all of the above.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 17. Researchers have determined that there are several key influences upon a child's self-esteem. Two important influences are the overall sense of support the child feels she receives from important people and the feedback she receives from teachers. her socioeconomic status. her appearance relative to her peers. the degree of discrepancy she perceives between what she wishes to achieve and what she actually has achieved. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.4 Describe the role that self-esteem and meaningfulness have on the valued self. 2 10-1-17 273 Comprehension

Answer: the degree of discrepancy she perceives between what she wishes to achieve and what she actually has achieved. 18. Self-esteem is influenced by the discrepancy between who a child feels she ought to be and who she thinks she is. sum total of the assessments the child makes about her skills. addition of all of the positive assessments minus the negative ones. relationship between the child's physical abilities and the cultural expectations of her. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.4 Describe the role that self-esteem and meaningfulness have on the valued self. 1 10-1-18 273 Comprehension

Answer: discrepancy between who a child feels she ought to be and who she thinks she is. 19. Which of the following factors is least likely to influence a child's self-esteem? knowing about other children's feelings of self-esteem the labels and judgments of others regarding the child's attributes and abilities whether peers and parents value or feel positively about specific skills, attributes, or characteristics the child's own direct experiences with successes or failures in various aspects of her life Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.4 Describe the role that self-esteem and meaningfulness have on the valued self. 3 10-1-19 273 Analysis

Answer: knowing about other children's feelings of self-esteem.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 20. Bobby is a 10-year-old who is uncoordinated and awkward, and as a consequence, he has little athletic ability. How will this circumstance influence Bobby's self-esteem? As long as his friends tell Bobby that they don't mind if he is clumsy, his self-esteem will be unaffected. If Bobby does not value athletic skill, his lack of talent will have less impact on his self-esteem than if he highly values athleticism. The absence of athletic skill will affect his self-esteem only if his parents value athleticism. The absence of athletic ability will cause Bobby to have low self-esteem. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.4 Describe the role that self-esteem and meaningfulness have on the valued self. 3 10-1-20 273 Analysis

Answer: If Bobby does not value athletic skill, his lack of talent will have less impact on his self-esteem than if he highly values athleticism. 21. New research suggests that by the time children reach age 5, children already possess global self-evaluation. intuition of emotions. personal comparison traits. self-care. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.4 Describe the role that self-esteem and meaningfulness have on the valued self. 1 10-1-21 272 281 Knowledge

Answer: global self-evaluation. 22. The degree to which this child's social self-assessment affects his/her self-esteem is influenced by how much she values social concepts. interactions. community. skills and popularity. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.4 Describe the role that self-esteem and meaningfulness have on the valued self. 1 10-1-22 273 Comprehension

Answer: skills and popularity.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 23. A(n) ______school setting is a setting where teachers and children learn together, share in decision-making, and demonstrate respect and trust for one another. instructional community inclusive relational Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.4 Describe the role that self-esteem and meaningfulness have on the valued self. 1 10-1-23 275 283 Analysis

Answer: relational 24. Spiritual education that preadolescents are exposed to commonly focuses on truisms and facts. judgments and moral behaviour. intuition and emotions. guilt and punishment. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.4 Describe the role that self-esteem and meaningfulness have on the valued self. 1 10-1-24 274 Knowledge

Answer: truisms and facts. 25. All of the following are educational strategies that may promote the development of spirituality in preadolescent children EXCEPT visualization. art therapy. hypnosis. meditation. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.4 Describe the role that self-esteem and meaningfulness have on the valued self. 1 10-1-25 275 Knowledge

Answer: hypnosis. 26. Kristin describes her friend as kind, loyal, and the smartest student in their class. Based on this description, what age group does Kristin likely belong to? preschool early childhood preadolescent adolescent

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.4 Describe the role that self-esteem and meaningfulness have on the valued self. 1 10-1-26 274-275 Analysis

Answer: preadolescent 27. A 6-year-old describing someone as tall, and with brown hair and a red shirt is an example of the typical 6-year-old's focus on inner qualities or traits. dimension (size, colour, etc.) traits. external traits. personal comparison traits. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.5 Describe how children’s understanding of others changes in middle childhood. 1 10-1-27 271 Analysis

Answer: external traits. 28. Any statement that involves an aspect of some internal personality characteristic or trait is called a trait dimension. psychological construct. behavioural comparator. personality type. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.5 Describe how children’s understanding of others changes in middle childhood. 1 10-1-28 276-277 Knowledge

Answer: psychological construct. 29. According to Piaget's ideas about children's moral development, a child who insists that the rules of a game cannot be changed because they come from authorities such as parents or religious figures is demonstrating moral development at the ________ stage. moral realism moral relativism ego ideal post-conventional

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

10.6 Describe how children in Piaget’s moral realism and moral relativism stages reason about right and wrong.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 10-1-29 Comprehension

Answer: moral realism 30. According to Piaget's ideas about children's moral development, a child who knows that the players of a game can change the rules as long as all the children agree to play by the new rules is demonstrating moral development at the ________ stage. pre-conventional moral realism moral relativism ego ideal Learning Objective:

10.6 Describe how children in Piaget’s moral realism and moral relativism stages reason about right and wrong.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 10-1-30 277 Comprehension

Answer: moral relativism 31. The stage of moral development when children figure out that you cannot get punished unless you get caught is moral realism. moral relativism. moral indignity. moral reality. Learning Objective:

10.6 Describe how children in Piaget’s moral realism and moral relativism stages reason about right and wrong.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 10-1-31 277 Comprehension

Answer: moral relativism. 32. As children successively learn and grow through the school age years, they become more independent. less stable. more dependent. less family oriented.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

10.7 Describe how self-regulation affects school-aged children’s relationships with their parents.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 10-1-32 278 Knowledge

Answer: more independent. 33. As relationships mature, 6- to 12-year-olds continue to need attachment to parents. ignore siblings. tease friends. berate others. Learning Objective:

10.7 Describe how self-regulation affects school-aged children’s relationships with their parents.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 10-1-33 278 Knowledge

Answer: continue to need attachment to parents. 34. Which of the following is NOT something parents can do to help their 6- to 12-year-old move toward more mature levels? say please and thank you play age appropriate games give meaningful chores punish him or her for being bad Learning Objective:

10.7 Describe how self-regulation affects school-aged children’s relationships with their parents.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 10-1-34 277-278 Knowledge

Answer: punish him or her for being bad 35. Of the following statements, which is an accurate description of the nature of a child's relationship with her parents during middle childhood? School-aged children no longer need parents as a safe base for support. In non-Western societies, the middle childhood years are when children are launched into independence. The quality of a child's attachment relationship with parents is related to the child's ability to maintain friendships with peers. Parental supervision increases due to concerns about peer influences.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

10.7 Describe how self-regulation affects school-aged children’s relationships with their parents.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 10-1-35 278 Comprehension

Answer: The quality of a child's attachment relationship with parents is related to the child's ability to maintain friendships with peers. 36. Research supports the concept that children who are older than 8 years of age, compared to children who are younger, know that ________ are important when making moral judgments about the behaviour of others. the amount of damages caused the reactions of parents intentions consequences Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.5 Describe how children’s understanding of others changes in middle childhood. 2 10-1-36 277 285 Comprehension

Answer: intentions 37. Which of the following is not a parenting variable that is related to children's development of the capacity for self-regulation? the degree of self-regulation expected by the parents authoritative parenting the parents' own ability to self-regulate the parents' ages Learning Objective:

10.7 Describe how self-regulation affects school-aged children’s relationships with their parents.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 10-1-37 279 Comprehension

Answer: the parents' ages 38. A child's ability to conform to parental standards of behaviour without direct supervision is moral reality. rival reality. self-regulation. inner turmoil.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

10.7 Describe how self-regulation affects school-aged children’s relationships with their parents.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 10-1-38 279 286 Knowledge

Answer: self-regulation. 39. Recent research has indicated that mothers of socially withdrawn children are ________, while mothers of aggressive children are ________. authoritative; authoritarian overprotective; cold overcontrolling; undercontrolling undercontrolling; overcontrolling Learning Objective:

10.7 Describe how self-regulation affects school-aged children’s relationships with their parents.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 10-1-39 279 287 Comprehension

Answer: overcontrolling; undercontrolling 40. The biggest shift in relationships during middle childhood is to gender-integrated friendships. the weakening of the attachment to parents. from extensive to intensive social relationships. the increasing centrality of the peer group. Learning Objective:

10.7 Describe how self-regulation affects school-aged children’s relationships with their parents.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 10-1-40 281 Comprehension

Answer: the increasing centrality of the peer group. 41. If you ask a child, "Why is Tom your friend?" the child who responds, "Because he lets me play with his truck," most likely is a preschooler. uses psychological constructs to describe his friends. is in the late years of middle childhood. is at the reciprocal trust stage of friendship.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.5 Describe how children’s understanding of others changes in middle childhood. 2 10-1-41 280 Analysis

Answer: is a preschooler. 42. During the later years of middle childhood, the key element of children's friendships becomes complementary abilities. similar social and cultural backgrounds. having a good time together. reciprocal trust. Learning Objective:

10.8 Summarize what changes occur in children’s understanding of friendships during this period.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 10-1-42 280 287 Knowledge

Answer: reciprocal trust. 43. Which of the following is characteristic of peer group interactions during the elementary school years? having a variety of friends that includes both boys and girls a lack of shared interests and activities the development of social skills useful for interactions with both girls and boys gender segregation Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.9 Summarize the ways boys and girls interact during the middle childhood years. 2 10-1-43 281 287 Comprehension

Answer: gender segregation 44. In a typical "boundary violation" between children's play groups in middle childhood, best-friend pairs terminate their friendship bonds and re-form into new groups of friends. a child will be accepted into a play and friendship group of children of the other gender for an extended period of time. a girl will exit her friendship group as a result of a quarrel or hurt feelings. a brief interaction, such as a "chasing game," will cause one gender-segregated group to breach the barrier of the other gender-segregated group.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.9 Summarize the ways boys and girls interact during the middle childhood years. 2 10-1-44 281 288 Comprehension

Answer: a brief interaction, such as a "chasing game," will cause one gender-segregated group to breach the barrier of the other gender-segregated group. 45. Choose the correct description of female–male differences in middle childhood friendships. Boys spend more time playing indoors or near home or school. Girls are more likely to play in pairs or in small, fairly exclusive groups. Boys' friendship groups are smaller than girls' friendship groups. Girls' friendship groups are more accepting of newcomers than are boys' friendship groups. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.9 Summarize the ways boys and girls interact during the middle childhood years. 2 10-1-45 281 288 Comprehension

Answer: Girls are more likely to play in pairs or in small, fairly exclusive groups. 46. Compared to popular or rejected children, neglected children are more likely to be disruptive. depressed and lonely. more intelligent. aggressive. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.11 Describe how popular, rejected, and neglected children differ. 1 10-1-46 285-286 292 Knowledge

Answer: depressed and lonely. 47. Of the following, which is NOT an example of controlling speech used among middle childhood boys? "Try to stop me." "I can help." "Shut up!" "You can't do it." Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: "I can help." 48. Which of the following is the best example of relational aggression? Ling yelled at her older sister, "Get up! I'm supposed to sit next to Daddy!" Jonathan reached across the aisle and gave Iman's pigtail a hard tug. Gloria announced to her friends, "We're not going to be friends with Sharma any more. She's fat!" Ati lobbed a rotten apple at the boys in the treehouse, and they immediately began to chase her down the street. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.10 Identify what types of aggression are most common among school-aged children. 2 10-1-48 283 289 Analysis

Answer: Gloria announced to her friends, "We're not going to be friends with Sharma any more. She's fat!" 49. Psychologists use the term ________ to describe children who are disliked and avoided by their peers. "neglected" "rejected" "repudiated" "expelled" Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.11 Describe how popular, rejected, and neglected children differ. 1 10-1-49 285-286 292 Knowledge

Answer: "rejected" 50. The most important element in a child's acceptance by her peers is her socioeconomic status. her physical appearance. her social behaviour. her intelligence. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.11 Describe how popular, rejected, and neglected children differ. 2 10-1-50 285 Comprehension

Answer: her social behaviour.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 51. Self-care has the most negative effects for children in neighbourhoods with low crime rates. affluent areas. after-school programs. neighbourhoods with high crime rates. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.12 Describe how self-care affects girls’ and boys’ development. 1 10-1-51 287 295 Knowledge

Answer: neighbourhoods with high crime rates. 52. Psychologists have begun to believe that girls may not be less aggressive than boys, but rather that girls may express themselves by using the form of aggression known as relational aggression. verbal hostility. covert hostility. parallel aggression. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.10 Identify what types of aggression are most common among school-aged children. 1 10-1-52 282 289 Comprehension

Answer: relational aggression. 53. A child who rolls her eyes in disgust when another child speaks or gossips to hurt another person's reputation is using relational aggression. inductive persuasion. person imperception. instrumental aggression. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.10 Identify what types of aggression are most common among school-aged children. 1 10-1-53 283 289 Comprehension

Answer: relational aggression. 54. The pattern of aggression that is aimed at damaging another's self-esteem and ostracizing through cruel gossiping is known as relational aggression. retaliatory aggression. rejected aggression. neglected aggression.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.10 Identify what types of aggression are most common among school-aged children. 1 10-1-54 283 Comprehension

Answer: relational aggression. 55. A child who does something to get back at or pay back someone who had hurt him would be using hostile aggression. relational aggression. instrumental aggression. retaliatory aggression. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.10 Identify what types of aggression are most common among school-aged children. 1 10-1-55 283 289 Knowledge

Answer: retaliatory aggression. 56. Of the following forms of aggression, which is most likely to be approved of and viewed as a sign of social competence by children over 8 years old? verbal aggression retaliatory aggression physical aggression relational aggression Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.10 Identify what types of aggression are most common among school-aged children. 2 10-1-56 283 Comprehension

Answer: retaliatory aggression 57. Of the following forms of aggression, which increases across the middle childhood years? verbal aggression relational aggression retaliatory aggression all of the above Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.10 Identify what types of aggression are most common among school-aged children. 1 10-1-57 282–283 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: all of the above 58. An individual child's classification as being popular, rejected, or neglected refers to social status. socioeconomic status. global status. schoolyard status. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.11 Describe how popular, rejected, and neglected children differ. 1 10-1-58 284-285 292 Comprehension

Answer: social status. 59. Boys' friendship groups tend to be larger. tend to roam around the neighbourhood. focus on competition and dominance. are all of the above. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.9 Summarize the ways boys and girls interact during the middle childhood years. 1 10-1-59 285 Comprehension

Answer: are all of the above. 60. Of the following, which is NOT an accurate description of the patterns of aggression observable among children in middle childhood? At every age, boys show more physical aggression and assertiveness than girls do. Girls are more likely than boys to use relational aggression toward their peers. Physical aggression becomes more common among children in middle childhood. School-age boys often express their approval for the aggressive behaviour of peers. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.10 Identify what types of aggression are most common among school-aged children. 2 10-1-60 285 291 Comprehension

Answer: Physical aggression becomes more common among children in middle childhood.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 61. Which one of the following does research indicate is NOT true? Aggressive boys tend to have other aggressive boys as friends. Retaliatory aggression is seen as the most acceptable by children in middle childhood. Children have more positive attitudes towards aggressive peers who also display prosocial behaviour. Aggressive girls are accepted by their peers if they are also good at sports. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.10 Identify what types of aggression are most common among school-aged children. 1 10-1-61 282–283 291 Comprehension

Answer: Aggressive girls are accepted by their peers if they are also good at sports. 62. Which of the following children would be most likely to be rejected or neglected by peers in middle childhood? Abraham, who is very shy. Juan, who loves to write and perform various types of music. Elizabeth, who is very smart and every teacher's favourite student. Shah Rukh, who is taller than his peers and very handsome. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.11 Describe how popular, rejected, and neglected children differ. 3 10-1-62 282–283 292 Analysis

Answer: Abraham, who is very shy. 63. Children who are at home by themselves after school for an hour or more each day are referred to as self-taught children. after school children. self-care children. self-regulated children. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.12 Describe how self-care affects girls’ and boys’ development. 1 10-1-63 287 294 Comprehension

Answer: self-care children. 64. Children who are at homes by themselves after school an hour or more each day tend to be poorly adjusted. be less socially skilled. have more behavioural problems. all of the above. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 20

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.12 Describe how self-care affects girls’ and boys’ development. 1 10-1-64 287 Comprehension

Answer: all of the above. 65. When all relevant factors are considered, what is the factor that most strongly influences how selfcare affects a child? parental monitoring. the parents' reason for leaving the child in self-care. the child's level of independence and maturity. the child's IQ. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.12 Describe how self-care affects girls’ and boys’ development. 1 10-1-65 287 Knowledge

Answer: parental monitoring. 66. The major reason that children under 9 should not be in self-care is they won't do their homework. they will have poor attachment with their parents. they can't be trusted. they can't evaluate risk or deal with emergencies. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.12 Describe how self-care affects girls’ and boys’ development. 2 10-1-66 287 294 Comprehension

Answer: they can't evaluate risk or deal with emergencies. 67. For Canadian children in Grades 6, 7, and 8, ~____% of boys and ~____% of girls watch an average of two or more hours of television per day. 19; 47 64; 29 5; 3 62; 57 Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.13 Identify the influences television has on children’s development. 1 10-1-67 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: 62; 57 68. Heavy TV viewing tends to be associated with lower academic achievement and lower prosocial behaviour. higher levels of antisocial behaviour, emotional distress, and inattention. increases in emotional desensitization regarding violence, a belief that aggression is a good way to solve problems, and a greater readiness to act aggressively. all of the above. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.13 Identify the influences television has on children’s development. 1 10-1-68 289 297 Comprehension

Answer: all of the above. 69. Television programs that are designed to be educational or to teach children moral values have not been found to have positive effects. do not influence children's ability to learn new material that is unrelated to their previous experience. may help children develop larger vocabularies or demonstrate more kind and helpful behaviour. benefit only children who do not have positive influences or models in their environment. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.13 Identify the influences television has on children’s development. 2 10-1-69 288-289 Analysis

Answer: may help children develop larger vocabularies or demonstrate more kind and helpful behaviour. 70. Among elementary and high school students, heavy television viewing is associated with increased passivity and compliance. higher vocabulary and rhetorical skills. lower IQ scores. lower scores on basic tests of reading, writing, and arithmetic. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.13 Identify the influences television has on children’s development. 1 10-1-70 289 Knowledge

Answer: lower scores on basic tests of reading, writing, and arithmetic.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 71. Repeated viewing of TV violence is correlated with a reduction of prosocial behaviour. antisocial behaviour. emotional distress. inattention. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.13 Identify the influences television has on children’s development. 1 10-1-71 289 Knowledge

Answer: prosocial behaviour. 72. A strong ___________ may be especially important for Canadian Indigenous children as they continue to grapple with their place in current day Canada physicality musicality sense of artistic ability spirituality Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.4 Describe the role that self-esteem and meaningfulness have on the valued self. 1 10-1-72 Knowledge

Answer: spirituality

Chapter 10 True-False Questions 1. According to Erikson, the psychosocial task of middle childhood is to develop industry, which is the willingness to work to achieve goals. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.1 Describe how psychoanalytic theorists characterized the middle childhood years. 1 10-2-01 268 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 2. Across middle childhood, children's descriptions of others focus less on abstract characteristics and more on specific, concrete characteristics. a True b False Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 23

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

10.2 Summarize the main ideas of trait and social-cognitive theorists. 10.5 Describe how children’s understanding of others changes in middle childhood.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 10-2-02 275 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 3. During the stage of industry versus inferiority, if children fail to read and write, they will enter adolescence with feelings of inferiority. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.1 Describe how psychoanalytic theorists characterized the middle childhood years. 1 10-2-03 269 277 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 4. Freud believed that children between age 6 and puberty were faced with the challenge of forming emotional bonds with peers. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.1 Describe how psychoanalytic theorists characterized the middle childhood years. 1 10-2-04 269 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 5. By age eight, a child will take into account the intentions of another person when the child is making a moral judgment about the other person's behaviour or actions. a True b False Learning Objective:

10.6 Describe how children in Piaget’s moral realism and moral relativism stages reason about right and wrong.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 10-2-05 277 285 Comprehension

Answer: a. True

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 6. Freud claimed that children concentrate on developing friendships and social skills during the latency stage. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.1 Describe how psychoanalytic theorists characterized the middle childhood years. 2 10-2-06 268 Analysis

Answer: a. True 7. During play, a child protests, "Those are the rules!" when confronted with others who want to change the rules. This is an example of moral relativism. a True b False Learning Objective:

10.6 Describe how children in Piaget’s moral realism and moral relativism stages reason about right and wrong.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 10-2-07 277 285 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 8. Researchers have found that parents may hold girls accountable to a higher standard of selfregulatory behaviour than they hold boys to. a True b False Learning Objective:

10.7 Describe how self-regulation affects school-aged children’s relationships with their parents.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 10-2-08 279 287 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 9. Children describe their own personalities with increasing degrees of precision across the middle childhood years. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True 10. Personality researchers at Northwestern University in Illinois found that the Big Five traits can be clustered into __________ distinct personality types. four ten two seven Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.2 Summarize the main ideas of trait and social-cognitive theorists. 1 10-1-10 Knowledge

Answer: four 11. Mothers are more likely to give greater autonomy over behaviour to boys than to girls; they are also more likely to hold girls to a higher standard of accountability than they do boys. a True b False Learning Objective:

10.7 Describe how self-regulation affects school-aged children’s relationships with their parents.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 10-2-11 279 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 12. Bandura used the term "reciprocal determinism" to refer to an individual's belief in her capacity to cause an intended event to occur. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.2 Summarize the main ideas of trait and social-cognitive theorists. 1 10-2-12 272 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 13. Shared interests and activities are a critical part of friendships in middle childhood. a b

True False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

10.8 Summarize what changes occur in children’s understanding of friendships during this period.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 10-2-13 273 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 14. During the middle childhood years, children begin to integrate other-gender interactions and activities into their relationships and typically develop a substantial number of cross-sex friendships. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.9 Summarize the ways boys and girls interact during the middle childhood years. 1 10-2-14 381 Analysis

Answer: b. False 15. Children who have been harmed by a peer but did not retaliate may be vulnerable to bullying in the future, and they may be seen as socially incompetent by other children. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.10 Identify what types of aggression are most common among school-aged children. 1 10-2-15 383 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 16. Boy are simply more aggressive than girls. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.10 Identify what types of aggression are most common among school-aged children. 1 10-2-16 282 Knowledge

Answer: b. False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 17. Relational aggression tends to increase among boys and girls during the 6-to 12-year-old period. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.10 Identify what types of aggression are most common among school-aged children. 1 10-2-17 283 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 18. Social approval helps to maintain aggressiveness and may cause interventions aimed at reducing aggressiveness to be ineffective. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.10 Identify what types of aggression are most common among school-aged children. 2 10-2-18 283-284 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 19. Aggressive/rejected children are often disruptive and uncooperative, and they realize that their peers dislike them. a True b False Learning Objective:

10.10 Identify what types of aggression are most common among school-aged children. 10.11 Describe how popular, rejected, and neglected children differ.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 10-2-19 286 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 20. Popular children tend to be attractive and physically larger than their peers, characteristics they have no control over. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.11 Describe how popular, rejected, and neglected children differ. 1 10-2-20 284 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True 21. The personality trait openness/intellect would describe a child who is imaginative, curious, and has wide interests. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.2 Summarize the main ideas of trait and social-cognitive theorists. 1 10-2-21 270 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 22. An individual's self-esteem is influenced by many factors and may be subject to a good deal of variation throughout her lifetime. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.4 Describe the role that self-esteem and meaningfulness have on the valued self. 1 10-2-22 272 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 23. Possessing a skill or talent will positively affect a child's self-esteem only if the child places a high value on that particular skill or talent. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.4 Describe the role that self-esteem and meaningfulness have on the valued self. 1 10-2-23 272 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 24. Developmentalists agree that the earliest age that a child should be left in self-care is 8. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: b. False 25. In Canada, you can legally leave your child alone at the age of 8, as long as he is not caring for a younger sibling. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.12 Describe how self-care affects girls’ and boys’ development. 1 10-2-25 387 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 26. Self-care has the most negative effects for children in low-income neighbourhoods with high crime rates. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.12 Describe how self-care affects girls’ and boys’ development. 1 10-2-26 287 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 27. Scores on achievement tests correlate negatively with the amount of time children spend watching TV. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.13 Identify the influences television has on children’s development. 3 10-2-27 288 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 28. Canadian children spend less than seven hours per day in front of a screen. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: b. False 29. Canadian children between ages 2 and 11 spend an average of 21 hours/week watching television. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.13 Identify the influences television has on children’s development. 1 10-2-29 288 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 30. Gender segregation is not common among boys and girls age 6 to 12 years old. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.9 Summarize the ways boys and girls interact during the middle childhood years. 1 10-2-30 281 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 31. Passive learning environments promote the development of spirituality in preadolescent children. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.4 Describe the role that self-esteem and meaningfulness have on the valued self. 1 10-2-31 275 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 32. No correlation has been established between the Big Five personality traits and academic success. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: b. False 33. Contemporary studies support Erikson's theory that school plays a pivotal role in the development of children's sense of competence. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.1 Describe how psychoanalytic theorists characterized the middle childhood years. 1 10-2-33 269 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 34. As a child moves through the concrete operational period, her sense of self remains tied to external features like height, weight, and eye colour. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.1 Describe how psychoanalytic theorists characterized the middle childhood years. 1 10-2-34 272 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 35. According to Bandura, peer models play a lesser role than teachers and parents in influencing selfefficacy during middle childhood. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.2 Summarize the main ideas of trait and social-cognitive theorists. 1 10-2-35 272 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 36. A key factor affecting self-esteem is the discrepancy between what the child desires and what the child thinks he has achieved. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True 37. Loving and accepting families and peer groups guarantee high self-esteem. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.4 Describe the role that self-esteem and meaningfulness have on the valued self. 1 10-2-37 273 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 38. Social competence is a strong buffer against the development of behaviour problems in childhood. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.2 Summarize the main ideas of trait and social-cognitive theorists. 1 10-2-38 270 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 39. Recent research suggests that bullying interventions need to target the behaviour of victims rather than the behaviour of bullies. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.10 Identify what types of aggression are most common among school-aged children. 1 10-2-39 284-285 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 40. Having a strong sense of spirituality may help shape children’s perceptions of, and answer questions about, the meaning of life, which can impact their mental health and well-being as well as set the stage for dealing with the aspirations and challenges they will face in adolescence. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True

Chapter 10 Short Answer Questions 1. Briefly summarize Freud's and Erickson's views on the developmental issues associated with middle childhood. How do children compensate during Erikson’s industry versus inferiority stage of development?

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.1 Describe how psychoanalytic theorists characterized the middle childhood years. 1 10-3-01 268–269 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 2. What types of shifts or changes occur in children's descriptions of others across middle childhood?

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.5 Describe how children’s understanding of others changes in middle childhood. 1 10-3-02 275–277 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 3. Briefly describe and give examples to illustrate Piaget's theory of moral development in middle childhood. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.1 Describe how psychoanalytic theorists characterized the middle childhood years. 1 10-3-03 277–278 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 4. How can parents and teachers help children develop moral reasoning?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

10.6 Describe how children in Piaget’s moral realism and moral relativism stages reason about right and wrong.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 10-3-04 277–278 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 5. Describe the gendered nature of children's friendships and social interactions in middle childhood.

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.9 Summarize the ways boys and girls interact during the middle childhood years. 2 10-3-05 279–281 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 6. Describe relational aggression and give examples to illustrate this form of interaction in middle childhood. In what circumstances is this form of aggression commonly used in middle childhood? What are some concerns over witnessing bullying and defending victims, sibling bullying, and cyberbullying? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.10 Identify what types of aggression are most common among school-aged children. 2 10-3-06 283 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 7. Identify and give an example to illustrate each of the Big Five personality traits identified by researchers. What are the four personality types linked to the Big Five traits? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.2 Summarize the main ideas of trait and social-cognitive theorists. 2 10-3-07 269–270 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 8. If a friend who is a parent of a school-aged child asked you for information and advice about the effects of television upon children's development, what would you say? What are some concerns about the modelling of gun use viewed in movies?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.13 Identify the influences television has on children’s development. 2 10-3-08 288–289 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 9. Discuss bullying and victimization in our culture. Identify the various forms of bullying and the mechanisms that sustain bullying. What strategies for intervention are recommended? What recommendations would you personally make to address the problem? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.10 Identify what types of aggression are most common among school-aged children. 3 10-3-09 284 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 10. Discuss self-esteem in middle childhood. What is it? How does it develop? What factors influence self-esteem (positive and negative)? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.4 Describe the role that self-esteem and meaningfulness have on the valued self. 3 10-3-10 272–275 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 11. Describe self-concept in middle childhood. What role do traits, cognitive advances, and selfefficacy play in the development of a self-concept? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.3 Identify the features of the psychological self. 3 10-3-11 271–272 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 12. Describe how popular, rejected, and neglected children differ.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.11 Describe how popular, rejected, and neglected children differ. 3 10-3-12 284–285 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary

Chapter 10 Essay Questions 1. How do children's perspectives of others and of themselves change during middle childhood? What distinguishes a child's description of others and of herself from the descriptions she might have made during the preschool years? Learning Objective:

10.3 Identify the features of the psychological self. 10.8 Summarize what changes occur in children’s understanding of friendships during this period.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3 10-4-01 271–272 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 2. What characteristics typify the relationships of children in middle childhood? Describe children's relationships and give examples to illustrate middle-childhood friendships, interaction styles, gendered relationships, and patterns of aggression. Learning Objective:

10.8 Summarize what changes occur in children’s understanding of friendships during this period. 10.9 Summarize the ways boys and girls interact during the middle childhood years. 10.10 Identify what types of aggression are most common among school-aged children. 10.11 Describe how popular, rejected, and neglected children differ.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 10-4-02 278–284 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 3. Discuss the impact of TV viewing on children's development. What are the benefits and what are the drawbacks? What would you recommend to parents regarding their children's TV viewing habits? Include issues around the portrayal of the use of guns in movies.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.13 Identify the influences television has on children’s development. 2 10-4-03 288–289 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 4. Compare and contrast the developmental perspectives of Freud, Erikson, trait theory, and Bandura regarding the factors that shape self-perceived competence in children in middle childhood. Learning Objective:

10.1 Describe how psychoanalytic theorists characterized the middle childhood years. 10.2 Summarize the main ideas of trait and social-cognitive theorists.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3 10-4-04 268–270 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 5. How do children in Piaget's moral realism and moral relativism stages judge the difference between what is right and what is wrong? Discuss this with respect to egocentrism. Learning Objective:

10.6 Describe how children in Piaget’s moral realism and moral relativism stages reason about right and wrong.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3 10-4-05 278–279 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 6. Discuss the role of spirituality and feelings of gratitude on children’s (including Indigenous children’s) well-being. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

10.4 Describe the role that self-esteem and meaningfulness have on the valued self. 3 10-4-06 278–279 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

CHAPTER 11: PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENCE

Chapter 11 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. During puberty, the most important endocrine gland is ________ because ________. the thyroid; it controls the overall rate of growth. the adrenal gland; it produces androgens, such as testosterone, which stimulate sexual interest. the pituitary gland; it activates the release of hormones from other glands. the hypothalamus; it regulates sexual behaviour. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 2 11-1-01 294-295 301 Comprehension

Answer: the pituitary gland; it activates the release of hormones from other glands. 2. Which hormones are responsible for the development of the sex organs? estrogen in females and testosterone in males thyroid gland hormones general growth hormones adrenal androgen hormones Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 1 11-1-02 294 Knowledge

Answer: estrogen in females and testosterone in males 3. Of the following, which is NOT an example of changes in primary sex characteristics during puberty? growth of the penis growth of a uterus growth of breasts growth of the ovaries Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 2 11-1-03 294 Analysis

Answer: growth of breasts

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 4. Which of the following is an example of changes in secondary sex characteristics during puberty? growth of the penis growth of breasts growth of the uterus growth of the testes Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 1 11-1-04 294 Analysis

Answer: growth of breasts 5. The changes in the patterns of physical growth and development that are known as the secular trend are most likely caused by cultural values that favour a thin, angular body image. increased levels of demand and stress placed upon children and adolescents. an increasingly sexualized society. improved nutrition and health status. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 1 11-1-05 295 302 Knowledge

Answer: improved nutrition and health status. 6. Which of the following is NOT considered a contributing factor to the steady drop in the average age of menarche onset in young girls in industrialized countries? lifestyle protein intake fat intake increased exercise Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 2 11-1-06 295 Knowledge

Answer: increased exercise 7. Which of the following is the earliest sign of puberty for a female? menstruation development of a mesomorphic body type changes in breasts and pubic hair growth spurt

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 2 11-1-07 295 Comprehension

Answer: changes in breasts and pubic hair. 8. In _______ of the menstrual cycles in the second and third years after menarche, the girl's body produces no ovum. ¼ ½ ¾ none Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 2 11-1-08 295 302 Knowledge

Answer: ½ 9. Menarche is the onset of primary sex characteristics. a female's first menstruation. the peak of the female growth spurt. the onset of secondary sex characteristics. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 2 11-1-09 295 Knowledge

Answer: a female's first menstruation. 10. Dawn has just turned 13 years old, and she recently experienced menarche. If Dawn becomes sexually active, will she be at risk for pregnancy? No. The irregularity of menstrual cycles after menarche means that it will be impossible to have intercourse during an ovulatory cycle. Yes. Menarche represents full sexual maturity and pregnancy is likely. Probably not. She is too young to get pregnant. Possibly. Although irregular menstrual cycles are the norm for some time, pregnancy is still possible. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: Possibly. Although irregular menstrual cycles are the norm for some time, pregnancy is still possible. 11. Which of the following statements about menarche is NOT true? Menarche typically occurs two years after the beginning of indicators such as changes in the breast and pubic hair. In industrialized countries, the average age of menarche has remained fairly stable for the last 100 years. Girls now show signs of secondary sex characteristics one or two years earlier than their mothers and grandmothers. Girls who are sexually active are more likely to have experienced early menarche. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 2 11-1-11 295 Comprehension

Answer: In industrialized countries, the average age of menarche has remained fairly stable for the last 100 years. 12. Of the following events in boys' puberty, which typically occurs earliest? growth of the genitals. growth of a beard. lowering of the voice. peak of the growth spurt. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 2 11-1-12 294 Comprehension

Answer: growth of the genitals. 13. With respect to male adolescent development, which of the following is NOT a variable for a male whose sexual development is earlier than his peers? they are more academically successful. they assume leadership roles. they perform better in sports. they are economically more successful. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 2 11-1-13 296 304 Knowledge

Answer: they perform better in sports.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 14. The cumulative psychological effect of experiencing significantly early or significantly late puberty is related to whether the individual's family members experienced similar timing of puberty. whether the individual is capable of formal operational thought. an individual's stage of moral development when the changes of puberty begin. an individual's belief about the "right time" to go through puberty. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 2 11-1-14 296-297 Comprehension

Answer: an individual's belief about the "right time" to go through puberty. 15. There is a movement toward focusing on the positive healthy aspects of menstruation, for example, through social media (e.g., #periodpositive) and as reflected in Indigenous traditional ceremonial rituals and rites that honoured menarche, such as the __________ Time (lunar menstrual cycle ceremony) Sun Moon Earth Planet Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 1 11-1-15 Knowledge

Answer: Moon 16. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about puberty? The worst effects are experienced by girls who are late in their physical development. Normal-developing girls and early-developing boys should have the best psychological experience of puberty. Pubertal changes should occur between 12 and 14. The negative psychological effects experienced by late-developing boys and early-developing girls occur because they are "off-time" in their development. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 1 11-1-16 295-297 Analysis

Answer: The worst effects are experienced by girls who are late in their physical development.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 17. ______ percent of youth who clocked more than _____ hours of screen time per week were overweight/obese. 25; 20 32; 25 66; 20 77; 25 Learning Objective:

11.2 Discuss how the brains and other body systems of adolescents differ from those of younger children.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 11-1-17 298 306 Knowledge

Answer: 66; 20 18. During adolescence, boys are more advanced than girls on which of the following aspects of physical development? size of heart and lungs attainment of adult height joints of the skeletal system acquisition of fat tissue Learning Objective:

11.2 Discuss how the brains and other body systems of adolescents differ from those of younger children.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 11-1-18 298 Knowledge

Answer: size of heart and lungs 19. Which is the most accurate statement about the results or effects of teenagers' physical development during puberty? As a result of growth of the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex, teens are better able to plan and use logical thinking. As a result of puberty, the proportion of body weight that is fat increases for boys. Boys have an advantage over girls in athletic skills that require coordination because their joints are more developed. Boys attain their mature adult height by age 16 to 18. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 1 11-1-19 299 304 Comprehension

Answer: As a result of growth of the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex, teens are better able to plan and use logical thinking.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 20. Research has demonstrated that higher hours of "screen time" leisure activities are highly correlated with __________ in adolescents. lack of school achievement early substance use obesity rates depression rates Learning Objective:

11.2 Discuss how the brains and other body systems of adolescents differ from those of younger children.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 11-1-20 298 Knowledge

Answer: obesity rates. 21. Among teenagers, sensation-seeking behaviours are associated with recklessness. increased volume of music, television, video games, etc. reduced need for sleep. emotional arguments with parents and friends. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.6 Describe how sensation-seeking affects risky behaviour in adolescents. 2 11-1-21 304 312 Comprehension

Answer: recklessness. 22. Which of the following statements about adolescent sexual activity is NOT true? Alcohol use is associated with 22% of adolescent sexual encounters. Among girls, those who are sexually active are more likely to have had early menarche. Of the students using contraception, more use the birth control pill than use condoms. Teens who are involved in sports or after-school activities have lower rates of sexual activity than teens who do not participate in such activities. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 2 11-1-22 300-301 307 Knowledge

Answer: Of the students using contraception, more use the birth control pill than use condoms.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 23. What statement best represents current trends in adolescent sexual behaviour in Canada? The rate of teens who report having sexual intercourse before age 15 has decreased. The rate of 15- to 19-year-old females who reported ever having intercourse has declined. The rates of sexual activity are higher among teens who are involved in sports or after-school pursuits. The rate of condom use with sexual intercourse among teens of both sexes increases with age. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.3 Identify the issues involved with the sexual behaviour of adolescents. 2 11-1-23 299 307 Knowledge

Answer: The rate of 15- to 19-year-old females who reported ever having intercourse has declined. 24. Across cultures, earlier initiation to adolescent sexual activity is associated with involvement in school activities. a history of abuse. a history of dating at a later age. school-based sexuality education programs. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.3 Identify the issues involved with the sexual behaviour of adolescents. 1 11-1-24 300 Comprehension

Answer: a history of abuse. 25. Research indicates that the most effective sex education programs for teens focus on communication skills. reducing specific risk-taking behaviour. the responsibilities of teenage parenting. promotion of abstinence. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.3 Identify the issues involved with the sexual behaviour of adolescents. 1 11-1-25 304 Comprehension

Answer: reducing specific risk-taking behaviour. 26. The general pattern of adolescent pregnancy is that the rate of births to married teenagers has increased in the last four decades. the likelihood of pregnancy is lower among teenaged girls who do well in school. the teenaged pregnancy rate has steadily increased since the 1960s. the highest rate of teenaged pregnancy is among girls under the age of 15. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 8

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.3 Identify the issues involved with the sexual behaviour of adolescents. 2 11-1-26 302 Comprehension

Answer: the likelihood of pregnancy is lower among teenaged girls who do well in school. 27. Concerning risk factors and teenage pregnancy, which of the following statements is true: The age at which an adolescent girl first becomes sexually active is not a risk factor. Demographic and economic variables like parents' educational attainment, income level and family composition (single parent vs. two parent) are not risk factors. Among teen girls who are from poor families, or families with relatively uneducated parents, pregnancy rates are higher. Pregnancy rates are highest in mid-adolescence, specifically ages 15 to 17, making middle adolescence a risk factor. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.3 Identify the issues involved with the sexual behaviour of adolescents. 2 11-1-27 302 Knowledge

Answer: Among teen girls who are from poor families, or families with relatively uneducated parents, pregnancy rates are higher. 28. Which of the following factors is associated with increased likelihood of teenaged pregnancy? late initiation of sexual activity low level of family education communication about sex and contraception with one's mother popularity among peers Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.3 Identify the issues involved with the sexual behaviour of adolescents. 2 11-1-28 302 Comprehension

Answer: low level of family education 29. Studies seeking to identify factors that contribute to the development of a bisexual, gay or lesbian sexual orientation indicate that the most statistically relevant factor is prenatal hormone exposure. environmental influences. family trait inheritance. genetic programming.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.5 Discuss the emergence of sexual orientation and gender identity in adolescence. 2 11-1-29 302-303 Knowledge

Answer: genetic programming. 30. Adolescents whose psychological gender is different from their biological sex are known as bisexuals. transgendered. transsexuals. cross-gendered. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.5 Discuss the emergence of sexual orientation and gender identity in adolescence. 1 11-1-30 303 Knowledge

Answer: transgendered. 31. Adolescents or adults who choose to live as the opposite gender on a full-time basis are known as transgendered. bisexuals. transsexuals. sex reassignments. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.5 Discuss the emergence of sexual orientation and gender identity in adolescence. 1 11-1-31 303 Knowledge

Answer: transsexuals. 32. Researchers believe the gradual process of achieving and accepting one's sexual orientation usually begins in early childhood. middle childhood. adolescence. young adulthood. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.5 Discuss the emergence of sexual orientation and gender identity in adolescence. 1 11-1-32 303 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: middle childhood. 33. Among teenagers, sensation-seeking appears to be least associated with tobacco use. alcohol use. drug use. automobile accidents and injuries. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.6 Describe how sensation-seeking affects risky behaviour in adolescents. 2 11-1-33 306 Analysis

Answer: tobacco use. 34. ___________________ parenting seems to provide high sensation-seeking teenagers with protection against smoking behaviours. Authoritative Permissive Authoritarian Uninvolved Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.7 Identify the patterns of drug, alcohol, and tobacco use among adolescents in Canada. 2 11-1-34 307 314 Analysis

Answer: Authoritative 35. A link can be found between parenting styles and sensation-seeking and the likelihood of drug use. Children whose parents have a(n) ________ parenting style are less likely to engage in such behaviours. authoritarian authoritative permissive neglectful Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.7 Identify the patterns of drug, alcohol, and tobacco use among adolescents in Canada. 1 11-1-35 305 Knowledge

Answer: authoritative

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 36. The eating disorder bulimia nervosa is characterized by episodes of binge eating that are followed by purging activities. metabolic dysfunction that triggers compulsive and excessive eating. obsessive dieting that results in death by starvation. significant weight loss. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.8 Describe the characteristics and factors that contribute to eating disorders. 2 11-1-36 307 315 Knowledge

Answer: episodes of binge eating that are followed by purging activities. 37. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic associated with bulimia? depression. excessive weight loss. hair loss. tooth decay. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.8 Describe the characteristics and factors that contribute to eating disorders. 1 11-1-37 307-308 315 Knowledge

Answer: excessive weight loss. 38. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of anorexia nervosa? intense fear of gaining weight. risk for death by starvation. fear of conflict. cessation of menstruation. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.8 Describe the characteristics and factors that contribute to eating disorders. 1 11-1-38 308 315 Knowledge

Answer: fear of conflict. 39. The eating disorder anorexia nervosa is characterized by an obsessive fear of food. intense fear of weight gain, extreme dieting, and obsessive exercising. acid-related tooth decay and stomach irritation. the use of laxatives or self-induced vomiting.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.8 Describe the characteristics and factors that contribute to eating disorders. 1 11-1-39 308 Knowledge

Answer: intense fear of weight gain, extreme dieting, and obsessive exercising. 40. One of the most promising explanations for understanding eating disorders is biological theories. image discrepancy between the person's internal image of a desirable body and their perception of their own body. psychoanalytic theory, based on fear of growing up. abnormal brain functioning. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.8 Describe the characteristics and factors that contribute to eating disorders. 2 11-1-40 308 Knowledge

Answer: image discrepancy between the person's internal image of a desirable body and their perception of their own body. 41. A pattern seen in adolescent depression rates that persists across the lifespan is females experience depression more frequently than males. there are no true gender patterns in adolescent depression rates. males experience depression more frequently than females. females may experience more depression but males experience more severe forms of depression. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.9 Identify what factors are involved in adolescent depression and suicide. 2 11-1-41 309 317 Knowledge

Answer: females experience depression more frequently than males. 42. A developmental pathway for adolescent depression may be created by growing up in a religion that emphasizes traditional gender roles. growing up with a depressed parent. having many siblings. growing up in a low socioeconomic status family.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.9 Identify what factors are involved in adolescent depression and suicide. 1 11-1-42 309 Knowledge

Answer: growing up with a depressed parent. 43. Which of the following is NOT a factor that may contribute to the development of depression among adolescents? low self-esteem. family responsibilities and chores. family stressors. genetic factors. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.9 Identify what factors are involved in adolescent depression and suicide. 2 11-1-43 309 317 Comprehension

Answer: family responsibilities and chores. 44. In Canada, the reason more young males than young females die as a result of suicide is boys are more violent. boys use more lethal methods. girls are more likely to go for counselling. boys have a higher rate of depression. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.9 Identify what factors are involved in adolescent depression and suicide. 2 11-1-44 309-310 317 Comprehension

Answer: boys use more lethal methods. 45. In Canada, the group with the highest suicide rate is adolescent girls in rural areas. First Nations adolescents. all adolescent males. all adolescent girls. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.9 Identify what factors are involved in adolescent depression and suicide. 2 11-1-45 310 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: First Nations adolescents. 46. A universal ingredient in the suicides of adolescents is a preference for music with violent themes. a knowledge of suicide committed by a friend or peer. a history of abuse or abandonment. some form of significant psychopathology, such as depression. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.9 Identify what factors are involved in adolescent depression and suicide. 2 11-1-46 309-311 Knowledge

Answer: some form of significant psychopathology, such as depression. 47. Which of the following is NOT a key element in the type of thinking that emerges during adolescence? naive hedonism, or believing that something is good if it feels good or brings pleasant results. the ability to derive conclusions from hypothetical premises. deductive reasoning using a theory and a prediction. systematic problem-solving by testing hypotheses about single factors. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.10 Describe the characteristics of thought in Piaget’s formal operational stage. 11.11 Summarize some major research findings regarding the formal operational stage. 11.12 Describe what kinds of advances in information-processing capabilities occur during adolescence. 2 11-1-47 312–315 Comprehension

Answer: naive hedonism, or believing that something is good if it feels good or brings pleasant results. 48. Fourteen-year-old George won a contest sponsored by the local newspaper to celebrate a championship basketball game. The object of the contest was to determine how many words could be made from the word score. Which newly developed ability of formal operational thought would have been most helpful to George? the ability to reason about objects or situations not previously seen or experienced. the ability to start with a theory and a prediction and arrive at a conclusion. the ability to use ethical principles for decision-making. the ability to search systematically and methodologically for the solutions to a problem. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 49. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about adolescents' development of formal operational thinking? An adolescent's decision-making can include future possibilities in addition to here-and-now factors. Higher education plays a key role in the development of formal operational thinking. Nearly all adolescents are engaged in formal operational thinking by the twelfth grade. Formal operational reasoning enables adolescents to understand figurative language, such as metaphors. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.10 Describe the characteristics of thought in Piaget’s formal operational stage. 11.11 Summarize some major research findings regarding the formal operational stage. 1 11-1-49 312 Comprehension

Answer: Nearly all adolescents are engaged in formal operational thinking by the twelfth grade. 50. Jaythree is in the stage of formal operational thought and has been asked to attempt Piaget's pendulum task. What will she be able to do that she was unable to do at the stage of concrete operations? evaluate the effects of multiple factors in a systematic, methodical fashion. measure the length of the string, the height of the pendulum, and the weight of the object. formulate an approach to the task. try out varying combinations of height, weight, force, and length. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.12 Describe what kinds of advances in information-processing capabilities occur during adolescence. 3 11-1-50 312-314 Analysis

Answer: evaluate the effects of multiple factors in a systematic, methodical fashion. 51. Lisako's assignment in biology class is to grow beans in order to measure the effect of light upon plant growth. She develops an experiment based upon a theory that the height of the plants will be proportional to the amount of light they receive. Which aspect of formal operational thought is the basis of Lisako's biology experiment? the ability to understand figurative language. deductive reasoning, which utilizes hypotheses and predictions. the ability to engage in long-range planning. the ability to use universal ethical principles in problem-solving. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.10 Describe the characteristics of thought in Piaget’s formal operational stage. 3 11-1-51 312 Analysis

Answer: deductive reasoning, which utilizes hypotheses and predictions.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 52. What type of cognitive ability dramatically increases in adolescence, which results in teens benefitting from training more than younger children? reasoning. metamemory. metacognitive. processing. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.12 Describe what kinds of advances in information-processing capabilities occur during adolescence. 1 11-1-52 315 322 Comprehension

Answer: metacognitive. 53. With regard to schooling, which of the following best characterizes the transition from a lower level of education to high school for most adolescents? losses in academic achievement and self-esteem. increased competence and self-efficacy. smooth transition and easy adaptation to different demands of a new educational environment. establishment of higher personal standards and goals for success. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.13 Describe how changes in students’ goals contribute to the transition to secondary school. 1 11-1-53 318 Knowledge

Answer: losses in academic achievement and self-esteem. 54. Which one of the following has been proven to help with transition to secondary school? parental involvement in the school. guidance counselling. a wide variety of elective and extracurricular activities. junior high/middle school. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.13 Describe how changes in students’ goals contribute to the transition to secondary school. 2 11-1-54 319 324 Knowledge

Answer: a wide variety of elective and extracurricular activities. 55. If Marta wants to be the best clarinet player in the band, she is motivated by a(n) ________ goal. inductive. ability. task. deductive.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.13 Describe how changes in students’ goals contribute to the transition to secondary school. 2 11-1-55 316 324 Application

Answer: ability. 56. If Sameer wants to learn calculus so he can become an engineer, he is motivated by a(n) ________ goal. task. ability. hypothetico-deductive. metacognitive. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.13 Describe how changes in students’ goals contribute to the transition to secondary school. 2 11-1-56 316 Application

Answer: task. 57. Which of the following is most likely if an adolescent has adopted ability goals with regard to academic work? increased sense of personal control over successes and failures. high personal academic standards. a desire to become more competent in academic subjects. a desire to be better than others at school work. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.13 Describe how changes in students’ goals contribute to the transition to secondary school. 2 11-1-57 316 Analysis

Answer: a desire to be better than others at school work. 58. Which of the following is the best example of a child who has ability goals for academic achievement? Marla hopes to score higher on her college entrance exam than any of her brothers and sisters. Justin hopes his computer teacher will let him learn Java computer programming language for his final project. Amy was inspired to become a stage lighting designer when she participated in high-school theatrical productions. Larry wants to do another biology project on fruit flies because he learned so much on his first project.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.13 Describe how changes in students’ goals contribute to the transition to secondary school. 2 11-1-58 316 Analysis

Answer: Marla hopes to score higher on her college entrance exam than any of her brothers and sisters. 59. Although combined PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) science test scores were equal for Canadian boys and girls, boys out-performed girls on the following two skills: math and reading. identifying scientific issues and explaining phenomena scientifically. reading and identifying scientific phenomena. explaining phenomena scientifically and math. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.14 Identify the gender differences in academic achievement among Canadian adolescents. 1 11-1-59 318 325 Knowledge

Answer: explaining phenomena scientifically and math. 60. Which of the following is NOT a predictor of high school dropout according to longitudinal studies? being reared in a single-parent home. a pattern of aggressive behaviour. involvement in risky behaviour. a history of academic failure. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.15 Identify what variables predict the likelihood of dropping out of secondary school. 1 11-1-60 320 Comprehension

Answer: being reared in a single-parent home. 61. Linda is a high school junior who works three hours every night for a fast-food chain. She hates her job. Linda's work experience most likely helps her develop feelings of competency and self-efficacy. has no effect on her academic achievements. inspires her to make better grades. impairs her performance in school. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: impairs her performance in school. 62. Studies suggest that working more than ________ in paid employment has a negative effect on students' grades and their decisions about risky behaviour. 15–20 hours per week 18–20 hours per week 10–15 hours per week 5–8 hours per week Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.16 Discuss the issues around employed teenagers. 2 11-1-62 319 Knowledge

Answer: 15–20 hours per week 63. What is the most positive effect of teens working? They meet friends on the job. They stay in school longer. They have increased feelings of competence and efficacy. They argue less with their parents. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.16 Discuss the issues around employed teenagers. 2 11-1-63 319 Knowledge

Answer: They have increased feelings of competence and efficacy. 64. What is the maximum optimal number of hours that teens should work per week? 10-12 15-20 20-25 25-30 Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.16 Discuss the issues around employed teenagers. 1 11-1-64 319 Knowledge

Answer: 15-20

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 65. The rates of STIs are __________ for Indigenous than for non-Indigenous 15- to 19-year-old Canadians. The level of risk for Indigenous youth increases with age, substance use, having experienced sexual abuse, and having lived higher; on a reserve. lower; in a rural area. higher; in a city. lower; on a farm. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.3 Identify the issues involved with the sexual behaviour of adolescents. 1 11-1-65 Knowledge

Answer: higher; on a reserve. 66. Although the fertility rate for Indigenous women has fallen by more than _______ since the 1960s, the rate remains high among Indigenous teens aged 15 to 19. one-quarter three-fourths five-sixths one-half Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.4 Summarize the issues involved in teenaged pregnancy. 1 11-1-66 Knowledge

Answer: one-half 67. About _________ percent of Indigenous teens aged 15 to 19 bear a child—a rate that is ____________ times higher than their mainstream peers. forty; one to two two; zero to four seventeen; eight to ten ten; five to seven Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.4 Summarize the issues involved in teenaged pregnancy. 1 11-1-67 Knowledge

Answer: ten; five to seven

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 68. A two-spirited person is a heterosexual white woman. an Indigenous person who embodies both the spirit of a man and the spirit of a woman. a person who classifies themselves as lesbian. a person who is ambivalent and has trouble making up their minds about many issues regarding life. Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.5 Discuss the emergence of sexual orientation and gender identity in adolescence. 1 11-1-68 Knowledge

Answer: an Indigenous person who embodies both the spirit of a man and the spirit of a woman. 69. The Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines recommend that youth ages 12 to 17, participate in high levels of physical activity (______ minutes per day of moderate to vigorous), low recreational screen time (less than _____ hours per day) and sufficient sleep (~_____ hours per day), all important for their physical and mental well-being. 60; 2; 8-10 25; 4; 5-6 85; 1; 2-3 90; 3; 12-14 Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.2 Discuss how the brains and other body systems of adolescents differ from those of younger children. 1 11-1-69 Knowledge

Answer: 60; 2; 8-10 70. Unfortunately, the use of electronic cigarettes is on the increase in Canada, with almost ___________ of students having tried vaping. one-half one-quarter five-eighths one-third Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.7 Identify the patterns of drug, alcohol, and tobacco use among adolescents in Canada. 1 11-1-70 Knowledge

Answer: one-quarter

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Chapter 11 True-False Questions 1. The thyroid gland and thyroxine are the master endocrine gland and master hormone for controlling the processes of puberty. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 1 11-2-01 294 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 2. The pituitary gland triggers other glands to release hormones. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 1 11-2-02 294 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 3. Primary sex characteristics include the growth of the penis and testes in males, and the growth of the uterus, ovaries, and vagina in females. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 1 11-2-03 294 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 4. In females, menarche is the signal that puberty has begun. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: b. False 5. It is not possible to become pregnant shortly after menarche. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 1 11-2-05 296 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 6. Lifestyle and diet are responsible for shortening the average time between the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and menarche in Canadian teens. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 1 11-2-06 296 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 7. Adolescent girls reach adult height later than adolescent boys. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 2 11-2-07 296 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 8. Too much "screen time" is a contributing factor to obesity rates in Canadian boys but not in girls. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: b. False 9. Becoming overweight/obese and underfit is an increasing problem for Canadian adolescents of both genders. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 1 11-2-09 298 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 10. Before age 12, boys and girls have similar endurance limits. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.2 Discuss how the brains and other body systems of adolescents differ from those of younger children. 1 11-2-10 298 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 11. The risky behaviours of adolescence may have a developmental function because they help teens gain peer acceptance and establish autonomy with respect to parents and other authority figures. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.6 Describe how sensation-seeking affects risky behaviour in adolescents. 2 11-2-11 304 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 12. Three-quarters of Canadian females 15 to 19 years of age who had vaginal intercourse in the six months prior to being asked reported they consistently used some form of birth control: 74% use condoms, 67% use oral contraceptives, and 17% use withdrawal. 50; 75; 12 74; 67; 17 16; 35; 67 99; 27; 84

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.3 Identify the issues involved with the sexual behaviour of adolescents. 1 08-1-12 Knowledge

Answer: 74; 67; 17 13. Sexually transmitted infection rates are among the highest in 18-20 year old females. a b Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

True False 11.3 Identify the issues involved with the sexual behaviour of adolescents. 1 11-2-13 300 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 14. Most sexual minority youth are aware of their sexual orientation in early childhood. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.5 Discuss the emergence of sexual orientation and gender identity in adolescence. 1 11-2-14 302-303 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 15. Children being attracted to cross-gender activities or children expressing a desire to be the opposite gender are two sound predictors of a future transgender sexual orientation. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.5 Discuss the emergence of sexual orientation and gender identity in adolescence. 1 11-2-15 303 Knowledge

Answer: b. False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 16. Comprehensive sex education causes teenagers to become sexually active. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.3 Identify the issues involved with the sexual behaviour of adolescents. 2 11-2-16 301 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 17. In Canada, the rate of teenage pregnancy has declined since 1974. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.3 Identify the issues involved with the sexual behaviour of adolescents. 1 11-2-17 301 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 18. For the first time since the 1970s, the prevalence of smoking is lower in youth than it is for the general population. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.7 Identify the patterns of drug, alcohol, and tobacco use among adolescents in Canada. 1 11-2-18 306 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 19. The best way to discourage teens from smoking is to educate them about the risks. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.7 Identify the patterns of drug, alcohol, and tobacco use among adolescents in Canada. 1 11-2-19 306-307 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 20. Sensation seeking interacts with parenting styles to increase the likelihood of drug use. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.6 Describe how sensation-seeking affects risky behaviour in adolescents. 11.7 Identify the patterns of drug, alcohol, and tobacco use among adolescents in Canada. 1 11-2-20 304–305 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 21. The average age for first time drug use is 13 to 14 years old. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.7 Identify the patterns of drug, alcohol, and tobacco use among adolescents in Canada. 1 11-2-21 305 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 22. When a parent stops smoking, the likelihood that their children will smoke decreases. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.7 Identify the patterns of drug, alcohol, and tobacco use among adolescents in Canada. 1 11-2-22 305-306 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 23. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by periods of binge eating alternating with purging behaviours. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.8 Describe the characteristics and factors that contribute to eating disorders. 1 11-2-23 308 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 24. Although bulimics are obsessed with their weight, they are not exceptionally thin but do suffer other physical consequences such as disturbances of body chemistry, stomach irritation, and hair loss. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.8 Describe the characteristics and factors that contribute to eating disorders. 1 11-2-24 307 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 25. Teenaged girls are twice as likely as teenage boys to report feelings of depression. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.9 Identify what factors are involved in adolescent depression and suicide. 1 11-2-25 332 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 26. The high rate of suicide among First Nations youth is a very recent phenomenon. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.9 Identify what factors are involved in adolescent depression and suicide. 2 11-2-26 310 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 27. When transitioning from grade school to high school, students typically experience losses in achievement and self-esteem. a True b False Learning Objective:

11.13 Describe how changes in students’ goals contribute to the transition to secondary school.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True 28. When Nikolaos tries different solutions to a problem, he is using systematic problem-solving. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.10 Describe the characteristics of thought in Piaget’s formal operational stage. 1 11-2-28 312 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 29. Mackenzie received an A+ in calculus. She maintains that she received the grade due to high expectations, standards, and hard work. This is an example of ability goals. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.13 Describe how changes in students’ goals contribute to the transition to secondary school. 1 11-2-29 316 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 30. To help your child succeed in the transition from elementary to secondary school, it is important to help him maintain his interests and to set goals. These are called task goals. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.13 Describe how changes in students’ goals contribute to the transition to secondary school. 1 11-2-30 316-317 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 31. Employment for working teens beyond 15 to 20 hours per week can be detrimental to academic success and achievement. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True 32. Suicide rates among Canada’s Indigenous youth are among the highest in the world. a b

True False

Learning Objective:

11.9 Identify what factors are involved in adolescent depression and suicide.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 11-2-32 319 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 33. Early school leavers may be those who find it hard to “fit in” with mainstream cultural expectations and feel marginalized or, alternatively, may reject mainstream cultural values. This may be particularly relevant for Indigenous students, who as a group have among the lowest rates of school completion across Canada. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.15 Identify what variables predict the likelihood of dropping out of secondary school. 1 11-2-33 319 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

Chapter 11 Short Answer Questions 1. Identify and describe the function of the major hormones involved in physical growth and sexual development during puberty. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 1 11-3-01 294-295 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 2. Describe the secular trend of menarche in industrialized countries. What is it? What influences it? What evidence is there to support the phenomena?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 2 11-3-02 295-296 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 3. How does the timing of puberty and one’s culture influence a teen's experience of puberty?

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 2 11-3-03 296-297 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 4. Describe the two-pronged problem facing Canadian youth regarding weight and fitness. What are the main factors contributing to the problem? How can the Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines help? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.1 Identify the major milestones of puberty. 2 11-3-04 298 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 5. Name and describe three factors that predict lower rates of sexual activity among adolescents.

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.3 Identify the issues involved with the sexual behaviour of adolescents. 2 11-3-05 299-301 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 6. Describe the experience of transgendered teens. What issues do they cope with? What options are available to help them cope, once they accept their transgendered status?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.5 Discuss the emergence of sexual orientation and gender identity in adolescence. 2 11-3-06 303 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 7. What factors increase the likelihood that teens will use drugs, alcohol, or tobacco? What are some concerns over vaping e-cigarettes? What can parents do to reduce the likelihood that their children will decide to use these substances? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.7 Identify the patterns of drug, alcohol, and tobacco use among adolescents in Canada. 2 11-3-07 305-307 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 8. Describe the leading theory in our current understanding of the reasons that adolescents develop eating disorders. How does our culture contribute to the problem? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.8 Describe the characteristics and factors that contribute to eating disorders. 2 11-3-08 307-308 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 9. Summarize and describe the key elements of formal operational thought that emerge in adolescence. What are the new capabilities of a teenager who is using formal operations? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.10 Describe the characteristics of thought in Piaget’s formal operational stage. 2 11-3-09 312-314 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 10. Compare and contrast task goals and ability goals. Give examples to illustrate each of these concepts.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

11.13 Describe how changes in students’ goals contribute to the transition to secondary school.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 11-3-10 316 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 11. Describe and compare gender differences with regards to academic achievement in adolescents.

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.14 Identify the gender differences in academic achievement among Canadian adolescents. 1 11-3-11 318-319 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 12. What factors predict that a teen will drop out of high school?

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.15 Identify what variables predict the likelihood of dropping out of secondary school. 1 11-3-12 318-319 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 13. What are the benefits of teen employment?

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.16 Discuss the issues around employed teenagers. 1 11-3-13 319 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Chapter 11 Essay Questions 1. You have been asked to make a presentation to a local community group about teen sexuality and pregnancy in Canada, including the Indigenous population. In preparation for your presentation, develop responses to the following questions: What factors or circumstances predict adolescent sexual activity and teenage pregnancy? What factors or circumstances reduce the likelihood of adolescent sexual behaviour and pregnancy? What are health risks associated with sexual activity among teens? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.3 Identify the issues involved with the sexual behaviour of adolescents. 11.4 Summarize the issues involved in teenaged pregnancy. 11.5 Discuss the emergence of sexual orientation and gender identity in adolescence. 2 11-4-01 299–302 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 2. Describe the eating disorders bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. Identify the symptoms or health conditions associated with each disorder. Which teens are most at risk for developing an eating disorder? How does a teen's body image relate to the risk for an eating disorder? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.8 Describe the characteristics and factors that contribute to eating disorders. 2 11-4-02 307–308 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 3. Describe current trends and patterns of drug, alcohol, tobacco, and e-cigarette use among Canadian teens. What biological, developmental, family, social, and cultural factors increase the likelihood of usage? What factors are most influential or potentially influential in discouraging substance use? What strategies could be used to get this information to teens in a meaningful way? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.7 Identify the patterns of drug, alcohol, and tobacco use among adolescents in Canada. 2 11-4-03 305–307 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 4. Explain why Indigenous youth have such a high rate of suicide. Include a discussion of the factors which are known to increase suicide rates. What approaches would you suggest to decrease this suicide rate?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.9 Identify what factors are involved in adolescent depression and suicide. 3 11-4-04 310 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 5. Alex is a 17 year-old who is wanting to work in a full-time 40 hours per week job. What are the risks that he faces in taking on such a strenuous work schedule? How ought he to structure his employment in his teenage years? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

11.16 Discuss the issues around employed teenagers. 2 11-4-05 319 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

CHAPTER 12: SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESCENCE

Chapter 12 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Undergoing a trial of endurance, beginning to sleep separately from one's family, or celebrating the attainment of dating age are examples of ________ that mark an adolescent's transition into adult culture. trans-pubertal events confirmation identity rituals rites of passage Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.1 Describe what happens during Erikson’s identity versus role confusion stage. 1 12-1-01 323 Comprehension

Answer: rites of passage 2. According to Freud, adolescence occurs during the ________ stage when psychosexual maturity is reached. libidinous identity confirmation genital latent Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.1 Describe what happens during Erikson’s identity versus role confusion stage. 1 12-1-02 324 Knowledge

Answer: genital 3. According to Erikson, the central crisis of adolescence is identity versus role confusion. industry versus inferiority. latency versus psychosexual development. intimacy versus isolation. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.1 Describe what happens during Erikson’s identity versus role confusion stage. 1 12-1-03 324 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 4. According to Erikson, the stage during which adolescents attain a sense of who they are is ego integrity versus despair. identity versus role confusion. intimacy versus isolation. the genital stage. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.1 Describe what happens during Erikson’s identity versus role confusion stage. 1 12-1-04 324 Knowledge

Answer: identity versus role confusion. 5. Which of the following is NOT an aspect of Erikson's views on psychosocial development in adolescence? an identity crisis a tendency to develop sexual fixations an "ungluing" of a sense of identity as a result of the rapid physical and sexual developments of puberty identification with peer groups Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.1 Describe what happens during Erikson’s identity versus role confusion stage. 2 12-1-05 324 Comprehension

Answer: a tendency to develop sexual fixations 6. According to Erikson, the child's sense of identity becomes partly "_______" in early adolescence. shifted challenging unglued compromised Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.1 Describe what happens during Erikson’s identity versus role confusion stage. 2 12-1-06 324 Comprehension

Answer: unglued 7. According to Marcia's theory of adolescent identity achievement, adolescent identity formation has two key parts: ________ and ________. a physical transformation; a psychosocial transition an attachment; a separation an extrusion; an inclusion a crisis; a commitment Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 2

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.2 Explain Marcia’s theory of identity development. 1 12-1-07 324-325 Knowledge

Answer: a crisis; a commitment 8. Which of the following is most consistent with the concept of a crisis, as defined by James Marcia? For the past two years, Juan has had thoughts of suicide, and recently he was diagnosed with depressive disorder. When Iman failed her calculus test, her parents grounded her for two weeks and imposed a requirement of two hours of supervised study every school night until the next exam. Since she was a child, Lola had planned to become a physician when she grew up. Recently, however, she has become very interested in physics, and now she is evaluating related career options such as engineering. Torrential rains in the Prairies caused major flooding, and thousands of people were displaced from their homes and lost their possessions and livelihoods. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.2 Explain Marcia’s theory of identity development. 2 12-1-08 324 Application

Answer: Since she was a child, Lola had planned to become a physician when she grew up. Recently, however, she has become very interested in physics, and now she is evaluating related career options such as engineering. 9. According to Marcia, a personal investment in a specific role, value, goal, or ideology is a foreclosure. commitment. formal operation. moratorium. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.2 Explain Marcia’s theory of identity development. 1 12-1-09 324-325 Knowledge

Answer: commitment. 10. According to Marcia, a person who has examined her values and choices, and who has committed to a specific role, value, or ideology is in the ________ identity status. foreclosure moratorium diffusion achievement

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.2 Explain Marcia’s theory of identity development. 1 12-1-10 324-325 Knowledge

Answer: achievement 11. Ling is planning to go to journalism school because her parents own the local newspaper. She has never considered other options. Ling is at the ________ stage of identity development, according to James Marcia. foreclosure achievement moratorium diffusion Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.2 Explain Marcia’s theory of identity development. 2 12-1-11 324-325 Application

Answer: foreclosure 12. Lars thinks he wants to be an accountant, but he is not sure. He is working with his high-school career counsellor to get information about careers and college majors before he makes a decision. According to Marcia, Lars is in the ________ stage of identity development. foreclosure achievement diffusion moratorium Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.2 Explain Marcia’s theory of identity development. 2 12-1-12 324-325 Application

Answer: moratorium 13. Muhammed does not know what he wants to do when he graduates from high school, and he is not worried about it. He says, "That decision will take care of itself." Marcia would say that Muhammed is in the ________ identity status. moratorium diffusion foreclosure achievement

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.2 Explain Marcia’s theory of identity development. 2 12-1-13 324-325 Application

Answer: diffusion 14. When Maria was 12, her mother died suddenly. For a number of years, Maria felt abandoned by her religious faith, and she questioned the existence of a supreme being. Recently, however, she has returned to the practice of her religion, and she says her faith now sustains and comforts her. With regard to religion, Maria is in the ________ identity status. achievement diffusion crisis foreclosure Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.2 Explain Marcia’s theory of identity development. 2 12-1-14 324-325 Application

Answer: achievement 15. Which of the following is a true statement about the adolescent identity formation process? Research findings on identity formation with participants in college or college-preparation programs do not differ significantly from research findings with participants who did not attend college after high school. Researchers have determined that the process of identity formation in adolescence may only be one period of identity formation among several. Evidence suggests that the quest for personal identity is solidified by late adolescence/early adulthood. Over identification in peer-group identity impedes self-identity. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.2 Explain Marcia’s theory of identity development. 3 12-1-15 324-325 Analysis

Answer: Researchers have determined that the process of identity formation in adolescence may only be one period of identity formation among several.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 16. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the development of self-concept during adolescence? In the development of a self-concept, girls seem to be influenced by both internal and external comparisons with others, whereas boys are more influenced by their internal, self-defined standards. Adolescents' self-concepts become more differentiated, and they are able to envision themselves in a variety of roles. By late adolescence, most teenagers think of themselves in terms of enduring traits, beliefs, or moral standards. Adolescents increasingly define themselves in terms of their appearance and physical qualities. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.3 Discuss the ways that self-understanding in adolescence differs from that in childhood. 2 12-1-16 326-327 Analysis

Answer: Adolescents increasingly define themselves in terms of their appearance and physical qualities. 17. As teenagers proceed through adolescence, they have more rigid ideas about sex-role behaviours or sex-role identity behaviours. they increasingly define themselves in terms of enduring traits, beliefs, moral standards, or personal philosophies. their self-concepts are increasingly tied to their physical characteristics. their self-concepts become more concrete. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.3 Discuss the ways that self-understanding in adolescence differs from that in childhood. 1 12-1-17 327 Comprehension

Answer: they increasingly define themselves in terms of enduring traits, beliefs, moral standards, or personal philosophies. 18. A weak self-concept during adolescence puts ________ at risk for depression, poor self-perceived health, and obesity in young adulthood. all adolescent girls adolescent boys and girls early adolescent boys late adolescent girls Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.3 Discuss the ways that self-understanding in adolescence differs from that in childhood. 1 12-1-18 327 Knowledge

Answer: all adolescent girls

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 19. A weak self-concept during adolescence puts boys at risk for ________ in young adulthood. criminal behaviour and obesity impulsivity and depression obesity and inactivity poor body image and depression Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.3 Discuss the ways that self-understanding in adolescence differs from that in childhood. 1 12-1-19 327 Knowledge

Answer: obesity and inactivity 20. Which of the following is one of the four types of gender role orientation identified by researchers? womanly incomplete masculine asexual Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.5 Summarize the gender role concepts of adolescents. 1 12-1-20 328-329 Knowledge

Answer: masculine 21. The gender-related aspects of the psychological self are known as gender role types. gender role identities. sexual preference. gender formation Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.5 Summarize the gender role concepts of adolescents. 1 12-1-21 328-329 Knowledge

Answer: gender role identities. 22. An individual whose gender role orientation is ________ would perceive herself or himself as having both feminine and masculine traits. ambivalent androgynous undifferentiated indifferent

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.5 Summarize the gender role concepts of adolescents. 1 12-1-22 329 Knowledge

Answer: androgynous 23. Mikhail is noted for baking the best apple pie on the block and is also the person everyone calls when their car won't start. Mikhail can comfort a crying child and fix a flat tire with equal confidence. Mikhail's' gender role orientation is most likely indeterminate. transsexual. feminine. androgynous. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.5 Summarize the gender role concepts of adolescents. 2 12-1-23 329 Application

Answer: androgynous. 24. Which of the following statements about gender role identity and self-esteem is NOT correct? An androgynous gender role identity is associated with higher self-esteem among girls and boys in Canada and other Western societies. A teenage girl can achieve high self-esteem and success in social interactions by adopting a traditional feminine gender role identity. A teenage boy can achieve high self-esteem and success with his peers by adopting a traditional masculine gender role identity. Girls with a feminine gender role identity are more prone to rumination, a thought process that focuses on anxiety-inducing stimuli (e.g., peer judgments of physical appearance, threats to personal security) and can lead to depression. Learning Objective:

12.4 Describe how self-esteem changes across the teenage years. 12.5 Summarize the gender role concepts of adolescents.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 12-1-24 328-329 Analysis

Answer: A teenage girl can achieve high self-esteem and success in social interactions by adopting a traditional feminine sex role. 25. Which of the following is not a factor that can impact a teen's self-esteem negatively? depression achievements eating disorders anxiety Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 8

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.4 Describe how self-esteem changes across the teenage years. 3 12-1-25 328 Comprehension

Answer: achievements 26. Research demonstrates that a(n) ________ genderrole identity is associated with higher selfesteem among boys and girls in North America. masculine androgynous or masculine androgynous undifferentiated Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.4 Describe how self-esteem changes across the teenage years. 12.5 Summarize the gender role concepts of adolescents. 1 12-1-26 328-329 Knowledge

Answer: androgynous or masculine 27. ________ and ________ gender role identities are associated with higher self-esteem for boys and girls due to the "masculine bias." Masculine; feminine Feminine; androgynous Masculine; androgynous Undifferentiated; androgynous Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.4 Describe how self-esteem changes across the teenage years. 12.5 Summarize the gender role concepts of adolescents. 1 12-1-27 328-329 Knowledge

Answer: Masculine; androgynous 28. Hamza feels a sense of belonging to her Lebanese parent's culture, values, beliefs and traditions. This sense of belonging is called one's: individual identity. ethnic identity. minority identity. bicultural identity. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.6 Describe how ethnic identity develops in Canadian youth. 1 12-1-28 329–330 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: ethnic identity.

29. Psychologist Jean Phinney has proposed that, in adolescence, the development of a complete ethnic identity moves through three stages. Which of the following is not one of those stages? unexamined ethnic identity ethnic identity search ethnic identity achievement ethnic bipolar identity Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.6 Describe how ethnic identity develops in Canadian youth. 1 12-1-29 330 Knowledge

Answer: ethnic bipolar identity

30. Social psychologists, Maya Yampolsky, of Laval University and Catherine Amiot and Roxane de la Sablonnière of the University of Montreal have recently developed a questionnaire, the Multicultural Identity Integration Scale (MULTIIS), to measure an individual’s multicultural identity and have used it to explore the relationships among multicultural identity configurations, adaptability and wellbeing. Which of the following is not one of the three multicultural identity configurations examined by the MULTIIS? integration compartmentalization organization categorization Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.6 Describe how ethnic identity develops in Canadian youth. 1 12-1-30 330 Knowledge

Answer: organization 31. University of Montreal social psychologist Roxane de la Sablonnière has been investigating social change in relation to changes in cultural identity. Four types of societal states are proposed in this model. Which of the following is not one of the societal states proposed? stability incremental social change inertia normative structure

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.6 Describe how ethnic identity develops in Canadian youth. 1 12-1-31 330 Knowledge

Answer: normative structure 32. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, at the preconventional stage, a child's moral reasoning is based on the expectations of others regarding the child's behaviour. internalized values and principles. the outcome or consequences of an action. how the greatest good can be achieved. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.7 Describe the features of moral reasoning at each of Kohlberg’s stages. 2 12-1-32 332 Comprehension

Answer: the outcome or consequences of an action. 33. At Kohlberg's ______ level of moral reasoning, the standards the child uses to judge right and wrong are external, based on superior sources of authority, and determined by the outcome or consequences. universal ethics conventional morality preconventional morality principled morality Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.7 Describe the features of moral reasoning at each of Kohlberg’s stages. 1 12-1-33 332 Knowledge

Answer: preconventional morality 34. Which of the stages of moral reasoning listed below is most commonly found among teenagers? Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation Stage 3: Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, and Interpersonal Conformity Stage 5: Social Contract or Utility and Individual Rights Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: Stage 3: Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, and Interpersonal Conformity 35. At level I of Kolberg's stages of moral development—preconventional morality—judgments are based on compliance with superior power. the notion of retaliation. the greatest good for the greatest number. the expectations of others. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.7 Describe the features of moral reasoning at each of Kohlberg’s stages. 1 12-1-35 332 Knowledge

Answer: compliance with superior power. 36. Young adolescents use which of the options listed below to reason things through? Sometimes everyone is right. God will decide right and wrong. Follow the legal determination of right and wrong. Follow the opinion of an authority figure. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.7 Describe the features of moral reasoning at each of Kohlberg’s stages. 1 12-1-36 332 Knowledge

Answer: Follow the opinion of an authority figure. 37. Ben's friend Muhammed broke a window and consequently was punished. Ben said that Muhammed was bad because he had been punished. This would indicate that Ben was at Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning. conventional morality/interpersonal conformity preconventional morality/punishment and obedience orientation preconventional morality/conscience principled morality/social contract Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.7 Describe the features of moral reasoning at each of Kohlberg’s stages. 2 12-1-37 332 Analysis

Answer: preconventional morality/punishment and obedience orientation

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 38. Tanya tries to behave well so that she can avoid being punished for misbehaviour, and strives to be polite and friendly so that others will like her better. Tanya is most likely at Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning. conventional morality principled morality naive morality postconventional morality Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.7 Describe the features of moral reasoning at each of Kohlberg’s stages. 2 12-1-38 334-335 Analysis

Answer: conventional morality 39. At Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning, the rules or norms of a group to which the individual belongs, such as the family, peer group, or religion, become the basis of moral judgments. social contract orientation punishment and obedience orientation conventional morality naive hedonism Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.7 Describe the features of moral reasoning at each of Kohlberg’s stages. 2 12-1-39 334 Knowledge

Answer: conventional morality 40. A person who says "I pay income taxes and obey the posted speed limits because that is the law" is most likely reasoning at Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral development. conventional morality naive hedonism universal ethical principles preconventional morality Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.7 Describe the features of moral reasoning at each of Kohlberg’s stages. 2 12-1-40 334 Comprehension

Answer: conventional morality

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 41. At the beginning of the semester, Dr. Smith provides her calculus class with a syllabus that outlines the rules and procedures the class will follow to ensure an equitable learning environment for all students. Dr. Smith emphasizes that if the procedures or rules seem unfair or create a hardship, she is willing to negotiate new rules. Dr. Smith's philosophy of class management is most consistent with Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning. naive hedonism law-and-order orientation social contract orientation universal ethical principles Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.7 Describe the features of moral reasoning at each of Kohlberg’s stages. 2 12-1-41 335 Analysis

Answer: social contract orientation 42. Critics of Kohlberg's theory claim that his failure to consider ______ is a significant flaw. IQ emotions ethnicity education levels Learning Objective:

12.7 Describe the features of moral reasoning at each of Kohlberg’s stages. 12.9 Describe how Kohlberg’s theory has been criticized.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 12-1-42 337–338 Knowledge

Answer: emotions 43. Carol Gilligan proposes that there are two distinct moral orientations: ________ and ________. justice; care judgment; nurture intimacy; legality fairness; ethics Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.9 Describe how Kohlberg’s theory has been criticized. 1 12-1-43 337-338 Knowledge

Answer: justice; care

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 44. Adolescent antisocial behaviour that includes lawbreaking is labelled delinquency. social aggression. youth offences. criminality. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.10 Describe the relationship between moral reasoning abilities and antisocial behaviour. 1 12-1-44 339 Knowledge

Answer: criminality. 45. A form of aggression in which messages are sent by way of digital devices like smart phones, computers and tablets to intentionally hurt or embarrass others is called criminality. cyberbullying. conduct disorder. associating. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.10 Describe the relationship between moral reasoning abilities and antisocial behaviour. 2 12-1-45 339-341 Knowledge

Answer: cyberbullying 46. Teens with ________________________ disorder are also highly likely to display a large cluster of other problem behaviours, including drug and alcohol use, truancy or dropping out of school, and early and risky sexual behaviour, including having multiple sexual partners. adolescent-onset conduct adult-onset drug use childhood-onset conduct anti-narcissism availability Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.10 Describe the relationship between moral reasoning abilities and antisocial behaviour. 2 12-1-46 339-341 Knowledge

Answer:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 47. __________________, the tendency to exaggerate one’s importance, is also associated with conduct disorder. Conductism Holism Narcissism Antisocialism Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.10 Describe the relationship between moral reasoning abilities and antisocial behaviour. 1 12-1-47 337 Knowledge

Answer: Narcissism 48. The rise in conflict between parents and teenagers has been documented by a number of researchers. University of Lethbridge sociologist Reginald Bibby found that Canadian teens disagree with their parents most when it comes to everyday issues such as chores around the house, school, their parents’ reaction to the way they talk to them, and their parents’ concern about their safety. These issues account for roughly ________________ of the conflicts. one-half one-third three-quarters one-fourth Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.11 Describe the changing relationships of adolescents with their parents. 2 12-1-48 342 Comprehension

Answer: one-half 49. How is a teen's attachment relationship with her or his parents affected by the developmental processes of separation and individuation in adolescence? As the teen becomes more autonomous and separate, the need for parents as a secure psychological base is eliminated. The teenager must weaken and eventually break the attachment bond with her parents in order to become autonomous. Teenagers’ underlying emotional attachment to their parents remains strong on average. As a result of family conflict and increased autonomy during adolescence, attachment to the peer group is more important than attachment to parents. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.11 Describe the changing relationships of adolescents with their parents. 2 12-1-49 342 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 50. Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding romantic relationship patterns among same-sex sexually oriented teens? Like their heterosexual peers, same-sex and bisexual sexually oriented teenagers become aware of same-sex attraction at around age 11 or 12 years of age. In contrast to heterosexual sexually oriented teens and lesbian sexually oriented girls, gay sexually oriented boys notice and act on same-sex attraction at somewhat earlier ages. Girls who ultimately commit to a same-sex sexual orientation express more certainty about their sexual identity than boys do. By age 13, most have classified themselves as primarily heterosexual sexually oriented or committed to a gay, lesbian, or bisexual sexual orientation. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.13 Describe how interest in romantic relationships emerges among heterosexual and same-sex sexually oriented teens. 2 12-1-50 346 Knowledge

Answer: By age 13, most have classified themselves as primarily heterosexual sexually oriented or committed to a gay, lesbian, or bisexual sexual orientation. 51. Which of the following statements regarding gambling and youth is true? Gambling as an acceptable form of entertainment embraced by our society and is harmless to children. Gambling is not in the same risk category as smoking, drinking, or drugs because the consequences of gambling are minor compared to those activities. Adolescents also have a higher incidence of gambling problems than adults, and youth are two to four times more likely than adults to have a serious gambling problem. Adolescents are more likely to wager valued possessions or buy lotto tickets than to gamble for money. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.13 Describe how interest in romantic relationships emerges among heterosexual and same-sex sexually oriented teens. 2 12-1-51 348 Knowledge

Answer: Adolescents also have a higher incidence of gambling problems than adults, and youth are two to four times more likely than adults to have a serious gambling problem. 52. Which of the following personality traits is a considered a risk factor for developing problem gambling habits? depression high impulsivity low self-esteem openness to experience Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: high impulsivity 53. Which of the following is NOT an important characteristic of adolescent friendships as they approach adulthood? the quality of peer relationships sexual attractiveness loyalty and faithfulness sharing more and more of their inner feelings and secrets Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.12 Discuss the issues involved in adolescents’ relationships with peers. 2 12-1-53 342-343 Comprehension

Answer: sexual attractiveness 54. Surveys indicate that 69% of 11- to 14-yearolds and 85% of 15- to 18-year-olds have their own cellphones (Rideout, Foehr, & Roberts, 2010). Teens in both age groups spend an average of about ________ hours a day talking with and texting peers on their cellphones. two four six eight Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.12 Discuss the issues involved in adolescents’ relationships with peers. 1 12-1-54 344 Knowledge

Answer: two 55. Among adolescents, peer-group pressures are most likely to be more powerful than parental values and mandated behaviours. toward positive activities, such as school involvement. toward misconduct, such as vandalism or delinquency. negative and destructive. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.12 Discuss the issues involved in adolescents’ relationships with peers. 2 12-1-55 344 Comprehension

Answer: toward positive activities, such as school involvement.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 56. Which of the following is the best example of a clique, as described by Dunphy? Roberto, Larry, George, and Ali have shared the good times and the bad times in each other's lives since they were 12 years old. Muhammed and Ken have been best friends since they played on the same soccer team in Grade 5. The Ajax basketball team won the provincial championship by setting team goals, playing unselfishly, and practicing every day. Raoul and Elena have been dating since they were 15, and now they are thinking of marrying. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.12 Discuss the issues involved in adolescents’ relationships with peers. 2 12-1-56 344 Analysis

Answer: Roberto, Larry, George, and Ali have shared the good times and the bad times in each other's lives since they were 12 years old. 57. Which of the following most accurately describes the evolution of peer group structures during adolescence? Same-sex cliques combine into crowds that evolve into heterosexual cliques and associations of couples. Reputation-based groups become identity prototypes that will become either cliques or crowds. Best-friend pairs form heterosexual cliques that evolve into loosely associated crowds. Crowds dissolve into cliques that reorganize into heterosexual pairs. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.12 Discuss the issues involved in adolescents’ relationships with peers. 1 12-1-57 344 Knowledge

Answer: Same-sex cliques combine into crowds that evolve into heterosexual cliques and associations of couples. 58. If 17-year-old Amir belongs to the crowd of "jocks" at his school, then he most likely has no clear sense of his identity or where he fits in among his peers. most likely has friends from other school groups, such as "druggies," "grits," or "loners." probably belongs to a high-status group of peers. probably has more athletic achievements than academic or social achievements. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.12 Discuss the issues involved in adolescents’ relationships with peers. 2 12-1-58 344 Comprehension

Answer: probably belongs to a high-status group of peers.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 59. During adolescence, the identity prototypes that are associated with reputation-based peer groups most likely serve the developmental purpose of clarifying appropriate targets for social and romantic interests. maintaining order and discipline among groups in the educational setting. helping to create or reinforce adolescents' sense of identity. helping teens understand their potential roles as adults. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.12 Discuss the issues involved in adolescents’ relationships with peers. 2 12-1-59 344 Analysis

Answer: helping to create or reinforce adolescents' sense of identity. 60. Which item is out of place in this list? clique crowd reputation-based group identity prototype Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.12 Discuss the issues involved in adolescents’ relationships with peers. 3 12-1-60 344 Analysis

Answer: clique 61. A combination of cliques, which includes both males and females, is a clique. crowd. camp. posse. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.12 Discuss the issues involved in adolescents’ relationships with peers. 3 12-1-61 344 Analysis

Answer: crowd. 62. "Jocks," "nerds," "preppies," and "skaters" are labels that are examples of crowds. cliques. posses. stereotypes.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.12 Discuss the issues involved in adolescents’ relationships with peers. 3 12-1-62 344 Analysis

Answer: crowds. 63. Although adults often assume that _____________ desires are the basis of emergent romantic relationships, it appears that ____________ factors are just as important. social; sexual clique; crowd nerd; jock sexual; social Learning Objective:

12.13 Describe how interest in romantic relationships emerges among heterosexual and same-sex sexually oriented teens.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3 12-1-63 345-346 Knowledge

Answer: sexual; social 64. Problem gambling is now classified as a ____________________ in the DSM-V. substancerelated and addictive disorder neurodevelopmental disorder disruptive, impulsecontrol, and conduct disorder personality disorder Learning Objective:

12.13 Describe how interest in romantic relationships emerges among heterosexual and same-sex sexually oriented teens.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 12-1-64 348 Knowledge

Answer: substancerelated and addictive disorder 65. The process by which a child or adolescent prematurely takes on adult roles and responsibilities is referred to as integration adultification. stability. identity formation.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.2 Explain Marcia’s theory of identity development. 1 12-1-65 348 Knowledge

Answer: adultification. 66. There are more than _____ distinct ethnic identities in Canada, which vary in linguistic, national, regional, racial, and religious attributes. 200 3500 890 5700 Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.6 Describe how ethnic identity develops in Canadian youth. 1 12-1-66 348 Knowledge

Answer: 200 67. Indigenous youth continue to be overrepresented in the correctional system, accounting for ~46% of admissions to correctional services while representing only ~8% of the Canadian youth population. 75; 10 46; 8 12; 1 95; 16 Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.10 Describe the relationship between moral reasoning abilities and antisocial behaviour. 1 12-1-67 348 Knowledge

Answer: 46; 8 68. Chinese teens, on average, felt emotionally closest to their _______, while their Canadian counterparts reported greater emotional closeness to _________. friends; siblings siblings; parents parents; friends siblings; friends

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

12.13 Describe how interest in romantic relationships emerges among heterosexual and same-sex sexually oriented teens.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 12-1-68 348 Knowledge

Answer: parents; friends 69. Immigrant and Indigenous youth and youth who experience parental divorce, mental health problems, alcohol-substance abuse, and/or violence face a greater risk for identification. consolidation. stability referencing. adultification. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.2 Explain Marcia’s theory of identity development. 1 12-1-69 348 Knowledge

Answer: adultification. 70. The ability to look at a situation from another person’s perspective is referred to as role-taking. longitudinality. reciprocal dialogue. concrete operations. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.8 Identify some important causes and effects in the development of moral reasoning. 1 12-1-70 348 Knowledge

Answer: role-taking.

Chapter 12 True-False Questions 1. According to Freud, the primary developmental task of adolescence is to channel the libido into a healthy sexual relationship. a True b False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.1 Describe what happens during Erikson’s identity versus role confusion stage. 1 12-2-01 324 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 2. According to Erikson, teens protect themselves against the turmoil of the identity crisis by identifying with a peer group. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.1 Describe what happens during Erikson’s identity versus role confusion stage. 1 12-2-02 324 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 3. According to Marcia, an individual who has a foreclosure identity has experienced a period of crisis and has made a commitment to ideological, occupational, or other goals. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.2 Explain Marcia’s theory of identity development. 2 12-2-03 324-325 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 4. Social self-concepts can predict behaviour. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.3 Discuss the ways that self-understanding in adolescence differs from that in childhood. 2 12-2-04 326 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 5. Regarding gender role identities, androgynous individuals see themselves as having both masculine and feminine traits; undifferentiated individuals describe themselves as lacking both. a True b False Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 24

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.5 Summarize the gender role concepts of adolescents. 1 12-2-05 328-329 Knowledge

Answer: b. True 6. Compared with boys in Canada, girls ages 15 to 17 are about two times more likely to report experiencing quite a bit of stress most days (~24%) and to be diagnosed with a mood disorder (~7.3%).. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.5 Summarize the gender role concepts of adolescents. 2 12-2-06 328 Knowledge

Answer: b. True 7. Minority teenagers, especially Indigenous and recent immigrant youth, face the task of creating a clear and confident understanding of their multiple identities in adolescence. Like other teens, they must develop a sense of individual identity that they believe sets them apart from others. At the same time, they must also develop an ethnic identity that includes self-identification as a member of their specific group, commitment to that group and its values and attitudes, and some attitudes (positive or negative) about the group to which they belong. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.6 Describe how ethnic identity develops in Canadian youth. 1 12-2-07 329-330 Application

Answer: a. True 8. Immigrant parents’ expectations about helping out with family obligations, obeying parents, and dating or socializing can differ from the views of the adolescents who have been exposed to majority cultural values. Furthermore, intergenerational differences tend to become more pronounced the longer the term of residency. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True 9. In the majority of families, conflict between teens and their parents typically signifies a major disruption in the quality of the parent–child relationship. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.11 Describe the changing relationships of adolescents with their parents. 1 12-2-09 342 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 10. Teenagers who are closely attached to their parents are academically successful, enjoy good peer relations, but are just as likely to engage in antisocial behaviour. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.11 Describe the changing relationships of adolescents with their parents. 2 12-2-10 342 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 11. Surveys indicate that the majority of 11- to 18-year-olds have their own cellphones. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.12 Discuss the issues involved in adolescents’ relationships with peers. 2 12-2-11 342 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 12. During early adolescence, cliques are typically small cross-sex groups who label themselves by identity prototypes such as "jocks," "populars," or "loners." a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: b. False 13. According to Kohlberg, most adolescents operate beyond a level 3 stage of moral development, where living up to the expectations of one's family or significant others is the major influence on moral reasoning. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.7 Describe the features of moral reasoning at each of Kohlberg’s stages. 1 12-2-13 332-333 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 14. Temperament appears to be the most important factor in the development of the onset of youth criminality during adolescence. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.10 Describe the relationship between moral reasoning abilities and antisocial behaviour. 1 12-2-14 339 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 15. According to Kohlberg's theory, the level of moral reasoning in which judgments are based on integration of individual rights and the needs of society is postconventional morality. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.7 Describe the features of moral reasoning at each of Kohlberg’s stages. 2 12-2-15 332-333 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 16. The most obvious reason for the general correlations between Kohlberg's stages and chronological age is cognitive development. a True b False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.7 Describe the features of moral reasoning at each of Kohlberg’s stages. 2 12-2-16 336 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 17. The American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s is a good example of stage 6 universal ethical principles of moral reasoning in action. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.7 Describe the features of moral reasoning at each of Kohlberg’s stages. 2 12-2-17 335 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 18. Kohlberg identified that the development of moral reasoning requires both cognitive development and support from the social environment. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.7 Describe the features of moral reasoning at each of Kohlberg’s stages. 1 12-2-18 335 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 19. Cross-cultural research indicates that Kohlberg's stage sequence is not universal in all cultures. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.7 Describe the features of moral reasoning at each of Kohlberg’s stages. 1 12-2-19 337 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.7 Describe the features of moral reasoning at each of Kohlberg’s stages. 1 12-2-20 337 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 21. One's level of moral reasoning is strongly predictive of moral behaviours or actions. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.7 Describe the features of moral reasoning at each of Kohlberg’s stages. 1 12-2-21 337 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 22. Peer influences and parenting style are two socializing factors that predict youth crime rates. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.10 Describe the relationship between moral reasoning abilities and antisocial behaviour. 1 12-2-22 340 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 23. Parents and adolescents argue most about chores around the house, school, their parents’ reaction to the way they talk to them, and their parents’ concern about their safety. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.11 Describe the changing relationships of adolescents with their parents. 1 12-2-23 342 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 24. By age 12 or 13, most adolescents have a basic conception of what it means to be “in love,” and the sense of being in love is an important factor in adolescent dating patterns. a True b False Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 29

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

12.13 Describe how interest in romantic relationships emerges among heterosexual and same-sex sexually oriented teens.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 12-2-24 345 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 25. Like their heterosexual peers, same-sex and bisexual sexually oriented teenagers become aware of same-sex attraction at around age 11 or 12. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.13 Describe how interest in romantic relationships emerges among heterosexual and same-sex sexually oriented teens. 1 12-2-25 346 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 26. Self-esteem decreases throughout adolescence and into early adulthood. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.4 Describe how self-esteem changes across the teenage years. 1 12-2-26 346 Knowledge

Answer: a. False 27. The most obvious reason for the general correlations between Kohlberg’s stages and chronological age is cognitive development. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.8 Identify some important causes and effects in the development of moral reasoning. 1 12-2-27 346 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 28. Role-taking refers to the ability to move from the sensorimotor stage to the preoperational stage in Piaget’s theory. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.8 Identify some important causes and effects in the development of moral reasoning. 1 12-2-28 346 Knowledge

Answer: a. False 29. Cross-cultural research provides zero support for the universality of Kohlberg’s stage sequence. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.9 Describe how Kohlberg’s theory has been criticized. 1 12-2-29 346 Knowledge

Answer: a. False 30. Advances in self-understanding among adolescents are both facilitated by and contribute to the increasing stability of the Big Five personality traits during this period. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.3 Discuss the ways that self-understanding in adolescence differs from that in childhood. 1 12-2-30 346 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

Chapter 12 Short Answer Questions 1. Does James Marcia's theory of identity achievement explain how all adolescents in our society develop a personal identity? What are the limitations to Marcia's theory?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.2 Explain Marcia’s theory of identity development. 3 12-3-01 324–326 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 2. How gender role concepts evolve or change across the years of adolescence?

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.5 Summarize the gender role concepts of adolescents. 2 12-3-02 328-329 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 3. What are the typical sources of conflict or discord between most teenagers and their parents? What are the causes and consequences of adultification? Add in a discussion of the importance of attachment bonds with parent/caregivers including the value for Indigenous youth. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.11 Describe the changing relationships of adolescents with their parents. 1 12-3-03 342 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 4. What is the function of the peer group during adolescence? How does identification with a peer group and the labelling of a peer group serve a developmental function in adolescence? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.12 Discuss the issues involved in adolescents’ relationships with peers. 2 12-3-04 343–344 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 5. Describe the process of how romantic relationships emerge in the lives of adolescents of varying sexual orientations.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.13 Describe how interest in romantic relationships emerges among heterosexual and same-sex sexually oriented teens. 2 12-3-05 346 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 6. How can moral reasoning be encouraged or developed?

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.7 Describe the features of moral reasoning at each of Kohlberg’s stages. 12.8 Identify some important causes and effects in the development of moral reasoning. 2 12-3-06 332–336 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 7. Discuss the role of self-esteem in adolescent development. What factors influence self-esteem? What shifts occur? What other developmental tasks does it influence? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.4 Describe how self-esteem changes across the teenage years. 3 12-3-07 328 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 8. You have been asked by the Student's Commission to prepare a presentation on the identity experience of minority and immigrant youth in Canada. Describe the experience of identity and its complications, benefits, and outcomes for minority and immigrant youth. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.6 Describe how ethnic identity develops in Canadian youth. 3 12-3-08 329–330 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 9. Discuss Nancy Eisenberg and Carol Gilligan's criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of the development of moral reasoning. What evidence exists to support their viewpoints?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.9 Describe how Kohlberg’s theory has been criticized. 3 12-3-09 337–338 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 10. Describe the relationship between moral reasoning abilities and antisocial behaviour. Also discuss Indigenous youth justice initiatives. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.10 Describe the relationship between moral reasoning abilities and antisocial behaviour. 3 12-3-10 338–341 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary Chapter 12 Essay Questions 1. Describe Marcia's conceptualization of identity formation in adolescence. In your description, define the two key components of identity formation, and summarize the four possible identity statuses. Give examples to illustrate each of the four statuses. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.2 Explain Marcia’s theory of identity development. 2 12-4-01 324–326 Application

Answer: Answers will vary 2. Compare and contrast the relative influences of parents and peers upon teenagers. In your opinion, which set of influences is most powerful? Why? Add in a discussion of the importance of attachment bonds with parent/caregivers including the value for Indigenous youth. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.11 Describe the changing relationships of adolescents with their parents. 12.12 Discuss the issues involved in adolescents’ relationships with peers. 3 12-4-02 341–344 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 3. Discuss the issue of gambling among Canadian youth. What factors might account for the increase in youth gambling? How are youth harmed by problem gambling? What can be done to help young gamblers? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.13 Describe how interest in romantic relationships emerges among heterosexual and same-sex sexually oriented teens. 3 12-4-03 348 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 4. Identify and describe Kohlberg's theory and levels of moral development. Provide examples to illustrate each stage. What developmental and environmental factors influence the development of moral reasoning? What are the gaps and criticisms associated with Kohlberg's work? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.7 Describe the features of moral reasoning at each of Kohlberg’s stages. 3 12-4-04 332–336 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 5. Discuss criminality and anti-social behaviour patterns among Canadian youth. Describe the moral reasoning abilities and other characteristics of young people who commit criminal offences. What are the trends, sub-groups, causes, risk factors, and consequences of this social problem? What stand does the Youth Criminal Justice Act take toward youth criminality? Include a discussion of Indigenous youth justice initiatives. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.10 Describe the relationship between moral reasoning abilities and antisocial behaviour. 3 12-4-05 339–341 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 6. Explain how interest in romantic relationships emerges among heterosexual and same-sex sexually oriented teens. At what age do teens become aware of sexual attraction? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

12.13 Describe how interest in romantic relationships emerges among heterosexual and same-sex sexually oriented teens. 1 12-4-06 345–346 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

CHAPTER 13: PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVVE DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY ADULTHOOD Chapter 13 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. What are the two general categories of aging identified by researchers? decline and compensation aerobic and anaerobic individual and cohort comparative primary and secondary Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.1 Explain the difference between primary and secondary aging. 1 13-1-01 351-352 Knowledge

Answer: primary and secondary 2. Which of the following terms represents the basic, underlying, inevitable processes of physical change that affect all human beings? quality adjusted life years senescence primary aging secondary aging Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.1 Explain the difference between primary and secondary aging. 1 13-1-02 351 Knowledge

Answer: primary aging 3. Which of the following terms represents the age-related changes that are due to social and environmental influences, poor health habits, or disease? secondary aging derivative senescence primary aging compensatory decline Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.1 Explain the difference between primary and secondary aging. 1 13-1-03 352 Knowledge

Answer: secondary aging

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 4. Among Canadians, which statement best represents the relationship between good health/lower mortality rates and degree of income inequality? Universal health care negates many of the effects of income inequity. Universally, the rich are generally healthier, happier, and live longer than the poor. Health habits rather than income affect overall good health and mortality rates. Public health campaigns to increase awareness of the health benefits of diet, exercise, and not smoking have significantly lessened the traditional income inequity impacts. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.1 Explain the difference between primary and secondary aging. 3 13-1-04 352 Comprehension

Answer: Universal health care negates many of the effects of income inequity. 5. Neuropsychologists believe that the brain development of early adulthood leads to increased capacities for ________ and ________. concrete operations; perception-bound reasoning emotional intelligence; verbal expression critical thinking; abstract reasoning formal operational thinking; abstract reasoning Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.2 Identify what changes take place in the brain in early adulthood. 2 13-1-05 354 Knowledge

Answer: formal operational thinking; abstract reasoning 6. The loss of speed that is the hallmark of primary aging in adulthood is based upon age-based changes in the ________ system. cardiovascular limbic endocrine nervous Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.1 Explain the difference between primary and secondary aging. 13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 2 13-1-06 356 Knowledge

Answer: cardiovascular 7. Which of the following is an example of primary aging? atherosclerosis loss of ability to hear very high and very low tones cancer increased maximum oxygen uptake Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 2

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.1 Explain the difference between primary and secondary aging. 13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 2 13-1-07 356 Knowledge

Answer: loss of ability to hear very high and very low tones 8. Which of the following is NOT an example of primary aging? decreased insulin production resulting in diabetes loss of "fast twitch" muscle fibres used for bursts of strength or speed thickening of the lens of the eye and loss of accommodative power compression of disks of the spine resulting in loss of height Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.1 Explain the difference between primary and secondary aging. 13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 2 13-1-08 356 Analysis

Answer: decreased insulin production resulting in diabetes 9. Which of the following is an example of secondary aging? decline in production of viable sperm osteoporosis cancer increased wrinkling of the skin Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.1 Explain the difference between primary and secondary aging. 13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 2 13-1-09 356 Analysis

Answer: cancer 10. Which of the following is NOT an example of age-related changes that one might experience in early adulthood? increase in wrinkles as a result of loss of elasticity increased reproductive risk and/or lowered fertility loss of height due to compression of the disks in the spine loss of the ability to hear very high and very low tones Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.1 Explain the difference between primary and secondary aging. 13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 1 13-1-10 356 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: loss of the ability to hear very high and very low tones 11. What is the most common measure of overall aerobic fitness of the heart and lungs? maximum oxygen uptake T cell production systolic pressure blood pressure Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 1 13-1-11 356 Knowledge

Answer: maximum oxygen uptake 12. In adulthood, when maximum oxygen uptake and cardiac output are measured at rest, what is the usual age-based pattern? When maximum oxygen uptake and cardiac output are measured during exercise, what is the typical age-based pattern? Significant measures of age-based decline are found during rest, and even greater measures of decline in functioning are observed during exercise. During adulthood there is minimal age-based decrement in capacity of either of these functions when they are measured at rest or during exercise. Neither of these functions show significant decrement when measured at rest, but when measured during exercise, both functions show systematic age-based decrement. At rest, there is a systematic decline of about 10% per year. During exercise, there is minimal decrement in capacity. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 2 13-1-12 357 Comprehension

Answer: Neither of these functions show significant decrement when measured at rest, but when measured during exercise, both functions show systematic age-based decrement. 13. During adulthood, what happens to the body's ability to take in and transport oxygen to various body organs (VO2 max)? When measured at rest, VO2 max minimally declines with age, but during exercise, there is systematic decline of VO2 max beginning between ages 35 and 40. When VO2 max is measured at rest, there is a systematic decline of about 1% per year, but during exercise there is minimal decline in capacity. Primary aging causes an increase in VO2 max during both rest and exercise, although the greatest increases are found during exercise conditions. As women age, their VO2 max decreases during rest and exercise conditions, but as men age, their VO2 max improves under rest and exercise conditions.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 2 13-1-13 357 Comprehension

Answer: When measured at rest, VO2 max minimally declines with age, but during exercise, there is systematic decline of VO2 max beginning between ages 35 and 40. 14. Which of the following occurs among adults who are experiencing age-based systematic decreases in cardiac output and maximum oxygen uptake? Immune system functioning is less efficient. There is a general loss of strength and speed. Tissues in all parts of the body become more elastic and flexible. There is a loss of bone mineral and an increase in the wear and tear of the joints. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 2 13-1-14 357 Analysis

Answer: There is a general loss of strength and speed. 15. Women's fertility is highest by the ________ and then ________. mid-teens; declines steadily age of 30; remains at a peak until age 40 late teens and early 20s; declines steadily mid-20s; remains at a peak until the late 30s Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 1 13-1-15 358 Knowledge

Answer: late teens and early 20s; declines steadily 16. According to statistics, which of the following women would be most at risk for miscarriage? Ella, age 17, who is experiencing her first pregnancy Alice, age 34, who is experiencing her first pregnancy Lois, age 21, who is experiencing her first pregnancy Brenda, age 28, who has had several previous children Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: Alice, age 34, who is experiencing her first pregnancy 17. Which of the following is true regarding the nature of age changes in physical functioning? Thinning of the lens of the eye Increased ability to hear very high and very low tones Compression of disks in the spine, with resulting loss of height of 2.5 to 5.0 cm by age 80 Decrease in wrinkles as a result of increasing elasticity Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 2 13-1-17 358 Knowledge

Answer: Compression of disks in the spine, with resulting loss of height of 2.5 to 5.0 cm by age 80 18. Which of the following statements is true regarding female reproduction patterns? Fertility problems in women are more often a by-product of age. Fertility problems in women are more often a by-product of disease. Fertility problems in women are more often a by-product of genetically transmitted defects. Fertility problems in women are more often a by-product of early contraceptive use. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 1 13-1-18 358 Knowledge

Answer: Fertility problems in women are more often a by-product of age. 19. How does aging affect men's fertility? Men experience their prime fertility in their 20s or 30s, but after menopause their fertility declines by 25 to 30 percent. Men's fertility follows essentially the same age-based pattern of change as women's fertility. Men's fertility steadily increases throughout the lifespan. Men experience a slight decline in fertility after age 40 but may retain the capacity to impregnate until old age. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 2 13-1-19 358 Comprehension

Answer: Men experience a slight decline in fertility after age 40 but may retain the capacity to impregnate until old age.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 20. What is the most likely reason for male infertility? normal aging processes an insufficient number of viable sperm diseases that cause impotence genetically transmitted defects Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 1 13-1-20 358 Knowledge

Answer: an insufficient number of viable sperm 21. What are the key features of the human immune system? the thymus gland and the bone marrow the pancreas and the liver neurotransmitters and hormones fever, chills, and muscle aches Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 1 13-1-21 358-359 Knowledge

Answer: the thymus gland and the bone marrow 22. Rita is exposed to a virus when she touches a computer keyboard recently touched by someone who has a cold. Which feature of Rita's immune system will protect her? T cells the liver maximum oxygen uptake capacity B cells Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 1 13-1-22 358 Application

Answer: B cells 23. An individual has recently developed a form of cancer. Which aspect of the person's immune system would be involved in the development of the disease? bone marrow, by producing more B cells antibodies, through reduced efficiency T cells, by losing their ability to recognize foreign cells B cells, by producing fewer antibodies

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 2 13-1-23 358 Knowledge

Answer: T cells, by losing their ability to recognize foreign cells 24. Why do adults become more susceptible to disease as they age? Fewer antibodies are produced and T cells become less efficient. The thymus gland becomes excessively large and interferes with the production of B cells. More B cells and T cells are produced than can be absorbed by the bone marrow and the thymus gland. The thymus gland and the bone marrow produce antibodies that attack normal body cells. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 2 13-1-24 358 Comprehension

Answer: Fewer antibodies are produced and T cells become less efficient. 25. According to researchers, which of the following factors is NOT identified as causing a negative effect upon immune system functioning across adulthood? psychological stress and depression life experiences that demand high levels of change and adaptation excessive exercise and physical exertion chronic stress Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 2 13-1-25 358-359 Comprehension

Answer: excessive exercise and physical exertion 26. The sexually transmitted infection that is the most widespread among young adults is gonorrhoea. chlamydia. syphilis. AIDS. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: chlamydia. 27. What statement is most true regarding the high rate of sexually transmitted infections among people in early adulthood? Having multiple sexual partners is not a contributing factor. Lack of access to medical services allows symptoms to go undetected. Inadequate use of protection leads to the spread of STIs. Today's treatments are so quick and effective, that exposure to STIs is no longer a major concern. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.5 Describe the risks associated with sexually transmitted infections during early adulthood. 1 13-1-27 361-362 Comprehension

Answer: Inadequate use of protection leads to the spread of STIs. 28. Which of the following is NOT a factor that increases susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections? multiple sex partners frequent use of drugs or alcohol lack of discussion about sexually transmitted infections decrease in VO2 max Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.5 Describe the risks associated with sexually transmitted infections during early adulthood. 2 13-1-28 362 Comprehension

Answer: decrease in VO2 max 29. According to the results of the Alameda County Study of health habits, if you choose to ________, you will not affect your mortality. get regular sleep snack drink alcohol exercise Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.4 Identify what habits and personal factors are associated with good health. 1 13-1-29 359 Knowledge

Answer: snack

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 30. Which of the following is NOT a research-based recommendation to make to a friend who wants advice about health practices that might facilitate longevity? Reduce dietary cholesterol. Get regular sleep. Eat breakfast every day. Get regular physical exercise. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.4 Identify what habits and personal factors are associated with good health. 1 13-1-30 359-360 Comprehension

Answer: Eat breakfast every day. 31. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about the impact of social support upon the health of adults? A study of depression among women found that social support buffered the negative effect of stress. The positive link between social contact and physical health is limited to Western culture and does not exist in non-Western societies. In a study of adults ranging in age from 30 to 69, those with fewer social connections in their social networks had higher death rates than those with more social connections. How a person perceives the adequacy of her social contacts and emotional support is more important than the objective amount of contact with others. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.4 Identify what habits and personal factors are associated with good health. 2 13-1-31 360 Knowledge

Answer: The positive link between social contact and physical health is limited to Western culture and does not exist in non-Western societies. 32. Which of the following statements is most true regarding the impact of strong social support networks? There are lowered risks of disease for women. There are correlations with health benefits, but only in Western cultures. There is a direct correlation with mental health benefits, but not with physical health benefits. The perceived adequacy of a person's social network is positively correlated with immune system functioning. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.4 Identify what habits and personal factors are associated with good health. 1 13-1-32 360 Knowledge

Answer: The perceived adequacy of a person's social network is positively correlated with immune system functioning.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 33. Among both men and women, those with _______ social connections had highest _____ rates than those with ______ social connections. fewer; death; more more; death; less more; health; less fewer; health; more Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.4 Identify what habits and personal factors are associated with good health. 2 13-1-33 360 Knowledge

Answer: fewer; death; more 34. Which concept is unrelated to the other concepts in this list? optimism perceived control self-efficacy crystallized intelligence Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.4 Identify what habits and personal factors are associated with good health. 2 13-1-34 360 Analysis

Answer: crystallized intelligence 35. The belief in one's capacity to cause an intended event to occur or to perform a task is known as pessimism. optimism. self-efficacy. self-efficiency. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.4 Identify what habits and personal factors are associated with good health. 1 13-1-35 360 Knowledge

Answer: self-efficacy.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 36. Which of the following best illustrates Seligman's view of optimism? When Aisha goes to the racetrack, she bets on grey horses because she had a grey pony when she was a child. Janie is a pleasant, sunny person who always has a smile and a warm greeting for everyone she meets. Although six banks rejected Bill's application for a loan to start a computer software company, he persisted in his efforts to convince people that his computer operating system would revolutionize personal computing. Inez believes she will do well in university because she has a high IQ and had an excellent university preparation program in high school. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.4 Identify what habits and personal factors are associated with good health. 3 13-1-36 361 Analysis

Answer: Although six banks rejected Bill's application for a loan to start a computer software company, he persisted in his efforts to convince people that his computer operating system would revolutionize personal computing. 37. The belief in one's ability to perform some action, or to control one's behaviour or environment, to reach a goal or to make something happen is called effectiveness. self-efficacy. competence. self-confidence. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.4 Identify what habits and personal factors are associated with good health. 2 13-1-37 361 Knowledge

Answer: self-efficacy. 38. Evangelina has a number of problems in her personal life. She often feels helpless, that her misfortune is her fault, and that it will last forever, so she chooses to give up and tries to avoid any situation that may cause her stress. She is most likely a(n) optimist. pessimist. self-efficacist. realist. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.4 Identify what habits and personal factors are associated with good health. 1 13-1-38 361 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 39. Pavlo has just lost his job working as a graphic artist. He continues to maintain a high level of optimism, as he firmly believes that the setback is only temporary and that a solution is around the corner. He is most likely a(n) optimist. pessimist. self-efficacist. realist. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.4 Identify what habits and personal factors are associated with good health. 1 13-1-39 361 Comprehension

Answer: optimist. 40. The results of a classic longitudinal study found that pessimism at age _______ was correlated with poor health in middle and late adulthood. 46 25 15 12 Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.4 Identify what habits and personal factors are associated with good health. 1 13-1-40 360-361 Comprehension

Answer: 25 41. Which of the following is NOT a factor that has been hypothesized to contribute to partner abuse? partner differences, such as differences in ethnicity or differences in IQ personality traits, such as aggressiveness or tendency toward jealousy gender-role prescriptions that give men authority over their wives laws that define women as property and give men the right to control or punish Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.6 Discuss the risk factors for intimate partner violence. 2 13-1-41 363–364 Comprehension

Answer: partner differences, such as differences in ethnicity or differences in IQ

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 42. Which of the following groups is most likely to be a victim of abuse? women 40 to 50 years of age women 25 to 35 years of age women older than 60 years of age women 16 to 24 years of age Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.6 Discuss the risk factors for intimate partner violence. 1 13-1-42 364 Knowledge

Answer: women 16 to 24 years of age 43. Researchers have determined that in approximately half of intrafamily killings, the victim and/or the perpetrator had been using alcohol or drugs. mentally ill. a high school dropout. experiencing high levels of stress. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.6 Discuss the risk factors for intimate partner violence. 1 13-1-43 364 Knowledge

Answer: using alcohol or drugs. 44. Of the following, which has not been recommended as a strategy to prevent intimate partner abuse? having the victim and the abuser seek relationship counselling training law enforcement and hospital emergency room personnel to recognize signs of abuse providing victims with problem-solving skills and temporary shelters educating the public and changing attitudes about the acceptability of violence in intimate relationships Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.6 Discuss the risk factors for intimate partner violence. 2 13-1-44 365 Comprehension

Answer: having the victim and the abuser seek relationship counselling 45. "Any form of sexual activity with another person without his or her consent" is the definition of sexual assault. rape. assault and battery. intimate partner abuse. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 14

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.7 Discuss the issues involved in sexual assault. 1 13-1-45 365 Knowledge

Answer: sexual assault. 46. Sexual assault that consists of unwanted kissing, touching, oral/anal intercourse, or other forms of penetration would be viewed as level 1. level 2. level 3. level 4. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.7 Discuss the issues involved in sexual assault. 1 13-1-46 365 Comprehension

Answer: level 1. 47. Sexual assault with a weapon or resulting in bodily harm would be viewed as level 1. level 2. level 3. level 4. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.7 Discuss the issues involved in sexual assault. 1 13-1-47 365 Comprehension

Answer: level 2. 48. What is the context for most of the sexual violence in Canada? social or romantic relationships stalking of the victim by an unknown person an unpremeditated attack by a stranger marital rape Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.7 Discuss the issues involved in sexual assault. 1 13-1-48 365-366 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: social or romantic relationships 49. What are the most common mental disorders affecting young adults? anxiety and mood disorders forms of dementia personality disorders schizophrenia and schizotypal disorders Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.8 Identify which mental disorders occur most frequently in early adulthood. 1 13-1-49 366 Knowledge

Answer: anxiety and mood disorders 50. Luis experiences an irrational fear when he is in a tightly confined space, such as an elevator or crowded room. Most likely, Luis has a mental disorder known as mood dementia phobia histrionic personality disorder depression Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.8 Identify which mental disorders occur most frequently in early adulthood. 2 13-1-50 394 Application

Answer: phobia 51. What is the most common mental health disorder affecting young adults? schizophrenia anxiety narcissism obsessive compulsive disorder Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.8 Identify which mental disorders occur most frequently in early adulthood. 1 13-1-51 366-367 Knowledge

Answer: anxiety

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 52. What mental disorder takes the form of an inflexible pattern of behaviour that eventually leads to difficulty in educational, occupational, and social functioning? personality disorder substance abuse disorder anxiety disorder mood disorder Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.8 Identify which mental disorders occur most frequently in early adulthood. 1 13-1-52 367 Knowledge

Answer: personality disorder 53. Among college and university students, binge drinking can best be described as a normal developmental stage activity that is contextual and subsides with age. an epidemic social problem affecting up to 70% of post-secondary students. a serious social concern closely associated with higher rates of unprotected sex, physical injury, and driving while intoxicated. a concerning problem primarily among males in post-secondary settings. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.8 Identify which mental disorders occur most frequently in early adulthood. 1 13-1-53 369 Knowledge

Answer: a serious social concern closely associated with higher rates of unprotected sex, physical injury, and driving while intoxicated. 54. Which type of personality disorder is characterized by difficulty forming emotional attachments, lack of empathy, and little regard for the rights of others? borderline personality disorder narcissistic personality disorder antisocial personality disorder histrionic personality disorder Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.8 Identify which mental disorders occur most frequently in early adulthood. 1 13-1-54 367 Knowledge

Answer: antisocial personality disorder

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 55. An individual who has a(n) ________ personality disorder may behave in an irrational, attentionseeking manner, perhaps by means of sexually seductive behaviour and clothing, and may make inappropriate emotional responses. narcissistic histrionic borderline antisocial Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.8 Identify which mental disorders occur most frequently in early adulthood. 1 13-1-55 367 Knowledge

Answer: histrionic 56. Which mental disorder is characterized by disturbances of thought, such as delusions and hallucinations? paranoid personality disorder mood disorder anxiety disorder schizophrenia Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.8 Identify which mental disorders occur most frequently in early adulthood. 1 13-1-56 368 Knowledge

Answer: schizophrenia 57. Louise often hears voices that tell her not to trust anyone, as they may be secretly plotting against her. Louise is most likely suffering from delusions. hallucinations. delusions of grandeur. borderline disorder. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.8 Identify which mental disorders occur most frequently in early adulthood. 1 13-1-57 368 Knowledge

Answer: hallucinations. 58. Which of the following would you utilize as you quickly and accurately work a cross-word puzzle? encoding skills crystallized intelligence dialectical thought fluid intelligence Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 18

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.10 Describe how the concepts of crystallized and fluid intelligence help to explain agerelated changes in IQ scores. 2 13-1-58 371 Application

Answer: crystallized intelligence 59. An individual is given a test that requires her to follow diagrammed instructions to fold a piece of paper into a box and another test that requires her to find figures embedded in other figures. These tests, which involve abstract reasoning unrelated to previous education or experience, would require the use of encoding skills. crystallized intelligence. fluid intelligence. dialectical thought. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.10 Describe how the concepts of crystallized and fluid intelligence help to explain agerelated changes in IQ scores. 2 13-1-59 372 Application

Answer: fluid intelligence. 60. As individuals age, when might they become aware of a functionally relevant decline in cognitive skills? in the early 20s, during college or post-secondary educational experiences before age 25 only after age 75 in middle adulthood, or earlier, if faced with highly complex or difficult tasks that require significant intellectual resources Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.10 Describe how the concepts of crystallized and fluid intelligence help to explain agerelated changes in IQ scores. 2 13-1-60 371 Comprehension

Answer: in middle adulthood, or earlier, if faced with highly complex or difficult tasks that require significant intellectual resources 61. The benefits of a post-secondary education include all of the following EXCEPT improvements in abstract reasoning. increased empathy for others. improvement in social skills. higher employment earnings.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.10 Describe how the concepts of crystallized and fluid intelligence help to explain agerelated changes in IQ scores. 2 13-1-61 373-374 Knowledge

Answer: improvement in social skills. 62. Young Canadians run the risk of becoming ___________ and ____________. histrionic; continue studies after graduation antisocial; struggle after graduation underqualified; underemployed overqualified; underemployed Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.11 Describe the developmental impact of post-secondary education. 2 13-1-62 373 Knowledge

Answer: overqualified; underemployed 63. Which statement about post-secondary education in Canada is most accurate? Canadians age 25–64 are less likely to pursue post-secondary education than people who live in Japan, New Zealand, or the U.S.A. Among the population of Canadians age 25–64, 62% of Canadian males hold masters degrees. Among the population of Canadians age 25–64, 45% of Canadian females hold doctorate degrees. Among the population of Canadians adults, approximately 50% are college and university graduates. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.11 Describe the developmental impact of post-secondary education. 2 13-1-63 373-374 Comprehension

Answer: Among the population of Canadians adults, approximately 50% are college and university graduates. 64. Which of the following statements is true regarding college/university graduates versus nongraduates? Differences in performance between graduates and nongraduates are more perceived than real. Economic realities make nongraduates more marketable due to lower wage demands. College/university graduates have greater advantages for promotion. Gender-related pay inequities still outweigh any significant economic benefits of post-secondary education for females.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.11 Describe the developmental impact of post-secondary education. 2 13-1-64 373-375 Knowledge

Answer: College/university graduates have greater advantages for promotion. 65. Types of thinking that are associated with a hypothesized fifth stage of cognitive development is referred to as dialectical thought. reflective judgment. relativism. postformal thought. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.9 Describe what types of postformal thought developmentalists have proposed. 2 13-1-65 373-375 Knowledge

Answer: postformal thought. 66. During their years of post-secondary school enrolment, students' academic and vocational aspirations stay the same change become more attainable become less attainable Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.11 Describe the developmental impact of post-secondary education. 3 13-1-66 375 Knowledge

Answer: change 67. A form of thought involving recognition and acceptance of paradox and uncertainty is referred to as dialectical thought. postformal thought. reflective thought. relativistic thought. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: 68. The HIV epidemic has recently invaded other segments of the population, with new infections on the rise in heterosexuals, women, and, to disproportionately high levels, Indigenous people— a rate that is almost ________ times higher than among non-Indigenous people. two eight six four Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.5 Describe the risks associated with sexually transmitted infections during early adulthood. 3 13-1-68 375 Knowledge

Answer: four 69. Although life expectancy and HALE have increased over the past few decades in Canada—more so for men than women—health inequalities (differences in health status between different population groups) and health inequities (unfair or unjust social and economic factors that likely reinforce or worsen disadvantage and vulnerability) persist in Canada, particularly among sexual and racial majorities. non-immigrants. Indigenous peoples. people living with zero functional limitations. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

3 13-1-69 375 Knowledge

Answer: Indigenous peoples. 70. Although rates have declined somewhat over the past decade, IPV remains the most common form of violence against women in Canada (~45%). Levels are particularly high for Indigenous women, who experience rates of IPV that are 2.5 to ___________ times higher than for non-Indigenous women 3.1 7.2 16.5 9 Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.6 Discuss the risk factors for intimate partner violence. 3 13-1-70 375 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: 3.1

Chapter 13 True-False Questions 1. The majority of deaths in 20- to 34-year-olds are caused by disease. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.1 Explain the difference between primary and secondary aging. 2 13-2-01 352 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 2. Prosperous nations with high levels of social inequality, such as the United States, experience poorer overall health than less prosperous nations that have a more egalitarian society, such as Japan. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.1 Explain the difference between primary and secondary aging. 1 13-2-02 352 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 3. The expression to "bite your tongue" in order to keep from putting your "foot in your mouth" is characterized by a cognitive skill that emerges in early adulthood known as response inhibition. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.2 Identify what changes take place in the brain in early adulthood. 1 13-2-03 354 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 4. Peak physical functioning occurs when adults are in their twenties and thirties. a b

True False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 1 13-2-04 357 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 5. With increasing paternal age, the risk of passing on genetic mutations associated with congenital disorders and maladies, ranging from cancers to schizophrenia and autism, to offspring increases exponentially. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 1 13-2-05 358 Knowledge

Answer: b. True 6. The risk of miscarriage and other complications of pregnancy is higher in a woman's twenties than in her thirties. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 1 13-2-06 358 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 7. T cells are an element of the immune system that defend the body against internal threats such as cancer cells or HIV/AIDS. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 1 13-2-07 358 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 8. Shrinkage of the thymus gland occurs as a result of secondary aging processes. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 2 13-2-08 358 Analysis

Answer: b. False 9. For Canadian females, the major source of exposure to HIV is injection drug use. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 1 13-2-09 362 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 10. After declining for two decades, the number of reported new cases of sexually transmitted infections has been increasing, especially for chlamydia. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.5 Describe the risks associated with sexually transmitted infections during early adulthood. 1 13-2-10 361 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 11. Many young adults engage in high-risk sexual behaviour that may lead to a sexually transmitted infection, unaware that there has been an increase in drug-resistant strains of gonorrhea and syphilis. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.5 Describe the risks associated with sexually transmitted infections during early adulthood 1 13-2-11 361 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True 12. The locus of control is an individual's set of beliefs about the causes of events. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.4 Identify what habits and personal factors are associated with good health. 1 13-2-12 360 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 13. The positive benefits of social support are determined by the number of actual social and emotional contacts an individual has with the members of her social support network. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.4 Identify what habits and personal factors are associated with good health. 2 13-2-13 360 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 14. Adults who have a low sense of self-efficacy or a helpless attitude are more likely to become depressed or physically ill. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.4 Identify what habits and personal factors are associated with good health. 1 13-2-14 360 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 15. Middle-aged women are more likely to be abused than women in any other age group. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: b. False 16. In many societies, women were regarded as property, and a man’s “right” to beat his partner was at times protected by law . In fact, there was a time when, based on English common-law traditions, this was true in British-governed parts of North America. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.6 Discuss the risk factors for intimate partner violence. 1 13-2-16 363-365 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 17. Rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) are lower for Indigenous than non-Indigenous Canadians because Indigenous partners are more likely to possess more of the risk factors such as being more likely to have experienced childhood maltreatment, be young, frequently engage in heavy drinking, use illegal drugs, and have a domineering partner. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.6 Discuss the risk factors for intimate partner violence. 1 13-2-17 363-365 Knowledge

Answer: a. False 18. Researchers define intimate partner violence (IPV) as physical acts or other behaviour intended to cause physical, psychological, or sexual harm to an intimate partner. Intimate partners are couples who are dating, cohabiting, engaged, or married, or who were formerly partners. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.6 Discuss the risk factors for intimate partner violence. 1 13-2-18 364 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 19. Studies show that the risk of virtually every kind of emotional disturbance is higher in early adulthood than in middle age. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.8 Identify which mental disorders occur most frequently in early adulthood. 1 13-2-19 366 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 20. Mental health problems tend to occur in middle adulthood rather than early adulthood, as the onset of role conflict and role strain tends to be more prominent at that stage. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.8 Identify which mental disorders occur most frequently in early adulthood. 1 13-2-20 366-367 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 21. Canadian data show the rate of binge drinking to be ~30% for young adults aged 18 to 34. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.8 Identify which mental disorders occur most frequently in early adulthood. 1 13-2-21 369 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 22. An irrational fear of an object, person, place, or situation is called a personality disorder. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.8 Identify which mental disorders occur most frequently in early adulthood. 1 13-2-22 367 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 23. A delusion is a false sensory experience. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.8 Identify which mental disorders occur most frequently in early adulthood. 2 13-2-23 368 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 24. Kohlberg and Perry emphasized the shift toward relativism, the idea that some propositions cannot be adequately described as either true or false, that occurs in early adulthood a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.9 Describe what types of postformal thought developmentalists have proposed. 3 13-2-24 369 Analysis

Answer: b. True 25. IQ scores typically fluctuate a great deal across the years of adulthood. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.10 Describe how the concepts of crystallized and fluid intelligence help to explain agerelated changes in IQ scores. 1 13-2-25 371 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 26. Longitudinal studies show that the decline in crystallized intelligence begins in early adulthood and continues steadily across the lifespan. a True b False Learning Objective:

13.10 Describe how the concepts of crystallized and fluid intelligence help to explain agerelated changes in IQ scores.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: b. False 27. The skills and knowledge learned throughout the lifespan, such as being able to read, balance a chequebook, use a computer, or evaluate an experience, are known as crystallized intelligence. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.10 Describe how the concepts of crystallized and fluid intelligence help to explain agerelated changes in IQ scores. 1 13-2-27 372 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 28. Canada has the highest proportion of college and university graduates combined in the world. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.11 Describe the developmental impact of post-secondary education. 1 13-2-28 373 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 29. More Canadian men than Canadian women 25 to 34 years of age hold Bachelor's and Master's degrees. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.11 Describe the developmental impact of post-secondary education. 1 13-2-29 374 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 30. To truly measure the health status of a population, aggregate health indicators that measure quality of life must be assessed. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True 31. Some parts of the brain produce new neurons to replace those that die, even in the brains of older adults. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.2 Identify what changes take place in the brain in early adulthood. 1 13-2-31 353 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 32. Response inhibition also helps you “bite your tongue” to keep from putting your “foot in your mouth” as often as you did at a younger age. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.2 Identify what changes take place in the brain in early adulthood. 1 13-2-32 354 Knowledge

Answer: b. True 33. The most common measure of overall aerobic fitness is maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max), which reflects the ability of the body to take in and transport oxygen to various body organs. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 1 13-2-33 357 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 34. The risk for osteoporosis is higher in a woman's twenties than in her thirties. a b

True False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 1 13-2-34 356 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 35. Men's capacity for reproduction diminishes with age but remains intact. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 1 13-2-35 358 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 36. The two key organs in the body's immune system are the thymus gland and white blood cells. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 1 13-2-36 358 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 37. B cells decline most in number and efficiency as we age, making us more susceptible to internal threats like cancer. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 1 13-2-37 358 Knowledge

Answer: b. False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 38. Levels of intimate partner violence (IPV) are particularly high for Indigenous women, who experience rates of IPV that are 2.5 to 3.1 times higher than for non-Indigenous women a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.6 Discuss the risk factors for intimate partner violence. 1 13-2-38 363 Knowledge

Answer: b. True 39. Most sexual violence in Canada occurs within the context of social or romantic relationships. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.6 Discuss the risk factors for intimate partner violence. 1 13-2-39 363 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 40. The most common mental health disorder in Canada is depression. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.8 Identify which mental disorders occur most frequently in early adulthood. 1 13-2-40 366 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 41. Relativism is the idea that some propositions cannot be adequately described as either true or false, that occurs in early adulthood. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.9 Describe what types of postformal thought developmentalists have proposed 1 13-2-41 370 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Chapter 13 Short Answer Questions 1. Compare and contrast primary aging and secondary aging, and give an example of each form of aging. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.1 Explain the difference between primary and secondary aging. 1 13-3-01 351–352 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 2. Describe how women's and men's fertility is affected by age.

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 1 13-3-02 358 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 3. Describe how aging affects immune system functioning. What are the consequences of age-based changes in immune system functioning? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.3 Identify the ways that other body systems change during early adulthood. 2 13-3-03 358–359 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 4. How and why do the psychological concepts of social support and a sense of control affect physical health? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.4 Identify what habits and personal factors are associated with good health. 2 13-3-04 360–361 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 5. Why is young adulthood a time of higher risk for mental disorders? What factors make young adults particularly likely to develop mental health problems? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.8 Identify which mental disorders occur most frequently in early adulthood. 2 13-3-05 366-369 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 6. What is schizophrenia? What are the consequences for those who are affected by this mental health disorder? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.8 Identify which mental disorders occur most frequently in early adulthood. 1 13-3-06 368 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 7. Define and give examples to illustrate the concepts of fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence. How are these aspects of intelligence affected by aging? Learning Objective:

13.10 Describe how the concepts of crystallized and fluid intelligence help to explain agerelated changes in IQ scores.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 13-3-07 371-372 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 8. Discuss the benefits of post-secondary education including earnings trends in Canada especially with Indigenous graduation trends. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.11 Describe the developmental impact of post-secondary education. 2 13-3-08 373–374 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 9. Discuss the trends and incidence of sexually transmitted infections among young adults in Canada including STI issues among Indigenous young adults. What are the risk factors and recommendations for prevention? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.5 Describe the risks associated with sexually transmitted infections during early adulthood. 3 13-3-09 361–362 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 10. Describe health habits among young adults by discussing the findings of longitudinal heath studies such as the Alameda County Study and the Nurse's Health Study. Include a discussion of the role of diet composition for health. What are the implications of these findings? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.4 Identify what habits and personal factors are associated with good health. 3 13-3-10 359–360 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 11. Discuss the social problem known as sexual assault. What is the prevalence in Canada? What are the sexual assault trends in Canada? What are the effects? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.7 Discuss the issues involved in sexual assault. 3 13-3-11 365-366 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 12. Discuss substance use among young adults in Canada. What drinking patterns among college and university students give cause for concern? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.8 Identify which mental disorders occur most frequently in early adulthood. 2 13-3-12 369 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 13. What is a personality disorder? Identify and describe the five most common personality disorders. What are the effects on overall functioning? What are the treatment implications? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.8 Identify which mental disorders occur most frequently in early adulthood. 3 13-3-13 367–368 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 14. Describe the changes that take place in the brain and nervous system in young adulthood. How do these changes affect functioning? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.2 Identify what changes take place in the brain in early adulthood. 3 13-3-14 353–355 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 15. What is the relationship between the distribution of wealth and the health of Canadians? What factors mediate the relationship for Canadians? Compare Canadian outcomes with U.S. outcomes. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.1 Explain the difference between primary and secondary aging. 3 13-3-15 352 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary

Chapter 13 Essay Questions 1. Describe how physical functioning changes across adulthood after the peak levels of functioning are attained in the early 20s and 30s. Give examples to illustrate age-based changes in physical functioning. What are the consequences or implications of age-based changes in physical functioning? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: Answers will vary 2. Define and differentiate between primary and secondary aging. Based on the information about lifestyle and health in this chapter, do you think more of the negative effects of aging are caused by primary aging or by secondary aging? Why is it important to understand how primary aging and secondary aging affect us? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.1 Explain the difference between primary and secondary aging. 2 13-4-02 355–362 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 3. Describe the three levels of sexual assault in Canadian law, and describe how they differ for a victim. Discuss sexual assault trends in Canada. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.7 Discuss the issues involved in sexual assault. 2 13-4-03 365-366 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 4. What are the most prominent mental health risks in early adulthood? What are the causes and possible treatment options? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.8 Identify which mental disorders occur most frequently in early adulthood. 1 13-4-04 366–369 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 5. Discuss intimate partner violence (IPV) prevalence and contributing factors generally in Canada, and include a specific focus on Indigenous women. What is IPV? What is the prevalence? What are the causes? What are the impacts of partner abuse? What prevention strategies are recommended? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

13.6 Discuss the risk factors for intimate partner violence. 3 13-4-05 363–365 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

CHAPTER 14: SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY ADULTHOOD

Chapter 14 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. The average age for first marriage in Canada rose from ~________ in the 1960s and 1970s to over 30 by 2008. 28 24 18 29.1 Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.5 Identify what factors are involved in predicting marriage quality. 1 14-1-01 383 Knowledge

Answer: 24 2. According to Erikson, what is the central crisis of early adulthood? autonomy versus dependence identity versus role confusion industry versus unemployment intimacy versus isolation Learning Objective:

14.1 Explain what Erikson meant when he described early adulthood as a crisis of intimacy versus isolation.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 14-1-02 378 Knowledge

Answer: intimacy versus isolation 3. The capacity to engage in a supportive, affectionate relationship without losing one's own sense of self is identity infusion. attachment. intimacy. immersion. Learning Objective:

14.1 Explain what Erikson meant when he described early adulthood as a crisis of intimacy versus isolation.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 14-1-03 378 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: intimacy. 4. According to Daniel Levinson, the underlying pattern or design of a person's life at a given time, including balances and conflicts among the roles, relationships, and behaviour patterns, is the person's life era. evolutionary plan. cognitive structure. life structure. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.2 Describe what a life structure is and how it changes. 1 14-1-04 379 Knowledge

Answer: life structure. 5. Based upon Daniel Levinson's theory of adult development, which of the following would NOT cause the development of a new life structure? retiring becoming middle-aged buying a new house marrying Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.2 Describe what a life structure is and how it changes. 2 14-1-05 379-380 Analysis

Answer: buying a new house 6. What component of evolutionary theory suggests that women and men have different mate selection priorities because they have unequal roles and responsibilities in producing and caring for children? parental investment theory filter theory assortive mating heterogeneity Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.4 Identify what factors evolutionary, social role, and neuroscience theorists emphasize in their theories of mate selection. 1 14-1-06 382 Comprehension

Answer: parental investment theory

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 7. According to evolutionary theories of mate selection, men prefer all of the following qualities in a mate EXCEPT physically attractiveness that the mate be younger financial stability good health Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.4 Identify what factors evolutionary, social role, and neuroscience theorists emphasize in their theories of mate selection. 1 14-1-07 382 Comprehension

Answer: financial stability 8. The theory that the sex differences that occur in mate preferences and mating behaviour are based on the different amounts of time and effort that men and women invest in child-rearing is called parental investment theory. gender-role theory evolutionary theory hunter-gatherer theory Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.4 Identify what factors evolutionary, social role, and neuroscience theorists emphasize in their theories of mate selection. 1 14-1-08 382-383 Comprehension

Answer: parental investment theory. 9. Which of the following is an element of evolutionary theories of mate selection? Both women and men are likely to select mates who are similar to themselves on key characteristics such as ethnicity, religion, and age. Men choose mates more slowly and carefully than women and will test a potential mate's reliability and trustworthiness before engaging in sexual intercourse. Men prefer mates who are younger and physically attractive, and women prefer mates who have financial resources. Women and men invest equally in childbearing and parenting. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.4 Identify what factors evolutionary, social role, and neuroscience theorists emphasize in their theories of mate selection. 2 14-1-09 382-383 Analysis

Answer: Men prefer mates who are younger and physically attractive, and women prefer mates who have financial resources.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 10. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about the relationship between cohabitation and subsequent marriage? Many couples see cohabitation as a test to determine compatibility before marriage. Cohabitation is the same type of relationship as marriage. Those who cohabit before marriage are less satisfied with their subsequent marriage and more likely to divorce than those who marry without cohabiting. Cohabiting couples are less homogamous than married couples. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.7 Describe the relationship between cohabitation and subsequent success in marriage 1 14-1-10 386-387 Comprehension

Answer: Cohabitation is the same type of relationship as marriage. 11. Which theory views sex differences in mate selection as adaptations to gender roles that change with different social realities? parental investment theory assortative mating theory social role theory social exchange theory Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.4 Identify what factors evolutionary, social role, and neuroscience theorists emphasize in their theories of mate selection. 1 14-1-11 382-383 Knowledge

Answer: social role theory 12. Carol and Amir met when they were reporters for the local newspaper. They later discovered that they had attended the same college and had many friends and acquaintances in common. The possibility that Carol and Amir might marry because they are similar to each other in many ways is known as social exchange theory. homogamy theory. social role theory. attachment theory. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.4 Identify what factors evolutionary, social role, and neuroscience theorists emphasize in their theories of mate selection. 2 14-1-12 383 Analysis

Answer: homogamy theory.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 13. The sociological term for the tendency to mate with someone who has traits similar to one's own is "personal investment theory." "homogamy theory." "heterogamy theory." "social cohesion theory." Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.4 Identify what factors evolutionary, social role, and neuroscience theorists emphasize in their theories of mate selection. 1 14-1-13 383 Knowledge

Answer: "homogamy theory." 14. Which of the following is the best illustration of the social role theory of mate selection? Women and men marry those who are similar in characteristics such as religion, temperament, and social class. Mate selection practices are based on gender roles that change to reflect different social realities. In their relationships, women provide sexual and domestic services and men provide economic support. Men tend to marry young, healthy women, and women tend to marry mature older men. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.4 Identify what factors evolutionary, social role, and neuroscience theorists emphasize in their theories of mate selection. 2 14-1-14 383 Analysis

Answer: Mate selection practices are based on gender roles that change to reflect different social realities. 15. The _______ a woman expects to earn herself, the ________ her income requirements in a prospective mate. more; lower less; lower less; higher more; higher Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.4 Identify what factors evolutionary, social role, and neuroscience theorists emphasize in their theories of mate selection. 1 14-1-15 383 Knowledge

Answer: more; higher

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 16. Attachment theories suggest that when we choose a partner we seek to develop attachment patterns that are different from our childhood. seek to maximize the benefits we get out of the relationship. develop attachments that match our internal model of attachment. expect our partner to take the primary responsibility in defining attachment. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.5 Identify what factors are involved in predicting marriage quality. 1 14-1-16 384 Comprehension

Answer: develop attachments that match our internal model of attachment. 17. Intimacy, commitment, and passion are the three main components in Robert Sternberg's theory of marital relationship quality. marital intimacy. romantic love. marital bonding. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.5 Identify what factors are involved in predicting marriage quality. 1 14-1-17 384 Knowledge

Answer: romantic love. 18. Richard Sternberg's theory identifies love as having three key components. What are the three components? intimacy, passion, commitment sincerity, consistency, convenience lust, compatibility, persistence significance, playfulness, maintenance Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.5 Identify what factors are involved in predicting marriage quality. 1 14-1-18 384 Comprehension

Answer: intimacy, passion, commitment 19. According to the textbook, validating couples are partners who express mutual respect, even in disagreements, and are good listeners. partners who argue a lot and don't listen well. partners who agree to disagree and who minimize conflict by avoiding each other. partners who have frequent arguments and lack the balancing effect of humour and affection.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.5 Identify what factors are involved in predicting marriage quality. 1 14-1-19 384 Knowledge

Answer: partners who express mutual respect, even in disagreements, and are good listeners. 20. Which of the following represents a "volatile" marriage? A couple who argues but has no humour or affection. A couple who argues and agrees to disagree. A couple who argues and does not listen during arguments. A couple who argues regularly and has no affection or support. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.5 Identify what factors are involved in predicting marriage quality. 1 14-1-20 384 Comprehension

Answer: A couple who argues and does not listen during arguments. 21. Disagreements rarely escalate, a level of mutual respect exists, and the couple listens to each other. This describes what type of marriage? validating volatile avoidant engaged Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.5 Identify what factors are involved in predicting marriage quality. 1 14-1-21 384 Comprehension

Answer: validating 22. Juan and Sandra tend to squabble quite a bit. They disagree on almost everything and do not listen to each other, but are still quite affectionate. This is an example of which type of stable marriage? validating volatile avoidant engaged Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.5 Identify what factors are involved in predicting marriage quality. 1 14-1-22 384 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: volatile 23. Bob and Eileen frequently get into heated arguments, do not see the humour in each other's behaviour, and are rarely affectionate. This is an example of which type of unsuccessful marriage? hostile/engaged hostile/detached hostile detached Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.5 Identify what factors are involved in predicting marriage quality. 1 14-1-23 384 Comprehension

Answer: hostile/engaged 24. Which of the following is the best example of a validating marriage, as identified by psychologists? When Jack and Jill argue, they respect and listen to each other's point of view, and consequently their disagreements rarely escalate. Laura and Lars squabble all the time, probably because they don't listen to each other's arguments, but they still have an affectionate and loving relationship. When Morris and Millie disagree, one will immediately yield his or her point of view and agree with the other in order to avoid a conflict. Deion and Kwame agree that their marriage is a battleground and that they often argue over issues that have been unresolved for years. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.5 Identify what factors are involved in predicting marriage quality. 2 14-1-24 384 Analysis

Answer: When Jack and Jill argue, they respect and listen to each other's point of view, and consequently their disagreements rarely escalate. 25. According to researchers, which dimension of a marriage causes the mental and physical health benefits experienced by the partners? length of the relationship communication style financial stability quality of the relationship Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.5 Identify what factors are involved in predicting marriage quality. 1 14-1-25 384 Knowledge

Answer: quality of the relationship

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 26. Divorce often affects the life pathways or the sequence and timing of family roles for both genders. Which of the following statements is true regarding divorce and life pathways? The total number of years of child-rearing is significantly decreased for divorced men but increased for divorced women. The total number of years of child-rearing is significantly increased for divorced men only if they remarry a younger woman. Divorced women with children and divorced women with no children are less likely to re-marry, decreasing the total number of child rearing years. Divorce reduces the number of years a remarried couple may have between the departure of the last child and the time when their elderly parents may need assistance. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.6 Discuss how divorce affects the lives of Canadian adults. 2 14-1-26 385-386 Comprehension

Answer: Divorce reduces the number of years a remarried couple may have between the departure of the last child and the time when their elderly parents may need assistance. 27. According to longitudinal studies, which statement is true about the statistical likelihood of divorce in Canada? The actual statistical likelihood is that roughly 38% of marriages in Canada will end in divorce within 30 years of marriage. The actual statistical likelihood is that roughly 50% of marriages in Canada will end in divorce within 30 years of marriage. The actual statistical likelihood is that roughly 50% of marriages in Canada will end in divorce within the first 5 years of marriage. The actual statistical likelihood is that roughly 14.2 % of marriages in Canada will end in divorce within the first 5 years of marriage. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.6 Discuss how divorce affects the lives of Canadian adults. 1 14-1-27 385 Knowledge

Answer: The actual statistical likelihood is that roughly 38% of marriages in Canada will end in divorce within 30 years of marriage. 28. According to research, __________ is/are the most common symptom likely to be experienced by recently separated or divorced adults. automobile accidents feelings of failure depression weight loss Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: depression 29. Which of the following is an accurate statement about the economic effects of divorce? After a divorce, women and men typically have equal earning power. Remarriage is the most reliable means of economic recovery from divorce for men. After divorce, women are strongly affected with serious losses in household income. As a result of divorce, men typically must cope with the economic effects of the custody of children, while women cope with the rearing of the children. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.6 Discuss how divorce affects the lives of Canadian adults. 2 14-1-29 386 Comprehension

Answer: After divorce, women are strongly affected with serious losses in household income. 30. What percentage of people between the ages of 20 and 34 years old report that they do not expect to have children? 2% 6–9% 25–30% 15–20% Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.10 Summarize what happens during the transition to parenthood. 1 14-1-30 389 Knowledge

Answer: 6–9% 31. In the weeks after giving birth, some women experience feelings of sadness that characterize the mood disturbance known as agoraphobia. postpartum depression. bipolar disorder. major depressive disorder. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.10 Summarize what happens during the transition to parenthood. 1 14-1-31 390 Comprehension

Answer: postpartum depression.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 32. Of the following factors, which is NOT associated with the development of postpartum depression? depression during pregnancy an unplanned pregnancy low levels of steroid hormone production presence of a major life stressor, such as loss of a job Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.10 Summarize what happens during the transition to parenthood. 1 14-1-32 390 Knowledge

Answer: low levels of steroid hormone production 33. Your friend Karen is seven months pregnant and has recently been diagnosed with depression. Your friend is at risk for developing gestational diabetes developing postpartum depression having a premature delivery developing a phobia toward the infant Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.10 Summarize what happens during the transition to parenthood. 1 14-1-33 390 Analysis

Answer: developing postpartum depression 34. What happens to marital/partnership satisfaction after the birth of a first child? It intensifies dramatically. It drops but quickly recovers and increases. It remains lower until the last child leaves. Women feel more satisfied but men feel a steady decline. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.10 Summarize what happens during the transition to parenthood. 1 14-1-34 390 Comprehension

Answer: It remains lower until the last child leaves. 35. What do longitudinal and cross-sectional studies reveal about marital satisfaction after the birth of a child? It decreases. It is enhanced if both partners assume traditional gender roles. It increases. It does not change.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.10 Summarize what happens during the transition to parenthood. 1 14-1-35 390 Comprehension

Answer: It decreases. 36. Of the following couples, which would most likely report the lowest level of marital satisfaction? Iman and Muhammed have been married a year, and they plan to start their family next year. Sally and Sam have been married 10 years and have two children who are 8 and 6 years old. Rita and Marcel are both 65 years old and have just retired from the grocery store they have owned and managed for 40 years. Paul and Sarah have been married 20 years and have two children who are establishing themselves in professional careers. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.10 Summarize what happens during the transition to parenthood. 2 14-1-36 390 Analysis

Answer: Sally and Sam have been married 10 years and have two children who are 8 and 6 years old. 37. Of the following couples, which would most likely report the highest level of marital satisfaction? Mario and Ansuya have been married 20 years and have a daughter who is a junior in college. Michelle, a lawyer, and Pierre, a banker, have been married a year and have no children. Antonio and Maria own and manage a small grocery store with assistance from their 16-year-old sons. Ling and Guan have been married eight years and have two children in elementary school. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.10 Summarize what happens during the transition to parenthood. 2 14-1-37 390 Analysis

Answer: Michelle, a lawyer, and Pierre, a banker, have been married a year and have no children. 38. Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences marital satisfaction after the birth of a child? the sex of the child perceptions about the fairness of the division of labour the quality of the new parents' attachment to their own parents the relative effectiveness of the coping strategies the couple uses to adapt to new roles

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.10 Summarize what happens during the transition to parenthood. 2 14-1-38 390 Comprehension

Answer: the sex of the child 39. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about the impact of childlessness in adulthood? Young adult childless couples report higher marital cohesion than do couples with children. Couples who do not have children do not experience the drop in marital satisfaction that typically occurs across the first year of marriage. Without the presence of children, marital satisfaction fluctuates less across time. Childless married women are more likely to have full-time continuous careers. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.10 Summarize what happens during the transition to parenthood. 2 14-1-39 391 Comprehension

Answer: Couples who do not have children do not experience the drop in marital satisfaction that typically occurs across the first year of marriage. 40. Concerning social networks, the amount and kind of contact within families appear to be influenced by proximity. If you live within ____ hours of your parents, you tend to maintain the relation and see them more often. 3 4 2 6 Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.11 Discuss the ways in which family and friends are important to young adults. 1 14-1-40 391 Knowledge

Answer: 2 41. Which of the following statements about adult friendships appear to be true? Men are less satisfied with friendships than women are. Men's friendships involve more social support than women's do. Women have fewer friends than men have, but are very close to them. There are no significant differences between men's friendships and women's friendships.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.11 Discuss the ways in which family and friends are important to young adults. 1 14-1-41 391-392 Comprehension

Answer: Men are less satisfied with friendships than women are. 42. Which statement is most accurate concerning adult friendships? Men are more satisfied with their friendships than women are. Cross-gender relationships are less common in adulthood. Friendships are changing among young men to become more emotionally supportive and less competitive. Adult women friends tend to talk to each other whereas adult men friends tend to do things together. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.11 Discuss the ways in which family and friends are important to young adults. 1 14-1-42 391-392 Knowledge

Answer: Adult women friends tend to talk to each other whereas adult men friends tend to do things together. 43. If a woman described her friendships, she would most likely speak of self-disclosure and emotional support. disagreement and struggles to be heard. competition and rivalry. shared activities. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.11 Discuss the ways in which family and friends are important to young adults. 1 14-1-43 391-392 Comprehension

Answer: self-disclosure and emotional support. 44. In the Menard family, it is Sylvie Menard who sends cards to family members and who reminds her husband to call his mother on special occasions. What term describes this relationship role? family archivist kin-keeper family key parental imperative

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.11 Discuss the ways in which family and friends are important to young adults. 1 14-1-44 392 Comprehension

Answer: kin-keeper 45. Which of the following is least likely to exert an influence upon a young adult's choice of a job or career? intelligence gender family hobbies Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.12 Identify what factors influence an individual’s occupational choices. 2 14-1-45 392–393 Comprehension

Answer: hobbies 46. In choosing an occupation, which of the following family factors tend to be most influential? parents' level of educational attainment parents' marital satisfaction number of siblings in the family parents' level of job satisfaction Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.12 Identify what factors influence an individual’s occupational choices. 1 14-1-46 392–393 Knowledge

Answer: parents' level of educational attainment 47. Salman is the "strong silent type" who prefers work that does not require him to interact with other people. He is very skilled with hand and power tools and enjoys his job as a furniture craftsman. According to Holland, what is Salman's personality type? conventional enterprising realistic artistic Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: realistic 48. Baldev takes pride in the fact that he rarely makes an error in his job as accountant for the Widget Company. He precisely follows formulas and guidelines when he calculates his company's production costs and profit margins. According to Holland, what is Baldev's personality type? enterprising investigative social conventional Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.12 Identify what factors influence an individual’s occupational choices. 2 14-1-48 394 Analysis

Answer: conventional 49. According to Holland, what would be the most likely personality type of an individual who works as a volunteer providing health education and treatment to persons with HIV/AIDS in less developed countries? conventional social investigative enterprising Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.12 Identify what factors influence an individual’s occupational choices. 2 14-1-49 394 Analysis

Answer: social 50. Sarah is very persuasive and forceful. She was president of her class in high school and college and could always rally others to her point of view. According to Holland, what is Sarah's personality type? social enterprising realistic investigative Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.12 Identify what factors influence an individual’s occupational choices. 2 14-1-50 394 Analysis

Answer: enterprising

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 51. Of the following factors, which is least likely to influence job satisfaction across the adult years? plans for retirement personality characteristics onsite child-care centre quality of the work and the work conditions Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.13 Describe how career goals and job satisfaction change over time. 1 14-1-51 395 Comprehension

Answer: plans for retirement 52. How does women's work experience vary from men's work experience across adulthood? Women do not find paid employment to be as meaningful or satisfying as men do. Women's work is more discontinuous than men's across adulthood. The majority of young adult men join the labour force, but the majority of women do not. Fewer women than men find work that is consistent with their personality types and personal preferences. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.14 Describe in what ways women’s work patterns differ from those of men. 2 14-1-52 397 Comprehension

Answer: Women's work is more discontinuous than men's across adulthood. 53. According to research at the University of Guelph, young Canadian adults aged 25 to 44 years old experience the most time pressure. the greatest commitment to their careers. the highest level of job satisfaction. the most leisure time. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.14 Describe in what ways women’s work patterns differ from those of men. 2 14-1-53 398 Knowledge

Answer: the most time pressure.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 54. Beverly and Gerald both work full-time and have two children. If they are typical of families in our society, how do they manage work and family life? Beverly and Gerald equally divide the family work. Gerald finds that his family responsibilities often spill over into his work life, causing him to miss work or take time off from work. Gerald probably does more than 50% of the housework in order to allow Beverly to care for the children. Beverly does the majority of the housework. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.14 Describe in what ways women’s work patterns differ from those of men. 2 14-1-54 398-399 Analysis

Answer: Beverly does the majority of the housework. 55. The evidence on women’s patterns of _________ employment raises the more general question of how individuals and couples balance the roles of worker, parent, and spouse. In Canada, at least, the division of labour between men and women in the home has been steadily ______________. expert; increasing discontinuous; diminishing random; making trouble continuous; culturally confusing Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.14 Describe in what ways women’s work patterns differ from those of men. 2 14-1-55 398-399 Analysis

Answer: discontinuous; diminishing 56. Why do women experience the greatest role conflict during early adulthood? They are still trying to advance in their careers. There is still prejudice against working moms. Their children are young and need constant care. They are still completing their education. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.14 Describe in what ways women’s work patterns differ from those of men. 2 14-1-56 398-399 Knowledge

Answer: Their children are young and need constant care.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 57. Parent-infant and romantic-couple bonds share much of the same neural architecture and physiology such as _______________ pathways that play a major role in reward-motivated behavior and oxytocin pathways that are associated with greater emotional trust and empathy and with social synchrony and connectedness. serotonin; dopamine dopamine; oxytocin adrenaline; serotonin Vitamin B; cortisol Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.4 Identify what factors evolutionary, social role, and neuroscience theorists emphasize in their theories of mate selection. 1 14-1-57 398 Knowledge

Answer: dopamine; oxytocin 58. Psychologist Jeffrey Arnett suggests that the educational, social, and economic demands that modern cultures make on individuals age 17 to 22 has given rise to the need to create a new developmental period he calls transitional adulthood. emerging adulthood. prolonged adolescence. extended adolescence. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.3 Describe the characteristics of emerging adulthood. 2 14-1-58 380 Knowledge

Answer: emerging adulthood. 59. According to researcher Glenn Roisman, of the five developmental domains (academic, friendship, conduct, work, and romantic) faced by young adults age 17 to 22, which two domains pose the most challenges? academic and work conduct and romantic work and romantic friendship and romantic Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.3 Describe the characteristics of emerging adulthood. 2 14-1-59 380 Comprehension

Answer: work and romantic

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 60. Research indicates that both men and women's mate preferences have changed as women have gained economic power. Which of the following changes in men's criteria for mate selection is correct? earning potential replaced attractiveness earning potential replaced domestic skills earning potential replaced younger age earning potential replaced hip-to-waist ratio child-bearing potential Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.4 Identify what factors evolutionary, social role, and neuroscience theorists emphasize in their theories of mate selection. 1 14-1-60 383 Knowledge

Answer: earning potential replaced domestic skills 61. _______________ appear(s) to be what most people look for to judge whether their marriages are satisfactory. Dividing labour Having an adequate income Relationship quality Material aspects Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.5 Identify what factors are involved in predicting marriage quality. 1 14-1-61 383 Knowledge

Answer: Relationship quality 62. Continuous __________________ is associated with greater individual autonomy and capacity for personal growth than is a life path that has included divorce or loss of a __________. marriage; friend cohabiting; child spousal associations; house singlehood; spouse Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.9 Describe how singles accomplish Erikson’s psychosocial developmental task of intimacy. 1 14-1-62 383 Knowledge

Answer: singlehood; spouse

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 63. Objective measures of Canadians’ work satisfaction are captured by __________ broad job quality indicators. six eight four twelve Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.13 Describe how career goals and job satisfaction change over time. 1 14-1-63 383 Knowledge

Answer: six 64. Which of the following is not one of the Canadian Job Quality Indicators? prospects working-time quality social environment sequence of leisure Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.13 Describe how career goals and job satisfaction change over time. 1 14-1-64 383 Knowledge

Answer: sequence of leisure 65. The theory that sex differences in mate preferences and mating behavior are based on the different amounts of time and effort men and women must invest in child-rearing is called _______________ theory. psychoanalytic mating parental investment social-cognitive Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.4 Identify what factors evolutionary, social role, and neuroscience theorists emphasize in their theories of mate selection. 1 14-1-65 383 Knowledge

Answer: parental investment 66. The numbers of couples living in common-law unions has been rising and is more than ________ times higher than it was in the early 1980s. three five thirteen seven Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 21

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.7 Describe the relationship between cohabitation and subsequent success in marriage. 1 14-1-66 383 Knowledge

Answer: three 67. In Canada, the divorce rate for those who lived together before marriage is ___________ that of those who did not cohabitate prior to marriage. five times seven times double less than

68. __________________ synchrony is believed to have evolved for its species survivability value. Adrenaline Mating Cohabitation Bio-behavioural Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.4 Identify what factors evolutionary, social role, and neuroscience theorists emphasize in their theories of mate selection. 1 14-1-68 383 Knowledge

Answer: Bio-behavioural Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.7 Describe the relationship between cohabitation and subsequent success in marriage. 1 14-1-67 383 Knowledge

Answer: double

Chapter 14 True-False Questions 1. According to Erikson, a young adult who has not yet established a sense of identity would be incapable of intimacy. a True b False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.1 Explain what Erikson meant when he described early adulthood as a crisis of intimacy versus isolation. 1 14-2-01 378 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 2. Ensuring the survival of the species is the central premise of evolutionary explanations of mate selection behaviour. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.4 Identify what factors evolutionary, social role, and neuroscience theorists emphasize in their theories of mate selection. 2 14-2-02 382 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 3. An individual who had an insecure attachment with her parents will inevitably form an insecure attachment bond with her intimate adult partners. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.5 Identify what factors are involved in predicting marriage quality. 2 14-2-03 383–384 Analysis

Answer: b. False 4. In Robert Sternberg's view of love, the intimacy component of love includes feelings of sexuality and eroticism. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.5 Identify what factors are involved in predicting marriage quality. 1 14-2-04 384 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 5. Research studies indicate that if a relationship begins to feature an excess of nasty, hostile exchanges, divorce becomes more likely. a True b False Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 23

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.5 Identify what factors are involved in predicting marriage quality. 1 14-2-05 384 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 6. High levels of introversion predict mutual marital satisfaction in both partners. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.5 Identify what factors are involved in predicting marriage quality. 2 14-2-06 384-385 Analysis

Answer: b. False 7. Couple who agree to disagree and who minimize conflict by simply avoiding each other are called volatile couples. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.5 Identify what factors are involved in predicting marriage quality. 2 14-2-07 384 Analysis

Answer: b. False 8. Larissa and Michalis fight regularly, rarely look at each other, lack affection, and rarely support each other. This is an example of a hostile/detached couple. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.5 Identify what factors are involved in predicting marriage quality. 2 14-2-08 384 Analysis

Answer: a. True 9. If a marriage is to be stable and long-lasting, the couple must minimize conflict and arguments. a b

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.5 Identify what factors are involved in predicting marriage quality. 2 14-2-09 384 Analysis

Answer: b. False 10. Researchers believe that couples become unhappy because their interactions become negative. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.5 Identify what factors are involved in predicting marriage quality. 1 14-2-10 384 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 11. Validating couples squabble a lot, disagree, and don't listen to each other very well when they argue. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.5 Identify what factors are involved in predicting marriage quality. 2 14-2-11 384 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 12. Divorced or recently separated adults are more likely to become depressed. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.6 Discuss how divorce affects the lives of Canadian adults. 2 14-2-12 385-386 Analysis

Answer: a. True 13. The percentage of men who strongly feel that they want to become parents and view parenting as a life-enriching experience is greater than the percentage of women who feel this way. a True b False Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 25

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.10 Summarize what happens during the transition to parenthood. 2 14-2-13 389 Analysis

Answer: a. True 14. The best predictor of postpartum depression is having a premature delivery. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.10 Summarize what happens during the transition to parenthood. 1 14-2-14 390 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 15. The presence of major life stressors during pregnancy or immediately after the baby’s birth --such as a move to a new home, the death of someone close, or job loss---acutally decrease the risk of PPD (postpartum depression). a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.10 Summarize what happens during the transition to parenthood. 1 14-2-15 390 Knowledge

Answer: a. False 16. After the birth of a child, marital satisfaction tends to increase. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.10 Summarize what happens during the transition to parenthood. 1 14-2-16 390 Knowledge

Answer: b. False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 17. Marital stability and satisfaction increases in mid-life as conflicts over child-rearing and other similar matters decline. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.10 Summarize what happens during the transition to parenthood. 2 14-2-17 390 Analysis

Answer: a. True 18. Young adult childless couples report higher levels of marital cohesion than do couples with children. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.10 Summarize what happens during the transition to parenthood. 1 14-2-18 391 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 19. Women with children are much more likely to have full-time, continuous careers than women without children. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.10 Summarize what happens during the transition to parenthood. 1 14-2-19 391 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 20. Doing things together is an essential component of adult women's friendships, and emotional support is an essential component of adult men's relationships. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.11 Discuss the ways in which family and friends are important to young adults. 1 14-2-20 391-392 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 21. Family has a significant influence on the occupational choice made by a young adult. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.12 Identify what factors influence an individual’s occupational choices. 2 14-2-21 392-393 Analysis

Answer: a. True 22. Women have more close friends than men. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.11 Discuss the ways in which family and friends are important to young adults. 2 14-2-22 392 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 23. Cross-sex friendships are more common among adults than they are among 10-year-olds. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.11 Discuss the ways in which family and friends are important to young adults. 2 14-2-23 391 Analysis

Answer: a. True 24. Compared to men, the work pattern of adult women is more likely to be interrupted or discontinuous. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.14 Describe in what ways women’s work patterns differ from those of men. 2 14-2-24 397 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 25. Family roles often spill over into a woman's work life, but work roles are more likely to spill over into a man's family life. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.14 Describe in what ways women’s work patterns differ from those of men. 1 14-2-25 397-398 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 26. Women feel more conflict between family and work roles than men. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.14 Describe in what ways women’s work patterns differ from those of men. 1 14-2-26 398-399 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 27. Women who continue to try to fulfill several roles perfectly report maximum strain and stress. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.14 Describe in what ways women’s work patterns differ from those of men. 1 14-2-27 398-399 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 28. Rather than stages, Levinson's theory proposes that a person's life structures (roles, relationships, etc.) change over the course of adulthood presenting new developmental tasks and conflicts along the way. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.2 Describe what a life structure is and how it changes. 1 14-2-28 379 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True 29. Levinson's life structures concept proposes that individuals must master a stage-related psychosocial task and that each stage's task builds on the successful completion of earlier stages. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.2 Describe what a life structure is and how it changes. 1 14-2-29 379 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 30. Psychologist Jeffrey Arnett has proposed that the educational, social, and economic demands that modern cultures make on young adults have given rise to a new developmental period called delayed adolescence. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.3 Describe the characteristics of emerging adulthood. 1 14-2-30 380 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 31. Research studies suggest that the parts of the brain that underlie rational decision-making, impulse control, and self-regulation do not fully mature until approximately the mid-twenties. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.3 Describe the characteristics of emerging adulthood. 1 14-2-31 380 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 32. Roisman's research suggests that the most significant and complex developmental domain that young adults must master is work-related skills and adjustments. a True b False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.3 Describe the characteristics of emerging adulthood. 1 14-2-32 380 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 33. As a sociodemographic trend, the number of intermarriages of visible minorities has increased more than threefold over the past 25 years in Canada. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.4 Identify what factors evolutionary, social role, and neuroscience theorists emphasize in their theories of mate selection. 1 14-2-33 381 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 34. Parental investment theory suggests that women choose mates after only carefully screening their commitment to parenting. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.4 Identify what factors evolutionary, social role, and neuroscience theorists emphasize in their theories of mate selection. 1 14-2-34 382 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 35. According to social role theory, mate selection is driven by gender based social rules and role expectations more than any other factor. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.4 Identify what factors evolutionary, social role, and neuroscience theorists emphasize in their theories of mate selection. 1 14-2-35 382 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 36. Assortative mating, or homogamy, is the theory that opposites attract. a b

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.4 Identify what factors evolutionary, social role, and neuroscience theorists emphasize in their theories of mate selection. 1 14-2-36 383 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 37. In Canada, the divorce rate for those who lived together before marriage is double that of those who did not cohabit before marriage. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.7 Describe the relationship between cohabitation and subsequent success in marriage. 1 14-2-37 386 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 38. One of the greatest predictive factors for the high divorce rates among cohabitating couples who later marry is the number of prior cohabiting or sexual relationships each participant has engaged in. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.7 Describe the relationship between cohabitation and subsequent success in marriage. 1 14-2-38 387 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 39. Research has indicated that gay and lesbian relationships show nearly identical patterns and roles as heterosexual couples. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.8 Describe the ways in which gay and lesbian couples are similar to and different from heterosexual couples. 1 14-2-39 387-388 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 40. Research indicates that, due to changing sex-role expectations, more men are assuming the role of kin-keeper (keeping connections and arranging family gatherings) than ever before. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.11 Discuss the ways in which family and friends are important to young adults. 1 14-2-40 392 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 41. According to Holland's personality and work types theory, career army officers would belong to the conventional type category. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.12 Identify what factors influence an individual’s occupational choices. 1 14-2-41 393-394 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 42. In Super's exploratory stage of career development, at age 15 to 24, the young person searches to find a fit between their interests, their personality, and the range of available jobs. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.13 Describe how career goals and job satisfaction change over time. 1 14-2-42 395 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

Chapter 14 Short Answer Questions 1. How does cohabitation affect a couple's subsequent marriage? What hypotheses do researchers offer for the relationship between cohabitation and subsequent marriage?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.7 Describe the relationship between cohabitation and subsequent success in marriage. 1 14-3-01 386 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 2. Briefly describe how gender roles are an essential component of social role theories of mate selection. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.4 Identify what factors evolutionary, social role, and neuroscience theorists emphasize in their theories of mate selection. 2 14-3-02 382 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 3. Summarize Robert Sternberg's theory of romantic love. How does attachment as a child impact one's relationships? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.5 Identify what factors are involved in predicting marriage quality. 1 14-3-03 384 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 4. Imagine that a couple who are friends of yours routinely engage in "nasty" exchanges, such as criticisms and putdowns. What information or advice about marital interactions would you offer this couple? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.5 Identify what factors are involved in predicting marriage quality. 2 14-3-04 384 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 5. How do attachment, love, and conflict management affect the quality of intimate relationships?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.5 Identify what factors are involved in predicting marriage quality. 1 14-3-05 384–385 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 6. Define "postpartum depression" and identify possible causes or contributing factors. How can postpartum depression be prevented? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.10 Summarize what happens during the transition to parenthood. 1 14-3-06 390 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 7. Describe the general pattern of marital satisfaction across the family lifespan. What factors influence the variations in marital satisfaction through the years? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.10 Summarize what happens during the transition to parenthood. 2 14-3-07 390–391 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 8. Identify and discuss the social and psychological consequences of divorce on men and women in early adulthood. What reasons exist to explain gender differences? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.6 Discuss how divorce affects the lives of Canadian adults. 1 14-3-08 385-386 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 9. Identify and explain the potential conflicts between work and family roles, and how they differ for men and women. Summarize healthy strategies for coping with these conflicts.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.14 Describe in what ways women’s work patterns differ from those of men. 1 14-3-09 397–399 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 10. Identify what factors influence an individuals' occupation choices.

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.12 Identify what factors influence an individual’s occupational choices. 1 14-3-10 398 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 11. Compare and contrast the similarities and differences between heterosexual couples and gay and lesbian couples. How do these factors affect the longevity of relationships for both groups? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.12 Identify what factors influence an individual’s occupational choices. 3 14-3-11 387-388 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary

Chapter 14 Essay Questions 1. You have been invited to make a speech entitled "Finding a Partner" to a young adult singles group. In preparation for your speech, summarize the evolutionary and social role theories of mate selection. Additionally, summarize the concept of an internal working model of attachment and explain how adult mate selection can be influenced by the relationships of infancy. Also discuss similar neural responding among close friends and how this predicts attachment quality. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.4 Identify what factors evolutionary, social role, and neuroscience theorists emphasize in their theories of mate selection. 2 14-4-01 382–383 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 2. Identify and briefly discuss the factors that influence marital satisfaction and stability. In your opinion, which of these factors is most powerful? Why? Compare and contrast this with single people’s attachment orientation and impact on well-being. Learning Objective:

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.5 Identify what factors are involved in predicting marriage quality. 14.7 Describe the relationship between cohabitation and subsequent success in marriage. 14.8 Describe the ways in which gay and lesbian couples are similar to and different from heterosexual couples. 14.9 Describe how singles accomplish Erikson’s psychosocial developmental task of intimacy. 14.10 Summarize what happens during the transition to parenthood 2 14-4-02 383–384 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 3. Summarize the factors that influence an individual's choice of occupation or career. Which of the factors do you believe are the most powerful or important? Why? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.12 Identify what factors influence an individual’s occupational choices. 2 14-4-03 392-393 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 4. Compare and contrast Erikson, Levinson, Arnett, and Roisman's theories of social and personality development in early adulthood. How do research findings support or refute each theory? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.1 Explain what Erikson meant when he described early adulthood as a crisis of intimacy versus isolation. 14.2 Describe what a life structure is and how it changes. 14.3 Describe the characteristics of emerging adulthood. 3 14-4-04 378–380 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 5. Describe and discuss the social phenomenon known as cohabitation, citing the prevalence, purposes, and outcomes of cohabitation in Canada. What shifts have occurred from the 1960s to present? How homogeneous is this demographic group? Compare the relationship breakdown rates and risk factors of cohabitating couples with those of heterosexual and gay and lesbian couples.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

14.7 Describe the relationship between cohabitation and subsequent success in marriage. 14.8 Describe the ways in which gay and lesbian couples are similar to and different from heterosexual couples. 1 14-4-05 386–387 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 6. Identify what happens during the transition to parenthood. What are the implications for marital satisfaction? How can couples navigate this phase effectively? Learning Objective:

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

CHAPTER 15: PHYSICCAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE ADULTHOOD

Chapter 15 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Which of the following is NOT a change that occurs in the human brain during middle adulthood? formation of new synapses increased production of neurotransmitters decrease in brain weight decline in density of grey matter Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.1 Summarize what researchers know about brain function in middle age. 1 15-1-01 404 Knowledge

Answer: increased production of neurotransmitters 2. Which of the following is NOT a way in which age-based changes in neurological processing affect cognitive functioning in middle adulthood? Middle-aged adults may have less ability to control attentional processes by inhibiting brain responses to irrelevant stimuli. Cognitive tasks activate a larger area of brain tissue in middle-aged adults than they do in younger adults. Middle-aged drivers have more lapses of concentration and make poorer judgments than younger drivers. Difficult cognitive tasks, such as recalling non-associated words (e.g., fish–bicycle), require the activation of larger areas of the brain than easy tasks. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.1 Summarize what researchers know about brain function in middle age. 1 15-1-02 404-405 Comprehension

Answer: Middle-aged drivers have more lapses of concentration and make poorer judgments than younger drivers. 3. Developmentalists know that behavioural choices and mental health conditions affect the brain. Which of the following statements is true? The brains of alcoholics and non-alcoholics differ in electrical activity. The brains of depressed individuals and non-depressed individuals show no structural or electrical differences. A number of serious mental illnesses are associated with differences in electrical activity. The brains of alcoholics and non-alcoholics differed in electrical activity before the onset of the alcoholism.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.1 Summarize what researchers know about brain function in middle age. 2 15-1-03 404 Comprehension

Answer: The brains of alcoholics and non-alcoholics differ in electrical activity. 4. Fifty-year-old Mr. Jones has experienced changes in his sexual functioning, such as difficulty attaining and maintaining an erection. These changes might indicate that Mr. Jones is experiencing high blood pressure Viagra withdrawal seminal fluid blockage climacteric symptoms Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men and women in middle age. 1 15-1-04 406 Comprehension

Answer: climacteric symptoms 5. What reproductive event in middle adulthood is climacteric? a loss of interest in sexual activity an increase in the number of miscarriages the occurrence of menopause a decreased incidence of impotence Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men and women in middle age. 1 15-1-05 406 Knowledge

Answer: the occurrence of menopause 6. Which of the following is a factor associated with the male climacteric? enlargement of the testes increased production of testosterone increased volume of seminal fluid coupled by a decrease in sperm production difficulty attaining and maintaining an erection Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men and women in middle age. 2 15-1-06 406 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: difficulty attaining and maintaining an erection 7. Among males, gradual loss in muscle tone, increased susceptibilities to erectile dysfunction, and heart disease are factors associated with a decline in seminal fluid production. grey matter shrinkage. a decline in testosterone production. increased rates of obesity in middle age and beyond. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men and women in middle age. 1 15-1-07 406 Knowledge

Answer: a decline in testosterone production. 8. Which of the following is NOT a factor that is likely to contribute to a male's problems with sexual functioning? smoking alcohol abuse decline in testosterone levels high-fibre diet Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men and women in middle age. 1 15-1-08 406 Knowledge

Answer: high-fibre diet 9. _________ is secreted by the ruptured ovarian follicle from which the ovum emerges and rises during the second half of the menstrual cycle. Estrogen Cortisol Progesterone Testosterone Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men and women in middle age. 1 15-1-09 406 Knowledge

Answer: Progesterone

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 10. The transition phase of menopause, called ____________, can be expected to begin after age ____and may last five to eight years. postmenopause; 60 perimenopause; 40 estropause; 75 propause; 55 Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men and women in middle age. 1 15-1-10 406 Knowledge

Answer: perimenopause; 40 11. What do experts believe causes the menstrual irregularity associated with the premenopausal phase of menopause? hot flashes fluctuations in estrogen production decreased progesterone stress and fatigue Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men and women in middle age. 2 15-1-11 407-408 Knowledge

Answer: decreased progesterone 12. The onset of premenopausal phase occurs at what age? early 30s late 30s or early 40s after the age of 50 45–50 years old Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men and women in middle age. 1 15-1-12 407 Comprehension

Answer: late 30s or early 40s 13. Which of the following physical conditions is strongly associated with the perimenopausal phase of menopause? hot flashes high blood pressure osteoporosis mood swings

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men and women in middle age. 2 15-1-13 408 Knowledge

Answer: hot flashes 14. According to experts, which of the following is the best explanation for the cognitive and emotional effects of perimenopause, such as feelings of emotional instability or mental confusion? lack of sleep as a result of hot flashes depression due to bodily changes loss of blood caused by menstrual flooding changes in sex drive Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men and women in middle age. 2 15-1-14 408 Knowledge

Answer: lack of sleep as a result of hot flashes 15. Which of the following is not a physical effect that is attributed to the reduction in estrogen during the phases of menopause? The walls of the vagina are less elastic and produce less lubrication. Multiple ova are produced during the menstrual cycles. The breasts become less firm. The vagina becomes shorter and smaller in diameter. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men and women in middle age. 2 15-1-15 408 Comprehension

Answer: Multiple ova are produced during the menstrual cycles. 16. Which of the following individuals is in the postmenopausal phase? Ms. Alvarez, who has not had a menstrual period for a year Ms. Washington, who is 55 years old Ms. Ali, who began to experience hot flashes and sleep disturbances six months ago Ms. Maracle, who has experienced irregular menstrual periods for a year Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men and women in middle age. 2 15-1-16 408 Analysis

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: Ms. Alvarez, who has not had a menstrual period for a year 17. According to studies, the psychological effects of menopause cannot be attributed to the level of uncomfortable physical symptoms. an increased likelihood of major depression. a personality predisposed to negativity. life stressors. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men and women in middle age. 2 15-1-17 408 Comprehension

Answer: an increased likelihood of major depression. 18. Although risks must be weighed, sost of the physical symptoms and effects of menopause— including hot flashes, thinning of the vaginal wall, and loss of vaginal lubrication—can be dramatically reduced by taking ____________________ estrogen and progesterone cannabis and coffee adrenaline and estrogen crackers and tea Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men and women in middle age. 2 15-1-18 408-409 Comprehension

Answer: estrogen and progesterone 19. Osteoporosis could best be described as a porous bone condition that affects only menopausal women. the loss of bone mass and density that is accelerated with age. a secondary aging bone condition that is negatively linked to hormone replacement therapy. a degenerative bone disease of aging that is uncontrollable, inevitable, and irreversible. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.3 Describe what osteoporosis is and what factors are associated with it. 2 15-1-19 409 Knowledge

Answer: the loss of bone mass and density that is accelerated with age.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 20. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about osteoporosis? The major consequence of osteoporosis is a significantly increased risk of fractures. Men are unaffected by osteoporosis. Osteoporosis in women is accelerated by menopause. Women can prevent osteoporosis by getting sufficient calcium during early adulthood and by engaging in weight-bearing exercise. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.3 Describe what osteoporosis is and what factors are associated with it. 2 15-1-20 409-410 Analysis

Answer: Men are unaffected by osteoporosis. 21. Which of the following factors/treatments is known to decrease bone loss to premenopausal levels? medications like Fosamax regular weight-bearing exercise use of hormone replacement therapy a diet with sufficient calcium to build bone mass in young adulthood Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.3 Describe what osteoporosis is and what factors are associated with it. 1 15-1-21 409 Comprehension

Answer: use of hormone replacement therapy 22. Which of the following factors is linked most directly to osteoporosis in women? obesity age of menopause diet in young adulthood estrogen and progesterone levels Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.3 Describe what osteoporosis is and what factors are associated with it. 2 15-1-22 409 Analysis

Answer: estrogen and progesterone levels 23. Which of the following is a risk factor for osteoporosis? high-calcium diet obesity late onset of menopause sedentary lifestyle Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 7

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.3 Describe what osteoporosis is and what factors are associated with it. 1 15-1-23 410 Knowledge

Answer: sedentary lifestyle 24. What are the two age-related changes in the eyes that are collectively known as presbyopia? clouding of the retina and loss of light/dark adaptation thickening and loss of flexibility of the eye lens thickening and yellowing of the retina clouding of the retina and yellowing of the eye lens Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.4 Describe how vision and hearing change in middle age. 1 15-1-24 410 Knowledge

Answer: thickening and loss of flexibility of the eye lens 25. Martha notices her father Rick, age 50, holding his newspaper further and further away to get a clear image. Martha's father is likely experiencing cataracts presbycusis nearsightedness presbyopia Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.4 Describe how vision and hearing change in middle age. 1 15-1-25 410 Comprehension

Answer: presbyopia 26. Which of the following is NOT an effect or consequence of presbyopia? The pressure of fluid within the eye reaches an abnormally high level, and an individual experiences headaches and eye strain. The lens of the eye becomes less elastic and less able to make focal adjustments to focus clearly on near objects. An individual is less able to quickly adapt to variations in light or glare, which makes night driving particularly difficult. It becomes difficult to read print at focusing distance, and one must begin to wear reading glasses or bifocals.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.4 Describe how vision and hearing change in middle age. 2 15-1-26 410-411 Analysis

Answer: The pressure of fluid within the eye reaches an abnormally high level, and an individual experiences headaches and eye strain. 27. Maria has always had excellent vision, but after her forty-fifth birthday she found herself unable to read the morning newspaper at her habitual focal distance. Maria should be checked for presbyopia. presbycusis. nearsightedness. glaucoma. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.4 Describe how vision and hearing change in middle age. 2 15-1-27 410 Application

Answer: presbyopia. 28. What condition results when the auditory nerves and inner-ear structures degenerate, and an individual loses the ability to hear sounds of high and very low frequencies? presbycusis presbyopia audiometry neuropathy Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.4 Describe how vision and hearing change in middle age. 1 15-1-28 411 Knowledge

Answer: presbycusis 29. Alexander, age 55, believes there is something wrong with the telephone because he is experiencing difficulty hearing his 3-year-old granddaughter's voice when she calls. Alexander should be examined for neuropathy auricularis presbycusis presbyopia

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.4 Describe how vision and hearing change in middle age. 2 15-1-29 411 Analysis

Answer: presbycusis 30. The general pattern of presbycusis is that loss accelerates after age 50 or 55. 30 or 34. 20 or 30. 40 or 41. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.4 Describe how vision and hearing change in middle age. 1 15-1-30 411 Knowledge

Answer: 50 or 55. 31. Middle-aged adults have higher rates of ________ than young adults. major depression acute illnesses chronic illnesses accidents Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.5 Describe mid-life health trends. 2 15-1-31 412 Knowledge

Answer: chronic illnesses 32. In middle age, what are the two leading causes of death? heart disease and all categories of unintentional injuries motor vehicle accidents and cancer heart disease and cancer heart disease and strokes Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.5 Describe mid-life health trends. 1 15-1-32 413 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: heart disease and cancer 33. Which item is out of place in this list? stroke heart attack atherosclerosis primary aging Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.7 Summarize the risks of cardiovascular disease in middle age. 3 15-1-33 415 Analysis

Answer: primary aging 34. What condition results when deposits of plaque cause the arteries to narrow or become blocked? atherosclerosis pulmonary embolism diabetes osteoarthritis Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.7 Summarize the risks of cardiovascular disease in middle age. 1 15-1-34 415 Knowledge

Answer: atherosclerosis 35. Which of the following is not a known risk for cancer? smoking high cholesterol inactivity alcohol Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.6 Identify what factors contribute to cancer. 2 15-1-35 414 Knowledge

Answer: high cholesterol

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 36. In Canada, what is the leading cause of death among adults? cardiovascular disease pneumonia/influenza HIV/AIDS cancer Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.6 Identify what factors contribute to cancer. 1 15-1-36 415 Knowledge

Answer: cancer 37. Which of the following is NOT one of the known controllable risk factors for cardiovascular disease? smoking high cholesterol inactivity arthritis Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.7 Summarize the risks of cardiovascular disease in middle age. 1 15-1-37 414 Comprehension

Answer: arthritis 38. Which of the following is NOT a significant risk factor for heart disease? elevated levels of low-density lipoproteins moderate use of wine inactive or sedentary lifestyle first-degree relatives with cardiovascular disease Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.7 Summarize the risks of cardiovascular disease in middle age. 1 15-1-38 414 Knowledge

Answer: moderate use of wine 39. Which of the following is a risk factor for both heart disease and cancer? moderate alcohol use high cholesterol smoking high blood pressure

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.6 Identify what factors contribute to cancer. 15.7 Summarize the risks of cardiovascular disease in middle age. 3 15-1-39 414 Analysis

Answer: smoking 40. Which of the following descriptions best represents the Type A personality characteristic that is most strongly linked to cardiovascular disease? Jack always wants to win, and has frequent conflicts with co-workers and family. When he loses a business deal, he takes his anger and hostility out on other drivers during his evening commute. Susan is motivated by her desire to be the sales leader in her division, but her co-workers dislike her aggressive strategies. Ann is unable to retain secretaries because she is constantly instructing them on how to use their time and energy more efficiently. Tom's responsibilities dictate his urgent, fast-paced life, and he constantly checks his watch to make sure that he is on time and on schedule. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.7 Summarize the risks of cardiovascular disease in middle age. 2 15-1-40 416 Analysis

Answer: Jack always wants to win, and has frequent conflicts with co-workers and family. When he loses a business deal, he takes his anger and hostility out on other drivers during his evening commute. 41. Which of the following is NOT a known risk factor for cancer? cholesterol alcohol smoking weight Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.6 Identify what factors contribute to cancer. 1 15-1-41 414 Knowledge

Answer: cholesterol 42. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about the relationship between gender and health? Women are more likely than men to describe their health as poor and to be limited in their daily activities. By old age, more men than women are likely to be chronically ill. The difference in rates of heart disease between men and women increases once women are past menopause. Women's life expectancy is greater than men's.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.8 Identify some important differences in the health of middle-aged men and women. 2 15-1-42 416-417 Analysis

Answer: Women are more likely than men to describe their health as poor and to be limited in their daily activities. 43. Compared to men, women in middle adulthood are more likely NOT to describe themselves as in poor health. having a chronic health condition. in good health. limited in their daily activities. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.8 Identify some important differences in the health of middle-aged men and women. 1 15-1-43 416 Knowledge

Answer: in good health. 44. By middle adulthood, Canadians report more anxiety disorders. improved mental health. higher rates of mental illness. lower self-esteem. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.9 Discuss mental health trends and alcohol consumption in middle age. 1 15-1-44 417 Knowledge

Answer: improved mental health. 45. Although the CVD mortality rate has been declining greatly, it remains a leading cause of death among middle-aged adults in Canada, accounting for ~___% of deaths among those ages 45 to 54 and ~___% among those ages 55 to 64. 18; 20 60; 65 12;15 79; 91

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill: Answer:

15.7 Summarize the risks of cardiovascular disease in middle age. 1 15-1-45 417 Knowledge 18; 20

46. In Canada, ______ of every 100 000 women between the ages of 45 and 54 die of heart disease. 67 35 124 326 Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.7 Summarize the risks of cardiovascular disease in middle age. 1 15-1-46 417 Knowledge

Answer: 35 47. Which of the following is a NOT a true statement about alcohol use disorder (AUD) and brain functioning in middle age? Functional deficits among alcoholics include problems with memory and language. Some parts of the brains of middle-aged persons with AUD are smaller and less responsive to stimuli than the brains of those who do not have AUD. The effects of alcohol on the brain are irreversible, even if the person quits drinking. Alcohol weakens the walls of the blood vessels in the body and brain. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.9 Discuss mental health trends and alcohol consumption in middle age. 2 15-1-47 417 Knowledge

Answer: The effects of alcohol on the brain are irreversible, even if the person quits drinking. 48. What is the Canadian gender pattern with respect to alcohol use disorder (AUD)? AUD has more serious effects on the health of women than men. More women than mensuffer from AUD. The rate of AUD declines with age for women but increases for men. AUD occurs more often in men than in women. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: AUD occurs more often in men than in women. 49. Which scenario is the best example of "compensation" in middle age according to the Balteses' theory of selective optimization with compensation? Alice reads a book using her reading glasses. Eric turns off the TV and all other distractions to help him study. Mary fondly remembers her mother by looking through her photo albums. Gregory cuts the grass for his neighbour who is recovering from a heart attack. Learning Objective:

15.10 Discuss how Denney’s and the Balteses’ models explain the relationship between health and cognitive functioning in middle age.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 15-1-49 419 Comprehension

Answer: Alice reads a book using her reading glasses. 50. Nancy Denney uses the concepts of "exercised" and "unexercised" skills to propose a model of physical and cognitive change in adulthood. Which of the following is most consistent with Denney's view of age-related change in physical and cognitive functioning? If a skill is unexercised for any length of time, or becomes "rusty," exercise will not cause any improvement. There is an underlying decay curve, so that with increased age there will eventually be a point at which even maximum exercise will not help an individual maintain peak functioning in either physical or cognitive abilities. Early adulthood is the time of peak function in physical and cognitive abilities, and even young adults who are not exercising their skills will be able to outperform middle-aged adults who are exercising their physical and cognitive abilities. Physical exercise will facilitate maintenance of physical abilities through adulthood, but no equivalent improvement can be made in cognitive functioning. Learning Objective:

15.10 Discuss how Denney’s and the Balteses’ models explain the relationship between health and cognitive functioning in middle age.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

2 15-1-50 418-419 Comprehension

Answer: There is an underlying decay curve, so that with increased age there will eventually be a point at which even maximum exercise will not help an individual maintain peak functioning in either physical or cognitive abilities. 51. According to Denney's model of exercised and unexercised skills illustrated in the textbook, the maximum level of cognitive and physical function an individual can achieve with exercise is less for the abilities that are routinely exercised and greater for the abilities that are rarely exercised. steadily increases as the individual ages. is determined by social class, gender, and ethnicity. steadily decreases as the individual ages.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.10 Discuss how Denney’s and the Balteses’ models explain the relationship between health and cognitive functioning in middle age. 2 15-1-51 418-419 Analysis

Answer: steadily decreases as the individual ages. 52. Of the following, which individual might be expected to experience earlier or larger intellectual declines? Mr. Jones, age 70, who has taken medication for high blood pressure for 20 years Mr. Brown, age 50, who has been warned by his physician to lose 10 kilograms Mrs. Anderson, age 50, who is in the postmenopausal phase Mrs. Green, age 65, who has recently been diagnosed with breast cancer Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.11 Describe the relationship between health and cognitive functioning. 1 15-1-52 420 Analysis

Answer: Mr. Jones, age 70, who has taken medication for high blood pressure for 20 years 53. What is the typical pattern of cognitive functioning in middle adulthood? Individuals may maintain or even gain in skill on tasks that are highly practiced or based on specific learning, such as playing a card game. Most individuals demonstrate a decrease in verbal skills, such as vocabulary, and tasks such as working a crossword puzzle or giving instructions become difficult. Mental processes steadily and significantly decline across middle adulthood, and most individuals perceive an accelerated loss of mental acuity. Most individuals begin to experience decrements in problem-solving abilities, and tasks such as adjusting ingredients in a recipe or learning new computer software become difficult. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.11 Describe the relationship between health and cognitive functioning. 2 15-1-53 419-420 Comprehension

Answer: Individuals may maintain or even gain in skill on tasks that are highly practiced or based on specific learning, such as playing a card game. 54. A researcher who is testing the cognitive functioning of middle-aged adults would find that her subjects ________ on well-rehearsed, familiar tasks and ________ on tests of unfamiliar or unpracticed skills. perceive impaired performance; are unaware of the extent of their impairment have difficulty performing; are unable to perform have gradual declines; show improved performance maintain or gain in skill; have steady declines

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.12 Describe how young and middle-aged adults differ in performance on memory tests. 3 15-1-54 419-420 Analysis

Answer: maintain or gain in skill; have steady declines 55. An individual who forgets where she ate lunch is having difficulty retrieving a(n) ________ memory, but if she can recite Robert Frost's poem "The Road Not Taken," she is using her ________ memory. experiential; comprehensive episodic; semantic flashbulb; schematic iconic; dialectic Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.12 Describe how young and middle-aged adults differ in performance on memory tests. 3 15-1-55 421 Application

Answer: episodic; semantic 56. How does aging affect memory? Memory ability declines with age, and by middle adulthood significant decline has occurred. With advancing age, auditory memory declines rapidly, but visual memory is stable or improves. With advancing age, individuals tend to remember fewer specific details of a story and more of the theme or meaning of the story. By age 45, an individual would have more difficulty retrieving a semantic memory than an episodic memory. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.12 Describe how young and middle-aged adults differ in performance on memory tests. 2 15-1-56 420-422 Comprehension

Answer: With advancing age, individuals tend to remember fewer specific details of a story and more of the theme or meaning of the story. 57. Studies of creativity have revealed that the peak productivity of historical and contemporary scientists is around age ________, and the quality of their work ________. 30; is poorer with advancing age 40; remains high through age 50 35; was superior during earlier years 25; also peaks at that age

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.13 Discuss what the research suggests about age-related changes in creativity. 1 15-1-57 422 Knowledge

Answer: 40; remains high through age 50 58. All of the following statements are true regarding creativity in people over 50 EXCEPT: Creativity is nourished by support from others. Creative people don't require external motivation. Accumulated knowledge and experience contribute to creativity. The creative process is highly individualized. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.13 Discuss what the research suggests about age-related changes in creativity. 2 15-1-58 422 Comprehension

Answer: Creative people don't require external motivation. 59. One type of thought process that creative thinkers use can provide multiple solutions to problems that have no clear answer. This is called __________ thinking. bizaare divergent illuminati convergent Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.13 Discuss what the research suggests about age-related changes in creativity. 2 15-1-59 423 Knowledge

Answer: divergent 60. Which of the following is not one of Goleman's four stages for problem solving? preparation illumination translation communication Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: communication 61. It is proposed that a tissue (which might possibly be considered a new organ) may play a major role in promoting health or be a factor in disease processes, including the two leading causes of morbidity and mortality, cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD). skin microbiota interstitium sodiumeri colon pouches Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.6 Identify what factors contribute to cancer. 2 15-1-61 423 Knowledge

Answer: interstitium 62. ______________________________ has been implicated in many studies of stomach cancer and one type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma as well as stomach ulcers. Human papillomavirus (HPV) helicobacter pylori Epstein-Barr virus Necrotizing fasciitis Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.6 Identify what factors contribute to cancer. 2 15-1-62 423 Knowledge

Answer: helicobacter pylori 63. One of the first studies of its kind, based at the UCLA Department of Neurology, compared brain development in a cross-sectional study of people ranging from their first to their ninth decade of life showing significant changes in the brain. Broadly speaking, it showed that ___________ matter volume crests during middle adulthood and that grey matter volume continues the _____________ that it began in childhood and does not level off until about age 60. The volume of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) also ____________ steadily across the lifespan. white; decline; increases grey; increase; increases purple; decrease; decreases white; increases; increases Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.1 Summarize what researchers know about brain function in middle age. 2 15-1-63 423 Knowledge

Answer: white; decline; increases

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 64. The middle-aged brain has a more difficult time finding just the right neurological tool to carry out a particular function, and so it ________________ by activating more tools than are necessary. rationalizes activates compensates retracts Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.1 Summarize what researchers know about brain function in middle age. 2 15-1-64 423 Knowledge

Answer: compensates 65. A change that begins to be quite significant in middle adulthood is a loss of calcium from the bones, resulting in reduced bone mass and more brittle and porous bones. This process is called calcification osteosporosis claudication dysbiosis Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.3 Describe what osteoporosis is and what factors are associated with it. 2 15-1-65 423 Knowledge

Answer: osteosporosis 66. Bone loss begins at about age _____ for both men and women, but in women the process is accelerated by ________________. 50; height 55; age 17; puberty 30; menopause Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.3 Describe what osteoporosis is and what factors are associated with it. 2 15-1-66 423 Knowledge

Answer: 30; menopause 67. What are two tests that can identify osteoporosis long before it causes serious damage to bones? Helicobacter pylori (HP) tests and cervical cancer (CC) tests Cholesterol (CH) tests and lipoprotein (LP) tests Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level tests and bone mineral density (BMD) tests Cardiovascular disease (CVD) tests and artherosclerosis (ART) tests

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.3 Describe what osteoporosis is and what factors are associated with it. 2 15-1-67 423 Knowledge

Answer: Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level tests and bone mineral density (BMD) tests 68. The Alameda County Study showed that risks for cardiovascular disease (CVD) appear to be cumulative: The more high-risk behaviours or characteristics you have, the higher your risk of heart disease. Of these high-risk factors, ___________________ is one of the strongest for all CVDs brain damage hypertension osteosporosis dementia Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.7 Summarize the risks of cardiovascular disease in middle age. 2 15-1-68 423 Knowledge

Answer: hypertension Chapter 15 True-False Questions 1. Some studies show that middle-aged adults outperform those who are younger on all physical functions. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.1 Summarize what researchers know about brain function in middle age. 1 15-2-01 405 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 2. The volume of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tends to increase throughout the lifespan. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.1 Summarize what researchers know about brain function in middle age. 2 15-2-02 404 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True 3. In middle adulthood there is no formation of new synapses, only loss of old connections. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.1 Summarize what researchers know about brain function in middle age. 2 15-2-03 404 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 4. A physical and psychological dependence on alcohol is referred to as AUD (alcohol use disorder). a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.9 Discuss mental health trends and alcohol consumption in middle age. 2 15-2-04 404 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 5. The performance of cognitive tasks activates a larger area of brain tissue in middle-aged adults than in younger adults. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.1 Summarize what researchers know about brain function in middle age. 1 15-2-05 405 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 6. "Climacteric" is a term used to describe the adult period during which reproductive capacity declines or is lost. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True 7. The factor that causes the changes in sexual functioning associated with the male climacteric is most likely a decline in testosterone levels. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men and women in middle age. 1 15-2-07 406 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 8. In the middle years, the incidence of erectile dysfunction (the inability to achieve or maintain an erection) begins to increase—although many things other than the slight decline in testosterone contribute to this change, including an increase in poor health (especially heart disease), obesity, use of blood-pressure medication (and other medications), excessive use of alcohol, and smoking. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men and women in middle age. 1 15-2-08 406 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 9. Changing diet and exercise habits can improve erectile dysfunction in middle-aged men. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men and women in middle age. 1 15-2-09 406 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 10. During the perimenopausal period, problems such as mental confusion or emotional instability often can be attributed to loss of sleep caused by night-time hot flashes. a True b False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men and women in middle age. 2 15-2-10 406-407 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 11. Experts note that depression is no more frequent among menopausal women than among those who are nonmenopausal. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men and women in middle age. 1 15-2-11 408 Knowledge

Answer: b. True 12. Studies have found that women who use hormone replacement therapy have no elevated risks for breast cancer or ovarian cancer. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men and women in middle age. 2 15-2-12 410 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 13. The risk of osteoporosis-related fractures begins earlier for women than for men. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.3 Describe what osteoporosis is and what factors are associated with it. 2 15-2-13 410 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 14. Weight-bearing exercises have no effect on the onset of osteoporosis. a b

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.3 Describe what osteoporosis is and what factors are associated with it. 2 15-2-14 410 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 15. Presbyopia and presbycusis are examples of secondary aging processes. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.4 Describe how vision and hearing change in middle age. 2 15-2-15 410-411 Analysis

Answer: b. False 16. Most individuals need reading glasses or bifocals by the age of 35 or 40. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.4 Describe how vision and hearing change in middle age. 1 15-2-16 411 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 17. Hearing loss is a result only of primary aging. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.4 Describe how vision and hearing change in middle age. 1 15-2-17 411 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 18. Many Canadians have one or more risk factors for cardiovascular disease. a b

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.7 Summarize the risks of cardiovascular disease in middle age. 1 15-2-18 415 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 19. Studies have proven that dietary fat is a significant risk factor for both heart disease and cancer. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.7 Summarize the risks of cardiovascular disease in middle age. 1 15-2-19 414 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 20. Men are more likely than women to have poor health, to have nonfatal chronic conditions such as arthritis, and to be limited in daily activities as a result of their health problems. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.8 Identify some important differences in the health of middle-aged men and women. 1 15-2-20 416 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 21. A man's life expectancy is greater than a woman's. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.8 Identify some important differences in the health of middle-aged men and women. 1 15-2-21 416 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 22. Men may die earlier than women, but women generally suffer from more disease and disabilities. a b

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.8 Identify some important differences in the health of middle-aged men and women. 1 15-2-22 416 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 23. In early adulthood, the gender difference in disease rate can be largely attributed to health problems associated with child-bearing. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.8 Identify some important differences in the health of middle-aged men and women. 2 15-2-23 416-417 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 24. Studies have found that the death rates of men with alcohol use disorder (AUD) who are in their 50s and early 60s are five to six times higher than among those without AUD. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.9 Discuss mental health trends and alcohol consumption in middle age. 1 15-2-24 418 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 25. Some parts of the brains of middle-aged people who suffer from alcohol use disorder (AUD) are smaller and less responsive to stimuli than the brains of those who do not have AUD. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.9 Discuss mental health trends and alcohol consumption in middle age. 2 15-2-25 417-418 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 26. Due to the positive effects of cardiovascular fitness, you can tell a middle-aged friend that exercise will help him maintain his cognitive abilities. a True b False Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 28

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.10 Discuss how Denney’s and the Balteses’ models explain the relationship between health and cognitive functioning in middle age. 15.11 Describe the relationship between health and cognitive functioning. 2 15-2-26 418 Application

Answer: a. True 27. A middle-aged adult is more likely to have difficulty retrieving a semantic memory than an episodic memory. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.12 Describe how young and middle-aged adults differ in performance on memory tests. 2 15-2-27 421 Analysis

Answer: b. False 28. The recollection of personal events uses semantic memory. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.12 Describe how young and middle-aged adults differ in performance on memory tests. 2 15-2-28 421 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 29. Research demonstrates that many individuals in the field of science produce their best work around the age of 40, not because the mind works better at that age, but because productivity is at its highest. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.13 Discuss what the research suggests about age-related changes in creativity. 2 15-2-29 422 Analysis

Answer: a. True

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 30. The creative process is a highly individualized intellectual activity. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.13 Discuss what the research suggests about age-related changes in creativity. 2 15-2-30 422 Analysis

Answer: a. True 31. Menopause is generally considered to be a single event. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men and women in middle age. 1 15-2-31 406 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 32. Natural supplements (food, herb, and vitamin) have proven to be as effective as Viagra in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men an 1 15-2-32 406 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 33. Gut microbiota and the interstitium play a role in health and disease. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men an 1 15-2-33 406 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

34. Bone loss begins at about age 30 for both men and women. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.3 Describe what osteoporosis is and what factors are associated with it. 1 15-2-34 409 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 35. Although diet and exercise help prevent osteoporosis, once the disease is actually diagnosed treatments have proven ineffective. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.3 Describe what osteoporosis is and what factors are associated with it. 1 15-2-35 410 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 36. Osteoporosis affects women more than men. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.3 Describe what osteoporosis is and what factors are associated with it. 1 15-2-36 410 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 37. The leading cause of death of Canadians in middle and old age is cardiovascular disease. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.7 Summarize the risks of cardiovascular disease in middle age. 1 15-2-37 413 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: b. False 38. The lifetime probability of developing cancer is ~50% for men and ~46% for women. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.6 Identify what factors contribute to cancer. 1 15-2-38 413 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 39. Research has shown that there is now little doubt that several types of cancers are caused by infectious agents and are therefore largely preventable. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.6 Identify what factors contribute to cancer. 2 15-2-39 414 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 40. A greater risk of coronary heart disease is associated with type A and B personality patterns. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.7 Summarize the risks of cardiovascular disease in middle age. 1 15-2-40 416 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 41. Overall, both Canadian men and women report improved mental health with increasing age. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True 42. The process of balancing the gains and losses associated with aging is called "selective optimization with compensation." a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.10 Discuss how Denney’s and the Balteses’ models explain the relationship between health and cognitive functioning in middle age. 1 15-2-42 419 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 43. In general, most middle to older adults maintain or even gain in skill on any task that they practice often. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.10 Discuss how Denney’s and the Balteses’ models explain the relationship between health and cognitive functioning in middle age. 1 15-2-43 422 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 44. Middle-aged adults consistently outperform those who are younger on tasks that involve comprehending and remembering reading material. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.12 Describe how young and middle-aged adults differ in performance on memory tests. 1 15-2-44 422 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

Chapter 15 Short Answer Questions 1. Identify the phases of menopause and summarize the physical changes associated with each phase. What is known about the psychological health of women who are experiencing menopause?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men and women in middle age. 1 15-3-01 406–409 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 2. Summarize the pros and cons of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT).

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men and women in middle age. 1 15-3-02 407 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 3. Why is osteoporosis an important health concern? Summarize the risk factors for osteoporosis and identify strategies that can prevent or reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men and women in middle age. 1 15-3-03 409–410 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 4. Describe the physical changes that cause presbyopia. How would an individual's daily functioning be affected by presbyopia? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.4 Describe how vision and hearing change in middle age. 2 15-3-04 410-411 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 5. Compare the health of men and women across their adult lifespans. What are some of the reasons that might account for the differences?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.8 Identify some important differences in the health of middle-aged men and women. 3 15-3-05 416–417 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 6. Describe the individual costs of alcohol use disorder (AUD). What might you suggest to a person suffering from AUD as a more appropriate coping mechanism or outlet for dealing with life stressors? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.9 Discuss mental health trends and alcohol consumption in middle age. 1 15-3-06 417–418 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 7. What does Nancy Denney's model of exercised and unexercised skills suggest about the effects of age on physical and cognitive abilities? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.10 Discuss how Denney’s and the Balteses’ models explain the relationship between health and cognitive functioning in middle age. 1 15-3-07 418–419 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 8. According to the research on creativity, when are individuals most likely to be creative? What factors contribute to creative productivity among creative people? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.13 Discuss what the research suggests about age-related changes in creativity. 2 15-3-08 422–423 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 9. Describe the changes that take place in the brain and the nervous system as we age. How do these changes affect cognitive skills?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.1 Summarize what researchers know about brain function in middle age. 15.10 Discuss how Denney’s and the Balteses’ models explain the relationship between health and cognitive functioning in middle age. 15.11 Describe the relationship between health and cognitive functioning. 15.12 Describe how young and middle-aged adults differ in performance on memory tests. 2 15-3-09 403–405 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 10. Paul Baltes and Margaret Baltes proposed a theory about coping with the cognitive and physical declines of aging and also identified strategies by which we cope. Name and describe the Balteses' theory. Identify the two primary strategies associated with the theory, and give applied examples for each strategy. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.10 Discuss how Denney’s and the Balteses’ models explain the relationship between health and cognitive functioning in middle age. 3 15-3-10 418-419 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 11. Discuss cardiovascular disease (CVD) as a health trend in Canada. What is the prevalence? What do we know about the relationship between heath-related choices and the development of cardiovascular disease? Use specific examples to illustrate the relationship between the health choice and CVD. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.7 Summarize the risks of cardiovascular disease in middle age. 3 15-3-11 414–415 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 12. Discuss cancer as a health trend in Canada. What is the prevalence? What do we know about the relationship between heath-related choices and the development of certain types of cancers? Use specific examples to illustrate the relationship between the health choice and the type of cancer. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.6 Identify what factors contribute to cancer. 3 15-3-12 413–414 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 13. Discuss the role of "use it or lose it" and expertise in cognitive functioning in middle age. How do older adults approach new learning compared to younger adults? How effective is the strategy? What are the implications regarding changes in cognitive functioning in middle age? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.12 Describe how young and middle-aged adults differ in performance on memory tests. 3 15-3-13 421–422 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary

Chapter 15 Essay Questions 1. Summarize the most common changes in reproductive functioning that affect women and men in the middle adult years. How might these changes be perceived and interpreted by the individual? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.2 Describe how reproductive function changes in men and women in middle age. 3 15-4-01 405–409 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 2. Discuss the major causes of death in middle adulthood. What are the contributing factors and preventative measures that can be adopted to minimize the risks? Include information about how microbiome and interstitium research is changing medicine. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.5 Describe mid-life health trends. 15.6 Identify what factors contribute to cancer. 15.7 Summarize the risks of cardiovascular disease in middle age. 2 15-4-02 411-416 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 3. Discuss the negative effects of alcohol use disorder (AUD) on the individual.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.9 Discuss mental health trends and alcohol consumption in middle age. 2 15-4-03 417–418 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 4. Briefly summarize what is known about memory and cognitive functioning during the years of middle adulthood. What lifestyle choices or health behaviour decisions influence cognitive function in middle age? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.11 Describe the relationship between health and cognitive functioning. 15.12 Describe how young and middle-aged adults differ in performance on memory tests. 2 15-4-04 420–422 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 5. Discuss the creative process using Goleman's stages. How does the creative process apply to middle and older adulthood? What factor has been identified as a key component in creativity? What factors play a role in preserving creativity in middle adulthood and beyond? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

15.13 Discuss what the research suggests about age-related changes in creativity. 2 15-4-05 423-424 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

CHAPTER 16: SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE ADULTHOOD

Chapter 16 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. How did Erikson characterize the developmental task of middle adulthood? intimacy versus isolation generativity versus stagnation dialectical thought versus problem-finding ego integrity versus despair Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.1 Compare the views of Erikson and Vaillant with regard to generativity. 1 16-1-01 427 Knowledge

Answer: generativity versus stagnation 2. George feels that he is making a valuable contribution to society by bringing up his children to the best of his ability as well as by volunteering as a Big Brother to kids in his community. George feels he has acquired a mid-life crisis. generativity. his role a parent. a sense of role transitions. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.1 Compare the views of Erikson and Vaillant with regard to generativity. 1 16-1-02 427 Comprehension

Answer: generativity. 3. Which of the following is consistent with the expression of generativity, as described by Erikson? serving as a mentor to a younger co-worker choosing not to have children organizing a garage sale to get rid of extra junk making substantial profits through innovative business deals Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.1 Compare the views of Erikson and Vaillant with regard to generativity. 2 16-1-03 427 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 4. According to Erikson, what is required for the expression of generativity? optimum use of one's intelligence communicating effectively caring for others obeying the law Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.1 Compare the views of Erikson and Vaillant with regard to generativity. 1 16-1-04 427 Comprehension

Answer: caring for others 5. Which of the following is LEAST likely to prompt mid-life crisis? adapting to major changes in one's roles purchasing a new home accepting one's own mortality recognizing new physical limitations and health risks Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.2 Explain how the concept of the mid-life crisis evolved into the life events perspective of middle age. 1 16-1-05 428-429 Analysis

Answer: purchasing a new home 6. Which of the following is most consistent with ideas about development at mid-life? The developmental tasks of mid-life are likely to cause a crisis when an individual's ability to cope is overwhelmed. Individuals whose life transitions are congruent with the social clock are able to more effectively adapt to the challenges of mid-life. There is little variation in the personality characteristics of an individual at the age of 25, 50, 75, or 100. A primary task of adulthood is to assist the next generation in developing into mature and competent individuals. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.2 Explain how the concept of the mid-life crisis evolved into the life events perspective of middle age. 2 16-1-06 429 Comprehension

Answer: The developmental tasks of mid-life are likely to cause a crisis when an individual's ability to cope is overwhelmed.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 7. Which of the following best summarizes the conclusions of research that has attempted to confirm the existence of a mid-life crisis? Serious psychological problems are experienced by most individuals at mid-life. There is little evidence that the stresses and tasks of mid-life are more overwhelming than those of any other age. At mid-life most men experience high levels of inner turmoil, marital or job dissatisfaction, or sense of failure. Most women experience some form of major depression in their 30s or 40s. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.2 Explain how the concept of the mid-life crisis evolved into the life events perspective of middle age. 2 16-1-07 429 Analysis

Answer: There is little evidence that the stresses and tasks of mid-life are more overwhelming than those of any other age. 8. Midway between completing school and death there was a change in a person's time perspective that shifted from ____________ to ______________. time since birth; time left till death individual focused; family focused mid-life transition; mid-life crisis a sense of urgency; a sense of complacency Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.2 Explain how the concept of the mid-life crisis evolved into the life events perspective of middle age. 1 16-1-08 429 Knowledge

Answer: time since birth; time left till death 9. Research into the characteristics of the generativity stage of adult development has produced inconsistent results. However, one common agreed upon point among researchers regarding this stage is that generativity is a more prominent theme in the lives of middle-aged women than in the lives of middleaged men. generativity is related to mental health among middle-aged adults. generativity concerns are just as important to older adults age 66 and up as to middle adults. among the Baby Boomer cohort, generativity concerns are disappearing and being replaced with personal growth and vitality concerns. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.1 Compare the views of Erikson and Vaillant with regard to generativity. 16.2 Explain how the concept of the mid-life crisis evolved into the life events perspective of middle age. 3 16-1-09 428 Comprehension

Answer: generativity is related to mental health among middle-aged adults.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 10. Psychiatrist George Vaillant proposed several amendments to Erikson's life stage theory. Vaillant suggested the inclusion of a new stage called "career consolidation." In this new stage, what does the term "career" mean? It means an adult's "primary" work only and the meaning, satisfaction, and commitment derived from it. It means an adult's primary work and other options such as parental leave, sabbaticals, paid vacations, etc. It means an adult's primary work and the social network that stems from that work. It has a broad definition of choices as long as a social network is created that helps an individual to meet their psychosocial needs. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.1 Compare the views of Erikson and Vaillant with regard to generativity. 2 16-1-10 428 Knowledge

Answer: It has a broad definition of choices as long as a social network is created that helps an individual to meet their psychosocial needs. 11. Psychiatrist George Vaillant proposed an amendment to Erikson's life stage theory to include a new stage or psychosocial task called "career consolidation." At what stage in the lifespan does career consolidation belong? in early adulthood between the identity and intimacy psychosocial goals in early adulthood paired with intimacy as the dual goals (career and intimacy) of this stage in middle adulthood between the psychosocial goals of intimacy and generativity in middle adulthood between the psychosocial goals of generativity and ego integrity Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.1 Compare the views of Erikson and Vaillant with regard to generativity. 2 16-1-11 428 Analysis

Answer: in middle adulthood between the psychosocial goals of intimacy and generativity 12. According to research, what happens to marital satisfaction and stability at mid-life? It is at its lowest point. It continues to steadily decrease. It increases as conflicts over child-rearing and other matters decline. It is dependent upon the frequency of sexual interaction. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.3 Identify what factors contribute to the “mellowing” of partnerships in middle adulthood. 2 16-1-12 429 Knowledge

Answer: It increases as conflicts over child-rearing and other matters decline.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 13. Which of the following is most illustrative of the "skilled diplomacy" used by many middle-aged couples to maintain the stability of their relationship? Mr. and Mrs. Shin agree that their marriage cannot withstand conflict, therefore disagreements or differences of opinion are never voiced. Mr. and Mrs. MacGregor rely on the wisdom, humour, and the practical advice of their religious advisor when a problem arises in their marriage. If a problem occurs in the Mutta marriage, Mrs. Mutta first confronts Mr. Mutta with the issue and then she works to bring peace to their relationship. When Mr. and Mrs. Smith are having a marital conflict, Mrs. Smith asks one of their children to discuss the issue with Mr. Smith. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.3 Identify what factors contribute to the “mellowing” of partnerships in middle adulthood. 2 16-1-13 431 Analysis

Answer: If a problem occurs in the Mutta marriage, Mrs. Mutta first confronts Mr. Mutta with the issue and then she works to bring peace to their relationship. 14. Which of the following applies to middle adulthood marriages? more dissatisfied compared to those of young adults more passionate compared to those of young adults less conflicted than those of young adults more distant compared to those of young adults Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.3 Identify what factors contribute to the “mellowing” of partnerships in middle adulthood. 1 16-1-14 431 Comprehension

Answer: less conflicted than those of young adults 15. What does the term "sandwich generation" refer to? mid-life childless couples whose career demands conflict with their desire to spend time with their family middle-aged adults who provide assistance to both their children and their aging parents middle-aged workers who find themselves trapped between dissatisfaction with their job and financial obligations to their family two-income families where the family members' busy schedules mean that meals are seldom eaten together as a family Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.4 Describe how multigenerational caregiving and caregiver burden affects middle-aged adults’ lives. 2 16-1-15 432 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 16. Which of the following is the best example of a sandwich generation? When Bill was in college he lived with his grandfather who had begun to experience failing health. Vermajit Punjab is a successful investment counsellor whose career obligations and responsibilities conflict with his desire to spend more time with his young children. Elena Martinez would like to quit her present job and start her own restaurant, but she is afraid that such a financial risk might jeopardize her ability to provide for her children. In addition to working full-time, Mr. and Mrs. Ross take care of a grandchild while the child's parent works, and they also provide a home for Mrs. Ross's mother who has arthritis and diabetes. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.4 Describe how multigenerational caregiving and caregiver burden affects middle-aged adults’ lives. 2 16-1-16 432 Analysis

Answer: In addition to working full-time, Mr. and Mrs. Ross take care of a grandchild while the child's parent works, and they also provide a home for Mrs. Ross's mother who has arthritis and diabetes. 17. The pattern of adult children leaving the parental home but returning again to live with parents is a social phenomenon known as the cramped nest. Peter Paning. the revolving door. boomeranging. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.4 Describe how multigenerational caregiving and caregiver burden affects middle-aged adults’ lives. 2 16-1-17 432 Knowledge

Answer: the revolving door. 18. In Canada, ~68% of 20- to 24-, ~32% of 25- to 29-, and ~12% of 30- to 34-year-olds are still living with a parent; and most of these young adults (~85%) have never left the parental home. Which statement is most accurate regarding the reasons for these living arrangements? Prolonged adolescence and minimal parental expectations are the primary reasons. With current life expectancies rising, parents need greater support from their resident adult children to assist with caring for aging grandparents. Financial difficulties, unemployment, extended post-secondary schooling, and delayed marriage are several of the most relevant contributing factors. Due to smaller family sizes and life pressures, there is an emerging trend toward returning to traditional family values and multigenerational living. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.4 Describe how multigenerational caregiving and caregiver burden affects middle-aged adults’ lives. 2 16-1-18 433 Analysis

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: Financial difficulties, unemployment, extended post-secondary schooling, and delayed marriage are several of the most relevant contributing factors. 19. Recent Canadian research regarding the empty nest stage indicates that empty nest syndrome is specific to females with few males reporting difficulty with this life transition. women in the 21st century are experiencing a shorter empty nest period. the empty-nest period has increased in length for women in the 21st century. the empty nest stage no longer exists. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.4 Describe how multigenerational caregiving and caregiver burden affects middle-aged adults’ lives. 2 16-1-19 432-433 Comprehension

Answer: the empty-nest period has increased in length for women in the 21st century. 20. When all of the children leave the home and just the parent(s) remain, it is called an empty nest. the sandwich generation. mid-life crisis. life-course marker. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.4 Describe how multigenerational caregiving and caregiver burden affects middle-aged adults’ lives. 1 16-1-20 432 Comprehension

Answer: an empty nest. 21. According to recent research, which statement is most accurate regarding women and the empty nest? Men experience empty nest syndrome in equal rates to and with equal degrees of distress as women. Most women's identities are heavily focused on the role of mother, resulting in stress and higher rates of depression during this transition phase. When the last child leaves, the majority of women are more likely to describe the event as positive rather than negative. High rates of depression decline for women in middle adulthood after the children have left home. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.4 Describe how multigenerational caregiving and caregiver burden affects middle-aged adults’ lives. 1 16-1-21 432-433 Comprehension

Answer: High rates of depression decline for women in middle adulthood after the children have left home.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 22. Which statement is most accurate regarding the empty nest stage among women born in the late 1800s? Their entire identity was derived from parenting, making the empty nest phase a very emotionally difficult stage. Multigenerational family living negated an empty nest transition in family life. Women began bearing children in their early teens and moved into grandparenting in their 30s, bypassing the empty nest phase. Women bore children into their 40s but died on average before these children left home, bypassing the empty nest phase. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.4 Describe how multigenerational caregiving and caregiver burden affects middle-aged adults’ lives. 2 16-1-22 432 Comprehension

Answer: Women bore children into their 40s but died on average before these children left home, bypassing the empty nest phase. 23. According to Canadian researchers, which of the following statements is true regarding women, depression rates, and the empty-nest syndrome? Depression leading to suicide is associated with empty nest syndrome in women over 55. Only a small number of women experience depression due to the empty nest syndrome. Women have more stress related depression when children are still at home. The majority of women experience some depression due to the identity loss associated with the empty nest syndrome. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.4 Describe how multigenerational caregiving and caregiver burden affects middle-aged adults’ lives. 2 16-1-23 432 Knowledge

Answer: Only a small number of women experience depression due to the empty nest syndrome. 24. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about grandparenthood? In recent years, the incidence of custodial grandparenting has increased in all ethnic and socioeconomic groups. The role of grandmother is broader and more intimate than the role of grandfather. Most grandparents see or talk to their grandchildren regularly, and most describe their relationships as warm and loving. Grandparents express high levels of satisfaction with the role of grandparenting. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.5 Describe how the grandparent role affects middle-aged adults. 2 16-1-24 434 Comprehension

Answer: Grandparents express high levels of satisfaction with the role of grandparenting.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 25. According to the categories developed by behavioural scientists, grandparents in the ________ category see their grandchildren infrequently and have little direct influence over their lives. remote devitalized aloof uninvested Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.5 Describe how the grandparent role affects middle-aged adults. 1 16-1-25 435 Knowledge

Answer: remote 26. According to research on grandparent–grandchild relationships, what is the most common explanation for a remote relationship between grandparents and their grandchildren? interference by parents physical distance disinterest on the part of either or both parties absence of emotional bonds or affectional ties Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.5 Describe how the grandparent role affects middle-aged adults. 2 16-1-26 435 Knowledge

Answer: physical distance 27. According to research on grandparent-grandchild relationships, what is the most common grandparent relationship? involved remote devitalized companionate Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.5 Describe how the grandparent role affects middle-aged adults. 1 16-1-27 435 Knowledge

Answer: companionate 28. According to the categories developed by behavioural scientists, grandparents in the ________ category create warm, pleasurable relationships with their grandchildren. harmonious involved co-parental companionate

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.5 Describe how the grandparent role affects middle-aged adults. 1 16-1-28 435 Knowledge

Answer: companionate 29. The Green family household consists of Mr. and Mrs. Green, three daughters who are widowed or divorced, and five grandchildren ranging in age from 5 to 15 years. While the daughters work and go to college, Mr. and Mrs. Green have full responsibility for rearing their grandchildren. According to the categories developed by behavioural scientists, this situation most closely resembles the ________ type of grandparent. engrossed involved invested companionate Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.5 Describe how the grandparent role affects middle-aged adults. 2 16-1-29 435 Analysis

Answer: involved 30. When Mrs. and Mrs. O'Neill retired from their careers in Toronto, they moved to Vancouver. Once a year they return to Toronto to visit their grandchildren and to be brought up to date on the children's activities and progress in school. According to the categories developed by behavioural scientists, this situation most closely resembles the ________ type of grandparent. remote uninvested aloof devitalized Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.5 Describe how the grandparent role affects middle-aged adults. 2 16-1-30 435 Analysis

Answer: remote 31. Devon has a very close relationship with his grandparents; they helped raise him and continue to play an active role in his life. This is referred to as a(n) remote relationship. companionate relationship. involved relationship. involuntary relationship.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.5 Describe how the grandparent role affects middle-aged adults. 1 16-1-31 435 Comprehension

Answer: involved relationship. 32. According to research from the University of British Columbia, when a family is faced with a need to provide regular care to an aging family member, who most typically takes on the task? the family member with the most resources daughters or daughters-in-law the family member with medical or health care training sons and their spouses Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.4 Describe how multigenerational caregiving and caregiver burden affects middle-aged adults’ lives. 1 16-1-32 434 Knowledge

Answer: daughters or daughters-in-law 33. The cumulative negative effects of caregiving experienced by the caregiver, such as more frequent illness or impaired immune system function, may be collectively termed caregiver burden generational inequity mid-life squeeze caregiver burnout Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.4 Describe how multigenerational caregiving and caregiver burden affects middle-aged adults’ lives. 1 16-1-33 434 Knowledge

Answer: caregiver burden 34. Which of the following best describes the nature of friendship in middle adulthood? The social circle is smaller, but the friendships are as intimate and close as at earlier ages. Adults have more friends in mid-life than at any other point in adulthood. The increased role strain and role conflict of middle adulthood require additional emotional support from friends outside the family. The need for a social network increases across mid-life. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: The social circle is smaller, but the friendships are as intimate and close as at earlier ages. 35. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about employment and work satisfaction at mid-life? Women and men cite similar sources of job satisfaction in middle age: time pressure, boring work, and concern about job security. Women who return to full-time employment in middle adulthood typically do so because of divorce or widowhood. For most adults, job satisfaction and sense of power or job clout are much lower in mid-life than in young adulthood. Middle-aged men begin to disengage from work as a source of personal fulfillment or satisfaction. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.8 Describe how work satisfaction and job performance change in middle adulthood. 2 16-1-35 437 Comprehension

Answer: For most adults, job satisfaction and sense of power or job clout are much lower in mid-life than in young adulthood. 36. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about job performance in middle adulthood? In middle adulthood, job performance may begin to decline in occupations such as truck driver or professional athlete, where physical strength or speedy reaction time is critical. As workers get older, compensatory processes become increasingly essential to ensure job performance. The majority of middle-aged adults who work in occupations requiring high levels of cognitive skills begin to experience significant deficits in the quality of their work performance. Many adults who recognize erosions of their physical or cognitive skills use selective optimization with compensation in order to maintain their job performance. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.8 Describe how work satisfaction and job performance change in middle adulthood. 2 16-1-36 437 Comprehension

Answer: The majority of middle-aged adults who work in occupations requiring high levels of cognitive skills begin to experience significant deficits in the quality of their work performance. 37. Canadians who experience involuntary career changes suffer all of the following EXCEPT suicide. depression. anxiety. substance abuse.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.9 Identify what factors contribute to career transitions in mid-life. 3 16-1-37 439 Knowledge

Answer: suicide. 38. According to the classification system of voluntary and involuntary career changers, an involuntary career changer is in transition for ________ reasons. internal external ambiguous normative Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.9 Identify what factors contribute to career transitions in mid-life. 1 16-1-38 439 Knowledge

Answer: external 39. Based on the classification system of voluntary and involuntary career changers, which of the following is NOT a reason for an involuntary career change? Organizational restructuring eliminates the job. The person wants a job that is more meaningful or fulfilling. Job skills have become obsolete. An economic recession causes job lay-offs. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.9 Identify what factors contribute to career transitions in mid-life. 2 16-1-39 439 Application

Answer: The person wants a job that is more meaningful or fulfilling. 40. Of the following, which is linked to improved health, emotional stability, and sense of well-being for individuals who are involuntary career changers? unemployment benefits a support group of former co-workers re-employment transportable job skills Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.9 Identify what factors contribute to career transitions in mid-life. 1 16-1-40 439-440 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: re-employment 41. Which of the following is NOT a typical way in which job loss affects marital relationships? The ratio of positive to negative interactions decreases. Separation and divorce become more common. Marital relationships deteriorate rapidly. The level of problem-solving communication increases. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.9 Identify what factors contribute to career transitions in mid-life. 2 16-1-41 439 Comprehension

Answer: The level of problem-solving communication increases. 42. According to the classification system of voluntary and involuntary career changers, a voluntary career changer is in transition for ________ reasons. external normative ambiguous internal Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.9 Identify what factors contribute to career transitions in mid-life. 1 16-1-42 439 Knowledge

Answer: internal 43. When an individual's skills have become obsolete, her job has been eliminated, or she has been laid off, this is referred to as involuntary career change. voluntary career change. intrinsic career change. none of the above Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.9 Identify what factors contribute to career transitions in mid-life. 1 16-1-43 439 Comprehension

Answer: involuntary career change.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 44. Based on the classification system of voluntary and involuntary career changers, which of the following is NOT a reason for a voluntary career change? to express aspects of the personality that aren't utilized in the present job job skills have become obsolete disinterest in pursuing further advancement in the current occupation to have a job that is more meaningful or fulfilling Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.9 Identify what factors contribute to career transitions in mid-life. 2 16-1-44 440 Application

Answer: job skills have become obsolete 45. During career transitions, involuntary and voluntary career changers are likely to have all of the following experiences in common EXCEPT increased stress. sense of control over the situation. anxiety and depression. reduction in income. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.9 Identify what factors contribute to career transitions in mid-life. 2 16-1-45 440 Analysis

Answer: sense of control over the situation. 46. Which of the following is NOT a typical way that middle-aged adults approach retirement? ignoring the impending event estimating the retirement income discussing retirement options with family and friends gradually reducing the workload Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.10 Describe how Baby Boomers are preparing for retirement. 1 16-1-46 441 Knowledge

Answer: ignoring the impending event 47. The percentage of adult children living with their middle-aged parents is increasing. decreasing. unchanged with respect to previous years. minimal.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.4 Describe how multigenerational caregiving and caregiver burden affects middle-aged adults’ lives. 1 16-1-47 433 Knowledge

Answer: increasing. 48. Of the following individuals, who would be least likely to have made retirement preparations? Elizabeth, who dreads the whole notion of being a retired person. Hrithik, who began to cut back his work hours 10 years ago. George, who has become very dissatisfied with the demands of his job and his supervisor. Jolanda, who has retired friends who travel and socialize together. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.10 Describe how Baby Boomers are preparing for retirement. 2 16-1-48 441-442 Analysis

Answer: Elizabeth, who dreads the whole notion of being a retired person. 49. Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the retirement of the Canadian Baby Boomer cohort? Baby Boomers view retirement planning as "a man's job." Baby Boomers expect that their standard of living during retirement will be greatly reduced in comparison to their pre-retirement standard of living. Most Baby Boomers believe Old Age Security and Canada Pension Plan benefits will be an adequate source of retirement income. The expected 20 years of retirement for Baby Boomers is far longer than the retirement period of earlier generations. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.10 Describe how Baby Boomers are preparing for retirement. 2 16-1-49 441-442 Analysis

Answer: The expected 20 years of retirement for Baby Boomers is far longer than the retirement period of earlier generations. 50. Which of the following statements about Baby Boomers is NOT true? The typical Boomer expects to be retired for 20 years or more, far longer than earlier generations. They expect to always take on a full-time caretaking role of their grandchildren. Most Baby Boomers seek bridge employment, typically a job that is related to the retiree’s career but is less demanding than the job from which she is retiring. Dual income Baby Boom partners and single women and men are also now very much involved in retirement planning

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.10 Describe how Baby Boomers are preparing for retirement. 2 16-1-50 441–442 Comprehension

Answer: They expect to always take on a full-time caretaking role of their grandchildren. 51. In a survey involving more than 3000 Baby Boomers, gerontologist Ken Dychtwald identified five distinct approaches to nonwork pursuits after retirement. Which of the following is not one of those approaches? Anxious Idealists Wealth Builders Empowered Trailblazers Stressed After-Lifers Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.10 Describe how Baby Boomers are preparing for retirement. 2 16-1-51 441-442 Knowledge

Answer: Stressed After-Lifers 52. Stem cell research has generated a lot of interest. Early research suggests that stem cells may help in all of the following EXCEPT a potential treatment for Parkinson's disease. a potential treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. a potential treatment for stroke. a potential treatment for shyness. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.10 Describe how Baby Boomers are preparing for retirement. 2 16-1-52 444 Knowledge

Answer: a potential treatment for shyness. 53. According to the Stem Cell Oversight Committee on stem cell research, research undertaken must have all of the following EXCEPT potential health benefits for Canadians. free and informed consent. respect for privacy and confidentiality. creation of embryos specifically for research.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.10 Describe how Baby Boomers are preparing for retirement. 2 16-1-53 444 Knowledge

Answer: creation of embryos specifically for research. 54. The zygote, which results from the union of a sperm and an egg, is a kind of stem cell scientists refer to as __________ because it is capable of developing into an entire human being. omnipotent impotent important totipotent Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.10 Describe how Baby Boomers are preparing for retirement. 1 16-1-54 437 Knowledge

Answer: totipotent

55. Workers who lack energy and feel emotionally drained and pessimistic about the possibility of changing their work situations are likely experiencing job dissatisfaction. work-related burnout. reactive depression. workplace harassment. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.9 Identify what factors contribute 1 16-1-55 437 Knowledge

Answer: work-related burnout. 56. The best predictor of work-related burnout is worker age. feeling unappreciated. worker gender. occupation choice.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.8 Describe how work satisfaction and job performance change in middle adulthood. 2 16-1-56 437 Knowledge

Answer: feeling unappreciated. 57. I Personality is an important contributor to middle-aged adults’ capacity for managing stress. For example, in one study, researchers found that adults who were higher in ___________________ and conscientiousness were less likely to feel strained by work-related stressors. introversion extraversion neuroticism creativity Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.7 Summarize the research on personality continuity and change in mid-life. 1 16-1-57 437 Knowledge

Answer: extraversion 58. Generativity during grandparenthood can manifest itself in different ways and for different reasons. For example, many ___________ Canadians, who have experienced intergenerational trauma and/or cultural disruption, for example from the residential school experience, see the grandparent role as an opportunity to act responsibly and provide love and support for their grandchildren. Austrian European Indigenous Mexican Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.1 Compare the views of Erikson and Vaillant with regard to generativity. 1 16-1-58 Knowledge

Answer: Indigenous 59. Erikson’s generativity can be viewed as a form of __________ in face of adversity for Indigenous Elders—one last chance to make up for failings of the past, to do what is “good”, to leave one’s mark on others, and to lead the next generation to do what is right passivity aggression retaliation resilience

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.1 Compare the views of Erikson and Vaillant with regard to generativity. 1 16-1-59 Knowledge

Answer: resilience 60. Vaillant found that adverse childhood experiences could be compensated for through resiliency— the ability to bounce back (i.e., maintaining healthy psychological and physical life functioning, despite the presence of significant adversity, loss or trauma)—and effective ________ (i.e., use of healthy defence mechanisms such as __________—transforming unacceptable impulses into socially constructive activities—or thought suppression—the conscious disregard of conflict or negative emotions). healthy yelling; aggression physicality; rationalization coping; sublimation aggression; assertiveness Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.1 Compare the views of Erikson and Vaillant with regard to generativity. 1 16-1-60 Knowledge

Answer: coping; sublimation 61. In Whitbourne’s (2009) longitudinal study, she found that, at least through to their 50s, adults generally followed one of five life pathways. Which of the following is not one of those pathways? The Meandering Way The Straight and Narrow Path The Downward Slope The Victorious Island Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.2 Explain how the concept of the mid-life crisis evolved into the life events perspective of middle age. 1 16-1-61 Knowledge

Answer: The Victorious Island 62. A theoretical perspective on middle adulthood that focuses on normative and non-normative events and how adults in this age group respond to them is called the _________________ approach. meandering way life events weekend fun authentic road

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.2 Explain how the concept of the mid-life crisis evolved into the life events perspective of middle age. 1 16-1-62 Knowledge

Answer: life events 63. __________________ is the term for any situation in which two or more roles are at least partially incompatible, either because they call for different behaviours or because their separate demands add up to more hours than there are in the day. Role acquirement Role conflict Role cognizance Role strain Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.2 Explain how the concept of the mid-life crisis evolved into the life events perspective of middle age. 1 16-1-63 Knowledge

Answer: Role conflict 64. Improvements in marital satisfaction may derive from middle-aged adults’ increased sense of __________—a kind of marital self-efficacy. relief control separation assertiveness Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.3 Identify what factors contribute to the “mellowing” of partnerships in middle adulthood. 1 16-1-64 Knowledge

Answer: control 65. Another term used for “sandwich generation” is multigenerational caregivers. hamburger helpers. burdened caregivers. truancy officers.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.4 Describe how multigenerational caregiving and caregiver burden affects middle-aged adults’ lives. 1 16-1-65 Knowledge

Answer: multigenerational caregivers. 66. Almost ____________ of Canadian adults become grandparents by the end of middle adulthood (age 65). half (~45%) three-quarters (~72%) two-thirds (~65%) one-quarter (~23%) Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.5 Describe how the grandparent role affects middle-aged adults. 1 16-1-66 Knowledge

Answer: half (~45%) 67. When children live only with their grandparents, this is called a ________________ family. skip-generation cohabitating remote involved Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.5 Describe how the grandparent role affects middle-aged adults. 1 16-1-67 Knowledge

Answer: skip-generation 68. Which of the following is not one of the Big Five Personality Traits categories? neuroticism conscientiousness openness extrasociability Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: extrasociability

Chapter 16 True-False Questions 1. Middle-aged adults are in the seventh stage of Erikson's theory, the generativity versus stagnation stage. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.1 Compare the views of Erikson and Vaillant with regard to generativity. 1 16-2-01 427 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 2. Generativity is the personal belief that one is making a valuable contribution to society. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.1 Compare the views of Erikson and Vaillant with regard to generativity. 1 16-2-02 427 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 3. An essential step in the stage of generativity requires the individual to reflect and conduct a personal evaluation to unearth her difficulties so she can begin to make a positive contribution to society. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.1 Compare the views of Erikson and Vaillant with regard to generativity. 1 16-2-03 427 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 4. A substantial body of research indicates that the developmental tasks of mid-life create a crisis by exceeding an individual's ability to cope. a True b False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.2 Explain how the concept of the mid-life crisis evolved into the life events perspective of middle age. 2 16-2-04 441 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 5. The term "mid-life crisis" was first introduced in the mid-1960s to describe a time of life that was relatively lockstep and predictable, especially for men. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.2 Explain how the concept of the mid-life crisis evolved into the life events perspective of middle age. 1 16-2-05 440 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 6. Marital stability and satisfaction increase in mid-life. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.3 Identify what factors contribute to the “mellowing” of partnerships in middle adulthood. 1 16-2-06 431 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 7. Middle-aged partners' identification of successful problem-solving strategies contributes to the sense that they have control over their relationship. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.3 Identify what factors contribute to the “mellowing” of partnerships in middle adulthood. 2 16-2-07 431 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.3 Identify what factors contribute to the “mellowing” of partnerships in middle adulthood. 1 16-2-08 431 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 9. Marital stability and satisfaction typically fall in mid-life as a result of rising tensions over retirement and children leaving home. a True b False Learning Objective:

16.3 Identify what factors contribute to the “mellowing” of partnerships in middle adulthood. 16.4 Describe how multigenerational caregiving and caregiver burden affects middle-aged adults’ lives. 16.10 Describe how Baby Boomers are preparing for retirement.

Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

1 16-2-09 431-432 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 10. The practice of skilled diplomacy involves avoiding confrontation with one's partner and, instead, waiting for an appropriate time to solve the issue. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.3 Identify what factors contribute to the “mellowing” of partnerships in middle adulthood. 1 16-2-10 431 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 11. Individuals caught in the "sandwich generation" are giving assistance to both younger and older family members. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.4 Describe how multigenerational caregiving and caregiver burden affects middle-aged adults’ lives. 1 16-2-11 432 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 12. Research shows that the Big Five personality traits remain relatively stable in individuals from childhood through to middle age but change significantly in older adulthood. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.7 Summarize the research on personality continuity and change in mid-life. 1 16-2-12 436 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 13. According to research into personality continuity in aging, agreeableness appears to decrease with age. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.7 Summarize the research on personality continuity and change in mid-life. 1 16-2-13 436 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 14. Neuroticism is the personality trait associated with the need for order in the environment. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.7 Summarize the research on personality continuity and change in mid-life. 2 16-2-14 436 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 15. Extraversion is the personality trait known as the ease with which a person gets along with others. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.7 Summarize the research on personality continuity and change in mid-life. 2 16-2-15 436 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 16. Men tend to feel depressed when the nest is empty, especially if they feel they are losing their central role as a father. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.2 Explain how the concept of the mid-life crisis evolved into the life events perspective of middle age. 16.4 Describe how multigenerational caregiving and caregiver burden affects middle-aged adults’ lives. 1 16-2-16 433 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 17. Researchers have coined the term "the revolving door" to describe a pattern in which adult children return to live in their parent's home. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.4 Describe how multigenerational caregiving and caregiver burden affects middle-aged adults’ lives. 1 16-2-17 433 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 18. Richard, an adult child demonstrating the pattern called "the revolving door," reports a warm, joyful, and positive reunion with his parents upon his return to his childhood home. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.4 Describe how multigenerational caregiving and caregiver burden affects middle-aged adults’ lives. 2 16-2-18 433 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 19. Research has demonstrated that remote relationship grandparents and companionate grandparents are equally influential in the daily lives of their grandchildren, thanks to technology. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: b. False 20. According to the categories developed by behavioural scientists, the most common grandparent relationship is the involved grandparent. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.5 Describe how the grandparent role affects middle-aged adults. 1 16-2-20 435 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 21. When a grandparent plays an active role in the everyday rearing of their grandchild, most likely due to the fact that they live within the household, this is known as a companionate relationship. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.5 Describe how the grandparent role affects middle-aged adults. 1 16-2-21 435 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 22. Adults who provide a significant level of care to aging family members typically develop symptoms of clinical depression. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.4 Describe how multigenerational caregiving and caregiver burden affects middle-aged adults’ lives. 1 16-2-22 431-433 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 23. Adults who provide a high level of assistance to the daily needs of a parent who is disabled, frail, or demented tend to have lower marital satisfaction. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True 24. Research reveals that the social networks of middle-aged adults are larger and less intimate than the social networks of younger adults. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.6 Describe important qualities of social networks during middle adulthood. 1 16-2-24 436 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 25. Both men and women in mid-life have a greater sense of control over their work lives than younger adults do. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.8 Describe how work satisfaction and job performance change in middle adulthood. 1 16-2-25 438 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 26. Middle-aged adults are less likely to divorce than those who are younger. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.3 Identify what factors contribute to the “mellowing” of partnerships in middle adulthood. 1 16-2-26 431 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 27. Voluntary career changers tend to experience increasing levels of mental health disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and substance abuse, more so than involuntary career changers. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: b. False 28. Coping skills have a direct impact on the effect of an involuntary career change. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.9 Identify what factors contribute to career transitions in mid-life. 1 16-2-28 440 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 29. Voluntary career changers tend to change careers because their present job is not satisfying the needs or certain aspects of their personality. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.9 Identify what factors contribute to career transitions in mid-life. 1 16-2-29 440 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 30. Many middle-aged adults may begin to prepare for retirement, by taking actions such as gradually reducing their workload, as early as several years before their anticipated retirement date. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.10 Describe how Baby Boomers are preparing for retirement. 1 16-2-30 440 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 31. The Baby Boomers' expected retirement period of 20 years or more is far longer than the retirement periods of earlier generations. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True 32. The Baby Boomers are projected to be the healthiest, best educated, and longest living retirees in history. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.10 Describe how Baby Boomers are preparing for retirement. 1 16-2-32 442 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 33. Canadian policy-makers are interested in age-related applications of stem cell research. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.10 Describe how Baby Boomers are preparing for retirement. 1 16-2-33 444 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 34. To offset any cognitive or physical declines in work performance due to aging, the selective optimization with compensation theory suggests that middle adults have their job descriptions modified to include only the duties and tasks that they remain good at. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.8 Describe how work satisfaction and job performance change in middle adulthood. 1 16-2-34 438 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 35. Baby Boomers often seek bridge employment rather than fully transitioning from their full-time career to full-time retirement. a True b False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.10 Describe how Baby Boomers are preparing for retirement. 1 16-2-35 441 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

Chapter 16 Short Answer Questions 1. Briefly describe Erikson's perspective on development in adulthood—the task of generativity versus stagnation, including differences and similarities for Indigenous Canadians as compared to other Canadians. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.1 Compare the views of Erikson and Vaillant with regard to generativity. 1 16-3-01 427–428 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 2. What are the current research views about mid-life crisis? Why is the belief in the concept of a midlife crisis so widespread? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.2 Explain how the concept of the mid-life crisis evolved into the life events perspective of middle age. 3 16-3-02 428–430 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 3. To what extent do middle-aged adults provide care to aging family members? What factors influence the likelihood that such care will be provided? Which family members typically assume the role of caregiver to aging or ailing family members, and why? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.4 Describe how multigenerational caregiving and caregiver burden affects middle-aged adults’ lives. 1 16-3-03 432–434 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 4. Explain and give an example to illustrate why involuntary career changers are in transition for external reasons and voluntary career changers are in transition for internal reasons. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.9 Identify what factors contribute to career transitions in mid-life. 2 16-3-04 439–440 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 5. Summarize the research evidence for continuity in personality across adulthood. What is the evidence for change in our personality? What are the possible sources or causes of personality change in adulthood? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.7 Summarize the research on personality continuity and change in mid-life. 2 16-3-05 436–437 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 6. Compare and contrast the empty nest experiences of women from the mid-1800s to the present. Citing research, identify the myths and realities of empty nest syndrome among Canadian men and women. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.4 Describe how multigenerational caregiving and caregiver burden affects middle-aged adults’ lives. 3 16-3-06 432–433 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 7. What is the mid-life squeeze? Why is this trend likely to continue for middle adults?

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.4 Describe how multigenerational caregiving and caregiver burden affects middle-aged adults’ lives. 1 16-3-07 432 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 8. Compare and contrast three patterns of grandparent involvement with grandchildren commonly seen among Canadian families. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.5 Describe how the grandparent role affects middle-aged adults. 2 16-3-08 433-435 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 9. Describe characteristics and trends in marital relationships in middle age. Identify the factors that increase or decrease marital satisfaction. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.3 Identify what factors contribute to the “mellowing” of partnerships in middle adulthood. 2 16-3-09 431 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 10. Explain how Erikson’s generativity can be viewed as a form of resilience in face of adversity for Indigenous Elders. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.1 Compare the views of Erikson and Vaillant with regard to generativity. 2 16-3-10 431 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 11. Using examples, explain how adverse childhood experiences could be compensated for. Use the terms generativity, resiliency, effective coping, sublimation, and thought suppression. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.1 Compare the views of Erikson and Vaillant with regard to generativity. 2 16-3-11 431 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Chapter 16 Essay Questions 1. Describe Erikson's theory of generativity versus stagnation as it pertains to middle adulthood. How do current research findings support or not support Erikson's theory? Identify Vaillant's suggestions for the stage of middle adulthood, and describe how these suggestions support and/or alter Erikson's work? Include a discussion of Erikson’s generativity in the workplace and in grandparenting from an Indigenous perspective. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.1 Compare the views of Erikson and Vaillant with regard to generativity. 2 16-4-01 427–428 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 2. Identify the key transitions that are likely to occur in the family relationships of adults at mid-life. Under what circumstances are family relationships a source of stress and strain, and under what circumstances are these relationships a source of affiliation and support? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.2 Explain how the concept of the mid-life crisis evolved into the life events perspective of middle age. 3 16-4-02 431–435 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 3. Identify the range of reasons why individuals change careers in mid-life. What effects are likely to result from each type of mid-life career change? How does the concept of voluntary versus involuntary career transition influence the experience? How do personality traits influence experience? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.9 Identify what factors contribute to career transitions in mid-life. 2 16-4-03 437–440 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 4. How are Baby Boomers preparing for retirement? How do Baby Boomers compare to their parents as they enter retirement?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.10 Describe how Baby Boomers are preparing for retirement. 2 16-4-04 440–442 Analysis

Answer: 5. Describe the main types and sources of stem cells in the human body. What are the concerns and ethical questions associated with stem cell research? What is Canada's position on stem cell research? Is regulation of stem cell research warranted or unwarranted? What are the applications and potential benefits of stem cell research for society? Where do you personally stand on the issue? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

16.10 Describe how Baby Boomers are preparing for retirement. 3 16-4-05 444–446 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

CHAPTER 17: PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN LATE ADULTHOOD

Chapter 17 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Which of the following is an accurate statement about life expectancy in Canada? Life expectancy decreases as adults get older. The fastest growing segment of the Canadian population is the group aged 25–45. The life expectancy of women is longer than that of men. The gender gap regarding life expectancy is widening. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.1 Identify the life expectancy and longevity trends in Canadian seniors. 1 17-1-01 448 Knowledge

Answer: The life expectancy of women is longer than that of men. 2. What is the fastest-growing segment of the population in Canada? oldest old subgroup young old subgroup old old subgroup centenarians Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.1 Identify the life expectancy and longevity trends in Canadian seniors. 1 17-1-02 448 Knowledge

Answer: oldest old subgroup 3. What term is used to describe older adults whose physical and/or mental impairments are so extensive that they cannot care for themselves? oldest old fragile elderly frail elderly feeble elderly Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.3 Describe the health of older adults in Canada. 1 17-1-03 454 Knowledge

Answer: frail elderly

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 4. What is the single largest factor that determines the trajectory of an adult's physical or mental status beyond age 65? marital status health social support system socioeconomic status Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.2 Describe contemporary theories of biological aging. 17.3 Describe the health of older adults in Canada. 1 17-1-04 452 Knowledge

Answer: health 5. Researchers define functional status as abilities such as bathing, dressing and using the toilet. complex mental activities, such as playing bridge. a measure of an individual's ability to perform certain roles and tasks. an engaged and intellectually active lifestyle. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.3 Describe the health of older adults in Canada. 2 17-1-05 453 Knowledge

Answer: abilities such as bathing, dressing and using the toilet. 6. Ninety-year-old Mrs. Johnston is no longer able to manage tasks such as bathing or using the toilet by herself. A gerontologist most likely would determine that Mrs. Johnston needs help with her independence skills. both her activities of daily living and her instrumental activities of daily living. self-care and grooming skills. only her instrumental activities of daily living. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.3 Describe the health of older adults in Canada. 3 17-1-06 453 Analysis

Answer: both her activities of daily living and her instrumental activities of daily living. 7. Which of the following is an accurate statement about the relationship between disability and activity among older adults in Canada? The rate of disability among Canadians aged 75 years and older is increasing. Since women are more likely than men to suffer from arthritis, they are also more likely to be limited in their ability to engage in the activities and tasks necessary for independent life. The majority of older adults have difficulty performing ADLs or IADLs. The prevalence of cataracts among seniors restricts their activity levels more than any other disability. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 2

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.3 Describe the health of older adults in Canada. 2 17-1-07 453 Comprehension

Answer: Since women are more likely than men to suffer from arthritis, they are also more likely to be limited in their ability to engage in the activities and tasks necessary for independent life. 8. Older individuals who have ________ are two to three times more likely to experience functional disability than elders who do not. arthritis and hypertension cancer no spouse or children impairments in vision and hearing Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.3 Describe the health of older adults in Canada. 1 17-1-08 453 Knowledge

Answer: arthritis and hypertension 9. What is the Hayflick limit for human cell division? 10 50 90 40 Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.2 Describe contemporary theories of biological aging. 17.3 Describe the health of older adults in Canada. 1 17-1-09 450 Knowledge

Answer: 50 10. The theoretical proposal that each species is subject to a genetically programmed time limit after which cells no longer have any capacity to replicate themselves accurately is called the Telomere Theory. the Functional Status. the Hayflick Limit. the Telomere Limit Theory. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: the Hayflick Limit. 11. Which of the following is NOT consistent with the theory that there is a genetic process that limits the lifespan? The Hayflick limit represents the point at which cells can no longer replicate themselves accurately. By the average age of 50, a woman's ovaries will cease to produce estrogen. The number of telomeres is reduced each time a cell divides, and a 70-year-old person has fewer telomeres than a child does. Human embryo cells in a nutrient solution will double about 50 times before the cell colony degenerates. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.2 Describe contemporary theories of biological aging. 2 17-1-11 449-451 Analysis

Answer: By the average age of 50, a woman's ovaries will cease to produce estrogen. 12. According to researchers, which of the following health habits is most clearly linked to longevity and to lower rates of diseases (heart disease, cancer, osteoporosis)? eating five or more servings of fruits and vegetables each day getting sufficient sleep physical exercise combining a low-fat, high-fibre diet with vitamin supplements Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.3 Describe the health of older adults in Canada. 2 17-1-12 455 Knowledge

Answer: physical exercise 13. Which of the following is an example of changes that occur in the brain during the adult years? an increase of grey matter a decline in the density of dendrites increased synaptic speed a pruning of the synapses to eliminate redundant neural connections Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.4 Describe how the brain changes in late adulthood. 1 17-1-13 456 Knowledge

Answer: a decline in the density of dendrites

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 14. What key factor is correlated with lessening atrophy in the brain's cerebral cortex? a social support system a flexible personality socioeconomic status education Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.4 Describe how the brain changes in late adulthood. 1 17-1-14 456 Knowledge

Answer: education 15. What is the most likely cause of slower reaction time for everyday tasks and activities for an older individual? dendritic loss and slowing of synaptic speed the preliminary effects of Alzheimer's disease pruning of redundant neural connections the decline in sensory input and processing Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.4 Describe how the brain changes in late adulthood. 2 17-1-15 456 Comprehension

Answer: dendritic loss and slowing of synaptic speed 16. The dendritic loss in late adulthood is attributed to a decrease in useful dendritic connections. synaptic plasticity. synaptic speed. when unused or redundant neural pathways are pruned. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.4 Describe how the brain changes in late adulthood. 2 17-1-16 456 Knowledge

Answer: a decrease in useful dendritic connections. 17. The redundancy that is built into the human brain to permit nerve impulses to move from one neuron to another even if dendrites have been lost is called synaptic plasticity. the action potential. programmed senescence. the Hayflick process.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.4 Describe how the brain changes in late adulthood. 1 17-1-17 456 Knowledge

Answer: synaptic plasticity. 18. Which of the following is an NOT an accurate statement about vision in late adulthood? Older adults seem to adapt more flexibly and positively to the difficulties of living with serious vision impairments than middle-aged adults. Blood flow to the eye decreases, which results in an enlarged blind spot on the retina and a reduced field of vision. The incidence of cataracts increases greatly among adults who are older than 75. The pupil does not widen or narrow as much or as quickly, which causes problems in adapting to variations in light and glare. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.5 Describe the common types of sensory changes that occur in late adulthood. 2 17-1-18 456-457 Comprehension

Answer: Older adults seem to adapt more flexibly and positively to the difficulties of living with serious vision impairments than middle-aged adults. 19. A common vision problem of aging that results in deterioration of the retina causing loss of central vision for older adults is called cataracts. retinopathy. glaucoma. macular degeneration. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.5 Describe the common types of sensory changes that occur in late adulthood. 2 17-1-19 456-457 Comprehension

Answer: macular degeneration 20. Which of the following is NOT a typical hearing difficulty experienced by older adults? irregular amplification of deep or bass-like sounds tinnitus difficulties in word discrimination loss of ability to hear high-frequency sounds

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.5 Describe the common types of sensory changes that occur in late adulthood. 2 17-1-20 457-458 Knowledge

Answer: irregular amplification of deep or bass-like sounds 21. Auditory problems typically are experienced only with advanced aging. by more men than women. with equal frequency by women and men. by more women than men. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.5 Describe the common types of sensory changes that occur in late adulthood. 1 17-1-21 457-458 Knowledge

Answer: by more men than women. 22. A persistent ringing in the ears is called auditory loss. tinnitus. perception loss. presbycusis. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.5 Describe the common types of sensory changes that occur in late adulthood. 1 17-1-22 457 Knowledge

Answer: tinnitus. 23. Older adults who are experiencing hearing loss are most likely to be clinically depressed. have psychological problems. be perceived as disoriented or forgetful. be socially isolated and unhappy. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.5 Describe the common types of sensory changes that occur in late adulthood. 2 17-1-23 458 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: be perceived as disoriented or forgetful. 24. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement about the way aging affects the senses of taste, smell, or touch? The ability to taste the four basic tastes of salty, bitter, sweet, and sour declines across adulthood. Elderly adults lose their sensitivity to heat and cold in a reverse-proximodistal pattern, which causes sensation to be lost first in the extremities. The loss of the sense of smell can lead to inadequate nutrition or dietary imbalances. Reduced secretion of saliva causes a sensation of "woolly mouth." Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.5 Describe the common types of sensory changes that occur in late adulthood. 2 17-1-24 458-459 Comprehension

Answer: The ability to taste the four basic tastes of salty, bitter, sweet, and sour declines across adulthood. 25. If you were to serve a platter of freshly baked chocolate-chip cookies to a group of older individuals, which of the following comments would you be most likely to hear? "The flavours of food seem to be so strong, so I really don't care for anything sweet." "I can't smell a thing, dear." "These smell so good. They really make my mouth water!" "These cookies smell and taste delicious!" Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.5 Describe the common types of sensory changes that occur in late adulthood. 3 17-1-25 458-459 Application

Answer: "I can't smell a thing, dear." 26. The ability to taste the five basic flavours seems to decline over the years of adulthood. does not seem to decline over the years of adulthood. seems to increase over the years of adulthood. seems to intensify in late adulthood. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.5 Describe the common types of sensory changes that occur in late adulthood. 2 17-1-26 458 Comprehension

Answer: does not seem to decline over the years of adulthood.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 27. Which theory of aging suggests that aging occurs when undesirable bonds form between proteins or fats, resulting in molecules that cannot assume the correct shape for their proper function? DNA recombination cross-linking free radicals Hayflick limit Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.2 Describe contemporary theories of biological aging. 1 17-1-27 488 Knowledge

Answer: cross-linking 28. The ________ theory of aging suggests that physical aging is caused when atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons enter into damaging chemical reactions that cause irreparable and cumulative cellular damage. cross-linking programmed senescence antioxidation free radicals Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.2 Describe contemporary theories of biological aging. 1 17-1-28 450 Knowledge

Answer: free radicals 29. What is the biggest single behavioural effect of age-related physical change in late adulthood? increased irritability lack of sexual desire loss of energy a general slowing down Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.6 Summarize the behavioural effects of changes in the body systems of older adults. 1 17-1-29 459 Knowledge

Answer: a general slowing down 30. The general slowing down that older adults experience will impact all of the following EXCEPT writing a grocery list. translating thoughts into action. driving an automobile. having an optimistic personality. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 9

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.6 Summarize the behavioural effects of changes in the body systems of older adults. 2 17-1-30 459-460 Analysis

Answer: having an optimistic personality. 31. Which of the following is not an example of the way in which age-related physical changes could affect an individual's ability to drive an automobile? trouble reading the instrument panel or road signs at night increased difficulty adjusting to the glare of oncoming headlights difficulty with drowsiness when driving long distances requiring more time to respond when a vehicle or obstacle appears unexpectedly Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.6 Summarize the behavioural effects of changes in the body systems of older adults. 2 17-1-31 459-460 Analysis

Answer: difficulty with drowsiness when driving long distances 32. Why are burns more common in late adulthood than earlier? Loss of sensitivity to heat and a slower reaction time lead to increases in accidental burns. Impaired ability to concentrate or focus on complex tasks leads to an increased incidence of various injuries, including burns. An older person's skin is more heat-responsive and less able to withstand a level of temperature that would have been tolerated earlier. Older persons cook for themselves more often and thus have more opportunity to be injured. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.6 Summarize the behavioural effects of changes in the body systems of older adults. 2 17-1-32 460 Analysis

Answer: Loss of sensitivity to heat and a slower reaction time lead to increases in accidental burns. 33. How are sleep patterns typically affected by age? Older adults tend to become "night people" by going to bed later at night and getting up later in the morning. Older adults must nap more during the day in order to accumulate the sleep they need. Older adults typically sleep very soundly for longer periods through the night than they did when they were younger. Older adults commonly have longer periods of REM sleep, or dream sleep.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.6 Summarize the behavioural effects of changes in the body systems of older adults. 2 17-1-33 460 Comprehension

Answer: Older adults must nap more during the day in order to accumulate the sleep they need. 34. What is the most likely serious consequence of older adults' loss of balance? isolation misjudged as impaired, intoxicated, or demented an increase in depressed mood as a result of impaired mobility an increase in falls and broken bones Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.6 Summarize the behavioural effects of changes in the body systems of older adults. 2 17-1-34 460-461 Comprehension

Answer: an increase in falls and broken bones 35. Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to the decline in the frequency of sexual interaction across late adulthood? decline in testosterone levels among men social expectation that old age is an asexual period of life menopause use of blood pressure medication Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.6 Summarize the behavioural effects of changes in the body systems of older adults. 2 17-1-35 462 Knowledge

Answer: menopause 36. Which of the following is NOT an accurate conclusion about institutional care during late adulthood? The duration of stay in a nursing home is longer for an older woman than for an older man. The duration of institutional care is most often fairly brief. Both voluntary and involuntary nursing home placement are known to cause rapid decline and death. Institutional care in late adulthood is common but is not universal.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.3 Describe the health of older adults in Canada. 17.7 Differentiate Alzheimer’s disease from other dementias. 17.8 Describe what the research suggests about depression among older adults. 2 17-1-36 463 Comprehension

Answer: Both voluntary and involuntary nursing home placement are known to cause rapid decline and death. 37. Your family is reluctant to place your very frail great-aunt into a nursing home because they have heard that nursing-home placement inevitably shortens the life of an elderly person. Which of the following is the most accurate advice for your family? There is no scientific evidence of a relationship between nursing-home placement and mortality. If the setting provides opportunities for individuality and personal control, even an involuntary move does not accelerate physical or mental decline. Nursing-home care inevitably means a reduced life expectancy. Involuntary placement into any form of institutional care inevitably results in rapid decline and death. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Answer: If the setting provides opportunities for individuality and personal control, even an involuntary move does not accelerate physical or mental decline. 38. The term ________ is used to describe the neurological disorder that includes problems with memory and thinking that affect an individual's emotional, social, and physical functioning. "senility" "amnesia" "Alzheimer's disease" "dementia" Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.7 Differentiate Alzheimer’s disease from other dementias. 1 17-1-38 462 Knowledge

Answer: "dementia" 39. Which of the following is a symptom of Alzheimer's disease in the early stages? failure to recognize family members loss of memory for long-ago events repetitive conversation loss of memory for recent events

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.7 Differentiate Alzheimer’s disease from other dementias. 2 17-1-39 462 Comprehension

Answer: repetitive conversation 40. Which of the following is NOT a common cause of dementia? multiple small strokes genetics multiple blows to the head stress Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.7 Differentiate Alzheimer’s disease from other dementias. 2 17-1-40 465 Knowledge

Answer: stress 41. Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the accurate diagnosis of depression among older adults? Since depression is not common among older adults, reliable clinical diagnostic criteria have not been developed. Elders may be misdiagnosed as being depressed because they are likely to report symptoms that are common both to older adults and to depressed adults, such as loss of sleep and lack of energy. Depression may be mistaken for dementia because depression may also cause confusion and memory loss. Symptoms of depression may be dismissed erroneously as "old-age grumpiness." Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.8 Describe what the research suggests about depression among older adults. 2 17-1-41 466 Analysis

Answer: Since depression is not common among older adults, reliable clinical diagnostic criteria have not been developed. 42. Which of the following is NOT a known risk factor for depression and dysthymia among the elderly? inadequate social support emotional loss inadequate income problem-solving ability

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.8 Describe what the research suggests about depression among older adults. 2 17-1-42 466 Knowledge

Answer: problem-solving ability 43. Of the following, which is NOT a likely reason why elderly men have higher rates of completed suicide than elderly women? Men are more likely than women to have multiple combined risk factors for suicide. Men are more likely to choose violent methods, such as firearms, when they attempt suicide. Declining health may cause older men to view themselves as a burden on others. Depression is more prevalent among elderly men than among elderly women. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.8 Describe what the research suggests about depression among older adults. 2 17-1-43 466-467 Analysis

Answer: Depression is more prevalent among elderly men than among elderly women. 44. What is the most effective treatment for depression in older adults? dietary and nutritional supplements, such as vitamins and minerals tranquilizing medications increased involvement in a social support network that includes family, friends, or community members a combination of psychotherapy and antidepressant medication Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.8 Describe what the research suggests about depression among older adults. 2 17-1-44 467-468 Knowledge

Answer: a combination of psychotherapy and antidepressant medication 45. Which of the following would NOT be recommended by gerontologists as a means of preventing depression among elders? mental exercises to increase synaptic plasticity assistance with maintaining religious faith and practice activities to increase social involvement, such as interacting with children treatments and strategies to help older adults improve their health Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: mental exercises to increase synaptic plasticity 46. Among the old, there are average declines in speed of information-processing, but not in recall memory skills. virtually all measures of intellectual skills. memory skills, but not in most other intellectual skills. all intellectual skills except vocabulary. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.9 Identify how older and younger adults differ in memory function. 1 17-1-46 468 Analysis

Answer: virtually all measures of intellectual skills. 47. A person who is 80 years old would likely have the most difficulty with which of the following memory tasks? looking up and immediately dialing a seven-digit telephone number remembering to perform a certain task at the same time every day giving you the item you just requested from the refrigerator recalling the day and time of an appointment scheduled for next week Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.9 Identify how older and younger adults differ in memory function. 3 17-1-47 469–471 Analysis

Answer: recalling the day and time of an appointment scheduled for next week 48. What is currently the most widely accepted explanation for declines in memory among older adults? their lack of motivation to use memory strategies loss of speed in central nervous system processes related to information-processing and memory function low-level dementia that interferes with memory but not with other aspects of functioning drug interactions that interfere with the physiological basis of memory formation and retrieval Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.9 Identify how older and younger adults differ in memory function. 2 17-1-48 471 Analysis

Answer: loss of speed in central nervous system processes related to information-processing and memory function

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 49. Older adults do not perform as well on remembering everyday tasks such as remembering the main points of a story or newspaper article. recalling conversations. remembering whether they did something. all of the above Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.9 Identify how older and younger adults differ in memory function. 1 17-1-49 508 Comprehension

Answer: all of the above 50. Most theorists do NOT include ________ in their definition of wisdom. the knowledge that unpredictability and uncertainty are part of life the ability to apply knowledge to practical problems of living understanding of basic laws and patterns personal experience with grief, trouble, and sorrow Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.10 Describe what wisdom and creativity theory and research reveals about cognitive functioning in late adulthood. 2 17-1-50 469-471 Comprehension

Answer: personal experience with grief, trouble, and sorrow 51. Which of the following would require wisdom, as it is defined by theorists? remembering a recipe for chocolate cake advising someone how to determine why their car will not start advising someone who is considering divorcing their spouse developing a dietary plan for an individual who has diabetes Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.10 Describe what wisdom and creativity theory and research reveals about cognitive functioning in late adulthood. 2 17-1-51 472–473 Analysis

Answer: advising someone who is considering divorcing their spouse 52. When Paul Baltes measured wisdom, which respondents made "wise" responses to the fictional dilemma task? only adults middle-aged and older intelligent and professionally experienced, regardless of age only women only adults categorized as young-old and older

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.10 Describe what wisdom and creativity theory and research reveals about cognitive functioning in late adulthood. 1 17-1-52 472 Knowledge

Answer: intelligent and professionally experienced, regardless of age 53. Which of the following is NOT true about wisdom and old age? People viewed as wise are more likely to show concern for humanity as a whole. Wisdom always increases with age. The speed of accessing wisdom-related knowledge remains constant across adulthood. Performance on wisdom-related tasks does not decline with age. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.10 Describe what wisdom and creativity theory and research reveals about cognitive functioning in late adulthood. 3 17-1-53 472 Comprehension

Answer: Wisdom always increases with age. 54. In 1987, after a 30-year career in films, 62-year-old Hollywood actor Tony Curtis opened a debut exhibition of his work as a painter. According to Cohen's four-stage theory of mid- to late-life creativity, Curtis most likely was at the ________ phase in his creative life. liberation re-evaluation summing-up encore Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.10 Describe what wisdom and creativity theory and research reveals about cognitive functioning in late adulthood. 2 17-1-54 473 Application

Answer: liberation 55. According to Cohen's four-stage theory of mid- to late-life creativity, the 80-year-old musician who works to finish musical compositions begun 50 years earlier is in the ________ phase of a creative life. summing-up liberation re-evaluation encore

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.10 Describe what wisdom and creativity theory and research reveals about cognitive functioning in late adulthood. 2 17-1-55 473 Application

Answer: encore 56. According to Cohen's four-stage theory of mid- to late-life creativity, a desire to complete unfinished work or to fulfill desires that have been put aside in the past is called the liberation phase. the encore phase. the summing-up phase. the evaluation phase. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.10 Describe what wisdom and creativity theory and research reveals about cognitive functioning in late adulthood. 1 17-1-56 473 Comprehension

Answer: the encore phase. 57. According to Cohen's four-stage theory of mid- to late-life creativity, a creative person's desire to pool her accomplishments together into a cohesive, meaningful story is called the liberation phase. the encore phase. the summing-up phase. the evaluation phase. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.10 Describe what wisdom and creativity theory and research reveals about cognitive functioning in late adulthood. 1 17-1-57 473 Comprehension

Answer: the summing-up phase. 58. According to Cohen's four-stage theory of mid- to late-life creativity, at what age does one progress through the liberation phase? 50s 60s 70s 80s Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.10 Describe what wisdom and creativity theory and research reveals about cognitive functioning in late adulthood. 1 17-1-58 473 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: 60s 59. Epigenetic status, based on DNA methylation levels, is becoming known as the_________________. Hayflick limit cellular damage theory cross-linking bond epigenetic clock Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.2 Describe contemporary theories of biological aging. 1 17-1-59 Knowledge

Answer: epigenetic clock 60. The epigenetic clock is primed to become the new de facto measure and __________of aging and age-related outcomes. correction predictor aspect notary Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.2 Describe contemporary theories of biological aging. 1 17-1-60 Knowledge

Answer: predictor 61. Large-scale efforts are underway to study the brain’s structural and functional connectivity development across the lifespan. This is called the Human ____________ Projects in Development and Aging. Limit Connectome Aging DALY Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.4 Describe how the brain changes in late adulthood. 1 17-1-61 Knowledge

Answer: Connectome

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 62. Overall changes, as measured by brain connectome studies, suggest there is a reversal in development over the lifespan, characterized by decreasing efficiency, complexity, and adaptability, that is accompanied by increasing ___________________ functioning. compensatory elimination central cortical Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.4 Describe how the brain changes in late adulthood. 1 17-1-62 Knowledge

Answer: compensatory 63. Four main changes occur in the brain during the adult years: a reduction of brain weight, a loss of grey matter, a decline in the density of dendrites, and slower synaptic transmission speed. The most central of these changes is the loss of _______________. brain weight grey matter dendritic density synaptic transmission speed Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.4 Describe how the brain changes in late adulthood. 1 17-1-63 Knowledge

Answer: dendritic density 64. There is evidence that the move to a care facility itself is a contributing factor in rapid decline and death as it can be extremely challenging to adapt to a new environment, especially when it is beyond one’s ability to understand why one is moving and/or one has difficulties communicating their needs, level of distress, or ill health. This can be particularly challenging for _____________ seniors, who experience higher levels of chronic conditions and disabilities, lower socioeconomic resources, __________ and language barriers, and geographic and jurisdictional healthcare delivery challenges. European; age Indigenous; cultural Canadian; linguistic African; physical Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.7 Differentiate Alzheimer’s disease from other dementias. 1 17-1-64 Knowledge

Answer: Indigenous

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 65. A few indicators show promise for the early detection of Alzheimer’s disease: self-perceived difficulties in performing IADLs; an accumulation of Alzheimer’s–related _________; and even a simple eye exam. drugs hip fractures biomarkers dementia Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.7 Differentiate Alzheimer’s disease from other dementias. 1 17-1-65 Knowledge

Answer: biomarkers 66. Training programs designed to increase seniors’ information-processing speed have demonstrated the role that ________________ plays in the speed with which individuals perform memory tasks. a grandchild experience shopping physical activity Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.9 Identify how older and younger adults differ in memory function. 1 17-1-66 Knowledge

Answer: experience 67. Older adults typically perform more poorly than younger adults on tasks involving _____________ memory or recalling something that has happened recently. By contrast, older adults outperform younger adults on ________________ memory tasks in a natural setting, such as their home. prospective; short-term long-term; short-term prospective; retrospective retrospective; prospective Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.9 Identify how older and younger adults differ in memory function. 1 17-1-67 Knowledge

Answer: retrospective; prospective

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 68. Adults older than age 65 typically wake up _________ frequently in the night and show __________ in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, the lighter sleep state in which dreaming occurs. less; increases more; decreases more; increases less; decreases Learning Objectives: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.6 Summarize the behavioural effects of changes in the body systems of older adults. 1 17-1-68 Knowledge

Answer: more; decreases

Chapter 17 True-False Questions 1. As adults get older, their life expectancy decreases. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.1 Identify the life expectancy and longevity trends in Canadian seniors. 1 17-2-01 448 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 2. In Canada, the fastest-growing segment of the population is the oldest old. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.1 Identify the life expectancy and longevity trends in Canadian seniors. 1 17-2-02 449 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 3. In Canada, the most common cause of dementia is Alzheimer's disease. a b

True False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.7 Differentiate Alzheimer’s disease from other dementias. 2 17-2-03 453 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 4. Recent studies indicate that the majority of elderly adults in Canada have no difficulty performing instrumental activities of daily living. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.3 Describe the health of older adults in Canada. 2 17-2-04 453 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 5.

Among humans, cases such as that of Jeanne Calmet, a French woman who lived to be 122 years old, suggest that the maximum lifespan is about 120 years, but this estimate may change as more individuals pass the centenarian mark. a True b False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.1 Identify the life expectancy and longevity trends in Canadian seniors. 1 17-2-05 448 Knowledge

Answer: b. True 6. The health habit that is most important predictor of longevity and health in late adulthood is physical exercise. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.3 Describe the health of older adults in Canada. 1 17-2-06 455 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 7. The number of telomeres remaining in a 70-year-old is considerably lower than the number found in a 5-year-old. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.2 Describe contemporary theories of biological aging. 1 17-2-07 450 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 8. According to the Hayflick Limit, there may be a minimum number of telomeres for every individual. When the total falls below that number, then disease or death comes fairly quickly. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.2 Describe contemporary theories of biological aging. 1 17-2-08 450 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 9. Neurologists have determined that older adults who have higher levels of education show less atrophy of the cerebral cortex than those who have fewer years of schooling. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.4 Describe how the brain changes in late adulthood. 2 17-2-09 456 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 10. Socioeconomic status is a cause of the reduced atrophying of the cerebral cortex. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.4 Describe how the brain changes in late adulthood. 1 17-2-10 456 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 11. Late adulthood vision problems may occur because of atherosclerosis, resulting in an enlarged "blind spot" on the retina and a reduced field of vision. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.5 Describe the common types of sensory changes that occur in late adulthood. 1 17-2-11 456-457 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 12. Among older adults, auditory problems are more likely to be experienced by women than men. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.5 Describe the common types of sensory changes that occur in late adulthood. 2 17-2-12 457-458 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 13. Those with hearing loss, whether mild or more severe, tend to be perceived as being disoriented or suffering from poor memory. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.5 Describe the common types of sensory changes that occur in late adulthood. 1 17-2-13 457 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 14. The ability to taste the four basic flavours (salty, bitter, sweet, and sour) does not appear to decline throughout the lifespan. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.5 Describe the common types of sensory changes that occur in late adulthood. 1 17-2-14 458 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 15. The skin of elderly adults is less responsive to cold and heat. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.5 Describe the common types of sensory changes that occur in late adulthood. 1 17-2-15 459 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 16. Age-related physical changes that cause a general slowing down are responsible for diverse behavioural effects, such as taking longer to tie one's shoes, decrements in word skills, or driving problems. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.6 Summarize the behavioural effects of changes in the body systems of older adults. 2 17-2-16 459 Analysis

Answer: a. True 17. Free radicals occur less frequently in older than in young persons' bodies. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.2 Describe contemporary theories of biological aging. 2 17-2-17 450 Analysis

Answer: b. False 18. Cross-linking occurs more often in cell proteins of older adults than in those of younger adults. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.2 Describe contemporary theories of biological aging. 2 17-2-18 450 Analysis

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True 19. Stem cells divide a limited number of times. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.2 Describe contemporary theories of biological aging. 1 17-2-19 451 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 20. Burns are far more common in late adulthood because the neurological message travels more slowly than in young or middle-aged adults. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.6 Summarize the behavioural effects of changes in the body systems of older adults. 1 17-2-20 460 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 21. The feeling of fullness that follows a meal is referred to as "satiety" and tends to be impaired in late adulthood, causing possible weight gain. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.6 Summarize the behavioural effects of changes in the body systems of older adults. 1 17-2-21 460 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 22. A greater number of older men than older women are in nursing homes. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: b. False 23. Alzheimer's victims can't rely on habit to regulate their eating behaviour. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.7 Differentiate Alzheimer’s disease from other dementias. 1 17-2-23 463 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 24. Alzheimer's patients tend to show an increased level of dependency and clinginess, and may also have angry outbursts. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.7 Differentiate Alzheimer’s disease from other dementias. 1 17-2-24 463 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 25. Dementia can be caused by depression and drug intoxication. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.7 Differentiate Alzheimer’s disease from other dementias. 1 17-2-25 465 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 26. Dementia can be caused by hypothyroidism. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True 27. In Canada, people over 75 years of age have the highest rate of depression. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.8 Describe what the research suggests about depression among older adults. 2 17-2-27 465 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 28. Among older adults, the strongest predictor for depression is poor health. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.8 Describe what the research suggests about depression among older adults. 1 17-2-28 503 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 29. Older women tend to attempt suicide more often than older men, and they tend to complete the act more often because they choose more violent methods. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.8 Describe what the research suggests about depression among older adults. 1 17-2-29 467 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 30. Researchers have established that elderly adults generally outperform young and middle-aged adults on tests of prospective memory (tasks that require an individual to remember an event into the future, such as remembering a doctor's appointment). a True b False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.9 Identify how older and younger adults differ in memory function. 2 17-2-30 469 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 31. Researchers agree that only persons who are middle-aged or older can be described as wise. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.10 Describe what wisdom and creativity theory and research reveals about cognitive functioning in late adulthood. 1 17-2-31 472 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 32. Signs of depression in older adults may be dismissed as old-age "grumpiness" by family members. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.8 Describe what the research suggests about depression among older adults. 1 17-2-32 466 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 33. Many studies are now discovering that hearing loss in seniors is associated with structural and functional changes in the brain that seem to accelerate cognitive decline and increase the risk of developing dementia. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.5 Describe the common types of sensory changes that occur in late adulthood. 1 17-2-33 460 Knowledge

Answer: b. True

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 34. Falls often result from an older adult's loss of physical stamina. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.6 Summarize the behavioural effects of changes in the body systems of older adults. 1 17-2-34 461 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 35. The physiological capacity to respond to sexual stimulation, unlike other aspects of functioning, appears not to diminish with age. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.6 Summarize the behavioural effects of changes in the body systems of older adults. 1 17-2-35 462 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 36. Periodic involvement with children might be an effective way to prevent depression in institutionalized elders. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.8 Describe what the research suggests about depression among older adults. 1 17-2-36 468 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 37. In the summing-up phase of Cohen's theory, people have the desire to knit their accomplishments together into a cohesive, meaningful story. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.10 Describe what wisdom and creativity theory and research reveals about cognitive functioning in late adulthood. 1 17-2-37 473 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Chapter 17 Short Answer Questions 1. Discuss sexual activity and aging. What factors affect sexual activity? What are the trends and patterns? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.6 Summarize the behavioural effects of changes in the body systems of older adults. 2 17-3-01 462 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 2. Define and give examples to illustrate the concepts of activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living. Briefly explain how functional ability is affected by age, health status, and gender in older adulthood. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.3 Describe the health of older adults in Canada. 2 17-3-02 453 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 3. Summarize the evidence for the importance of physical exercise among older adults.

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.3 Describe the health of older adults in Canada. 1 17-3-03 455 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 4. Briefly describe the age-related changes to vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch in late life. How do these changes affect the quality of life for older adults? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.5 Describe the common types of sensory changes that occur in late adulthood. 2 17-3-04 456–459 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 5. Summarize the "free radical" theory of biological aging. How is diet a remedy for this aging process? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.2 Describe contemporary theories of biological aging. 2 17-3-05 450-451 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 6. If your family had to make a decision about nursing home placement for a frail elderly family member, what facts would you provide your family? What advice would you offer? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.3 Describe the health of older adults in Canada. 17.7 Differentiate Alzheimer’s disease from other dementias. 2 17-3-06 463 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 7. How is depression treated in older adults? How can depression be prevented in older adults?

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.8 Describe what the research suggests about depression among older adults. 2 17-3-07 465–468 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 8. How do researchers define wisdom? Do the "wise" people you know embody these characteristics? How do you think wisdom is acquired? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.10 Describe what wisdom and creativity theory and research reveals about cognitive functioning in late adulthood. 2 17-3-08 472-473 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 9. Discuss research into the benefits of mental exercise on cognitive development as we age. What are the implications for the future of aging?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.9 Identify how older and younger adults differ in memory function. 2 17-3-09 469-472 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 10. Discuss Cohen's stages of creativity in later life. What steps could you take to foster creativity?

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.10 Describe what wisdom and creativity theory and research reveals about cognitive functioning in late adulthood. 2 17-3-10 473 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 11. Identify how older and younger adults differ in memory function.

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.9 Identify how older and younger adults differ in memory function. 2 17-3-11 469-470 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary

Chapter 17 Essay Questions 1. Identify and give examples to illustrate the physical changes that occur across late adulthood. How do these physical changes affect the ability of older adults to perform activities of daily living or instrumental activities of daily living? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.4 Describe how the brain changes in late adulthood. 17.5 Describe the common types of sensory changes that occur in late adulthood. 17.6 Summarize the behavioural effects of changes in the body systems of older adults. 2 17-4-01 452–462 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 2. How is depression a health concern for older adults? How prevalent is depression and who is most likely to be affected? What are the most important risk factors for depression? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.8 Describe what the research suggests about depression among older adults. 2 17-4-02 465–468 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 3. Summarize the defining features, symptoms, biomarkers, and progression of Alzheimer's disease. Identify the incidence, prevalence, risk factors, and treatments associated with the disorder. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.7 Differentiate Alzheimer’s disease from other dementias. 3 17-4-03 462–465 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 4. What happens to memory function in late adulthood? How do researchers account for these changes in memory? What strategies can the elderly undertake to improve their memory's performance? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.9 Identify how older and younger adults differ in memory function. 3 17-4-04 469–472 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 5. Discuss the following two issues regarding the physical and cognitive development in late adulthood: 1. Using the epigenetic clock to measure aging. 2. Information from the Human Connectome Project study of the aging brain and nervous system in late adulthood. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

17.2 Describe contemporary theories of biological aging. 3 17-4-05 469–472 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

CHAPTER 18: SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN LATE ADULTHOOD

Chapter 18 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. How did Erikson characterize the developmental task of late adulthood? generativity versus stagnation ego integrity versus despair industry versus inferiority conscientious versus individualistic Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.1 Describe what the research says about Erikson’s stage of ego integrity versus despair. 1 18-1-01 476 Knowledge

Answer: ego integrity versus despair 2. Frank is 80 years old and reminiscences happily about his life when he spends time with younger members of his family. According to Erikson, Frank has achieved which of the following characteristics? autonomy ego integrity life competency closure Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.1 Describe what the research says about Erikson’s stage of ego integrity versus despair. 2 18-1-02 476-477 Analysis

Answer: ego integrity 3. Which of the following is the best example of ego integrity, as described by Erikson? Mrs. Chiu tells her family that she will die at peace with the world because she has lived a good life and has few regrets. Mrs. Valentino and Mr. Antonczyk had both been widowed for many years and were eager for the love and companionship they could offer each other in their last years. When Mr. Benoit offers advice to his family, he often says, "Don't make the same mistakes I did. I wish I could live my life over." Mr. and Mrs. Li are the unofficial grandparents of many children in their neighbourhood, and their home is always open to any child who needs a hot meal or a caring word.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.1 Describe what the research says about Erikson’s stage of ego integrity versus despair. 2 18-1-03 476 Analysis

Answer: Mrs. Chiu tells her family that she will die at peace with the world because she has lived a good life and has few regrets. 4. According to Erikson, the task of achieving ego integrity involves being able to incorporate oneself into the identity of another person without fear of losing oneself. serving as a steward for the heritage of the next generation. regretting lost opportunities and fearing death. coming to terms with the life one has lived and accepting the relentless approach of death. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.1 Describe what the research says about Erikson’s stage of ego integrity versus despair. 2 18-1-04 476 Comprehension

Answer: coming to terms with the life one has lived and accepting the relentless approach of death. 5. Which of the following is NOT a true statement about the role of reminiscence in human development? Young adults use reminiscence for problem-solving, and older adults use reminiscence as a way of communicating their experiences to younger individuals. Young adults reminisce more often than middle-aged or older adults. Reminiscence is the most important component of ego integrity and psychological preparation for death. Structured reminiscence increases life satisfaction and can have therapeutic value. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.1 Describe what the research says about Erikson’s stage of ego integrity versus despair. 2 18-1-05 476-477 Comprehension

Answer: Reminiscence is the most important component of ego integrity and psychological preparation for death. 6. According to activity theory, what can older adults do in order to have the most psychologically and physically healthy response to old age? reduce their activity and involvement in most of their social roles increase their physical activity, preferably through aerobic and weight-bearing exercise eliminate excessively demanding roles and save their energy for truly important roles maintain the greatest possible level of activity and involvement in the greatest possible number of roles

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.2 Characterize the main ideas of activity theory, disengagement theory, and continuity theory. 2 18-1-06 478 Knowledge

Answer: maintain the greatest possible level of activity and involvement in the greatest possible number of roles 7. According to research, what is the most common effect of activity upon later life? greater life satisfaction and morale increased mortality because the effects of disabling conditions such as diabetes may be magnified fatigue and depression from overwhelming roles and responsibilities more rewarding relationships with members of the social support network Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.2 Characterize the main ideas of activity theory, disengagement theory, and continuity theory. 1 18-1-07 478 Knowledge

Answer: greater life satisfaction and morale 8. When you visit a former co-worker who recently retired, you are astonished at his list of activities and projects, and he says, "Staying busy keeps me young!" Your former co-worker's philosophy is most consistent with which of the following perspectives on aging? activity theory adaptation theory programmed senescence theory ego integrity Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.2 Characterize the main ideas of activity theory, disengagement theory, and continuity theory. 2 18-1-08 478 Analysis

Answer: activity theory 9. When you contact a retired neighbour to ask if she is interested in participating in a charity fundraiser, she tells you that she is no longer interested in activities such as this and she is content to do as little as possible since she retired. Your neighbour's perspective is most consistent with which of the following views on aging? disengagement adaptation continuity compensation

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.2 Characterize the main ideas of activity theory, disengagement theory, and continuity theory. 2 18-1-09 478 Analysis

Answer: disengagement 10. Which of the following is an aspect of disengagement theory? decreased individuality increased responsibility shrinkage of life space inactive extrication from roles and relationships Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.2 Characterize the main ideas of activity theory, disengagement theory, and continuity theory. 2 18-1-10 478 Knowledge

Answer: shrinkage of life space 11. Rowe and Kahn did not include which of the following components in their definition of successful aging? retention of cognitive abilities social engagement good physical health extroversion Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.3 Describe how successful aging is manifested in the lives of older adults. 1 18-1-11 479 Knowledge

Answer: extroversion 12. Which of the following best summarizes the paradigm of successful aging proposed by Rowe and Kahn? Successful aging integrates components of physical, cognitive, and social health that were influenced by earlier behaviours and decisions. Religious coping and the use of religious belief and practice are effective means of adapting to aging. The healthiest response to old age is to maintain the greatest possible level of activity and involvement in the greatest number of roles. An aging adult is not governed by the expectations of others that she fulfill certain roles.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.3 Describe how successful aging is manifested in the lives of older adults. 2 18-1-12 479-480 Comprehension

Answer: Successful aging integrates components of physical, cognitive, and social health that were influenced by earlier behaviours and decisions. 13. According to research studies, which of the following characterizes individuals with the best prospects for recovery from a health crisis such as a stroke or a fracture? adopts recovery goals proposed by rehabilitation specialists has a combative, argumentative spirit is steadfastly optimistic and positive sees the health care professionals as adversaries to be beaten Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.3 Describe how successful aging is manifested in the lives of older adults. 2 18-1-13 480 Knowledge

Answer: adopts recovery goals proposed by rehabilitation specialists 14. Abraham's grandparents have requested that he help them buy a computer and teach them how to use email and other programs. Which of the following terms describes Abraham's grandparents' readiness to learn something new? cognitive adventurousness social engagement ego integrity generativty Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.3 Describe how successful aging is manifested in the lives of older adults. 2 18-1-14 481 Comprehension

Answer: cognitive adventurousness 15. According to researchers, which component of social support is most meaningful to elderly adults? instrumental support, such as help with chores, rather than emotional support the opportunity to reciprocate and give support as well as receive it knowing that others can be depended upon to help when their assistance is needed the frequency of social contacts with friends, family, and community members

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.3 Describe how successful aging is manifested in the lives of older adults. 3 18-1-15 481 Analysis

Answer: the opportunity to reciprocate and give support as well as receive it 16. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of volunteerism for older adults? improved health personality change improved life satisfaction reduced mortality rate Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.3 Describe how successful aging is manifested in the lives of older adults. 2 18-1-16 481 Knowledge

Answer: personality change 17. Which of the following factors predicts life satisfaction among older adults? letting go of a need for "control" disengaging from comparing one's life circumstances with those of peers a perceived adequacy in social support and income the number of ongoing relationships to which the person has regular access Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.3 Describe how successful aging is manifested in the lives of older adults. 2 18-1-17 482-483 Knowledge

Answer: a perceived adequacy in social support and income 18. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about religious coping by older adults? Religious coping refers to the tendency to turn to religious beliefs and institutions in times of trouble or stress. The need to deal with multiple stressors may explain why religious coping is particularly important in the lives of older adults. Studies suggest that men use religious coping more than women do. Elders themselves often cite religious coping as a way of coping with stress.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.4 Describe how religious coping influences physical and mental health in late adulthood. 2 18-1-18 483-484 Comprehension

Answer: Studies suggest that men use religious coping more than women do. 19. The positive effects of religious faith have more to do with a general attitude of _____________ than on any particular set of doctrines or teachings. health spirituality well-being social support Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.4 Describe how religious coping influences physical and mental health in late adulthood. 2 18-1-19 484 Knowledge

Answer: spirituality 20. All of the following statements are true about religious coping and good health EXCEPT: Those who are religious tend to recover faster and cope better when suffering from symptoms of depression. Elders who place a great deal of faith in religion worry less. Religion helps people believe that their life serves a purpose. Religion lowers self-blame by providing the option of blaming the devil or other sources of evil for difficulties. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.4 Describe how religious coping influences physical and mental health in late adulthood. 1 18-1-20 484–485 Comprehension

Answer: Religion lowers self-blame by providing the option of blaming the devil or other sources of evil for difficulties. 21. Which of the following phrases best captures an advantage associated with the loss of role definition experienced by older adults? "I did it my way." "Free to be me!" "I've paid my dues." "I take a licking and keep on ticking."

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.5 Identify the living arrangements of elderly people in Canada. 3 18-1-21 485 Analysis

Answer: "Free to be me!" 22. Which of the following accurately describes the general nature of social roles in late adulthood? lowered risk of social isolation or alienation a "licence for eccentricity" less freedom to pursue or express individuality increased role content which may lead to role strain and role conflict Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.5 Identify the living arrangements of elderly people in Canada. 2 18-1-22 485 Comprehension

Answer: a "licence for eccentricity" 23. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about the nature of marital status and living arrangements in late adulthood in Canada? Older men are more likely to live alone than older women. The normal expectation for a woman is that she will eventually be without an intimate partner or spouse. Most elders with mild to moderate disability or health problems do not live with relatives. In Canada, living alone is the most common and the most preferred living arrangement among unmarried elders. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.5 Identify the living arrangements of elderly people in Canada. 2 18-1-23 485-486 Comprehension

Answer: Older men are more likely to live alone than older women. 24. The normal expectation for a man in late adulthood is that he will live with a spouse or intimate partner until he dies. alone until he experiences health problems that will cause him to enter institutional care. alone until he has difficulty performing activities of daily living, at which time he will live with family members. an average of five to ten years as a widower.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.5 Identify the living arrangements of elderly people in Canada. 3 18-1-24 486 Analysis

Answer: with a spouse or intimate partner until he dies. 25. The normal expectation for a woman in late adulthood is that she will live with her spouse until she begins to experience health problems, at which time she will move in with a child or family member. alone, even if she experiences health problems or mild to moderate disability. with her spouse or intimate partner until she dies. with her spouse until she has difficulty performing activities of daily living, at which time she will move to a nursing home. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.5 Identify the living arrangements of elderly people in Canada. 3 18-1-25 486 Analysis

Answer: alone, even if she experiences health problems or mild to moderate disability. 26. Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the living arrangements of older adults? income number of daughters and sons hobbies or leisure-time pursuits health Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.5 Identify the living arrangements of elderly people in Canada. 2 18-1-26 488 Knowledge

Answer: hobbies or leisure-time pursuits 27. Mrs. Kendall is a 75-year-old healthy widow who receives a good retirement pension. She most likely lives with a son, daughter, or other family member. with a sibling or long-time friend. alone. in a nursing home or other form of institutional care.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.5 Identify the living arrangements of elderly people in Canada. 2 18-1-27 486 Analysis

Answer: alone. 28. Mr. Roussel is a healthy 75-year-old widower who lives independently on his comfortable pension. What factor is most likely to cause a change in his independent living status? development of a significant health problem being encouraged by his son to join his son's household and spend more time with his grandchildren a decrease in his pension income and financial circumstances development of a mild or moderate disability or health problems such as diabetes Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.5 Identify the living arrangements of elderly people in Canada. 2 18-1-28 486-487 Analysis

Answer: development of a significant health problem 29. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about elder abuse in Canada? Physical abuse is most likely to be directed at elders who have some type of dementia. Abuse of elders is a common family interaction pattern in Canada. Financial dependency of the abuser on the victim is a risk factor for abuse. Abuse by spouses is twice as likely as abuse by children. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.5 Identify the living arrangements of elderly people in Canada. 2 18-1-29 486 Comprehension

Answer: Abuse of elders is a common family interaction pattern in Canada. 30. According to current estimates, approximately what percentage of Canadian elders living in private homes are emotionally abused? 18 percent 20 percent 10 percent 7 percent Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.5 Identify the living arrangements of elderly people in Canada. 1 18-1-30 486 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: 7 percent 31. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for the occurrence of elder abuse? significant financial resources controlled by the victim external stresses social isolation mental illness or alcoholism in the abuser Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.5 Identify the living arrangements of elderly people in Canada. 1 18-1-31 486 Knowledge

Answer: significant financial resources controlled by the victim 32. Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of partner relationships in late life? Older adult couples typically are not sexually active. Married older adults who spend more time with their spouses report high levels of happiness. Older couples report lower levels of conflict in their relationships than do middle-aged couples. According to research, marital satisfaction is higher in the late adult years than when children are still at home. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.6 Describe how intimate partnerships contribute to development in late adulthood. 1 18-1-32 488 Comprehension

Answer: Older adult couples typically are not sexually active. 33. Marriages in late adulthood tend to be based more on mutual disclosure. convenience. passion. mutual investment. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.6 Describe how intimate partnerships contribute to development in late adulthood. 1 18-1-33 488 Comprehension

Answer: mutual investment.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 34. In Canada, remarriage statistics for people over 65 years of age indicate that men and women have similar remarriage rates. men have higher remarriage rates. men and women remarry for the same reasons. widows are eager to remarry. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.6 Describe how intimate partnerships contribute to development in late adulthood. 2 18-1-34 489 Comprehension

Answer: men have higher remarriage rates. 35. Which of the following individuals is more likely to remarry after the death of a spouse? Marie, age 70, who is wealthy and has no children Elizabeth, age 72, who has a comfortable retirement pension Robert, age 70, who has a modest retirement income Elena, age 65, who owns her own home Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.6 Describe how intimate partnerships contribute to development in late adulthood. 2 18-1-35 489 Comprehension

Answer: Robert, age 70, who has a modest retirement income 36. Among older adults, the positive effects of marriage for physical and psychological functioning that were seen in early and middle adulthood have largely disappeared by late adulthood. exist for men, but there are no benefits for older women. are greater for women than for men. occur among both women and men, but are generally greater for men than women. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.6 Describe how intimate partnerships contribute to development in late adulthood. 2 18-1-36 489 Comprehension

Answer: occur among both women and men, but are generally greater for men than women. 37. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about family relationships in late adulthood? Grandchildren are rarely a part of an elderly adult's close family network. Older adults typically describe a sense of family solidarity and support. Childless elders typically are less happy and less able to cope with the stresses of age than elders who have children. When older adults need help that cannot be given by a spouse, aid typically is provided by children. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 12

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.7 Identify the significance of family relationships and friendships for older adults. 2 18-1-37 490–492 Comprehension

Answer: Childless elders typically are less happy and less able to cope with the stresses of age than elders who have children. 38. Which of the following most accurately describes the relationships of older adults with their children? Most contacts between older adults and their children occur in order to fulfill obligations and a sense of duty. Good relationships and regular contact between older adults and their children are not essential for happiness or life satisfaction in old age. Older adults who need aid or assistance that cannot be provided by a spouse typically rely on friends, neighbours, and community agencies for the services they need. Very few adults over age 65 have regular contact or spend time with their children. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.7 Identify the significance of family relationships and friendships for older adults. 2 18-1-38 491 Comprehension

Answer: Good relationships and regular contact between older adults and their children are not essential for happiness or life satisfaction in old age. 39. Which of the following statements most accurately explains why sibling relationships become more important in late adulthood? In late adulthood, relationships with siblings are typically less stressful and have less conflict than relationships with adult children or spouses. Most older adults expect to live with siblings when health problems or disabilities, such as arthritis or diabetes, occur. Siblings share reminiscences and companionship and provide each other emotional support. Siblings typically provide practical assistance to each other, such as help with activities of daily living. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.7 Identify the significance of family relationships and friendships for older adults. 2 18-1-39 491 Analysis

Answer: Siblings share reminiscences and companionship and provide each other emotional support. 40. In contrast to the relationship between an older adult and her adult children, the relationship between an older adult and her friends is more likely to be reciprocal or equitable. include assistance with daily tasks such as shopping or housework. feature shared activities. provide opportunities for fun and companionship. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 13

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.7 Identify the significance of family relationships and friendships for older adults. 2 18-1-40 491 Analysis

Answer: be reciprocal or equitable. 41. Who provides the greatest amount of companionship to Canadians over 65? grandchildren children spouses siblings Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.7 Identify the significance of family relationships and friendships for older adults. 1 18-1-41 491 Knowledge

Answer: spouses 42. Which of the following statements is true regarding relationships with siblings in late adulthood? Siblings often provide practical assistance and other resources in old age. Siblings provide emotional support, based on shared history, reminiscences, and companionship. Siblings' roles in late adulthood are more important than spousal roles. Relationships with siblings tend to be more reciprocal and equitable than relationships with spouses or friends. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.7 Identify the significance of family relationships and friendships for older adults. 1 18-1-42 491 Knowledge

Answer: Siblings provide emotional support, based on shared history, reminiscences, and companionship. 43. The current average age of retirement in Canada rose to above _____ years of age by 2015 and continues edging upwards. 65 55 58 63

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.9 Identify what factors contribute to the decision to retire. 1 18-1-43 493 Knowledge

Answer: 63 44. Which of the following is NOT likely to be a factor that influences an individual's decision to retire? health financial resources during retirement financial incentives to retire personality Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.9 Identify what factors contribute to the decision to retire. 2 18-1-44 493 Comprehension

Answer: personality 45. Of the following, which person is likely to retire earliest? an individual in poor health an individual in good health an individual who will rely solely on federal pension benefits for support during retirement an individual who still has young children at home Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.9 Identify what factors contribute to the decision to retire. 2 18-1-45 493 Analysis

Answer: an individual in poor health 46. Of the following, which person is likely to retire latest? an individual whose work is challenging and interesting an individual whose retirement will be supported by an adequate pension and Social Security a working-class individual who considers his Social Security benefits to be adequate for retirement an individual who has poor health Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.9 Identify what factors contribute to the decision to retire. 2 18-1-46 493 Analysis

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: an individual whose work is challenging and interesting 47. Which of the following factors has the most influence on the timing of retirement? whether a spouse has retired characteristics of the work health status whether siblings and friends have retired Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.9 Identify what factors contribute to the decision to retire. 2 18-1-47 493 Comprehension

Answer: whether a spouse has retired 48. What is the most likely reason that a working-class man in poor health continues to work past the typical retirement age? He has a limited social network of family and friends with whom to spend time during retirement. His spouse continues to work. He has failed to develop an internal model or "expected life history" that includes retirement. He must continue to work in order to supplement his income. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.9 Identify what factors contribute to the decision to retire. 18.10 Describe how retirement affects the lives of older adults. 18.11 Describe what the research says about the decision not to retire. 3 18-1-48 493 Analysis

Answer: He must continue to work in order to supplement his income. 49. It is estimated that a Canadian will need ______ of current pre-tax earnings to maintain his/her standard of living in retirement. 60–80% 40–50% 80–90% 50–60% Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.10 Describe how retirement affects the lives of older adults. 1 18-1-49 494 Knowledge

Answer: 60–80%

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 50. Unattached older adults are more likely to be poor than their peers who live in families, and among unattached seniors, women are more likely to be poor than men (~____% versus ____%, respectively). 31; 20 42; 37 22; 15 75; 74 Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.10 Describe how retirement affects the lives of older adults. 1 18-1-50 494 Knowledge

Answer: 31; 20 51. According to research, those who respond least well to retirement are those who were not married. retired from satisfying jobs. made an amenity move within a year of retiring. had the least control over the process. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.10 Describe how retirement affects the lives of older adults. 2 18-1-51 496 Comprehension

Answer: had the least control over the process. 52. Many more retirement-age women today are divorced than in past cohorts. more likely to have paid employment. more likely to have earned retirement benefits. less likely to be poor. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.10 Describe how retirement affects the lives of older adults. 18.6 Describe how intimate partnerships contribute to development in late adulthood. 2 18-1-52 495 Comprehension

Answer: divorced than in past cohorts.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 53. Which of the following is NOT one of the typical patterns of residential mobility occurring after retirement, as identified by Charles Longino? a familial move into the home of a family member to permit a cross-generational exchange of assistance an institutional migration, typically to a nursing home a kinship migration, typically closer to one's children and forced by the development of chronic and limiting disability an amenity move, typically away from one's children and to a warmer climate Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.10 Describe how retirement affects the lives of older adults. 2 18-1-53 496 Comprehension

Answer: a familial move into the home of a family member to permit a cross-generational exchange of assistance 54. Which of the following is the best example of an amenity move after retirement, as described by Charles Longino? When Mr. and Mrs. Lincoln could no longer drive themselves or perform routine household maintenance, they moved into an assisted-living community in the same town as their son. After Mr. and Mrs. Ling retired, they moved into their daughter's home and became the primary caretakers of three small grandchildren while their daughter and her husband were employed fulltime. When Mr. and Mrs. Johnson retired, they wanted warmer weather and opportunities to be physically active throughout the year, so they moved to a retirement community in Texas. Mrs. White entered a nursing home after she was released from the hospital, and she died three weeks later. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.10 Describe how retirement affects the lives of older adults. 2 18-1-54 496 Analysis

Answer: When Mr. and Mrs. Johnson retired, they wanted warmer weather and opportunities to be physically active throughout the year, so they moved to a retirement community in Texas. 55. Which of the following is the best example of a compensatory or kinship move after retirement, as described by Charles Longino? After Mr. and Mrs. Dupont retired, they assumed custody of their grandchildren and moved to a larger house. After Mr. Shah was released from the hospital, he entered a nursing home where he was cared for until he died. When Mrs. Shortt became disabled by arthritis and could no longer live independently in her home, she decided to move into an apartment in the town where her daughter lived. When Mr. and Mrs. Polanski retired, they wanted year-round opportunities to hike and bird-watch, so they moved to a retirement community in Arizona.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.10 Describe how retirement affects the lives of older adults. 2 18-1-55 497 Analysis

Answer: When Mrs. Shortt became disabled by arthritis and could no longer live independently in her home, she decided to move into an apartment in the town where her daughter lived. 56. Mrs. Maraj suffers from fibromyalgia and arthritis and is no longer able to care for herself; she has no choice but to move into a nursing home. According to Charles Longino, this is an example of an amenity move. a compensatory move. a kinship move. an institutional migration. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.10 Describe how retirement affects the lives of older adults. 1 18-1-56 497 Knowledge

Answer: an institutional migration. 57. According to Health Canada, senior women's income rose by ________ between 1981 and 1988. 20% 22% 34% 60% Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.10 Describe how retirement affects the lives of older adults. 1 18-1-57 494 Knowledge

Answer: 22% 58. How do supervisors rate older adult employees? Older employees are not as reliable. Older employees produce better quality work. Older employees are not desirable employees. Older employees learn new skills more effectively. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: Older employees produce better quality work. 59. ______ involves a common evaluative process in which seniors make judgments about their past behaviours as part of the process of achieving ego integrity. Reminiscence A life review A life recap Writing memoirs Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.1 Describe what the research says about Erikson’s stage of ego integrity versus despair. 1 18-1-59 477 Knowledge

Answer: A life review 60. Paul Baltes and Margaret Baltes suggest that as adults get older they maintain high levels of performance by focusing on their past by reminiscing. their future by learning new skills. their strengths using optimization and compensation. increasing activity levels and involvement in the greatest possible number of roles. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.2 Characterize the main ideas of activity theory, disengagement theory, and continuity theory. 2 18-1-60 478 Knowledge

Answer: their strengths using optimization and compensation. 61. Compared to their younger counterparts, older employees are viewed by their employers to possess a greater level of all of the following characteristics EXCEPT loyalty reliability flexibility higher quantities of work Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.11 Describe what the research says about the decision not to retire. 2 18-1-61 499 Knowledge

Answer: flexibility

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 62. __________________ aging has three components: good physical health, retention of cognitive abilities, and continuing engagement in social and productive activities. Successful Masterful Creative Longitudinal Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.3 Describe how successful aging is manifested in the lives of older adults. 2 18-1-62 499 Knowledge

Answer: Successful 63. The concept of successful aging is referred to as a(n) ______________ because it presents patterns for or examples of such aging. theory paradigm hypothetical construct imagination station Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.3 Describe how successful aging is manifested in the lives of older adults. 2 18-1-63 499 Knowledge

Answer: paradigm 64. Seniors with disabilities who have frequent contact with family and friends have reduced feelings of __________________. inertness anger loneliness happiness Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.3 Describe how successful aging is manifested in the lives of older adults. 2 18-1-64 499 Knowledge

Answer: loneliness 65. Researchers studying ____________ grandparents, for example, found that they experience healing and joy when it comes to engaging their grandchildren in their traditional ways and knowledge. careful remote pessimistic Indigenous Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 21

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.3 Describe how successful aging is manifested in the lives of older adults. 2 18-1-65 499 Knowledge

Answer: Indigenous 66. An absence of social engagement and social connectedness with others (family, friends, and community social networks) which can lead to feelings of loneliness is referred to as social _______________. camaraderie isolation engagement puzzlement Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.3 Describe how successful aging is manifested in the lives of older adults. 2 18-1-66 499 Knowledge

Answer: isolation 67. Simon Fraser University and University of Manitoba researchers have developed a tool to measure social isolation that taps into four main variables: life satisfaction, depression, perceived mental health, and perceived physical health. This tool is called The Life Satisfaction Index (LSI) Reach All Seniors (RAS) A Place For Mom (APFM) The Social Isolation Index (SII) Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.3 Describe how successful aging is manifested in the lives of older adults. 2 18-1-67 499 Knowledge

Answer: The Social Isolation Index (SII) 68. Roughly ______% of Canadian seniors are victims of crime each year. 5 10 26 17

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.5 Identify the living arrangements of elderly people in Canada. 2 18-1-66 499 Knowledge

Answer: 10

Chapter 18 True-False Questions 1. According to Erikson, it is essential to achieve ego integrity in late adulthood, or else feelings of hopelessness and despair will result. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.1 Describe what the research says about Erikson’s stage of ego integrity versus despair. 1 18-2-01 476 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 2. Most developmentalists agree that reminiscence is an essential aspect of old age and necessary as an individual prepares for death. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.1 Describe what the research says about Erikson’s stage of ego integrity versus despair. 1 18-2-02 476 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 3. According to research, the healthiest response to aging is to disengage from roles and relationships and to turn inward and away from interactions with others. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.2 Characterize the main ideas of activity theory, disengagement theory, and continuity theory. 2 18-2-03 478 Comprehension

Answer: b. False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 4. The disengagement theory proposes that aging has three aspects: shrinkage of life space, increased individuality, and reminiscence. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.2 Characterize the main ideas of activity theory, disengagement theory, and continuity theory. 1 18-2-04 478 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 5. The successful aging paradigm consists of two components: good physical health and retention of cognitive abilities. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.3 Describe how successful aging is manifested in the lives of older adults. 1 18-2-05 479 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 6. Cognitive adventurousness (the willingness to learn new things) seems to be an important part of successful aging. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.3 Describe how successful aging is manifested in the lives of older adults. 1 18-2-06 481 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 7. An individual's perception of her situation, such as the adequacy of her income or the level of social support she receives, is the most important predictor of her life satisfaction. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.3 Describe how successful aging is manifested in the lives of older adults. 2 18-2-07 482 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 8. Elders often cite religious coping as their primary means of managing stress. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.4 Describe how religious coping influences physical and mental health in late adulthood. 1 18-2-08 483 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 9. Canadian adults who regularly attend religious services are more optimistic, physically healthier, live longer, feel satisfied with their lives, and have less stressful lives. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.4 Describe how religious coping influences physical and mental health in late adulthood. 1 18-2-09 484 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 10. Increasingly, couples are closer in age to one another than in the past and men are living proportionately longer. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.5 Identify the living arrangements of elderly people in Canada. 1 18-2-10 486 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 11. In late adulthood, the typical expectation is that a man will live alone for a number of years before he enters a nursing home, and a woman will live with her spouse until she dies. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.5 Identify the living arrangements of elderly people in Canada. 1 18-2-11 486 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 12. Most elders who have mild or moderate disabilities or health problems prefer to live with relatives. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.5 Identify the living arrangements of elderly people in Canada. 1 18-2-12 486 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 13. Older adults typically are most often abused by their children. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.5 Identify the living arrangements of elderly people in Canada. 1 18-2-13 486 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 14. Married elders experience more conflict and less pleasure in their marriages than do middle-aged couples. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.6 Describe how intimate partnerships contribute to development in late adulthood. 1 18-2-14 488 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 15. The advantages of marriage generally are greater for married older men than for married older women. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.6 Describe how intimate partnerships contribute to development in late adulthood. 1 18-2-15 489 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 16. According to research, elderly homosexuals with long-term partners typically identify the partner as the most important source of emotional support. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.6 Describe how intimate partnerships contribute to development in late adulthood. 2 18-2-16 489 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 17. Friends are more likely to provide assistance with daily tasks to seniors than are family members. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.7 Identify the significance of family relationships and friendships for older adults. 1 18-2-17 489 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 18. The percentage of seniors living below Statistic Canada's low income cut-off fell to 20% by the late 1980s. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.10 Describe how retirement affects the lives of older adults. 2 18-2-18 494 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 19. Those who retire after the age of 65 do not retire due to health concerns, possibly because they are in good health. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.9 Identify what factors contribute to the decision to retire. 1 18-2-19 493 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 20. In general, working-class people tend to retire earlier than those in the middle and upper classes. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.9 Identify what factors contribute to the decision to retire. 1 18-2-20 493 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 21. Among unattached seniors, women are less likely to be poor than men. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.10 Describe how retirement affects the lives of older adults. 2 18-2-21 495 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 22. For most elderly people in Canada, the largest portion of retirement income comes from government sources. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.10 Describe how retirement affects the lives of older adults. 1 18-2-22 494 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 23. "Snowbirds" who choose to spend their winter months in sunnier areas are an example of an amenity move. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.10 Describe how retirement affects the lives of older adults. 1 18-2-23 497 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 24. Workplace supervisors typically give older adults higher ratings on job functioning than they give younger adults, based on the view that older employees' work is better and that they are more reliable. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.11 Describe what the research says about the decision not to retire. 2 18-2-24 499 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 25. Canadians will need between 60 and 80% of their pre-retirement earnings to maintain their standard of living in retirement. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.10 Describe how retirement affects the lives of older adults. 1 18-2-25 494-495 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 26. Continuity theory argues that the primary means by which seniors adjust to aging is by continuing to engage in new activities that challenge them. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.2 Characterize the main ideas of activity theory, disengagement theory, and continuity theory. 1 18-2-26 496 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 27. The degree to which seniors maintain cognitive functioning is linked in large part to education. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.3 Describe how successful aging is manifested in the lives of older adults. 1 18-2-27 480 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True 28. Social engagement contributes to successful aging because it provides opportunities for older adults to both give and get support. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.3 Describe how successful aging is manifested in the lives of older adults. 1 18-2-28 480 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 29. Seniors aged 65 to 74 do the highest number of annual volunteer hours of any age group in Canada. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.3 Describe how successful aging is manifested in the lives of older adults. 1 18-2-29 5481 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 30. The successful aging paradigm is a new form of ageism targeting older adults who suffer from disabilities and obvious outward signs of aging. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.3 Describe how successful aging is manifested in the lives of older adults. 1 18-2-30 479 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 31. The positive effects of religious coping among seniors transcends race, ethnicity, and gender. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True 32. Older adults with higher household incomes are more likely to live independently or with family members. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.5 Identify the living arrangements of elderly people in Canada. 1 18-2-32 488 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 33. The majority of older adult couples are still sexually active and may be somewhat more sexually adventurous than younger adults. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.6 Describe how intimate partnerships contribute to development in late adulthood. 1 18-2-33 488 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 34. Approximately two-thirds of all the reported instances of senior abuse involve family members. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.5 Identify the living arrangements of elderly people in Canada. 2 18-2-34 486 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 35. Older adults who reported regular contact with their adult children said that they enjoyed the relationships but the relationships did not seem to enhance overall happiness or health. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True 36. In one Canadian study, friends surpassed spouses, children, and siblings as the most important sources of companionship identified by seniors over age 65. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.7 Identify the significance of family relationships and friendships for older adults. 1 18-2-36 491 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 37. Since mandatory retirement was eliminated in 1999, the average age of retirement in Canada has been increasing. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.9 Identify what factors contribute to the decision to retire. 1 18-2-37 493 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 38. The most important factor in the timing of retirement is the availability of adequate financial support for retirement. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.9 Identify what factors contribute to the decision to retire. 1 18-2-38 493 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 39. At least half of the baby boomer population say that they will continue working at least part-time in retirement. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True 40. Canadian seniors have several potential sources of income in retirement. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.10 Describe how retirement affects the lives of older adults. 1 18-2-40 494 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 41. Most typically, an amenity move is a move in a direction away from the older person's children, frequently to a warmer climate. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.10 Describe how retirement affects the lives of older adults. 1 18-2-41 496 Knowledge

Answer: a. True

Chapter 18 Short Answer Questions 1. Describe the meaning of the term "activity theory." Include information about social engagement and social isolation among older Canadians. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.2 Characterize the main ideas of activity theory, disengagement theory, and continuity theory. 1 18-3-01 478 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary 2. Identify, briefly discuss, and give examples to illustrate factors that predict life satisfaction among older adults.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Skill:

18.3 Describe how successful aging is manifested in the lives of older adults. 2 18-3-02 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 3. How are the relationships that older adults have with their adult children and their friends similar? How do these relationships differ? What are the overall benefits of family relationships including benefits for Indigenous seniors? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.7 Identify the significance of family relationships and friendships for older adults. 18.8 Identify gender differences in older adults’ social networks. 2 18-3-03 480 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 4. Describe and give examples to illustrate the types of residential moves among older adults, as identified by Charles Longino. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.5 Identify the living arrangements of elderly people in Canada. 2 18-3-04 496 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 5. Summarize the problems and concerns of most families as they make a decision about nursing home care for a family member. Who is the most likely candidate for nursing home care? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.5 Identify the living arrangements of elderly people in Canada. 8.10 Describe how retirement affects the lives of older adults. 1 18-3-05 497-498 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 6. Briefly summarize characteristics of individuals who choose not to retire or who shun retirement.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.11 Describe what the research says about the decision not to retire. 1 18-3-06 498-499 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 7. When older adults choose to continue to work are they successful in the workplace? What are the advantages to employers of older adults? What are the concerns that employers might have about hiring older adults? If you were an employer, would you hire an older adult? Why or why not? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.11 Describe what the research says about the decision not to retire. 2 18-3-07 498 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 8. Briefly identify the patterns of religious participation among older adults in Canada. What are the benefits (if any) to seniors resulting from religious participation? Are alternative explanations possible regarding any perceived benefits? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.4 Describe how religious coping influences physical and mental health in late adulthood. 3 18-3-08 483–485 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 9. Describe the problem of elder abuse in Canada, citing prevalence, types, causes, risk factors, and trends. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.5 Identify the living arrangements of elderly people in Canada. 2 18-3-09 486 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 10. Discuss poverty as an issue affecting seniors in Canada. How have poverty trends changed in Canada? What reasons exist for these changes? What two subgroups remain at risk? Why? What strategies might you suggest for dealing with this social problem?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Answer: Answers will vary 11. What does the term "long-term care" refer to in Canada? What factors must be considered by seniors and family members before accessing long-term care? What social justice concerns exist for seniors who may need a long-term-care placement? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.11 Describe what the research says about the decision not to retire. 3 18-3-11 497 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 12. Identify gender differences in the social networks of late adulthood.

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.8 Identify gender differences in older adults’ social networks. 1 18-3-12 492 Knowledge

Answer: Answers will vary

Chapter 18 Essay Questions 1. Describe the ways in which older women and men differ in their typical late-life marital statuses and living arrangements. What are the practical and psychological implications of these different late-life experiences? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.5 Identify the living arrangements of elderly people in Canada. 18.6 Describe how intimate partnerships contribute to development in late adulthood. 3 18-4-01 486–488 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 2. Discuss how relationships with the social network, including one's partner, adult children, siblings, and friends, affect life satisfaction and happiness in late life. Include a discussion of the benefits of family relationships for Indigenous seniors. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.5 Identify the living arrangements of elderly people in Canada. 18.6 Describe how intimate partnerships contribute to development in late adulthood. 18.7 Identify the significance of family relationships and friendships for older adults. 18.8 Identify gender differences in older adults’ social networks. 2 18-4-02 488–492 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 3. Summarize the factors that are most likely to be relevant in an individual's decision to retire. How would these factors continue to influence the individual's adjustment after retirement has occurred? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Answer: Answers will vary 4. Define and discuss the five components of Rowe and Khan's successful aging paradigm. Compare and contrast the benefits of this conceptual view of aging with potential drawbacks or negative impacts. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

18.3 Describe how successful aging is manifested in the lives of older adults. 3 18-4-04 479–483 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 5. Describe how religious coping influences physical and mental health in late adulthood. What sex differences are evident? What are the benefits? How might this offset the likelihood of depression? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference:

18.4 Describe how religious coping influences physical and mental health in late adulthood. 1 18-4-05 484

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition

CHAPTER 19: DEATH, DYING, AND BEREAVEMENT

Chapter 19 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Which of the following is not a form of death identified by physicians? clinical death social death brain death psychological death Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.1 Differentiate among the processes of clinical death, brain death, and social death. 1 19-1-01 502-503 Knowledge

Answer: psychological death 2. Which form of death has occurred in circumstances where rescue is still possible even though there is no evidence of brain function, the heart has stopped, and breathing has stopped? brain death clinical death social death cardiovascular death Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.1 Differentiate among the processes of clinical death, brain death, and social death. 2 19-1-02 503 Comprehension

Answer: clinical death 3. Which form of death has occurred in circumstances where there is no electrical activity in the brain and the person no longer has reflexes or responds to vigorous external stimuli? brain death total death cerebral death social death Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.1 Differentiate among the processes of clinical death, brain death, and social death. 2 19-1-03 502-503 Comprehension

Answer: brain death

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 4. What circumstances permit the determination that a person is legally dead? there is no electrical activity in the brain, and the person no longer has reflexes or responds to vigorous external stimuli when the death certificate is signed the brain stem is dead and there is no independent body functioning resuscitation is possible even though there is no evidence of brain function or respiration, and the heart has stopped Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.1 Differentiate among the processes of clinical death, brain death, and social death. 2 19-1-04 503 Analysis

Answer: the brain stem is dead and there is no independent body functioning 5. The harvesting of body organs for organ transplants can take place when which form of death has occurred? clinical death respiratory death brain death social death Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.1 Differentiate among the processes of clinical death, brain death, and social death. 1 19-1-05 503 Knowledge

Answer: brain death 6. If a deceased person is treated as a corpse by others (through actions such as transporting the body or signing the death certificate) which form of death has occurred? community death social death ceremonial death ritual death Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.1 Differentiate among the processes of clinical death, brain death, and social death. 2 19-1-06 503 Comprehension

Answer: social death

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 7. Which form of death is associated with a vegetative state in which the cortex is affected but the brain stem continues to support respiration and other bodily functions? neurological death clinical death brain death suspended death Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.1 Differentiate among the processes of clinical death, brain death, and social death. 2 19-1-07 503 Knowledge

Answer: brain death 8. In Canada and other industrialized countries, where do most adults die? at home in a hospital in a hospice in a nursing home Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.2 Compare how hospital and hospice palliative care differ with respect to their effects on terminally ill persons. 1 19-1-08 503 Knowledge

Answer: in a hospital 9. Which of the following is a form of terminal care that emphasizes individual and family control of the normal process of dying? nursing-home care hospice care Kaliai care elder hostel Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.2 Compare how hospital and hospice palliative care differ with respect to their effects on terminally ill persons. 1 19-1-09 503 Knowledge

Answer: hospice care 10. Which of the following is NOT an aspect of the philosophy of hospice care? The patient and the family should prepare by talking openly and planning for after the death. The family should be involved in the patient's care as much as possible. Death is normal and should be faced and accepted. Control over the patient's care should not be in the hands of the patient's family.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.2 Compare how hospital and hospice palliative care differ with respect to their effects on terminally ill persons. 2 19-1-10 503-504 Analysis

Answer: Control over the patient's care should not be in the hands of the patient's family. 11. Which of the following is not a typical setting where hospice care may be given? a community drop-in, urgent treatment clinic a hospital a homelike hospice centre a home Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.2 Compare how hospital and hospice palliative care differ with respect to their effects on terminally ill persons. 2 19-1-11 503-504 Knowledge

Answer: a community drop-in, urgent treatment clinic 12. Which statement does NOT reflect the philosophy of hospice care? Death is viewed as normal, unavoidable, and an issue to face and accept. The patient and the family are encouraged to face the impending death and to be involved in the care. Continual emphasis is placed on curative care. Control of the care is in the patient's hands. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.2 Compare how hospital and hospice palliative care differ with respect to their effects on terminally ill persons. 1 19-1-12 504 Knowledge

Answer: Continual emphasis is placed on curative care. 13. Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about providing death with dignity to a dying patient? Death should be viewed as normal. The family should be involved in the patient's care as much as possible. Control over the patient's care should not be left in the hands of the patient. Medical care should be primarily palliative care rather than curative. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: Control over the patient's care should not be left in the hands of the patient. 14. The form of care for the terminally ill that focuses on relieving the patient's pain rather than curing their illness is called hospice care. palliative care. caregiver burden. transitional care. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.2 Compare how hospital and hospice palliative care differ with respect to their effects on terminally ill persons. 1 19-1-14 504 Knowledge

Answer: palliative care. 15. What would be the most likely age of a child who said, "My dog died, but she will feel better and come home tomorrow"? 11 years 7 years 5 years 9 years Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.3 Describe the characteristics of children’s and adolescents’ ideas about death. 2 19-1-15 506-507 Analysis

Answer: 5 years 16. Which of the following most accurately characterizes what a child younger than 5 years of age would understand or believe about death? Death is universal. Death is reversible. Death is permanent. Death is tragic. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.3 Describe the characteristics of children’s and adolescents’ ideas about death. 2 19-1-16 506 Comprehension

Answer: Death is reversible.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 17. Which of the following would NOT accurately describe how children see death? Death is reversible. Death is selective. Dead people can still fully function. Death is unavoidable. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.3 Describe the characteristics of children’s and adolescents’ ideas about death. 1 19-1-17 506-507 Knowledge

Answer: Death is unavoidable. 18. Which of the following is NOT true regarding children's understanding of death? A 5-year-old is not able to fully understand that death is permanent. A 6-year-old is able to understand that death is permanent, universal, and unavoidable. A 7-year-old is not able to understand that death can be a universal factor. A 9-year-old is able to understand that death is permanent and universal. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.3 Describe the characteristics of children’s and adolescents’ ideas about death. 2 19-1-18 506-507 Comprehension

Answer: A 6-year-old is able to understand that death is permanent, universal, and unavoidable. 19. Which of the following would NOT be an accurate statement about an adolescent's view of suicide? Death allows them a chance to "get even" with others. Death is final. The purpose of suicide is to escape from a stressful personal problem. Death is a pleasurable experience. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.3 Describe the characteristics of children’s and adolescents’ ideas about death. 1 19-1-19 507 Comprehension

Answer: Death allows them a chance to "get even" with others.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 20. How do adolescent suicide beliefs and behaviours compare with those of adults? Adults cognitively grasp the finality of suicide, adolescents do not. Adolescents are more likely to leave long explanatory suicide notes, adults frequently do not leave notes. Many teens believe death to be a pleasurable experience, adults believe death to be a painful experience. Despite understanding that death is final, both groups have viewed suicide as a temporary escape from a stressful personal problem. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.3 Describe the characteristics of children’s and adolescents’ ideas about death. 19.4 Describe how young, middle-aged, and older adults think about death. 2 19-1-20 507 Analysis

Answer: Many teens believe death to be a pleasurable experience, adults believe death to be a painful experience. 21. When young adults who die are elevated to saint or hero status, how do psychologists explain the phenomenon? adult manipulation of the circumstances to create a distraction and cushion the impact of loss a contagion of mass hysteria and projected grief young adults need to make these deaths "special" to preserve their own illusion of unique invulnerability media exploitation of vulnerability and emotion passing as news Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.3 Describe the characteristics of children’s and adolescents’ ideas about death. 19.4 Describe how young, middle-aged, and older adults think about death. 2 19-1-21 508 Comprehension

Answer: young adults need to make these deaths "special" to preserve their own illusion of unique invulnerability 22. Of the following factors, which is NOT considered a suicide risk associated with the adolescent phase of development? a belief that death is a temporary escape from a problem the inability to grasp the finality of death powerful emotions a belief that death can be a pleasurable experience Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.3 Describe the characteristics of children’s and adolescents’ ideas about death. 2 19-1-22 507 Analysis

Answer: the inability to grasp the finality of death

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 23. Which of the following is the best explanation for a young adult's belief that she is too lucky to die, even though she knows that death can happen to other people? unique invulnerability illusion of control denial egocentric thought Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.4 Describe how young, middle-aged, and older adults think about death. 2 19-1-23 507 Analysis

Answer: unique invulnerability 24. What is the most significant meaning of death for most adults? loss justice renewal punishment Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.4 Describe how young, middle-aged, and older adults think about death. 1 19-1-24 508 Knowledge

Answer: loss 25. What concerns exist for young adults who experience death through a sudden loss such as an accident, a murder, or a suicide? Their illusion of invulnerability is shattered, leading to higher risks of depression. Their illusion of invulnerability is shattered, leading to higher risks of post-traumatic stress disorder. Their illusion of invulnerability is shattered, leading to higher risks of panic and anxiety attacks. Their illusion of invulnerability is shattered, leading to higher risks of suicidal thoughts. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.4 Describe how young, middle-aged, and older adults think about death. 2 19-1-25 507 Analysis

Answer: Their illusion of invulnerability is shattered, leading to higher risks of suicidal thoughts. 26. Researchers confirm that middle-aged and older adults who continue to be preoccupied with ____________________ are more likely to be fearful and anxious about death. the past the future their children their spouse

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.4 Describe how young, middle-aged, and older adults think about death. 19.5 Identify what factors are related to fear of death in adults. 2 19-1-26 508 Knowledge

Answer: the past 27. What aspects of death are older adults most likely to fear? their afterlife experience that important issues will be unresolved or projects will not be completed loss of their roles and relationships the uncertainty before death, such as where they will die and who will care for them Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.5 Identify what factors are related to fear of death in adults. 19.6 Describe how adults prepare for death. 1 19-1-27 510 Comprehension

Answer: the uncertainty before death, such as where they will die and who will care for them 28. Which of the following are Kübler-Ross's stages of dying? anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance bargaining, denial, acceptance, depression, anger denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance denial, fighting spirit, stoic acceptance, depression, acceptance Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.7 Summarize how Kübler-Ross explained the process of dying. 1 19-1-28 512-513 Comprehension

Answer: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance 29. Which of the following is a stage in Elizabeth Kübler-Ross's model of the psychological preparations for death? stoic acceptance rebellion anger pleading Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.7 Summarize how Kübler-Ross explained the process of dying. 1 19-1-29 513 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: anger 30. A dying person who -keeps yelling loudly and aggressively "Why me? This isn't fair!" is in the ________ stage of psychological preparation for death, according to Elizabeth Kübler-Ross. anger depression denial rejection Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.7 Summarize how Kübler-Ross explained the process of dying. 2 19-1-30 513 Application

Answer: anger 31. Mr. O'Handley has been told that he has a fatal form of cancer and that he has approximately a month to live. He insists that there has been a mistake and that "the incompetent idiots" at the laboratory have confused his test results with someone else's. According to Elizabeth KüblerRoss, Mr. O'Handley is most likely in the ________ stage of dying. rejection anger denial ego dissonance Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.7 Summarize how Kübler-Ross explained the process of dying. 2 19-1-31 512 Application

Answer: denial 32. An individual who says, "I will donate a large sum of money to cancer research if I can just live long enough to see my grandchild born" is most likely in the ________ stage of dying, according to Elizabeth Kübler-Ross. bargaining accommodation denial acceptance Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.7 Summarize how Kübler-Ross explained the process of dying. 2 19-1-32 513 Application

Answer: bargaining

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 33. An individual who has recently learned that he is terminally ill begins to lash out at his family and at the medical personnel involved in his care. According to Elizabeth Kübler-Ross's model of the psychological preparations for death, what might explain this behaviour? cognitive changes brought on by the stress of the situation a wish to punish others and make them feel pain too interactions between medications a loss of control and sense of helplessness Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.7 Summarize how Kübler-Ross explained the process of dying. 3 19-1-33 513 Comprehension

Answer: a loss of control and sense of helplessness 34. An individual who says, "I'm looking forward to seeing my loved ones in heaven" is most likely in the ________ stage of dying, according to Elizabeth Kübler-Ross. terminal accommodation stoic acceptance Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.7 Summarize how Kübler-Ross explained the process of dying. 2 19-1-34 513 Application

Answer: acceptance 35. In Elizabeth Kübler-Ross's model of the psychological preparations for death, what is the purpose of reactions such as denial or bargaining? These responses are defence mechanisms that aid the person cope with the reality of impending death. These reactions are barriers to intrusive social support. These reactions can be a source of energy or fighting spirit. These responses are a person's private mourning rituals. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.7 Summarize how Kübler-Ross explained the process of dying. 3 19-1-35 512-513 Comprehension

Answer: These responses are defence mechanisms that aid the person cope with the reality of impending death.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 36. What is thanatology? the religious view that death is a transitional state the belief in life after death the study of brain function during death the scientific study of death and dying Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.8 Identify some other views of the process of dying. 1 19-1-36 513 Knowledge

Answer: the scientific study of death and dying 37. Which of the following is NOT a task that Charles Corr suggests a dying person should accomplish? sustain and enhance significant interpersonal attachments use spiritual energy to foster hope satisfy bodily needs and minimize physical stress prepare a will and "letters of goodbye" Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.8 Identify some other views of the process of dying. 2 19-1-37 514 Knowledge

Answer: prepare a will and "letters of goodbye" 38. According to Stephen Greer et al., when one responds to impending death by acknowledging the diagnosis without seeking further help and carries on normal life as much as possible, this is called denial. fighting spirit. stoic acceptance. depression. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.9 Describe how people vary in the ways they adapt to impending death. 2 19-1-38 514 Comprehension

Answer: stoic acceptance. 39. Which person would be more at risk for developing prolonged grief or long-term grief-related problems? 65-year-old Mrs. Carter, whose husband died 8-year-old Billy, who knew his dog was ill and in danger of dying 16-year-old Susan, whose mother died 45-year-old Mr. Perez, whose mother died of breast cancer Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 12

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.11 Identify what factors influence the grieving process. 19.12 Describe how grief affects the physical and mental health of widows and widowers. 2 19-1-39 518 Analysis

Answer: 16-year-old Susan, whose mother died 40. Which of the following circumstances of death would be likely to elicit the most intense grief responses, possibly including post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms? an elderly parent dies in her sleep a 28-year-old woman is murdered a child dies after being terminally ill for many months a 55-year-old man dies following his third heart attack Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.10 Describe how funerals and ceremonies help survivors cope with grief. 19.11 Identify what factors influence the grieving process. 19.12 Describe how grief affects the physical and mental health of widows and widowers. 2 19-1-40 518 Comprehension

Answer: a 28-year-old woman is murdered 41. As a general rule, the most difficult death to recover from is that of a sibling. spouse. parent. child. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.11 Identify what factors influence the grieving process. 19.12 Describe how grief affects the physical and mental health of widows and widowers. 1 19-1-41 518 Knowledge

Answer: spouse. 42. Researchers have determined that widowhood appears to have both immediate and long-term effects on which dimension of physical health? hormone production of the endocrine system the cardiovascular system the immune system sensory perception Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: the immune system 43. Which of the following represents the most typical effect(s) that occur as result of widowhood? increased incidence of cardiovascular disease and substance abuse disorder increased mortality increased likelihood of suicide negative impact upon immune system functioning and increased incidence of depression Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.12 Describe how grief affects the physical and mental health of widows and widowers. 1 19-1-43 519 Comprehension

Answer: negative impact upon immune system functioning and increased incidence of depression 44. Which of the following is a condition that can occur if a grieving individual experiences depressionlike symptoms, such as loss of appetite, for more than two months following the loss of a loved one? prolonged grief disorder complex grief post-traumatic stress disorder obsessive-compulsive grief Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.12 Describe how grief affects the physical and mental health of widows and widowers. 2 19-1-44 520-521 Knowledge

Answer: prolonged grief disorder 45. An important factor to consider in assessing prolonged grief is the gender of the person who is grieving. the person's cultural rules and practices related to grief. the absence of grief symptoms. the age of the person who is grieving. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.12 Describe how grief affects the physical and mental health of widows and widowers. 1 19-1-45 520-521 Knowledge

Answer: the person's cultural rules and practices related to grief.

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 46. Older adults who enter widowhood with a history of ____________ or poor health are more likely to experience depression after the death of their spouse. depression anxiety self-fulfillment transpondence Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.12 Describe how grief affects the physical and mental health of widows and widowers. 2 19-1-46 520 Knowledge

Answer: depression 47. Which of the following is a recommended strategy for managing grief and preventing grief-related depression? grief support group regular exercise take a vacation get back to work as quickly as possible Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.12 Describe how grief affects the physical and mental health of widows and widowers. 1 19-1-47 521 Knowledge

Answer: grief support group 48. What are the two forms of assisted dying identified by medical ethicists? physician assisted and self-administered legal and illegal assisted and withholding active and passive Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.12 Describe how grief affects the physical and mental health of widows and widowers. 1 19-1-48 523 Knowledge

Answer: active and passive 49. What form of assisted dying occurs when a physician administers a lethal dose of morphine in compliance with a dying individual's request to end her pain and suffering? palliative passive active legal

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.12 Describe how grief affects the physical and mental health of widows and widowers. 2 19-1-49 523 Analysis

Answer: active 50. Mrs. Schaan had been resuscitated several times after respiratory failure, and she requested that she not be resuscitated the next time she collapsed. Her wishes were respected by her physician. What form of assisted dying occurred in this situation? self-directed advanced directive active passive Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.12 Describe how grief affects the physical and mental health of widows and widowers. 2 19-1-50 523 Analysis

Answer: passive 51. Mr. Chiovetti has made a formal statement requesting that life-support systems or resuscitation techniques not be used in case of his clinical death. Mr. Chiovettil has made a do-not -resuscitate request treatment-refusal declaration living will end-of-life decree Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.12 Describe how grief affects the physical and mental health of widows and widowers. 1 19-1-51 523 Comprehension

52. _____________ populations have unique cultural and spiritual end-of-life needs, compounded by socioeconomic constraints and a lack of equipment and services. European Indigenous Canadian Saskatchewan Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.2 Compare how hospital and hospice palliative care differ with respect to their effects on terminally ill persons. 1 19-1-52 523 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 53. The Canadian Society of Palliative Care Physicians estimates that integrating palliative care into existing health care systems would provide about 30% in savings in direct health care costs. 75 61 30 13 Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.2 Compare how hospital and hospice palliative care differ with respect to their effects on terminally ill persons. 1 19-1-53 523 Knowledge

Answer: 30 54. Adults who feel that they have achieved the goals they set out to achieve, or who believe that they have become the persons they wanted to be, a concept called ____________ are less anxious about death than are those who are disappointed in themselves. personal worth death preparation spirit transition culture Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.5 Identify what factors are related to fear of death in adults. 1 19-1-54 523 Knowledge

Answer: personal worth 55. In many Canadian Indigenous cultures, death is to be faced and accepted with _____________. elation hatred anger composure Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.5 Identify what factors are related to fear of death in adults. 1 19-1-55 523 Knowledge

Answer: composure 56. All of the following are listed in a table in your book as sources of fear of aspects of death except the finality of death. annihilation anxiety. fear of the pain and loneliness in dying. fear of having accomplished too much of life’s work. Copyright © 2021 Pearson Canada Inc. 17

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.5 Identify what factors are related to fear of death in adults. 1 19-1-56 523 Knowledge

Answer: fear of having accomplished too much of life’s work. 57. ____________________ specify/specifies who can make decisions for an individual in the event that he or she becomes unable to do so. Terminal decline Health care power of attorney Funerals and ceremonies The grieving process Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.6 Describe how adults prepare for death. 1 19-1-57 523 Knowledge

Answer: Health care power of attorney 58. Personality changes are evident in those nearer to death. Along with the continuous declines in _________ and openness throughout adulthood, increasing ________________ and declining conscientiousness may signal that an older senior is in terminal decline. happiness; introversion elation; sadness extroversion; neuroticism agreeableness; extroversion Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.6 Describe how adults prepare for death. 1 19-1-58 523 Knowledge

Answer: 59. An individual’s decline in mental functioning accelerates a few years immediately preceding death. This is called __________________. acceleration neuroticism terminal decline commencement

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.6 Describe how adults prepare for death. 1 19-1-59 523 Knowledge

Answer: terminal decline 60. British psychiatrist Steven Greer and his colleagues followed 62 women diagnosed with early stages of breast cancer in the 1970s. Three months after her original diagnosis, each woman was interviewed at some length, and her reaction to the diagnosis and her treatment was classed in one of five groups. Which of the following is not one of those groups? Denial (positive avoidance) Fighting spirit Anxious helpfulness Stoic acceptance (fatalism) Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.9 Describe how people vary in the ways they adapt to impending death. 1 19-1-60 523 Knowledge

Answer: Anxious helpfulness 61. MAID stands for miraculous AIDS intervention marvelous anti-independent dying more analysis of intravenous drugs for the dying medical assistance in dying Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.12 Describe how grief affects the physical and mental health of widows and widowers. 1 19-1-61 523 Knowledge

Answer: medical assistance in dying 62. Brain death most often occurs after a period of _________ minutes of clinical death. 8 to 10 15 to 25 1 to 2 12 to 30

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.1 Differentiate among the processes of clinical death, brain death, and social death. 1 19-1-62 523 Knowledge

Answer: 8 to 10 63. Almost __________ of Canadians die in hospitals rather than at home or in long-term care facilities. one-quarter five-sixths two-thirds one-half Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.2 Compare how hospital and hospice palliative care differ with respect to their effects on terminally ill persons. 1 19-1-63 523 Knowledge

Answer: two-thirds 64. The modern-day hospice care movement emerged in England in the late 1960s and in Canada in the mid-___________. 1990s 1970s 1920s 1950s Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.2 Compare how hospital and hospice palliative care differ with respect to their effects on terminally ill persons. 1 19-1-64 523 Knowledge

Answer: 1970s 65. A holistic approach to caring for the dying that embraces individual and family control of the process is referred to as _______________ care. hospice hospital hoarder hospitality Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.2 Compare how hospital and hospice palliative care differ with respect to their effects on terminally ill persons. 1 19-1-65 523 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: hospice 66. Therapies intended to modify disease are also called ________________ care. curative ceremonial bohemian palliative Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.2 Compare how hospital and hospice palliative care differ with respect to their effects on terminally ill persons. 1 19-1-66 523 Knowledge

Answer: curative 67. The belief that bad things, including death, happen only to others, is called denial The Tragically Hip unique invulnerability critical thinking Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.4 Describe how young, middle-aged, and older adults think about death. 1 19-1-67 523 Knowledge

Answer: unique invulnerability Answer: living will

Chapter 19 True-False Questions 1. A person is legally dead if they are clinically dead. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.1 Differentiate among the processes of clinical death, brain death, and social death. 3 19-2-01 502-503 Knowledge

Answer: b. False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 2. The period during which vital signs are absent but resuscitation is still possible is called clinical death. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.1 Differentiate among the processes of clinical death, brain death, and social death. 1 19-2-02 502 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 3. When a deceased person is treated like a corpse, this is referred to as brain death. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.1 Differentiate among the processes of clinical death, brain death, and social death. 1 19-2-03 502-503 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 4. Resuscitation from clinical death is possible. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.1 Differentiate among the processes of clinical death, brain death, and social death. 1 19-2-04 502 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 5. Hospice care emphasizes palliative care rather than curative efforts. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.2 Compare how hospital and hospice palliative care differ with respect to their effects on terminally ill persons. 2 19-2-05 503 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 6. Hospice care involves focusing on relieving the patient's pain rather than curing the disease. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.2 Compare how hospital and hospice palliative care differ with respect to their effects on terminally ill persons. 1 19-2-06 503 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 7. Caring for someone with dementia is physically demanding, but there are no known psychological burdens proven in research. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.2 Compare how hospital and hospice palliative care differ with respect to their effects on terminally ill persons. 1 19-2-07 505 Comprehension

Answer: b. False 8. In 2002, a Canadian website called Canadian Virtual Hospice was created to provide support for hospice care providers. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.2 Compare how hospital and hospice palliative care differ with respect to their effects on terminally ill persons. 1 19-2-08 506 Comprehension

Answer: a. True 9. A 7-year-old child is not able to fully understand the permanence of death. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.3 Describe the characteristics of children’s and adolescents’ ideas about death. 1 19-2-09 506 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 10. Teenagers may engage in dangerous behaviours because they don't think death will happen to them. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.3 Describe the characteristics of children’s and adolescents’ ideas about death. 2 19-2-10 507 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 11. A young adult who knew he was dying would most likely use the remaining time to complete unfinished projects and tie up loose ends. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.4 Describe how young, middle-aged, and older adults think about death. 1 19-2-11 507-508 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 12. Older adults are more fearful of death than people of any age group. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.4 Describe how young, middle-aged, and older adults think about death. 1 19-2-12 509 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 13. Those who are religious and attend church are more afraid of death. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.5 Identify what factors are related to fear of death in adults. 1 19-2-13 510 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 14. Older adults tend to be more anxious about the process of dying rather than of death itself. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.4 Describe how young, middle-aged, and older adults think about death. 1 19-2-14 508 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 15. In Elizabeth Kübler-Ross's model of the psychological stages of dying, denial and bargaining are defence mechanisms that help moderate the reality of impending death. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.7 Summarize how Kübler-Ross explained the process of dying. 3 19-2-15 512-513 Analysis

Answer: a. True 16. "Not me!" and "It must be a mistake!" are examples of Kübler-Ross's bargaining stage of dying. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.7 Summarize how Kübler-Ross explained the process of dying. 1 19-2-16 512 Analysis

Answer: b. False 17. Studies suggest that immune system functioning might be compromised when patients respond to diagnoses of fatal illnesses with stoic acceptance or helplessness. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.9 Describe how people vary in the ways they adapt to impending death. 2 19-2-17 514 Comprehension

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 18. A widow whose husband died suddenly is more likely to become depressed than a widow whose husband died after a long illness. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.12 Describe how grief affects the physical and mental health of widows and widowers. 2 19-2-18 518 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 19. In the year following bereavement, the incidence of mortality among widows and widowers rises significantly. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.12 Describe how grief affects the physical and mental health of widows and widowers. 1 19-2-19 519 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 20. In the months immediately after the death of a spouse, men are more likely to die from natural causes or suicide than women are. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.12 Describe how grief affects the physical and mental health of widows and widowers. 1 19-2-20 518 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 21. The normal range emotional response to a death is called prolonged grief. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.11 Identify what factors influence the grieving process. 1 19-2-21 520 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 22. A living will that asks a physician not to use life-support systems or resuscitation techniques is essentially asking the physician to participate in passive assisted dying. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.12 Describe how grief affects the physical and mental health of widows and widowers. 2 19-2-22 523 Analysis

Answer: a. True 23. As of June 2016, the active forms of assisted dying are legal in Canada using procedural guidelines for eligible adults (i.e., those who are 18 years and older, mentally competent, and have a “grievous and irremediable” medical condition for whom death is “reasonably foreseeable”). a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.12 Describe how grief affects the physical and mental health of widows and widowers. 1 19-2-23 523 Knowledge

Answer: b. True 24. Sudden loss of a loved one frequently leads to suicidal thoughts in young adults. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.4 Describe how young, middle-aged, and older adults think about death. 2 19-2-24 507 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 25. Middle-aged and older adults who continue to be preoccupied with the past are more likely to be fearful and anxious about death. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.4 Describe how young, middle-aged, and older adults think about death. 1 19-2-25 508 Knowledge

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True 26. More adolescents believe in life after death than older adults. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.3 Describe the characteristics of children’s and adolescents’ ideas about death. 1 19-2-26 510 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 27. Jewish scriptures, the Christian Bible, and the Muslim Quran each teach believers that death comes when one's purpose in life has been fulfilled. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.5 Identify what factors are related to fear of death in adults. 1 19-2-27 511 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 28. Reminiscence helps adults prepare for death. a b

True False

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.6 Describe how adults prepare for death. 1 19-2-28 511 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 29. When considering Kübler-Ross's theory of dying, researchers could verify depression as a common stage among the dying but not the other four stages. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Answer: a. True 30. Shneidman agrees with Kübler-Ross's stages of death but suggests that the stages can appear, disappear, and reappear in any one patient in the process of dealing with death. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.7 Summarize how Kübler-Ross explained the process of dying. 1 19-2-30 513-514 Knowledge

Answer: b. False 31. Research has produced a growing body of evidence suggesting that suffering can be lessened and survival can be prolonged through psychological interventions. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.9 Describe how people vary in the ways they adapt to impending death. 1 19-2-31 515 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 32. Funerals, wakes, and other death rituals help family members and friends manage their grief by giving them a specific set of roles to play. a True b False Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.10 Describe how funerals and ceremonies help survivors cope with grief. 1 19-2-32 517 Knowledge

Answer: a. True 33. Children do not express feelings of grief in the same way that teens and adults do. a b

True False

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.3 Describe the characteristics of children’s and adolescents’ ideas about death. 19.4 Describe how young, middle-aged, and older adults think about death. 19.11 Identify what factors influence the grieving process. 1 19-2-33 517 Knowledge

Answer: b. False

Chapter 19 Short Answer Questions 1. Differentiate between brain death and clinical death. In which circumstance does organ donation occur? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.1 Differentiate among the processes of clinical death, brain death, and social death. 1 19-3-01 502-503 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 2. What are the essential differences between traditional hospital care and hospice care? Which do you feel is better and why? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.2 Compare how hospital and hospice palliative care differ with respect to their effects on terminally ill persons. 2 19-3-02 503–504 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 3. Explain how an understanding of the meaning of death develops through the lifespan. What characteristics typify the meaning of death at each stage of the lifespan from childhood to adulthood? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.3 Describe the characteristics of children’s and adolescents’ ideas about death. 19.4 Describe how young, middle-aged, and older adults think about death. 3 19-3-03 506–509 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition 4. Discuss the role that religion can play with respect to people's attitudes towards death.

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.5 Identify what factors are related to fear of death in adults. 2 19-3-04 510–511 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 5. What is prolonged grief? How does culture influence the expression of grief? How can long-term problems with grief be prevented? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.6 Describe how adults prepare for death. 2 19-3-05 520–521 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 6. Differentiate between active and passive assisted dying. What are the key issues in the assisted dying debate? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.12 Describe how grief affects the physical and mental health of widows and widowers. 2 19-3-06 523 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 7. What is a living will? Who should have a living will?

Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.12 Describe how grief affects the physical and mental health of widows and widowers. 2 19-3-07 523 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 8. What criticisms have been levelled against Kübler-Ross's theory of death and dying? What alternative views do Shneidman and Corr offer?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.7 Summarize how Kübler-Ross explained the process of dying. 19.8 Identify some other views of the process of dying. 3 19-3-08 513–514 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 9. Discuss Steven Greer's research on responses to impending death. What are the inferences about the influence of attitudes and behavioural choices on terminal disease? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.9 Describe how people vary in the ways they adapt to impending death. 3 19-3-09 514–515 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 10. Discuss the research findings of Alistair Cunningham and his colleagues regarding the involvement of terminally ill patients in psychological self-help services. What were the benefits, if any? What are the implications? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.9 Describe how people vary in the ways they adapt to impending death. 3 19-3-10 557–559 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 11. Describe how people vary in the ways they adapt to impending death.

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19.6 Describe how adults prepare for death. 2 19-3-11 514–515 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Chapter 19 Essay Questions 1. Discuss the basic philosophy and characteristics of hospice care. Briefly compare how traditional hospital care and hospice care compare in terms of the patients' and caregivers' experiences. Which approach to the care of a terminally ill person do you think is preferable and why? Also, discuss the issues and benefits of hospice palliative care specifically for Indigenous people in Canada including access challenges for Indigenous peoples. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.2 Compare how hospital and hospice palliative care differ with respect to their effects on terminally ill persons. 2 19-4-01 503–505 Analysis

Answer: Answers will vary 2. Summarize and give examples to illustrate the stages of Elizabeth Kübler-Ross's model for the psychological stages of dying. Summarize the criticisms of this model. How has Kübler-Ross's model been helpful to those who work with terminally ill people? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.7 Summarize how Kübler-Ross explained the process of dying. 2 19-4-02 512–513 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 3. How does the experience of widowhood affect the survivors' physical and mental health? Compare women's and men's experiences of widowhood. How does culture affect the experience of widowhood? Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.12 Describe how grief affects the physical and mental health of widows and widowers. 2 19-4-03 519-521 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 4. Discuss the process of grieving as it pertains to the needs and responses of differing developmental stages from childhood through to older adulthood. How does mode of death impact grieving? What role do grief rituals play? How can prolonged grief be identified and treated?

Lifespan Development, 7th Canadian Edition Learning Objective:

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19.3 Describe the characteristics of children’s and adolescents’ ideas about death. 19.4 Describe how young, middle-aged, and older adults think about death. 19.10 Describe how funerals and ceremonies help survivors cope with grief. 19.11 Identify what factors influence the grieving process. 19.12 Describe how grief affects the physical and mental health of widows and widowers. 3 19-4-04 517–519 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary 5. Identify what factors are related to fear of death in adults and discuss your response in the context of how young, middle-aged, and older adults think about death, including specifics regarding Indigenous people in Canada. Learning Objective: Difficulty: QuestionID: Page-Reference: Skill:

19.3 Describe the characteristics of children’s and adolescents’ ideas about death. 19.4 Describe how young, middle-aged, and older adults think about death. 19.5 Identify what factors are related to fear of death in adults. 3 19-4-05 507–511 Comprehension

Answer: Answers will vary