Test Bank for Psychology An Exploration 5th Edition by Saundra K. Ciccarelli; J. Noland White by ACADEMIAMILL

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Appendix A: Statistics in Psychology MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What is the branch of mathematics that is concerned with the collection and interpretation of data from samples? a) sampling Incorrect. Sampling is selecting a representative group from a population. b) statistics Correct. Statistics concern collection and interpretation of numerical data from samples. c) psychometrics Incorrect. Psychometrics is the study of assessment and measurement instruments. d) frequencies Incorrect. Frequencies refer to how often a data point occurs in a sample. Answer: b Learning Objective: A.1 Explain why statistics are important to psychologists and psychology majors. Topic: A.1 What Are Statistics? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2. __________ are used by psychologists to analyze data to answer questions from their research. a) Variables Incorrect. Variables are manipulated or measured in research. b) Operations Incorrect. Statistics are used to analyze data in a study. c) Statistics Correct. Statistics are used to analyze data in a study. d) Inferences Incorrect. Statistics are used to analyze data in a study. Answer: c Learning Objective: A.1 Explain why statistics are important to psychologists and psychology majors. Topic: A.1 What Are Statistics? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 3. From the population of college students at your university, you randomly select 40 people to participate in your research study. This is your __________ for your research. a) sample Correct. A sample is a small number of people taken from a larger population for a study. b) group Incorrect. A sample is generally divided into groups in a study. c) population Incorrect. The population is the large group of individuals you hope to generalize to for your research. d) variable Incorrect. A sample is a small number of people taken from a larger population. Answer: a Learning Objective: A.1 Explain why statistics are important to psychologists and psychology majors. Topic: A.1 What Are Statistics? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 4. __________ allow psychologists to summarize information from a study or experiment and make judgments and decisions about data. a) Samples Incorrect. A sample is a group selected from a population to use in a research study. b) Statistics Correct. Statistics help psychologists summarize data and make decisions about data. c) Variables Incorrect. Variables are manipulated during an experiment, but statistics help psychologists make decisions about data. d) Deviations Incorrect. A deviation measures how spread out data is, but statistics help psychologists make decisions about data. Answer: b Learning Objective: A.1 Explain why statistics are important to psychologists and psychology majors. Topic: A.1 What Are Statistics? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 5. Which of the following is NOT a correct statement regarding statistics? a) It is a way of trying to account for errors that exist in almost any body of data. Incorrect. This is actually an accurate statement about statistics. b) It allows us to make judgments and decisions about data. Incorrect. This is actually an accurate statement about statistics. c) It allows you to summarize the information from a study or experiment. Incorrect. This is an accurate statement about statistics. d) Knowledge of statistics cannot assist you in securing a job in the future. Correct. Statistics can actually help you secure a job. Answer: d Learning Objective: A.1 Explain why statistics are important to psychologists and psychology majors. Topic: A.1 What Are Statistics? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 6. __________ statistics are a way of organizing numbers and summarizing them so that patterns can be determined. a) Variable Incorrect. While variables are part of statistics, descriptive statistics help organize and summarize numbers. b) Tendency Incorrect. Descriptive statistics organize and summarize data. c) Descriptive Correct. Descriptive statistics organize and summarize data. d) Experimental Incorrect. Descriptive statistics organize and summarize data. Answer: c Learning Objective: None Topic: A.2–A.4 Descriptive Statistics Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 7. Claudia has gathered some data and is interested in determining how spread out all of the scores are that she gathered for each of her groups. Claudia will want to use a measure of __________ to find her answer. a) central tendency Incorrect. The central tendency is the mean, median, and mode. It does not measure variability. b) frequency 2 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. Frequency reports how often a data point is represented in data; variability determines how spread apart data point are. c) variability Correct. Variability is the measure of how spread apart data scores are. d) regularity Incorrect. Variability is the measure of how spread apart data scores are. Answer: c Learning Objective: None Topic: A.2–A.4 Descriptive Statistics Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 8. When you want to find one score that seems typical of your sample, it would be best to find a __________. a) range Incorrect. Range is a measure of the spread of data points. b) measure of central tendency Correct. A measure of central tendency will give you a good measure typical of your sample. c) measure of variability Incorrect. The best way to find a score that is typical of your data is to use a measure of central tendency. d) distribution Incorrect. A measure of central tendency will be the best representation of your data. Answer: b Learning Objective: None Topic: A.2–A.4 Descriptive Statistics Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 9. A __________ is a table or graph that shows how often different numbers, or scores, appear in a particular set of scores. a) normal curve Incorrect. A frequency distribution is a table or graph that shows how often different numbers, or scores, appear in a particular set of scores. b) frequency distribution Correct. A frequency distribution is a table or graph that shows how often different numbers, or scores, appear in a particular set of scores. c) skewed distribution Incorrect. A skewed distribution is a subtype of a frequency distribution, which is the correct answer. d) bimodal distribution Incorrect. A bimodal distribution is a subtype of a frequency distribution, which is the correct answer. Answer: b Learning Objective: A.2 Describe the types of tables and graphs that represent patterns of data. Topic: A.2 Frequency Distributions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 10. A polygon is to a __________ as a histogram is to a __________. a) pie; normal distribution Incorrect. A polygon is a line graph, whereas a histogram is a bar graph. b) bar; normal distribution Incorrect. A polygon is a line graph, whereas a histogram is a bar graph. c) line; bar Correct. A polygon is a line graph, whereas a histogram is a bar graph. 3 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) bar; pie Incorrect. A polygon is a line graph, whereas a histogram is a bar graph. Answer: c Learning Objective: A.2 Describe the types of tables and graphs that represent patterns of data. Topic: A.2 Frequency Distributions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 11. A frequency polygon in which the scores are symmetrically distributed around the mean, and the mean, median, and mode are all located on the same point on the curve is called a __________. a) skewed distribution Incorrect. A skewed distribution is not symmetrical. b) bimodal distribution Incorrect. A normal curve represents a symmetrical distribution. c) normal curve Correct. The normal curve is a symmetrical distribution with equivalent placement of the mean, median, and mode. d) histogram distribution Incorrect. A normal curve represents a symmetrical distribution. Answer: c Learning Objective: A.2 Describe the types of tables and graphs that represent patterns of data. Topic: A.2 Frequency Distributions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 12. A frequency distribution in which most of the scores fall to one side or the other of the distribution is known as a __________ distribution. a) bimodal Incorrect. A bimodal distribution is a frequency distribution where there are two high points rather than one. b) skewed Correct. A skewed distribution is a distribution in which most of the scores fall to one side or the other of the distribution. c) normal Incorrect. A normal curve is a symmetrical distribution around the mean, median, and mode. d) frequency Incorrect. A skewed distribution is a distribution in which most of the scores fall to one side or the other of the distribution. Answer: b Learning Objective: A.2 Describe the types of tables and graphs that represent patterns of data. Topic: A.2 Frequency Distributions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 13. A positively skewed distribution has its peak to the __________ end of the distribution, whereas a negatively skewed distribution has its peak to the _________ end of the distribution. a) right; left Incorrect. A positively skewed distribution has its peak to the low end of the distribution, whereas a negatively skewed distribution has its peak to the high end of the distribution. b) high; low Incorrect. A positively skewed distribution has its peak to the low end of the distribution, whereas a negatively skewed distribution has its peak to the high end of the distribution. c) low; high 4 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. A positively skewed distribution has its peak to the low end of the distribution, whereas a negatively skewed distribution has its peak to the high end of the distribution. d) right; high Incorrect. A positively skewed distribution has its peak to the low end of the distribution, whereas a negatively skewed distribution has its peak to the high end of the distribution. Answer: c Learning Objective: A.2 Describe the types of tables and graphs that represent patterns of data. Topic: A.2 Frequency Distributions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 14. A frequency distribution that has two high points rather than one is known as a __________. a) histogram Incorrect. A histogram is a bar graph showing a frequency distribution. b) bimodal distribution Correct. The bimodal distribution has two high points rather than one. c) normal distribution Incorrect. A normal distribution is shaped like a bell with scores symmetrically distributed around the mean, median, and mode. d) skewed distribution Incorrect. A skewed distribution is one where most of the scores fall to one side or the other of the distribution. Answer: b Learning Objective: A.2 Describe the types of tables and graphs that represent patterns of data. Topic: A.2 Frequency Distributions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 15. Sheila wants to figure out her average score on her exams for class. She has scored a 10, 9, 10, 7, and 4. What is her average score on her exams? a) 6 Incorrect. The average of these scores is 8. b) 7 Incorrect. The average of these scores is 8. c) 8 Correct. The average of these scores is 8. d) 9 Incorrect. The average of these scores is 8. Answer: c Learning Objective: A.3 Identify three measures of central tendency and explain how they are impacted by the shape of the distribution. Topic: A.3 Measures of Central Tendency Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 16. Paul measured his variable and found a very high score. As he took additional measures of his variable, they had a tendency to move closer and closer to the mean measurement of his data. Paul experienced a phenomenon known as __________ to the mean. a) regression Correct. Regression to the mean is the tendency for measurements of a variable to even out over the course of measurements. b) cycling 5 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. Regression to the mean is the tendency for measurements of a variable to even out over the course of measurements. c) averaging Incorrect. Regression to the mean is the tendency for measurements of a variable to even out over the course of measurements. d) revolving Incorrect. Regression to the mean is the tendency for measurements of a variable to even out over the course of measurements. Answer: a Learning Objective: A.3 Identify three measures of central tendency and explain how they are impacted by the shape of the distribution. Topic: A.3 Measures of Central Tendency Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 17. Of the following scores, which is the median ? 100, 50, 76, 33, 33, 57, 49 a) 33 Incorrect. The median is the central most score in the distribution. b) 45 Incorrect. The median is the central most score in the distribution. c) 50 Correct. The median is the central most score in the distribution. d) 57 Incorrect. The median is the central most score in the distribution. Answer: c Learning Objective: A.3 Identify three measures of central tendency and explain how they are impacted by the shape of the distribution. Topic: A.3 Measures of Central Tendency Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 18. In a skewed distribution, the mode is represented by the __________. a) lowest score of the tail of the distribution Incorrect. The mode would be the score at the peak of the distribution. b) score halfway to the peak of the curve Incorrect. The mode would be the score at the peak of the distribution. c) last score on the tail of the distribution Incorrect. The mode would be the score at the peak of the distribution. d) score at the peak of the distribution Correct. The mode is the peak of the distribution. Answer: d Learning Objective: A.3 Identify three measures of central tendency and explain how they are impacted by the shape of the distribution. Topic: A.3 Measures of Central Tendency Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 19. In the following group of scores, which one represents the mode? 11, 15, 20, 11, 23, 5, 33, 11 a) 5 Incorrect. The mode is the most frequent score. 6 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) 11 Correct. The mode is the most frequent score. c) 15 Incorrect. The mode is the most frequent score. d) 33 Incorrect. The mode is the most frequent score. Answer: b Learning Objective: A.3 Identify three measures of central tendency and explain how they are impacted by the shape of the distribution. Topic: A.3 Measures of Central Tendency Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 20. In a skewed distribution, what is the best measure of central tendency to report? a) median Correct. In a skewed distribution, the median is the least impacted. b) mean Incorrect. In a skewed distribution, the mean is significantly altered. c) mode Incorrect. In a skewed distribution, the median is the least impacted. d) range Incorrect. The range is not a measure of central tendency. Answer: a Learning Objective: A.3 Identify three measures of central tendency and explain how they are impacted by the shape of the distribution. Topic: A.3 Measures of Central Tendency Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 21. The square root of the average squared difference from the mean of scores in a distribution is known as the __________. a) range Incorrect. This is the definition of the standard deviation. b) standard deviation Correct. This is an accurate definition of the standard deviation. c) z score Incorrect. This is the definition of the standard deviation. d) median Incorrect. This is the definition of the standard deviation. Answer: b Learning Objective: A.4 Identify the types of statistics used to examine variations in data. Topic: A.4 Measures of Variability Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 22. The larger the number representing the standard deviation, the __________ in the data. a) less variability Incorrect. Less variability is represented by a smaller number. b) more variability Correct. More variability is represented by a larger number. c) lower the range Incorrect. Larger numbers represent more variability. 7 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) smaller the spread Incorrect. Larger numbers represent more variability. Answer: b Learning Objective: A.4 Identify the types of statistics used to examine variations in data. Topic: A.4 Measures of Variability Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 23. Dr. Kovoc wants to know how many standard deviations from the mean the score of one of his participants falls. He would find that information by finding a __________. a) mode Incorrect. The mode is a measure of central tendency, not variability. b) z score Correct. The z score would give him information about how many standard deviations from the mean a score will fall. c) median Incorrect. The median is a measure of central tendency, not variability. d) frequency range Incorrect. The z score would give him this information. Answer: b Learning Objective: A.4 Identify the types of statistics used to examine variations in data. Topic: A.4 Measures of Variability Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 24. Kynesha runs an experiment to see if caffeine affects steadiness. To determine if steadiness is significantly affected in her caffeinated group, Kynesha will need to use __________. a) frequency distribution Incorrect. A frequency distribution only describes data. b) descriptive statistics Incorrect. Descriptive statistics does not allow you to draw inferences about your data. c) inferential statistics Correct. Inferential statistics will allow her to determine if the groups are different. d) z scores Incorrect. She will need to use inferential statistics to determine if there are differences between her groups. Answer: c Learning Objective: A.5 Describe how inferential statistics can be used to determine if differences in sets of data are large enough to be due to something other than chance variation. Topic: A.5 Looking at Differences: Statistical Significance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 25. Geraldo runs an experiment comparing the effects of alcohol on reaction time. His group of participants that are given alcohol perform the task on average in 15 seconds, while the no alcohol group completes the task in 5 seconds. When he subjects his data to inferential statistics, he discovers that the difference between the two groups is larger than chance variation would predict. Therefore, he concludes that the difference between his groups is ________. a) statistically significant Correct. Statistical significance is a way to test differences to see how likely those differences are to be real and not just caused by the random variations in behavior that exist in humans. b) inferentially different 8 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. Statistical significance is a way to test differences to see how likely those differences are to be real and not just caused by the random variations in behavior that exist in humans. c) analytically different Incorrect. Statistical significance is a way to test differences to see how likely those differences are to be real and not just caused by the random variations in behavior that exist in humans. d) variable but different Incorrect. Statistical significance is a way to test differences to see how likely those differences are to be real and not just caused by the random variations in behavior that exist in humans. Answer: a Learning Objective: A.5 Describe how inferential statistics can be used to determine if differences in sets of data are large enough to be due to something other than chance variation. Topic: A.5 Looking at Differences: Statistical Significance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 26. Luke conducts an experiment testing memory in children. In one group, they receive a story by reading it, in another group they receive a story by hearing it, and in the final group, they are asked to act out the story in a play. When he asks the children questions about the story and counts the number of questions they get correct, he will need to use a(n) __________ to test to see if the differences between his groups is significant. a) t-test Incorrect. Multiple groups must be compared using an F-test. b) z-test Incorrect. Multiple groups must be compared using an F-test. c) F-test Correct. An F-test will make comparisons between multiple groups. d) chi-square Incorrect. Multiple groups must be compared using an F-test. Answer: c Learning Objective: A.5 Describe how inferential statistics can be used to determine if differences in sets of data are large enough to be due to something other than chance variation. Topic: A.5 Looking at Differences: Statistical Significance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 27. A __________ is a number that represents the strength and direction of a relationship existing between two variables. a) t-test Incorrect. A correlation coefficient represents the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables. b) chi square Incorrect. A correlation coefficient represents the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables. c) correlation coefficient Correct. A correlation coefficient represents the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. d) z-score Incorrect. A correlation coefficient represents the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables. Answer: c Learning Objective: A.6 Explain how statistics are used to predict one score from another. Topic: A.6 The Correlation Coefficient Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 28. What does r represent in a correlation? a) the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables 9 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. The r is the correlation coefficient. b) the variability in the data gathered in an experiment Incorrect. The r is the correlation coefficient. c) the distance between scores in a data set Incorrect. The r is the correlation coefficient. d) the number of standard deviations a score is away from the mean Incorrect. The r is the correlation coefficient. Answer: a Learning Objective: A.6 Explain how statistics are used to predict one score from another. Topic: A.6 The Correlation Coefficient Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy. 29. Which of the following r scores represents the strongest relationship? a) +.29 Incorrect. Larger numbers indicate the strongest relationships. b) 0.0 Incorrect. Larger numbers indicate the strongest relationships. c) +.47 Incorrect. Larger numbers indicate the strongest relationships. d) –.89 Correct. This is a strong relationship. Answer: d Learning Objective: A.6 Explain how statistics are used to predict one score from another. Topic: A.6 The Correlation Coefficient Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy. 30. Which of the following statements about correlations is correct? a) The closer the r is to 0, the stronger the relationship between the two variables. Incorrect. The closer the r is to +1 or –1, the stronger the relationship between variables. b) A correlation does not allow the assumption that one variable causes the other. Correct. Correlations cannot assume causation. c) A negative correlation indicates that one variable cannot be used to predict the second variable. Incorrect. A negative correlation only indicates the direction of the relationship, not the strength. d) A positive correlation assures us that we can use one variable to predict the value of the second variable. Incorrect. A positive correlation only indicates the direction of the relationship, not the strength. Answer: b Learning Objective: A.6 Explain how statistics are used to predict one score from another. Topic: A.6 The Correlation Coefficient Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White TRUE OR FALSE 1. A group of people selected at random from a general population is known as a sample. Answer: True Learning Objective: A.1 Explain why statistics are important to psychologists and psychology majors. Topic: A.1 What Are Statistics? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 2. A skewed distribution is often shaped like a bell. Answer: False Learning Objective: A.2 Describe the types of tables and graphs that represent patterns in data. Topic: A.2 Frequency Distributions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 3. A distribution of scores in which scores are concentrated in the low end of the distribution is positively skewed. Answer: True Learning Objective: A.2 Describe the types of tables and graphs that represent patterns in data. Topic: A.2 Frequency Distributions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 4. Juan’s test grades for the semester are 60, 70, 70, and 75. The mean of Juan’s test grades is 70. Answer: False Learning Objective: A.3 Identify three measures of central tendency and explain how they are impacted by the shape of the distribution. Topic: A.3 Measures of Central Tendency Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 5. When the distribution of a group of numbers is normal or close to it, the mean, median, and mode of that group tend to be the same or very similar. Answer: True Learning Objective: A.3- Identify three measures of central tendency and explain how they are impacted by the shape of the distribution. Topic: A.3 Measures of Central Tendency Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 6. Variability is typically measured using either the range or the standard deviation of a set of numbers. Answer: True Learning Objective: A.4- Identify the types of statistics used to examine variations in data. Topic: A.4 Measures of Variability Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 7. A z score for a given number compares that number to the range of scores in the group. Answer: False 11 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: A.4- Identify the types of statistics used to examine variations in data. Topic: A.4 Measures of Variability Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 8. Statistical significance is a way to test how likely differences between group measurements are to be real and not just caused by random chance. Answer: True Learning Objective: A.5- Describe how inferential statistics can be used to determine if differences in sets of data are large enough to be due to something other than chance variation. Topic: A.5 Looking at Differences: Statistical Significance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 9. A chi-square test determines whether three or more means are statistically significantly different from one another. Answer: False Learning Objective: A.5- Describe how inferential statistics can be used to determine if differences in sets of data are large enough to be due to something other than chance variation. Topic: A.5 Looking at Differences: Statistical Significance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 10. An r value of –.94 means there likely is no relationship between two variables. Answer: False Learning Objective: A.6- Explain how statistics are used to predict one score from another. Topic: A.6 The Correlation Coefficient Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Appendix B: Applied Psychology and Psychology Careers MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. __________ refers to using findings from psychological research to solve real-world problems. a) Basic psychology Incorrect. Basic psychology is the study of mental processes. b) Educational psychology Incorrect. Educational psychology is using psychological principles to improve learning. c) Applied psychology Correct. Applied psychology is using current research findings from psychological research to “apply” to realworld problems. d) Clinical psychology Incorrect. Clinical psychology is applying psychological treatments to those with mental illness. Answer: c Learning Objective: B.1 Define applied psychology. Topic: B.1. What Is Applied Psychology? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 2. Dr. Knight uses his knowledge of psychological principles to help children with learning disabilities learn more easily in the classroom. Dr. Knight is a(n) __________ psychologist. a) sports Incorrect. A sports psychologist helps athletes be successful at competing and winning sporting events. b) personality Incorrect. A personality psychologist studies how personality is formed and impacts behavior. c) forensic Incorrect. A forensic psychologist addresses psychological issues within the legal system. d) applied t Correct. An applied psychologist applies psychological concepts to solve real-world problems. Answer: d Learning Objective: B.1 Define applied psychology. Topic: B.1. What Is Applied Psychology? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 3. An applied psychologist who helps to address problems in the legal system is called a(n) __________ psychologist. a) forensic Correct. Forensic psychologists address problems in the legal system. b) community Incorrect. A community psychologist focuses on promoting social welfare and preventing social problems. c) human factors Incorrect. A human factors psychologist examines the ways people and machines interact. d) environmental Incorrect. An environmental psychologist examines the interaction of people with their surroundings at work, in social settings, and in schools, homes, and other buildings. Answer: a Learning Objective: B.1 Define applied psychology. 1 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: B.1. What Is Applied Psychology? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 4. Dr. Sakawa is an applied psychologist who helps Olympic skiers use imagery to picture themselves skiing down the slalom in a perfect run and standing on the gold medal podium. Dr. Sakawa is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist. a) industrial-organizational Incorrect. An industrial-organizational psychologist is concerned with how people function in and are affected by their work environments. b) sports Correct. A sports psychologist helps athletes prepare themselves mentally for competition. c) community Incorrect. A community psychologist focuses on promoting social welfare and preventing social problems. d) educational Incorrect. An educational psychologist looks for ways to improve student learning and apply the findings to the classroom. Answer: b Learning Objective: B.1 Define applied psychology. Topic: B.1. What Is Applied Psychology? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 5. Dr. Kornberg is an applied psychologist who helps match people’s personality traits to specific jobs where they can be the most productive. She is a(n) ___________ psychologist. a) human factors Incorrect. A human factors psychologist examines the way that people and machines interact. b) industrial-organizational Correct. An industrial-organizational psychologist is concerned with how people function in their work environments. c) community Incorrect. A community psychologist is focused on promoting social welfare and preventing social problems. d) military Incorrect. A military psychologist works with military personnel and their families. Answer: b Learning Objective: B.1 Define applied psychology. Topic: B.1. What Is Applied Psychology? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 6. Dr. Visili helps people to learn to cope with their stress in order to improve their mental health. Dr. Visili is an applied psychologist practicing __________ psychology. a) health Correct. A health psychologist examines the effects of stress on physical and mental health. b) environmental Incorrect. An environmental psychologist examines the interaction of people with their surroundings at work, in social settings, and in schools, homes, and other buildings. c) community Incorrect. A community psychologist focuses on promoting social welfare and preventing social problems. d) educational Incorrect. An educational psychologist looks for ways to improve student learning. 2 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: B.1 Define applied psychology. Topic: B.1. What Is Applied Psychology? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 7. Claudia is a professional who focuses on the social conditions that affect mental disorders. She provides psychotherapy to her clients in a clinical setting. Claudia is a __________. a) psychologist Incorrect. A psychologist undergoes intense academic training, learning about many areas of psychology. b) psychiatrist Incorrect. A psychiatrist is a doctor that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. c) psychiatric social worker Correct. These professionals focus more on the social conditions that affect mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug abuse. d) health psychologist Incorrect. A health psychologist examines the effects of stress on physical and mental well-being. Answer: c Learning Objective: B.2 Describe different types of psychological professionals and identify their educational background and training. Topic: B.2 Types of Psychological Professionals Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology 8. A medical doctor or doctor of osteopathic medicine who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders is known as a _________. a) psychiatric social worker Incorrect. A psychiatric social worker is trained in the area of social work and focus more on social conditions that affect mental disorders. b) psychologist Incorrect. A psychologist does not have a medical degree. c) psychiatrist Correct. This is a doctor that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. d) health psychologist Incorrect. A health psychologist examines the effects of stress on physical and mental well-being. Answer: c Learning Objective: B.2 Describe different types of psychological professionals and identify their educational background and training. Topic: B.2 Types of Psychological Professionals Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 9. Luzio is completing a degree with hopes of helping people by applying psychological principles to their life. He is required to complete a practicum each year where he is supervised while providing therapy and treatments. Luzio is pursuing a _____ degree. a) MD Incorrect. An MD is a medical degree and requires more than a practicum. b) PhD Incorrect. A PhD requires a dissertation. c) MA Incorrect. A master’s degree does not require a practicum. d) PsyD 3 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. The PsyD requires a practicum for students. Answer: d Learning Objective: B.2 Describe different types of psychological professionals and identify their educational background and training. Topic: B.2 Types of Psychological Professionals Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 10. Anisa has just seen a practitioner who diagnosed her with depression and prescribed an anti-depressant. She has most likely been to visit a __________. a) psychiatrist Correct. A psychiatrist can prescribe medication. b) psychologist with a PsyD Incorrect. A PsyD cannot prescribe medication. c) psychologist with a PhD Incorrect. A PhD cannot prescribe medication. d) psychiatric social worker Incorrect. A psychiatric social worker cannot prescribe medication. Answer: a Learning Objective: B.2 Describe different types of psychological professionals and identify their educational background and training. Topic: B.2 Types of Psychological Professionals Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications in psychology. 11. The current workforce in psychology is __________. a) getting more youthful, and is getting more representative of the genders and races of the U.S. population Correct. The current workforce is getting more youthful and representative of ethnic and gender groups. b) aging, with an overrepresentation of some ethnic groups Incorrect. It is actually getting more youthful and representative of ethnic groups. c) alarmingly shrinking, with a predictive shortage of practitioners by the year 2050 Incorrect. The workforce is growing. d) primarily older white males, with few signs of any change in the future Incorrect. The workforce is getting more youthful and representative of ethnic groups. Answer: a Learning Objective: B.2 Describe different types of psychological professionals and identify their educational background and training. Topic: B.2 Types of Psychological Professionals Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 12. In most cases, to be able to provide counseling services, most psychologists with a master’s degree must ___________. a) be supervised by someone with a doctorate degree or seek special licensure Correct. They must be supervised or seek special licensure. b) limit their counseling to group settings only Incorrect. They should still have oversight when working with groups. c) limit their practice to adolescents or children Incorrect. They would still need oversight for working with adolescents and children. d) be supervised by a psychiatrist or work within a hospital setting Incorrect. They could be overseen by a psychiatrist; however, any doctorate degree could supervise a master’s level counselor. 4 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: B.3 List the kinds of careers available to someone with a master’s degree in psychology. Topic: B.3 Careers with a Master’s Degree in Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 13. An individual with a master’s degree may work in the field of psychometrics. What is psychometrics? a) the study of how people perceive themselves in social situations Incorrect. This would be more the work of a social psychologist. b) the study of criminal behaviors and the potential contributions of genetics in those behaviors Incorrect. This is the work of a forensic psychologist. c) the assessment of various characteristics such as intelligence or personality Incorrect. This would be the work of a personality psychologist. d) the assessment of how statistical findings in research are applied in real-world settings Correct. Psychometrics looks at how statistical findings are used to guide real-world settings. Answer: c Learning Objective: B.3 List the kinds of careers available to someone with a master’s degree in psychology. Topic: B.3 Careers with a Master’s Degree in Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 14. A bachelor’s degree in psychology can be __________ a) restrictive and only allows you to work in research paradigms Incorrect. A bachelor’s degree is actually very flexible. b) used to provide intensive therapy for people with mental illness Incorrect. Only a PhD can provide intensive therapy to someone with mental illness. c) highly flexible and adaptable to many kinds of careers Correct. Students with a bachelor’s degree in psychology can enter many different kinds of careers. d) restrictive and would not be appropriate for someone wanting to work in administration or business Incorrect. A bachelor’s degree in psychology is very flexible and would be appropriate for working in administration and business. Answer: c Learning Objective: B.4 List the kinds of careers available to someone with a bachelor’s degree in psychology. Topic: B.4 Careers with a Bachelor’s Degree in Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 15. What characteristic of a bachelor’s degree in psychology helps graduates to have better reasoning skills in the workplace? a) their understanding of research methods and statistics Correct. Understanding research and statistics can apply to many workplace needs. b) their understanding of mental illness Incorrect. Understanding mental illness would restrict someone to working in psychology. c) their understanding of the impact of drugs on behavior Incorrect. Understanding drugs and behavior would have limited application to a typical work environment. d) their understanding of cognitive processes and memory Incorrect. Understanding of cognition and memory is specific to psychological fields. Answer: a Learning Objective: B.4 List the kinds of careers available to someone with a bachelor’s degree in psychology. Topic: B.4 Careers with a Bachelor’s Degree in Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts 5 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 16. In 2017, what percentage of graduates who held a bachelor’s degree in psychology obtained a higher degree in some other area of study? a) 10 Incorrect. The actual percentage is 30 percent. b) 20 Incorrect. The actual percentage is 30 percent . c) 30 Correct. Thirty percent of psychology graduates pursued advanced degrees in other fields. d) 50 Incorrect. The actual percentage is 30 percent . Answer: c Learning Objective: B.4 List the kinds of careers available to someone with a bachelor’s degree in psychology. Topic: B.4 Careers with a Bachelor’s Degree in Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 17. Professionals focused in this area of psychology traditionally work with individuals with more serious forms of mental illness. This area is __________. a) experimental psychology Incorrect. Experimental psychologists study learning, memory, thinking, and perception, but are not trained in working with serious mental illness. b) social psychology Incorrect. Social psychology focuses on how human behavior is affected by the presence of other people. c) clinical psychology Correct. Clinical psychologists are qualified to work with people with serious mental illness. d) personality psychology Incorrect. Personality psychology is an area where psychologists study the differences in personality among people. Answer: c Learning Objective: B.5 Describe some areas of specialization in psychology. Topic: B.5 Areas of Specialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 18. Karim is a psychological professional who studies how hormones alter sleep patterns. Karim is a specialist in __________. a) neuropsychology Incorrect. A neuropsychologist focuses on relationships between the brain and behavior. b) psychometric psychology Incorrect. This field focuses on the measure of mental processes. c) behavioral neuroscience Correct. This field focuses on the neural and biological bases of behavior. d) experimental psychology Incorrect. This field focuses on learning, memory, thinking, perception, motivation, and language. Answer: c Learning Objective: B.5 Describe some areas of specialization in psychology. Topic: B.5 Areas of Specialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 19. Bialik does research on how previous experience affects memory formation in adolescents. Bialik is a _________ psychologist. a) comparative Incorrect. A comparative psychologist focuses on non-human animals and their behavior. b) cognitive Correct. A cognitive psychologist would study memory in adolescents. c) personality Incorrect. A personality psychologist focuses on individual differences in personality and their effects on behavior. d) counseling Incorrect. A counseling psychologist works with relatively healthy people to address issues they may have in adjusting to daily life. Answer: b Learning Objective: B.5 Describe some areas of specialization in psychology. Topic: B.5 Areas of Specialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 20. Marisol is a psychologist who studies how people face end of life issues. Marisol is a __________ psychologist. a) social Incorrect. A social psychologist focuses on how the presence of others alters behavior. b) comparative Incorrect. Comparative psychologists focus on non-human animals. c) developmental Correct. It would be appropriate for a developmental psychologist to address end of life issues. d) personality Incorrect. A personality psychologist focuses on individual differences in personality. Answer: c Learning Objective: B.5 Describe some areas of specialization in psychology. Topic: B.5 Areas of Specialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 21. Xi Phen is a psychologist who studies what makes us attracted to one person and not to another. It is most likely that Xi Phen is a __________ psychologist. a) counseling Incorrect. A counseling psychologist counsels relatively healthy people who are having difficulties adjusting to life circumstances. b) personality Incorrect. A personality psychologist studies differences in personality development and how that affects behavior. c) social Correct. A social psychologist is interested in studying how human behavior is affected by the presence of other people. d) cognitive Incorrect. A cognitive psychologist studies how we think, remember, store, and use information. Answer: c Learning Objective: B.5 Describe some areas of specialization in psychology. Topic: B.5 Areas of Specialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 22. Shanice is a psychologist who works with people who have had a brain injury. She assesses them, diagnoses them, treats them, and tracks their recovery. Shanice is most likely a __________. 7 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) neuropsychologist Correct. A neuropsychologist would focus on the recovery of an individual with a brain injury. b) behavioral neuroscientist Incorrect. A behavioral neuroscientist looks at the role of the brain in behavior. c) cognitive psychologist Incorrect. A cognitive psychologist looks at how we think, learn, and remember. d) developmental psychologist Incorrect. A developmental psychologist studies lifespan development. Answer: a Learning Objective: B.5 Describe some areas of specialization in psychology. Topic: B.5 Areas of Specialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 23. During the COVID-19 pandemic, psychologists found that media exposure to news about the pandemic led to heightened anxiety and increased stress responses in people. The psychologists doing this research specialized in __________. a) community psychology Incorrect. A community psychologist focuses on social welfare and preventing social problems. b) environmental psychology Incorrect. An environmental psychologist examines the interaction between people and their surroundings. c) health psychology Correct. Health psychologists examine the effects of stress on physical and mental health. d) educational psychology Incorrect. Educational psychologists look for ways to improve student learning and apply the findings to the classroom. Answer: c Learning Objective: B.6 Describe how psychology interacts with other career fields. Topic: B.6 Psychology Beyond the Classroom Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 24. Educational psychology is __________. a) concerned with the study of human learning Correct. Educational psychology focuses on improving student learning. b) a field that applies research findings in the school system Incorrect. This is an area more appropriate for a school psychologist. c) the application of psychological principles in the legal system Incorrect. A forensic psychologist works in the legal system. d) focused on the relationship between stress reactions and physical health Incorrect. A health psychologist studies stress responses and how they impact mental and physical health. Answer: a Learning Objective: B.6 Describe how psychology interacts with other career fields. Topic: B.6 Psychology Beyond the Classroom Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 25. Dr. Raman studied how different ethnic groups respond to mandates to vaccinate children. Dr. Raman is most likely a __________ psychologist. a) community Correct. Community psychologists serve at various levels including individual, group, and community, focusing on promoting social welfare and preventing social problems. 8 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) military Incorrect. Military psychologists work specifically with military personnel and their families. c) environmental Incorrect. Environmental psychologists examine the interaction of people with their surroundings at work, in social settings, school, etc. d) educational Incorrect. Educational psychologists focus on helping student learning. Answer: a Learning Objective: B.6 Describe how psychology interacts with other career fields. Topic: B.6 Psychology Beyond the Classroom Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 26. Loren conducts research in businesses to see how being in cubicles or individual offices impact work production. Loren is practicing __________ psychology. a) community Incorrect. A community psychologist focuses on promoting social welfare and preventing social problems. b) environmental Correct. An environmental psychologist would examine the interaction of people with their surroundings at work. c) sports Incorrect. A sports psychologist helps athletes prepare themselves mentally for competition. d) comparative Incorrect. A comparative psychologist studies non-human animals. Answer: b Learning Objective: B.6 Describe how psychology interacts with other career fields. Topic: B.6 Psychology Beyond the Classroom Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 27. The area of psychology concerned with the relationships between people and their work environment is called __________ psychology. a) human factors Incorrect. Human factors psychologists examine the ways people and machines interact. b) health Incorrect. Health psychologists examine the effects of stress on physical and mental well-being. c) industrial-organizational Correct. An industrial-organizational psychologist is concerned with relationships between people and their work environment. d) community Incorrect. Community psychologists focus on promoting social welfare and preventing social problems. Answer: c Learning Objective: B.7 Explain the fields of industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology and human factors psychology. Topic: B.7 What Are Industrial-Organizational Psychology and Human Factors Psychology? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 28. An area of applied psychology where a psychologist helps find ways for people to interact more efficiently with machines like cars and airplanes is known as __________ psychology. a) health Incorrect. A health psychologist examines the effect of stress on physical and mental well-being. b) human factors 9 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. Human factors psychologists examine the ways people and machines interact. c) military Incorrect. Military psychologists focus on military families and personnel. d) environmental Incorrect. An environmental psychologist examines the interaction between people and their surroundings. Answer: b Learning Objective: B.7 Explain the fields of industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology and human factors psychology. Topic: B.7 What re Industrial-Organizational Psychology and Human Factors Psychology? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 29. In the history of industrial-organizational psychology, who was first to view the workplace as a social system rather than a production line, and found that treating workers like important decision-makers helped improve morale? a) Hugo Münsterberg Incorrect. He did research on the power of prayer and eyewitness testimony. b) Walter D. Scott Incorrect. He applied psychological principles to hiring, management, and advertising techniques. c) Wilhelm Wundt Incorrect. He developed the first psychological laboratory and trained students who would later do work in industrial-organizational psychology. d) Elton Mayo Correct. Mayo did early work on involving employees more in decision-making to improve morale. Answer: d Learning Objective: B.8 Describe how the I-O field has evolved throughout its history. Topic: B.8 The History of Industrial-Organizational Psychology and the Field Today Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 30. The first scientist to apply psychological principles to hiring, management, and advertising techniques was __________. a) Walter D. Scott Correct. He applied psychological principles to hiring, management, and advertising techniques. b) Wilhelm Wundt Incorrect. He developed the first psychological laboratory and trained students who would later do work in industrial-organizational psychology. c) Elton Mayo Incorrect. Mayo did early work on involving employees more in decision-making to improve morale. d) Robert Yerkes Incorrect. He did groundbreaking work with great apes. Answer: a Learning Objective: B.8 Describe how the I-O field has evolved throughout its history. Topic: B.8 The History of Industrial-Organizational Psychology and the Field Today Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles,

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White TRUE OR FALSE 1. The field of applied psychology is made up of a narrow set of areas that seek to use psychology in a theoretical way. Answer: False Learning Objective: B.1 Define applied psychology. Topic: B.1 What is Applied Psychology? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 5.1 Apply psychological content and skills to career goals. 2. A PsyD is a type of degree that, instead of a dissertation, usually requires a major paper focusing on the practical application of psychological principles. Answer: True Learning Objective: B.2 Describe different types of psychological professionals and identify their educational background and training. Topic: B.2 Types of Psychological Professionals Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 5.5 Develop meaningful professional direction for life after graduation. 3. A person with a master’s degree in psychology can work in clinical psychology if they work under the direct supervision of a doctoral psychologist. Answer: True Learning Objective: B.3 List the kinds of careers available to someone with a master’s degree in psychology. Topic: B.3 Careers with a Master’s Degree in Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 5.5 Develop meaningful professional direction for life after graduation. 4. The majority of bachelor’s degree holders in psychology go on to pursue a doctorate. Answer: False Learning Objective: B.4 List the kinds of careers available to someone with a bachelor’s degree in psychology. Topic: B.4 Careers with a Bachelor’s Degree in Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 5.5 Develop meaningful professional direction for life after graduation. 5. Clinical psychologists cannot prescribe drugs or medical therapies. Answer: True Learning Objective: B.5 Describe some areas of specialization in psychology. Topic: B.5 Areas of Specialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 5.1 Apply psychological content and skills to career goals. 6. Neuropsychology focuses on the testing and measurement of mental processes. Answer: False Learning Objective: B.5 Describe some areas of specialization in psychology. Topic: B.5 Areas of Specialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 5.1 Apply psychological content and skills to career goals. 11 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 7. Compared to other fields, sports psychology is a relatively new and fast-growing field. Answer: True Learning Objective: B.6 Describe how psychology interacts with other career fields. Topic: B.6 Psychology Beyond the Classroom Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 5.5 Develop meaningful professional direction for life after graduation. 8. Environmental psychologists conduct most of their research in laboratory settings. Answer: False Learning Objective: B.6 Describe how psychology interacts with other career fields. Topic: B.6 Psychology Beyond the Classroom Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 5.1 Apply psychological content and skills to career goals. 9. Industrial-organizational psychology is concerned with the relationships between people and their work environment. Answer: True Learning Objective: B.7 Explain the fields of industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology and human factor psychology. Topic: B.7 What Are Industrial-Organizational Psychology and Human Factors Psychology? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 10. Psychologists largely understood the workplace to be a social system, rather than just a production line, prior to World War I. Answer: False Learning Objective: B.8 Describe how the I-O field has evolved throughout its history. Topic: B.8 The History of Industrial-Organizational Psychology and the Field Today Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Chapter 1

TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE Learning Objectives

The Science of Psychology Remember the Facts

Introduction

1, 2, 165, 189

1.1 Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology. 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. 1.4 Differentiate between the various types of professionals within the field of psychology. 1.5 Recall the basic criteria for critical thinking that people can use in their everyday lives. 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. 1.8 Explain how researchers use the correlational technique to study relationships between two or more variables. 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment. 1.10 Recall two common sources of problems in an experiment and some ways to control for these effects.

6, 8, 10, 14, 18– 20, 166, 167, 190

Understand the Concepts

Apply What You Know

Analyze It

3, 4

7, 11, 13, 15

9, 16, 17

12, 206

27, 29, 32, 34, 37, 39, 42, 168, 169, 191

21, 22, 24, 26, 30, 35

23, 28, 33, 36, 38, 43, 208

25, 31, 40, 41, 207

44, 46, 48, 51– 53, 57, 170, 172, 193, 194

49, 61, 171, 192

45, 47, 54, 55, 58, 60, 209

50, 56, 59, 62

64–69, 175

195

63, 173, 174

196

71, 176, 210

72–74

75, 76, 86, 92, 177, 178 97, 99, 101, 107, 112, 114, 180, 181, 199 119, 121, 125, 127, 130, 133, 183, 184, 200, 201

81–84, 94, 95

77, 79, 80, 85, 88, 90, 91, 96, 197, 211 98, 102–106, 108, 109–111, 113, 115– 118, 179, 182, 212 123, 126, 128, 129, 131, 134

78, 87, 89, 93

135, 143, 152, 185, 186, 199, 202, 204 154, 157, 158, 160, 187

151

136, 137–142, 145– 150

144, 203

153, 155, 212

156, 159

100 120

198 122, 124, 132

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objectives 1.11 Identify some of the common ethical guidelines for doing research with people. 1.12 Explain why psychologists sometimes use nonhuman animals in their research. 1.13 Identify strategies for critically evaluating news and other information shared on social media.

Remember the Facts

Understand the Concepts

Apply What You Know

161, 162, 188, 205

Analyze It 163

164

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Name _____________________________________________________________ Chapter 1 – Quick Quiz 1 1. The goals of psychology are to __________. a) explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mind b) understand, compare, and analyze human behavior c) improve psychological well-being in all individuals from birth until death d) describe, explain, predict, and control behavior 2. __________ was an early proponent of functionalism. a) Ivan Pavlov c) Wilhelm Wundt b) William James d) Max Wertheimer 3. Freud said phobias were ___________, whereas Watson said phobias were __________. a) learned; inherited c) sexual; unconscious b) repressed conflicts; learned d) conditioned; unconditioned 4. Which perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization? a) psychoanalysis c) cognitive perspective b) humanism d) behaviorism 5. The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and it is your turn. “I’ll take Specialties in Psychology for $300.” The revealed answer is, “These psychological professionals work with situations in which environmental conditions may have an impact on mental health.” What will you say? a) “What is a neuropsychologist?” b) “What is a forensic psychologist?” c) “What is a psychiatric social worker?” d) “What is a developmental psychologist?” 6. When you watch dogs play in the park or watch how your professors conduct their classes, you are engaging in a form of __________. a) case study research c) survey research b) naturalistic observation d) psychometric study 7. A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated is called a __________. a) representative sample c) single-blind study b) case study d) naturalistic observation 8. A negative correlation means that __________. a) high values of one variable are associated with low values of the other b) high values of one variable are associated with high values of the other c) low values of one variable are associated with low values of the other d) there is no relationship between the two variables 9. __________ is an experiment in which participants do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group, but the experimenters do know which participants are part of which group. a) The double-blind study c) The single-blind study b) Field research d) Correlational research 10. Experimenters can justify the use of deception because __________. a) there is informed consent c) it may be necessary for the experiment to work b) research is more important than people d) it is not that harmful

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 1 – Quick Quiz 1

Answer Key 1.

Explanation: These goals adequately help uncover the mysteries of behavior. (Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: William James was a functionalist. (Topic: 1.1 In the Beginning: Wundt, Titchener, and James, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: Freud studied repressed conflict and Watson studied observable behavior. (Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism, Skill Level: Analyze It, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: The humanistic perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization. (Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Psychiatric social workers work with people in conditions of poverty or other types of environmental situations leading to mental disorders. (Topic: 1.4 Psychological Professionals and Areas of Specialization, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 1.4 Differentiate between the various types of professionals within the field of psychology, APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Explanation: In naturalistic observation, you are just watching—that is, observing. (Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior, APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.)

Explanation: A case study involves a detailed description of a particular individual. (Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior, APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.)

Explanation: A negative correlation means that high values of one variable are associated with low values of the other. (Topic: 1.8 Correlations: Finding Relationships, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain how researchers use the correlational technique to study relationships between two or more variables, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 9.

Explanation: The single-blind study is an experiment in which participants do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group, but the experimenters do know which participants are part of which group. (Topic: 1.10 Experimental Hazards and Controlling for Effects, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 1.10 Recall two common sources of problems in an experiment and some ways to control for these effects, APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.)

10. c

Explanation: Deception is justified if the study wouldn’t work any other way. (Topic: 1.11 The Guidelines for Doing Research with People, Skill Level: Analyze It, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 1.11 Identify some of the common ethical guidelines for doing research with people, APA Learning Objective: 3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Name _____________________________________________________________ Chapter 1 – Quick Quiz 2 1. The question “What is happening?” refers to which of the following goals in psychology? a) description c) prediction b) explanation d) control 2. __________ claimed that behavior is affected by reinforcement. a) William James c) B. F. Skinner b) Sigmund Freud d) Wilhelm Wundt 3. Dr. Ramos contends that humans are intelligent species due to the fact that intelligence gives us an advantage in the natural world. Dr. Ramos likely agrees with the __________ theory of psychology. a) psychoanalytic c) cognitive b) behavioral d) evolutionary 4. “Children who watch violent cartoons will become more aggressive.” According to the scientific method, this statement is most likely a __________. a) conclusion c) hypothesis b) result d) fact 5. Which research method involves watching behaviors as they occur without intervening or altering the behaviors in any way? a) case study c) correlational studies b) experiment d) naturalistic observation 6. A(n) __________ is a measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another. a) independent variable c) experimental effect b) dependent variable d) correlation 7. Maricella has always been drawn to the saying “Absence makes the heart grow fonder,” and she decides to incorporate this saying into her research project. Maricella is trying to define absence in a way that can be empirically tested. She is attempting to find an appropriate __________. a) hypothesis c) double-blind study b) operationalization d) theory 8. A good control group __________. a) contains at least one confound b) has a limited number of dependent variables c) has a limited number of research participants d) holds constant all variables in the experiment 9. In an experiment, a researcher manipulates one variable to see how it affects a second variable. The manipulated variable is called the __________. a) dependent variable c) independent variable b) experimental variable d) placebo 10. “There is no life outside this solar system and nothing you can say will change that fact!” Which criterion of critical thinking does this person lack? a) Evidence is only necessary if it can be tested. b) All evidence is not equal in quality. c) Authority or expertise does not make the claims of the authority or expert true. d) Critical thinking requires an open mind.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 1 – Quick Quiz 2

Answer Key 1.

Explanation: Asking “what” means asking for a description. (Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level; Moderate, Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: Skinner believed that behavior that is followed by good consequences is reinforced. (Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: Survival advantage is a basic premise of evolutionary psychology. (Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives, Skill Level: Analyze It, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology, APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Explanation: This statement is an educated guess about the effects of violent cartoons. (Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: Naturalistic observation involves watching behaviors without intervening. (Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior, APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.)

Explanation: A correlation measures how strongly two variables are related. (Topic: 1.8 Correlations: Finding Relationships, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain how researchers use the correlational technique to study relationships between two or more variables, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: Operationalization defines terms in ways that render them measurable. (Topic: 1.9 The Experiment, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment, APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.)

8. d

Explanation: A control group is used as a baseline of comparison, so all variables should be held as constant as possible to avoid any confounds. (Topic: 1.9 The Experiment, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment, APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.)

9. c

Explanation: The name for the variable that is manipulated in any experiment is the independent variable. (Topic: 1.9 The Experiment, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment, APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 10. d

Explanation: The statement implies narrowness of thinking and, thus, the lack of an open mind. (Topic: 1.5 Thinking Critically About Critical Thinking, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty: Moderate, Learning Objective: 1.5 Recall the basic criteria for critical thinking that people can use in their everyday lives, APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

The Science of Psychology

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of these is the most accurate definition of the discipline of psychology? a) the scientific study of behavior b) the scientific study of mental processes c) the scientific study of behavior and mental processes Correct. d) the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes Incorrect. The definition of psychology also includes animal behavior and mental processes. Answer: c Learning Objective: None Topic: 1.1–1.2 The History of Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 66 a= 2 b=1 c= 66 d= 32 r = .37 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 2. In the definition of psychology, the term mental processes refers to __________. a) internal, covert activities Correct. b) outward behavior c) overt actions and reactions Incorrect. Overt means outward, not internal. d) only animal behavior Answer: a Learning Objective: None Topic: 1.1–1.2 The History of Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 85 a= 85 b= 1 c= 13 d= 1 r = .39 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 3. You are at a basketball game and the arena is packed; the crowd is evenly split between fans of the two teams. At one point, the referee makes a call. Half of the fans yell insults; the other half shout their approval. The event reminds you of the topic of today’s lecture in psychology class. What was the likely topic of the lecture? a) bias Correct. b) experiments Incorrect. The fans are not part of any treatment groups. c) psychoanalysis d) extraneous variables Answer: a Learning Objective: None Topic: 1.1–1.2 The History of Psychology Difficulty Level: Difficult

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 4. Hunter is a fan of the Boston Celtics basketball team. With little provocation, he will engage his friends in a debate about whether it is the greatest team in the history of basketball. Hunter may be demonstrating __________. a) bias Correct. b) critical thinking Incorrect. Critical thinking requires an open mind. c) an eclectic approach d) unconscious behavior Answer: a Learning Objective: None Topic: 1.1–1.2 The History of Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 5. Prior to the establishment of psychology as a formal science, why would thinkers in other disciplines be concerned about psychological topics? a) All psychological processes would have been seen to be the work of either God or Satan, so religious figures would have been the first “experimenters.” b) Humans were seen as the center of the universe, so both astronomers and astrologers would have investigated psychological topics. c) In the 1700s, humans were seen as nothing more than animals; hunters and gatherers would have studied human behavior in the same way they studied animal behavior. Incorrect. People wondered about behavior and mental processes even before there was a science of behavior and mental processes. d) The link between the mind and the body would have been of interest to physicians, philosophers, and physiologists. Correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: None Topic: 1.1–1.2 The History of Psychology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 6. In 1879, in Leipzig, Germany, the first psychological laboratory was overseen by __________. a) William James b) William Tell c) Wilhelm Wundt Correct. d) Sigmund Freud Incorrect. Freud’s theory came later, and he had no lab. Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology. Topic: 1.1 In the Beginning: Wundt, Titchener, and James Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 88 a= 7 b= 1 c= 88 d= 4 r = .23 % correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

7. Early in psychology’s history, research participants might have been asked to view a chair and describe its color, shape, and texture, and other aspects of their conscious experience. These participants would have been using a method called __________. a) hypnosis b) objective introspection Correct. c) psychosurgery d) psychoanalysis Incorrect. Psychoanalysis was not concerned with these issues. Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology. Topic: 1.1 In the Beginning: Wundt, Titchener, and James Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 8. Objective introspection required __________. a) metaphysical experiences b) self-skepticism about experiences c) empiricism Incorrect. Empiricism refers to using collected data to support a hypothesis. It is not related to the concept of introspection. d) reflecting on one’s own mental processes Correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology. Topic: 1.1 In the Beginning: Wundt, Titchener, and James Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 9. In 1883, Gunther received a letter saying he had been accepted for training in the psychology laboratory of Wilhelm Wundt. It is likely that Gunther would be trained to __________. a) analyze how to break down his sensations into their most basic elements Correct. b) determine the function or purpose of a particular human behavior c) listen intently while people tell him about their depression or nervousness Incorrect. Wundt was not a therapist, and therefore Gunther would be unlikely to receive training in therapeutic techniques. d) carefully feel the bumps on a person’s head in order to determine her or his character traits Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology. Topic: 1.1 In the Beginning: Wundt, Titchener, and James Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 10. The school of psychology known as structuralism used a technique called __________, which involved reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person’s experiences. a) intervention Incorrect. Intervention has a totally different meaning than introspection, even though it looks similar. b) objective introspection Correct. This requires self-examination of the structure of the mind. c) insight inventory

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) induction Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology. Topic: 1.1 In the Beginning: Wundt, Titchener, and James Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 96 a= 0 b= 96 c= 4 d= 0 r = .24 % correct 92 a= 1 b= 92 c= 3 d= 4 r = .29 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 11. Structuralism is to __________ as functionalism is to __________. a) architecture; activity Correct. Structuralists wanted to understand the basic elements of the mind, whereas functionalists were interested in what the mind allowed us to do. b) recipe; ingredients c) Italy; Argentina d) doing; reflecting Incorrect. The focus of structuralism is the structure of the mind. Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology. Topic: 1.1 In the Beginning: Wundt, Titchener, and James Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 12. The structuralists were important in the history of psychology because they __________. a) provided the first subject matter for study, and a methodology for studying it Correct. The structuralists were interested in understanding the basic structure of human consciousness through the use of introspective techniques. b) found a way to link personal, social, and cultural experiences into a unified theory c) rejected introspection as an experimental strategy in favor of dream analysis d) collaborated with Charles Darwin and applied his ideas to the study of human behavior Incorrect. The structuralists did not collaborate with Darwin, although the functionalists adopted Darwin’s general ideas. Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology. Topic: 1.1 In the Beginning: Wundt, Titchener, and James Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 13. Why was the perspective followed by Wilhelm Wundt and his followers called structuralism? a) They wanted to identify the major brain structures. b) Their primary goal was to understand the physiology of the mind. Incorrect. It was the structure of thought, not physiology. c) They focused their efforts on analyzing the elements of the nervous system. d) Their primary focus was on describing the structure of conscious experience. Correct. Structure was key in the definition. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology. Topic: 1.1 In the Beginning: Wundt, Titchener, and James Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 48 a= 30 b= 19 c= 4 d= 48 r = .18 % correct 59 a= 13 b= 24 c= 3 d= 59 r = .37

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 14. __________ was an early proponent of functionalism. a) Ivan Pavlov b) William James Correct. James was a functionalist. c) Wilhelm Wundt Incorrect. Wundt was a structuralist. d) Max Wertheimer Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology. Topic: 1.1 In the Beginning: Wundt, Titchener, and James Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 15. How our minds help us adapt to the world around us was a primary question addressed by which early perspective of psychology? a) behaviorism b) cognitivism c) functionalism Correct. The functionalists were interested in determining the purpose of human consciousness, or how it helped us with our everyday lives. d) structuralism Incorrect. The structuralists were interested in determining the structure, or basic makeup, of human consciousness. Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology. Topic: 1.1 In the Beginning: Wundt, Titchener, and James Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 16. Two psychologists, Eddie and Bill, walk into a bar, and each orders a beer. Eddie says, “Look at that golden nectar…the bubbles, the foam, the slight fruit notes on my tongue, the amber color; man, that’s a beer!” Bill says, “This’ll get me drunk.” Eddie most likely endorses ____________, whereas Bill most likely favors _______________ . a) structuralism; functionalism Correct. Although both are responsibly enjoying a beer, each psychologist is emphasizing a different aspect of his drinking experience. b) functionalism; structuralism Incorrect. Although both are responsibly enjoying a beer, each psychologist is emphasizing a different aspect of his drinking experience.c) structuralism; psychoanalysis d) structuralism; behaviorism Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology. Topic: 1.1 In the Beginning: Wundt, Titchener, and James Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 17. If a functionalist from the 1890s were alive today, where would we most likely find him? a) in a laboratory, studying principles of perception b) in a school, working to improve teaching methods Correct. Functionalists applied research to actual problems, such as those in education or industry.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) in a mountain retreat, contemplating the meaning of life d) in a sleep laboratory, trying to determine if our need for sleep is biologically based Incorrect. This would be considered pure research. Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology. Topic: 1.1 In the Beginning: Wundt, Titchener, and James Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 18. Which psychologist was the first Black American to receive a Ph.D. in educational psychology in 1925? a) Charles Henry Thompson Correct. Charles Henry Thompson earned his Ph.D. in educational psychology in 1925 at the University of Chicago, the first Black American to receive this degree in the United States. b) Inez Beverly Prosser Incorrect. Inez Beverly Prosser was the first Black American woman to receive a Ph.D. in educational psychology, in 1933. c) Albert Sidney Beckham d) Linus Pauling Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology. Topic: 1.1 In the Beginning: Wundt, Titchener, and James Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 19. Although Margaret F. Washburn was the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States (in 1894), the first Black American woman to do so was __________ in 1934 at the University of Minnesota. a) Inez Beverly Prosser b) Ruth Howard Correct. Howard was the first woman of color to receive a doctorate in psychology in the United States. c) Margaret Mahler d) Anna Freud Incorrect. Anna Freud did not complete her studies in the United States. Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology. Topic: 1.1 In the Beginning: Wundt, Titchener, and James Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 20. Which noted Black American psychologist held a post as president of Shaw University in North Carolina and then president of Virginia State College? a) Charles Henry Thompson b) Howard Hale Long Incorrect. The correct psychologist referred to in this question is Robert Prentiss Daniel. c) Robert Prentiss Daniel Correct. This is the individual referred to in the question. d) Albert Sidney Beckham Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology. Topic: 1.1 In the Beginning: Wundt, Titchener, and James Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

21. Which early school of psychological thought proposed that “the whole is more than the sum of its parts”? a) Gestalt psychology Correct. The Gestalt psychologists studied the perception of wholes. b) behaviorism c) structuralism Incorrect. Structuralists focused on the elements of consciousness. d) functionalism Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 22. “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts” is a statement associated with the perspective of __________. a) introspection b) functionalism c) psychoanalysis Incorrect. Psychoanalysis was concerned with unconsciousness, not “wholes.” d) Gestalt psychologists Correct. “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts” was the theme of the Gestaltists. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 55 a= 14 b= 21 c= 11 d= 55 r = .43 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 23. While on a visit to a large city, you observe several marquee signs in which a series of lights seems to move. Which perspective in psychology would most likely help you understand this phenomenon? a) Gestalt Correct. Gestalt psychologists focused on the perception of wholes. b) the behavioral perspective c) humanism d) the psychodynamic perspective Incorrect. This theory focused on the unconscious. Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 24. The focus of Gestalt psychology was to discover __________. a) how mental processes helped people adapt to the world b) the overall patterns of perceptions and thoughts Correct. Gestalt psychologists looked at larger wholes, rather than individual parts. c) the basic building blocks of consciousness Incorrect. This would be an emphasis of structuralists, not Gestalt psychologists.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) the unconscious motivations for human functioning Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 25. The early perspective called Gestalt psychology has evolved into what current perspective? a) psychoanalysis b) cognitive psychology Correct. Gestalt psychology is now part of cognitive psychology, which focuses on perception as well as learning, memory, and thought processes. c) behavioral psychology Incorrect. This area of psychology only focuses on observable behavior. d) social psychology Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It % correct 63 a= 13 b= 63 c= 15 d= 9 r = .32 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 26. The belief that the unconscious mind has an influence on one’s behavior is part of what early field of psychology? a) structuralism Incorrect. Structuralism does not examine the unconscious. b) functionalism c) psychoanalysis Correct. The unconscious is a major component of psychoanalysis. d) behaviorism Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 56 a= 7 b= 9 c= 56 d= 27 r = .37 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 27. What did Sigmund Freud consider to be the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed? a) free will b) brain physiology Incorrect. There was no physical cause to the problems patients had. c) the unconscious mind Correct. Freud’s entire theory centered on the unconscious. d) external consequences Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Easy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 88 a= 1 b= 6 c= 88 d= 4 r = .42 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 28. The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and it is your turn. “I’ll take Pioneers in Psychology for $100.” The revealed answer is “Focused on unconscious factors.” Just before the buzzer sounds, what will you say? a) “Who is B. F. Skinner?” Incorrect. Skinner rejected the unconscious. b) “Who are the humanists?” c) “Who is Sigmund Freud?” Correct. Freud based his ideas about human behavior on the importance of the unconscious. d) “Who are the behaviorists?” Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 29. Freud stressed the importance of __________. a) early childhood experiences Correct. Freud believed personality was formed in the first 6 years of life. b) adolescence Incorrect. Freud stressed the first 6 years. c) early adulthood d) middle adulthood Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 79 a= 79 b= 14 c= 5 d= 2 r = .24 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 30. According to Sigmund Freud, repressed unconscious urges __________. a) are able to be suppressed b) only pertain to sex Incorrect. Freud also felt that unconscious urges were related to aggressive impulses. c) can surface and create nervous disorders Correct. Freud believed that unconscious urges could not stay completely unconscious indefinitely, and that they would be expressed in one way or another. d) have no impact on everyday life Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 31. The ideas Sigmund Freud developed were built around a __________. a) theory of personality that emphasizes the awareness of one’s own cognitive processes

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts Correct. Unconscious motives and conflicts are the essential elements of psychoanalysis. c) method of psychotherapy in which an observer carefully records and interprets behavior without interfering with the behavior Incorrect. Psychoanalysts don’t necessarily refrain from directing behavior. d) method of psychotherapy that emphasizes how maladaptive behaviors are learned through imitations of others and through cognitive expectations Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 32. Which treatment approach did Sigmund Freud develop for treating his patients? a) drug therapy b) neuropsychology c) clinical psychology Incorrect. This was not a discipline yet. d) psychoanalysis Correct. It fit with his assumptions about the mind. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 90 a= 0 b= 6 c= 4 d= 90 r = .29 % correct 85 a= 4 b= 7 c= 4 d= 85 r = .30 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 33. Which type of psychologist would be most likely to argue that a criminal engages in unlawful behavior because he grew up around older boys who engaged in criminal activities? a) Gestalt psychologist b) behaviorist Correct. This theory focused on learned behavior. c) a psychodynamic psychologist Incorrect. This theory focused on unconscious influences. d) structuralist Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 34. John B. Watson believed that the appropriate subject matter for psychology should be the study of __________. a) behavior Correct. He thought that a focus on observable behavior was the most scientific method of study. b) the mind c) the brain d) consciousness Incorrect. This was not observable.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 35. Behaviorism, as a perspective on psychology, attempted to explain behavior by studying __________. a) the verbal reasons people give for their behaviors b) the inner personality traits that lead to behavior c) how a specific stimulus evokes a specific response Correct. This relationship, called a stimulus–response association, is one of the major foundations of behaviorism. d) the spiritual purposes of people’s behavior Incorrect. This would be the focus of functionalism, not behaviorism. Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 36. Which of the following advice might John B. Watson have offered to psychologists of his time? a) “Focus on observable behavior.” Correct. Behaviorism was founded on the study of observable behavior. b) “Life is an effort to overcome inferiority.” c) “We cannot know others until we know ourselves.” Incorrect. Watson only studied what he observed. d) “Remember that what we accomplish is due to the composition of our genes.” Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 75 a= 75 b= 6 c= 14 d= 3 r = .38 % correct 78 a= 78 b= 3 c= 16 d= 3 r = .34 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 37. The Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov discovered that dogs would salivate to the sound of a ticking metronome due to __________. a) habituation Incorrect. Conditioning, not habituation, is the correct answer. b) reflexology c) a learned reflexive response called conditioning Correct. Dogs would salivate due to conditioning. d) their fear response Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 38. Marisol’s parents have really bad luck and show really poor planning. Each time they take Marisol to the doctor for her immunizations, they dress her in the same red sweater. Without fail, Marisol has her red sweater on when she gets an injection from the doctor. One day her mother pulled the sweater out of the closet and asked, “Would you like to wear this today, honey?” and couldn’t understand why Marisol burst into tears. Can you explain why? a) Marisol had repressed her unconscious liking for the sweater. Incorrect. This seems like an unlikely explanation for Marisol’s behavior. b) Marisol associated the sweater with both her mother and father, so she thought her father was gone. c) Marisol learned that the sweater predicted a ride in the car. d) Marisol had associated the presence of the sweater with a painful trip to the doctor. Correct. Classical conditioning principles can readily explain Marisol’s tearful reaction. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 39. Pavlov’s research demonstrated that __________. a) involuntary reaction (salivation) could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (sound of a bell) Correct. This is true based on his research of conditioning. b) an unrelated stimulus (salivation) could occur in response to an involuntary reaction (sound of a bell) Incorrect. The involuntary reaction is salivation and the unrelated stimulus is the sound of the bell. c) involuntary reaction (sound of a bell) could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (food) d) an unrelated stimulus (food) could occur in response to an unrelated stimulus (barking) Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 86 a= 86 b= 6 c= 8 d= 0 r = .43 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 40. According to Sigmund Freud, phobias were __________; according to John B. Watson, phobias were __________. a) learned; inherited b) repressed conflicts; learned Correct. Freud studied repressed conflict and Watson studied observable behavior. c) sexual; unconscious Incorrect. Watson did not believe in the unconscious. d) conditioned; unconditioned Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 41. Compared to the others, which pair of scientists shared the most similar views of behavior? a) William James and Wilhelm Wundt

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. One was a functionalist and the other was a structuralist. b) B. F. Skinner and Max Wertheimer c) Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson Correct. They used conditioning in their theories. d) Carl Rogers and Edward Titchener Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 42. Which founding contributors to psychology helped develop behaviorism? a) Gestalt and Wundt b) Freud and Watson Incorrect. Freud was a psychoanalyst. c) Watson and Pavlov Correct. They contributed to behaviorism. d) Pavlov and Wundt Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 78 a= 6 b= 10 c= 78 d= 7 r = .49 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 43. Suppose you were a graduate student studying for a Ph.D. in psychology in the 1920s. Your advisor was strongly influenced by John B. Watson. Which of the following might your advisor consider an acceptable choice for your research? a) a survey of daydreams b) an analysis of how learning takes place through exposure to environmental conditions Correct. Watson believed observable behavior should be the focus of study. c) a survey of sexual imagery in the dreams of men and women d) an analysis of the thought processes students report while answering test items Incorrect. You cannot observe thought processes. Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 44. The psychodynamic perspective was based on the work of __________. a) John B. Watson Incorrect. Watson was a behaviorist. b) Wilhelm Wundt c) Maximillian Gestalt d) Sigmund Freud Correct. Freud developed the psychodynamic theory. Answer: d

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 62 a= 23 b= 2 c= 12 d= 62 r = .42 % correct 55 a= 10 b= 21 c= 14 d= 55 r = .38 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 45. Professor Wallis approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes unconscious processes within the individual, such as inner forces or conflicts. It is most likely that she adopts which psychological approach? a) social-cognitive learning b) behaviorism c) the cognitive approach Incorrect. The cognitive approach focuses on how people think, remember, and store information, not on the unconscious. d) the psychodynamic approach Correct. The psychodynamic approach emphasizes unconscious dynamics. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 46. Who claimed that behavior is affected by reinforcement? a) William James b) Sigmund Freud Incorrect. Freud did not emphasize positive reinforcement. c) B. F. Skinner Correct. Skinner believed that behavior that is followed by good consequences is reinforced. d) Wilhelm Wundt Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 77 a= 11 b= 4 c= 77 d= 8 r = .40 % correct 66 a= 23 b= 6 c= 66 d= 3 r = .36 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 47. Giorgio wants help dealing with his lack of motivation in school, so he enlists his roommate Ingo, who’s taking an introductory psychology course, to offer advice. “The problem is all in your brain,” Ingo suggests. “You’ve got an imbalance of chemicals and hormones, which is causing you to feel lackluster and unfocused.” Which perspective on psychological science is Ingo adopting? a) humanistic Incorrect. This perspective emphasizes free will and self-actualization. b) biopsychological Correct. This perspective investigates the links between biological processes and behavior. c) sociocultural d) psychodynamic Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 48. Which psychological perspective emphasizes human free will and self-actualization? a) psychoanalysis Incorrect. This theory does not acknowledge free will. b) humanistic perspective Correct. Humanistic theory focuses on free will and self-actualization. c) cognitive perspective d) behaviorism Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 49. According to humanistic theorist Abraham Maslow, when people achieve self-actualization, they __________. a) develop to their fullest potential Correct. When a person has become everything she or he is capable of, the person has become self-actualized, according to Maslow. b) avoid negative consequences of behavior c) seek maximum reward for all their behaviors Incorrect. This would be a theoretical suggestion of a behaviorist, not a humanist. d) learn from their mistakes and move on Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 50. Which schools of thought show the greatest overlap in the subject matter they focus on? a) psychodynamic perspective, behaviorism, evolutionary perspective Incorrect. The psychodynamic and behaviorist perspectives would be directly at odds with one another. b) cognitive psychology, Gestalt psychology, structuralism Correct. Structuralists were interested in the basic elements of the mind, as were Gestalt psychologists who in turned provided a basis for cognitive psychology. c) biopsychosocial, sociocultural, cognitive perspective d) humanism, behaviorism, psychodynamic perspective Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 51. Cognitive neuroscientists can examine the brain using tools such as __________. a) electrolysis and PET b) PET, MRI, and fMRI Correct. These are all instruments used by cognitive neuroscientists. c) MRI and electrolysis d) Gamma images and electrolysis

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. Cognitive neuroscientists use a lot of equipment involving a lot of electricity. Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 52. Luisa’s been feeling a lot of pressure lately. She wants to fit in with her peer group, so she started dressing as her friends do. She wants to be accepted by her family, so she’s paid more attention to their traditions and customs. She also wants to fit in at school, so she’s mindful of the implicit and explicit rules that students follow in that environment. Which type of psychological scientist would be most interested in explaining Luisa’s behaviors? a) Sociocultural psychologist Correct. Luisa is using the larger environmental contexts in which she finds herself to guide her behaviors and shape her attitudes. b) Behaviorist Incorrect. Luisa’s concerns are couched within a larger social and cultural context. c) Learning theorist d) Biological psychologist Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 53. If you are interested in how interpersonal patterns, beliefs, and customs influence behavior, you are interested in the __________ perspective. a) behavioral b) sociocultural Correct. This approach focuses on social environment. c) psychodynamic d) cognitive Incorrect. This approach focuses on individual thought processes, not groups of people. Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 66 a= 20 b= 66 c= 5 d= 10 r = .22 % correct 73 a= 17 b= 73 c= 2 d= 6 r = .28 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 54. Eloise just had her purse stolen while walking down Fifth Avenue in New York City, which is a very busy part of Manhattan. She screamed loudly, and several people looked in her direction, but nobody stopped walking or made an attempt to help. Eloise’s experience is an example of __________. a) democracy in action b) the bystander effect Correct. This example would support this concept as nobody immediately helped despite an emergency taking place in a heavily populated area. c) diffusion of awareness Incorrect. The diffusion of responsibility could also be a correct answer, but not diffusion of awareness.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) flaws in the judicial system Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 55. Jake’s car broke down and smoke started rising from the engine. He felt lucky to have broken down while parked in the center of town during lunch hour, when many people were outside and could help. However, 30 minutes has passed and despite the heavily populated area, nobody has offered assistance. Jake’s experience is an example of the __________. a) zeitgeist b) behaviorist effect c) bystander effect Correct. This example would support the effect because of the principle of diffusion of responsibility. d) self-serving prophecy Incorrect. This concept is not discussed in the text. Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 56. In studying compliance and obedience, a researcher is interested in looking at differences between prison guards in China and the United Kingdom. The researcher is adopting a(n) __________ perspective in this cross-cultural study. a) Eurocentric b) egocentric c) psychodynamic Incorrect. It’s not clear how the psychodynamic perspective would be useful in this context. d) sociocultural Correct. The researcher is looking at similarities and differences across cultures from a sociocultural perspective. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 57. John M. Darley and Bibb Latané theorized that the presence of other people in a distressing situation would decrease the likelihood that someone would receive help due to __________. a) diffusion of anonymity Incorrect. Diffusion of responsibility is the correct choice. b) diffusion of responsibility Correct. When others are around, individuals have been found to believe that help is not needed and that another person will help. c) flaws in laws protecting Good Samaritans d) timeliness of onset Answer: b

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 58. Professor Chen approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes bodily events and chemicals, such as hormones, associated with behavior. She most likely accepts which of the following psychological approaches? a) biopsychological Correct. The biopsychological perspective looks at the relationship between body chemistry and behavior. b) learning c) cognitive d) sociocultural Incorrect. The sociocultural perspective focuses on culture and sociology, not biology. Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 91 a= 91 b= 2 c= 6 d= 1 r = .49 % correct 93 a= 93 b= 0 c= 0 d= 7 r = .56 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 59. The field of biopsychology is part of the larger discipline of __________, which refers to the study of the physical structure, function, and development of the nervous system. a) neuroscience Correct. This is the proper definition of neuroscience. b) behavioral genetics c) sociobiology d) medicine Incorrect. The field of medicine is related to biopsychology, but this is not the best answer. Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 60. Dr. Vaughan is a psychologist who tries to understand how people select their potential mates and dating partners. She is most likely to be a(n) __________ psychologist. a) behavioral b) cognitive c) evolutionary Correct. Evolutionary psychologists look at how human mate selection evolved, among other topics. d) biopsychological Incorrect. Mate selection forms a core basis for evolutionary psychology. Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

61. Evolutionary psychologists might suggest that certain cognitive strategies and goals are built into the human brain because __________. a) they help humans adapt to their environment Correct. Adaptation and survival are the basic tenets of evolutionary theory. b) human brains are similar to the brains of dolphins c) they are the result of learning that has taken place during childhood Incorrect. Evolutionary psychologists might not disagree with this possibility, but they would emphasize some other mechanisms first. d) they are the result of memories we have inherited from our ancestors Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 62. Dr. Guerrero probably agrees with the __________ theory of psychology, because he contends that humans are intelligent species due primarily to the fact that intelligence gives us an advantage in the natural world. a) psychoanalytic b) behavioral c) cognitive Incorrect. Cognitive psychology does not address concepts such as advantages in the natural world. d) evolutionary Correct. Survival advantage is a basic premise of evolutionary psychology. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 63. Which of the following statements concerning the field of psychology is correct? a) A psychologist has no medical training. Correct. Psychologists do not go to medical school; they go to graduate school. b) A psychiatrist generally goes to graduate school, not medical school. c) Psychiatric social workers can prescribe medication. Incorrect. Although the word psychiatric is in their title, they cannot prescribe medication because they don’t go to medical school. d) An M.D. and a Ph.D. are pretty much the same thing. Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.4 Differentiate between the various types of professionals within the field of psychology. Topic: 1.4 Psychological Professionals and Areas of Specialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 22 a= 22 b=35 c= 36 d= 8 r = .24 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 64. Dr. Turner has been treating a child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. He decides to write a prescription for Ritalin. Given this information, it is most likely that Dr. Turner is a __________. a) psychiatrist Correct. Psychiatrists are medical doctors and can write prescriptions. b) psychoanalyst c) humanistic psychologist

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. This type of psychologist would never write a prescription for Ritalin. d) school psychologist Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.4 Differentiate between the various types of professionals within the field of psychology. Topic: 1.4 Psychological Professionals and Areas of Specialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 71 a= 71 b= 8 c= 11 d= 10 r = .33 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 65. A person who has suffered a major stroke and is now experiencing severe personality problems because of the damage would BEST be advised to see a __________. a) psychiatrist Correct. A psychiatrist has a medical degree, and the problem appears to be a medical one. b) cognitive psychologist c) psychiatric social worker Incorrect. Social workers have no medical training. d) psychologist Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.4 Differentiate between the various types of professionals within the field of psychology. Topic: 1.4 Psychological Professionals and Areas of Specialization Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 37 a= 37 b= 37 c= 5 d= 21 r = .27 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 66. Malik has a master’s degree and is interested in studying the social and interpersonal causes of poverty. What type of professional is Malik most likely to become? a) educational psychologist b) psychiatrist c) school psychologist Incorrect. A school psychologist would focus on educational issues, not on poverty. d) psychiatric social worker Correct. A psychiatric social worker usually has a master’s degree in social work and focuses on social issues, such as poverty. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.4 Differentiate between the various types of professionals within the field of psychology. Topic: 1.4 Psychological Professionals and Areas of Specialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 67. Ashlee is a single mother living in a city-funded housing project in an economically disadvantaged section of town. She has addiction issues and just lost custody of her three children. What type of mental health professional is most likely to get involved in Ashlee’s situation? a) educational psychologist b) psychiatrist Incorrect. A psychiatrist focuses on issues that are severe and often require medical training. c) psychiatric social worker Correct. A psychiatric social worker works with people in conditions of poverty or other types of environmental situations leading to mental disorder. d) counselor

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.4 Differentiate between the various types of professionals within the field of psychology. Topic: 1.4 Psychological Professionals and Areas of Specialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 68. The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and it is your turn. “I’ll take Specialties in Psychology for $300.” The revealed answer is, “These psychological professionals work with situations in which environmental conditions may have an impact on mental health.” Just before the buzzer sounds, what will you say? a) “What is a neuropsychologist?” Incorrect. These psychologists work on brain issues. b) “What is a forensic psychologist?” c) “What is a psychiatric social worker?” Correct. Psychiatric social workers work with people in conditions of poverty or other types of environmental situations leading to mental disorder. d) “What is a developmental psychologist?” Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.4 Differentiate between the various types of professionals within the field of psychology. Topic: 1.4 Psychological Professionals and Areas of Specialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 69. On a popular podcast, an actor describes the symptoms of anxiety he has been experiencing. He reports that the severity of the symptoms has decreased since he has been taking a drug prescribed by his therapist. You conclude that the actor’s therapist is probably a __________. a) podiatrist b) psychiatrist Correct. Prescribing drugs is usually done by a psychiatrist (except in some states). c) clinical psychologist Incorrect. For the most part, clinical psychologists cannot write prescriptions. d) counseling psychologist Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.4 Differentiate between the various types of professionals within the field of psychology. Topic: 1.4 Psychological Professionals and Areas of Specialization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 73 a= 0 b= 73 c= 25 d= 2 r = .33 % correct 67 a= 0 b= 67 c= 32 d= 1 r = .39 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 70. In the statement “Critical thinking requires reasoned judgments,” the word reasoned means __________. a) giving it a lot of thought Incorrect. Quantity is only part of the characteristics of critical thinking. b) logical and well thought out Correct. Critical thinking requires logic as well as organized thinking. c) seeing one side of an argument very clearly d) focusing on opinion Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.5 Recall the basic criteria for critical thinking that people can use in their everyday lives. Topic: 1.5 Thinking Critically About Critical Thinking

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It % correct 90 a= 3 b= 90 c= 4 d= 3 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 71. Critical thinking means making judgments based on __________. a) emotion b) keeping a closed mind c) reason and logical evaluation Correct. Reason and logic are necessary to think critically. d) authority and expertise Incorrect. Authorities are often wrong. Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.5 Recall the basic criteria for critical thinking that people can use in their everyday lives. Topic: 1.5 Thinking Critically About Critical Thinking Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 98 a= 0 b= 2 c= 98 d= 0 r = .43 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 72. Several years ago, two scientists announced that they had found evidence of “cold fusion” in their laboratory, but further studies failed to replicate their findings, and it was later found that the original scientists had used sloppy methods. This highlights which critical thinking principle? a) Few “truths” do not need to be tested. b) All evidence is not equal in quality. Correct. The “so-called” evidence of cold fusion was not very solid, due to sloppy methodology. c) Authority or expertise does not make the claims of the authority or expert true. d) Critical thinking requires an open mind. Incorrect. The cold fusion issue was about evidence, not open-mindedness. Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.5 Recall the basic criteria for critical thinking that people can use in their everyday lives. Topic: 1.5 Thinking Critically About Critical Thinking Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 42 a= 7 b= 42 c= 45 d= 6 r = .25 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 73. The CEO of a large automobile company says the cars the company makes are safe despite the fact that they lead the country in accidents due to faulty equipment. This discrepancy highlights which of the following critical thinking principles? a) Few “truths” do not need to be tested. Incorrect. The question is focusing on the CEO’s authority rather than on what he is saying. b) All evidence is not equal in quality. c) Authority or expertise does not make the claims of the authority or expert true. Correct. In this case, the authority has a motivation to lie or mislead, and cannot be trusted, especially if the evidence belies his statement. d) Critical thinking requires an open mind. Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.5 Recall the basic criteria for critical thinking that people can use in their everyday lives. Topic: 1.5 Thinking Critically About Critical Thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 66 a= 5 b= 24 c= 66 d= 5 r = .30

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 74. “There is no life outside this solar system, and nothing you can tell me will change that fact!” Which criterion of critical thinking does the person who made this statement lack? a) Evidence is only necessary if it can be tested. Incorrect. The statement is not a criterion for critical thinking. b) All evidence is not equal in quality. c) Authority or expertise does not make the claims of the authority or expert true. d) Critical thinking requires an open mind. Correct. The statement implies narrowness of thinking and, thus, the lack of an open mind. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.5 Recall the basic criteria for critical thinking that people can use in their everyday lives. Topic: 1.5 Thinking Critically About Critical Thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 75. __________ is a system used for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data. a) Statistics b) The scientific approach Correct. The scientific approach systematically controls variables reducing bias and error. c) Checks and balances d) The double-blind method Incorrect. This is a method for reducing bias but is not involved in measuring data. Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 33 a= 14 b= 33 c= 7 d= 47 r = .22 % correct 57 a= 3 b= 57 c= 3 d= 37 r = .23 APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 76. The goals of psychology are to __________. a) explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mind b) understand, compare, and analyze human behavior Incorrect. Human behavior is only one part of psychology. c) improve psychological well-being in all individuals from birth until death d) describe, explain, predict, and control behavior Correct. These adequately help uncover the mysteries of behavior. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 40 a= 17 b=39 c= 3 d= 40 r = .35 % correct 96 a= 4 b= 0 c= 0 d= 96 r = .54 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 77. Misaki was sent to the school psychologist to be tested. Based on her IQ scores, it was decided that she would do well in the gifted child program. This is an example of which goal of psychology? a) describing behavior

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) explaining behavior Incorrect. Explaining focuses on why it is happening. c) predicting behavior Correct. Misaki’s score served as a predictor (“would do well”) of performance. d) controlling behavior Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 76 a= 8 b= 7 c= 76 d= 9 r = .20 % correct 80 a= 6 b=5 c= 80 d= 9 r = .21 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 78. In addition to describing and explaining mental processes and behavior, psychology also attempts to __________ these phenomena. a) predict and control Correct. These are two of the four goals of psychology. b) analyze and manipulate c) categorize and organize Incorrect. These are not mentioned by your authors as being goals of psychology. d) synthesize and regulate Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 79. Dr. Fitzgerald is interested in finding out why identical twins have different personalities. She is most interested in the goal of __________. a) description Incorrect. “Why” does not describe; it explains. b) explanation Correct. “Why” asks for an explanation. c) prediction d) control Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 92 a= 2 b= 92 c= 4 d= 2 r = .24 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 80. A teacher tells the school psychologist that Billie is late to class, does not turn in her homework, squirms around a lot in her seat, and swings her feet constantly. This is an example of which goal of psychology? a) describing behavior Correct. We only know WHAT she is doing. b) explaining behavior Incorrect. Explaining focuses on why it is happening, not what is happening. c) predicting behavior

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) controlling behavior Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 85 a= 85 b= 14 c= 0 d= 0 r = .34 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 81. The question “What is happening?” refers to which of the following goals in psychology? a) description Correct. Asking “what” means asking for a description. b) explanation Incorrect. Explanation goes beyond “what.” c) prediction d) control Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 64 a= 64 b= 28 c= 8 d= 1 r = .21 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 82. The question “Why is it happening?” refers to which of the following goals in psychology? a) description Incorrect. Describing does not answer the question why. b) explanation Correct. Asking “why” calls for an explanation. c) prediction d) control Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 90 a= 6 b= 90 c= 4 d= 0 r = .20 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 83. The question “When will it happen again?” refers to which of the following goals in psychology? a) description b) explanation Incorrect. Explanation deals with the present. c) prediction Correct. Prediction deals with future events. d) control Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 92 a= 0 b= 4 c= 92 d= 4 r = .36

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 84. The question “How can it be changed?” refers to which goal of psychology? a) description b) explanation Incorrect. Explanation deals with the present, whereas control deals with the future. c) prediction d) control Correct. Control deals with changing future events. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 85. Psychologists who give potential employees tests that determine what kind of job those employees might best perform are interested in the goal of __________. a) description b) explanation Incorrect. The test is predicting, not explaining. c) prediction Correct. The test predicts behavior. d) control Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 83 a= 7 b=41 c= 83 d= 7 r = .29 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 86. The first step in any scientific investigation is __________. a) forming the hypothesis Incorrect. This step follows the development of a question to test. b) perceiving the question Correct. This is the first step in any scientific investigation. c) coming to a conclusion d) developing an argument Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 79 a= 19 b= 79 c= 0 d= 2 r = .43 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 87. Perceiving the question is the first step in a scientific investigation. This step is derived from which goal of psychology? a) describing Correct. The question comes from observing a situation and asking “What is happening?” This is a description. b) explaining

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. Perceiving the question comes from an observation and description. Explaining comes after the experiment. c) predicting d) changing Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It % correct 34 a= 34 b= 12 c= 53 d= 1 r = .29 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 88. “Children who watch violent cartoons will become more aggressive themselves.” According to the scientific method, this statement is most likely a __________. a) conclusion b) result c) hypothesis Correct. This statement is an educated guess about the effects of violent cartoons. d) fact Incorrect. This is merely a testable statement about the effects of violent cartoons on children’s behavior. Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 89. Forming a hypothesis is the second step in a scientific investigation. This step is derived from two goals of psychology—description and __________. a) control Incorrect. Forming a hypothesis, or an educated guess, is not related to controlling a behavior. b) explanation Correct. Forming a hypothesis attempts to explain the question you are asking. c) predicting d) observation Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 90. Hanna proposes the idea that a person’s sexual history prior to marriage may be linked to whether that person later gets divorced. Her proposal best represents which step of the scientific method? a) testing the hypothesis b) observing events Incorrect. The speculation regarding the correct answer to this research question is called forming a hypothesis. c) forming a hypothesis Correct. Forming a hypothesis involves making an educated guess as to the answer to a research question. d) formulating a theory Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach Difficulty Level: Moderate

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 91. After reading about the possible causes of schizophrenia, a scientist thinks that a virus is the most likely cause. What term most accurately describes the scientist’s idea? a) hypothesis Correct. A hypothesis is an “educated guess” based on solid information. b) dependent variable c) extraneous variable d) experimental estimate Incorrect. Experimental estimate is not a valid term used in science. Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 94 a= 94 b= 1 c= 4 d= 2 r = .31 % correct 95 a= 95 b= 1 c= 2 d= 1 r = .41 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 92. The tendency to look for information that supports one’s own belief is called __________. a) the principle of falsifiability Incorrect. The principle of falsifiability refers to the idea that a proper research question must be capable of being disproven. b) confirmation bias Correct. Confirmation bias is the tendency to look for information that supports one’s own belief. c) criterion validity d) volunteer bias Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 93. Testing a hypothesis is the third step in a scientific investigation. This step is derived from which goal of psychology? a) description Incorrect. Description comes from observing a situation and asking “What is happening?” b) explanation Correct. Testing a hypothesis attempts to explain the question you are asking. c) prediction d) control Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 94. What is one of the major reasons that psychologists report results publicly? a) to comply with legal requirements Incorrect. There are no legal requirements to report results publicly. b) to identify all the extraneous variables

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) to allow researchers to replicate experiments Correct. Public reporting of results allows others to test the conclusions. d) to explain research results so that non-psychologists can understand them Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 96 a= 4 b= 0 c= 96 d= 0 r = .23 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 95. Researchers must report their results completely, whether the hypothesis under investigation was supported or not. Complete reporting is necessary for the purpose of __________. a) educational knowledge b) replication Correct. Others must know what was done so they can repeat the procedure and make sure everything was done correctly. c) finding a better way to support the hypothesis Incorrect. Complete reporting of methods is mainly for replication, not just finding support of the hypothesis. d) criticism Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 96. Which of the following is an empirical question? a) “Would Martin Luther King, Jr., have been a good president?” Incorrect. This question cannot be answered through experimentation, observation, or measurements. b) “What is the meaning of life?” c) “Was the Civil War necessary?” d) “Is there life in the caverns of the ocean floor?” Correct. This question can be answered through observation, experimentation, and measurements. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 97. Which of the following statements is true about naturalistic observation? a) It re-creates natural conditions in the laboratory as closely as possible to make an experiment more valid. Incorrect. Naturalistic observation does not involve re-creating anything. b) It involves observing behavior in its natural context. Correct. Naturalistic observation does involve observing behavior in its natural context. c) It is basically the same process as objective introspection. d) It involves observing behavior in the lab without taking formal notes or using technological equipment to measure the experimental findings. Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White % correct 89 a= 7 b= 89 c= 2 d= 3 r = .45 % correct 88 a= 5 b= 88 c= 4 d= 4 r = .37 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 98. Ramesh went to Taco Palace to observe people eating in fast-food restaurants. He brought a camera crew and bright lights, and they all wore yellow jump suits. Ramesh said he wanted to conduct a naturalistic observation but may have had some problems because of __________. a) room crowding b) observer effects Correct. Ramesh’s equipment and crew would have made all the people very aware that they were being observed, thus affecting their behavior. c) participant observation Incorrect. Ramesh was not participating in the eating behavior. d) eating Taco Palace food Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 99. Observing behavior as it happens in real-life natural settings without imposing laboratory controls is known as the __________. a) naturalistic observation method Correct. Naturalistic observation entails observing behavior as it happens in real-life settings without imposing laboratory controls. b) experimental method c) survey method Incorrect. Surveys involve asking questions, not observing behavior. d) psychometric approach Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 97 a= 97 b= 2 c= 1 d= 0 r = .25 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 100. Systematically collecting data in real-world environments is the essence of which descriptive research method? a) case studies Incorrect. A case study is an in-depth analysis of one particular case or individual. b) naturalistic observation Correct. Naturalistic observation involves observing behaviors as they take place in the real-world setting. c) surveys d) correlational research Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 101. Which research method involves watching behaviors as they occur without intervening or altering the behaviors in any way?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) case study Incorrect. Case studies involve interacting with subjects, not just watching them, in order to get as much information about them as possible. b) experiment c) correlational studies d) naturalistic observation Correct. Naturalistic observation involves watching behaviors without intervening. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 96 a= 1 b= 1 c= 2 d= 96 r = .33 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 102. When you watch dogs play in the park, or watch how your professors conduct their classes, you are engaging in a form of __________. a) case study research Incorrect. Case study research follows one person closely for a long period of time. b) naturalistic observation Correct. In naturalistic observation, you are just watching—that is, observing. c) survey research d) psychometric study Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 96 a= 2 b= 96 c= 1 d= 1 r = .20 APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 103. Reggie conducted a naturalistic observation as a project for a psychology class. He observed the interactions of parents and children at a restaurant. Many of the people he observed seemed to notice him. When Reggie described his work to his professor, she suggested he find out more about the __________ effect. a) restaurant b) parent c) butterfly Incorrect. There is no psychological concept known as the butterfly effect. d) observer Correct. In noticing Reggie, the parents (and children) may have realized they were being observed, which might have affected their behavior due to the observer effect. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 104. Both Connie and Stephanie are interested in developmental psychology, specifically the types of play 5-yearolds engage in. Connie visits a local park and makes notes about the children she sees. Stephanie invites parents and their children to a specially designed room in a psychology building and watches the children through a one-way mirror. Both approaches are sensible, but the difference is that Connie is using __________, whereas Stephanie is using __________.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) naturalistic observation; laboratory observation Correct. Connie is recording children’s play activity as it unfolds in a natural setting, but Stephanie is recording the same kind of play activity in the controlled setting of a laboratory. b) laboratory observation; the case study method c) the case study method; naturalistic observation d) a field experiment; a laboratory experiment Incorrect. Any kind of experiment involves manipulating a variable, but neither Connie nor Stephanie have manipulated anything in their study designs. Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 105. Zoe wanted to study the effects of having the oldest child in a family go off to college. She decided to study her own family after her brother left for a college in Switzerland. She took notes each day on her parents’ behavior and kept a diary of her own thoughts and feelings. Zoe was using the research strategy called __________. a) participant observation Correct. Given that Zoe was part of the family she was observing, she was a participant observer. b) family survey c) confirmation bias Incorrect. Although Zoe was a family member, there was no indication that she had any preconceived opinions one way or another. d) attribution effect Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 106. Kerri believes that people who eat at McDonald’s are overweight, so she decides to do a naturalistic observation of people eating at McDonald’s. What should most concern us about Kerri’s observations? a) the observer effect Incorrect. The observer effect would come into play only if the McDonald’s customers were to become aware of Kerri observing them. b) the bystander effect c) observer bias Correct. Kerri has a bias about McDonald’s customers, which might affect her observations due to a phenomenon known as observer bias. d) subject bias Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 74 a= 15 b= 2 c= 74 d= 7 r = .21 APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 107. A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated is called a __________.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) representative sample b) case study Correct. A case study involves a detailed description of a particular individual. c) single-blind study d) naturalistic observation Incorrect. Naturalistic observation involves more than one individual. Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 94 a= 2 b= 94 c= 2 d= 2 r = .21 % correct 90 a= 4 b= 90 c= 4 d= 2 r = .35 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 108. In the 1970s, a 13-year-old girl was found locked in a room, strapped to a potty chair, where she had been confined since birth. Because she had grown up in a world without human speech, researchers studied “Genie’s” ability to acquire words, grammar, and pronunciation. This type of research is an example of a __________. a) case study Correct. A case study looks at only one person in great detail. b) representative sample c) single-blind study d) naturalistic observation Incorrect. Naturalistic observation involves studying more than one individual. Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 109. A case study would be the most appropriate method to investigate which of these topics? a) the ways in which the games of boys differ from the games of girls b) the development of a male baby raised as a female after a surgical error destroyed his penis Correct. A case study involves investigating only one person in great detail. c) the math skills of students in Japan as compared to those of U.S. students Incorrect. A case study involves investigating only one person and is not appropriate for comparing cultures. d) physiological changes that occur when people watch violent movies Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 110. You overhear psychology students preparing for a test. They note that one of the research methods often “fails to generalize.” Which method is the MOST likely topic of their discussion? a) correlation b) case study Correct. A case study focuses on one subject, and the information gained from it might not be generally true of other similar subjects. c) experiment d) surveys Incorrect. Surveys typically do generalize because the samples taken are somewhat random.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Topic: 1. 7 Descriptive Methods Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 42 a= 15 b= 42 c= 8 d= 34 r = .49 APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 111. Which of the following questions could be answered best by using the survey method? a) What is the effect of ingesting alcohol on problem-solving ability? Incorrect. Surveying students about their problem-solving abilities while drunk would allow too much room for subjectivity and give results with no accurate standards for analysis or comparison. b) Does wall color affect the frequency of violence in prison populations? c) Do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses and minuses? Correct. Student preferences are about opinions, and surveys are good at gathering the opinions of many people. d) What is the relationship between number of hours of study per week and grade point average? Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 88 a= 2 b= 1 c= 88 d= 8 r = .46 APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 112. Surveys represent a form of __________ research. a) biological b) descriptive Correct. A survey is a type of descriptive research, not an experimental design. c) inferential d) experimental Incorrect. There is no manipulation of variables in a survey, so it is not experimental research. Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 113. A researcher stops people at the mall and asks them questions about their attitudes toward gun control. Which research technique is being used? a) survey Correct. A survey asks the same questions of many people. b) experiment c) case study d) naturalistic observation Incorrect. Naturalistic observation never involves asking questions. Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 95 a= 95 b= 1 c= 4 d= 1 r = .22 % correct 98 a= 98 b= 0 c= 1 d= 1 r = .21

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 114. A group of randomly selected subjects for a study that matches the population on important characteristics such as age and sex is called __________. a) volunteer bias b) a representative sample Correct. A representative sample is a randomly selected group that matches the population on important characteristics. c) an experimental group Incorrect. An experimental group is not necessarily representative of the population. d) a control group Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 84 a= 2 b= 84 c= 11 d= 2 r = .35 % correct 89 a= 0 b= 89 c= 7 d= 4 r = .36 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 115. Dr. Acosta wants to know about the alcohol consumption patterns among college juniors in the United States. He should __________. a) give the survey to every college junior in the country Incorrect. It is impossible to survey every college junior. b) remember that sample size is the most critical factor in survey research c) require students’ names on each survey to avoid the tendency to lie d) draw a representative sample among college juniors Correct. A representative sample should give enough information to enable him to generalize his findings to all juniors. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 85 a= 8 b= 7 c=0 d= 85 r = .27 APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 116. The editors of Scientific American are able to obtain a representative sample of their readers in order to assess their attitudes toward preservation of the rainforests in Costa Rica. When interpreting the results of their survey, the editors will be able to apply the results to __________. a) the entire U.S. population Incorrect. Readers of Scientific American are not representative of the entire U.S. population. b) the rural population of Costa Rica c) subscribers of Scientific American Correct. The editors picked a sample of their own readers; therefore, the results would apply only to that population of readers. d) scientists Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 117. The magazine Desperate Wives publishes a survey of its female readers called “The Sex Life of the American Wife.” It reports that 87 percent of all wives like to make love in rubber boots. The critical flaw in this research would be the fact that __________. a) the sample is not representative of American wives Correct. The survey asks only readers of the magazine, and they are not representative of all American wives. b) a psychological test, rather than a survey, should have been given Incorrect. There is no mention of the need for a psychological test in this situation. c) rubber boots are not equally available in all regions of the country d) making love has not been operationally defined Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 30 a= 30 b= 11 c= 26 d= 33 r = .23 APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 118. The magazine Desperate Wives publishes a survey of its female readers called “The Sex Life of the American Wife.” It reports that 87 percent of all wives like to make love in rubber boots. A more accurate title for this survey would be __________. a) “Rubber Boot Preferences and the American Wife” b) “The New Sexuality in America: Rubber Boots in Bed!” c) “The Sex Lives of Our Readers: Desperate Wives Women Respond” Correct. The article, like the survey, should focus on the readers of the magazine. d) “Sex in America: These Boots Were Made for Walking and for…” Incorrect. The results of the survey do not apply to all Americans, only to the readers of the magazine. Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 119. A(n) __________ is a measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another. a) independent variable Incorrect. The independent variable is the variable that the experimenter manipulates. b) dependent variable c) experimental effect d) correlation Correct. A correlation measures how strongly two variables are related. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain how researchers use the correlational technique to study relationships between two or more variables. Topic: 1.8 Correlations: Finding Relationships Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 93 a= 0 b= 4 c= 3 d= 93 r = .56 % correct 98 a= 0 b= 2 c= 1 d= 98 r = .34 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 120. The word correlation is often used as a synonym for __________. a) validity Incorrect. Validity is unrelated to correlation. b) reliability c) variable d) relationship Correct. Correlation means relationship. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain how researchers use the correlational technique to study relationships between two or more variables. Topic: 1.8 Correlations: Finding Relationships Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 96 a= 2 b= 1 c= 2 d= 96 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 121. A correlation coefficient is a numerical measure of the __________. a) unintended changes in participants’ behavior due to cues from the experimenter Incorrect. There are no cues involved in correlation. b) strength of the relationship between two variables Correct. Relationship strength is determined by the correlation. c) behaviors of participants of different ages compared at a given time d) behaviors of participants followed and periodically assessed over time Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain how researchers use the correlational technique to study relationships between two or more variables. Topic: 1.8 Correlations: Finding Relationships Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 122. The word correlation could be used as a synonym for __________. a) cause Incorrect. Correlation does not imply causation. b) variability c) error d) relationship Correct. “Association” would also be another word that comes to mind. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain how researchers use the correlational technique to study relationships between two or more variables. Topic: 1.8 Correlations: Finding Relationships Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 123. Leyna finds that the number of hours she sleeps each night is related to the scores she receives on quizzes the next day. As her sleep approaches 8 hours, her quiz scores improve; as her sleep drops to 5 hours, her quiz scores show a similar decline. Leyna realizes that __________. a) there is a negative correlation between the number of hours she sleeps and her quiz grades Incorrect. Both variables in the example move in the same direction and, therefore, have a positive correlation. b) there is a positive correlation between the number of hours she sleeps and her quiz grades Correct. Both variables in the example move in the same direction and, therefore, have a positive correlation. c) her low quiz scores are caused by sleep deprivation the night before a quiz

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) she should sleep about 10 hours a night to ensure 100 percent quiz grades Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain how researchers use the correlational technique to study relationships between two or more variables. Topic: 1.8 Correlations: Finding Relationships Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 124. Zhenya finds that children’s hours of daily exercise and quality of nutritional intake are correlated +.73 with one another. What does this correlation coefficient indicate? a) As quality of nutritional intake increases, rates of exercise increase. Correct. All we can conclude from this association is that as scores on one variable increase, scores on the other variable also increase. b) Higher rates of exercise cause better nutrition. Incorrect. Correlations do not allow conclusions about causality. c) Better nutrition causes higher rates of exercise. d) As rates of exercise increase, quality of nutritional intake decreases. Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain how researchers use the correlational technique to study relationships between two or more variables. Topic: 1.8 Correlations: Finding Relationships Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 125. A negative correlation means that __________. a) high values of one variable are associated with low values of the other Correct. A negative correlation means that high values of one variable are associated with low values of the other. b) high values of one variable are associated with high values of the other Incorrect. A negative correlation means that high values of one variable are associated with low values of the other. c) low values of one variable are associated with low values of the other d) there is no relationship between the two variables Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain how researchers use the correlational technique to study relationships between two or more variables. Topic: 1.8 Correlations: Finding Relationships Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 76 a= 76 b= 2 c= 3 d= 16 r = .39 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 126. A correlation coefficient shows that smoking and life expectancy are related. As a result, a researcher could predict that __________ if the direction of the relationship is known. a) if a person smokes a lot of cigarettes, she or he will have less money monthly to buy gas b) the person’s life expectancy will go up or down based on the number of cigarettes the person smokes daily Correct. The directionality of the correlation coefficient can predict this relationship. c) if a person smokes cigarettes, she or he will eventually develop lung cancer d) a person’s lungs will repair themselves and she or he will live a longer life Incorrect. The correlation mentioned did not include information about lungs. Answer: b

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain how researchers use the correlational technique to study relationships between two or more variables. Topic: 1.8 Correlations: Finding Relationships Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 127. Which correlation coefficient represents the strongest relationship between two variables? a) .50 Incorrect. Because –.75 is closer to +1.00, it is the strongest relationship of the options. b) .25 c) –.25 d) –.75 Correct. The closer a correlation coefficient is to +1.00, the stronger the relationship it indicates. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain how researchers use the correlational technique to study relationships between two or more variables. Topic: 1.8 Correlations: Finding Relationships Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 128. Which correlation coefficient is most likely to describe the relationship between brushing one’s teeth and the number of cavities one gets? a) –.62 Correct. One would expect that as brushing increases, cavities tend to decrease. Thus, a negative correlation would best describe the relationship. Further, one would expect the relationship to be fairly strong and thus closer to +1.0 than to 0. b) .83 Incorrect. This correlation coefficient would suggest that as brushing increases, the number of cavities increases. We would hope that the relationship between tooth brushing and the number of cavities one gets would be a strong negative correlation. c) –.08 d) .45 Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain how researchers use the correlational technique to study relationships between two or more variables. Topic: 1.8 Correlations: Finding Relationships Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 129. Drinking orange juice is negatively correlated with the risk of cancer. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true? a) The more orange juice you drink, the higher your risk of cancer. Incorrect. When the two variables move up or down together, it is a positive correlation. b) The more orange juice you drink, the lower your risk of cancer. Correct. When as one variable goes up (juice drinking), the other goes down (risk of cancer); that is a negative correlation. c) The less orange juice you drink, the lower your risk of cancer. d) Drinking orange juice causes people to be cancer free. Answer: b

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain how researchers use the correlational technique to study relationships between two or more variables. Topic: 1.8 Correlations: Finding Relationships Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 88 a= 6 b= 88 c= 6 d= 1 r = .20 % correct 89 a= 4 b= 89 c= 0 d= 7 r = .19 APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 130. A correlation coefficient represents two things: __________ and __________. a) a representative sample; strength b) strength; direction of the relationship Correct. These are the two concepts that a correlation coefficient represents. c) the experimental group; control group d) direction of the relationship; expectant functionality Incorrect. Direction of the relationship is accurate, but expectant functionality is a made-up term. Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain how researchers use the correlational technique to study relationships between two or more variables. Topic: 1.8 Correlations: Finding Relationships Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 66 a= 10 b= 66 c= 13 d= 11 r = .47 % correct 67 a= 9 b= 67 c= 16 d= 8 r = .50 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 131. A correlation coefficient shows that alcohol consumption and driving accidents are related. As a result, a researcher could predict that the number of __________ if the direction of the relationship is known. a) arrests a person has will go up or down based on the type of car she or he drives b) driving accidents a person has will go up or down based on the number of alcoholic drinks consumed Correct. The directionality of the correlation coefficient can predict this relationship. c) arrests will increase the fewer drinks an individual consumes d) driving accidents a person has will contribute to the number of days spent in jail Incorrect. The correlation mentioned did not include information about days spent in jail. Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain how researchers use the correlational technique to study relationships between two or more variables. Topic: 1.8 Correlations: Finding Relationships Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 132. Which of the following statements is correct concerning correlation coefficients? a) A correlation of +.89 is strong and –.89 is weak. Incorrect. Both +.89 and –.89 are equally strong since they are the same distance from 0. b) A correlation of +.89 and –.89 are both strong and equally so. Correct. Both +.89 and –.89 are the same distance from 0. c) Correlation coefficients are indicators of cause and effect. d) A correlation of +1.5 is very strong. Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain how researchers use the correlational technique to study relationships between two or more variables. Topic: 1.8 Correlations: Finding Relationships

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It % correct 56 a= 15 b= 56 c= 4 d= 26 r = .19 % correct 66 a= 15 b= 66 c= 10 d= 8 r = .30 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 133. A perfect correlation, whether positive or negative, is __________ in the real world. a) expected b) imperfect Incorrect. The correct answer is rare. c) common d) rare Correct. Perfect correlations are not common in actual life examples. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain how researchers use the correlational technique to study relationships between two or more variables. Topic: 1.8 Correlations: Finding Relationships Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 134. As a project for a psychology course, a student correlated weight and intelligence scores for 250 students. The computed correlation coefficient was .00. What did the scatterplot look like? a) a random distribution of points Correct. When there is no correlation, the points are distributed all over the scatterplot with no particular shape or direction. b) a line with a positive slope Incorrect. A line with a positive slope indicates a correlation. c) a straight line from the lower left to the upper right-hand corner d) a straight line from the upper left to the lower right-hand corner Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain how researchers use the correlational technique to study relationships between two or more variables. Topic: 1.8 Correlations: Finding Relationships Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 80 a= 80 b= 7 c= 9 d= 5 r = .34 % correct 85 a= 85 b= 4 c= 7 d= 4 r = .34 APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 135. Operationalization is ________. a) a statement that attempts to predict a set of phenomena and specifies relationships among variables that can be empirically tested b) an organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena and their interrelationships Incorrect. Operationalization does not involve assumptions. c) the precise meaning of a term used to describe a variable, such as a type of behavior, that researchers want to measure Correct. Preciseness is essential for the scientific approach. d) the principle that a scientific theory must make predictions that are specific enough to expose the theory to the possibility of disconfirmation Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment. Topic: 1.9 The Experiment

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 40 a= 23 b= 23 c= 40 d= 12 r = .36 % correct 56 a= 4 b= 22 c= 56 d= 15 r = .53 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 136. As part of a psychology experiment, Santiago decides to measure a person’s “anxiety” by noting the number of blinks a person makes in a 20-minute social interaction with a stranger. Santiago appears to have decided on a(n) __________ of anxiety. a) explanation b) operationalization Correct. Operationalization specifies how a particular concept is to be measured or manipulated. c) theory d) hypothesis Incorrect. A hypothesis is an educated guess about a sequence of events. Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment. Topic: 1.9 The Experiment Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 137. Lacey tells her introductory psychology professor that she wants to study why similarity leads to attraction. “That’s great,” her instructor replies. “But what do you mean, exactly, by ‘similarity’ and ‘attraction’?” What is Lacey’s professor urging her to do? a) propose a theory to explain why similarity is related to attraction Incorrect. Although a theory is helpful to guide research, Lacey’s immediate concern is defining her terms in a way that can be measured b) create operational definitions of the variables she wants to study Correct. Operationalization provides a specific description of the variables of interest that allow them to be measured. c) compute a correlation coefficient between her variables d) formulate a hypothesis about the relationship between her variables of interest Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment. Topic: 1.9 The Experiment Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 138. Li Min is trying to define anxiety in a way that can be empirically tested. She is attempting to find an appropriate __________. a) hypothesis Incorrect. A hypothesis is an educated guess, not a definition. b) operationalization Correct. Operationalization defines responses in terms that allow them to be measured. c) double-blind study d) theory Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment. Topic: 1.9 The Experiment Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 139. Georgia has always been drawn to the saying “Absence makes the heart grow fonder,” and she decides to incorporate this saying into her research project. Georgia is trying to define absence in a way that can be empirically tested. She is attempting to find an appropriate __________. a) hypothesis Incorrect. A hypothesis is an educated guess, not a definition. b) operationalization Correct. Operationalization defines terms in ways that render them measurable. c) double-blind study d) theory Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment. Topic: 1.9 The Experiment Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 48 a= 37 b= 48 c= 1 d= 14 r = .42 APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 140. The administration of Hudson University wants to know if the arrangement of chairs affects student participation in classrooms. What would be a good operationalization of the dependent variable in an experiment designed to measure this relationship? a) class size: under 50 or over 50 b) number of students enrolled in each class c) chair arrangement: theater style or circular Incorrect. Chair arrangement is controlled by the experimenter and is, therefore, the independent variable. d) frequency with which students ask questions Correct. Counting the number of questions students ask is one measurable way to define the dependent variable, which is student participation. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment. Topic: 1.9 The Experiment Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 47 a= 4 b= 11 c= 38 d= 47 r = .45 APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 141. A researcher is investigating the effects of exercise on weight. What are the independent and dependent variables in this experiment? a) The dependent variable is weight; the independent variable is exercise. Correct. The exercise is controlled by the experimenter and is, therefore, independent of anything the participants do, whereas the participants’ weight is expected to be dependent on the amount of exercise. b) The independent variable is calories consumed; the dependent variable is diet. c) The independent variable is weight; the dependent variable is calories consumed. d) The dependent variable is amount of exercise; the independent variable is calories consumed. Incorrect. The exercise is controlled by the experimenter and is, therefore, the independent variable. Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment. Topic: 1.9 The Experiment Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 78 a= 78 b= 4 c= 0 d= 19 r = .66

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 142. In a study, college students are pampered (given endless amounts of money, unlimited data plans, and spicy Chinese food) to see whether this will improve their grades in their psychology course. What is the independent variable in this study? a) students’ previous scores (or baseline) on psychology midterms b) whether students were pampered or not Correct. The independent variable is what gets manipulated by the experimenter; in this case, whether students were pampered or not pampered. c) students’ scores on the next psychology exam Incorrect. This would be the dependent variable. d) students’ previous scores (or baseline) on sociology midterms Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment. Topic: 1.9 The Experiment Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 143. A variable that the experimenter manipulates is called a(n) __________. a) coefficient of correlation b) dependent variable Incorrect. The dependent variable is what is measured. c) control condition d) independent variable Correct. Independent variables are controlled by the experimenter. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment. Topic: 1.9 The Experiment Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 70 a= 1 b= 21 c= 8 d= 70 r = .42 % correct 68 a= 1 b= 23 c= 8 d= 68 r = .34 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 144. Independent variable is to dependent variable as __________. a) effect is to confound b) experimental is to correlation c) measure is to manipulate Incorrect. This is the opposite of the correct answer. d) manipulate is to measure Correct. Independent variables are manipulated, while dependent variables are measured. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment. Topic: 1.9 The Experiment Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 145. In a laboratory, smokers are asked to “drive” using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. The object is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White the driver’s seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups have. In this study, the independent variable is the __________. a) presence or absence of nicotine Correct. The nicotine is controlled by the experimenter and is, therefore, the independent variable. b) use of a driving simulator c) number of collisions in one hour Incorrect. The number of collisions is believed to be dependent on the consumption of nicotine and is, therefore, the dependent variable. d) prior driving skills of each participant Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment. Topic: 1.9 The Experiment Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 146. In a laboratory, smokers are asked to “drive” using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. The object is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into the driver’s seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups have. In this study, the dependent variable is the __________. a) presence or absence of nicotine Incorrect. The nicotine is controlled by the experimenter and is, therefore, the independent variable. b) use of a driving simulator c) number of collisions in one hour Correct. The number of collisions is believed to be dependent on the consumption of nicotine and is, therefore, the dependent variable. d) prior driving skills of each driver Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment. Topic: 1.9 The Experiment Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 147. DaVonte is planning on studying the influence of intelligence on the ability to recall events from the 1980s. If DaVonte does not account for variables such as age, which could also influence one’s ability to recall these events, age could be considered a(n) __________ variable. a) random b) dependent c) confounding Correct. Any variable that may influence outcome and is not controlled is called a confounding variable. d) independent Incorrect. This variable is accounted for and controlled. Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment. Topic: 1.9 The Experiment Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 148. Dr. Ramirez asks individuals to run on a treadmill for 0, 15, or 30 minutes and then measures their self-reported mood. In this hypothetical study, the independent variable is the __________. a) self-reported mood Incorrect. This is the variable that is measured, so it is the dependent variable. b) individuals who run for 15 or 30 minutes c) individuals who run for 0 minutes d) number of minutes individuals run on the treadmill Correct. This is the variable that is manipulated by the researcher, so it is the independent variable. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment. Topic: 1.9 The Experiment Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 149. Dr. Sardonicus asks individuals to cycle on stationary bikes for 0, 10, 20, or 30 minutes, after which he measures their blood pressure. In this hypothetical study, the dependent variable is the __________. a) blood pressure Correct. This is the variable that is measured, so it is the dependent variable. b) individuals who do not ride on the stationary bike c) number of minutes individuals ride the bike Incorrect. This is the variable that is manipulated, so it is the independent variable. d) presence or absence of a bike Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment. Topic: 1.9 The Experiment Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 150. In a laboratory, smokers are asked to “drive” using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. The object is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into the driver’s seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups have. In this study, the participants who smoke a cigarette without nicotine make up the __________. a) control group Correct. A control group gets either no treatment or treatment with no effect; in this case, experimenters are controlling for the possibility that the cigarette itself (not the nicotine) might cause people to get into collisions. b) driving simulator c) experimental group Incorrect. The experimental group does get treatment that is expected to have an effect, whereas the control group gets either no treatment or treatment without effect. d) no-control group Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment. Topic: 1.9 The Experiment Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 78 a= 78 b= 0 c= 2 d= 0 r = .44 APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 151. An appropriate control group __________. a) contains at least one confound, and preferably three or four b) has an unlimited number of dependent variables, but only a single independent variable c) has a limited number of research participants Incorrect. In fact, a good control group would have the same number of participants as an experimental group. d) is as similar as possible to the experimental group, except for the presence of the independent variable Correct. A control group is used as a baseline of comparison, so all variables should be held as constant as possible to avoid any confound. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment. Topic: 1.9 The Experiment Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 152. Which of the following is CORRECT concerning random assignment? a) In random assignment, each participant has an equal chance for each condition. Correct. In random assignment, each participant has an equal chance of being assigned. b) In random assignment, each participant is assigned alphabetically to each condition. c) Random assignment can only be determined after an experiment is over. d) The best formula for random assignment is birth dates. Incorrect. Birth dates are not random because many people are born on the same day. Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment. Topic: 1.9 The Experiment Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 90 a= 90 b= 2 c= 4 d= 4 r = .20 % correct 90 a= 90 b= 3 c= 3 d= 3 r = .26 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 153. Which of the following situations best illustrates the placebo effect? a) You sleep because you are tired. b) You throw up after eating bad meat. Incorrect. Throwing up after eating bad food is caused by a physiological reflex, not by expectations, as would be the case in a placebo effect. c) You have surgery to repair a defective heart valve. d) You drink a nonalcoholic drink and become “intoxicated” because you think it contains alcohol. Correct. The placebo effect is brought on by expectations, and in this case, you felt drunk only because you believed you were drinking alcohol. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.10 Recall two common sources of problems in an experiment and some ways to control for these effects. Topic: 1.10 Experimental Hazards and Controlling for Effects Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 94 a= 5 b= 1 c= 0 d= 94 r = .32 % correct 98 a= 1 b= 0 c= 1 d= 98 r = .22 APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 154. The placebo effect means __________. a) all conditions in an experiment are the same b) that there is no control group Incorrect. The placebo effect is one reason why it’s necessary to have a control group.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) the expectations of the participants influence their behavior Correct. The placebo effect occurs when the expectations of the participants influence their behavior. d) experimenter bias causes the subjects to act strangely Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.10 Recall two common sources of problems in an experiment and some ways to control for these effects. Topic: 1.10 Experimental Hazards and Controlling for Effects Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 77 a= 11 b= 8 c= 77 d= 4 r = .44 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 155. Harley was participating in an experiment in which she was given a pill that was supposed to cause her to get drowsy. Five minutes after taking the pill, Harley reported that she felt drowsy and wanted to lie down. The pill was actually made of sugar and had no ingredients to cause drowsiness. How do you explain Harley’s drowsy feeling? a) experimenter effect b) placebo effect Correct. The placebo effect occurs when the expectations of participants influence their behavior; in this case, Harley expected the pill to make her drowsy, and that expectation—not the pill itself—made her feel drowsy. c) subject bias Incorrect. Harley is not biased, as she had no knowledge of the hypothesis. d) treatment effect Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.10 Recall two common sources of problems in an experiment and some ways to control for these effects. Topic: 1.10 Experimental Hazards and Controlling for Effects Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 90 a= 3 b= 90 c= 3 d= 6 r = .32 APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 156. Two groups of graduate students were given rats and instructed to teach the rats how to run mazes. Group 1 was told that they had “cognitively enhanced” rats that should learn the task quickly. Group 2 was told that they had “cognitively impaired” rats that should learn slowly. In actuality, both groups of rats were identical, and the rats were randomly assigned to one group or the other. In spite of that, when the experiment concluded, the rats taught by Group 1 had learned the maze much more quickly than those taught by Group 2. How can that be explained? a) experimenter effect Correct. The experimenter effect occurs when the participant’s performance is affected by the behavior of the experimenter. In this case, the experimenters who believed they had smart rats must have behaved in some way that boosted their rats’ performance. b) placebo effect c) subject bias Incorrect. The rats were the subjects, and they do not have bias. d) treatment effect Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.10 Recall two common sources of problems in an experiment and some ways to control for these effects. Topic: 1.10 Experimental Hazards and Controlling for Effects Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 157. Unintended changes in participants’ behavior due to cues inadvertently given by the experimenter are called __________. a) replications b) experimenter effects Correct. The experimenter effect occurs when the participant’s performance is affected by the behavior of the experimenter. c) volunteer biases Incorrect. There is no such thing as volunteer bias. d) single-blind studies Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.10 Recall two common sources of problems in an experiment and some ways to control for these effects. Topic: 1.10 Experimental Hazards and Controlling for Effects Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 158. __________ is an experiment in which participants do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group, but the experimenters do know which participants are part of which group. a) The double-blind study Incorrect. In a double-blind study, the experimenters would also be “blind,” meaning they would not know which participants are part of which group. b) Field research c) The single-blind study Correct. The single-blind study is an experiment in which participants do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group, but the experimenters do know which participants are part of which group. d) Correlational research Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.10 Recall two common sources of problems in an experiment and some ways to control for these effects. Topic: 1.10 Experimental Hazards and Controlling for Effects Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 93 a= 7 b= 0 c= 93 d= 0 r = .41 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 159. Double-blind studies control for __________. a) only the placebo effect b) only the experimenter effect Incorrect. Double-blind studies also control for placebo effects. c) both the placebo effect and the experimenter effect Correct. In double-blind studies, neither the participants nor the individuals running the experiment know which participants are in the experimental group. d) extrinsic motivation Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.10 Recall two common sources of problems in an experiment and some ways to control for these effects. Topic: 1.10 Experimental Hazards and Controlling for Effects Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It % correct 85 a= 7 b= 6 c= 85 d= 2 r = .21 % correct 86 a=5 b= 6 c= 86 d= 2 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 160. __________ is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the individuals running the experiment know if participants are in the experimental or the control group until after the results are tallied. a) The double-blind study Correct. The double-blind study is an experiment in which neither the participants nor the individuals running the experiment know if participants are in the experimental or the control group. b) Field research c) The single-blind study Incorrect. In a single-blind study, only the participants are “blind.” d) Correlational research Answer: a Learning Objective: 1.10 Recall two common sources of problems in an experiment and some ways to control for these effects. Topic: 1.10 Experimental Hazards and Controlling for Effects Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 96 a= 96 b= 1 c= 1 d= 3 r = .19 % correct 99 a= 99 b= 1 c= 0 d= 0 r = .29 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 161. Which of the following is a common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association? a) Participants may not withdraw once they start. b) Participants cannot be deceived about aspects of the research. c) Participants cannot be subjected to any physically or emotionally painful stimuli. Incorrect. It is not a basic principle that participants cannot be subjected to any physically or emotionally painful stimuli. d) Deception must be justified. Correct. It is a basic principle that deception must be justified. Answer: d Learning Objective: 1.11 Identify some of the common ethical guidelines for doing research with people. Topic: 1.11 The Guidelines for Doing Research with People Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 74 a=15 b= 7 c= 4 d= 74 r = .31 APA Learning Objective: 3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice. 162. A common ethical guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association is that participants __________. a) may not withdraw once they start b) must be allowed to make an informed decision Correct. It is a basic principle that participants must be allowed to make an informed decision. c) cannot be subjected to shock of any kind Incorrect. It is not a basic principle that participants cannot be subjected to shock of any kind. d) cannot be deceived about aspects of the research Answer: b Learning Objective: 1.11 Identify some of the common ethical guidelines for doing research with people. Topic: 1.11 The Guidelines for Doing Research with People Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 67 a= 3 b= 67 c= 14 d= 15 r = .26 APA Learning Objective: 3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice. 163. Experimenters can justify the use of deception because __________. a) there is informed consent b) research is more important than people Incorrect. It is a basic principle that people come first, research second.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) it may be necessary for the experiment to work Correct. Deception is justified if the study wouldn’t work any other way. d) it is not that harmful Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.11 Identify some of the common ethical guidelines for doing research with people. Topic: 1.11 The Guidelines for Doing Research with People Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It % correct 67 a= 24 b= 0 c= 67 d= 8 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice. 164. Which statement regarding the use of nonhuman animals in research studies is correct? a) There are no ethical guidelines when it comes to the treatment of nonhuman animals. b) There are rules that prevent the killing of nonhuman animals during the conduct of a research study. Incorrect. Animals are destroyed, and there are no rules for preventing this. c) Pain and suffering of nonhuman animals are allowed, but only when necessary, and must be minimized as much as possible. Correct. Pain and suffering of animals are allowed under scientific guidelines. d) New ethical guidelines prevent the use of weasels and voles in psychological research. Answer: c Learning Objective: 1.12 Explain why psychologists sometimes use nonhuman animals in their research. Topic: 1.12 Nonhuman Animal Research Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice.

TRUE OR FALSE 165. The most accurate definition of the current discipline of psychology is that it is the science of behavior. Answer: False Learning Objective: None Topic: 1.1–1.2 The History of Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 166. Wilhelm Wundt used the method of objective introspection. Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology. Topic: 1.1 In the Beginning: Wundt, Titchener, and James Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 167. Sigmund Freud was the founder of scientific psychology. Answer: False Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology. Topic: 1.1 In the Beginning: Wundt, Titchener, and James Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: Difficult APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 168. Ivan Pavlov found that dogs would salivate to the sound of a bell before food was presented, demonstrating the process of conditioning. Answer: True

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 169. John B. Watson studied salivation in dogs in order to examine the concept of habituation. Answer: False Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 170. Cognitive neuroscience includes the use of tools such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET). Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 171. John M. Darley and Bibb Latané found that the presence of other people in a distressing situation increased the likelihood that an individual in trouble would receive help. Answer: False Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 172. Diffusion of responsibility is the tendency to feel that someone else is responsible for responding in a crisis situation. Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 173. The majority of psychologists are self-employed or work for private, not-for-profit agencies. Answer: False Learning Objective: 1.4 Differentiate between the various types of professionals within the field of psychology. Topic: 1.4 Psychological Professionals and Areas of Specialization Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 174. Clinical psychology is the largest subfield of psychology. Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.4 Differentiate between the various types of professionals within the field of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 1.4 Psychological Professionals and Areas of Specialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 175. Dr. Cheng can prescribe drugs in his work with depressed women; therefore, he must be a psychologist. Answer: False Learning Objective: 1.4 Differentiate between the various types of professionals within the field of psychology. Topic: 1.4 Psychological Professionals and Areas of Specialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 176. Critical thinking requires making judgments that are well-reasoned and well thought out. Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.5 Recall the basic criteria for critical thinking that people can use in their everyday lives. Topic: 1.5 Thinking Critically About Critical Thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 177. The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior. Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 178. The first step in the scientific approach is developing a research strategy. Answer: False Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 179. Nunzio conducted a naturalistic observation as a project for a psychology class. He observed the interactions of parents and children at a football game. Many of the people he observed seemed to have noticed him. Nunzio forgot to take into account the observer effect when he conducted his research. Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 180. Laboratory observation involves watching behaviors as they occur in an artificial but controlled situation. Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

181. Surveys are used to measure and evaluate the attitudes, opinions, life history, and goals of a single individual. Answer: False Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 182. Dr. Khan wants to know how college students in her state will vote during the next election. By sampling the seniors at her college, she can get a representative sample. Answer: False Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 183. A negative correlation means that high values of one variable are associated with low values of another variable. Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain how researchers use the correlational technique to study relationships between two or more variables. Topic: 1.8 Correlations: Finding Relationships Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 184. Direction and strength of a relationship are determined by correlation coefficients. Answer: True Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain how researchers use the correlational technique to study relationships between two or more variables. Topic: 1.8 Correlations: Finding Relationships Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 185. Control groups should receive exactly the same treatment as experimental groups when conducting a research study. Answer: False Learning Objective: 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment. Topic: 1.9 The Experiment Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 186. Random assignment occurs when each participant is assigned alphabetically to each experimental condition. Answer: False Learning Objective: 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment. Topic: 1.9 The Experiment Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 187. Double-blind studies control only for the placebo effect. Answer: False Learning Objective: 1.10 Recall two common sources of problems in an experiment and some ways to control for these effects. Topic: 1.10 Experimental Hazards and Controlling for Effects Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 188. One of the common guidelines for ethical research is that participants may not withdraw from a study after they have begun to participate. Answer: False Learning Objective: 1.11 Identify some of the common ethical guidelines for doing research with people. Topic: 1.11 The Guidelines for Doing Research with People Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice.

SHORT ANSWER 189. What is the definition of psychology? Learning Objective: None Topic: 1.1–1.2 The History of Psychology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 190. Describe a method used by researchers in one of the early schools of psychology. Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology. Topic: 1.1 In the Beginning: Wundt, Titchener, and James Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 191. How did Ivan Pavlov discover the process of conditioning when working with dogs? Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 192. What is the main emphasis of cognitive psychology? Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 193. What is cognitive neuroscience, and what larger area of psychological research is it a subfield of? Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

194. How does diffusion of responsibility contribute to the bystander effect? Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 195. How are psychologists and psychiatrists alike? How are they different? Learning Objective: 1.4 Differentiate between the various types of professionals within the field of psychology. Topic: 1.4 Psychological Professionals and Areas of Specialization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 196. Describe one principle of critical thinking. Learning Objective: 1.5 Recall the basic criteria for critical thinking that people can use in their everyday lives. Topic: 1.5 Thinking Critically About Critical Thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 197. Pick one goal of psychology and provide a clear example of how it works. Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 198. What are the strengths of descriptive research methods? Learning Objective: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Topic: 1.7 Descriptive Methods Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 199. Describe a research method commonly used in psychology. Learning Objectives: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior; 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment. Topics: 1.7 Descriptive Methods; 1.9 The Experiment Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 200. What is meant by the “direction of the relationship” when examining a correlation coefficient? Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain how researchers use the correlational technique to study relationships between two or more variables. Topic: 1.8 Correlations: Finding Relationships Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 201. Which two important elements are measured when computing a correlation coefficient? Learning Objective: 1.8 Explain how researchers use the correlational technique to study relationships between two or more variables.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 1.8 Correlations: Finding Relationships Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 202. What does operationalization mean and when is it used? Learning Objective: 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment. Topic: 1.9 The Experiment Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 203. What is the difference between the control group and the experimental group in a research study? Learning Objective: 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment. Topic: 1.9 The Experiment Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 204. Why is random assignment of research participants to experimental conditions important? Learning Objective: 1.9 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment. Topic: 1.9 The Experiment Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 205. Describe one of the eight common ethical guidelines for conducting research. Learning Objective: 1.11 Identify some of the common ethical guidelines for doing research with people. Topic: 1.11 The Guidelines for Doing Research with People Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice.

ESSAY 206. Compare and contrast two early perspectives of psychology. Be sure to include comparisons of founders, methods, and philosophies. Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology. Topic: 1.1 In the Beginning: Wundt, Titchener, and James Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 207. How did John B. Watson’s opinion of the appropriate nature of scientific psychological inquiry differ from the earlier viewpoints of structuralists, psychoanalysts, and functionalists? Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 208. Provide an example from daily life of conditioning according to the principles discovered by Ivan Pavlov. Be sure to label each part of your example accordingly and be detailed in your explanations.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Topic: 1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 209. John M. Darley and Bibb Latané studied a concept called the bystander effect. Provide a detailed example of this concept in daily life, and explain how the cultural context might play a role in producing the bystander effect. Learning Objective: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Topic: 1.3 Modern Perspectives Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 210. What are the basic principles of critical thinking, and how can they be used in everyday life? Learning Objective: 1.5 Recall the basic criteria for critical thinking that people can use in their everyday lives. Topic: 1.5 Thinking Critically About Critical Thinking Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 211. Using an example of a study you might conduct, go through all of the steps of the scientific approach. Learning Objective: 1.6 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Topic: 1.6 The Scientific Approach Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 212. Propose three methods typically used in psychology to investigate a topic of interest, such as the effects of alcohol consumption on grade point average (GPA) . Learning Objectives: 1.7 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior; 1.10 Recall two common sources of problems in an experiment, and some ways to control for these effects. Topics: 1.7 Descriptive Methods; 1.10 Experimental Hazards and Controlling for Effects Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Test Yourself Pick the best answer. 1. In the definition of psychology, the term behavior means a. internal, covert processes. b. overt actions and reactions. c. outward behavior. d. only animal behavior. 2. Who is considered to be the father of Black American psychology? a. Robert V. Guthrie b. Charles Henry Thompson c. Francis Cecil Sumner d. Howard Hale Long 3. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis focused on a. introspection. b. observable behavior. c. Gestalt perceptions. d. early childhood experiences. 4. Which psychologist dared to ignore the whole consciousness issue and return to a study of scientific inquiry by focusing on observable behavior? a. Sigmund Freud b. Ivan Pavlov c. John Watson d. William James 5. Which perspective is often referred to as the “third force” in psychology and focuses on people’s freedom of choice in determining their behavior? a. biopsychological perspective b. humanism c. behaviorism d. cognitive psychology 6. Which perspective best explains the bystander effect whereby individuals will be less likely to help someone in need because of the presence of others close by? a. sociocultural b. psychoanalysis c. behaviorism d. cognitive psychology 7. If Dr. Byers uses an eclectic approach in her clinical treatment of children, what is it that she is doing? a. She is relying primarily on one psychological perspective to treat all her patients. b. She is using a combination of perspectives to treat different clients. c. She is using medications with all her patients, especially those suffering from depression. d. She relies heavily on the Freudian psychodynamic perspective to help children who show abnormal behavior. 8. Dr. Colton identifies himself with the largest subfield of psychology. What kind of psychologist is he? a. school b. counseling c. clinical d. experimental

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 9. Micah has recently been diagnosed with a psychological disorder that is best addressed initially with medication. He would likely benefit the most by first seeing a _________. a. psychiatrist b. psychologist c. psychiatric social worker d. psychoanalyst 10. A famous golfer advertises a new golf bracelet that helps minimize fatigue while playing. If Bethany decides to order the bracelet because she believes that such a well-known personality should know if it works or not, she has made an error in which of the following criteria for critical thinking? a. Authority or expertise does not make the claims of the authority or expert true. b. Few “truths” do not need to be tested. c. All evidence is not equal in quality. d. Critical thinking requires an open mind. 11. A psychologist is interested in finding out why married couples seemingly begin to look like each other after several years of marriage. This psychologist is most interested in the goal of a. prediction. b. description. c. explanation. d. control. 12. Which step in the scientific approach is derived from the goal of description? a. forming a hypothesis b. reporting your results c. drawing conclusions d. perceiving a question 13. Brianne wants to find an explanation for the behavior of her lab rats in her study. Which step in the scientific approach is she currently focusing on? a. testing a hypothesis b. perceiving the question c. drawing conclusions d. reporting her results 14. The famous study of Phineas Gage, who survived when a metal rod pierced his skull, is an example of a a. correlation. b. laboratory experiment. c. case study. d. survey. 15. A researcher finds that as her participants increased the number of hours they spent exercising, the overall weight of her participants decreased. This would be an example of a __________ correlation. a. causal b. positive c. zero d. negative 16. A researcher wants to study the effects of texting on driving. Students in Group A drive a car in a computer game and see how many virtual accidents they have. Students in Group B are asked to drive the same virtual car but they must respond to and send at least three texts. The number of virtual accidents is measured for each group. What is the independent variable? a. the virtual car b. texting c. the number of virtual accidents d. the group assignment

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

17. A researcher asks an assistant to conduct a study on her behalf. She specifically tells her assistant only to share the results anonymously and not to include the names of the students along with their scores. Such an experiment would be considered a a. laboratory observation. b. single-blind experiment. c. correlational study. d. double-blind experiment. 18. Double-blind studies control for a. the placebo effect only. b. the placebo effect and the experimenter effect. c. the experimenter effect only. d. extrinsic motivation. 19. In the stereotypes-and-athletes study, who was the control group? a. those students who completed the survey after the intelligence test b. those students who completed the survey prior to the intelligence test c. those students who were not asked to complete the intelligence test d. those students who did not take part in the study at all 20. Dr. Calvin needs just one more participant to complete her experiment. Lisa, a student of Dr. Calvin, has almost completed the experiment when she announces she wants to quit because the experiment is boring. What options does Dr. Calvin have? a. Dr. Calvin can make Lisa stay because she is a student of hers and she requires students to take part in her experiments. b. Dr. Calvin can require that Lisa finish because students don’t have the same rights to quit an experiment as the general public does. c. Dr. Calvin can require that Lisa finish because boredom is not an acceptable excuse for quitting. d. Dr. Calvin must let Lisa go and find another participant.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

EXTRA BANK OF QUESTIONS 1: THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY ________________________________________________________________________ 1.1–1.2 The History of Psychology 1. Cognitive psychologists are concerned with the scientific study of __________. a. reinforcement b. alienation and apathy c. mental processes d. self-actualization Answer c % correct 90 a= 4 b= 0 c= 90 d= 6 r = .29 2. In the late twentieth century, psychology __________. a. expanded dramatically b. stagnated c. contracted slightly d. contracted dramatically Answer a % correct 80 a= 80 b= 9 c= 4 d= 6 r = .29

1.1 In the Beginning: Wundt, Titchener, and James 3. By general agreement, psychology was born in __________. a. 1642 b. 1853 c. 1879 d. 1906 Answer c % correct 32 a= 12 b= 50 c= 32 d= 6 r = .23 4. The first psychology laboratory was opened by __________. a. Wundt b. James c. Titchener d. Watson Answer a % correct 95 a= 95 b= 2 c= 2 d= 1 r = .20 5. Modern psychology is said to have begun when __________. a. Greek philosophers began studying the differences between people b. Wundt opened the first laboratory devoted to the scientific study of psychology c. Freud developed psychoanalytic theory and therapy d. it was discovered in the early 1900s that many illnesses have no medical basis Answer b % correct 77 a= 17 b= 77 c= 4 d= 3 r = .26 6. Psychology is said to have begun when __________. a. medicine was seen to be ineffective in treating neurosis b. Wilhelm Wundt started the first psychological laboratory c. Sigmund Freud opened his private practice in Vienna d. it was discovered in the early 1900s that many illnesses have no medical basis Answer b % correct 74 a= 8 b= 74 c= 3 d= 15 r = .28

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

7. Scientific psychology is formally recognized to have begun __________. a. in Greece, with the work of Hippocrates b. in the United States, with the work of James c. in Austria, with the work of Freud d. in Germany, with the work of Wundt Answer d % correct 90 a= 2 b= 3 c= 5 d= 90 r = .30 8. Structuralism emphasizes __________. a. individual differences b. the application of biological principles to the mind c. the influence of subconscious urges on conscious behavior d. the basic units of experience and their combinations Answer d % correct 45 a= 12 b= 30 c= 14 d= 45 r = .41 9. Titchener was a member of the __________ school of thought. a. structuralist b. functionalist c. behaviorist d. reductionist Answer a % correct 70 a= 70 b= 16 c= 12 d= 3 r = .39 10. Studying the elements of sensations, feelings, and images is most directly associated with which school of psychology? a. structuralism b. functionalism c. behaviorism d. humanism Answer a % correct 49 a= 49 b= 19 c= 22 d= 10 r = .38 Answer a % correct 64 a= 64 b= 14 c= 12 d= 10 r = .52 11. The psychological school that asks, “What are mental processes for?” rather than “What are mental processes?” is __________. a. structuralism b. functionalism c. humanism d. Gestalt Answer b % correct 76 a= 13 b= 76 c= 2 d= 10 r = .48

1.2 Three Influential Approaches: Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, and Behaviorism 12. Wertheimer was associated with __________ psychology. a. functionalist b. psychoanalytic c. Gestalt d. existential Answer c % correct 50 a= 23 b= 21 c= 50 d= 6 r = .43 13. Wertheimer was associated with the __________ school. a. functionalist b. psychoanalytic c. Gestalt d. behaviorist Answer c % correct 66 a= 9 b= 13 c= 66 d= 11 r = .43

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

14. Which of the following is associated with Gestalt psychology? a. Skinner b. Wertheimer c. James d. Jones Answer b % correct 80 a= 3 b= 80 c= 10 d= 7 r = .45 15. Which school of psychology assumes that human activity cannot be broken down into separate units for analysis but must be evaluated as wholes? a. humanism b. Gestalt c. functionalism d. behaviorism Answer b % correct 79 a= 7 b= 79 c= 8 d= 7 r = .43 16. John Watson was the founder of the school of thought that became known as __________. a. functionalism b. structuralism c. behaviorism d. humanism Answer c % correct 50 a= 13 b= 20 c= 50 d= 17 r = .23 17. The school of thought that became known as behaviorism was founded by __________. a. Watson b. Titchener c. James d. Wundt Answer a % correct 63 a= 63 b= 8 c= 15 d= 13 r = .50 18. __________ is the founder of behaviorism. a. James b. Skinner c. Watson d. Wundt Answer c % correct 77 a= 2 b= 15 c= 77 d= 5

r = .41

19. John Watson, who is associated with the __________ school of psychology, argued that psychology must concern itself only with __________. a. behavioral; behavior b. behavioral; mental processes c. cognitive; thought and action d. cognitive; behavior Answer a % correct 72 a= 72 b= 15 c= 11 d= 3 r = .33 20. The school of thought that became known as behaviorism was founded by __________. a. Watson b. Titchener c. James d. Wundt Answer a % correct 53 a= 53 b= 11 c= 17 d= 17 r = .40 21. Which of the following psychologists was responsible for originating the behavioral school of psychology? a. Pavlov

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b. Watson c. Skinner d. Rayner Answer b

% correct 49

a= 10 b= 49 c= 38 d= 3

r = .23

22. Behaviorist J. B. Watson objected to early theories of psychology because of their focus on __________. a. evolution b. science c. mental processes d. physical processes Answer c % correct 35 a= 16 b= 22 c= 35 d= 28 r = .21 23. Psychologists should only study observable behavior, according to __________. a. Freud b. Titchener c. Galton d. Watson Answer d % correct 58 a= 14 b= 17 c= 12 d= 58 r = .41 24. Watson felt that psychologists should study __________. a. consciousness b. observable behavior c. mental imagery d. elements of thought Answer b % correct 86 a= 2 b= 86 c= 1 d= 11 r = .31 25. John Watson was a behaviorist who argued that the science of psychology must concern itself only with __________. a. experiences as whole units b. observable events c. unconscious mental processes d. early childhood experiences Answer b % correct 93 a= 1 b= 93 c= 3 d= 3 r = .23 26. Freud was the founder of __________. a. existential psychology b. behavioral psychology c. psychoanalysis d. behaviorism Answer c % correct 70 a= 2 b= 22 c= 70 d=6

r = .49

27. For Freud, much of our behavior is controlled by __________. a. unconscious desires b. environmental stimuli c. mental Gestalts d. mental associations Answer a % correct 90 a= 90 b= 7 c= 1 d= 2 r = .27 28. Freud’s theories differed radically from the views of his predecessors because of __________. a. its extensive use of laboratory research to support its claims b. the emphasis it placed on Eastern philosophies and culture c. the emphasis it placed on unconscious processes d. its emphasis on environmental learning as the source for most personality characteristics Answer c % correct 71 a= 6 b= 4 c= 71 d= 19 r = .40

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 29. Freud believed that many unconscious desires are __________. a. the result of excessive punishment b. byproducts of introspection c. the result of excessive reinforcement d. sexual in nature Answer d % correct 79 a= 1 b= 8 c= 12 d= 79 r = .48 30. Wundt is to structuralism as __________ is to psychoanalysis. a. Freud b. Watson c. Rogers d. Maslow Answer a % correct 95 a= 95 b= 3 c= 0 d= 3 r = .24 31. Watson is to behaviorism as __________ is to psychoanalysis. a. Freud b. James c. Skinner d. Wundt Answer a % correct 91 a= 91 b= 1 c= 6 d= 2 r = .23 32. What early school of thought in psychology was noted for its emphasis on the unconscious determinants of behavior? a. structuralism b. behaviorism c. Gestalt psychology d. psychoanalytic theory Answer d % correct 86 a= 0 b= 8 c= 5 d= 86 r = .32 33. Owen, a college sophomore, is seeing a psychologist because of his intense fear of people. His counselor feels that Owen’s fear is a product of unresolved conflicts about his parents and his childhood experiences with them. Owen’s therapist is most characteristic of which school of psychology? a. behaviorism b. psychoanalytic c. humanistic d. Gestalt Answer b % correct 80 a= 6 b= 80 c= 13 d= 1 r = .33 34. Dr. Connolly, a psychologist, bases her theories completely on measuring observable behaviors. She is probably a __________. a. humanist b. behaviorist c. structuralist d. functionalist Answer b % correct 88 a= 1 b= 88 c= 9 d= 1 r = .21

1.3–1.4 The Field of Psychology Today 1.3 Modern Perspectives 35. B. F. Skinner is associated with __________. a. psychodynamic psychology b. behaviorism

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c. Gestalt psychology d. existentialism Answer b % correct 69

a= 12 b= 69 c= 12 d= 8

r = .39

36. B. F. Skinner is most closely associated with which school of psychology? a. cognitive b. humanistic c. functionalism d. behaviorism Answer d % correct 62 a= 10 b= 15 c= 12 d= 62 r = .50 Answer d % correct 78 a= 9 b= 6 c= 8 d= 78 r = .46 37. Skinner is associated with __________. a. structuralism b. behaviorism c. Gestalt psychology d. existentialism Answer b % correct 78 a= 7 b= 78 c= 14 d= 1

r = .20

38. Like Watson, Skinner believed that psychology should study only __________. a. mental processes b. perceptions c. elements of thought d. observable behavior Answer d % correct 62 a= 23 b= 5 c= 10 d= 62 r = .31 39. Anything that follows a response and makes that response more likely to recur is __________. a. an antecedent b. an enhancement c. reinforcement d. a consequence Answer c % correct 88 a= 3 b= 4 c= 88 d= 4 r = .41 40. Each day in class, Dr. Peña explains to his students that they are wonderful whether they are academic successes or failures. He also points out that each individual consciously chooses to attend class and study and that these choices dramatically affect whether one is academically successful. Dr. Peña is most likely a __________ psychologist. a. psychoanalytic b. humanistic c. behavioral d. Gestalt Answer b % correct 77 a= 3 b= 77 c= 17 d= 4 r = .36 41. Which of the following assumptions associated with the psychoanalytic school produced the strongest negative reaction? a. Psychology, as therapy, is more philosophical than scientific. b. All human behavior is a product of one’s experiences. c. Humans are basically good. d. All humans, including infants, have sexual motivations and drives. Answer d % correct 79 a= 7 b= 9 c= 5 d= 79 r = .31

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 1.4 Psychological Professionals and Areas of Specialization 42. Which of the following types of psychologists is most prepared to help a person who hears voices and believes she is Joan of Arc? a. forensic b. counseling c. school d. clinical Answer d % correct 87 a= 3 b= 10 c= 1 d= 87 r = .34 43. After more than a year in Iranian prisons, 52 American hostages were released by Iran’s revolutionary government and allowed to return to the United States. Of the following professionals, __________ psychologists would probably have the LEAST professional interest in that event. a. counseling b. clinical c. social d. experimental Answer d % correct 77 a= 5 b= 11 c= 7 d= 77 r = .23

1.5–1.10 Scientific Research 1.6 The Scientific Approach 44. Psychologists use techniques based on __________. a. cultural ethnocentrism b. objective introspection c. philosophical logic d. the scientific approach Answer d % correct 76 a= 0 b= 20 c= 3 d= 76

r = .26

45. Psychologists use research techniques based on __________. a. inductive reasoning b. objective introspection c. deductive reasoning d. the scientific approach Answer d % correct 86 a= 6 b= 3 c= 5 d= 86 r = .36 46. Which of the following shows the correct order of the steps that psychologists use in studying a particular behavior? a. describe, explain, predict, control b. explain, describe, predict, control c. predict, describe, explain, control d. describe, predict, explain, control Answer a % correct 60 a= 60 b= 3 c= 24 d= 13 r = .53 47. Almost all research done in psychology is analyzed __________. a. visually b. using correlational techniques c. statistically d. at the .1 level Answer c % correct 51 a= 13 b= 31 c= 51 d= 4 r = .34

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 1.7 Descriptive Methods 48. Naturalistic observation is __________. a. re-creating natural conditions in the laboratory as closely as possible to make an experiment more valid b. studying behavior in its natural context c. basically the same process as objective introspection d. observing behavior in the lab without taking formal notes or using technological equipment to measure the experiment findings Answer b % correct 97 a= 3 b= 97 c= 0 d= 0 r = .23 49. Observing behavior as it happens in real-life natural settings without imposing laboratory controls is known as the __________. a. naturalistic observation method b. experimental method c. correlational method d. psychometric approach Answer a % correct 97 a= 97 b= 2 c= 1 d= 1 r = .20 50. Collecting objective data without interference in the subject’s normal environment is associated with __________. a. survey research b. applied research c. laboratory research d. naturalistic observation Answer d % correct 94 a= 1 b= 2 c= 3 d= 94 r = .25 Answer d % correct 95 a= 1 b= 1 c= 2 d= 95 r = .23 51. Research in which a carefully selected group of people is asked a set of predetermined questions in interviews or through questionnaires is known as __________ research. a. correlational b. case study c. survey d. experimental Answer c % correct 83 a= 4 b= 13 c= 83 d= 0 r = .20 52. Political polls taken before major elections are examples of __________ research. a. correlational b. experimental c. case study d. survey Answer d % correct 92 a= 4 b= 1 c= 3 d= 92 r = .21 53. As part of an assignment, Taylor’s class was asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire on female sexual harassment. Which research method was Taylor’s professor using? a. field experiment b. survey c. naturalistic observation d. laboratory experiment Answer b % correct 97 a= 1 b= 97 c= 1 d= 0 r = .26 54. A weakness of __________ is that subjects participating in the research often report, consciously and unconsciously, inaccurate information. a. naturalistic observation b. surveys c. field experiments

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d. laboratory experiments Answer b % correct 80

a= 2 b= 80 c= 10 d= 8

r = .24

55. As part of an assignment, Callum’s class was asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire on prejudice. Which research method was Callum’s professor using? a. field experiment b. survey c. naturalistic observation d. laboratory experiment Answer b % correct 98 a= 1 b= 98 c= 1 d= 1 r = .24 56. A large group of people whom you want to know about is called a __________. a. control group b. treatment group c. population d. sample Answer c % correct 79 a= 3 b= 3 c= 79 d= 16 r = .30 57. A subset of cases selected from a larger population is a __________. a. control group b. target group c. treatment group d. sample Answer d % correct 89 a= 1 b= 9 c= 1 d= 89 r = .28 58. A psychologist, studying pilot trainees, picks a select group of trainees who are hopefully representative of all other trainees. The group of trainees being studied by this psychologist are collectively known to researchers as a __________. a. sample b. population c. target group d. control group Answer a % correct 81 a= 81 b= 8 c= 7 d= 4 r = .46 59. A detailed, well-researched biography of a famous historical person is technically an example of the __________ method of research. a. psychometric b. naturalistic observation c. case study d. correlational Answer c % correct 83 a= 5 b= 9 c= 83 d= 2 r = .18 60. A research method in which the real-life behavior of a pre-selected person is studied at an in-depth level for some time through the use of observation, interviews, and writings (such as letters) is the __________ method of research. a. survey b. psychometric c. case study d. naturalistic observation Answer c % correct 95 a= 3 b= 1 c= 95 d= 2 r = .20 61. One of the main reasons for using a laboratory for psychological research is to __________. a. prevent subjects from escaping b. study behavior in a natural setting c. do large-scale studies

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d. allow the researchers to control certain factors Answer d % correct 98 a= 0 b= 0 c= 2 d= 98

r = .33

1.8 Correlations: Finding Relationships 62. The degree of relationship between two or more variables is __________. a. a correlation b. validity c. reliability d. a hypothesis Answer a % correct 97 a= 97 b=0 c= 1 d= 2 r = .09 63. Dr. Santos wishes to study the relationship between high school grades and college grades. Which of the following research methods would be the most appropriate for Dr. Santos’s study? a. case study b. correlation c. experiment d. survey Answer b % correct 37 a= 22 b= 37 c= 10 d= 31 r = .31 64. A correlation of .00 means that __________. a. you made a mistake in calculation b. you did not find out anything about the relationship between the two variables c. the two variables are unrelated d. everyone who scored low on one variable scored high on the other variable, and vice versa Answer c % correct 56 a= 2 b= 26 c= 56 d= 17 r = .25 65. The greatest disadvantage of correlation is that __________. a. it has a limited range of values, being only -1 to +1 b. it does not enable cause-and-effect conclusions c. its value can be negative d. its value can be zero Answer b % correct 85 a= 11 b= 85 c= 4 d= 1 r = .44 66. A correlation tells us __________. a. whether a cause-and-effect relationship exists b. whether two variables are related c. whether or not a test is efficient d. if people are responding to demand characteristics Answer b % correct 87 a= 9 b= 87 c= 4 d= 0

r = .35

67. A psychologist uses the correlational method to __________. a. explain the effects of one variable on another b. compare two groups of subjects c. determine what causes a variable to change d. identify relationships between variables Answer d % correct 73 a= 11 b= 14 c= 2 d= 73 r = .42 68. The survey method of research is __________ in nature. a. correlational b. experimental c. field experimental d. both correlational and field experimental group Answer a % correct 31 a= 31 b= 9 c= 16 d= 43 r = .22

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

69. Positive correlation shows __________. a. the extent to which two independent variables change together b. that as one independent variable increases, another decreases c. that as one variable changes, another changes in the same direction d. that as one variable changes, another changes in the opposite direction Answer c % correct 62 a= 18 b= 9 c= 62 d= 11 r = .40 70. As children grow older, their discretionary income usually increases. The best conclusion to draw about the variables age and income are that they are __________. a. causally related b. uncorrelated c. negatively correlated d. positively correlated Answer d % correct 92 a= 1 b= 3 c= 4 d= 92 r = .31

1.9 The Experiment 71. The purpose of an experiment is to discover whether there is a relationship between the __________ and the __________. a. independent variable; control variable b. dependent variable; control variable c. control group; experimental group d. independent variable; dependent variable Answer d % correct 69 a= 4 b= 3 c= 24 d= 69 r = .30 72. Using both independent and dependent variables is associated with which of the following types of research used in psychology? a. experimentation b. naturalistic observation c. correlation d. correlation and experimentation Answer a % correct 55 a= 55 b= 1 c= 5 d= 39 r = .23 73. The process of establishing causal relationships is most associated with __________. a. naturalistic observation b. experiments c. correlation d. surveys Answer b % correct 33 a= 45 b= 33 c= 14 d= 9 r = .43 74. Which of the following is a strength of experiments? a. They cannot be repeated by anyone other than the experimenter. b. They allow for the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships. c. They are not subject to demand characteristics since the subjects do not know they are being observed. d. They allow us to draw definitive conclusions about behavior in the natural environment based on subjects’ behavior in the laboratory. Answer b % correct 71 a= 0 b= 71 c= 5 d= 23 r = .25 75. Cause-and-effect conclusions can be drawn from the results of an experiment because __________. a. it is almost always performed in a laboratory setting b. statistical analysis can be applied to data from an experiment c. the independent variable is manipulated while other possible causes of change in the dependent variable are held constant

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d. several groups of subjects, not just one sample, are typically investigated in a laboratory experiment Answer c % correct 68 a= 4 b= 15 c= 68 d= 13 r = .28 76. Which method of psychological research utilizes a control group, a dependent variable, and an independent variable? a. experiment b. survey c. case study d. naturalistic observation Answer a % correct 93 a= 93 b= 0 c= 4 d= 3 r = .21 77. In an experiment, a researcher manipulates one variable to see how it affects a second variable. The second variable, which is observed for any possible effects, is called the __________ variable. a. dependent b. control c. independent d. hypothetical Answer a % correct 78 a= 78 b= 8 c= 9 d= 4 r = .47 Answer a % correct 87 a= 87 b= 1 c= 10 d= 3 r = .40 78. In an experiment, a researcher manipulates one variable to see how it affects a second variable. The manipulated variable is called the __________ variable. a. dependent b. control c. independent d. hypothetical Answer c % correct 83 a= 12 b= 4 c= 83 d= 1 r = .46 79. In an experiment, a researcher manipulates one variable to see how it affects a second variable. What is the manipulated variable called? a. dependent variable b. experimental variable c. independent variable d. placebo Answer c % correct 80 a= 14 b= 5 c= 80 d= 1 r = .45 80. In a controlled experiment, the group subjected to a change in the independent variable is called the __________ group. a. independent b. experimental c. dependent d. control Answer b % correct 77 a= 2 b= 77 c= 9 d= 12 r = .34 81. In an experiment to test the effects of anxiety on performance, the dependent variable is the __________. a. amount of anxiety b. age of the person c. person’s performance d. cause of the anxiety Answer c % correct 76 a= 18 b= 1 c= 76 d= 5 r = .30 82. If explanation of the causes of thoughts, feelings, and behavior is a psychologist’s goal, which method of research should be used? a. correlation b. experiment

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c. survey d. naturalistic observation Answer b % correct 45

a= 15 b= 45 c= 14 d= 26

r = .52

83. In a controlled experiment, the group not subjected to a change in the independent variable, and used for comparison with the group receiving the experimental change, is the __________ group. a. independent b. experimental c. dependent d. control Answer d % correct 90 a= 3 b= 4 c= 4 d= 90 r = .42 84. Professor Marquez designed an experiment to test his hypothesis that exercise will increase spelling ability. He divided children into three groups and had one group do 10 minutes of exercises, one group do 30 minutes of exercises, and the third group do no exercise. He then tested all three groups of children to see how many words they could spell correctly on a spelling test. In this experiment, the scores on the spelling test serve as the __________. a. dependent variable b. independent variable c. control group d. reliability measure Answer a % correct 85 a= 85 b= 8 c= 0 d= 7 r = .46 85. To determine if sugar-rich diets affect hyperactivity in kids, a researcher prepared two daily menus that children would receive for a 30-day period. A high-sugar diet was given to the boys, while the girls had a menu that seemed identical but was not a high-sugar diet. At the end of 30 days, the boys and girls were evaluated to determine their levels of hyperactivity. In this study, the high-sugar diet is the __________. a. placebo b. independent variable c. dependent variable d. control group Answer b % correct 65 a= 8 b= 65 c= 13 d= 14 r = .51 Answer b % correct 82 a= 3 b= 82 c= 9 d= 5 r = .49 86. Based on her review of relevant scientific studies, Dr. Tanaka believes that there is a relationship between the frequency of a baby’s crying and whether it was nursed at set intervals or on a demand schedule. If this belief were tested by experimentally manipulating feeding schedules, the feeding schedule would be called the __________. a. independent variable b. dependent variable c. extraneous variable d. control factor Answer a % correct 76 a= 76 b= 17 c= 1 d= 6 r = .44 87. Based on her review of relevant scientific studies, Dr. Tanaka believes that there is a relationship between the frequency of a baby’s crying and whether it was nursed at set intervals or on a demand schedule. If this belief were tested by experimentally manipulating feeding schedules, frequency of crying would be called the __________. a. latent factor b. dependent variable c. independent variable d. control factor Answer b % correct 64 a= 24 b= 64 c= 24 d= 9 r = .43 88. Dr. Simmons tests the hypothesis that students who study in the room where they take their tests will perform better on the tests than students who study in other rooms. She requires one group to study in the classroom where the exam is given and another group to study in the library. All students take the test in the classroom, and their test performance is compared. In this example, where students study is the __________.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a. independent variable b. dependent variable c. manipulation d. hypothesis Answer a % correct 64

a= 64 b= 22 c= 10 d= 3

r = .27

89. Dr. Simmons tests the hypothesis that students who study in the room where they take their tests will perform better on the tests than students who study in other rooms. She requires one group to study in the classroom where the exam is given and another group to study in the library. All students take the test in the classroom, and their test performance is compared. In this example, test performance is the __________. a. dependent variable b. independent variable c. manipulation d. control group Answer a % correct 67 a= 67 b= 16 c= 11 d= 7 r = .47 90. In an experiment on the effects of level of motivation on the performance of typists, the researcher randomly assigned one-third of her subjects to each of three levels of motivation (and then induced different levels of motivation in the three groups). She measured the average words typed per minute by each group, and found that performance was highest under medium motivation, average under low motivation, and worst under high motivation. What was the independent variable in this experiment? a. motivation b. typing speed c. variation in typing speed d. manipulation of typing speed Answer a % correct 85 a= 85 b= 10 c= 3 d= 2 r = .40 91. In an experiment, four groups of college students used different memorizing strategies to learn the material in one chapter of a textbook. Then each group was given the same multiple-choice test on the material. What was the dependent variable in this study? a. the students’ performance on the test b. the four different groups c. the four different memorizing strategies d. manipulation of memorizing strategies Answer a % correct 79 a= 79 b= 7 c= 9 d= 5 r = .58 92. For her psychology class, Yasmine conducted an experiment in which Group A was given 3 minutes to study a word list, while Group B was given 10 minutes to study the same list. Later, both groups were asked to recall words from the list. In this study, the number of words recalled is the __________. a. independent variable b. dependent variable c. placebo d. control group Answer b % correct 82 a= 10 b= 82 c= 5 d= 3 r = .40 93. Dr. Archer wanted to see if people are more prone to seek the company of others when anxious than when calm. He randomly assigned half of his subjects to an anxiety group and then told them that, as part of the study, they would receive electric shocks. He did not frighten the other group of subjects. Finally, he recorded how many subjects in each group chose to be “tested” in a group setting and how many chose to be “tested” alone. What was the independent variable in this study? a. tendency to desire the company of others b. level of shock c. level of anxiety d. the anxious group Answer c % correct 54 a= 15 b= 22 c= 54 d= 9 r = .30

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

94. Dr. Archer wanted to see if people are more prone to seek the company of others when anxious than when calm. He randomly assigned half of his subjects to an anxiety group and then told them that, as part of the study, they would receive electric shocks. He did not frighten the other group of subjects. Finally, he recorded how many subjects in each group chose to be “tested” in a group setting and how many chose to be “tested” alone. What was the dependent variable in this study? a. the two groups b. the level of anxiety c. preference for being alone or in a group d. manipulation of anxiety Answer c % correct 77 a= 4 b= 10 c= 77 d= 10 r = .64 95. In an experiment, the group of subjects to which the experimental group is compared is called the __________ group. a. comparison b. standard c. confederate d. control Answer d % correct 97 a= 2 b= 1 c= 0 d= 97 r = .21 96. In an experiment concerning the effect of auditory feedback on accuracy in writing computer programs, one group hears a computer-simulated voice say each character or symbol that they type in as they are writing their programs. The second group does not receive the auditory feedback as they type their program lines. This second group is the __________ group. a. experimental b. control c. placebo d. confederate Answer b % correct 79 a= 16 b= 79 c= 3 d= 3 r = .25 97. Dr. Archer wanted to see if people are more prone to seek the company of others when anxious than when calm. He randomly assigned half of his subjects to an anxiety group and then told them that, as part of the study, they would receive electric shocks. He did not frighten the other group of subjects. Finally, he recorded how many subjects in each group chose to be “tested” in a group setting and how many chose to be “tested” alone. In this study, the group that was NOT frightened would be called the __________ group. a. experimental b. control c. placebo d. test Answer b % correct 90 a= 8 b= 90 c= 2 d= 0 r = .27 98. In psychological studies, randomization is used to ensure that __________. a. there will be an independent and dependent variable b. each person has an equal chance of being assigned to each group c. the control group does not know the purpose of the study d. the experimenter won’t know who is in each group Answer b % correct 84 a= 5 b= 84 c= 3 d= 7 r = .33 1.10 Experimental Hazards and Controlling for Effects 99. A “fake treatment” is one way to define a __________. a. decoy b. demand characteristic c. control group d. placebo

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer d

% correct 81

a= 7 b= 6 c= 6 d= 81

r = .39

100. Dr. Aziz is conducting a research study on sleep and learning. She questions her own objectivity and decides to let another researcher, who is not associated with conducting the experiment, score the tests. Dr. Aziz is probably trying to eliminate __________ bias. a. experimenter b. sample c. control d. treatment Answer a % correct 95 a= 95 b= 2 c= 3 d= 1 r = .25 101. The experimenter effect can best be controlled by using __________. a. a placebo b. a double-blind study c. randomization d. subjects who do not know the purpose of the study Answer b % correct 79 a= 2 b= 79 c= 16 d= 4 r = .46 102. Mr. McCarthy hired Anya to collect data from a group of subjects. Neither Anya nor the subjects were aware of the independent variable that Mr. McCarthy had manipulated. This is an example of __________. a. randomization b. a placebo c. double-blind control d. experimenter bias Answer c % correct 97 a= 2 b= 1 c= 97 d= 1 r = .20

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Revel Quizzes The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Psychology: An Exploration, Fifth Edition. EOM Quiz 1.1–1.2: The History of Psychology EOM Q1.1.1 In the definition of psychology, mental processes means a) internal, covert processes. b) unconscious processes. c) outward or overt actions and reactions. d) only human behavior. Answer: a Consider This: Mental processes include thinking, feeling, and remembering. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 1.1: Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The History of Psychology EOM Q1.1.2 Which early psychologist was the first to try to bring objectivity and measurement to the concept of psychology? a) Wilhelm Wundt b) William James c) John Watson d) Sigmund Freud Answer: a Consider This: The attention to objectivity and the establishment of the first true experimental laboratory in psychology is why this psychologist is known as the father of psychology. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 1.1: Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The History of Psychology EOM Q1.1.3 Which of the following early psychologists would have been most likely to agree with the statement, “The study of the mind should focus on how it functions in everyday life”? a) William James b) Wilhelm Wundt c) Watson d) Sigmund Freud Answer: a Consider This: This psychologist focused on how the mind allows people to work, play, and adapt to their surroundings. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 1.1: Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The History of Psychology EOM Q1.1.4 Who was the first woman to complete the coursework for a doctorate at Harvard University?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) Mary Whiton Calkins b) Mary Cover Jones c) Margaret Washburn d) Ruth Howard Answer: a Consider This: She eventually established a psychological laboratory at Wellesley College. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 1.1: Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The History of Psychology EOM Q1.1.5 Which early perspective tried to return to a focus on scientific inquiry by ignoring the study of consciousness? a) behaviorism b) functionalism c) psychoanalysis d) Gestalt Answer: a Consider This: This perspective focused on behavior that could be directly seen and measured. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The History of Psychology EOM Quiz 1.3–1.4: The Field of Psychology Today EOM Q1.2.1 Which of the following perspectives focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics? a) evolutionary b) humanistic c) behavioral d) psychodynamic Answer: a Consider This: This perspective seeks to explain general mental strategies and traits, such as why we lie or how attractiveness influences mate selection. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO: 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The Field of Psychology Today EOM Q1.2.2 Which perspective offers the best explanation for schizophrenia? a) biopsychological b) psychodynamic c) behavioral d) humanistic Answer: a Consider This: There is clear evidence that genetics play a role in the development of schizophrenia. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Skill: Understand the Concepts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: The Field of Psychology Today EOM Q1.2.3 Kamal has learned that if he cries with his mother in public, she will often get him a new toy or a piece of candy so as to quiet him. Which of the following perspectives explains Kamal’s behavior? a) behavioral b) psychodynamic c) cognitive d) biopsychological Answer: a Consider This: In this theory, responses that are followed by pleasurable consequences are strengthened, or reinforced. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The Field of Psychology Today EOM Q1.2.4 Which perspective would a researcher be taking if she were studying a client’s early childhood experiences and his resulting development of self? a) psychodynamic b) cognitive c) behavioral d) evolutionary Answer: a Consider This: In this perspective, there is emphasis on the development of a sense of self, social and interpersonal relationships, and the discovery of other motivations behind a person’s behavior. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 1.3: Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The Field of Psychology Today EOM Q1.2.5 Which of the following professionals in psychology has a doctoral degree but it is not in medicine? a) psychologist b) psychiatrist c) psychiatric nurse d) psychiatric social worker Answer: a Consider This: These professionals undergo intense academic training, learning about many different areas of psychology before choosing a specialization. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 1.4: Differentiate between the various types of professionals within the field of psychology. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The Field of Psychology Today EOM Q1.2.6 If Dr. LeMay is like most psychologists, where does she probably work? a) university/college b) independent practice c) government/VA medical center d) business/non-profit

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Answer: a Consider This: There are many different work settings for psychologists. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 1.4: Differentiate between the various types of professionals within the field of psychology. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The Field of Psychology Today EOM Quiz 1.5–1.10 Scientific Research EOM Q1.3.1 A common and very dangerous misconception often seen on the Internet is the idea that a childhood immunization, the MMR vaccine, causes autism. This is completely false, but began when a man published a falsified and now discredited paper making that claim. He was later found to have received money from lawyers representing parents of children with autism who wanted to sue the vaccine companies. Which criterion of critical thinking is most clearly being violated by those who accept the false claim? a) All evidence is not equal in quality. b) Authority or claimed expertise does not make something true. c) Very few “truths” do not need to be tested. d) Keep an open mind. Answer: a Consider This: This involves looking at the quality of the research to support some statement, such as the ability to be replicated and the use of a control group. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 1.5: Recall the basic criteria for critical thinking that people can use in their everyday lives. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Scientific Research] EOM Q1.3.2 Dr. White noticed something odd happening to the behavior of his students as midterm exams neared. He decided to take notes about this behavior to find out exactly what was happening and the circumstances surrounding the behavior. His goal is clearly a) description. b) explanation. c) prediction. d) control. Answer: a Consider This: This involves observing a behavior and noting everything about it: what is happening, where it happens, to whom it happens, and under what circumstances it seems to happen. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 1.6: Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Scientific Research EOM Q1.3.3 Which of the following is an example of observer bias? a) You develop an opinion of what you expect to see in an experiment. b) You ask your fellow students to be participants in a study of adult memory. c) You ask people from your church to participate in a study of family values. d) You allow a student to quit an experiment simply because they are bored. Answer: a Consider This: This happens when the person doing the observing has a particular idea about what they expect to see.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 1.7: Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Scientific Research EOM Q1.3.4 Which of the following would indicate the weakest relationship and thus be close to complete randomness? a) +0.01 b) +1.04 c) −0.89 d) −0.98 Answer: a Consider This: The closer the number is to zero, the weaker the relationship becomes. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 1.8: Explain how researchers use the correlational technique to study relationships between two or more variables. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Scientific Research EOM Q1.3.5 In an experiment to examine the effects of sleep deprivation on completion of a puzzle, one group is allowed to sleep 8 hours while another group is made to stay awake. In this experiment, the control group is a) the group that gets to sleep. b) the group that remains awake. c) the puzzle. d) the difference in time for each group to complete the puzzle. Answer: a Consider This: The control group is used to control for the possibility that other factors might be causing the effect that is being examined. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 1.9: Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Scientific Research EOM Q1.3.6 In a __________ study, the participants do not know if they are part of the control group or the experimental group. Only the experimenter knows who is in each group. a) single-blind b) placebo c) double-blind d) triple-blind Answer: a Consider This: For a long time, that was the only type of experiment researchers carried out in psychology. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 1.10: Recall two common sources of problems in an experiment and some ways to control for these effects. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Scientific Research EOM Quiz 1.11–1.12 Ethics of Psychological Research EOM Q1.5.1 What is the first guideline for doing research with people?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) The rights and well-being of the participants must come first. b) Participants have to give informed consent. c) Deception cannot be used in any studies with human beings. d) Data must remain confidential. Answer: a Consider This: There are quite a few ethical concerns when dealing with human subjects in an experiment or other type of study. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 1.11: Identify some of the common ethical guidelines for doing research with people. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Ethics of Psychological Research EOM Q1.5.2 What happens when the results of a study create an undesirable outcome for the participant? a) The researcher must find some way of helping the participant deal with the negative impact. b) The participants signed permission forms and must take their chances. c) The participant is institutionalized for further study. d) The researcher simply adds an addendum to the report of the study's results. Answer: a Consider This: Sometimes people react in unexpected ways to the manipulations in an experiment, despite the researcher’s best efforts to prevent any negative impact upon participants. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 1.11: Identify some of the common ethical guidelines for doing research with people. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Ethics of Psychological Research EOM Q1.5.3 What is the biggest reason we use nonhuman animals in research? a) We can do things to nonhuman animals that we can’t do to people. b) Nonhuman animals have simple behavior that makes it easy to see changes. c) Nonhuman animals don’t live as long as humans. d) Nonhuman animals are easier to control. Answer: a Consider This: Some animal rights activists disagree with this point of view. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 1.12: Explain why psychologists sometimes use nonhuman animals in their research. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Ethics of Psychological Research EOM Q1.5.4 Which of the following is an ethical consideration when using nonhuman animals in research? a) Avoiding exposing them to unnecessary pain. b) Nonhuman animals cannot be killed during the course of an experiment. c) Nonhuman animals must not experience any pain during an experiment. d) There are no ethical considerations when using nonhuman animals in research. Answer: a Consider This: If surgery is part of an animal study, it is done under anesthesia. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 1.12: Explain why psychologists sometimes use nonhuman animals in their research. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Ethics of Psychological Research

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 1 Quiz: The Science of Psychology EOC Q1.1 In the definition of psychology, the term behavior means a) overt actions and reactions. b) internal, covert processes. c) outward behavior. d) only nonhuman animal behavior. Answer: a Consider This: Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. LO 1.1 Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 1.1: Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Science of Psychology EOC Q1.2 Who is considered to be the father of African American psychology? a) Francis Cecil Sumner b) Charles Henry Thompson c) Robert V. Guthrie d) Howard Hale Long Answer: a Consider This: He was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 1.1 Describe the contributions of some of the early pioneers in psychology. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Science of Psychology EOC Q1.3 Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis focused on a) early childhood experiences. b) observable behavior. c) Gestalt perceptions. d) introspection. Answer: a Consider This: Freud believed if there were significant problems, those problems must have begun in the early years. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Science of Psychology EOC Q1.4 Which psychologist dared to ignore the whole consciousness issue and return to a study of scientific inquiry by focusing on observable behavior? a) John Watson b) Ivan Pavlov c) Sigmund Freud d) William James Answer: a

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Consider This: By the early 1900s he challenged the functionalist viewpoint, as well as psychoanalysis, with his own “science of behavior.” Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 1.2 Summarize the basic ideas and the important people behind the early approaches known as Gestalt, psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Science of Psychology EOC Q1.5 Which perspective is often referred to as the “third force” in psychology and focuses on a person’s freedom of choice in determining their behavior? a) humanism b) biopsychological perspective c) behaviorism d) cognitive psychology Answer: a Consider This: This was really a reaction to both psychoanalytic theory and behaviorism. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Science of Psychology EOC Q1.6 Which perspective best explains the bystander effect, whereby individuals will be less likely to help someone in need because of the presence of others close by? a) sociocultural b) psychoanalysis c) behaviorism d) cognitive psychology Answer: a Consider This: This perspective looks at the effect that people have on one another, either individually or in a larger group such as a culture. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Science of Psychology EOC Q1.7 If Dr. Byers uses an eclectic approach in her clinical treatment of children, what is it that she is doing? a) She is using a combination of perspectives to treat different clients. b) She is relying primarily on one psychological perspective to treat all her patients. c) She is using medications with all her patients, especially those suffering from depression. d) She relies heavily on the Freudian psychodynamic perspective to help children who show abnormal behavior. Answer: a Consider This: Some psychological perspectives are related to each other. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 1.3 Summarize the basic ideas behind the seven modern perspectives in psychology. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The Science of Psychology EOC Q1.8 Dr. Colton identifies himself with the largest subfield of psychology. What kind of psychologist is he? a) clinical

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) counseling c) school d) experimental Answer: a Consider This: Psychology is a large field, and the many professionals working within it have different training, different focuses, and may have different goals from the typical psychologist. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 1.4 Differentiate between the various types of professionals within the field of psychology. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The Science of Psychology EOC Q1.9 Micah has recently been diagnosed with a psychological disorder that is best addressed initially with medication. He would likely benefit the most by first seeing a a) psychiatrist. b) psychoanalyst. c) psychiatric social worker. d) psychologist. Answer: a Consider This: This is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 1.4 Differentiate between the various types of professionals within the field of psychology. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The Science of Psychology EOC Q1.10 A famous golfer advertises a new golf bracelet that helps minimize fatigue while playing. If Bethany decides to order the bracelet because she believes that such a well-known personality should know if it works or not, she has made an error in which of the following? a) Authority or expertise does not make the claims of the authority or expert true. b) Few “truths” do not need to be tested. c) All evidence is not equal in quality. d)Critical thinking requires an open mind. Answer: a Consider This: Remember, it is the evidence that is important in determining an explanation for some phenomenon. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 1.5 Recall the basic criteria for critical thinking that people can use in their everyday lives. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The Science of Psychology EOC Q1.11 A psychologist is interested in finding out why married couples seemingly begin to look like each other after several years of marriage. This psychologist is most interested in the goal of a) explanation. b) description. c) prediction. d) control. Answer: a Consider This: The goal of description provides observations, and the goal of explanation helps build a theory. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 1.5 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Skill: Apply What You Know

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: The Science of Psychology EOC Q1.12 Which step in the scientific approach is derived from the goal of description? a) perceiving a question b) reporting your results c) drawing conclusions d) forming a hypothesis Answer: a Consider This: The first step in understanding anything is to describe it. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 1.5 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Science of Psychology EOC Q1.13 Brianne wants to find an explanation for the behavior of her lab rats in her study. Which step in the scientific approach is she currently focusing on? a) testing a hypothesis b) perceiving the question c) drawing conclusions d) reporting her results Answer: a Consider This: The approach you use to test a hypothesis will depend on exactly what kind of answer you think you might get. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 1.5 Recall the five steps of the scientific approach. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The Science of Psychology EOC Q1.14 The famous study of Phineas Gage, who survived when a metal rod pierced his skull, is an example of a a) case study. b) laboratory experiment. c) correlation. d) survey. Answer: a Consider This: The advantage of this method is the tremendous amount of detail it provides. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 1.6 Compare and contrast some of the methods used to describe behavior. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The Science of Psychology EOC Q1.15 A researcher finds that as her subjects increased the number of hours they spent exercising, the overall weight of her subjects decreased. This would be an example of a _________ correlation. a) negative b) positive c) zero d) causal Answer: a

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Consider This: A correlation is a measure of the relationship between two or more variables. A variable is anything that can change or vary. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 1.7 Explain how researchers use the correlational technique to study relationships between two or more variables. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The Science of Psychology EOC Q1.16 A researcher wants to study the effects of texting on driving. Students in Group A drive a car in a computer game and see how many virtual accidents they have. Students in Group B are asked to drive the same virtual car, but they must respond to and send at least three texts. The number of virtual accidents is measured for each group. What is the independent variable? a) texting b) the virtual car c) the number of virtual accidents d) the group assignment Answer: a Consider This: The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated in an experiment. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 1.8 Identify the steps involved in designing an experiment. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The Science of Psychology EOC Q1.17 A researcher asks an assistant to conduct a study on her behalf. She specifically tells her assistant only to share the results anonymously and not include the names of the students along with their scores. Such an experiment would be considered a a) double-blind experiment. b) single-blind experiment. c) correlational study. d) laboratory observation. Answer: a Consider This: Studies have highlighted the need for the experimenter to be “blind” as well as the participants in research. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 1.9 Recall two common sources of problems in an experiment and some ways to control for these effects. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The Science of Psychology EOC Q1.18 Double-blind studies control for a) the placebo effect and the experimenter effect. b) the placebo effect. c) the experimenter effect. d) extrinsic motivation. Answer: a Consider This: In a double-blind study, neither the participants nor the person or persons measuring the dependent variable know who got what. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 1.9 Recall two common sources of problems in an experiment and some ways to control for these effects.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Science of Psychology EOC Q1.19 In the stereotypes-and-athletes study, who was the control group? a) those students who completed the survey after the intelligence test b) those students who completed the survey prior to the intelligence test c) those students who were not asked to complete the intelligence test d) those students who did not take part in the study at all Answer: a Consider This: The control group is used to control for the possibility that other factors might be causing the effect that is being examined. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 1.9 Recall two common sources of problems in an experiment and some ways to control for these effects. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Science of Psychology EOC Q1.20 Dr. Calvin needs just one more participant to complete her experiment. Lisa, a student of Dr. Calvin, has almost completed the experiment when she announces she wants to quit because the experiment is boring. What options does Dr. Calvin have? a) Dr. Calvin must let Lisa go and find another participant. b) Dr. Calvin can require that Lisa finish because students don’t have the same rights to quit an experiment as the general public does. c) Dr. Calvin can require that Lisa finish because boredom is not an acceptable excuse for quitting. d) Dr. Calvin can make Lisa stay since she is a student of hers and she requires students to take part in her experiments. Answer: a Consider This: There are ethical concerns when dealing with human subjects in an experiment or other type of study. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 1.10 Identify some of the common ethical guidelines for doing research with people. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The Science of Psychology

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE

Chapter 2

Learning Objectives

Remember the Facts

Introduction 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. 2.2 Explain the action potential. 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. 2.4 Describe how lesioning studies and brain stimulation are used to study the brain. 2.5 Compare and contrast neuroimaging techniques for mapping the brain’s structure and function. 2.6 Identify the different structures of the hindbrain and the function of each. 2.7 Identify the structures of the brain that are involved in emotion, learning, memory, and motivation. 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. 2.9 Recall the function of association areas of the cortex, including those especially crucial for language. 2.10 Explain how some brain functions differ between the left and right hemispheres.

The Biological Perspective 1, 2, 146, 180, 181, 215 3–10, 12, 13, 17, 18, 20–26, 191– 194, 220, 221, 234 27–29, 31, 195– 197, 220, 234 35–37, 39, 41, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 54, 56, 199, 222–224 60 62, 66, 69–71, 200, 225

Understand the Concepts 15, 19

Apply What You Know 16

30, 32, 34 38, 42, 43, 58, 59, 198

76, 78, 79, 81, 83, 85, 86, 201

Analyze It

11, 14

33 46, 48, 50, 57

40, 44, 52, 55

235

63, 64, 67, 68, 72, 73, 75, 235

77, 80, 82, 84, 87, 88, 90-91

92–94, 97, 98, 100, 102–104

99, 106

96, 101, 105, 202

107–110, 112– 114, 117, 118, 121, 122, 125, 132, 203–205, 236 133, 134, 136, 227, 228, 236

115, 226

111, 116, 119, 120, 123, 124, 127–129, 131

126, 130

139, 142, 206

143, 145, 207, 229

135, 137, 138

140, 141, 144

230

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objectives 2.11 Describe how the components of the central nervous system interact and how they may respond to experiences or injury. 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. 2.13 Explain why the pituitary gland is known as the “master gland.” 2.14 Recall the role of various endocrine glands. 2.15 Describe how the autonomic nervous system and body are impacted by stress.

Remember the Facts

Understand the Concepts

Apply What You Know

Analyze It

147–153, 155, 208–212, 237

156

154, 157, 159, 160

158, 231

161, 163–166, 170, 171, 173– 175, 177, 213, 214, 238 182, 239

162, 168

167, 169, 172, 176, 178, 179

231, 232

184, 216, 232 217–219, 239

183 188, 189

185–187, 190, 233, 240

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Name _____________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 – Quick Quiz 1 1. Which part of the neuron is responsible for maintaining the life of the cell? a) axon c) dendrite b) soma d) cell membrane 2. __________ plays a critical role as a neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscles to contract. a) Acetylcholine c) Dopamine b) GABA d) Endorphin 3. A brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain is called __________. a) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) c) positron emission tomography (PET) b) electroencephalography (EEG) d) computed tomography (CT) 4. What part of the brain acts as a relay station for incoming sensory information? a) hypothalamus c) cerebellum b) thalamus d) pituitary gland 5. Which of the following regions contains the primary visual cortex? a) frontal lobe c) temporal lobe b) parietal lobe d) occipital lobe 6. Which of the following is/are functions of the right hemisphere? a) perception, expression of emotions, and recognition of patterns b) sense of time and rhythm c) speech, handwriting, and calculation d) language processing in most individuals 7. The two main divisions of the nervous system are the __________ and __________. a) brain; spinal cord b) autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system c) peripheral nervous system; central nervous system d) glands; muscles 8. Which part of the nervous system takes the information received from the senses, makes sense out of it, makes decisions, and sends commands out to the muscles and the rest of the body? a) spinal cord c) reflexes b) brain d) interneurons 9. The part of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal is called the __________ nervous system. a) central c) sympathetic b) somatic d) parasympathetic 10. The hormone released by the pineal gland that reduces body temperature and prepares you for sleep is __________. a) melatonin c) parathormone b) DHEA d) thyroxin

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 2 – Quick Quiz 1 Answer Key 1.

Explanation: The soma is responsible for maintaining the life of the cell. (Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Acetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter that stimulates muscles to contract. (Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: MRI is a brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body. (Topic: 2.5 Neuroimaging Techniques, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 2.5 Compare and contrast neuroimaging techniques for mapping the brain’s structure and function, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: The thalamus acts as a relay station. (Topic: 2.7 Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 2.7 Identify the structures of the brain that are involved in emotion, learning, memory, and motivation, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: The occipital lobes contain the primary visual cortex. (Topic: 2.8 The Cortex, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Perception, expression of emotions, and recognition of patterns are functions of the right hemisphere. (Topic: 2.10 The Cerebral Hemispheres, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 2.10 Explain how some brain functions differ between the left and right hemispheres, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

7. c

Explanation: The two main divisions of the nervous system are the central and peripheral nervous systems. (Topic: 2.11–2.12 The Nervous System: The Rest of the Story, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: None, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

8. b

Explanation: Interpreting information from the senses and sending commands to the rest of the body are responsibilities of the brain. (Topic: 2.11 The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit,” Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 2.11 Describe how the components of the central nervous system interact and how they may respond to experiences or injury, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 9.

10. a

Explanation: The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal. (Topic: 2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.) Explanation: The pineal gland secretes melatonin. (Topic: 2.14 Other Endocrine Glands, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 2.14 Recall the role of various endocrine glands, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Name _____________________________________________________________ Chapter 2 – Quick Quiz 2 1. The branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons are called __________. a) axons c) dendrites b) nerve bundles d) synapses 2. Which of the following are tiny sacs in a synaptic knob that release chemicals into the synapse? a) synaptic vesicles c) terminal buttons b) synaptic nodes d) synaptic gaps 3. The point at which the nerves from the left side of the body cross over into the right side of the brain, and vice versa, is the __________. a) reticular activating system c) medulla b) pons d) cerebellum 4. The __________ is the part of the brain responsible for the formation of long-term memories. a) amygdala c) fornix b) hypothalamus d) hippocampus 5. Which of the following is the upper part of the brain consisting of two cerebral hemispheres and the structures that connect them? a) occipital lobe c) corpus callosum b) cerebrum d) cerebellum 6. Which of the following is the section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere and contains the visual centers of the brain? a) occipital lobe c) temporal lobe b) parietal lobe d) frontal lobe 7. The area of the frontal lobe that is devoted to the production of fluent speech is __________ area. a) Broca’s c) Wernicke’s b) Gall’s d) Korsakoff’s 8. Which of the following are responsible for acting as a facilitator of communication between neurons? a) motor neurons c) sensory neurons b) interneurons d) reflexes 9. Every deliberate action you make, such as pedaling a bike, walking, scratching, or smelling a flower, involves neurons in the __________ nervous system. a) sympathetic c) parasympathetic b) somatic d) autonomic 10. Which endocrine gland controls all of the other endocrine glands? a) thyroid c) thymus b) adrenal d) pituitary

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 2 – Quick Quiz 2

Answer Key 1.

Explanation: Dendrites receive messages from other neurons. (Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Synaptic vesicles are structures within the synaptic knobs. (Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: The medulla is the point where nerves cross over. (Topic: 2.6 The Hindbrain , Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 2.6 Identify the different structures of the hindbrain and the function of each, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: The hippocampus is responsible for the formation of long-term memories. (Topic: 2.7 Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 2.7 Identify the structures of the brain that are involved in emotion, learning, memory, and motivation, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: The cerebrum consists of the two cerebral hemispheres and the structures that connect them. (Topic: 2.8 The Cortex , Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: The occipital lobes contain the visual centers of the brain. (Topic: 2.8 The Cortex, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Broca’s area is devoted to the production of fluent speech. (Topic: 2.9 The Association Areas of the Cortex, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 2.9 Recall the function of association areas of the cortex, including those especially crucial for language, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Interneurons connect the sensory neurons to the motor neurons. (Topic: 2.11 The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit,” Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 2.11 Describe how the components of the central nervous system interact and how they may respond to experiences or injury, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 9.

10. d

Explanation: The somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscle movement. (Topic: 2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.) Explanation: The pituitary gland controls all other endocrine glands. (Topic: 2.13 The Pituitary: Master of the Hormonal Universe, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 2.13 Explain why the pituitary gland is known as the “master gland,” APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

The Biological Perspective

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The function of the __________ is to carry information to and from all parts of the body. a) soma Incorrect. The primary responsibility of the soma is to maintain the life of the neuron. b) synapse c) nervous system Correct. Sending information to and from all parts of the body is the primary function of the nervous system. d) endorphins Answer: c Learning Objective: None Topic: 2.1–2.3 Neurons and Neurotransmitters Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 91 a= 2 b= 4 c= 91 d=33 r = .32 % correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2. The nervous system is defined as __________. a) a complex network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body Correct. The nervous system is a complex network of cells that carry information to and from all parts of the body. b) a specialized cell that makes up the brain and nervous system c) all nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run throughout the body itself Incorrect. The nervous system includes networks of neurons that are in the brain and spinal cord. d) a gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone Answer: a Learning Objective: None Topic: 2.1–2.3 Neurons and Neurotransmitters Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 92 a= 92 b= 1 c= 6 d= 1 r = .27 % correct 94 a= 94 b= 1 c=4 d= 0 r = .26 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 3. The branch of life sciences that involves the structure and function of neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue is called __________. a) neuroscience Correct. This is the branch of life sciences that covers these topics. b) bioscience Incorrect. The correct answer is neuroscience. c) brain scientology d) neurostemology Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Easy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 4. The branch of neuroscience that focuses on the biological bases of psychological processes, behavior, and learning is called __________. a) biological psychology Correct. This is the branch of neuroscience that covers these topics. b) bioscience Incorrect. The correct answer is biological psychology, which is also called behavioral neuroscience. c) brain scientology d) neurostemology Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 5. A specialized cell that makes up the nervous system that receives and sends messages within that system is called a __________. a) glial cell Incorrect. Glial cells serve as a structure for neurons. b) neuron Correct. A neuron is a specialized cell that makes up the nervous system that receives and sends messages within that system. c) cell body d) myelin sheath Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 96 a= 4 b= 96 c= 0 d= 0 r = .19 % correct 97 a= 2 b= 97 c= 1 d= 0 r = .39 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 6. The part of the neuron whose name literally means “branch” is __________. a) axon Incorrect. Dendrite is the correct answer. b) dendrite Correct. Dendrite comes from the word tree. c) myelin d) soma Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 77 a= 20 b= 77 c= 1 d= 1 r = .32 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 7. The branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons are called __________. a) axons Incorrect. Axons send but do not receive messages. b) nerve bundles

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) dendrites Correct. Dendrites receive messages from other neurons. d) synapses Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 84 a= 10 b= 2 c= 84 d= 4 r = .39 % correct 83 a=11 b= 0 c= 83 d= 5 r = .31 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 8. Which part of the neuron is responsible for maintaining the life of the cell? a) axon b) soma Correct. The soma is responsible for maintaining the life of the cell. c) dendrite d) cell membrane Incorrect. The soma is responsible for maintaining the life of the cell. Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 70 a= 5 b= 70 c= 2 d= 23 r = .37 % correct 74 a= 0 b= 74 c= 26 d= 1 r = .32 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 9. The part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and keeps the entire cell alive and functioning is the __________. a) axon b) cell membrane Incorrect. The soma is responsible for maintaining the life of the cell. c) dendrite d) soma Correct. The soma is responsible for maintaining the life of the cell. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 67 a= 7 b= 23 c= 2 d= 67 r = .56 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 10. The soma is also sometimes referred to as the _________. a) axon b) cell body Correct. The soma is also called the cell body. c) dendrite d) cell membrane Incorrect. The soma is also called the cell body. Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 11. Dendrite is to axon as __________. a) send is to receive Incorrect. This is the opposite of the correct answer. b) send is to regulate c) receive is to send Correct. Dendrites are treelike parts of the neuron that are designed to receive messages. The axon sends messages to other neurons. d) receive is to release Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 12. Which part of a neuron is attached to the soma and carries messages out to other cells? a) soma b) axon Correct. The axon carries messages to other cells. c) dendrite Incorrect. Dendrites receive messages. d) cell membrane Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 81 a= 2 b= 81 c= 14 d= 4 r = .31 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 13. The function of the neuron’s axon is to __________. a) carry messages to other cells Correct. The function of the axon is to carry messages to other cells. b) regulate the neuron’s life processes c) receive messages from neighboring neurons Incorrect. Dendrites, not axons, receive messages. d) insulate against leakage of electrical impulses Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 67 a= 67 b= 2 c= 10 d= 21 r = .41 % correct 80 a= 80 b= 6 c= 13 d= 2 r = .30 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 14. __________ receive messages from other neurons and __________ send messages to other neurons. a) Axons; dendrites Incorrect. Axons send messages, and dendrites receive messages. b) Axon; soma c) Soma; glial cells d) Dendrites; axons Correct. Dendrites receive messages, and axons carry messages to other cells.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It % correct 71 a= 23 b= 3 c= 4 d= 71 r = .39 % correct 78 a= 17 b= 3 c= 1 d= 78 r = .46 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 15. Which sequence BEST represents the order in which a neuron receives and transmits information? a) dendrites, cell body, axon, axon terminals Correct. The dendrite receives a message, the cell body processes it, the axon takes a message to the axon terminals, and the terminal buttons release neurotransmitters. b) axon terminals, dendrites, cell body, axon c) cell body, dendrites, axon terminals, axon Incorrect. Every part of this answer is out of the correct order. d) axon, cell body, dendrites, axon terminals Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 16. Your psychology professor asks you to describe the correct sequence of neural structures that an impulse travels through during neural conduction. Which sequence will you offer? a) dendrites, axon, soma, synaptic knob b) terminal buttons, axon, soma, dendrites c) axon, soma, dendrites, synaptic knob Incorrect. The neural impulse begins with the receipt of messages by the dendrites. d) dendrites, soma, axon, synaptic knob Correct. This answer describes the correct sequence. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 17. What term is used to describe the bulbs located at the end of the axon? a) axon terminals Correct. The axon terminals are located at the end of the axon. b) synaptic vesicles Incorrect. Synaptic vesicles are structures within the synaptic knobs. c) synapses d) receptor sites Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 59 a= 59 b= 15 c= 3 d= 22 r = .48 % correct 52 a= 52 b= 20 c= 13 d= 15 r = .38 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 18. What is the term used to describe the rounded areas on the ends of the axon? a) synaptic vesicles Incorrect. Synaptic vesicles are structures within the synaptic knobs. b) axons c) dendrites d) synaptic knobs Correct. Synaptic knobs are located at the tip of each axon. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 73 a= 24 b= 1 c= 2 d= 73 r = .33 % correct 75 a= 19 b= 1 c= 5 d= 75 r = .20 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 19. What are two roles of glial cells? a) acting as insulation and providing structure to surrounding neurons Correct. This answer defines two roles of glial cells. b) shaping cells and moving new neurons into place Incorrect. Glial cells provide structure and insulation to neurons. c) regulating metabolic activity and serving as pain detectors d) monitoring neural transmission and releasing hormones in the brain Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 59 a= 59 b= 4 c= 11 d= 22 r = .32 % correct 61 a= 61 b= 8 c= 7 d= 24 r = .32 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 20. A cell in the human nervous system whose primary function is to provide insulation and structure for neurons on which they may develop and work is called a(n) __________. a) epidermal cell b) adipose cell c) glial cell Correct. Glial cells serve as a structure on which neurons develop and work. d) myelin sheath Incorrect. The myelin sheath does not serve as a structure on which neurons develop and work. Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 46 a= 3 b= 1 c= 46 d= 51 r = .34 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 21. Two specialized types of glial cells are called __________ and __________, which contribute to the production of myelin. a) occipital; lobitical b) oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells Correct. These are two types of glial cells. c) occipital; Schwann Incorrect. These are not both types of glial cells.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) oligodendrocytes; lobitical Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 22. What is the function of myelin? a) to serve as a structure for neurons Incorrect. This is the function of glial cells, not myelin. b) to monitor neural activity c) to speed up the neural impulse Correct. Myelin speeds up the neural impulse. d) to produce neurotransmitters Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 71 a= 14 b= 7 c= 71 d= 9 r = .33 % correct 62 a= 28 b= 3 c= 62 d= 8 r = .44 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 23. Which statement about myelin is TRUE? a) It is made of a fatty substance. Correct. Myelin is made up of a fatty type of tissue produced by certain glial cells. b) It is covered by axons. Incorrect. Myelin covers axons. It is not covered by axons. c) It inhibits neural communication. d) It slows down neuronal operations. Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 24. One purpose of __________ is to speed up the neural message traveling down the axon. a) the receptor site b) axon terminals Incorrect. Axon terminals do not speed up the neural impulse. c) myelin Correct. Myelin speeds up the neural impulse. d) a synaptic vesicle Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 78 a= 2 b= 8 c= 78 d= 13 r = .31 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 25. A group of axons bundled together coated in myelin that travels together through the body is called a __________.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) synaptic vesicle b) nerve Correct. Bundles of myelin-coated axons travel together in cables called nerves. c) neurilemma Incorrect. Neurilemma enable damaged neurons to repair themselves. d) myelinated pathway Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 60 a= 20 b= 60 c= 6 d= 14 r = .49 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 26. A nerve is a group of __________ bundled together. a) axons Correct. Nerves are bundles of myelin-coated axons. b) interneurons c) dendrites Incorrect. Dendrites are part of the neuron. d) glial cells Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 37 a= 37 b= 37 c= 8 d= 18 r = .31 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 27. When a cell is “at rest,” it is in a state called the __________. a) stopping point b) obcipitation junction Incorrect. This is a fictitious word. c) resting potential Correct. A cell at rest is in a state called the resting potential. d) action potential Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.2 Explain the action potential. Topic: 2.2 Generating the Message Within the Neuron: The Neural Impulse Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 85 a= 1 b= 0 c= 85 d= 13 r = .41 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 28. What do we call the state of a neuron when it is NOT firing a neural impulse? a) action potential Incorrect. Action potential is the state a neuron is in when firing a neural impulse. b) resting potential Correct. Resting potential is the state a neuron is in when not firing a neural impulse. c) myelination signal d) transmission impulse Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.2 Explain the action potential. Topic: 2.2 Generating the Message Within the Neuron: The Neural Impulse Difficulty Level: Easy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 84 a= 11 b= 84 c= 1 d=4 r = .18 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 29. The state during which a neuron contains more negatively charged ions inside the cell than outside the cell and is NOT firing is referred to as the __________. a) action potential Incorrect. Action potential is the state a neuron is in when firing. b) quiet potential c) synaptic potential d) resting potential Correct. Resting potential is the state a neuron is in when a cell is not firing a neural impulse. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.2 Explain the action potential. Topic: 2.2 Generating the Message Within the Neuron: The Neural Impulse Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 85 a= 4 b= 4 c= 7 d= 85 r = .19 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 30. The electrical charge that a neuron at rest maintains is due to the presence of a high number of __________ charged ions inside the neuron’s membrane. a) actively b) passively c) negatively Correct. Negatively charged ions inside the neuron’s membrane are what give rise to a negative resting potential. d) positively Incorrect. It is during the action potential that the positively charged ions flow into the neuron and outnumber the negatively charged ions. Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.2 Explain the action potential. Topic: 2.2 Generating the Message Within the Neuron: The Neural Impulse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 31. When the electrical potential in a cell is in action versus a resting state, this electrical charge reversal is known as the __________. a) resting potential Incorrect. This would be when a cell continued to be at rest. b) excitation reaction c) action potential Correct. This is the state in which the electrical charge is reversed. d) permeable reaction Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.2 Explain the action potential. Topic: 2.2 Generating the Message Within the Neuron: The Neural Impulse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 75 a= 14 b= 10 c= 75 d= 1 r = .31 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 32. The term “fire,” when referring to neural transmission, indicates that a neuron __________. a) has become less positive in charge b) has received, in its dendrites, appropriate inputs from other neurons

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. A neuron fires after the dendrites receive enough stimulation to trigger the cell body to generate an action potential. c) is unable to transmit information to another neuron d) has become more negative in polarity Incorrect. In fact, the firing state of the neuron occurs when it generates a positive charge rather than a negative charge. Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.2 Explain the action potential. Topic: 2.2 Generating the Message Within the Neuron: The Neural Impulse Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 33. During an action potential, the electrical charge inside the neuron is __________ the electrical charge outside the neuron. a) positive compared to Correct. There are more positively charged ions inside the cell than outside. b) larger than c) negative compared to Incorrect. During resting potential, the inside is more negatively charged. d) smaller than Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.2 Explain the action potential. Topic: 2.2 Generating the Message Within the Neuron: The Neural Impulse Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 34. When a neuron fires, it fires in a(n) __________ fashion, as there is no such thing as “partial” firing. a) all-or-none Correct. This term accurately describes neuronal firing. b) here-and-now c) off-and-on d) hit-or-miss Incorrect. This is not the term scientists use to refer to neuronal firing. Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.2 Explain the action potential. Topic: 2.2 Generating the Message Within the Neuron: The Neural Impulse Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 35. The saclike structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals are called __________. a) axon terminals Incorrect. The axon terminals are limb-like structures. b) synapses c) synaptic vesicles Correct. Synaptic vesicles are structures within the synaptic knobs. d) receptor sites Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White % correct 69 a= 5 b= 8 c= 69 d= 17 r = .53 % correct 64 a= 20 b= 12 c= 64 d= 14 r = .45 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 36. Which term is used to describe the tiny sacs in an axon terminal that release chemicals into the synapse? a) synaptic vesicles Correct. Synaptic vesicles are structures within the synaptic knobs. b) synaptic nodes c) terminal buttons Incorrect. Terminal buttons are the same as synaptic knobs. d) synaptic gaps Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 37. A chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that, when released, has an effect on the next cell is called a __________. a) glial cell b) neurotransmitter Correct. Neurotransmitters are stored in the synaptic vesicles. c) precursor cell d) synapse Incorrect. The synapse is the space between the synaptic knob of one cell and the dendrites of the next cell. Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 74 a= 4 b= 74 c= 4 d= 18 r = .34 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 38. Which statement about neurotransmitters is CORRECT? a) Neurotransmission may be enhanced by reuptake of the neurotransmitter back into the axon terminal. b) Neurotransmitters bind to receptor sites that are specific to that type of neurotransmitter. Correct. Neurotransmitters bind to specific sites. c) Neurotransmitters are responsible for communication within one neuron. d) Neurotransmitters can bind to any receptor site. Incorrect. Neurotransmitters bind to specific sites. Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

39. The fluid-filled space between the synaptic knob of one cell and the dendrites of the next cell is called the __________. a) receptor site

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. Molecules that float across the synapse fit themselves into receptor sites, thus activating the next cell. b) synapse or synaptic gap Correct. The synapse is the space between the axon of a sending neuron and the dendrites of a receiving neuron. c) synaptic knob d) axon terminal Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 40. The action potential causes neurotransmitters to be released into the __________. a) myelin sheath b) axon c) synapse Correct. Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse. d) synaptic vesicle Incorrect. Neurotransmitters are stored in the synaptic vesicle. Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It % correct 59 a= 8 b= 11 c= 59 d= 22 r = .32 % correct 56 a= 5 b= 16 c= 56 d= 27 r = .35 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 41. __________ are three-dimensional proteins on the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands that are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters. a) Neurotransmitters b) Axons c) Synaptic vesicles Incorrect. Neurotransmitters are stored in the synaptic vesicle. d) Receptor sites Correct. Molecules that float across the synapse fit themselves into receptor sites like keys fitting into a lock, thus activating the next cell. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 42. Which structure is like a locked door that only certain neurotransmitter keys can unlock? a) synapses Incorrect. Synapses are microscopic fluid-filled spaces between neurons. b) receptor sites Correct. Only certain neurotransmitters can fit into receptor sites. c) neural chiasms d) response terminals Answer: b

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 43. __________ synapses make it more likely that a neuron will send its message to other neurons, whereas __________ synapses make it less likely that a neuron will send its message. a) Excitatory; inhibitory Correct. Excitatory synapses turn cells on and inhibitory ones turn cells off. b) Inhibitory; excitatory Incorrect. Inhibitory synapses turn cells off and excitatory ones turn cells on. c) Augmentation; depletion d) Depletion; augmentation Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 89 a= 89 b= 8 c= 3 d= 0 r = .48 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 44. Agonist is to antagonist as __________. a) neuromodulator is to neurotransmitter b) reuptake is to receptor c) mimic is to block Correct. Agonists mimic neurotransmitters by stimulating specific receptor sites, and antagonists block receptor sites. d) block is to mimic Incorrect. This is the opposite of the correct answer. Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 45. Curare, a poison, works by __________. a) blocking receptor sites and acting as an antagonist for acetylcholine Correct. This drug acts as an antagonist for acetylcholine. b) stimulating the release of excessive amounts of acetylcholine Incorrect. This drug inhibits the release of acetylcholine. c) stimulating the release of neurotransmitters d) inhibiting the production of inhibitory neurotransmitters Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 30 a= 30 b= 26 c= 20 d= 24 r = .23 % correct 41 a= 41 b= 24 c= 22 d= 13 r = .22

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 46. After being bitten by a black widow spider, Veronica starts to convulse. This is a result of a __________. a) lack of GABA being released into her bloodstream Incorrect. This would not cause convulsions. b) resurgence of neurotransmitters overstimulating her brain stem c) surge of chemicals blocking the transmission of fluids to the spinal cord d) flood of acetylcholine releasing into the body’s muscle system Correct. This is the result of the bite. The result can also include death. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 47. __________ plays a critical role as a neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscles to contract. a) Acetylcholine Correct. Acetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter that stimulates muscles to contract. b) GABA Incorrect. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. c) Dopamine d) Endorphin Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 48. Peyton has been experiencing a serious memory problem. An interdisciplinary team has ruled out a range of causes and believes that a neurotransmitter is involved. Which neurotransmitter is most likely involved in this problem? a) GABA Incorrect. GABA has a tranquilizing effect. b) dopamine c) serotonin d) acetylcholine Correct. Acetylcholine is found in a part of the brain responsible for forming new memories. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 33 a= 0 b= 26 c=41 d= 33 r = .19 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 49. Which neurotransmitter is associated with sleep, mood, and appetite? a) GABA Incorrect. GABA is associated with helping calm anxiety.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) serotonin Correct. Serotonin is associated with mood, sleep, and appetite. c) dopamine d) acetylcholine Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 60 a= 6 b= 60 c= 25 d= 8 r = .26 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 50. Corrado has decided to seek medical help for mood disturbances and appetite problems he has been having. At a biological level, which neurotransmitter is most likely involved in the problems Corrado is experiencing? a) GABA Incorrect. GABA is involved in sleep and inhibits movement but is not associated with mood or appetite. b) dopamine c) serotonin Correct. Serotonin is associated with mood and appetite. d) acetylcholine Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 51. GABA functions as __________. a) the major neurotransmitter involved in voluntary movements b) an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain Correct. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. c) the neurotransmitter responsible for slowing intestinal activity during stress d) the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain Incorrect. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 52. The main excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system that plays a role in the relay of memory and learning is __________. a) glutamate Correct. Glutamate is a neurotransmitter involved in these processes. b) serotonin c) dopamine d) acetylcholine Incorrect. Acetylcholine is not associated with these effects. Answer: a

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 53. Endorphins are __________. a) found where neurons meet skeletal muscles b) less powerful than enkephalins c) pain-controlling chemicals Correct. Endorphins are pain-controlling chemicals. d) radically different in function from neurotransmitters Incorrect. Endorphins are neurotransmitters. Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 74 a= 4 b= 7 c= 74 d= 15 r = .41 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 54. Pain-controlling chemicals in the body are called __________. a) neural regulators Incorrect. Not all neural regulators are endorphins. b) histamines c) androgens d) endorphins Correct. Endorphins are pain-controlling chemicals. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 81 a= 3 b= 7 c= 8 d= 81 r = .42 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 55. Because they have similar chemical structures, morphine and heroin are able to lock into receptor sites for __________. a) GABA Incorrect. Opiates are not able to lock into GABA receptor sites. b) serotonin c) dopamine d) endorphins Correct. Endorphins are a natural substance that has the same effect as opiates. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 56. Reuptake is __________. a) a chemical that is released into the synaptic gap Incorrect. Reuptake is a process. b) a protein molecule on the dendrite or cell body of a neuron that will interact only with specific neurotransmitters c) a process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles Correct. This is the definition of reuptake. d) a chemical that plays a role in learning and attention Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 77 a= 7 b= 13 c= 77 d= 3 r = .41 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 57. Casey is squirting mustard on her hot dog. She realizes she has put too much and sucks up some of it back into the squeeze bottle. This process is similar to __________. a) the action potential b) receptor site bindings c) reverse polarity Incorrect. It’s not clear what “reverse polarity” means or how it would apply in this context. d) reuptake Correct. Reuptake occurs when excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed into the sending neuron. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 58. How is acetylcholine removed from the synapse? a) It is broken down by an enzyme. Correct. It is broken down by an enzyme. b) It is taken back up in the synapse. Incorrect. It is broken down by an enzyme. c) It dissipates in the surrounding body fluids. d) Acetylcholine is one of the few neurotransmitters that is continually present in the synapse. Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 59. Enzymatic degradation is the process by which an excess of the neurotransmitter called __________ is removed from synapses. Other neurotransmitters tend to be removed via the process of reuptake. a) dopamine b) GABA c) morphaline Incorrect. Enzymatic degradation does not take place in this case.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) acetylcholine Correct. ACh cannot be removed via reuptake, and so it requires enzymatic degradation. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 60. Insertion into the brain of a thin insulated wire through which an electrical current is sent that destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire is called __________. a) lesioning Correct. Lesioning destroys brain cells. b) ESB Incorrect. ESB stimulates brain cells. c) EEG d) CT scanning Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.4 Describe how lesioning studies and brain stimulation are used to study the brain. Topic: 2.4 Methods for Studying Specific Regions of the Brain Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 61. Which abbreviation does NOT belong with the others? a) fMRI Correct. fMRI is a neuroimaging technique; all the others are brain stimulation techniques. b) ESB Incorrect. All the techniques listed here (except fMRI) are ways of performing electrical stimulation of the brain, or ESB. c) TMS d) DBS Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.4 Describe how lesioning studies and brain stimulation are used to study the brain. Topic: 2.4 Methods for Studying Specific Regions of the Brain Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 62. __________ is a brain-imaging method that takes computer-controlled X-rays of the brain. a) Electroencephalography (EEG) b) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Incorrect. MRI is a brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body. c) Positron emission tomography (PET) d) Computed tomography (CT) Correct. CT scans take computer-controlled X-rays of the brain. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.5 Compare and contrast neuroimaging techniques for mapping the brain’s structure and function. Topic: 2.5 Neuroimaging Techniques Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 30 a= 16 b= 42 c= 11 d= 30 r = .30 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

63. Violet is in the hospital about to undergo a brain-imaging process that involves taking many X-rays from different angles aided by the use of a computer. What type of imaging technique is being used? a) electroencephalography (EEG) b) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Incorrect. MRI is a brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body. c) positron emission tomography (PET) d) computed tomography (CT) Correct. CT scans take computer-controlled X-rays of the brain. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.5 Compare and contrast neuroimaging techniques for mapping the brain’s structure and function. Topic: 2.5 Neuroimaging Techniques Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 37 a= 18 b= 42 c= 4 d= 37 r = .30 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 64. If Michele’s doctor has taken a series of images of her brain using X-rays, then she has likely had a(n) __________. a) EEG Incorrect. An electroencephalogram is a graphical representation of the electrical activity in the brain. b) MRI c) CT scan Correct. CT scans use X-rays to create such images. d) PET scan Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.5 Compare and contrast neuroimaging techniques for mapping the brain’s structure and function. Topic: 2.5 Neuroimaging Techniques Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 65. A brain-imaging method called __________ takes advantage of the magnetic properties of different atoms to take sharp, three-dimensional images of the brain. a) electroencephalography (EEG) b) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Correct. MRI is a brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body. c) positron emission tomography (PET) d) computed tomography (CT) Incorrect. CT scans use X-rays. Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.5 Compare and contrast neuroimaging techniques for mapping the brain’s structure and function. Topic: 2.5 Neuroimaging Techniques Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 66. A brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain is called __________. a) electroencephalography (EEG) b) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. MRI is a brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body. c) positron emission tomography (PET) d) computed tomography (CT) Incorrect. CT scans use X-rays. Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.5 Compare and contrast neuroimaging techniques for mapping the brain’s structure and function. Topic: 2.5 Neuroimaging Techniques Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 64 a= 19 b= 64 c= 7 d= 10 r = .20 % correct 81 a= 17 b= 81 c= 0 d= 2 r = .29 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 67. Khalif is in the hospital and is about to undergo a brain-imaging process that involves placing him inside a magnetic field so that a computer can create three-dimensional images of his brain. What procedure is he about to undergo? a) electroencephalography (EEG) b) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Correct. MRI is a brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body. c) computed tomography (CT) Incorrect. CT scans use X-rays. d) positron emission tomography (PET) Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.5 Compare and contrast neuroimaging techniques for mapping the brain’s structure and function. Topic: 2.5 Neuroimaging Techniques Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 93 a= 4 b= 93 c= 0 d= 4 r = .29 APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 68. Small metal disks are pasted onto Ruby’s scalp, and they are connected by wire to a machine that translates the electrical energy from her brain into wavy lines on a moving piece of paper. From this description, it is evident that Ruby’s brain is being studied through the use of __________. a) a CT scan Incorrect. CT scans take computer-controlled X-rays of the brain. b) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) c) a microelectrode d) an electroencephalogram (EEG) Correct. Electroencephalograms record brain wave patterns. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.5 Compare and contrast neuroimaging techniques for mapping the brain’s structure and function. Topic: 2.5 Neuroimaging Techniques Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 81 a= 10 b= 5 c= 4 d= 81 r = .35 APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 69. Which apparatus is designed to record the brain wave patterns produced by electrical activity of the brain’s cortex, just below the scalp? a) deep lesioning

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. Lesioning involves the insertion of a thin insulated wire into the brain. b) YYZ c) EEG Correct. EEG records brain wave patterns. d) CT scan Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.5 Compare and contrast neuroimaging techniques for mapping the brain’s structure and function. Topic: 2.5 Neuroimaging Techniques Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 70. Which equipment is used to monitor brain waves? a) CT scan Incorrect. A CT scan is a brain-imaging method. b) functional magnetic resonance imaging c) microelectrode d) electroencephalograph Correct. Electroencephalographs monitor brain waves. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.5 Compare and contrast neuroimaging techniques for mapping the brain’s structure and function. Topic: 2.5 Neuroimaging Techniques Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 31 a= 27 b= 19 c= 22 d= 31 r = .37 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 71. Which of the following is a brain-imaging method in which radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activity of the brain? a) electroencephalography (EEG) b) computed tomography (CT) c) positron emission tomography (PET) Correct. PET scan provides a color-coded image of the activity of the brain. d) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Incorrect. FMRI does not involve radioactive sugar. Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.5 Compare and contrast neuroimaging techniques for mapping the brain’s structure and function. Topic: 2.5 Neuroimaging Techniques Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 48 a= 25 b= 12 c= 48 d= 13 r = .37 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 72. Aisha’s physician refers her to a medical center in order to have the biochemical activity in her brain analyzed. She is given an injection of a radioactive glucose-like substance and then is told to lie down with her head in a scanner. The technique being used is __________. a) positron emission tomography Correct. PET involves injecting a radioactive glucose into the patient. b) functional magnetic resonance imaging Incorrect. FMRI does not involve injecting the patient with glucose. c) microelectrode recording d) electroencephalography

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.5 Compare and contrast neuroimaging techniques for mapping the brain’s structure and function. Topic: 2.5 Neuroimaging Techniques Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 73. Catalina needs to have a neuroimaging test that will track the activity of her brain, but her physician and her technician want to use a radioactive tracer that is more easily obtained than those used for PET. Which technique offers the BEST alternative based on Catalina’s needs? a) electroencephalography (EEG) b) computed tomography (CT) c) functional positron emission tomography (fPET) Incorrect. There is no neuroimaging technique called fPET. d) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) Correct. SPECT provides this benefit relative to PET scans. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.5 Compare and contrast neuroimaging techniques for mapping the brain’s structure and function. Topic: 2.5 Neuroimaging Techniques Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 74. Compared to fMRI, fNIRS is ____________. a) structural rather than functional b) a quieter but limited procedure Correct. There are both advantages and disadvantages associated with fNIRS. c) only used on infants d) louder but less invasive Incorrect. These are not attributes associated with fNIRS Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.5 Compare and contrast neuroimaging techniques for mapping the brain’s structure and function. Topic: 2.5 Neuroimaging Techniques Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 75. A researcher wants to obtain a “movie” of changes in the activity of the brain using images from different time periods. Which of these would be the BEST choice for this researcher? a) electroencephalography (EEG) b) computed tomography (CT) c) positron emission tomography (PET) Incorrect. PET provides a color-coded image of the activity of the brain, not moving images of the brain. d) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Correct. An fMRI takes MRI images and combines them into a moving image of the brain. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.5 Compare and contrast neuroimaging techniques for mapping the brain’s structure and function. Topic: 2.5 Neuroimaging Techniques Difficulty Level: Difficult

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 40 a= 25 b= 18 c= 15 d= 40 r = .20 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 76. The __________ is a structure in the brain stem responsible for life-sustaining functions, such as breathing and heart rate. a) reticular activating system b) pons Incorrect. The pons plays a role in sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination, and arousal. c) medulla Correct. The medulla is responsible for life-sustaining functions. d) cerebellum Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.6 Identify the different structures of the hindbrain and the function of each. Topic: 2.6 The Hindbrain Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 59 a= 3 b= 19 c= 59 d= 18 r = .27 % correct 60 a= 3 b= 14 c= 60 d= 22 r = .22 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 77. An auto accident rendered Nathan’s nervous system unable to send messages for him to breathe, so he is on a respirator. Which brain structure was damaged in the accident? a) pons Incorrect. The pons plays a role in sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination, and arousal. b) medulla Correct. The medulla is responsible for breathing. c) cerebellum d) reticular formation Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.6 Identify the different structures of the hindbrain and the function of each. Topic: 2.6 The Hindbrain Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 48 a= 10 b= 48 c= 37 d= 5 r = .22 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 78. The structure through which the sensory nerves from the left side of the body cross over into the right side of the brain (and vice versa) is called the __________. a) reticular activating system b) pons Incorrect. The pons connects the upper portion of the brain to the lower portion. c) medulla Correct. This is the point where sensory nerves cross over. d) cerebellum Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.6 Identify the different structures of the hindbrain and the function of each. Topic: 2.6 The Hindbrain Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 79. The __________ is a structure in the brain stem that plays a role in sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination, and arousal.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) reticular activating system b) pons Correct. The pons plays a role in sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination, and arousal. c) medulla Incorrect. The medulla is responsible for life-sustaining functions but does not play a role in sleep, dreaming, and arousal. d) cerebellum Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.6 Identify the different structures of the hindbrain and the function of each. Topic: 2.6 The Hindbrain Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 80. A college student is having difficulty staying awake during the day and sleeping through the night. Her difficulties are MOST likely due to problems in the __________. a) hippocampus Incorrect. The hippocampus is responsible for the formation of long-term memory and does not play a role in keeping people awake and alert. b) pons Correct. The pons plays a role in sleep, dreaming, and arousal. c) medulla d) cerebellum Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.6 Identify the different structures of the hindbrain and the function of each. Topic: 2.6 The Hindbrain Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 44 a= 15 b= 44 c= 25 d= 16 r = .22 % correct 41 a= 31 b= 41 c= 12 d= 16 r = .47 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 81. Which brain structure is primarily responsible for the ability to selectively attend to certain kinds of information in one’s surroundings, and become alert to changes in the environment? a) reticular formation Correct. The reticular formation plays a role in selective attention. b) pons Incorrect. The pons plays a role in sleep, dreaming, and arousal but not in selective attention. c) medulla d) cerebellum Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.6 Identify the different structures of the hindbrain and the function of each. Topic: 2.6 The Hindbrain Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 82. Since Naomi suffered a head injury in a car accident 3 months ago, she has not experienced dreams as she did in the past. She used to have vivid, active dreams. Which part of her brain was most likely affected during the car accident and is related to her problem dreaming? a) pons Correct. The pons has been shown to influence sleep and dreaming as well as arousal. b) cerebellum c) cerebral cortex

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) pituitary gland Incorrect. The correct answer is the pons. Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.6 Identify the different structures of the hindbrain and the function of each. Topic: 2.6 The Hindbrain Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 46 a= 46 b= 22 c= 32 d= 1 r = .40 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 83. What is the main function of the reticular formation? a) to control thinking b) to regulate emotions c) to control levels of alertness and arousal Correct. The reticular formation controls levels of alertness and arousal. d) to coordinate involuntary, rapid, fine motor movements Incorrect. This is the role of the cerebellum. Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.6 Identify the different structures of the hindbrain and the function of each. Topic: 2.6 The Hindbrain Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 37 a= 3 b= 30 c= 37 d= 30 r = .20 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 84. Maricella is typing her term paper in the computer lab. Although a class is going on just a few feet away, she does not seem to notice. Which e brain structure allows Maricella to focus on her typing and ignore the distractions that surround her? a) reticular formation Correct. The reticular formation plays an important role in selective attention. b) pons Incorrect. The pons plays a role in sleep, dreaming, and arousal but not in selective attention. c) medulla d) cerebellum Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.6 Identify the different structures of the hindbrain and the function of each. Topic: 2.6 The Hindbrain Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 85. The cerebellum __________. a) controls blood pressure b) is involved in emotional behavior c) coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement Correct. The cerebellum does coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement. d) relays messages from the sensory receptors Incorrect. The cerebellum coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement. Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.6 Identify the different structures of the hindbrain and the function of each. Topic: 2.6 The Hindbrain Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White % correct 65 a= 4 b= 14 c= 65 d= 17 r = .25 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 86. Which brain structure coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement? a) medulla b) pons c) reticular formation Incorrect. The reticular formation is not involved in the coordination of movement. d) cerebellum Correct. The cerebellum controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.6 Identify the different structures of the hindbrain and the function of each. Topic: 2.6 The Hindbrain Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 87. Damage to the cerebellum is likely to result in which outcome? a) difficulty playing basketball Correct. The cerebellum coordinates movements that have to happen in rapid succession. b) complete absence of sleeping Incorrect. The pons plays a role in sleep and dreaming. c) restoring homeostasis d) delusional thinking Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.6 Identify the different structures of the hindbrain and the function of each. Topic: 2.6 The Hindbrain Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 88. Simone has been unable to participate in her gymnastics class and has become very uncoordinated since she was involved in an accident in which she suffered a head injury. As a result of the accident, she is likely to have suffered damage to her __________. a) cerebellum Correct. This part of the brain controls coordination and balance. b) medulla c) cerebral cortex d) hypothalamus Incorrect. This is not the correct part of the brain that controls these functions. Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.6 Identify the different structures of the hindbrain and the function of each. Topic: 2.6 The Hindbrain Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 89. What have researchers recently discovered about the cerebellum? a) It is composed primarily of glial cells and very few neurons. b) Some humans are born with a missing cerebellum, yet show no deficits in functioning. Incorrect. This would be an unlikely set of events. c) It is involved in coordinating some higher brain functions that were previously thought to only involve other structures. Correct. The cerebellum is responsible for more than just balance and fine motor coordination.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) Most of the cerebellum is located in the forebrain, with some connections back to the reticular formation Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.6 Identify the different structures of the hindbrain and the function of each. Topic: 2.6 The Hindbrain Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 90. Alice has been diagnosed with spinocerebellar degeneration. The first stage of the disease involves tremors and unsteady gait. In the later stages, she will be unable to stand or walk and will be uncoordinated in her movements. This disease affects the part of the brain called the __________. a) hippocampus b) amygdala c) cerebellum Correct. This is the part of the brain that is affected by this disease. d) cerebral cortex Incorrect. This is not the part of the brain that is affected. Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.6 Identify the different structures of the hindbrain and the function of each. Topic: 2.6 The Hindbrain Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 91. Giuseppe receives a sharp blow to the back of his head, causing him to go to the hospital for tests and brain imaging. He complains that he is having difficulty coordinating his movements, sitting upright without leaning or falling over, and controlling his fine motor skills. Which area of the hindbrain will the emergency room physician most likely see injured when examining Giuseppe’s assessments? a) reticular formation Incorrect. If Giuseppe had difficult remaining alert, his reticular formation might have been damaged; he’s alert, just uncoordinated. b) pons c) cerebellum Correct. The cerebellum is responsible for controlling these kinds of behaviors. d) medulla Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.6 Identify the different structures of the hindbrain and the function of each. Topic: 2.6 The Hindbrain Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 92. The __________ is a group of several brain structures located primarily under the cortex, and is involved primarily in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation. a) limbic system Correct. This structure is involved in learning, memory, emotion, and motivation. b) cerebellum c) cerebral cortex d) cerebrum Incorrect. The cerebrum consists of the cerebral hemispheres and connecting structures. Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.7 Identify the structures of the brain that are involved in emotion, learning, memory, and motivation.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 2.7 Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 93. The structures of the limbic system play an important role in __________ and __________. a) heart rate; breathing b) breathing; decision making c) memory; emotion Correct. These structures play a role in memory and emotion. d) spatial tasks; sequential tasks Incorrect. The limbic system does not play an important role in these tasks. Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.7 Identify the structures of the brain that are involved in emotion, learning, memory, and motivation. Topic: 2.7 Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 58 a= 28 b= 5 c= 58 d= 8 r = .30 % correct 44 a= 26 b= 22 c=44 d= 7 r = .40 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 94. What part of the brain acts as a relay station for incoming sensory information? a) hypothalamus Incorrect. The hypothalamus regulates sleep, hunger, thirst, and sexual drive. b) thalamus Correct. The thalamus acts as a relay station. c) cerebellum d) pituitary gland Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.7 Identify the structures of the brain that are involved in emotion, learning, memory, and motivation. Topic: 2.7 Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 48 a= 19 b= 48 c= 25 d= 8 r = .53 % correct 48 a= 22 b= 48 c= 22 d= 8 r = .48 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 95. The thalamus is often compared to a __________. a) triage nurse Correct. The thalamus can be compared to a triage nurse because it routes sensory information to different parts of the cerebral cortex depending on priority and urgency. b) fast-food menu Incorrect. There is really nothing about this answer that could be considered correct. c) stop sign d) bus stop Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.7 Identify the structures of the brain that are involved in emotion, learning, memory, and motivation. Topic: 2.7 Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 96. Arjun loves the smell of the grass after it rains. This is a result of his __________, which has/have received signals from neurons in his sinus cavity. a) thalamus b) olfactory bulbs Correct. This is the part of the brain that is related to the sense of smell. c) opticfactory bulbs d) hippocampus Incorrect. The correct answer is the olfactory bulbs. Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.7 Identify the structures of the brain that are involved in emotion, learning, memory, and motivation. Topic: 2.7 Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 75 a= 14 b= 75 c= 0 d= 12 r = .43 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 97. Which brain structure is very small but extremely powerful, and is located near the pituitary gland? a) hippocampus b) thalamus Incorrect. The thalamus acts as a relay station for incoming sensory information. c) hypothalamus Correct. The hypothalamus is a very small but extremely powerful brain structure. d) amygdala Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.7 Identify the structures of the brain that are involved in emotion, learning, memory, and motivation. Topic: 2.7 Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 98. Eating, drinking, sexual behavior, sleeping, and body temperature are most strongly influenced by the __________. a) hippocampus b) thalamus Incorrect. The thalamus acts as a relay station for incoming sensory information and is not involved in eating, drinking, sexual behavior, sleeping, and body temperature. c) hypothalamus Correct. The hypothalamus regulates sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex. d) amygdala Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.7 Identify the structures of the brain that are involved in emotion, learning, memory, and motivation. Topic: 2.7 Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 50 a= 12 b= 24 c= 50 d= 14 r = .21 % correct 59 a= 8 b= 11 c= 59 d= 22 r = .32 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 99. Which outcome is a likely effect of damage to the hypothalamus? a) reduced use of left arm b) deregulation of hormones

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. The hypothalamus regulates the pituitary gland and therefore damage can result in the deregulation of hormones. c) development of aphasia Incorrect. Damage to Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas plays a role in the development of aphasia. d) reduced ability to reason Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.7 Identify the structures of the brain that are involved in emotion, learning, memory, and motivation. Topic: 2.7 Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 100. The __________ is the part of the brain responsible for the formation of long-term memories. a) hippocampus Correct. The hippocampus is responsible for the formation of long-term memories. b) hypothalamus Incorrect. The hypothalamus regulates sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex and is not involved in memory. c) fornix d) amygdala Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.7 Identify the structures of the brain that are involved in emotion, learning, memory, and motivation. Topic: 2.7 Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 59 a= 59 b= 19 c= 0 d= 22 r = .45 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 101. If you have a problem forming lasting memories, doctors might check for damage to the area of the brain called the __________. a) hippocampus Correct. The hippocampus is responsible for the formation of long-term memories. b) hypothalamus Incorrect. The hypothalamus regulates sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex, but not memory. c) fornix d) amygdala Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.7 Identify the structures of the brain that are involved in emotion, learning, memory, and motivation. Topic: 2.7 Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 102. People suffering from Alzheimer’s disease have much lower levels of acetylcholine in the __________. a) hippocampus Correct. Acetylcholine is involved in the memory function of the hippocampus. b) hypothalamus Incorrect. The hypothalamus regulates sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex, but not memory. c) fornix d) amygdala Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.7 Identify the structures of the brain that are involved in emotion, learning, memory, and motivation.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 2.7 Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 103. Which of the following brain structures is located near the hippocampus and is responsible for fear responses and memory of fear? a) hippocampus b) hypothalamus Incorrect. The hypothalamus regulates sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex, not fear responses. c) fornix d) amygdala Correct. The amygdala is responsible for fear responses and memory of fear. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.7 Identify the structures of the brain that are involved in emotion, learning, memory, and motivation. Topic: 2.7 Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 37 a= 3 b= 51 c= 8 d= 37 r = .29 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 104. Rats that have a damaged __________ will show no fear when placed next to a cat. a) hippocampus b) hypothalamus Incorrect. The hypothalamus regulates sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex, not fear responses. c) fornix d) amygdala Correct. The amygdala is responsible for fear responses and memory of fear. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.7 Identify the structures of the brain that are involved in emotion, learning, memory, and motivation. Topic: 2.7 Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 49 a= 27 b= 23 c= 1 d= 49 r = .52 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 105. Ernie the monkey has had his amygdala surgically removed. A snake (a natural predator of monkeys) is then placed in his cage. What is Ernie most likely to do? a) attack the snake instantly and bash it around the cage b) offer the snake some grapes and lettuce from his food bin c) show no fear of the snake Correct. The amygdala is important in registering and responding to fearful stimuli; with his amygdala excised, Ernie is unlikely to have a fear response. d) pet the snake and cradle it in his lap Incorrect. Ernie probably wouldn’t do this, but he also probably wouldn’t avoid the snake, as his natural instincts might otherwise compel him to do. Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.7 Identify the structures of the brain that are involved in emotion, learning, memory, and motivation. Topic: 2.7 Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 106. Which of these brain structures is NOT part of the limbic system? a) hypothalamus Incorrect. The hypothalamus is a structure located in the limbic system. b) hippocampus c) basal ganglia Correct. The basal ganglia are not considered part of the limbic system. d) thalamus Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.7 Identify the structures of the brain that are involved in emotion, learning, memory, and motivation. Topic: 2.7 Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 107. The outermost part of the brain, made up of tightly packed neurons and only a tenth of an inch thick, is called the __________. a) amygdala b) medulla c) cerebellum Incorrect. The cerebellum is not the outermost part of the brain. d) cortex Correct. The outermost part of the brain is called the cortex. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 108. The cortex is divided into two sections referred to as __________. a) cerebral hemispheres Correct. The two sections of the cortex are called cerebral hemispheres. b) cerebellums Incorrect. The cerebellum is not a section of the cortex. c) corpus callosums d) neurotransmitters Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 91 a= 91 b= 3 c= 5 d= 0 r = .29 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 109. The thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres is called the __________. a) cortex Incorrect. The cortex is the outermost part of the brain. b) cerebrum

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) corpus callosum Correct. The corpus callosum connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres. d) cerebellum Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 90 a= 3 b= 1 c= 90 d= 5 r = .51 % correct 81 a=0 b= 4 c= 81 d= 15 r = .54 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 110. The __________ lobe is the section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere, and contains the visual centers of the brain. a) occipital Correct. The occipital lobes contain the visual centers of the brain. b) parietal Incorrect. The parietal lobe contains the somatosensory cortex, not the visual centers. c) temporal d) frontal Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 111. After Jayla suffers a severe blow to the back of her head, she reports that she is unable to see, although her eyes are uninjured. A doctor would suspect an injury in Jayla’s __________ lobe. a) occipital Correct. The occipital lobes contain the visual centers of the brain. b) parietal Incorrect. The parietal lobes contain the somatosensory cortex, not the visual centers. c) temporal d) frontal Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 112. Which of the following regions contains the primary visual cortex? a) occipital lobe Correct. The occipital lobes contain the primary visual cortex. b) parietal lobe Incorrect. The parietal lobes contain the somatosensory cortex, not the primary visual cortex. c) temporal lobe d) frontal lobe Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 82 a= 82 b= 4 c= 14 d= 0 r = .47 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 113. The part of the occipital lobe that is responsible for receiving visual information from the eyes is called the __________. a) primary visual cortex Correct. The occipital lobes contain the primary visual cortex. b) somatosensory cortex Incorrect. The parietal lobes contain the somatosensory cortex. c) temporal lobe d) frontal lobe Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 74 a= 74 b= 18 c= 8 d= 3 r = .30 % correct 79 a= 79 b= 14 c= 5 d= 2 r = .36 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 114. The section of the brain responsible for interpreting the visual information in the primary visual cortex is called the __________. a) visual association cortex Correct. This region of the brain is responsible for interpreting visual information. b) somatosensory cortex Incorrect. The somatosensory cortex processes information from the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature, and body position, not visual information. c) temporal lobe d) frontal lobe Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 115. Damage to the __________ would result in an inability to identify and comprehend what is seen through the eyes. a) visual association cortex Correct. This part of the brain is responsible for interpreting visual information. b) primary visual cortex Incorrect. The primary visual cortex receives visual information from the eyes but does not interpret it. c) temporal lobe d) frontal lobe Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Difficult

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 20 a= 20 b= 26 c= 36 d= 19 r = .30 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 116. Xander decided to learn how to wrestle. On his first day of practice, a seasoned wrestler slammed the back of Xander’s head to the mat. He was shaken and reported to the trainer that he “saw stars” after he hit his head. It is likely that Xander’s __________ was temporarily affected as a result of the slam and caused him to “see stars.” a) corpus callosum b) occipital lobe Correct. This part of the brain is in the back of the head and controls vision. c) parietal lobe Incorrect. This is not correct, as the occipital lobe controls vision. d) somatosensory cortex Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 92 a= 2 b= 92 c= 3 d= 3 r = .34 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 117. Which brain region contains the somatosensory cortex? a) occipital lobe Incorrect. This region contains the primary visual cortex. b) parietal lobe Correct. The parietal lobes contain the somatosensory cortex. c) temporal lobe d) frontal lobe Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 118. The __________ lobes are located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere, and contain the centers for touch, body position, and temperature. a) frontal b) temporal Incorrect. The temporal lobes are responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech, not for touch, body position, or temperature. c) occipital d) parietal Correct. The parietal lobes contain the centers for touch, body position, and temperature. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 119. Mario is trying to decide whether the bathtub water is too hot by dipping his toe into it. Hugo is listening to music on his smartphone. Santiago is looking at a beautiful painting in an art museum. Which person’s parietal lobe is likely to be the most active? a) Mario Correct. The processing of “touch” information such as this is handled by the parietal lobe. b) Hugo Incorrect. Auditory processing is handled by the temporal lobe, not the parietal lobe. c) Santiago d) Hugo and Santiago are, but Mario is not. Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 120. Aaradhya was in an automobile accident that resulted in an injury to her brain. Her sense of touch has been affected. Which part of the brain is the most likely site of the damage? a) frontal lobe b) temporal lobe Incorrect. The temporal lobes are responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech, not touch. c) occipital lobe d) parietal lobes Correct. The parietal lobes contain the centers for touch, body position, and temperature. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 65 a= 20 b= 11 c= 4 d= 65 r = .30 % correct 62 a= 18 b= 16 c= 5 d= 62 r = .32 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 121. Which region of the brain contains the auditory cortex? a) temporal lobes Correct. The temporal lobes contain the auditory cortex. b) parietal lobes Incorrect. The parietal lobes contain the somatosensory cortex but not the auditory cortex. c) frontal lobes d) occipital lobes Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 63 a= 63 b=7 c= 22 d= 7 r = .44 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 122. The __________lobes are located just behind the temples and contain neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) temporal Correct. The temporal lobes are responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech. b) parietal Incorrect. The parietal lobes are not involved with hearing or speech. c) frontal d) occipital Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 72 a= 72 b= 15 c= 8 d= 5 r = .51 % correct 79 a= 79 b= 12 c= 4 d= 5 r = .40 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 123. Leo was skateboarding when a cat jumped right in front of him, causing him to fall. When he fell, he landed on the side of his head. Shortly afterward, Leo complained that he could not understand what people were saying to him. Which lobe of the cerebral cortex would have been most affected by this fall, given what Leo experienced? a) frontal lobe b) temporal lobe Correct. The comprehension of language is one of the many tasks handled by the temporal lobe. c) parietal lobe d) occipital lobe Incorrect. The occipital lobe is responsible for visual processing and does not play any role in the comprehension of language. Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 124. Isaiah is having trouble deciding what he wants to eat for breakfast. Which lobe of his brain is especially active as he makes his selection? a) temporal lobe Incorrect. This part of the brain is responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech. b) parietal lobe c) frontal lobe Correct. The frontal lobes are responsible for decision-making skills. d) occipital lobe Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 64 a= 10 b= 21 c= 64 d= 5 r = .42 % correct 66 a= 8 b= 26 c= 66 d= 1 r = .38 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 125. Which of the following lobes are involved in planning, memory, and personality?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) temporal lobes Incorrect. This part of the brain is responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech, not planning, memory, or personality. b) parietal lobes c) frontal lobes Correct. The frontal lobes are involved in planning, memory, and personality. d) occipital lobes Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 70 a= 11 b= 0 c= 70 d= 18 r = .30 % correct 70 a= 10 b= 2 c= 70 d= 18 r = .34 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 126. What are the executive functions performed by the frontal lobes? a) self-awareness, restraint, planning, time management Correct. These are all examples of executive functions. b) emotion recognition and fear arousal c) feeding, aggression, and thirst regulation d) sleep and wakefulness, arousal, alertness Incorrect. These functions are more likely to be controlled in the hindbrain. Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 127. Phineas Gage tragically had a tamping iron propelled through his skull, causing damage to his left frontal lobe. As a result of the accident, Phineas Gage __________. a) died from his injuries b) was unable to control the movement of his arms and legs c) lost his sense of hearing Incorrect. Hearing is handled by the temporal lobe, not the frontal lobe of the brain. d) lacked emotional control for some time after the accident Correct. After Gage’s accident, his emotion regulation skills were affected. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 128. Emily was driving through a rough part of town late at night when a stray bullet hit the front side of her head. Both the left and right sides of her frontal lobe were severely damaged. As a result of the accident, Emily most likely __________. a) was rendered temporarily blind Incorrect. This is not a likely consequence of damage to this region of the brain.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) communicated through a series of grunts and hand gestures c) lost her sense of smell d) engaged in perseveration Correct. Repeating the same movements over and over can be a consequence of this kind of damage. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 129. Ever since Trey suffered a brain injury by falling from a ladder, his wife has continued to tell his doctor that his personality has changed. He used to be fun loving and carefree, but he is now more critical and yells at his children for seemingly little reason. Trey is likely to have suffered damage to the __________ lobe of his cortex. a) occipital Incorrect. If his vision were affected, this would be accurate. b) parietal c) temporal d) frontal Correct. The frontal lobes are connected to personality and decision-making processes. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 130. When do mirror neurons fire? a) when we perform an action, or when we watch another person perform that same action Correct. Mirror neurons are fired under these conditions. b) after the hippocampus has identified a stimulus in the environment as being a threat c) when we anticipate performing an action in the future d) when we see an actual image of ourselves, but not when we see a manipulated image of ourselves Incorrect. This is not the kind of “mirroring” implied in the term. Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 131. Imani was in an automobile accident and suffered an injury to her brain, resulting in paralysis of her left arm. What part of Imani’s brain was injured? a) auditory association area b) motor cortex Correct. The motor cortex is responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system. c) association areas d) somatosensory cortex Incorrect. This area processes information from the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature, and body position, but is not involved with arm muscles.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 82 a= 0 b= 82 c= 5 d= 11 r = .36 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 132. Messages from the brain to the muscles and glands in the body begin their journey in the __________. a) auditory association area b) motor cortex Correct. Messages from the brain to the muscles and glands begin their journey in the motor cortex. c) association areas d) somatosensory cortex Incorrect. This area is not involved with muscles and glands. Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 133. Incoming sensory messages are made sense of in __________. a) Broca’s area Incorrect. Broca’s area is devoted to the production of speech rather than helping people make sense of incoming sensory input. b) the motor projection areas c) the association areas Correct. The association areas help people make sense of incoming sensory input. d) Wernicke’s area Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.9 Recall the function of association areas of the cortex, including those especially crucial for language. Topic: 2.9 The Association Areas of the Cortex Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 41 a= 20 b= 14 c= 41 d= 25 r = .49 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 134. The area of the frontal lobe that is devoted to the production of fluent speech is __________ area. a) Broca’s Correct. Broca’s area is devoted to the production of fluent speech. b) Gall’s c) Wernicke’s Incorrect. Wernicke’s area is devoted to the production of meaningful language. d) Korsakoff’s Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.9 Recall the function of association areas of the cortex, including those especially crucial for language. Topic: 2.9 The Association Areas of the Cortex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White % correct 74 a= 74 b= 3 c= 19 d= 4 r = .31 % correct 73 a= 73 b= 3 c= 21 d= 4 r = .27 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 135. Will was admitted to the hospital last week after he fell. When Will’s son visited, he found that his father was unable to get words out in a smooth, connected fashion. If Will’s difficulty speaking is due to brain damage, what is the likely location of the damage? a) Broca’s area Correct. Broca’s area is devoted to the production of fluent speech. b) Gall’s area c) Wernicke’s area Incorrect. Wernicke’s area is devoted to the production of meaningful language. d) Korsakoff’s area Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.9 Recall the function of association areas of the cortex, including those especially crucial for language. Topic: 2.9 The Association Areas of the Cortex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 75 a= 75 b= 2 c= 22 d= 2 r = .35 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 136. The area at the back of the left temporal lobe that is crucial in the ability to listen, process, and understand what others are saying is __________ area. a) Broca’s Incorrect. Broca’s area is devoted to the production of fluent speech. b) Gall’s c) Wernicke’s Correct. Wernicke’s area is devoted to the production of meaningful language. d) Korsakoff’s Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.9 Recall the function of association areas of the cortex, including those especially crucial for language. Topic: 2.9 The Association Areas of the Cortex Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 49 a= 37 b= 8 c= 49 d= 6 r = .35 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 137. Sara suffered a head injury in a car accident last week. Since that time, she is able to speak fluently but uses the wrong words when expressing herself. Sara may be exhibiting __________ aphasia. a) Broca’s Incorrect. A person with Broca’s aphasia has halting speech and mispronounces words but does not use the wrong words. b) Gall’s c) Wernicke’s Correct. A person with Wernicke’s aphasia often uses the wrong words. d) Korsakoff’s Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.9 Recall the function of association areas of the cortex, including those especially crucial for language. Topic: 2.9 The Association Areas of the Cortex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 138. Zachary’s mother is usually meticulous in her presentation. When picking her up for a family dinner, Zachary noticed that her makeup was only applied to the right side of her face. Her hair was also brushed on the right side, but on the left it was matted and uncombed. He immediately took her to the hospital as it was clear that she was unaware of any problems. Zachary’s mother was diagnosed with __________, which is evidenced by damage to the association areas of the right hemisphere. a) Wernicke’s aphasia b) Broca’s aphasia Incorrect. If her speech were affected, this could be the possible cause. c) spatial neglect Correct. This would be the cause of her attention to the right side of her body and neglecting the left. d) split-brain Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.9 Recall the function of association areas of the cortex, including those especially crucial for language. Topic: 2.9 The Association Areas of the Cortex Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 139. The __________ is the upper part of the brain consisting of two cerebral hemispheres and the structures that connect them. a) occipital lobe b) cerebrum Correct. The cerebrum consists of the two cerebral hemispheres and the structures that connect them. c) corpus callosum d) cerebellum Incorrect. The cerebellum is at the base of the skull, not the upper part of the brain. Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.10 Explain how some brain functions differ between the left and right hemispheres. Topic: 2.10 The Cerebral Hemispheres Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 41 a= 2 b= 41 c= 40 d= 18 r = .35 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 140. Since Penelope underwent a split-brain operation as a child, we can infer that she likely had a history of __________. a) mental illness b) severe epilepsy Correct. Severe epilepsy is one of the very few medical conditions that is treated by using a split-brain procedure. c) anosognosia d) frontal lobe damage Incorrect. Split-brain procedures are not used to treat frontal lobe damage; in fact, it would make no sense at all to use this procedure for this type of medical problem. Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.10 Explain how some brain functions differ between the left and right hemispheres. Topic: 2.10 The Cerebral Hemispheres Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 141. Nina has decided to undergo surgery to treat her severe epilepsy. Consequently, her doctors will use a surgical procedure in which they will sever her __________. a) parietal lobe b) corpus callosum Correct. The corpus callosum is the thick band of axons that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres. It is what is severed during a split-brain procedure to treat severe epilepsy. c) cerebral cortex d) subcortical structure Incorrect. In order to treat severe epilepsy, the corpus callosum is cut in a split-brain procedure. This is a last treatment effort and is only done in the most serious cases. Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.10 Explain how some brain functions differ between the left and right hemispheres. Topic: 2.10 The Cerebral Hemispheres Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 142. Researcher Roger Sperry won a Nobel Prize for his research on hemispheric specialization. Sperry studied the effects of severing the __________, which joins the two hemispheres of the brain. a) medulla b) pons c) pituitary gland Incorrect. This part of the brain is not severed in split-brain individuals. d) corpus callosum Correct. In a split-brain procedure, this part of the brain is severed, creating “two brains in one body.” Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.10 Explain how some brain functions differ between the left and right hemispheres. Topic: 2.10 The Cerebral Hemispheres Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 143. Traditionally, many have made the simplistic analogy that the left brain is to the right brain as __________. a) logical is to artistic Correct. Though recent research suggests that this analogy may not be completely accurate, it is what most people have believed about the brain for many years. b) verbal is to analytical c) intuitive is to perceptual Incorrect. Traditionally, the left brain has been thought of as analytical, and the right brain has been thought of as perceptual. d) intuitive is to analytical Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.10 Explain how some brain functions differ between the left and right hemispheres. Topic: 2.10 The Cerebral Hemispheres Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 144. If Otto’s brain is like that of most people, then language functions will be dominant in his __________. a) corpus callosum b) occipital lobe c) right hemisphere Incorrect. The right hemisphere does not control language for most people. d) left hemisphere

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. For most people, the left hemisphere controls language. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.10 Explain how some brain functions differ between the left and right hemispheres. Topic: 2.10 The Cerebral Hemispheres Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 145. Which functions are dominant in the right hemisphere? a) perception, recognition of emotion, and recognition of patterns Correct. These are functions of the right hemisphere. b) sense of time and rhythm c) speech, handwriting, and calculation d) language processing in most individuals Incorrect. This is a function of the left hemisphere. Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.10 Explain how some brain functions differ between the left and right hemispheres. Topic: 2.10 The Cerebral Hemispheres Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 146. The two main divisions of the nervous system are the __________ and __________. a) brain; spinal cord b) autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system Incorrect. The autonomic and somatic nervous systems are divisions of the peripheral nervous system. c) peripheral nervous system; central nervous system Correct. These are the two main divisions of the nervous system. d) glands; muscles Answer: c Learning Objective: None Topic: 2.11–2.12 The Nervous System: The Rest of the Story Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 73 a=8 b= 18 c= 73 d= 0 r = .42 % correct 68 a= 18 b= 13 c= 68 d= 0 r = .47 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 147. The brain and spinal cord are two components of the __________. a) central nervous system Correct. The brain and spinal cord are two components of the central nervous system. b) somatic nervous system c) peripheral nervous system Incorrect. The two components of the peripheral nervous system are the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. d) autonomic nervous system Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.11 Describe how the components of the central nervous system interact and how they may respond to experiences or injury. Topic: 2.11 The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 100 a= 100 b= 0 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00 % correct 94 a= 94 b= 2 c= 1 d= 2 r = .39 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 148. The central nervous system consists of __________.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions Incorrect. These are divisions of the autonomic nervous system. b) the brain and spinal cord Correct. The brain and spinal cord are the two most basic components of the central nervous system. c) muscles and glands d) sense organs and sensory neurons Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.11 Describe how the components of the central nervous system interact and how they may respond to experiences or injury. Topic: 2.11 The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit” Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 77 a= 17 b= 77 c= 0 d= 6 r = .24 % correct 82 a= 16 b= 82 c= 1 d= 2 r = .32 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 149. Which part of the nervous system takes the information received from the senses, makes sense out of it, makes decisions, and sends commands out to the muscles and the rest of the body? a) spinal cord Incorrect. The spinal cord carries messages between the body and the brain. b) brain Correct. That is the responsibility of the brain. c) reflexes d) interneurons Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.11 Describe how the components of the central nervous system interact and how they may respond to experiences or injury. Topic: 2.11 The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 85 a= 7 b= 85 c= 1 d= 7 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 150. The long bundle of neurons that carries messages between the body and the brain and is responsible for very fast, lifesaving reflexes is called the __________. a) spinal cord Correct. The spinal cord carries messages between the body and the brain. b) brain Incorrect. The brain receives messages from the spinal cord. c) reflexes d) interneurons Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.11 Describe how the components of the central nervous system interact and how they may respond to experiences or injury. Topic: 2.11 The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 89 a= 89 b= 0 c= 2 d= 9 r = .31 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 151. The __________ is a long bundle of neurons that functions as a carrier of messages between the brain and the body and is responsible for certain reflexes. a) spinal cord Correct. The spinal cord carries messages between the body and the brain. b) cerebellum

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) somatic nervous system Incorrect. The somatic nervous system carries information from the senses to the central nervous system (CNS) and from the CNS to voluntary muscles of the body. d) amygdala Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.11 Describe how the components of the central nervous system interact and how they may respond to experiences or injury. Topic: 2.11 The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit” Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 77 a= 77 b= 2 c= 19 d= 2 r = .29 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 152. Which of the following are the three basic types of neurons? a) reflexes, sensory neurons, motor neurons Incorrect. Reflexes are not a type of neuron. b) sensory neurons, motor neurons, stem cells c) motor neurons, stem cells, reflexes d) interneurons, sensory neurons, motor neurons Correct. All of these are neurons. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.11 Describe how the components of the central nervous system interact and how they may respond to experiences or injury. Topic: 2.11 The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 89 a= 3 b= 7 c= 0 d= 89 r = .36 % correct 79 a= 13 b= 8 c= 0 d= 79 r = .31 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 153. Neurons that carry information from the senses to the spinal cord are called __________. a) motor neurons b) interneurons Incorrect. Interneurons connect sensory neurons to the motor neurons. c) sensory neurons Correct. Sensory neurons carry information from the senses to the spinal cord. d) reflexes Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.11 Describe how the components of the central nervous system interact and how they may respond to experiences or injury. Topic: 2.11 The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit” Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 75 a= 19 b= 5 c= 75 d= 0 r = .32 % correct 80 a= 11 b= 9 c= 80 d= 1 r = .28 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 154. LaKeisha stepped on a piece of glass and quickly pulled her foot away from that sharp object. Which of the following are responsible for sending a message to the muscles in LaKeisha’s foot, resulting in her pulling her foot away from the piece of glass? a) motor neurons Correct. Motor neurons carry messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body. b) interneurons Incorrect. Interneurons connect the sensory neurons to the motor neurons. c) sensory neurons

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) reflexes Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.11 Describe how the components of the central nervous system interact and how they may respond to experiences or injury. Topic: 2.11 The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit” Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 58 a= 58 b= 2 c= 18 d= 21 r = .27 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 155. Neurons found in the center of the spinal cord that receive information from sensory neurons and send commands to the muscles through the motor neurons are called __________. a) motor neurons Incorrect. Motor neurons carry messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body. b) interneurons Correct. Interneurons connect the sensory neurons to the motor neurons. c) sensory neurons d) reflexes Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.11 Describe how the components of the central nervous system interact and how they may respond to experiences or injury. Topic: 2.11 The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit” Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 156. Which of the following are responsible for acting as a facilitator of communication between neurons? a) motor neurons Incorrect. Motor neurons carry messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body. b) interneurons Correct. Interneurons connect the sensory neurons to the motor neurons. c) sensory neurons d) reflexes Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.11 Describe how the components of the central nervous system interact and how they may respond to experiences or injury. Topic: 2.11 The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 80 a= 8 b= 80 c= 8 d= 3 r = .37 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 157. Rashad put his hand on a hot stove. Which neuron is responsible for sending a pain message up his spinal column, where it would then enter into the main area of the spinal cord? a) motor neuron b) interneuron Incorrect. Interneurons connect the sensory neurons to the motor neurons. c) sensory neuron Correct. Sensory neurons carry information from the senses to the spinal cord. d) reflex Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.11 Describe how the components of the central nervous system interact and how they may respond to experiences or injury. Topic: 2.11 The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit”

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 90 a= 5 b= 3 c= 90 d= 1 r = .27 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 158. Why do many reflexes, such as pulling your hand away from a hot iron, happen so quickly? a) They involve the neurotransmitter GABA rather than dopamine. b) The message involved does not have to go all the way to the brain. Correct. The message goes to the central area of the spinal cord and not up to the brain. c) The speed of processing is faster in the frontal lobes than in the occipital lobes. d) The path that reflexes follow to the brain is direct and does not involve any neurotransmitters. Incorrect. The message involved does not have to go all the way to the brain. Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.11 Describe how the components of the central nervous system interact and how they may respond to experiences or injury. Topic: 2.11 The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit” Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It % correct 49 a= 17 b= 49 c= 14 d= 21 r = .51 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 159. Rupert suffered a brain injury as a result of hitting his head while waterskiing. One of the problems that developed was that Rupert could not pronounce certain words correctly for a long period of time until he had undergone extensive speech therapy; he can now speak as he did before his accident. This is an example of the brain’s __________, which allowed the structure and function of his brain cells to change to adjust to the trauma. a) adaptology b) stagnation c) neuroplasticity Correct. This allowed Rupert’s brain to adapt after the trauma. d) reflex arc Incorrect. Neuroplasticity accounts for Rupert’s brain allowing him to speak correctly despite damage. Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.11 Describe how the components of the central nervous system interact and how they may respond to experiences or injury. Topic: 2.11 The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit” Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 160. “Grrrr….” said Umberto. “Errrggghhhhh……” “What in the world are you doing there, sweating and straining and turning red in the face?” cried Mallory. “I’m trying….to….generate….new neurons….in my brain,” gasped Umberto, as he attempted to squeeze out a few more. Although his specific approach seems destined to fail, in which brain region does Umberto stand the best chance of neurogenesis? a) olfactory bulbs Incorrect. Human olfactory bulbs do not exhibit neurogenesis. b) striatum Correct. Some strong but preliminary evidence has been documented for neurogenesis in the striatum. c) organ of Corti d) hypothalamus Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.11 Describe how the components of the central nervous system interact and how they may respond to experiences or injury. Topic: 2.11 The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit”

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 161. The peripheral nervous system consists of __________. a) all of the nerves and neurons that are not in the brain and spinal cord Correct. The peripheral nervous system consists of all the nerve cells that are not in the brain and spinal cord. b) all of the nerves in the brain and the spinal cord Incorrect. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. c) the spinal cord and autonomic system d) the brain and the autonomic system Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Topic: 2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 162. The division of the nervous system that allows the brain and the spinal cord to communicate with the sensory systems of the eyes, ears, skin, and mouth and allows the brain and spinal cord to control the muscles and glands of the body is called the __________ system. a) peripheral nervous Correct. The peripheral nervous system allows the brain and spinal cord to communicate with the sensory systems and control the muscles and glands. b) central nervous Incorrect. The peripheral nervous system enables the central nervous system, which consists of the brain and spinal cord, to communicate with the sensory systems and control the muscles and glands. c) endocrine d) secondary nervous Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Topic: 2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 69 a= 69 b= 22 c= 7 d= 1 r = .43 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 163. The peripheral nervous system consists of the __________ and __________ nervous systems. a) autonomic; somatic Correct. The peripheral nervous system consists of the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. b) autonomic; sympathetic c) parasympathetic; somatic d) parasympathetic; sympathetic Incorrect. These are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Topic: 2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 53 a= 53 b= 7 c= 5 d= 35 r = .33 % correct 57 a= 57 b= 11 c= 7 d= 25 r = .40 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 164. Voluntary muscles are controlled by the __________ nervous system. a) somatic

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. The somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscles. b) autonomic Incorrect. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary muscles. c) sympathetic d) parasympathetic Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Topic: 2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 69 a= 69 b= 17 c=11 d= 3 r = .46 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 165. The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that is made up of all nerves carrying messages from the senses to the central nervous system and all nerves carrying messages from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles is called the __________ nervous system. a) autonomic Incorrect. The autonomic nervous system consists of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands. b) parasympathetic c) somatic Correct. This describes the somatic nervous system. d) central Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Topic: 2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 59 a= 25 b= 13 c= 59 d= 3 r = .46 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 166. In the peripheral nervous system, __________ carry messages from the senses to the spinal cord. a) autonomic nerves b) sensory pathway neurons Correct. Sensory pathway neurons carry messages from sense receptors. c) motor pathway neurons Incorrect. Motor pathway neurons travel from the central nervous system to the voluntary muscles. d) autonomic neurons Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Topic: 2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 167. Deion is typing on his laptop keyboard. The motion of his fingers on the keys is most likely being controlled by his __________. a) autonomic nervous system b) sensory pathway neurons Incorrect. These neurons make up the nerves that come from the sensory organs. c) motor pathway neurons Correct. Movements of fingers are associated with motor pathway neurons, which control voluntary muscles. d) autonomic neurons Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 168. Every deliberate action you make, such as pedaling a bike, walking, or raising your hand in class, involves neurons in the __________ nervous system. a) sympathetic b) somatic Correct. The somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscle movement. c) parasympathetic d) autonomic Incorrect. The autonomic nervous system consists of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands. Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Topic: 2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 50 a= 12 b= 50 c= 12 d= 25 r = .23 % correct 60 a= 14 b= 60 c= 11 d= 14 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 169. As she walks out of the kitchen, Millie turns out the light. In this example, Millie’s __________ nervous system is active. a) sympathetic b) parasympathetic c) autonomic Incorrect. Turning out the light requires voluntary muscle movement. d) somatic Correct. Turning out the light requires voluntary muscle movement. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Topic: 2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 48 a= 8 b= 14 c= 30 d= 48 r = .42 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 170. Involuntary muscles are controlled by the __________ nervous system. a) somatic Incorrect. The somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscles. b) autonomic Correct. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary muscles like the heart, stomach, and intestines. c) sympathetic d) parasympathetic Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Topic: 2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 64 a= 14 b= 64 c= 14 d= 9 r = .27 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

171. The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that consists of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands is called the __________ nervous system. a) somatic Incorrect. The somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscles. b) autonomic Correct. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary muscles and glands. c) sympathetic d) parasympathetic Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Topic: 2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 71 a= 10 b= 71 c= 10 d= 7 r = .26 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 172. When you see someone you have a crush on and your heart pounds, your hands get sweaty, and your cheeks feel hot, your __________ nervous system is active. a) skeletal b) spinal c) autonomic Correct. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary muscles and glands. d) somatic Incorrect. The somatic nervous system controls voluntary muscles. Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Topic: 2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 173. The autonomic nervous system has two divisions: the __________ and the __________. a) central; peripheral Incorrect. The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. b) sympathetic; parasympathetic Correct. These are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system. c) receptors; effectors d) limbic; endocrine Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Topic: 2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 96 a= 4 b= 96 c= 0 d= 0 r = .19 % correct 91 a= 6 b= 91 c= 1 d= 3 r = .22 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 174. Which component of the nervous system mobilizes the body during times of stress? a) central b) somatic c) sympathetic Correct. The sympathetic nervous system mobilizes the body in times of stress.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) parasympathetic Incorrect. The parasympathetic nervous system restores the body to normal functioning after arousal. Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Topic: 2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 60 a= 8 b= 12 c= 60 d= 20 r = .37 % correct 69 a= 3 b= 10 c= 69 d= 17 r = .47 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 175. The part of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal is called the __________ nervous system. a) central b) somatic c) sympathetic Correct. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal. d) parasympathetic Incorrect. The parasympathetic nervous system restores the body to normal functioning after arousal. Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Topic: 2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 66 a= 5 b= 9 c= 66 d= 19 r = .40 % correct 79 a= 1 b= 5 c= 79 d= 14 r = .40 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 176. As Li Min is walking across campus, a car swerves toward her. Her heart races and sweat breaks out as she jumps out of harm’s way. This mobilization of energy is due to the action of Li Min’s __________ nervous system. a) somatic b) skeletal c) parasympathetic Incorrect. The parasympathetic nervous system restores the body to normal functioning after arousal. d) sympathetic Correct. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Topic: 2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 73 a= 11 b= 0 c= 16 d= 73 r = .48 % correct 81 a= 11 b= 0 c= 9 d= 81 r = .51 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 177. The branch of the autonomic nervous system that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for day-to-day functioning of the organs and glands is called the __________. a) spinal cord b) somatic nervous system c) sympathetic nervous system Incorrect. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal. d) parasympathetic nervous system Correct. The parasympathetic nervous system restores the body to normal functioning after arousal. Answer: d

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Topic: 2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 66 a= 2 b= 9 c= 23 d= 66 r = .37 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 178. Eli is studying alone in his room late at night when he hears a loud noise downstairs. His heartbeat increases significantly and his breathing becomes shallow. He wonders if a burglar has entered the house and decides to investigate. When he gets downstairs, he discovers his cat has knocked over a plant stand. His body begins to relax and return to normal. Which part of his nervous system was responsible for putting Eli’s body on “high alert” when he did not know the source of the sound? a) spinal cord b) somatic nervous system c) sympathetic nervous system Correct. The sympathetic nervous system mobilizes the body in times of stress. d) parasympathetic nervous system Incorrect. The parasympathetic nervous system restores the body to normal functioning after arousal. Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Topic: 2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 179. Eli is studying alone in his room late at night when he hears a loud noise downstairs. His heartbeat increases significantly and his breathing becomes shallow. He wonders if a burglar has entered the house and decides to investigate. When he gets downstairs, he discovers his cat has knocked over a plant stand. His body begins to relax and return to normal. Which part of his nervous system is responsible for returning Eli to a normal state? a) spinal cord b) somatic nervous system c) sympathetic nervous system Incorrect. The sympathetic nervous system mobilizes the body in times of stress. d) parasympathetic nervous system Correct. The parasympathetic nervous system restores the body to normal functioning after arousal. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Topic: 2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 180. Hormones are chemicals that are secreted and go directly into __________. a) the bloodstream Correct. Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands and go into the bloodstream. b) specific organs c) nerve endings d) the brain Incorrect. Hormones go directly into the bloodstream. Answer: a Learning Objective: None Topic: 2.13–2.15 The Endocrine Glands Difficulty Level: Difficult

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 59 a= 59 b= 12 c= 8 d= 21 r = .42 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 181. Endocrine glands __________. a) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream Correct. Endocrine glands do secrete hormones. b) are chemicals released into the bloodstream Incorrect. Glands are not chemicals; they are organs that secrete chemicals. c) are an extensive network of specialized cells d) are a thin layer of cells coating the axons Answer: a Learning Objective: None Topic: 2.13–2.14 The Endocrine Glands Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 91 a= 91 b= 5 c= 2 d= 2 r = .56 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 182. The pituitary gland is the “master gland” of the endocrine system, but it in turn is controlled by the __________. a) thalamus Incorrect. The pituitary gland is not controlled by the thalamus. b) pons c) hypothalamus Correct. The pituitary gland can be thought of as the master of the endocrine system, but it is still controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain. d) amygdala Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.13 Explain why the pituitary gland is known as the “master gland.” Topic: 2.13 The Pituitary: Master of the Hormonal Universe Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 183. Assunta just received the results of a complete physical that found her body is not producing enough insulin. Which endocrine gland is affecting her body’s ability to produce insulin? a) adrenal Incorrect. The adrenal glands have nothing to do with insulin. They secrete sex hormones and hormones that regulate salt intake. b) thymus c) thyroid d) pancreas Correct. The pancreas controls the level of blood sugar in the body. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.14 Recall the role of various endocrine glands. Topic: 2.14 Other Endocrine Glands Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 184. The sex glands, which secrete hormones that regulate sexual development and behavior as well as reproduction, are called __________. a) the pancreas b) the gonads

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. Gonads are sex glands. c) cortisol Incorrect. Cortisol is a hormone that is released when the body experiences stress. d) the hypothalamus Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.14 Recall the role of various endocrine glands. Topic: 2.14 Other Endocrine Glands Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 87 a= 1 b= 87 c= 3 d= 9 r = .50 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 185. The alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome is similar to __________ . a) “fight or flight” Correct. The body is mobilized for some kind of active response. b) “running on fumes” c) “damn the torpedoes” d) “lay down and die” Incorrect. This suggests a later stage of this syndrome. Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe how the autonomic nervous system and body are impacted by stress. Topic: 2.15 Hormones and Stress Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 186. People living under stressful conditions tend to get sick more often than they would otherwise. How do researchers in psychoneuroimmunology explain this phenomenon? a) The stress response in the long run leads to a lowering of the heart rate, which makes the heart inefficient. Incorrect. This is not the typical response to stress. b) The body’s resources are strengthened, as occurs with a vaccine or inoculation, but the introduction of that small amount of pathogen weakens the overall system. c) The stress response reduces immune system functioning, thus making us more vulnerable to diseases. Correct. Researchers in the field of psychoneuroimmunology believe that the stress response reduces immune system functioning, thus making us more vulnerable to diseases. d) The stress response makes muscles stronger, which places a greater burden on the heart and respiratory systems. Answer: c Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe how the autonomic nervous system and body are impacted by stress. Topic: 2.15 Hormones and Stress Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 187. “Maintaining stability through change” is the central idea underlying __________ . a) homeostasis Incorrect. Homeostatic models have shown themselves to be insufficient in this context. b) mimetics c) chronosis d) allostatis Correct. This is the key concept behind allostatis. Answer: d Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe how the autonomic nervous system and body are impacted by stress. Topic: 2.15 Hormones and Stress Difficulty Level: Moderate

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 188. The “HPA” axis is an abbreviation for __________ . a) hormonal-pubertal-adrenal circuit b) hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex Correct. HPA stands for hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex. c) hippocampus-pituitary-amygdala circuit Incorrect. These are not the brain structures activated in this context. d) hazard-potential-ahead response loop Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe how the autonomic nervous system and body are impacted by stress. Topic: 2.15 Hormones and Stress Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 189. What is coronary heart disease? a) a buildup of plaque in the arteries of the heart Correct. This is how this disease is defined. b) a synonym for heart attack c) the presence of abnormally high blood pressure d) a sudden seizure of the heart, causing it to stop beating Incorrect. This is not the definition of coronary heart disease. Answer: a Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe how the autonomic nervous system and body are impacted by stress. Topic: 2.15 Hormones and Stress Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 190. How might stress assist in the growth of a tumor? a) Actually, it doesn’t. Incorrect. The research is unequivocal in its finding of a strong relationship between stress and the development of cancer; however, this does not mean that stress causes cancer. b) by causing a reduction in the effectiveness of NK cells Correct. Because stress inhibits the natural killer cells that fight off precancerous invaders, stress can leave us vulnerable to the growth of a cancerous tumor. c) by causing the tumor to develop in the first place d) by destroying brain cells Answer: b Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe how the autonomic nervous system and body are impacted by stress. Topic: 2.15 Hormones and Stress Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

TRUE OR FALSE 191. One function of the nervous system is to send information to and receive information from all parts of the body. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 192. The axon receives messages from other neurons.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 193. Glial cells provide structure for neurons. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 194. Myelin not only insulates the neuron, it also slows down the neural message, helping with transmission of messages traveling down the axon. Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 195. A neuron’s cell membrane is semipermeable. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.2 Explain the action potential. Topic: 2.2 Generating the Message Within the Neuron: The Neural Impulse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 196. Neurons that are at rest remain electrically charged. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.2 Explain the action potential. Topic: 2.2 Generating the Message Within the Neuron: The Neural Impulse Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 197. During a resting potential, the neuron is positively charged inside and negatively charged outside. Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.2 Explain the action potential. Topic: 2.2 Generating the Message Within the Neuron: The Neural Impulse Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 198. A synapse is like a locked door that only certain neurotransmitter keys can unlock. Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 199. Acetylcholine is an agonist or an excitatory neurotransmitter also found in a part of the brain responsible for forming new memories and stimulating muscle contraction. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 200. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain. Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.5 Compare and contrast neuroimaging techniques for mapping the brain’s structure and function. Topic: 2.5 Neuroimaging Techniques Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 201. The medulla is responsible for people’s ability to selectively attend to certain kinds of information in their surroundings. Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.6 Identify the different structures of the hindbrain and the function of each. Topic: 2.6 The Hindbrain Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 202. A person who suffered brain damage is likely to have problems controlling his emotions as a result of damage to the connection between the occipital lobe and the medulla. Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.7 Identify the structures of the brain that are involved in emotion, learning, memory, and motivation. Topic: 2.7 Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 203. The cortex “wrinkles” as a result of fluid filling the brain over the lifespan. Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 204. Researchers in the field of autism are considering that the condition is related to a faulty mirror neuron system in the brain. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 205. The occipital lobes contain the visual cortex, where visual signals are processed. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 206. The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres that control opposite sides of the body. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.10 Explain how some brain functions differ between the left and right hemispheres. Topic: 2.10 The Cerebral Hemispheres Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 207. The cerebellum is severed in individuals who are considered to have a “split brain” during a surgical procedure to control epileptic seizures. Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.10 Explain how some brain functions differ between the left and right hemispheres. Topic: 2.10 The Cerebral Hemispheres Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 208. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.11 Describe how the components of the central nervous system interact and how they may respond to experiences or injury. Topic: 2.11 The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 209. Motor neurons carry messages from sense organs to the spinal cord. Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.11 Describe how the components of the central nervous system interact and how they may respond to experiences or injury. Topic: 2.11 The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 210. Interneurons connect sensory neurons to the motor neurons. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.11 Describe how the components of the central nervous system interact and how they may respond to experiences or injury. Topic: 2.11 The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit” Difficulty Level: Moderate

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 211. Neuroplasticity is the concept that when the brain is injured, it is unable to change the structure and function of the cells to adjust to the damage. Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.11 Describe how the components of the central nervous system interact and how they may respond to experiences or injury. Topic: 2.11 The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit” Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 212. Stem cells can become other cells, such as blood cells, nerve cells, and brain cells. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.11 Describe how the components of the central nervous system interact and how they may respond to experiences or injury. Topic: 2.11 The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit” Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 213. The somatic nervous system is made up of nerves carrying messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Topic: 2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 214. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system leads to pupil dilation, inhibition of digestion, and an accelerated heartbeat. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Topic: 2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 215. Endocrine glands secrete chemicals directly into the body’s tissues through specialized ducts. Answer: False Learning Objective: None Topic: 2.13–2.14 The Endocrine Glands Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 216. The pineal gland secrets a hormone called insulin. Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.14 Recall the role of various endocrine glands. Topic: 2.14 Other Endocrine Glands Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

217. One stage of the general adaptation syndrome is “Activate.” Answer: False Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe how the autonomic nervous system and body are impacted by stress. Topic: 2.15 Hormones and Stress Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 218. Allostatic overload can result in wear and tear on the brain and body due to prolonged exposure to elevated levels of hormones. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe how the autonomic nervous system and body are impacted by stress. Topic: 2.15 Hormones and Stress Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 219. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by the body becoming resistant to the effects of insulin. Answer: True Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe how the autonomic nervous system and body are impacted by stress. Topic: 2.15 Hormones and Stress Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

SHORT ANSWER 220. List three main parts of the human neuron and explain the role each plays in the transmission of neural communication. Learning Objectives: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each; 2.2 Explain the action potential. Topics: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block; 2.2 Generating the Message Within the Neuron: The Neural Impulse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 221. List two different functions of glial cells. Learning Objective: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Topic: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 222. What is a synapse? Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 223. What are neurotransmitters? How do they operate when encountering a receptor site?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 224. Name three neurotransmitters and their functions. Learning Objective: 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Topic: 2.3 Neurotransmission Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 225. How does a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan allow the exploration of the brain without the injection of chemicals? What is the difference between a traditional MRI and MRI spectroscopy? Learning Objective: 2.5 Compare and contrast neuroimaging techniques for mapping the brain’s structure and function. Topic: 2.5 Neuroimaging Techniques Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 226. Why is the cortex in the brain so wrinkled? Learning Objective: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Topic: 2.8 The Cortex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 227. What are the symptoms of Broca’s aphasia? Learning Objective: 2.9 Recall the function of association areas of the cortex, including those especially crucial for language. Topic: 2.9 The Association Areas of the Cortex Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 228. What are the symptoms of Wernicke’s aphasia? Learning Objective: 2.9 Recall the function of association areas of the cortex, including those especially crucial for language. Topic: 2.9 The Association Areas of the Cortex Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 229. Briefly explain Roger Sperry’s split-brain procedure and the insights that were gained from studying split-brain patients. Learning Objective: 2.10 Explain how some brain functions differ between the left and right hemispheres. Topic: 2.10 The Cerebral Hemispheres Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 230. What are the operations for which the right and left cerebral hemispheres are dominant? Learning Objective: 2.10 Explain how some brain functions differ between the left and right hemispheres. Topic: 2.10 The Cerebral Hemispheres Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 231. Explain the difference between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Learning Objectives: 2.11 Describe how the components of the central nervous system interact and how they may respond to experiences or injury; 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Topics: 2.11 The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit”; 2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 232. Name two hormones that are of particular interest to psychologists and state which gland they are related to and some of the tasks that these hormones perform. Learning Objective: 2.14 Recall the role of various endocrine glands. Topic: 2.14 Other Endocrine Glands Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 233. Describe what takes place during each of the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome. Learning Objective: 2.15 Describe how the autonomic nervous system and body are impacted by stress. Topic: 2.15 Hormones and Stress Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

ESSAY 234. What is a neuron? Describe the major parts of a neuron and their functions. Explain the process of how a neural message is transmitted from the end of one neuron to the beginning of another and the process by which a neuron moves from a resting state (resting potential) to firing (action potential) and then back to a resting state. Learning Objectives: 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each; 2.2 Explain the action potential. Topics: 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block; 2.2 Generating the Message Within the Neuron: The Neural Impulse Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 235. Choose any three methods that psychologists use to learn about the functions of the brain. Describe the method, how it works, and the type of information we can learn from it. Learning Objectives: 2.4 Describe how lesioning studies and brain stimulation are used to study the brain; 2.5 Compare and contrast neuroimaging techniques for mapping the brain’s structure and function. Topics: 2.4 Methods for Studying Specific Regions of the Brain; 2.5 Neuroimaging Techniques Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 236. Identify the four lobes of the cerebral cortex and identify the major functions that are controlled by each of them. Learning Objectives: 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body; 2.9 Recall the function of association areas of the cortex, including those especially crucial for language. Topics: 2.8 The Cortex; 2.9 The Association Areas of the Cortex Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 237. Describe the functions of the brain and the spinal cord. How are these functions similar? How are these functions dissimilar? Learning Objective: 2.11 Describe how the components of the central nervous system interact and how they may respond to experiences or injury. Topic: 2.11 The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit” Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 238. What are the primary functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic components of the peripheral nervous system? Describe a situation or experience in which activation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions has occurred. Learning Objective: 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Topic: 2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 239. How does the endocrine system influence behavior? Describe the functions of three glands and the hormones each secretes. Learning Objectives: 2.13 Explain why the pituitary gland is known as the “master gland”; 2.14 Recall the role of various endocrine glands. Topics: 2.13 The Pituitary: Master of the Hormonal Universe; 2.14 Other Endocrine Glands Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 240. Explain how stress plays a role in the onset of heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Are the effects of stress direct or indirect in each case? Learning Objectives: 2.15 Describe how the autonomic nervous system and body are impacted by stress. Topics: 2.15 Hormones and Stress Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Test Yourself Pick the best answer. 1. In the structure of the neuron, the _______ receives messages from other cells. a. axon b. dendrite c. soma d. myelin 2. Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells generate a fatty substance known as a. soma. b. glial. c. myelin. d. neurilemma. 3. Which of the following insulates and protects a neuron’s axon, as well as helps speed along electrical impulses? a. synaptic knobs b. myelin sheath c. receptor sites d. neuromodulators 4. When a neuron is in the resting potential state, the neuron is negatively charged on the _______ and positively charged on the _______. a. top, bottom b. outside, inside c. inside, outside d. bottom, top 5. Which neurotransmitter stimulates skeletal muscle cells to contract but slows contractions of the heart? a. GABA b. acetylcholine (ACh) c. serotonin d. endorphin 6. Heroin mimics the actions of endorphins, inhibiting pain signals. Heroin is an example of a(n) a. glial cell. b. protagonist. c. antagonist. d. agonist. 7. Bailey is a subject in a study on memory and problem solving. The researcher is applying magnetic pulses to her brain through copper wire coils positioned directly above her scalp. Bailey’s study would best be described as a(n) _______ technique. a. EEG b. invasive stimulation c. noninvasive stimulation d. PET 8. Which technique of studying the brain involves injecting the patient with radioactive glucose? a. EEG b. PET c. MRI d. CT

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

9. Maria often sleeps soundly and rarely awakens to any outside noise. However, the cries of Maria’s baby can awaken her immediately. What part of the brain is responsible for this reaction? a. cerebellum b. medulla c. pons d. reticular formation 10. Nicole and Camille are synchronized swimmers for their college swim team. They often work long hours to ensure the movements in their routine are perfectly timed. What part of their brains must Camille and Nicole rely most upon? a. pons b. medulla c. cerebellum d. reticular formation 11. Your psychology professor refers to this as the great relay station of the brain. What part is he or she referring to? a. amygdala b. hypothalamus c. hippocampus d. thalamus 12. Which part of the brain is involved in the creation of long-term, declarative memories and is often linked to Alzheimer’s disease? a. amygdala b. thalamus c. hypothalamus d. hippocampus 13. Jessica suffered a severe blow to the back of her head when she was thrown from her horse. Subsequently, her occipital lobe has been injured. Which of her senses has the highest chance of being affected? a. hearing b. vision c. touch d. taste and smell 14. Jaime’s grandfather recently suffered a stroke and has had difficulty with language production ever since. Most likely, he has experienced damage to the _______ area of his brain. a. right frontal b. right rear c. left rear d. left frontal 15. Felicia is recovering from a brain injury. She is able to speak fluently but often uses incorrect words in a sentence. In one instance at a friend’s birthday party, she said, “I would like something to drink. Can I have some battery?” Felicia’s problem may be a symptom of a. Broca’s aphasia. b. spatial neglect. c. visual agnosia. d. Wernicke’s aphasia. 16. Although the brain works largely as a whole, which of the following is not a correct pairing of hemisphere and function? a. left: control of right-handed motor functions b. right: control of right-handed motor functions

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c. right: recognition of faces d. left: reading 17. Involuntary muscles are controlled by the _______ nervous system. a. somatic b. autonomic c. sympathetic d. parasympathetic 18. As you take notes, your heart beats at a normal rate. Your breathing is normal and your stomach slowly digests your earlier meal. What part of the peripheral nervous system is currently in action? a. parasympathetic division b. sympathetic division c. autonomic division d. somatic division 19. Which gland(s) influence all other glands within the endocrine system? a. adrenal glands b. pineal gland c. thyroid gland d. pituitary gland 20. Robert has had difficulty sleeping for the past 6 months, and his body seemingly no longer differentiates between night and day. His doctor believes the problem lies with Robert’s endocrine system. What gland will Robert’s physician focus on? a. thyroid b. pituitary c. adrenal d. pineal

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

EXTRA BANK OF QUESTIONS 2: THE BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ______________________________________________________________________________ 2.1–2.3 Neurons and Neurotransmitters 2.1 Structure of the Neuron: The Nervous System’s Building Block 1. The basic message-carrying cells of the nervous system are labeled __________. a. dendrites b. neurons c. nerves d. ganglia Answer b % correct 91 a= 5 b= 91 c= 4 d= 0 r = .23 2. Neurons are __________. a. cells in the brain that are believed to help clean and feed brain cells b. cells that send and receive information c. bundles of nerves d. chemical transmitters found in the hypothalamus Answer b % correct 96 a= 0 b= 96 c= 3 d= 1 r = .44 3. Specialized cells in the brain that send and receive information are called __________. a. limbic cells b. neurons c. ganglia d. gonads Answer b % correct 83 a= 15 b= 83 c= 2 d= 0 r = .21 4. The smallest unit in the nervous system is the __________. a. dendrite b. neuron c. axon d. myelin sheath Answer b % correct 64 a= 21 b= 64 c= 7 d= 8 r = .34 5. The cell that underlies the activity of the entire nervous system is the __________. a. transmitter cell b. amoeba c. neuron d. carcinoma Answer c % correct 83 a= 16 b= 0 c= 83 d= 1 r = .34 6. The three parts of every neuron are __________. a. myelin, glia, and cell body b. dendrite, cell body, and axon c. glia, dendrite, and axon d. myelin, cell body, and dendrite Answer b % correct 83 a= 1 b= 83 c= 3 d= 13

r = .23

7. A long structure leaving the cell body that action potential travel along is called the __________.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a. cell membrane b. dendrite c. axon d. myelin sheath Answer c % correct 70

a= 3 b= 16 c= 70 d= 11

r = .38

8. Axons __________. a. receive/detect neural impulses b. carry messages away from a cell body c. secrete chemicals to lubricate the cell body d. are found in the cell body Answer b % correct 80 a= 15 b= 80 c= 1 d= 3 Answer b % correct 82 a= 15 b= 82 c= 1 d= 3

r = .30 r = .36

9. Axons __________. a. may be up to a quarter of a mile long b. carry messages away from a cell body c. are primarily responsible for the hypothalamic functions of regulation and motivation of sexual functions d. are contained within the cell nucleus Answer b % correct 89 a= 7 b= 89 c= 1 d= 3 r = .33 10. The part of the neuron that carries outgoing messages either to another neuron or to a muscle or gland is the __________. a. myelin sheath b. axon c. dendrite d. cell body Answer b % correct 80 a= 1 b= 80 c= 19 d= 0 r = .21 Answer b % correct 81 a= 2 b= 81 c= 18 d= 0 r = .20 11. Dendrites __________. a. may be up to a quarter of a mile long b. carry messages to cell bodies c. are primarily responsible for the hypothalamic functions of regulation and motivation of sexual functions d. are contained within the cell nucleus Answer b % correct 82 a= 10 b= 82 c= 4 d= 4 r = .26 12. __________ are short fibers that extend from the neurons and allow it to receive messages from other neurons. a. Axons b. Dendrites c. Nerve bundles d. Synapses Answer b % correct 79 a= 19 b= 79 c= 1 d= 1 r = .38 13. The short fibers that extend from the neuron allowing it to receive messages from other neurons are __________. a. axons b. dendrites c. nerve bundles d. cell membranes Answer b % correct 86 a= 1 b= 86 c= 1 d= 12 r = .26 14. The myelin sheath __________. a. is a fatty substance protecting the dendrites b. helps to speed up neural messages within the cell

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c. is found in all neurons d. protects the cell’s vesicles Answer b % correct 51 Answer b % correct 60

a= 30 b= 51 c= 5 d= 14 r = .44 a= 25 b= 60 c= 6 d= 8 r = .40

15. The purpose of the myelin sheath is to __________. a. provide a place for respiration and metabolism to occur b. carry messages from the spinal cord to the brain c. insulate the neuron so it can act more efficiently d. receive messages from outside the neuron and carry them to the cell nucleus Answer c % correct 87 a= 0 b= 3 c= 87 d= 10 r = .37 16. Neural messages travel faster on axons that __________. a. are polarized b. are not exposed to acetylcholine (ACh) c. are located in the hypothalamus d. have a myelin sheath Answer d % correct 88 a= 6 b= 2 c= 5 d= 88 r = .35

2.2 Generating the Message Within the Neuron: The Neural Impulse 17. Which of the following is true of neural impulses in a single neuron? a. The neuron may fire during the absolute refractory period. b. The strength of a neural impulse increases as the strength of the incoming message gets stronger. c. The strength of a neural impulse decreases as the strength of the incoming message gets stronger. d. The strength of a neural impulse is the same each time the neuron fires. Answer d % correct 60 a= 6 b= 30 c= 4 d= 60 r = .35

2.3 Neurotransmission 18. Which of the following neurotransmitters is known for its role in schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease? a. acetylcholine b. dopamine c. serotonin d. norepinephrine Answer b % correct 80 a= 11 b= 80 c= 2 d= 7 r = .21 19. Endorphins __________. a. are found where neurons meet skeletal muscles b. are less powerful than enkaphalins c. reduce pain messages in the brain d. are radically different in function from neurotransmitters Answer c % correct 86 a= 3 b= 3 c= 86 d= 8 r = .23 20. The small gap between adjacent neurons is the __________. a. glia b. myelin sheath c. synaptic gap d. terminal Answer c % correct 83 a= 2 b= 6 c= 83 d= 9 r = .20 21. The neural impulse traveling down the axon is __________; it gets across the synapse by __________.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a. electrical; remaining electrical but changing from positively charged to negatively charged b. electrical; remaining electrical but changing from negatively charged to positively charged c. electrical; being changed into a chemical message d. chemical; being changed into an electrical message Answer c % correct 50 a= 13 b= 22 c= 50 d= 13 r = .37 22. A nerve impulse from one neuron affects the activity of a neighboring neuron at a point of interaction called the __________. a. corpuscle b. synapse c. transmission cleft d. neuronal junction Answer b % correct 96 a= 0 b= 96 c= 3 d= 1 r = .26 23. A synapse is most important in __________. a. separating the medulla from the hindbrain b. regulating the parasympathetic nervous system c. the process of transmitting messages between neurons d. connecting the basal ganglia Answer c % correct 96 a= 2 b= 2 c= 96 d= 0 r = .37 24. Most axon terminals contain a number of tiny oval sacs called __________. a. synaptic vesicles b. synaptic knobs c. neurotransmitters d. receptor sites Answer a % correct 41 a= 41 b= 6 c= 35 d= 15 r = .21 25. When a neural impulse reaches the end of an axon, it causes the tiny oval sacs at the end of the axon to release chemicals called __________. a. effectors b. neurotransmitters c. stimulants d. ions Answer b % correct 95 a= 3 b= 95 c= 0 d= 2 r = .27 26. Claire, an emergency room physician, must quickly treat a patient who has been bitten by a black widow spider. Claire knows she must prevent the __________ in the patient’s nervous system. a. buildup of acetylcholine b. buildup of catecholamines c. breakdown of catecholamines d. reabsorption of acetylcholine Answer a % correct 73 a= 73 b= 2 c= 7 d= 18 r = .33 27. Despite its dangers, a young man continues to take cocaine because of the feeling of euphoria it produces in him. This powerful arousal of his nervous system is probably due to cocaine’s ability to __________. a. inhibit enzymes that break down neurotransmitters b. increase the release of neurotransmitters c. block the receptor sites for neurotransmitters d. prevent neurotransmitters from being reabsorbed into the synaptic vesicles Answer d % correct 40 a= 2 b= 22 c= 35 d= 40 r = .43

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 2.6–2.10 From the Bottom Up: The Structures of the Brain 2.6 The Hindbrain 28. The medulla, pons, and cerebellum are all part of the __________. a. midbrain b. hindbrain c. spinal cord d. forebrain Answer b % correct 89 a= 4 b= 89 c= 5 d= 2 r = .47 29. The part of the hindbrain that largely controls breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure is the __________. a. cerebral cortex b. pons c. medulla d. cerebellum Answer c % correct 86 a= 3 b= 2 c= 86 d= 9 r = .29 30. A victim of a car wreck with head injuries, whose involuntary bodily processes (breathing, heartbeat, etc.) have been disturbed, probably has had damage done to the __________. a. hindbrain b. pons c. medulla d. forebrain Answer c % correct 78 a= 10 b= 6 c= 78 d= 6 r = .36 Answer c % correct 81 a= 9 b= 1 c= 81 d= 9 r = .34 31. Damage to the medulla can seriously impair one’s ability to __________. a. sing b. write c. breathe d. metabolize food Answer c % correct 78 a= 3 b= 11 c= 78 d= 7 r = .35 32. If you are shot in the head and there is damage to the medulla, this can seriously impair your ability to __________. a. sing b. write c. breathe d. urinate Answer c % correct 87 a= 2 b= 8 c= 87 d= 3 r = .31 33. The structure in the hindbrain that controls certain reflexes and coordinates the body’s movements is the __________. a. medulla b. cerebellum c. pons d. reticular formation Answer b % correct 70 a= 13 b= 70 c= 5 d= 12 r = .29 34. The cerebellum __________. a. controls blood pressure b. is involved in emotional behavior c. coordinates actions so that movements are efficient d. relays messages from the sensory receptors

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer c Answer c

% correct 74 % correct 84

a= 4 b= 12 c= 74 d= 11 r = .44 a= 3 b= 5 c= 84 d= 8 r = .40

35. Pavati is recovering from a blow to her head and finds that she has great difficulty maintaining her balance and coordinating her movements. Injury to which part of Pavati’s brain is likely to be causing her difficulties? a. cerebellum b. medulla c. cerebral cortex d. thalamus Answer a % correct 47 a= 47 b= 18 c= 18 d= 17 r = .22 Answer a % correct 72 a= 72 b= 8 c= 18 d= 2 r = .37 36. The outer surface of the two cerebral hemispheres that regulates most complex behavior is called the __________. a. cerebellum b. corpus callosum c. cerebral cortex d. substantia nigra Answer c % correct 74 a= 7 b= 12 c= 74 d= 7 r = .44 37. The part of the brain most people think of when they talk about the brain is the __________. a. cerebral cortex b. pons c. medulla d. cerebellum Answer a % correct 50 a= 50 b= 3 c= 13 d= 34 r = .33 38. The part of our brain that MOST makes us human is the __________. a. cerebellum b. cerebral cortex c. medulla d. pons Answer b % correct 65 a= 20 b= 65 c= 11 d= 4 r = .46 39. The forebrain is one of __________ operationally distinct sections of the brain. a. two b. three c. four d. five Answer b % correct 57 a= 4 b= 57 c= 35 d= 4 r = .39 40. A neuroanatomist destroyed a dog’s reticular formation to determine its function. Of the following, which is the most likely result? a. The dog could no longer hear. b. The dog could no longer see. c. The dog lapsed into a complete and irreversible coma. d. The dog became hyper alert and no longer slept normally. Answer c % correct 36 a= 4 b= 21 c= 36 d= 39 r = .20

2.7 Structures Under the Cortex: The Limbic System 41. Eating, drinking, sexual behavior, temperature control, and sleeping are most strongly influenced by the __________. a. medulla

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b. cerebral cortex c. thalamus d. hypothalamus Answer d % correct 55 Answer d % correct 71

a= 10 b= 19 c= 15 d= 55 r = .40 a= 3 b= 5 c= 21 d= 71 r = .29

42. The part of the brain responsible for emotional behavior and regulating the nervous system in times of stress is the __________. a. medulla b. cerebellum c. thalamus d. hypothalamus Answer d % correct 60 a= 8 b= 4 c= 28 d= 60 r = .35 43. Ryan is having great difficulty controlling his appetite. All he wants to do is eat, and no matter how much he eats, he is still hungry. His weight is approaching 400 pounds and he still constantly wants to eat. His physician says the problem is due to a disorder in a specific center of the brain. That brain center is most likely the __________. a. medulla b. cerebral cortex c. thalamus d. hypothalamus Answer d % correct 51 a= 0 b= 10 c= 39 d= 51 r = .28 44. The brain’s “relay station” is the __________. a. hypothalamus b. medulla c. pons d. thalamus Answer d % correct 72 a= 10 b= 13 c= 4 d= 72

r = .51

45. Which part of the brain can be thought of as a major switching station that directs incoming information to the correct brain structure? a. midbrain b. thalamus c. cerebellum d. reticular activating system Answer b % correct 50 a= 15 b= 50 c= 13 d= 21 r = .32 46. The structure in the center of the forebrain that relays sensory information is called the __________. a. medulla b. hypothalamus c. pons d. thalamus Answer d % correct 63 a= 10 b= 12 c= 15 d= 63 r = .41 47. If the limbic system were destroyed, which of the following structures would be damaged? a. cerebellum and corpus callosum b. cerebellum and amygdala c. amygdala and hippocampus d. hippocampus and corpus callosum Answer c % correct 69 a= 18 b= 8 c= 69 d= 3 r = .39

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 2.8 The Cortex 48. The part of the brain that receives sensations of touch, balance, and bodily position and oversees spatial abilities is the __________ lobe. a. occipital b. temporal c. parietal d. frontal Answer c % correct 61 a= 10 b= 15 c= 61 d= 13 r = .33 49. The part of the brain that receives sensations of touch, balance, and bodily position is the ________ lobe. a. occipital b. temporal c. parietal d. frontal Answer c % correct 62 a= 9 b= 14 c= 62 d= 15 r = .51 50. Maya was in an automobile accident that resulted in an injury to her brain. She now has difficulty maintaining her balance and normal body positions. Her sense of touch has also been injured. The part of Maya’s brain most likely injured was her __________ lobe. a. occipital b. temporal c. parietal d. frontal Answer c % correct 66 a= 4 b= 13 c= 66 d= 16 r = .34 51. The part of the brain that helps process hearing and give meaning to words is the __________ lobe. a. occipital b. temporal c. parietal d. frontal Answer b % correct 72 a= 9 b= 72 c= 12 d= 6 r = .37 52. Margot was in an automobile accident that resulted in an injury to her brain. She now has difficulty with her hearing and her memory. The part of Margot’s brain most likely injured was her __________ lobe. a. occipital b. temporal c. parietal d. frontal Answer b % correct 68 a= 10 b= 68 c= 11 d= 10 r = .34 53. The part of the brain that interprets visual information is the __________ lobe. a. occipital b. temporal c. parietal d. frontal Answer a % correct 89 a= 89 b= 6 c= 3 d= 2 r = .26 54. The growth of a brain tumor has caused Zhang Wei’s vision to suffer. Which lobe of his brain is being affected by the tumor’s growth? a. frontal lobe b. occipital lobe c. parietal lobe d. temporal lobe Answer b % correct 91 a= 2 b= 91 c= 4 d= 3 r = .23

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 55. The site of many mental processes that are unique to humans (self-awareness, initiative, planning ability, and goal-directed behavior) is the __________ lobes. a. occipital b. temporal c. parietal d. frontal Answer d % correct 68 a= 7 b= 12 c= 13 d= 68 r = .57 56. The motor impulses/commands associated with the muscular coordination and movements necessary for one to write originate in which lobe of the cerebral cortex? a. temporal lobe b. parietal lobe c. occipital lobe d. frontal lobe Answer d % correct 55 a= 10 b= 33 c= 2 d= 55 r = .30 57. The somatosensory cortex is located in the __________ lobe of the brain. a. frontal b. occipital c. parietal d. temporal Answer c % correct 47 a= 32 b= 10 c= 47 d= 11 r = .37 58. The motor cortex is located in the __________ lobe of the brain. a. frontal b. occipital c. parietal d. temporal Answer a % correct 74 a= 74 b= 6 c= 21 d= 9 r = .38 59. The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex is the __________. a. corpus callosum b. pineal gland c. pons d. reticular formation Answer a % correct 84 a= 84 b= 0 c= 8 d= 8 r = .40 Answer a % correct 99 a= 99 b= 0 c= 1 d= 0 r = .02 60. The bundle of nerves that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the __________. a. basal ganglia b. longitudinal fissure c. corpus callosum d. somatosensory cortex Answer c % correct 84 a= 7 b= 10 c= 84 d= 0 r = .40 Answer c % correct 88 a= 6 b= 3 c= 88 d= 3 r = .38 61. The corpus callosum __________. a. is an integral area of the hindbrain b. is responsible for taste and smell sensations c. connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres d. supports the reticular activating system Answer c % correct 90 a= 3 b= 3 c= 90 d= 4

r = .39

62. The left and right cerebral hemispheres are connected by the __________. a. occipital lobe

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b. pons c. sylvian fissure d. corpus callosum Answer d % correct 95

a= 1 b= 2 c= 3 d= 95

r = .38

2.9 The Association Areas of the Cortex 63. The area in the back of the temporal lobe that is important in our ability to process and understand what others are saying is __________ area. a. Korsakoff’s b. Wernicke’s c. Broca’s d. Sach’s Answer b % correct 60 a= 4 b= 60 c= 34 d= 1 r = .35 64. The notion that human language production is controlled primarily by the left cerebral cortex was first proposed by __________. a. Paul Broca b. Sally Shaywitz c. Carl Wernicke d. Hermann Ebbinghaus Answer a % correct 53 a= 53 b= 3 c=35 d= 7 r = .31

2.10 The Cerebral Hemispheres 65. Which hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is usually dominant in spatial tasks? a. front hemisphere b. rear hemisphere c. left hemisphere d. right hemisphere Answer d % correct 46 a= 13 b= 14 c= 27 d= 46 r = .46 66. Which hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is dominant in spatial tasks and concept formation? a. front hemisphere b. rear hemisphere c. left hemisphere d. right hemisphere Answer d % correct 62 a= 17 b= 6 c= 16 d= 62 r = .29 67. Which hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is usually dominant in language tasks? a. front hemisphere b. rear hemisphere c. left hemisphere d. right hemisphere Answer c % correct 66 a= 18 b= 3 c= 66 d= 13 r = .38 Answer c % correct 70 a= 8 b= 4 c= 70 d= 18 r = .38 68. The left cerebral hemisphere primarily controls __________. a. the right side of the body b. the left side of the body c. all motor functions d. spatial reasoning Answer a % correct 91 a= 91 b= 2 c= 4 d= 3 r = .35

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

69. After removal of a tumor from the LEFT side of her brain, Liv recovered well. However, some of her former abilities are now limited. Which of the following abilities are most likely affected? a. coordinated walking movements b. solving algebra equations c. assembling puzzles d. recognizing objects that she sees Answer b % correct 68 a= 14 b= 68 c= 10 d= 8 r = .28 70. The hemisphere of the brain that acts as an interpreter, helping us with sequencing and logic, is the __________. a. front hemisphere b. rear hemisphere c. left hemisphere d. right hemisphere Answer c % correct 51 a= 12 b= 4 c= 51 d= 33 r = .24

SPLIT-BRAIN RESEARCH 71. Individuals who have had their corpus callosum cut are said to have a __________. a. split brain b. disintegrating personality c. cranial refraction d. migraine headache Answer a % correct 96 a= 96 b= 2 c= 2 d= 0 r = .35 72. “Split-brain” patients are patients who have had __________. a. a prefrontal lobotomy b. their cerebellum split in the middle c. their corpus callosum cut d. a skull fracture in which bone fragments penetrated into the brain Answer c % correct 78 a= 7 b= 16 c= 78 d= 0 r = .36 Answer c % correct 90 a= 2 b= 8 c= 90 d= 0 r = .38 73. Assume that you are testing a split-brain human subject whose language center is in his left hemisphere. If you place a house key into his left hand, he will __________. a. not be able to later select the object he was holding from a group of various objects b. not be able to tell you what object he is presently holding c. immediately be able to tell you what he is holding d. be able to tell you what he is presently holding if allowed to think about it for several seconds Answer b % correct 80 a= 5 b= 80 c= 6 d= 8 r = .24 74. A “split-brain” patient is asked to stare at a spot on a screen. When a picture of an object is shown to the left of the spot, the patient can __________. a. identify the object verbally and pick it out of a group of hidden objects using her right hand b. identify the object verbally and pick it out of a group of hidden objects using her left hand c. pick the object out of a group of hidden objects using her left hand, but cannot identify it verbally d. pick the object out of a group of hidden objects using her right hand, but cannot identify it verbally Answer c % correct 46 a= 17 b= 8 c= 46 d= 29 r = .21

2.11–2.12 The Nervous System: The Rest of the Story 75. The nervous system is composed of two parts: __________. a. the afferent nervous system and the efferent nervous system

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b. the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system c. the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system d. the brain and the spinal cord Answer b % correct 96 a= 1 b= 96 c= 0 d= 3 r = .34 76. The brain is part of the __________ system. a. nervous b. endocrine c. thalamic d. cranial Answer a % correct 92 a= 92 b= 3 c= 2 d= 3

r = .44

77. The system that relays messages in the form of electrochemical impulses throughout the body is called the __________ system. a. arousal b. nervous c. limbic d. endocrine Answer b % correct 92 a= 0 b= 92 c= 5 d= 2 r = .20 78. The FIRST division of the nervous system consists of the __________. a. central and peripheral nervous systems b. brain and spinal cord c. somatic and autonomic nervous systems d. sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems Answer a % correct 73 a= 73 b= 20 c= 4 d= 26 r = .41 2.11 The Central Nervous System: The “Central Processing Unit” 79. The two major divisions of the central nervous system are the __________. a. left and right hemispheres b. brain and autonomic systems c. brain and spinal cord d. peripheral and autonomic systems Answer c % correct 90 a= 3 b= 1 c= 90 d= 6 r = .26 80. The brain is connected to the rest of the body via the __________. a. corpus callosum b. spinal cord c. limbic system d. cranial nerve Answer b % correct 96 a= 0 b= 96 c= 2 d= 2 r = .21 81. The brain is connected to the other parts of the nervous system by the __________. a. spinal cord b. corpus callosum c. brain stem d. peripheral nervous system Answer a % correct 58 a= 58 b= 2 c= 37 d= 3 r = .33 82. Which of the following most directly controls bodily reflexes? a. peripheral nervous system b. brain stem c. spinal cord d. hindbrain

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer c

% correct 55

a= 30 b= 4 c= 55 d= 11

r = .37

83. Neurons in the brain that carry messages from one neuron to another and do most of the work of the nervous system are called __________. a. afferent neurons b. active neurons c. efferent neurons d. interneurons Answer d % correct 42 a= 25 b= 14 c= 19 d= 42 r = .42 84. Neurons whose primary purpose is to carry messages from the spinal cord or the brain to the muscles and glands are called __________. a. afferent neurons b. active neurons c. efferent neurons d. interneurons Answer c % correct 40 a= 27 b= 11 c= 40 d= 22 r = .21 85. Neurons whose primary purpose is to collect information from the sensory organs and carry that information to the spinal cord or brain are called __________. a. afferent neurons b. active neurons c. efferent neurons d. interneurons Answer a % correct 43 a= 43 b= 14 c= 22 d= 19 r = .21 86. Justin learns that he has just won $1,000 in a statewide lottery and he literally jumps for joy. Which neurons are sending messages from his brain to his legs ordering them to jump? a. sensory neurons b. motor neurons c. interaction neurons d. association neurons Answer b % correct 89 a= 4 b= 89 c= 2 d= 4 r = .34 87. What kind of neurons are connected to receptor cells in the skin, muscles, and joints? a. peripheral neurons b. interneurons c. sensory neurons d. motor neurons Answer c % correct 70 a= 3 b= 5 c= 70 d= 22 r = .27 88. Delaney returns from a day at the beach to find she has developed a severe sunburn. Which neurons are sending the messages from her burned skin to her brain informing her of the pain from the burn? a. sensory neurons b. motor neurons c. synaptic neurons d. association neurons Answer a % correct 88 a= 88 b= 2 c= 7 d= 3 r = .24

2.12 The Peripheral Nervous System 89. All nerve cells and fibers that are NOT in the brain or spinal cord make up the __________ nervous system. a. central b. peripheral

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c. autonomic d. sympathetic Answer b % correct 76

a= 9 b= 76 c= 10 d= 6

r = .48

90. The division of the nervous system that connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body is the __________ system. a. peripheral nervous b. endocrine c. central nervous d. secondary nervous Answer a % correct 42 a= 42 b= 12 c= 12 d= 4 r = .45 91. The autonomic and somatic nervous systems are divisions of the __________ system. a. central b. parasympathetic c. peripheral d. sympathetic Answer c % correct 63 a= 22 b= 5 c= 63 d= 10 r = .28 92. The autonomic nervous system is responsible for __________. a. controlling the skeletal muscles b. sending sensory input to the brain c. making choices and decisions d. the activity of internal organs and glands Answer d % correct 70 a= 9 b= 11 c= 9 d= 70 r = .35 93. The part of the nervous system that allows the brain to regulate digestion, heart rate, and respiration without our conscious attention is the __________. a. autonomic nervous system b. central nervous system c. somatic nervous system d. spinal cord Answer a % correct 77 a= 77 b= 20 c= 3 d= 0 r = .27 94. The process of digesting your last snack or meal and the unconscious regulation of your breathing are all primarily rooted in the __________ nervous system. a. autonomic b. limbic c. somatic d. secondary Answer a % correct 66 a= 66 b= 12 c= 18 d= 4 r = .44 95. The autonomic nervous system is made up of what two systems? a. central and peripheral nervous systems b. receptors and effectors c. sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions d. limbic and endocrine systems Answer c % correct 79 a= 9 b= 5 c= 79 d= 7 r = .36 96. The autonomic nervous system is divided into two parts. These are termed the __________ nervous systems. a. ascending and descending b. frontal and temporal c. left and right d. parasympathetic and sympathetic Answer d % correct 96 a= 2 b= 2 c= 0 d= 96 r = .43

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

97. The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions make up the __________. a. motor cortex b. endocrine system c. autonomic nervous system d. neocortex Answer c % correct 97 a= 2 b= 0 c= 97 d= 1 r = .31 98. The nervous system called the “fight or flight” system is the __________ system. a. central b. parasympathetic c. somatic d. sympathetic Answer d % correct 74 a= 5 b= 10 c= 10 d= 74 r = .45 99. The branch of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for quick action in an emergency is the __________ division. a. central b. secondary c. sympathetic d. parasympathetic Answer c % correct 73 a= 1 b= 7 c=73 d= 19 r = .34 100. When the sympathetic nervous system assumes control of the involuntary bodily processes during a stressful situation, which of the following changes is likely to occur? a. digestion stops b. less blood is pumped to muscles c. air passages become smaller d. sweat glands are less active Answer a % correct 68 a= 68 b= 12 c= 16 d= 3 r = .45 101. Calm is to aroused as __________ is to __________. a. parasympathetic; sympathetic b. autonomic; motor c. sympathetic; parasympathetic d. central; peripheral Answer a % correct 77 a= 77 b= 3 c= 21 d= 0 r = .31 102. A deer waits motionlessly, hidden in the thicket as a band of hunters approaches. As the hunters get closer, their dogs bark, picking up the scent of their prey. In a futile effort to escape, the deer bolts. Which of the following most accurately describes the nervous system of the hunted deer at this point? a. Its sympathetic nerve fibers are more active than its parasympathetic nerve fibers. b. Its parasympathetic nerve fibers are more active than its sympathetic nerve fibers. c. Both its sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers are equally active. d. Neither its sympathetic nor its parasympathetic nerve fibers are aroused. Answer a % correct 77 a= 77 b= 13 c= 10 d= 0 r = .37 103. It’s midnight, and you are alone in your room studying. You hear a loud crash outside your room, and your whole body reacts instantly and furiously. The system that produces these reactions is the __________ system. a. central nervous b. sympathetic nervous c. parasympathetic nervous d. limbic Answer b % correct 80 a= 6 b= 80 c= 12 d= 3 r = .52

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 104. One evening Rory was walking to the dorm from the gym when she was stopped by two men who demanded her money. Since she was a good athlete, Rory decided to make a run for it. Pretending to open her purse, she suddenly turned and dashed off. Although pursued, Rory outran her assailants. During this incident, which part of Rory’s nervous system was most directly responsible for her successful escape? a. midbrain b. parasympathetic nervous system c. forebrain d. sympathetic nervous system Answer d % correct 78 a= 2 b= 14 c= 6 d= 78 r = .45

2.13–2.14 The Endocrine Glands 105. The glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream are called __________ glands. a. lymph b. exocrine c. hippocampal d. endocrine Answer d % correct 77 a= 6 b= 10 c= 7 d= 77 r = .31 106. Endocrine glands are glands that secrete __________. a. excitory neurotransmitters b. inhibitory neurotransmitters c. hormones d. enzymes Answer c % correct 73 a= 12 b= 5 c= 73 d= 10 r = .25 107. The __________ system is made up of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream. a. motor b. endocrine c. limbic d. autonomic Answer b % correct 81 a= 2 b= 81 c= 11 d= 6 r = .38 108. Chemical substances released by the endocrine glands to help regulate bodily functions are __________. a. enzymes b. neurotransmitters c. antigens d. hormones Answer d % correct 63 a= 14 b= 18 c= 4 d= 63 r = .51 109. The thyroid and pituitary glands are parts of the __________ system. a. gonad b. endocrine c. steroid d. lymphatic Answer b % correct 84 a= 1 b= 84 c= 0 d= 15 r = .35

2.13 The Pituitary: Master of the Hormonal Universe 110. The pituitary gland is controlled by the __________. a. brain stem b. hypothalamus

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c. reticular formation d. spinal cord Answer b % correct 73

a= 10 b= 73 c= 11 d= 5

r = .37

2.14 Other Endocrine Glands 111. The pea-sized gland that is stimulated by light and helps regulate activity levels over the course of a day is the __________ gland. a. adrenal b. pituitary c. pineal d. thyroid Answer c % correct 61 a= 13 b= 22 c= 61 d= 5 r = .43 112. The __________ gland produces the hormone that regulates the body’s rate of metabolism. a. pituitary b. adrenal c. thyroid d. parathyroid Answer c % correct 55 a= 34 b= 10 c= 55 d= 1 r = .22 113. Rocco has been overweight since childhood. He diets frequently and can lose weight, but always seems to gain it back because he is unable to control his eating. Rocco may have a problem with his __________. a. catecholamine level b. thyroid gland c. pituitary gland d. limbic system Answer b % correct 87 a= 4 b= 87 c= 4 d= 3 r = .22 114. Cooper is 13 years old, and he has recently noticed some remarkable changes in himself. Over the past few months his voice has started to change, growing deeper. He has begun to grow pubic hair, as well as the beginnings of a facial beard. He is also filling out, with his muscles developing rapidly. These changes in Cooper are probably due to the action of the __________. a. gonads b. thyroid gland c. pineal gland d. adrenal gland Answer a % correct 60 a= 60 b= 24 c= 10 d= 6 r = .32

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Revel Quizzes The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Psychology: An Exploration, Fifth Edition. EOM Quiz 2.1–2.3 Neurons and Neurotransmitters EOM Q2.1.1 Which part of the neuron carries information from the cell body to axon terminals? a) axon b) dendrite c) soma d) myelin Answer: a Consider This: This is a fiber that branches out into several shorter fibers that have swellings or little knobs on the ends. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Neurons and Neurotransmitters EOM Q2.1.2 Which one of the following is NOT a function of glial cells? a) generating action potentials b) getting nutrients to the neurons c) cleaning up the remains of dead neurons d) generating myelin Answer: a Consider This: While historically viewed as support cells for neurons, the expanded roles of glia are still being discovered. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Neurons and Neurotransmitters EOM Q2.1.3 When a neuron’s resting potential is occurring, the neuron is __________ charged on the inside. a) negatively b) positively c) both positively and negatively d) neutrally Answer: a Consider This: A neuron that’s at rest is not currently firing a neural impulse or message. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 2.2 Explain the action potential. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Neurons and Neurotransmitters EOM Q2.1.4 Neurotransmitters must pass from the axon terminal of one cell to receptor sites on an adjacent cell’s dendrite or soma by crossing a fluid-filled space called the a) synapse.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) neuron. c) reuptake inhibitor. d) glial cell. Answer: a Consider This: Neurotransmitters originate inside neurons and must cross this gap between adjacent neurons to transmit messages. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Neurons and Neurotransmitters EOM Q2.1.5 The venom of a black widow spider acts as a(n) __________ by mimicking the effects of acetylcholine. a) agonist b) protagonist c) antagonist d) glial cell Answer: a Consider This: This is a chemical substance that mimics or enhances the effects of a neurotransmitter. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Neurons and Neurotransmitters EOM Q2.1.6 Which of the following is associated with pain relief? a) endorphins b) acetylcholine c) glutamate d) serotonin Answer: a Consider This: When a person is hurt, these pain relieving chemicals are released when a neurotransmitter signaling pain reaches the brain. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Neurons and Neurotransmitters EOM Quiz 2.4–2.5 Looking Inside the Living Brain EOM Q2.2.1 Which of the following techniques involves passing a mild current through the brain to activate certain structures without damaging them? a) electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) b) electroconvulsive tomography (ECT) c) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) d) deep brain lesioning Answer: a Consider This: This has become an important technique in psychology, as its use in animals has informed us in many areas of investigation, including new directions for therapy. Difficulty: Moderate

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Objective: LO 2.4 Describe how lesioning studies and brain stimulation are used to study the brain. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Looking Inside the Living Brain EOM Q2.2.2 Which of the following techniques analyzes blood oxygen levels to look at the functioning of the brain? a) fMRI b) EEG c) CT d) PET Answer: a Consider This: In this technique, a modification of a method typically used for imaging brain structure is used to assess brain function. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 2.5 Compare and contrast neuroimaging techniques for mapping the brain’s structure and function. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Looking Inside the Living Brain EOM Q2.2.3 Dr. Carr is conducting a research study. She wants to measure the physical connectivity in the research participants’ brains by imaging their white matter. Which of the following methods will she use? a) diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) b) MRI spectroscopy c) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) d) computed tomography (CT) Answer: a Consider This: This technique uses MRI technology; it has been used to investigate both normal function and structural changes associated with various disorders and conditions. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 2.5 Compare and contrast neuroimaging techniques for mapping the brain’s structure and function. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Looking Inside the Living Brain EOM Q2.2.4 If you were suffering from neurological problems and your neurologist wanted to have a study done of your brain and its electrical functioning, which of the following techniques would be most appropriate? a) EEG b) PTI c) PET d) DTI Answer: a Consider This: This technique involves having metal or sponge-like electrodes placed directly onto your scalp. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 2.5 Compare and contrast neuroimaging techniques for mapping the brain’s structure and function. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Looking Inside the Living Brain EOM Quiz 2.6–2.10: From the Bottom Up: The Structures of the Brain

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOM Q2.3.1 Which brain structure relays incoming sensory information? a) thalamus b) hypothalamus c) reticular formation d) pons Answer: a Consider This: This structure might process that sensory information before sending it on to the part of the cortex that deals with that kind of sensation. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 2.7 Identify the structures of the brain that are involved in emotion, learning, memory, and motivation. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: From the Bottom Up: The Structures of the Brain EOM Q2.3.2 If you were to develop a rare condition in which you were not able to remember to be afraid of certain situations, animals, or events, which part of the brain would most likely be damaged? a) amygdala b) cingulate cortex c) hypothalamus d) thalamus Answer: a Consider This: This is involved in fear responses and memory of fear. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 2.7 Identify the structures of the brain that are involved in emotion, learning, memory, and motivation. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: From the Bottom Up: The Structures of the Brain EOM Q2.3.3 What part of the brain can sometimes be referred to as the “rind” or outer covering? a) cortex b) thalamus c) medulla d) corpus callosum Answer: a Consider This: This is very recognizable surface anatomy because it is full of wrinkles. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: From the Bottom Up: The Structures of the Brain EOM Q2.3.4 In which of the following lobes of the cortex would you find the primary visual cortex? a) occipital b) frontal c) temporal d) parietal Answer: a

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Consider This: This is located at the base of the cortex, toward the back of the brain. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: From the Bottom Up: The Structures of the Brain EOM Q2.3.5 You have a dream in which you wake up to find that people around you are using words that make no sense. What’s more, your friends don’t seem to understand you when you speak. At one point in your dream, your mom tells you that you almost forgot your tree limb today. When you give her a puzzled look, she holds up your lunchbox and repeats, “You know, your tree limb.” Your predicament in your dream is most like which of the following disorders? a) Wernicke’s aphasia b) Broca’s aphasia c) apraxia d) spatial neglect Answer: a Consider This: A person with this condition is able to speak fluently and pronounce words correctly, but the words would be the wrong ones entirely. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 2.9 Recall the function of cortical association areas, including those especially crucial for language. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: From the Bottom Up: The Structures of the Brain EOM Quiz: 2.11–2.12: The Nervous System: The Rest of the Story EOM Q2.4.1 If you touch a hot stove, your spinal cord can prompt you to withdraw your hand without having to send the message all the way to the brain. This is due to what scientists call a) the reflex arc. b) neuroplasticity. c) the parasympathetic nervous system. d) the sympathetic nervous system. Answer: a Consider This: Having this controlled by the spinal cord alone allows for very fast response times. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 2.11 Describe how the components of the central nervous system interact and how they may respond to experiences or injury. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The Nervous System: The Rest of the Story EOM Q2.4.2 What is the process whereby the structure and function of brain cells change in response to trauma, damage, or even learning? a) neuroplasticity b) shallow lesioning c) deep lesioning d) cell regeneration Answer: a

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Consider This: Dendrites grow and new synapses are formed in at least some areas of the brain as people learn new things throughout life. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 2.11 Describe how the components of the central nervous system interact and how they may respond to experiences or injury. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Nervous System: The Rest of the Story EOM Q2.4.3 The neurons of the sensory pathway contain a) afferent neurons. b) efferent neurons. c) both efferent and afferent neurons. d) voluntary muscle fibers. Answer: a Consider This: The sensory pathway comprises all the nerves carrying messages from the senses to the central nervous system. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The Nervous System: The Rest of the Story EOM Q2.4.4 Yvette’s ability to reach for and pick up her book is largely due to the functions of the _________ pathway of the _____________ nervous system. a) motor; somatic b) sensory; somatic c) autonomic; peripheral d) parasympathetic; autonomic Answer: a Consider This: This pathway is all the nerves carrying messages from the central nervous system to the voluntary, or skeletal, muscles of the body. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The Nervous System: The Rest of the Story EOM Q2.4.5 Which of the following would be active if you have just narrowly missed having an automobile accident? a) sympathetic division b) parasympathetic division c) somatic division d) motor division Answer: a Consider This: This is called the “fight-or-flight system” because it allows people and animals to deal with all kinds of stressful events. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The Nervous System: The Rest of the Story EOM Quiz 2.13–2.15: The Endocrine Glands

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOM Q2.5.1 Your friend Dana has suffered from diabetes for her entire life. She regularly tests her blood to make sure her sugar levels are not too high or low. Which gland in her endocrine system is responsible for regulating her blood sugar? a) pancreas b) thyroid c) pituitary d) adrenal Answer: a Consider This: This gland secretes insulin and glucagon. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 2.14 Recall the role of various endocrine glands. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Distant Connections: The Endocrine Glands EOM Q2.5.2 Buck has always been thin. In fact, he often seems to be able to eat whatever he wants without gaining weight. The doctor told his parents that Buck’s __________ gland is the cause of his fast metabolism. a) thyroid b) pituitary c) adrenal d) pancreas Answer: a Consider This: This gland secretes a hormone that controls the burning of energy. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 2.14 Recall the role of various endocrine glands. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Distant Connections: The Endocrine Glands EOM Q2.5.3 Although oxytocin has been tied to a variety of prosocial behaviors such as “love” and “trust,” some researchers believe that in humans, it may actually work to increase ___________. a) the importance of some social stimuli b) heart rate and empathy c) negative pair bonding d) social loafing Answer: a Consider This: Oxytocin’s effects depend on what people believe about themselves in relation to other people and what they believe about achieving close social relationships. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 2.14 Recall the role of various endocrine glands. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Distant Connections: The Endocrine Glands EOM Q2.5.4 Of the following, which is NOT one of the stages of the general adaptation syndrome? a) compensation b) alarm c) resistance d) exhaustion Answer: a Consider This: People experience these stages many times throughout life. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 2.15 Describe how the autonomic nervous system and body are impacted by stress.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Hormones and Stress EOM Q2.5.5 Stress can depress the release of _________ cells, whose primary function is to suppress viruses and destroy tumor cells. a) natural killer (NK) b) paracrine c) histamine d) blastocyst Answer: a Consider This: This cell has as its main functions the suppression of viruses and the destruction of tumor cells. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 2.15 Describe how the autonomic nervous system and body are impacted by stress. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Hormones and Stress Chapter 2 Quiz: The Biological Perspective EOC Q2.1 In the structure of the neuron, the __________ receives messages from other cells. a) dendrite b) axon c) soma d) myelin Answer: a Consider This: This structure looks like the branches of a tree. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Neurons and Neurotransmitters EOC Q2.2 Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells generate a fatty substance known as a) myelin. b) glial. c) soma. d) neurilemma. Answer: a Consider This: This substance wraps around the shaft of the axons, forming an insulating and protective sheath. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Neurons and Neurotransmitters EOC Q2.3 Which of the following helps electrical impulses speed along down the length of the axon? a) myelin sheath b) synaptic knobs c) receptor sites d) neuromodulators Answer: a

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Consider This: Sections of myelin bump up next to each other on the axon. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 2.1 Identify the parts of a neuron and the function of each. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Neurons and Neurotransmitters EOC Q2.4 When a neuron is in the resting potential state, the neuron is negatively charged on the _________ and positively charged on the _________. a) inside; outside b) outside; inside c) top; bottom d) bottom; top Answer: a Consider This: A neuron that’s at rest—not currently firing a neural impulse or message—is actually electrically charged. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 2.2 Explain the action potential. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Neurons and Neurotransmitters EOC Q2.5 Which neurotransmitter stimulates skeletal muscle cells to contract but slows contractions of the heart? a) acetylcholine (ACh) b) GABA c) serotonin d) endorphin Answer: a Consider This: This was the first neurotransmitter ever identified; it is often found at the synapses between neurons and muscle cells. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Neurons and Neurotransmitters EOC Q2.6 Heroin mimics the actions of endorphins, inhibiting pain signals. Heroin is an _______ for endorphins. a) agonist b) protagonist c) antagonist d) glial cell Answer: a Consider This: This can mimic or enhance the effects of neurotransmitters on the receptor sites of the next cell. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 2.3 Describe how neurons use neurotransmitters to communicate with each other and with the body. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Neurons and Neurotransmitters EOC Q2.7 Sandy is a subject in a study on memory and problem solving. The researcher is applying magnetic pulses to her brain through copper wire coils positioned directly above her scalp. Sandy’s study would best be described as a(n) _______ technique.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) noninvasive stimulation b) EEG c) invasive stimulation d) PET Answer: a Consider This: In this technique, the resulting magnetic fields stimulate neurons in the targeted area of the cortex. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 2.4 Describe how lesioning studies and brain stimulation are used to study the brain. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Methods for Studying Specific Regions of the Brain EOC Q2.8 Which technique of studying the brain involves injecting the patient with radioactive glucose? a) PET b) EEG c) MRI d) CT Answer: a Consider This: Active brain areas require energy. In this technique, brain activity is examined by identifying which cells are using up the radioactive glucose. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 2.5 Compare and contrast neuroimaging techniques for mapping the brain’s structure and function. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Looking Inside the Living Brain EOC Q2.9 Selena often sleeps soundly and rarely awakens to any outside noise. However, the cries of her baby can awaken her immediately. What part of the brain is responsible for this reaction? a) reticular formation b) medulla c) pons d) cerebellum Answer: a Consider This: This is the part of the brain that helps keep people alert and aroused. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 2.6 Identify the different structures of the hindbrain and the function of each. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: From the Bottom Up: The Structures of the Brain EOC Q2.10 Nicole and Camille are synchronized swimmers for their college swim team. They often work long hours to ensure the movements in their routine are perfectly timed. What part of their brains must Camille and Nicole rely most upon? a) cerebellum b) medulla c) pons d) reticular formation Answer: a Consider This: This part of the brain coordinates voluntary movements that have to happen in rapid succession. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 2.6 Identify the different structures of the hindbrain and the function of each.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: From the Bottom Up: The Structures of the Brain EOC Q2.11 Your psychology professor refers to this as the primary relay station for sensory information. What structure are they referring to? a) thalamus b) hypothalamus c) hippocampus d) amygdala Answer: a Consider This: Recent research has also suggested that this part of the brain may affect the functioning of taskspecific regions of the cortex. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 2.7 Identify the structures of the brain that are involved in emotion, learning, memory, and motivation. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: From the Bottom Up: The Structures of the Brain EOC Q2.12 Which part of the brain is involved in the creation of long-term, declarative memories and is often linked to Alzheimer’s disease? a) hippocampus b) thalamus c) hypothalamus d) amygdala Answer: a Consider This: This is the Greek word for “seahorse,” and it was given to this brain structure because the first scientists who dissected the brain thought it looked like a seahorse. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 2.7 Identify the structures of the brain that are involved in emotion, learning, memory, and motivation. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: From the Bottom Up: The Structures of the Brain EOC Q2.13 Tracy suffered a severe blow to the back of her head when she was thrown from her horse. Subsequently, her occipital lobe has been injured. Which of her senses has the highest chance of being affected? a) vision b) hearing c) touch d) taste and smell Answer: a Consider This: The primary cortical processing area for this sensory modality is found in the occipital lobe. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 2.8 Identify the parts of the cortex that process the different senses and those that control movement of the body. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: From the Bottom Up: The Structures of the Brain

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

EOC Q2.14 Sumit’s grandfather recently suffered a stroke and has had difficulty with language production ever since. Most likely, he has experienced damage to the __________ area of his brain. a) left frontal b) right rear c) left rear d) right frontal Answer: a Consider This: This area coordinates various brain areas, allowing a person to speak smoothly and fluently. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 2. 9 Recall the function of cortical association areas, including those especially crucial for language. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: From the Bottom Up: The Structures of the Brain EOC Q2.15 Robbie is recovering from a brain injury. He is able to speak fluently but often uses incorrect words in a sentence. In one instance at a friend’s birthday party, he said, “I would like something to drink. Can I have some battery?” Robbie’s problem may be a symptom of a) Wernicke’s aphasia. b) spatial neglect. c) visual agnosia. d) Broca’s aphasia. Answer: a Consider This: People with this condition are able to speak fluently and pronounce words correctly, but the words would be the wrong ones entirely. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 2.9 Recall the function of cortical association areas, including those especially crucial for language. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: From the Bottom Up: The Structures of the Brain EOC Q2.16 Although the brain works largely as a whole, which of the following is not a correct pairing of hemisphere and function? a) right; control of right-handed motor functions b) left; control of right-handed motor functions c) right; recognition of faces d) left; reading Answer: a Consider This: An organizational feature of the cortex is that for specific regions, each hemisphere is responsible for the opposite side of the body, either for control or for receiving information. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 2.10 Explain how some brain functions differ between the left and right hemispheres. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: From the Bottom Up: The Structures of the Brain EOC Q2.17 Involuntary muscles are controlled by the __________ nervous system. a) autonomic b) somatic c) sympathetic

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) parasympathetic Answer: a Consider This: Involuntary muscles, such as the heart, stomach, and intestines, are controlled by clumps of neurons located on or near the spinal column. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Nervous System: The Rest of the Story EOC Q2.18 As you take notes, your heart beats at a normal rate. Your breathing is normal and your stomach slowly digests your earlier meal. What part of the peripheral nervous system is currently in action? a) parasympathetic b) autonomic c) sympathetic d) somatic Answer: a Consider This: This system is sometimes called the “rest and digest” system. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 2.12 Differentiate the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Nervous System: The Rest of the Story EOC Q2.19 Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is accompanied by activation of the sympathetic nervous system? a) alarm b) resistance c) exhaustion d) termination Answer: a Consider This: The adrenal glands release hormones that increase heart rate, blood pressure, and the supply of blood sugar, resulting in a burst of energy. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 2.15 Describe how the autonomic nervous system and body are impacted by stress. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Hormones and Stress EOC Q2.20 _________ refers to an individual’s capacity to effectively cope with and quickly recover from the adverse physiological, psychological, and social outcomes of stress. a) resilience b) resistance c) differentiation d) diffusion Answer: a Consider This: Constant exposure to these stress mediators can have damaging effects on the brain and the brain’s ability to interact successfully with the rest of the body. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 2.15 Describe how the autonomic nervous system and body are impacted by stress. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Hormones and Stress

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE

Chapter 3

Learning Objectives

Remember the Facts

Introduction 3.1 Describe how we get information from the outside world into our brains. 3.2 Describe the difference and absolute thresholds. 3.3 Explain why some sensory information is ignored. 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. 3.5 Explain how light information reaches the visual cortex. 3.6 Compare and contrast two major theories of color vision, and explain how colordeficient vision occurs. 3.7 Explain the nature of sound, and describe how it travels through the various parts of the ear. 3.8 Summarize three theories of how the brain processes information about pitch. 3.9 Identify types of hearing impairment and treatment options for each. 3.10 Explain how the sense of taste works. 3.11 Explain how the sense of smell works. 3.12 Describe how we experience the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. 3.13 Describe the systems that tell us about balance and position and movement of our bodies.

Sensation and Perception 139, 140 1–3, 5

Understand the Concepts

Apply What You Know

Analyze It 6

9–11, 13–15, 18, 20–22, 24, 179, 194, 195 26–28, 31

8, 12

7, 16, 17, 19, 23, 205

29, 180

25, 30

32, 35, 36, 38, 40–44, 46–56, 58, 181, 183 184, 196

33, 34, 59, 182

37, 45, 57

66–68, 70, 71, 74, 75

73, 76, 185

64, 65, 69, 72, 77

206

78, 85–92, 186, 187, 197

207

81, 84

79, 80, 82, 83

93, 96, 188, 198

94, 95

60–63

97–99, 101, 189

100, 199

103, 105, 106, 108, 109, 111, 190, 200 112–114, 116, 191 117–123, 126, 128, 192, 202

107, 110

102, 104

125, 127

124, 129

130, 131, 135

132, 136, 137

133, 134, 138

115

201

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Learning Objectives 3.14 Describe how perceptual constancies and the Gestalt principles account for common perceptual experiences. 3.15 Explain how we perceive depth using both monocular and binocular cues. 3.16 Identify some common visual illusions and the factors that influence our perception of them. 3.17 Describe how mindfulness and paying attention to our senses, thoughts, and feelings can impact perceptions, personal experiences, and overall sense of well-being.

Remember the Facts

Understand the Concepts

Apply What You Know

Analyze It

141, 146, 147, 149, 151, 153– 155, 157–161

142–144, 150

145, 148, 152, 156

162–164, 166– 170, 208

165, 171, 193

203

177

209

173, 178

172, 174–176, 204

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Name _____________________________________________________________

Chapter 3 – Quick Quiz 1 1. Activation of the receptors by stimuli is called __________. a) perception c) adaptation b) sensation d) habituation 2. The shortest wavelengths that we can see are experienced as __________ colors. a) red c) green b) blue d) yellow 3. Which part of the eye is a muscle that regulates the size of the pupil? a) iris c) retina b) lens d) sclera 4. Which of the following is a characteristic of both light waves and sound waves? a) hue c) amplitude b) decibels d) wavelength 5. What are the hammer, anvil, and stirrup? a) tiny bones located in the middle ear b) types of cones on the retina c) types of sound that most people can detect d) words often used by audiologists in testing for hearing difficulties 6. Where are the taste receptors located? a) on the papillae b) on the taste buds

c) on the microvilli d) in the gustatory bulb

7. The kinesthetic senses are concerned with __________. a) touch, pressure, temperature, and pain b) the location of body parts in relation to each other c) movement and body position d) your location as compared to the position of the sun 8. Similarity is the tendency to perceive __________. a) objects, or figures, on some background b) things that look similar as being part of the same group c) objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping d) things with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern 9. An illusion __________. a) is the same thing as a vision b) is due to the action of the rods versus the cones in the retina c) is a perception that does not correspond to reality d) corresponds directly to something that you dreamed 10. People’s tendency to perceive a thing a certain way because their previous experiences or expectations influence them is called __________. a) top-down processing c) bottom-up processing b) telepathy d) perceptual expectancy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 3 – Quick Quiz 1

Answer Key 1.

Explanation: Sensation is the activation of the receptors by stimuli. (Topic: 3.1 Transduction, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 3.1 Describe how we get information from the outside world into our brains, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Blue has the shortest wavelength. (Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: The iris is a muscle that controls pupil size. (Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Wavelength is the common characteristic of both light waves and sound waves. (Topic: 3.7 Sound Waves and the Ear, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 3.7 Explain the nature of sound, and describe how it travels through the various parts of the ear, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are tiny bones in the middle ear. (Topic: 3.7 Sound Waves and the Ear, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 3.7 Explain the nature of sound, and describe how it travels through the various parts of the ear, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: The taste receptors are located on the taste buds. (Topic: 3.10 Gustation: How We Taste the World, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 3.10 Explain how the sense of taste works, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: The kinesthetic senses are concerned with the location of body parts in relation to each other. (Topic: 3.13 Body Movement and Position, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 3.13 Describe the systems that tell us about balance and position and movement of our bodies, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Similarity refers to the tendency to perceive things that look similar as being part of the same group. (Topic: 3.14 How We Organize Our Perceptions, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 3.14 Describe how perceptual constancies and the Gestalt principles account for common perceptual experiences, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: An illusion is a perception that does not correspond to reality. Objects look distorted in some fashion or a dimension is misperceived. (Topic: 3.16 Perceptual Illusions, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 3.16 Identify some common visual illusions and the factors that influence our perception of them, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 10. d

Explanation: Perceptual expectancy refers to a person’s tendency to experience things in a certain way because their previous experiences or expectations influence them. (Topic: 3.16 Perceptual Illusions, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 3.16 Identify some common visual illusions and the factors that influence our perception of them, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Name _____________________________________________________________

Chapter 3 – Quick Quiz 2 1. The term just noticeable difference is synonymous with __________ threshold. a) separation c) difference b) response d) absolute 2. In the process known as __________, sensory receptors become less sensitive to repeated presentations of the same stimulus. a) sensation c) sensory adaptation b) sensory fatigue d) discrimination 3. Receptor cells in the retina responsible for color vision and fine acuity are __________. a) bipolar cells c) rods b) ganglion cells d) cones 4. Which of the following properties of sound is the most similar to the brightness of light? a) pitch c) purity b) volume d) timbre 5. Conduction hearing impairment refers to hearing problems that originate in the __________. a) outer ear c) eardrum and middle ear b) inner ear d) auditory pathways and brain 6. What are the five primary tastes? a) hot, sour, spicy, sweet, origami b) salty, sour, spicy, sweet, tart

c) bitter, salty, sour, sweet, umami d) peppery, salty, sour, sweet, acidic

7. The reason that there are three semicircular canals is so that we __________. a) have one canal to sense motion in each of the three planes b) can see the world in three dimensions c) can detect sound locations in the three-dimensional world d) have an extra if one is broken 8. The tendency to interpret an object as always being the same physical dimensions, regardless of its distance from the viewer, is known as __________ constancy. a) size c) brightness b) shape d) color 9. Texture gradient refers to the fact that texture appears to become __________. a) more detailed in the distance b) more detailed as brightness increases c) less detailed in the distance d) less detailed when it is brighter 10. The Müller-Lyer illusion exists in cultures in which there are __________. a) more men than women b) more women than men c) lots of telephone poles d) buildings with lots of corners

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 3 – Quick Quiz 2

Answer Key 1.

Explanation: The term just noticeable difference is synonymous with difference threshold and refers to the detection of change. (Topic: 3.2 Sensory Thresholds, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe the difference and absolute thresholds, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Sensory adaptation is the process whereby receptors become less responsive to an unchanging stimulus. (Topic: 3.3 Habituation and Sensory Adaptation, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain why some sensory information is ignored, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Receptor cells in the retina responsible for color vision are cones. (Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Volume is the most similar to brightness and is based on the intensity of the stimulus. (Topic: 3.7 Sound Waves and the Ear, Skill Level: Analyze It, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 3.7 Explain the nature of sound, and describe how it travels through the various parts of the ear, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Conduction deafness refers to hearing problems that originate in the eardrum and middle ear. (Topic: 3.9 Types of Hearing Impairments, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 3.9 Identify types of hearing impairment and treatment options for each, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: The five primary tastes are bitter, salty, sour, sweet, and umami. (Topic: 3.10 Gustation: How We Taste the World, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 3.10 Explain how the sense of taste works. APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: The reason is that we have one canal to sense motion in each of the three planes. (Topic: 3.13 Body Movement and Position, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 3.13 Describe the systems that tell us about balance and position and movement of our bodies, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: The tendency to interpret an object as always being the same physical dimensions, regardless of its distance from the viewer, is known as size constancy. (Topic: 3.14 How We Organize Our Perceptions, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 3.14 Describe how perceptual constancies and the Gestalt principles account for common perceptual experiences, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 9.

Explanation: Texture gradient refers to the fact that texture appears to become less detailed in the distance. (Topic: 3.15 Depth Perception, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 3.15 Explain how we perceive depth using both monocular and binocular cues, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

10. d

Explanation: The Müller-Lyer illusion exists in cultures in which there are buildings with lots of corners, which leads to misperception of depth. (Topic: 3.16 Perceptual Illusions, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 3.16 Identify some common visual illusions and the factors that influence our perception of them, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Sensation and Perception

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. __________ are the raw data of experience, based on the activation of certain receptors located in the various sensory organs. a) Perceptions Incorrect. Perception is the mental process of sorting, identifying, and arranging the raw data of experience into meaningful patterns. Sensations are the raw data of experience. b) Emotions c) Cognitions d) Sensations Correct. Sensations are the raw data of experience based on receptor activation. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.1 Describe how we get information from the outside world into our brains. Topic: 3.1 Transduction Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 79 a= 12 b= 2 c= 7 d= 79 r = .35 % correct 78 a= 17 b= 2 c= 4 d= 78 r = .33 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2. Activation of the receptors by stimuli is called __________. a) perception Incorrect. Perception is the mental process of sorting, identifying, and arranging the raw data of experience into meaningful patterns. Sensation is the activation of the receptors. b) sensation Correct. Sensation is the activation of the receptors by stimuli. c) adaptation d) habituation Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.1 Describe how we get information from the outside world into our brains. Topic: 3.1 Transduction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 83 a= 10 b= 83 c= 4 d= 2 r = .42 % correct 92 a= 5 b= 92 c= 2 d= 2 r = .31 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 3. Cells that are triggered by light, vibrations, sounds, touch, or chemical substances are called __________. a) ganglion cells Incorrect. Ganglion cells are connector neurons that come into play later in the process. They take information from receptors and related cells and then send it on for more processing. Receptors respond directly to stimuli. b) bipolar cells c) ossicles d) sensory receptors Correct. Cells that are triggered by light, vibrations, sounds, touch, or chemical substances are called sensory receptors; examples are rods, cones, and hair cells.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.1 Describe how we get information from the outside world into our brains. Topic: 3.1 Transduction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 84 a= 9 b= 3 c= 3 d= 84 r = .23 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 4. Sensory receptors are specialized forms of what kind of cell in the nervous system? a) ganglion cells Incorrect. Ganglion cells are connector neurons that come into play later in the process of sensation. b) myelin c) glial cells d) neurons Correct. Sensory receptors are specialized forms of neurons. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.1 Describe how we get information from the outside world into our brains. Topic: 3.1 Transduction Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 5. The process by which outside stimuli, in their various forms of energy, are converted into neural signals is called __________. a) sublimation b) transduction Correct. Transduction is the process by which external stimuli are converted into neural signals. c) perception d) sensation Incorrect. Sensation is the activation of sensory receptors by external stimuli. Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.1 Describe how we get information from the outside world into our brains. Topic: 3.1 Transduction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 6. Sensation is to perception as __________ is to __________. a) stimulation; interpretation Correct. The stimulation of our sensory receptors by energy from the world around us is sensation. The process by which that energy is interpreted into recognized patterns is perception. b) awareness; interpretation c) interpretation; awareness Incorrect. In a general sense, this is the opposite of the correct answer. d) organization; interpretation Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.1 Describe how we get information from the outside world into our brains. Topic: 3.1 Transduction Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 7. Maurice notices that his favorite candy bar seems lighter than usual, so he checks the label and finds that it is lighter by ½ ounce. He decides to buy a larger candy bar instead and doesn’t notice that the larger candy bar also is lighter than it used to be by ½ ounce. Maurice’s behavior illustrates the fact that:

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) sensory adaptation may occur in the short time between holding one candy bar and then the other. b) the larger a weight is, the greater the change must be before one can detect a difference. Correct. Whatever the difference between two sensory stimuli, it is a constant. c) the just noticeable difference is not a reliable measure of psychophysiological judgment. Incorrect. The just noticeable difference has been demonstrated since before psychology was formally a science. d) JNDs are unpredictable because sometimes he can and sometimes he can’t detect a ½ ounce change. Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe the difference and absolute thresholds. Topic: 3.2 Sensory Thresholds Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 8. Ernst Weber provided a formulation that is used to determine the __________. a) largest detectable stimulus b) smallest detectable stimulus Incorrect. Weber did not focus on the absolute threshold, but is known instead for his work on the just noticeable difference (JND). c) largest detectable difference between two stimuli d) smallest detectable difference between two stimuli Correct. Weber provided a formulation that is used to predict the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe the difference and absolute thresholds. Topic: 3.2 Sensory Thresholds Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 66 a= 2 b= 21 c= 11 d= 66 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 9. The difference threshold (or JND) is the degree of change that is required in order for a person to detect a change __________ percent of the time. a) 25 b) 50 Correct. The difference threshold is defined as the degree of change in a stimulus level that is required in order for a person to detect it 50 percent of the time. c) 75 Incorrect. The difference threshold is defined as the degree of change in a stimulus level that is required in order for a person to detect it 50 percent of the time. d) 100 Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe the difference and absolute thresholds. Topic: 3.2 Sensory Thresholds Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 10. __________ refers to the principle that the just noticeable difference of any given sense is a constant fraction or proportion of the stimulus being judged. a) The opponent-process principle Incorrect. The opponent-process principle refers to a concept regarding color vision. b) The doctrine of specific nerve energies c) The phi phenomenon d) Weber’s law Correct. Weber’s law describes how change detection is based on a proportion of the stimulus intensity.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe the difference and absolute thresholds. Topic: 3.2 Sensory Thresholds Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 83 a= 5 b= 9 c= 3 d= 83 r = .44 % correct 82 a= 6 b= 7 c= 3 d= 82 r = .47 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 11. The term just noticeable difference is synonymous with __________ threshold. a) separation b) response Incorrect. Response threshold is not a term used in the text. The term difference threshold is the correct synonym. c) difference Correct. The term just noticeable difference is synonymous with difference threshold and refers to the detection of change. d) absolute Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe the difference and absolute thresholds. Topic: 3.2 Sensory Thresholds Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 63 a= 4 b= 6 c= 63 d= 27 r = .31 % correct 54 a= 4 b= 9 c= 54 d= 35 r = .25 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 12. The minimal stimulus necessary for detection is called the __________, whereas the smallest noticeable change in a stimulus is referred to as the __________. a) absolute threshold; difference threshold Correct. The lowest stimulus intensity required for detection is the absolute threshold, and the smallest noticeable difference between a standard stimulus intensity and another stimulus value is the difference threshold. b) base value; just noticeable difference (JND) c) response criterion; sensory constant d) difference threshold; absolute threshold Incorrect. The lowest stimulus intensity required for detection is the absolute threshold, whereas the smallest noticeable difference between a standard stimulus intensity and another stimulus value is the difference threshold. Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe the difference and absolute thresholds. Topic: 3.2 Sensory Thresholds Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 13. The lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50 percent of the time the stimulation is present is called the __________ threshold. a) absolute Correct. The point at which a person can detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is presented is called the absolute threshold. b) range c) difference Incorrect. The difference threshold is the smallest difference between two stimuli that a person can detect 50 percent of the time they are presented. d) noticeable

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe the difference and absolute thresholds. Topic: 3.2 Sensory Thresholds Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 63 a= 63 b= 7 c= 21 d= 10 r = .25 % correct 78 a= 78 b=4 c= 18 d= 0 r = .23 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 14. The lowest intensity of a particular stimulus that enables the average person to consciously detect that stimulus 50 percent of the time it is presented is called the __________. a) absolute threshold Correct. The absolute threshold is the lowest intensity of a particular stimulus that enables the average person to consciously detect that stimulus 50 percent of the time it is presented. b) difference threshold c) just noticeable difference d) psychophysical threshold Incorrect. There is no such term as psychophysical threshold. Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe the difference and absolute thresholds. Topic: 3.2 Sensory Thresholds Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 75 a= 75 b= 15 c= 7 d= 3 r = .38 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 15. The smallest amount of a particular stimulus required to produce any sensation at all in the person to whom the stimulus is presented is the __________ threshold. a) absolute Correct. The smallest amount of a particular stimulus required to produce any sensation at all in a person is the absolute threshold. Below that level, the stimulus cannot be detected reliably. b) minimum Incorrect. The smallest amount of a stimulus required to produce any sensation at all in a person is the absolute threshold. The term minimum would seem to be correct, but it is not used. c) difference d) noticeable Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe the difference and absolute thresholds. Topic: 3.2 Sensory Thresholds Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 74 a= 74 b= 12 c= 7 d= 7 r = .31 % correct 63 a= 63 b= 12 c= 7 d= 18 r = .40 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 16. When Scarlett went to her doctor, he gave her a hearing test. During the test, the doctor presented tones to Scarlett through earphones. The tones started at a low intensity and then became louder. The doctor asked Scarlett to raise her hand whenever she started to hear a sound. The doctor was testing Scarlett’s __________. a) auditory convergence b) absolute threshold Correct. The doctor was testing Scarlett’s absolute threshold, or the softest sound she could detect. c) refractory threshold d) difference threshold Incorrect. The doctor was testing Scarlett’s absolute threshold, not her ability to detect a difference or change.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe the difference and absolute thresholds. Topic: 3.2 Sensory Thresholds Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 58 a= 14 b= 58 c= 3 d= 26 r = .29 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 17. When Scarlett took a hearing test, the technician presented tones to Scarlett through earphones. The tones started at a low intensity and then became louder. After Scarlett could hear the sound, the doctor asked Scarlett to raise her hand whenever she heard the sound increase in volume. The doctor was testing Scarlett’s __________. a) auditory convergence b) absolute threshold Incorrect. The doctor was testing Scarlett’s difference threshold, or the moment when she could detect a stimulus change. c) refractory threshold d) difference threshold Correct. The doctor was testing Scarlett’s difference threshold, or the moment when she could detect a stimulus change. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe the difference and absolute thresholds. Topic: 3.2 Sensory Thresholds Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 18. The average threshold for human vision is a candle flame seen from __________ on a dark, clear night. a) 1 mile b) 15 miles Incorrect. The average threshold for human vision is a candle flame seen from 30 miles. c) 7.5 miles d) 30 miles Correct. The average threshold for human vision is a candle flame seen from 30 miles. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe the difference and absolute thresholds. Topic: 3.2 Sensory Thresholds Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 55 a= 22 b= 11 c= 12 d= 55 r = .32 % correct 41 a= 30 b= 9 c= 20 d= 41 r = .22 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 19. We can see a candle flame at 30 miles on a clear, dark night, and we can hear the tick of a watch 20 feet away in a quiet room. These two facts are examples of __________. a) JNDs b) difference thresholds Incorrect. Difference threshold has to do with the detection of changes, not the lowest detectable stimulus level. c) adaptation d) absolute thresholds Correct. These are absolute thresholds, as they are at the lower limits of our detection.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe the difference and absolute thresholds. Topic: 3.2 Sensory Thresholds Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 84 a= 6 b= 6 c= 4 d= 84 r = .22 % correct 70 a= 14 b= 11 c= 5 d= 70 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 20. The average threshold for human hearing is the tick of a watch from __________ feet away under very quiet conditions. a) 20 Correct. The average threshold for human hearing is the tick of a watch from 20 feet away under very quiet conditions. b) 40 c) 60 d) 80 Incorrect. The average threshold for human hearing is the tick of a watch from 20 feet away under very quiet conditions. Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe the difference and absolute thresholds. Topic: 3.2 Sensory Thresholds Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 66 a= 66 b= 15 c= 17 d= 1 r = .25 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 21. Some people believe that __________ are messages that can be sent to consumers, prompting them to buy a product without their being aware of receiving such messages. a) selective perceptions b) subliminal stimuli Correct. Subliminal stimuli are believed to operate at an unconscious level, meaning that people would be unaware of having perceived them. c) inductive perceptions d) below threshold perceptions Incorrect. Below threshold perceptions would refer to stimuli that are too weak to be perceived, not necessarily to those that are perceived on an unconscious level. Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe the difference and absolute thresholds. Topic: 3.2 Sensory Thresholds Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 96 a= 4 b= 96 c= 0 d= 0 r = .24 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 22. One problem with James Vicary’s study of subliminal perception is that it __________. a) demonstrated the validity of the concept of subliminal perception Incorrect. Vicary’s study never happened, and subliminal perception has not been shown to be useful. b) did not prove that people actually bought more colas and popcorn for several months after seeing the movie c) showed that subliminal stimuli had only very small effects on consumer patterns d) never happened Correct. As it turned out, Vicary’s study never actually happened, and other researchers were unable to duplicate the results Vicary claimed he got.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe the difference and absolute thresholds. Topic: 3.2 Sensory Thresholds Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 23. Denise goes to a movie theater to watch her favorite movie. About halfway through the movie, she becomes aware of an overpowering hunger for popcorn. What she doesn’t realize is that throughout the first part of the movie, a message saying “Eat Popcorn!” was repeatedly flashed on the screen at a speed too fast for her to be consciously aware of it. If Denise’s desire for popcorn is due to that message, she is responding to __________. a) selective perception Incorrect. Selective perception would refer to a choice between above threshold stimuli. b) subliminal perception Correct. She is responding to subliminal perception, which is not consciously detected. c) cognitive restructuring d) stroboscopic perception Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe the difference and absolute thresholds. Topic: 3.2 Sensory Thresholds Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 88 a= 4 b= 88 c= 3 d= 4 r = .26 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 24. A method for assessing the accuracy of judgments or decisions under uncertain conditions is called __________ theory. This method assesses a person’s “hits” and “rejections” compared to their “misses” and “false alarms.” a) neural appraisal b) transductive Incorrect. Transduction is the process by which stimuli are converted into neural signals. c) signal detection Correct. Signal detection theory explains this process, and it is used in many different domains. d) psychophysics Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe the difference and absolute thresholds. Topic: 3.2 Sensory Thresholds Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 25. When you first put your hat on, you can feel it quite easily, but after a while, you forget that you are wearing a hat at all—the sensation is gone. What happens? a) sensory fatigue Incorrect. Sensory fatigue is not the proper term, though it sounds like it could be correct. b) subliminal perception c) habituation Correct. Habituation is the process by which the lower centers of the brain sort through sensory stimulation and “ignore,” or prevent conscious attention to, stimuli that do not change. d) perceptual defense

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain why some sensory information is ignored. Topic: 3.3 Habituation and Sensory Adaptation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 93 a= 4 b= 4 c= 93 d= 0 r = .19 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 26. __________ is the process by which unchanging information from the senses of taste, touch, smell, and vision is “ignored” by the sensory receptor cells themselves. a) Transformation b) Sensory adaptation Correct. The process by which unchanging information from the senses of taste, touch, smell, and vision is “ignored” by the sensory receptors is called adaptation, and it prevents us from being bombarded by constant sensations. c) Transmutation Incorrect. Transmutation is the process of turning one object or element into another and is not relevant to the sensory process described. d) Transduction Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain why some sensory information is ignored. Topic: 3.3 Habituation and Sensory Adaptation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 93 a= 4 b= 93 c= 4 d= 0 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 27. In the process known as __________, sensory receptors become less sensitive to repeated presentations of the same stimulus. a) sensation b) sensory fatigue Incorrect. There is no such term as sensory fatigue. c) sensory adaptation Correct. Sensory adaptation is the process whereby receptors become less responsive to an unchanging stimulus. d) discrimination Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain why some sensory information is ignored. Topic: 3.3 Habituation and Sensory Adaptation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 85 a= 2 b= 10 c= 85 d= 2 r = .32 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 28. In the process known as __________, the brain stops attending to constant, unchanging stimuli from one’s surroundings. a) habituation Correct. When the brain begins to disregard a constant stimulus, habituation is occurring. b) sensory fatigue c) sensory adaptation Incorrect. Sensory adaptation is the process whereby receptors become less responsive to an unchanging stimulus. d) discrimination

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain why some sensory information is ignored. Topic: 3.3 Habituation and Sensory Adaptation Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 29. Sensory adaptation takes place at the level of a person’s ___________. a) senses Correct. Sensory adaptation involves the sense receptors becoming less responsive to an unchanging stimulus. b) subliminal awareness c) brain Incorrect. When the brain stops processing a source of unchanging stimulation it is called habituation. d) absolute threshold Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain why some sensory information is ignored. Topic: 3.3 Habituation and Sensory Adaptation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 30. Because of what you have learned about sensory adaptation, you might think that if you stared at a picture for a long period of time, the image you see would eventually fade. This would be the case if not for the tiny vibrations of your eye called __________. a) glissades Incorrect. Glissades are slow, tracking eye movements. b) microsaccades Correct. Microsaccades are the tiny vibrations of the eye that prevent images from fading by avoiding image stabilization. c) habituation movements d) light wave responses Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain why some sensory information is ignored. Topic: 3.3 Habituation and Sensory Adaptation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 31. Microsaccades are __________. a) tiny vibrations of the eye that prevent images from fading Correct. Microsaccades are the tiny vibrations of the eye that prevent images from fading by avoiding image stabilization. b) the tiny bones in the ear that transmit sound waves to the cochlea Incorrect. The tiny bones in the ear are called the hammer, anvil, and stirrup. c) the photoreceptors in the eye responsible for night vision d) pain receptors in the limbs Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain why some sensory information is ignored. Topic: 3.3 Habituation and Sensory Adaptation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 32. A photon refers to __________. a) a tiny packet of light waves

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. Tiny packets of light waves are called photons. b) a weapon used by the USS Enterprise c) the smallest unit of sound d) the property of light that gives us the perception of color Incorrect. The smallest possible unit of light is known as a photon. Answer: a Skill Level: Remember the Facts Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Easy APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 33. The complexity of light is related to our perception of _______________. a) hue b) brightness c) distance Incorrect. Distance cues involve other visual processes. d) saturation Correct. Saturation refers to how pure or mixed a light source is perceived to be. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 34. Light is said to have a dual nature, meaning it can be thought of in two different ways. These two ways are __________. a) particles and photons Incorrect. Light comes in indivisible particles called photons but does demonstrate the properties of waves. Because particles and photons mean the same thing in this answer, they do not indicate a dual nature. b) waves and frequencies c) waves and particles Correct. Light comes in individual particles called photons but does demonstrate the properties of waves. d) dark light and daylight Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 50 a= 13 b= 30 c= 50 d= 7 r = .41 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 35. The shortest wavelengths that we can see are experienced as __________ colors. a) red Incorrect. Red is associated with the longest wavelengths, not the shortest. b) blue Correct. Blue has the shortest wavelength. c) green d) yellow

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 35 a= 51 b= 35 c= 5 d= 8 r = .24 % correct 21 a= 60 b= 21 c= 5 d= 13 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 36. The longest wavelengths we can see are experienced as __________ colors. a) red Correct. Red has the longest wavelength of light that we can perceive. b) blue-violet c) green d) yellow Incorrect. Wavelengths that appear yellow occur toward the middle of the visible spectrum. Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 46 a= 46 b= 43 c= 2 d= 10 r = .22 % correct 51 a= 51 b= 40 c= 2 d= 7 r = .30 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 37. What color would you report seeing if a researcher projected the longest wavelength in the visible spectrum onto a screen? a) red Correct. The human eye sees the longest wavelengths as the color red. b) blue Incorrect. The human eye sees the shortest wavelengths as the color blue. The longest wavelengths appear red. c) yellow d) violet Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 68 a= 68 b= 9 c= 5 d= 17 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 38. The visible spectrum refers to the __________. a) portion of the whole spectrum of light that is visible to the human eye Correct. The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the whole spectrum of light that is visible to the human eye. Wavelengths outside the visible spectrum of approximately 400 to 700 nanometers are not visible to humans. b) effect of intensity on how we see dark to grey to white c) effect of the sound density on the perceptions of those with synesthesia d) well-known fact that colors are less visible to some men’s eyes Incorrect. The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the whole spectrum of light that is visible to the human eye. Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 95 a= 95 b= 5 c= 0 d= 1 r = .37

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White % correct 97 a= 97 b= 2 c= 0 d= 1 r = .37 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 39. Ksenya wants to repaint her bedroom. “I don’t care what the color is, as long as it’s bright!” she squeals with delight. “Bright colors! Bright, bright, bright!” “Okay,” her physicist father replies, “got it; you want to make sure you have paint that ___________.” a) reflects light of very short wavelengths Incorrect. The length of a wave determines its color, rather than its brightness. b) is either yellow or red c) is highly saturated, right from the factory d) reflects high amplitude wavelengths of light Correct. Brightness is determined by the amplitude of a wave. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 40. The aspect of color that corresponds to names such as red, green, and blue is __________. a) brightness Incorrect. Brightness refers to our perception of light’s intensity. The aspect of color that corresponds to names such as red, green, and blue is hue. b) saturation c) hue Correct. Hue refers to the names we give to various colors. d) fine detail Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 44 a= 40 b= 15 c= 44 d= 0 r = .33 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 41. When light waves enter the eye, they first pass through the __________. a) iris b) lens Incorrect. The lens is transparent but is located inside the eye. The cornea is the outer covering. c) pupil d) cornea Correct. When light waves enter the eye, they first pass through the cornea. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 66 a= 3 b= 15 c= 16 d= 66 r = .31 % correct 66 a= 3 b= 22 c= 9 d= 66 r = .38 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 42. The clear, transparent protective coating over the front part of the eye is the __________. a) fovea b) sclera

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) cornea Correct. The clear, transparent protective coating over the front part of the eye is the cornea. It focuses most of the light entering the eye. d) iris Incorrect. The iris is the colored part of the eye that controls the opening of the pupil. The clear, transparent protective coating over the front part of the eye is the cornea. Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 43. Which procedure removes small portions of a person’s cornea in order to help change the cornea’s curvature and reestablish clearer vision? a) laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis Correct. This procedure, called LASIK, has helped many people reduce their need for corrective lenses. b) involved iridectomy c) penetrating keratoplasty Incorrect. This term refers to a corneal transplant, which is more involved than LASIK. d) retinitis pigmentosa Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 44. Which part of the eye is a muscle that regulates the size of the pupil? a) iris Correct. The iris is a muscle that controls pupil size. b) lens Incorrect. The lens changes shape in order to focus on near or far objects. The iris controls the pupil size, thereby allowing varying amounts of light to enter. c) retina d) sclera Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 69 a= 69 b= 9 c= 17 d= 5 r = .39 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 45. When we describe someone’s eyes as blue, technically we are referring to her or his blue __________. a) pupils Incorrect. The pupil is the hole formed by the iris. b) irises Correct. The iris is the colored part of the eye. c) corneas d) scleras

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 93 a= 4 b= 93 c= 0 d= 4 r = .19 % correct 89 a= 5 b= 89 c= 5 d= 1 r = . 21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 46. What is the pupil of the eye? a) It is the white part of the eye. b) It is the colored part of the eye. Incorrect. The colored part of the eye is the iris. c) It is the location of the visual receptors. d) It is the small opening in the center of the eye. Correct. The pupil is the small opening in the center of the eye. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 93 a= 0 b= 3 c= 4 d= 93 r = .28 % correct 92 a= 1 b= 5 c= 1 d= 92 r = .29 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 47. The pupil is the __________. a) opening in the center of the iris Correct. The pupil is the opening in the center of the iris and controls the amount of light entering the eye. b) white of the eye c) colored part of the eye Incorrect. The iris is the colored part of the eye that controls pupil size. The pupil is the opening in the center of the iris. d) lining in the back of the eyeball Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 97 a= 97 b= 0 c=1 d= 2 r = .47 % correct 89 a= 89 b= 1 c= 9 d= 1 r = .37 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 48. Light is focused on the retina by the __________. a) pupil Incorrect. The pupil controls the amount of light entering the eye. Light is focused on the retina by the lens. b) ganglion cells c) lens Correct. Light is focused on the retina by the lens. d) iris Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 85 a= 4 b= 4 c= 85 d= 7 r = .29

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White % correct 70 a= 24 b= 0 c= 70 d= 5 r = .33 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 49. The change in the shape of the lens in order to focus on a visual image is known as __________. a) fixation b) divergence c) convergence Incorrect. Convergence is what occurs when the two eyes move in concert to coordinate the image location of the fovea of each eye. d) visual accommodation Correct. Accommodation is the change in the shape of the lens to focus and bend the light, which is more or less based on target distance. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 44 a= 0 b= 33 c= 33 d= 44 r = .45 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 50. __________ is an age-related decline in the ability of the lens to accommodate to different distances of visual stimuli. a) Presbyopia Correct. This condition is considered a normal age-related decline in vision. b) Cataract c) Glaucoma Incorrect. This condition involves an increase in pressure within the eye. d) Retinitis pigmentosa Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 51. Which component of the eye contains the visual receptors? a) sclera b) retina Correct. The retina contains the visual receptors called rods and cones. c) cornea d) posterior chamber Incorrect. The posterior chamber is a hollow space in the back of the eye. The retina contains the visual receptors. Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 84 a= 1 b= 84 c= 12 d= 3 r = .32 % correct 85 a= 0 b= 85 c= 11 d= 4 r = .22 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 52. Axons from ganglion cells form the __________. a) fovea b) optic nerve Correct. Bundles of axons from ganglion cells make up the optic nerve.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) optic schism Incorrect. Optic schism is not a real term. d) rods and cones Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 77 a= 13 b= 77 c= 3 d= 7 r = .43 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 53. Which of the following sequences correctly indicates the pathway of nerve impulses on their way from the eye to the brain? a) ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptor cells, optic nerve b) bipolar cells, photoreceptor cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve c) photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve Correct. The correct sequence is photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve. The ganglion cells get information from the bipolar cells, and their axons form the optic nerve. d) photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, optic nerve, ganglion cells Incorrect. The correct sequence is photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve. Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 67 a= 8 b= 14 c= 67 d= 11 r = .52 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 54. Which of the following is TRUE about cones? a) They are responsible for black and white vision. b) They are found mainly in the center of the eye. Correct. Cones are found mainly in the center of the eye. c) They operate mainly at night. d) They respond only to black and white. Incorrect. Cones are responsible for color. Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 58 a= 27 b= 58 c= 3 d= 12 r = .54 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 55. Receptor cells in the retina responsible for color vision and fine acuity are __________. a) bipolar cells b) ganglion cells c) rods Incorrect. Rods are for night vision and have poor acuity. Receptor cells in the retina responsible for color vision are cones. d) cones Correct. Receptor cells in the retina responsible for color vision are cones. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Easy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 77 a= 2 b= 3 c= 18 d= 77 r = .39 % correct 90 a= 0 b= 1 c= 9 d= 90 r = .29 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 56. The fovea is made up of __________. a) all rods and no cones b) mostly cones with some rods Incorrect. The fovea is made up of all cones and no rods. c) mostly rods with some cones d) all cones and no rods Correct. The fovea is made up of all cones and no rods. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 21 a= 13 b= 41 c= 25 d= 21 r = .26 % correct 27 a= 11 b= 32 c= 29 d= 27 r = .25 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 57. Which phenomenon is a function of the distribution of the rods and cones in the retina? a) The moon looks much larger near the horizon than it looks when it is higher in the sky. b) The light from distant stars moving rapidly away from us shifts toward the red end of the spectrum. c) Stars can be seen during the daytime but only with difficulty. Incorrect. A dim star may disappear when you look directly at it, but reappear when you look to one side of it as it falls on the rods. d) A dim star viewed at night may disappear when you look directly at it, but reappear when you look to one side of it. Correct. Cones are at the center of the retina and do not function well at night, but rods, located on the periphery of the retina, see well in dim light. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 58. The place in the retina where the axons of all the ganglion cells come together to leave the eye is called the __________. a) fovea b) blind spot Correct. The blind spot is the place where the ganglion cell axons come together and where there are no receptors for sight. c) optic chiasm Incorrect. The optic chiasm is the junction between the optic nerves from both eyes. The blind spot is the place where the axons come together to leave the eye. d) optic nerve Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 39 a= 12 b= 39 c= 2 d= 48 r = .30

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 59. It is difficult to distinguish between colors at night because __________. a) we are seeing primarily with the cones b) rods do not adapt to the dark c) we are seeing primarily with the rods Correct. It is difficult to distinguish between colors at night because we are seeing primarily with the rods, and rods are not involved in color processing. d) we are used to seeing mostly with the fovea Incorrect. The fovea is full of cones, which do not function at night or at low light levels. Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 76 a= 14 b= 7 c= 76 d= 2 r = .45 % correct 67 a= 19 b= 14 c= 67 d= 0 r = .55 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 60. When you enter a darkened room (such as a movie theater), you will find it difficult to see at first, but shortly afterward you will be able to see much better. This phenomenon is referred to as __________ adaptation. a) color b) cone c) dark Correct. Dark adaptation is the process by which our eyes adjust to a dimmer environment. d) light Incorrect. Light adaptation is the process by which our eyes adjust to a brighter environment. Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.5 Explain how light information reaches the visual cortex. Topic: 3.5 The Visual Pathway Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 61. Tariq walks from a bright room into a dark room. It will take about __________ minutes for his rods to fully adjust to the dark. a) 10 b) 30 Correct. It will take about 30 minutes for his rods to adjust fully to the dark. c) 20 d) 40 Incorrect. It will take about 30 minutes for his rods to adjust fully to the dark. Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.5 Explain how light information reaches the visual cortex. Topic: 3.5 The Visual Pathway Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 17 a= 51 b= 17 c= 29 d= 4 r = .38 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 62. What pathway does visual information travel as it moves from the eyes to the brain? a) eye – optic nerve – optic chiasm – lateral geniculate nucleus – visual cortex Correct. This is the correct pathway that light travels to reach the brain.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) eye – lateral geniculate nucleus – optic chiasm – visual cortex Incorrect. This pathway is not correct. c) eye – optic nerve – lateral geniculate nucleus – optic chiasm – visual cortex d) eye – optic chiasm – optic nerve – visual cortex – lateral geniculate nucleus Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.5 Explain how light information reaches the visual cortex. Topic: 3.5 The Visual Pathway Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 63. When you wake up in the morning, you probably squint at the light as you open your eyes. In just a few seconds, however, you are able to open your eyes all the way, even if the room is quite bright. This demonstrates __________ adaptation. a) accommodation b) brightness Incorrect. Brightness adaptation is not discussed as a function of the eyes. c) dark d) light Correct. Adapting to an increase in environmental brightness is called light adaptation. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.5 Explain how light information reaches the visual cortex. Topic: 3.5 The Visual Pathway Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 64. If an artist were to blend red, green, and blue lights together by focusing lights of those three colors on one common spot, the result would look __________. a) like nonspectral colors b) black Incorrect. A mix of red, green, and blue light would look like white, whereas mixing these same colors of paint would result in a blackish mess. c) like white light Correct. A mix of red, green, and blue light would look like white. d) complementary Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.6 Compare and contrast two major theories of color vision, and explain how color-deficient vision occurs. Topic: 3.6 Perception of Color Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 71 a= 4 b= 21 c= 71 d= 4 r = .45 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 65. If an artist were to blend red, green, and blue paints together, the result would look __________. a) like nonspectral colors b) black Correct. A mix of red, green, and blue paints would look like black. c) like white light Incorrect. A mix of red, green, and blue light would look like white, whereas mixing these same colors of paint would result in a blackish mess.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) complementary Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.6 Compare and contrast two major theories of color vision, and explain how color-deficient vision occurs. Topic: 3.6 Perception of Color Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 66. The idea that the eye contains separate receptors for red, green, and blue is known as the __________ theory. a) opponent-process Incorrect. The opponent-process theory is based on red versus green and yellow versus blue. b) additive color mixing c) trichromatic Correct. The idea that the eye contains separate receptors for red, green, and blue is known as the trichromatic theory. d) reductive color mixing Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.6 Compare and contrast two major theories of color vision, and explain how color-deficient vision occurs. Topic: 3.6 Perception of Color Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 67 a= 19 b= 7 c= 67 d= 8 r = .49 % correct 88 a= 4 b= 6 c= 88 d= 2 r = .35 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 67. Helmholtz’s explanation of color vision is called the __________. a) opponent-process theory Incorrect. Helmholtz’s explanation of color vision is called the trichromatic theory. b) additive color mixing theory c) trichromatic theory Correct. Helmholtz’s explanation of color vision is called the trichromatic theory. d) reductive color mixing theory Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.6 Compare and contrast two major theories of color vision, and explain how color-deficient vision occurs. Topic: 3.6 Perception of Color Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 59 a= 29 b= 10 c= 59 d= 3 r = .22 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 68. Which pair of researchers actually discovered three types of cones in the retina? a) Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz Incorrect. Young and Helmholtz theorized about three types of cones; they did not actually find them. b) Alexander Calder and John Lautner c) George Wald and Paul K. Brown Correct. Wald and Brown actually found three types of cones. d) Francis French and Charles Gulden Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.6 Compare and contrast two major theories of color vision, and explain how color-deficient vision occurs.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 3.6 Perception of Color Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 69. If you stare for 30 seconds at a red object and then look at a blank sheet of white paper, you will see a greenish image of the object. This phenomenon BEST supports __________ theory of color vision. a) the Grieco trichromatic b) the opponent-process Correct. The opponent-process theory sees the cones as being arranged in pairs, and red is paired with green. The greenish afterimage demonstrates that fatiguing the eye produces opposite, or opponent, perceptions. c) the Helmholtz trichromatic Incorrect. The Helmholtz trichromatic theory proposed three types of cones: red cones, blue cones, and green cones, one for each of the three primary colors of light. d) Hering’s vibration Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.6 Compare and contrast two major theories of color vision, and explain how color-deficient vision occurs. Topic: 3.6 Perception of Color Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 58 a= 27 b= 58 c= 14 d= 2 r = .41 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 70. According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, the correct pairings of opposite colors are __________. a) red versus green and blue versus yellow Correct. According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, the correct pairings of opposite colors are red versus green and blue versus yellow. b) black versus gray and white versus colored c) blue versus red and green versus yellow d) blue versus green and red versus yellow Incorrect. According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, the correct pairings of opposite colors are red versus green and blue versus yellow. Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.6 Compare and contrast two major theories of color vision, and explain how color-deficient vision occurs. Topic: 3.6 Perception of Color Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 80 a= 80 b= 5 c= 5 d= 10 r = .29 % correct 71 a= 71 b= 2 c= 13 d= 14 r = .39 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 71. Which pairing is considered an example of opponent cells? a) green/orange Incorrect. Green/orange is not one of the opponent pairs proposed by opponent-process theory. b) red/pink c) yellow/blue Correct. Yellow/blue is one of the opponent pairs, as well as red/green and white/black. d) black/brown Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.6 Compare and contrast two major theories of color vision, and explain how color-deficient vision occurs.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 3.6 Perception of Color Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 72. According to opponent-process theory, if you stare at a red star for 60 seconds and then look at a plain sheet of white paper, you will see an afterimage of the star in which hue? a) yellow b) blue c) green Correct. According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, green and red are opposing colors. d) red Incorrect. The negative afterimage of red is green, not red. Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.6 Compare and contrast two major theories of color vision, and explain how color-deficient vision occurs. Topic: 3.6 Perception of Color Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 73. The trichromatic and opponent-process theories of color vision are not in conflict because each corresponds to __________. a) a different portion of the spectrum Incorrect. The trichromatic and opponent-process theories correspond to different stages of color processing, and they are no longer separate theories. b) the opposite half of perceivable colors c) one type of color blindness d) a different stage of visual processing Correct. Trichromatic theory can explain what is happening with the raw stimuli, the actual detection of various wavelengths of light. Opponent-process theory can explain afterimages and other aspects of visual perception that occur after the initial detection of light from our visual neurons. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.6 Compare and contrast two major theories of color vision, and explain how color-deficient vision occurs. Topic: 3.6 Perception of Color Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 40 a= 18 b= 21 c= 21 d= 40 r = .22 % correct 49 a= 22 b= 10 c= 19 d= 49 r = .43 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 74. Which neural structures show color opponent processing? a) rods and cones b) retinal bipolar and ganglion cells and lateral geniculate cells in the thalamus Correct. Retinal ganglion and bipolar cells and lateral geniculate thalamic cells show color opponent processing. c) rods and bipolar cells Incorrect. The retinal ganglion and bipolar cells and lateral geniculate thalamic cells show color opponent processing. d) optic sensors and pigment neurons Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.6 Compare and contrast two major theories of color vision, and explain how color-deficient vision occurs. Topic: 3.6 Perception of Color Difficulty Level: Moderate

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 75. A person with red-green color blindness will see the world in __________. a) blacks, whites, and grays Incorrect. Blacks, whites, and grays are perceived through our brightness systems and would be unaffected by color blindness. b) muted reds and greens c) blues, yellows, and grays Correct. Red-green color blindness means a person confuses reds and greens, which look yellowish to that person. d) yellows, greens, and grays Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.6 Compare and contrast two major theories of color vision, and explain how color-deficient vision occurs. Topic: 3.6 Perception of Color Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 78 a= 8 b= 11 c= 78 d= 3 r = .25 % correct 67 a=11 b= 16 c= 67 d= 6 r = .20 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 76. Why do researchers believe color deficiencies often have genetic causes? a) Dietary patterns affect color deficiencies. b) Color perception changes somewhat as we get older. c) Color deficiencies are more common in some cultures. Incorrect. Color deficiencies are about the same from one culture to another. d) More males than females suffer from color deficiencies. Correct. More males than females suffer from color deficiencies due to the sex-linked inheritance of most forms of color blindness. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.6 Compare and contrast two major theories of color vision, and explain how color-deficient vision occurs. Topic: 3.6 Perception of Color Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 77. One of your mother’s siblings puts together awful-looking colors when getting dressed. Who is this person statistically more likely to be? a) your aunt, because women have more problems with color vision b) your uncle, because men have more problems with color vision Correct. Men have more problems with color vision due to the sex-linked nature of most forms of color blindness. c) You can’t predict, as women and men have an equal chance of having problems with color vision. Incorrect. Men statistically have more problems with color vision than do women. d) Humans rarely have problems with color vision, so this wouldn’t happen. Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.6 Compare and contrast two major theories of color vision, and explain how color-deficient vision occurs. Topic: 3.6 Perception of Color Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 78. Sound waves are simply __________.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) the vibration of the molecules of air surrounding us Correct. Sound waves are simply the vibration of the molecules of air surrounding us. b) the impact of acoustrons in the air Incorrect. There are no basic particles of sound analogous to photons. Sound does not have the problem of a dual nature of wave and particle as does light. Thus, there are no such particles as acoustrons. Sound waves are simply the vibration of the molecules of air surrounding us. c) a form of electronic radiation d) little packets, just like the way light comes in photons Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.7 Explain the nature of sound, and describe how it travels through the various parts of the ear. Topic: 3.7 Sound Waves and the Ear Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 89 a= 89 b= 11 c= 0 d= 0 r = .19 % correct 86 a= 86 b= 0 c= 1 d= 13 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 79. Which of the following is a characteristic of both light waves and sound waves? a) hue Incorrect. Hue is a particular descriptor of light and color. Pitch is analogous in the sound domain. The terms are used separately. b) decibels c) “wave packets” d) wavelength Correct. Wavelength is the common characteristic of both light waves and sound waves. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.7 Explain the nature of sound, and describe how it travels through the various parts of the ear. Topic: 3.7 Sound Waves and the Ear Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It % correct 77 a= 7 b= 0 c=16 d= 77 r = .20 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 80. Pitch is to frequency as __________. a) frequency is to amplitude b) high is to low c) loudness is to amplitude Correct. Just as the pitch of the tone we hear is determined by the frequency of the sound wave, the loudness (or volume) that we experience is determined by the amplitude or intensity of a sound wave. d) peak is to wave Incorrect. The peak of a sound wave refers to its highest point. It does not relate to the analogy in this question. Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.7 Explain the nature of sound, and describe how it travels through the various parts of the ear. Topic: 3.7 Sound Waves and the Ear Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 81. Roger the engineer, impressed by the new sound equipment that was just installed in his recording studio, says that now he will be able to help singers and musicians produce better music because he can eliminate unneeded and undesired wavelengths. What term describes the characteristic of sound waves that Roger is now able to alter? a) volleying Incorrect. Volleying is the term for what happens when frequencies are above 400 Hz and auditory neurons take turns firing. b) amplitude

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) frequency Correct. Frequency is the characteristic of sound waves associated with wavelengths. d) saturation Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.7 Explain the nature of sound, and describe how it travels through the various parts of the ear. Topic: 3.7 Sound Waves and the Ear Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 82. Which property of sound is the most similar to the brightness of light? a) pitch b) volume Correct. Volume is the most similar to brightness and is based on the intensity of the stimulus. c) purity Incorrect. Purity is most related to saturation in the light domain. In both cases, it refers to the total amount of different wavelengths, or frequencies, in the stimulus. d) timbre Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.7 Explain the nature of sound, and describe how it travels through the various parts of the ear. Topic: 3.7 Sound Waves and the Ear Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 83. Which of the following properties of sound is the most similar to the color, or hue, of light? a) pitch Correct. Pitch relates to sound wavelengths, and color relates to light wavelengths. b) loudness Incorrect. Pitch is the property of sound most similar to the color, or hue, of light. c) timbre d) purity Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.7 Explain the nature of sound, and describe how it travels through the various parts of the ear. Topic: 3.7 Sound Waves and the Ear Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It % correct 64 a= 64 b= 10 c= 11 d= 16 r = .20 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 84. An alien from outer space was just captured. Scientists take turns examining the creature. At a press conference, one of the scientists reports that the alien can hear frequencies between 10,000 and 30,000 Hz. How does the alien’s ability to detect sound compare to a human being’s ability? a) The alien and humans detect the same frequencies. Incorrect. Although the alien can detect higher frequencies, its hearing is not as acute at lower frequencies. Humans can hear a range between 20 and 20,000 Hz. b) Humans can detect higher frequencies than the alien. c) The alien can detect higher frequencies, but its hearing is not as acute at lower frequencies. Correct. Although the alien can hear frequencies 10,000 Hz above what humans can hear, it cannot hear frequencies below 10,000 Hz, while humans can. d) Humans can detect higher frequencies; however, the alien detects lower frequencies better than humans. Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.7 Explain the nature of sound, and describe how it travels through the various parts of the ear. Topic: 3.7 Sound Waves and the Ear

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 94 a= 3 b= 4 c= 94 d= 0 r = .42 % correct 93 a=4 b= 4 c= 93 d= 0 r = .19 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 85. What is the basic function of the outer ear? a) to protect the hair cells Incorrect. The hair cells are in the inner ear and, thus, do not need protection from the outer ear. The basic function of the outer ear is to concentrate and funnel sound waves to the eardrum. b) to concentrate and funnel sound waves to the eardrum Correct. The basic function of the outer ear is to concentrate and funnel sound waves to the eardrum. Enough energy must be collected to eventually move the liquid in the cochlea and stimulate the hair cells. c) to amplify low-intensity sounds to detectable levels d) to filter out high-intensity sound waves that can be harmful Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.7 Explain the nature of sound, and describe how it travels through the various parts of the ear. Topic: 3.7 Sound Waves and the Ear Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 83 a= 3 b= 83 c= 7 d= 5 r = .31 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 86. The outermost part of the ear is called the __________. a) pinna Correct. The pinna is what you might think of as an earlobe. b) oval window c) tympanic membrane d) cochlea Incorrect. The cochlea is the snail-shaped organ in the inner ear. The outer ear is called the pinna. Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.7 Explain the nature of sound, and describe how it travels through the various parts of the ear. Topic: 3.7 Sound Waves and the Ear Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 60 a= 60 b= 7 c= 13 d= 20 r = .39 % correct 72 a= 72 b= 4 c= 7 d= 16 r = .45 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 87. The eardrum is also called the __________. a) bass fiddler membrane b) oval window Incorrect. The oval window is deeper in the system and is attached to the cochlea. The eardrum is also called the tympanic membrane. c) tympanic membrane Correct. The eardrum is also called the tympanic membrane. d) cochlea Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.7 Explain the nature of sound, and describe how it travels through the various parts of the ear. Topic: 3.7 Sound Waves and the Ear Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 67 a=3 b= 6 c= 67 d= 23 r = .45 % correct 60 a= 4 b= 8 c= 60 d= 28 r = .33

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 88. What are the hammer, anvil, and stirrup? a) tiny bones located in the middle ear Correct. The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are tiny bones in the middle ear. b) types of cones on the retina c) types of sound that most people can detect Incorrect. The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are tiny bones in the middle ear. d) words often used by audiologists in testing for hearing difficulties Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.7 Explain the nature of sound, and describe how it travels through the various parts of the ear. Topic: 3.7 Sound Waves and the Ear Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 88 a= 88 b= 6 c= 4 d= 2 r = .29 % correct 100 a= 100 b= 0 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 89. What are the malleus, incus, and stapes? a) tiny bones located in the middle ear Correct. These are the Latin names of the hammer, anvil, and stirrup, which are tiny bones in the middle ear. b) types of cones on the retina c) types of sound that most people can detect Incorrect. The malleus, incus, and stapes are tiny bones in the middle ear. d) words often used by audiologists in testing for hearing difficulties Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.7 Explain the nature of sound, and describe how it travels through the various parts of the ear. Topic: 3.7 Sound Waves and the Ear Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 90. The bone that is situated next to the eardrum is called the __________; the bone that sits next to the oval window is called the __________. a) anvil (incus); stirrup (stapes) b) hammer (malleus); anvil (incus) Incorrect. The bone that is near the eardrum is called the hammer; the bone that is next to the oval window is called the stirrup. c) stirrup (stapes); hammer (malleus) d) hammer (malleus); stirrup (stapes) Correct. The bone that is near the eardrum is called the hammer; the bone that is next to the oval window is called the stirrup. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.7 Explain the nature of sound, and describe how it travels through the various parts of the ear. Topic: 3.7 Sound Waves and the Ear Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 91. Fluid located in the cochlea is set in motion and causes vibration in the __________. a) ossicles Incorrect. The ossicles are the bones of the middle ear that cause the vibrations in the basilar membrane. Fluid from the cochlea causes vibrations in the basilar membrane. b) bipolar cells c) basilar membrane

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. Fluid from the cochlea causes vibrations in the basilar membrane. d) semicircular canals Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.7 Explain the nature of sound, and describe how it travels through the various parts of the ear. Topic: 3.7 Sound Waves and the Ear Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 58 a= 14 b= 4 c= 58 d= 25 r = .36 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 92. The __________ are the auditory receptors where sound waves finally become neural impulses. a) hair cells Correct. The hair cells are the receptors where sound waves finally become neural impulses. b) organs of Corti c) basilar membranes d) tectorial membranes Incorrect. The tectorial membranes are support structures. The hair cells are the receptors. Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.7 Explain the nature of sound, and describe how it travels through the various parts of the ear. Topic: 3.7 Sound Waves and the Ear Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 30 a= 30 b= 28 c= 37 d= 5 r = .20 % correct 43 a= 43 b= 22 c= 25 d= 10 r = .27 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 93. Who suggested the place theory of pitch? a) Helmholtz Correct. Helmholtz suggested the theory of pitch. b) Hering c) Wald d) Rutherford Incorrect. Rutherford suggested the frequency theory. Helmholtz suggested the theory of pitch. Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.8 Summarize three theories of how the brain processes information about pitch. Topic: 3.8 Perceiving Pitch Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 74 a= 74 b= 2 c= 15 d= 9 r = .33 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 94. The place theory of pitch proposes that pitch is determined by the __________. a) specific location where hair cells on the organ of Corti are stimulated Correct. The place theory of pitch suggests that pitch is determined by the specific location where hair cells are stimulated. b) number of hair cells on the organ of Corti that are stimulated Incorrect. The place theory of pitch suggests that pitch is determined by the specific location of hair cells that are stimulated. c) size of the hair cells on the organ of Corti that are stimulated d) degree of bend in the stimulated hair cells on the organ of Corti Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.8 Summarize three theories of how the brain processes information about pitch. Topic: 3.8 Perceiving Pitch Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 95. If a person hears a tone of 300 Hz, three groups of neurons take turns sending the message to the brain—the first group for the first 100 Hz, the second group for the next 100 Hz, and the third group for the next 100 Hz. This principle is known as the __________. a) place theory Incorrect. The place theory proposes that the pitch a person hears depends on where the stimulated hair cells are located. b) volley principle Correct. The volley theory proposes that three groups of neurons take turns sending the message to the brain. c) frequency theory d) rotational alignment Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.8 Summarize three theories of how the brain processes information about pitch. Topic: 3.8 Perceiving Pitch Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 96. Which theory of pitch states that in frequencies from about 400 Hz to 4,000 Hz, auditory neurons do not fire all at once but in rotation? a) place theory Incorrect. The place theory proposes that the pitch a person hears depends on where the stimulated hair cells are located. b) volley principle Correct. Frequencies from about 400 Hz to 4,000 Hz cause the auditory neurons to take turns firing. c) frequency theory d) rotational theory Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.8 Summarize three theories of how the brain processes information about pitch. Topic: 3.8 Perceiving Pitch Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 97. Conduction hearing impairment refers to hearing problems that originate in the __________. a) outer ear Incorrect. Conduction hearing impairment refers to hearing problems that originate in the eardrum and middle ear. b) inner ear c) eardrum and middle ear Correct. Conduction hearing impairment refers to hearing problems that originate in the eardrum and middle ear. d) auditory pathways and brain Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.9 Identify types of hearing impairment and treatment options for each. Topic: 3.9 Types of Hearing Impairments Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 41 a= 9 b= 17 c= 41 d= 33 r = .26 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 98. For which person would a cochlear implant be most helpful? a) Becky, who has infected stapes Incorrect. This kind of impairment would not benefit from a cochlear implant. b) Gino, who suffers from nerve hearing impairment and gets no satisfaction from hearing aids Correct. Gino would be a prime candidate for this kind of treatment.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) Stacey, who has an eardrum infection d) Rico, who has been diagnosed with conduction hearing impairment Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.9 Identify types of hearing impairment and treatment options for each. Topic: 3.9 Types of Hearing Impairments Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 99. In nerve hearing impairment, the problem lies in __________. a) either the inner ear or the auditory pathways and cortical areas of the brain Correct. In nerve hearing impairment, the problem lies either in the inner ear or in the auditory pathways and cortical areas of the brain. b) the outer or middle ear Incorrect. In nerve hearing impairment, the problem lies either in the inner ear or in the auditory pathways and cortical areas of the brain. c) the pontine nucleus d) the occipital lobe Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.9 Identify types of hearing impairment and treatment options for each. Topic: 3.9 Types of Hearing Impairments Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 100. Lemmy has been told by his doctor that he is experiencing __________ due to hair cells that were destroyed as a result of loud sounds. a) nerve hearing impairment Correct. Nerve hearing impairment occurs when the hair cells of the ear are destroyed by loud sounds. b) tinnitus c) conduction hearing impairment Incorrect. Conduction hearing impairment occurs when there is a physical impairment of the outer or middle ear. d) a speech segmentation problem Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.9 Identify types of hearing impairment and treatment options for each. Topic: 3.9 Types of Hearing Impairments Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 101. Nerve hearing impairment can BEST be treated with __________. a) normal sound-amplifying hearings aids Incorrect. Cochlear implants would best help nerve hearing impairment. b) drug treatments that regrow hair cells c) classical conditioning to very low sounds d) cochlear implants Correct. Cochlear implants would best help nerve hearing impairment because they allow sound to bypass the outer and middle ear and send signals from a microphone worn behind the ear to electrodes implanted directly into the cochlea. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.9 Identify types of hearing impairment and treatment options for each. Topic: 3.9 Types of Hearing Impairments Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 102. Stella looks at the tongue of her friend and sees all kinds of bumps on it. “Wow,” she says, “you sure have a lot of __________.” a) olfactory receptors b) taste buds Incorrect. The “bumps” on the tongue that are visible to the eye are the papillae. c) papillae Correct. The “bumps” on the tongue that are visible to the eye are the papillae. d) taste receptors Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.10 Explain how the sense of taste works. Topic: 3.10 Gustation: How We Taste the World Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 17 a= 4 b= 67 c= 17 d= 13 r = .32 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 103. A person can have __________ taste buds in her or his mouth. a) 100 to 1,000 Incorrect. This estimate is too low. A person might have between 500 to 10,000 taste buds in her or his mouth. b) 20,000 to 50,000 c) 6 million to 120 million d) 500 to 10,000 Correct. The average person has between 500 and 10,000 taste buds. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.10 Explain how the sense of taste works. Topic: 3.10 Gustation: How We Taste the World Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 104. Yasmine always uses less seasoning on her food than do the other members of her family. Her sister has just taken an introductory psychology course and says to Yasmine, “I know why you don’t like extra seasoning; you are a __________.” a) taster pro b) taster queen c) supertaster Correct. Someone who is more sensitive to taste than others is called a supertaster. d) gustationer Incorrect. Someone who is more sensitive to taste than others is called a supertaster. Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.10 Explain how the sense of taste works. Topic: 3.10 Gustation: How We Taste the World Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 105. There are approximately __________ taste receptors on each taste bud. a) 2 Incorrect. There are about 20 taste receptors located on each taste bud. b) 20 Correct. There are about 20 taste receptors located on each taste bud.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) 50 d) 500 Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.10 Explain how the sense of taste works. Topic: 3.10 Gustation: How We Taste the World Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 106. Where are the taste receptors located? a) on the papillae Incorrect. The taste buds are found on the papillae. The taste receptors are located on the taste buds. b) on the taste buds Correct. The taste receptors are located on the taste buds. c) on the microvilli d) in the gustatory bulb Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.10 Explain how the sense of taste works. Topic: 3.10 Gustation: How We Taste the World Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 77 a= 17 b= 77 c= 3 d= 8 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 107. Our sense of taste works when food molecules are __________. a) dissolved in saliva in our mouths Correct. Our sense of taste works best when food molecules are dissolved in a liquid solution. b) chewed in the absence of saliva Incorrect. Our sense of taste works best when food molecules are dissolved in a liquid solution. c) combined so that four basic tastes are present d) presented in pure form so that only one basic taste is involved Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.10 Explain how the sense of taste works. Topic: 3.10 Gustation: How We Taste the World Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 56 a= 56 b= 4 c= 11 d= 28 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 108. What is the approximate life expectancy of individual taste receptor cells? a) 1–2 days b) 10–14 days Correct. Individual taste receptor cells are replaced about every 10–14 days. c) 1–2 months d) 1 year Incorrect. Individual taste receptor cells wear out after a while. Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.10 Explain how the sense of taste works. Topic: 3.10 Gustation: How We Taste the World Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 109. What are the five primary tastes? a) hot, sour, spicy, sweet, origami

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) salty, sour, spicy, sweet, tart Incorrect. Tart is not one of the five primary tastes. The five are bitter, salty, sour, sweet, and umami. c) bitter, salty, sour, sweet, umami Correct. The five primary tastes are bitter, salty, sour, sweet, and umami. d) peppery, salty, sour, sweet, acidic Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.10 Explain how the sense of taste works. Topic: 3.10 Gustation: How We Taste the World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 69 a= 0 b= 30 c= 69 d= 1 r = .32 % correct 94 a= 0 b= 4 c= 94 d= 1 r = .39 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 110. Information about the texture of food is processed in ____________. a) the frontal operculum Incorrect. Information about the conscious perception of taste is processed here. b) the posterior portion of the occipital lobe c) the cortical strip of the medulla oblongata d) the somatosensory cortex of the parietal lobe Correct. Information about the “mouth feel” of food is processed in this brain region. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.10 Explain how the sense of taste works. Topic: 3.10 Gustation: How We Taste the World Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 111. Which of the following is the newest of the five basic tastes to be discovered? a) bitter b) sour Incorrect. Umami is the newest taste to be discovered. c) sweet d) umami or brothy Correct. Umami, or brothy, is the newest taste to be discovered. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.10 Explain how the sense of taste works. Topic: 3.10 Gustation: How We Taste the World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 95 a= 4 b= 1 c= 0 d= 95 r = .26 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 112. The sense of smell is also known as __________. a) olfaction Correct. The sense of smell is also known as olfaction. b) the salivary sense c) chemical infarction d) gustation Incorrect. Gustation is the word for the sense of taste. Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.11 Explain how the sense of smell works. Topic: 3.11 The Sense of Scents: Olfaction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White % correct 91 a= 91 b= 3 c= 2 d= 4 r = .38 % correct 91 a= 91 b= 6 c= 1 d= 2 r = .45 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 113. The human olfactory system contains about __________ olfactory receptors. a) 100,000 b) 1 million c) 10 million Correct. The human olfactory system contains about 10 million receptors. d) 100 million Incorrect. The human olfactory system contains about 10 million receptors. Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.11 Explain how the sense of smell works. Topic: 3.11 The Sense of Scents: Olfaction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 114. Each olfactory receptor cell has a half dozen to a dozen little “hairs” that project out. These hairs are called __________. a) olfactory cones b) olfactory rods c) olfactory buds Incorrect. These “hairs” are not called olfactory buds. d) cilia Correct. The hairs that project out of olfactory cells are called cilia. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.11 Explain how the sense of smell works. Topic: 3.11 The Sense of Scents: Olfaction Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 115. The cilia in the nasal cavity act in a manner similar to taste buds in that they __________. a) respond to various wavelengths of smell b) contain pressure-sensitive elements that detect certain molecules c) contain receptor sites that are stimulated by different molecules Correct. The cilia in the nasal cavity act in a manner similar to taste buds as they contain receptor sites that are stimulated by different molecules. d) only respond to five basic smells Incorrect. The cilia in the nasal cavity act in a manner similar to taste buds as they contain receptor sites that are stimulated by different molecules. Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.11 Explain how the sense of smell works. Topic: 3.11 The Sense of Scents: Olfaction Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 45 a= 4 b= 3 c= 45 d= 48 r = .30 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 116. An olfactory stimulus travels from receptor to __________. a) olfactory bulb Correct. An olfactory stimulus travels from the receptor to the olfactory bulb. b) thalamus c) amygdala

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) pons Incorrect. An olfactory stimulus travels from the receptor to the olfactory bulb. Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.11 Explain how the sense of smell works. Topic: 3.11 The Sense of Scents: Olfaction Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 62 a= 62 b= 29 c= 6 d= 3 r = .46 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 117. Which of the following is the BEST description of the skin senses? a) They have to do with touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Correct. Skin senses have to do with touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. b) They have to do with the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other. Incorrect. The kinesthetic senses are concerned with the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other. Skin senses have to do with touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. c) They have to do with movement and body position. d) They have to do with your location as compared to the position of the sun. Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.12 Describe how we experience the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Topic: 3.12 Somesthetic Senses Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 99 a= 99 b= 1 c= 0 d= 0 r = .04 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 118. How many somesthetic sense systems are there? a) one b) two c) three Incorrect. There are four somesthetic sense systems. d) four Correct. There are four somesthetic sense systems: skin, kinesthetic, proprioceptive, and vestibular senses. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.12 Describe how we experience the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Topic: 3.12 Somesthetic Senses Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 119. The skin senses are concerned with __________. a) touch, pressure, temperature, and pain Correct. The skin senses are concerned with touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. b) the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other c) movement and body position d) your location as compared to the position of the sun Incorrect. There is no sense that compares your geographic location to the position of the sun. The skin senses are concerned with touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.12 Describe how we experience the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Topic: 3.12 Somesthetic Senses Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 120. The average person’s skin is about __________ square feet in size. a) 10 b) 20 Correct. The average person’s skin is about 20 square feet in size. c) 30 d) 40 Incorrect. The average person’s skin is about 20 square feet in size. Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.12 Describe how we experience the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Topic: 3.12 Somesthetic Senses Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 121. Hair follicle nerve endings respond to __________. a) temperature alone b) pain and touch Correct. Hair follicle nerve endings respond to pain and touch. c) only pain Incorrect. Hair follicle nerve endings respond to both pain and touch. d) temperature and pain Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.12 Describe how we experience the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Topic: 3.12 Somesthetic Senses Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 122. Pacinian corpuscles respond to ____________. a) changes in pressure on the skin Correct. These receptor cells register this kind of information. b) sounds above 10,000 Hz c) strong odors in the environment Incorrect. Pacinian cells aren’t involved in olfaction. d) changes in temperature Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.12 Describe how we experience the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Topic: 3.12 Somesthetic Senses Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 123. Pain sensations in the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints that are carried on large nerve fibers are called __________ pain. a) visceral Incorrect. Visceral pain is the pain one feels in the organs. Pain sensations in the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints that are carried on large nerve fibers are called somatic pain. b) somatic Correct. Pain sensations in the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints that are carried on large nerve fibers are called somatic pain. c) referred d) indigenous

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.12 Describe how we experience the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Topic: 3.12 Somesthetic Senses Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 124. You hit your thumb with a hammer and later suffer a deep ache in that digit. This is an example of __________ pain. a) somatic Correct. Somatic pain can be sharp and fast, but it can also be an ongoing general ache that keeps people from further injury by reminding them that the body has already been damaged. b) visceral c) pressure Incorrect. There is no such term as pressure pain. d) free-standing Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.12 Describe how we experience the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Topic: 3.12 Somesthetic Senses Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 125. The idea that pain signals must pass through a type of “doorway” in the spinal cord is referred to as the __________ theory of pain. a) opponent-process b) revolving door Incorrect. There is no such thing as the revolving door theory of pain. The gate-control theory is based on the concept of a doorway in the spinal cord. c) substance P d) gate-control Correct. The gate-control theory is based on the concept of a doorway in the spinal cord. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.12 Describe how we experience the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Topic: 3.12 Somesthetic Senses Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 126. The gate-control theory of pain suggests that the __________. a) pain signals must pass through a kind of “gate” located in the spinal cord Correct. The gate-control theory is based on the idea that the pain signals must pass through a kind of “gate” located in the spinal cord. b) skin receptors act as a gate for the pain sensation c) cortex blocks pain unless released by substance P d) gate is a physical structure that blocks pain signals Incorrect. The gate-control theory is based on the idea that the pain signals must pass through a kind of “gate” in the spinal cord that is not an actual physical structure. Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.12 Describe how we experience the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Topic: 3.12 Somesthetic Senses Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

127. According to gate-control theory, when pain receptor cells are stimulated they release __________. a) substance P Correct. This substance is a neuromodulator. b) acetylcholine Incorrect. This neurotransmitter is not released during this process. c) serotonin d) dopamine Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.12 Describe how we experience the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Topic: 3.12 Somesthetic Senses Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 128. Endorphins are the neural transmitters that __________. a) control your muscles b) generate pain sensations Incorrect. Endorphins act as a natural version of morphine. c) act as a natural version of morphine Correct. Endorphins act as a natural version of morphine. d) excite the ventral horn of the spinal cord Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.12 Describe how we experience the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Topic: 3.12 Somesthetic Senses Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 68 a= 3 b= 23 c= 68 d= 6 r = .31 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 129. Simon was diagnosed in childhood with a condition called CIPA, which stands for congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. This means that, in addition to being unable to feel pain, Simon is also unable to __________. a) perspire Correct. People with this rare condition cannot cool themselves through sweating. b) salivate Incorrect. CIPA is not related to one’s digestive functions, including salivation. c) urinate d) produce tears when crying Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.12 Describe how we experience the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Topic: 3.12 Somesthetic Senses Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 130. Which description of proprioception is MOST accurate? a) It has to do with touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. b) It has to do with the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other. Correct. Proprioception has to do with the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other. c) It has to do with movement and body position. Incorrect. Proprioception has to do with the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other. d) It has to do with your location as compared to the position of the sun. Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.13 Describe the systems that tell us about balance and position and movement of our bodies.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 3.13 Body Movement and Position Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 131. The vestibular senses are concerned with __________. a) touch, pressure, temperature, and pain b) the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other Incorrect. The kinesthetic senses are concerned with the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other. The vestibular senses are concerned with movement and body position. c) movement and body position Correct. The vestibular senses are concerned with movement and body position. d) your location as compared to the position of the sun Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.13 Describe the systems that tell us about balance and position and movement of our bodies. Topic: 3.13 Body Movement and Position Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 47 a= 23 b= 30 c= 47 d= 0 r = .30 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 132. Which of the following is the BEST description of the vestibular senses? a) They have to do with touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. b) They have to do with the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other. Incorrect. The kinesthetic senses are concerned with the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other. Vestibular senses have to do with movement and body position. c) They have to do with movement and body position. Correct. Vestibular senses have to do with movement and body position. d) They have to do with your location as compared to the position of the sun. Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.13 Describe the systems that tell us about balance and position and movement of our bodies. Topic: 3.13 Body Movement and Position Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 43 a= 27 b= 29 c= 43 d= 1 r = .44 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 133. Even with her eyes closed, Marcella is able to sense that her hands are hanging limp at her sides, she is leaning forward a bit, and here legs are bent slightly at the knees. Which sensory system allows her to perceive all of this? a) kinesthesia Incorrect. Information about body movement would be related to this sense. b) otolithia c) vestibularity d) proprioception Correct. Proprioceptors signal to the brain the location of our body parts in space. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.13 Describe the systems that tell us about balance and position and movement of our bodies. Topic: 3.13 Body Movement and Position Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 134. Closing your eyes and then touching your nose with your fingertip most accurately illustrates which phenomenon? a) vestibular sense

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) kinesthetic sense Correct. The knowledge of the position of your limbs is controlled by the kinesthetic system. c) somesthetic sense Incorrect. The kinesthetic system is one of the somesthetic senses, so it would be the better answer. d) anomalous cognition Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.13 Describe the systems that tell us about balance and position and movement of our bodies. Topic: 3.13 Body Movement and Position Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 135. Which structure is primarily involved in allowing a person to maintain her or his balance? a) cochlea b) middle ear c) semicircular canals Correct. There are three of these canals that help us maintain balance. d) circular canals Incorrect. This is close, but not exactly the right answer. Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.13 Describe the systems that tell us about balance and position and movement of our bodies. Topic: 3.13 Body Movement and Position Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 136. The reason that there are three semicircular canals is so that we __________. a) have one canal to sense motion in each of the three planes Correct. The reason is that we have one canal to sense motion in each of the three planes. b) can see the world in three dimensions c) can detect sound locations in the three-dimensional world d) have an extra if one is broken Incorrect. The reason is that we have one canal to sense motion in each of the three planes. Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.13 Describe the systems that tell us about balance and position and movement of our bodies. Topic: 3.13 Body Movement and Position Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 37 a= 37 b= 20 c= 42 d= 1 r = .20 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 137. Dizziness, nausea, and disorientation may result if the information from the eyes conflicts a little too much with the information from the vestibular organs, according to the __________ conflict theory of motion sickness. a) sensory Correct. The sensory conflict theory says there may be conflict between the eyes and vestibular system. b) motor c) vestibular Incorrect. There is no such theory as the vestibular conflict theory. The sensory conflict theory says there may be conflict between the eyes and vestibular system. d) semicircular canal Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.13 Describe the systems that tell us about balance and position and movement of our bodies. Topic: 3.13 Body Movement and Position Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 138. Ixchel is learning ballet and is just starting on high-speed spins. Her teacher tells her that to avoid motion sickness, she should __________. a) avoid poisons that mimic dizziness b) try plugging her ears when she spins so that sounds don’t distract her Incorrect. Audition is not related to the problem. It is a visual problem. c) try to focus on some distant point while spinning Correct. Because the distant point won’t seem to move as much as the objects closer to her as she spins, there is less conflict between her eyes and vestibular organs. d) hold her arms over her head Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.13 Describe the systems that tell us about balance and position and movement of our bodies. Topic: 3.13 Body Movement and Position Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 139. __________ is the mental process of making meaning of sensory information. a) Abstraction b) Sensation Incorrect. Sensation is the activation of the receptors. Perception is the mental process of making sense of sensory information. c) Perception Correct. Perception is the mental process of making sense of sensory information. d) Consciousness Answer: c Learning Objective: None Topic: 3.14–3.16 The ABCs of Perception Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 80 a= 0 b= 13 c= 80 d= 6 r = .26 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 140. Perception is the __________. a) process by which people take all the sensations they experience at any given moment and interpret them in some meaningful fashion Correct. Perception is the process by which people take all the sensations they experience at any given moment and interpret them in some meaningful fashion. b) action of physical stimuli on receptors leading to sensations c) interpretation of memory based on selective attention d) act of selective attention from sensory storage Incorrect. Perception is the process by which people take all the sensations they experience at any given moment and interpret them in some meaningful fashion. Answer: a Learning Objective: None Topic: 3.14–3.16 The ABCs of Perception Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 41 a= 41 b= 30 c= 3 d= 26 r = .46 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 141. The tendency to interpret an object as always having the same physical dimensions, regardless of its distance from the viewer, is known as __________ constancy.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) size Correct. The tendency to interpret an object as always having the same physical dimensions, regardless of its distance from the viewer, is known as size constancy. b) shape Incorrect. Shape constancy has to do with the shapes of objects, not with their physical dimensions. c) brightness d) color Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.14 Describe how perceptual constancies and the Gestalt principles account for common perceptual experiences. Topic: 3.14 How We Organize Our Perceptions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 65 a= 65 b= 34 c= 1 d= 0 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 142. Monty takes a drug that distorts perception. He holds up his hand right in front of his face. Horrified, he yells, “I have a giant hand!” Most likely the drug interfered with Monty’s perception of __________ constancy. a) size Correct. The tendency to interpret an object as always having the same physical dimensions, regardless of its distance from the viewer, is known as size constancy. b) shape Incorrect. Shape constancy has to do with the shapes of objects, not with their physical dimensions. c) brightness d) color Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.14 Describe how perceptual constancies and the Gestalt principles account for common perceptual experiences. Topic: 3.14 How We Organize Our Perceptions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 143. A piece of paper looks white in both the noonday sun and under moonlight, even though there is less light being reflected off the paper under moonlight. This form of perceptual constancy is called __________ constancy. a) size b) shape c) brightness Correct. The fact that a piece of paper looks white in both the noonday sun and under moonlight is a perceptual phenomenon called brightness constancy. d) color Incorrect. The fact that a piece of paper looks white in both the noonday sun and under moonlight is a perceptual phenomenon called brightness constancy. Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.14 Describe how perceptual constancies and the Gestalt principles account for common perceptual experiences. Topic: 3.14 How We Organize Our Perceptions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 60 a= 0 b= 0 c= 60 d= 39 r = .35 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 144. Ennio watches as his wife Nanette walks toward the house. Even though the retinal image of Nanette grows larger as Nanette approaches, she does not appear to be growing larger as she moves closer and closer to Ennio. This situation illustrates _______________. a) size constancy Correct. We interpret an object as being the same size, regardless of its distance. b) color constancy Incorrect. Color constancy is the perception that the color of an object remains the same even when it is seen in different lighting conditions. c) retinal disparity d) linear perspective Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.14 Describe how perceptual constancies and the Gestalt principles account for common perceptual experiences. Topic: 3.14 How We Organize Our Perceptions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 145. Figure is to ground as __________. a) light is to dark b) obvious is to hidden Incorrect. This is incorrect because there are ambiguous figure–ground relationships in which it is difficult to distinguish one from the other. c) objects are to background Correct. The figure is that which we look at and focus on, while the background refers to the ground against which the figure is set. d) shape is to texture Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.14 Describe how perceptual constancies and the Gestalt principles account for common perceptual experiences. Topic: 3.14 How We Organize Our Perceptions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 146. Figure–ground relationships concern the tendency to __________. a) perceive objects, or figures, on a background Correct. Figure–ground relationships have to do with the tendency to perceive objects, or figures, on some background. b) complete figures that are incomplete c) perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping d) perceive things with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern Incorrect. Figure–ground relationships refer to the tendency to perceive objects, or figures, on some background. Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.14 Describe how perceptual constancies and the Gestalt principles account for common perceptual experiences. Topic: 3.14 How We Organize Our Perceptions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 61 a= 61 b= 7 c= 15 d= 17 r = .35 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 147. The tendency to perceive objects, or figures, on a background is known as __________. a) figure–ground relationships

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. Figure–ground relationships refer to the tendency to perceive objects, or figures, on some background. b) closure c) similarity Incorrect. Figure–ground relationships refer to the tendency to perceive objects, or figures, on some background. d) proximity Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.14 Describe how perceptual constancies and the Gestalt principles account for common perceptual experiences. Topic: 3.14 How We Organize Our Perceptions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 72 a= 72 b= 6 c= 6 d= 16 r = .37 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 148. Why are reversible figures illusory? a) The proximity principle clashes with the similarity principle. b) They violate the principle of shape constancy. Incorrect. Shape constancy doesn’t have anything to do with the perception of reversible figures. c) They violate our expectations based on the figure-ground principle Correct. Reversible figures have a constantly changing figure-ground relationship in and of themselves. d) Continuity is impossible to establish with reversible figures. Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.14 Describe how perceptual constancies and the Gestalt principles account for common perceptual experiences. Topic: 3.14 How We Organize Our Perceptions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 149. Similarity is the tendency to perceive __________. a) objects, or figures, on a background b) objects that look similar as being part of the same group Correct. Similarity refers to the tendency to perceive things that look similar as being part of the same group. c) objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping d) things with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern Incorrect. Similarity refers to the tendency to perceive things that look similar as being part of the same group. Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.14 Describe how perceptual constancies and the Gestalt principles account for common perceptual experiences. Topic: 3.14 How We Organize Our Perceptions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 150. As she watches her granddaughter’s dance recital, Ophelia perceives two separate groups of dancers. Her granddaughter’s group wore bright turquoise costumes with gold accents, and the other group wore bright gold costumes with turquoise accents. Ophelia’s perception is supported by the Gestalt principle of _______________. a) continuity b) proximity c) brightness Incorrect. This wouldn’t influence Ophelia’s perceptions in this case. d) similarity Correct. This is an example of the Gestalt principle of similarity. Answer: d

J J J J J J J J J N N N N N N N N N N J J J J J J J J J N N N N N N N N N N a) the items that are in horizontal rows share the same internal features Correct. Xiao Ling is relying on the principle of similarity and a bit on the principle of proximity. b) the items in the entire display show evidence of contiguity c) horizontal displays tend to be perceived as figure and vertical displays as ground Incorrect. There is no perceptual basis to support this assertion. d) lines and patterns tend to be perceived as continuing in time and space Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.14 Describe how perceptual constancies and the Gestalt principles account for common perceptual experiences. Topic: 3.14 How We Organize Our Perceptions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 153. The tendency to perceive things that resemble each other as being part of the same group is known as __________. a) figure–ground relationship b) closure c) similarity Correct. Similarity is the tendency to perceive things that look similar as being part of the same group. d) proximity Incorrect. Similarity is the tendency to perceive things that look similar as being part of the same group.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.14 Describe how perceptual constancies and the Gestalt principles account for common perceptual experiences. Topic: 3.14 How We Organize Our Perceptions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 72 a= 2 b= 6 c= 72 d= 19 r = .32 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 154. The tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping is known as __________. a) figure–ground relationship b) closure Incorrect. Proximity is the tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping. c) similarity d) proximity Correct. Proximity is the tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.14 Describe how perceptual constancies and the Gestalt principles account for common perceptual experiences. Topic: 3.14 How We Organize Our Perceptions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 155. Closure is the tendency to __________. a) perceive objects, or figures, on some background b) complete figures that are incomplete Correct. Closure is the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete. c) perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping d) perceive things with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern Incorrect. Closure is the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete. Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.14 Describe how perceptual constancies and the Gestalt principles account for common perceptual experiences. Topic: 3.14 How We Organize Our Perceptions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 78 a= 3 b= 78 c= 7 d= 12 r = .36 % correct 82 a= 0 b= 82 c= 4 d= 13 r = .29 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 156. When Casey sees eight candies on the table that are placed like those below, she asks which two children get the candies. Why is she led to ask that question?

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a) Closure leads her to see a single unit of eight candies. b) The principle of proximity leads Casey to group the candies into two units. Correct. Closure is the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete. c) Casey is relying on the contiguity principle, seeing all the candies at one time. d) She hopes she is one of the children getting the sugary treat. Incorrect. This could be true, but probably isn’t the driving force behind Casey’s response. Answer: b

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 3.14 Describe how perceptual constancies and the Gestalt principles account for common perceptual experiences. Topic: 3.14 How We Organize Our Perceptions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 157. Continuity is the tendency to __________. a) perceive objects, or figures, on some background b) complete figures that are incomplete c) perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping Incorrect. Continuity refers to the tendency to perceive things with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern. d) perceive things with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern Correct. Continuity refers to the tendency to perceive things with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.14 Describe how perceptual constancies and the Gestalt principles account for common perceptual experiences. Topic: 3.14 How We Organize Our Perceptions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 83 a= 1 b= 9 c= 6 d= 83 r = .25 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 158. The tendency to perceive things with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern is known as __________. a) proximity Incorrect. Continuity refers to the tendency to perceive things with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern. b) continuity Correct. Continuity refers to the tendency to perceive things with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern. c) contiguity d) common region Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.14 Describe how perceptual constancies and the Gestalt principles account for common perceptual experiences. Topic: 3.14 How We Organize Our Perceptions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 159. Contiguity is the tendency to perceive __________. a) objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping b) things with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern Incorrect. Contiguity is the tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related. c) two things that happen close together in time as being related Correct. Contiguity is the tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related. d) objects that are in a common area or region as being in a group Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.14 Describe how perceptual constancies and the Gestalt principles account for common perceptual experiences. Topic: 3.14 How We Organize Our Perceptions Difficulty Level: Easy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 160. The tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related is known as __________. a) similarity Incorrect. Contiguity is the tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related. b) proximity c) continuity d) contiguity Correct. Contiguity is the tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.14 Describe how perceptual constancies and the Gestalt principles account for common perceptual experiences. Topic: 3.14 How We Organize Our Perceptions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 161. Common region is the tendency to perceive __________. a) objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping Incorrect. Common region is the tendency to perceive objects that are in a common area or region as being in a group. b) things with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern c) two things that happen close together in time as being related d) objects that are in a common area or region as being in a group Correct. Common region is the tendency to perceive objects that are in a common area or region as being in a group. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.14 Describe how perceptual constancies and the Gestalt principles account for common perceptual experiences. Topic: 3.14 How We Organize Our Perceptions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 162. In people who have been blind since birth and who then have their sight restored, depth perception __________. a) is absent or severely limited Correct. In people who have been blind since birth and who then have their sight restored, depth perception is absent or severely limited. b) is fully present c) takes a while to recover Incorrect. In people who have been blind since birth and who then have their sight restored, depth perception is absent or severely limited. d) is slightly limited Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.15 Explain how we perceive depth using both monocular and binocular cues. Topic: 3.15 Depth Perception Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 163. The ability to see the world in three dimensions is called __________. a) depth perception

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. The ability to see the world in three dimensions is called depth perception. b) similarity c) top-down processing Incorrect. The ability to see the world in three dimensions is called depth perception. d) closure Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.15 Explain how we perceive depth using both monocular and binocular cues. Topic: 3.15 Depth Perception Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 98 a= 98 b= 0 c= 1 d= 1 r = .21 % correct 90 a= 90 b= 3 c= 6 d= 1 r = .30 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 164. The distance cue in which two parallel lines extend into the distance and seem to come together at one point is called __________. a) linear perspective Correct. The distance cue in which two parallel lines extend into the distance and seem to come together at one point is called linear perspective. b) shadowing c) aerial perspective Incorrect. The distance cue in which two parallel lines extend into the distance and seem to come together at one point is called linear perspective. d) motion parallax Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.15 Explain how we perceive depth using both monocular and binocular cues. Topic: 3.15 Depth Perception Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 98 a= 98 b= 0 c=0 d= 2 r = .25 % correct 96 a= 96 b= 1 c= 1 d= 3 r = .34 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 165. Thurston is having 3 acres of his estate covered in exotic stones. As he inspects the work one day, he is outraged by what he sees. “These stones right here, at my feet…. they look marvelous, beautiful, fully featured and nuanced! But those stones over there,” he bellowed, pointing some 20 feet away, “those aren’t the same stones; they look drab and smooth and boring!” “They’re all the same stones,” replied Keith, the gardener, wearily. What does Keith know that Thurston doesn’t? a) The binocular cue of aerial perspective is confusing Thurston into thinking he’s seeing a “bird’s eye view.” Incorrect. This is not a binocular depth cue. b) The binocular cue of convergence is making the far stones seem to converge into a single boulder. c) The monocular cue of texture gradient makes the far stones seem less detailed. Correct. Textured objects farther from a perceiver will appear less textured. d) The monocular cue of overlap makes the stones seem to blur together. Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.15 Explain how we perceive depth using both monocular and binocular cues. Topic: 3.15 Depth Perception Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 166. The depth cue in which faraway objects appear to be hazy and have a blurred outline is called __________. a) linear perspective b) shadowing

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. The depth cue in which faraway objects appear to be hazy and have a blurred outline is called aerial (atmospheric) perspective. c) aerial (atmospheric) perspective Correct. The depth cue in which faraway objects appear to be hazy and have a blurred outline is called aerial (atmospheric) perspective. d) motion parallax Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.15 Explain how we perceive depth using both monocular and binocular cues. Topic: 3.15 Depth Perception Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 69 a= 14 b= 11 c= 69 d= 5 r = .45 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 167. __________ occurs when one object appears to be blocking another object and the viewer assumes that the blocked object is farther away. a) Convergence Incorrect. Overlap is the cue that occurs. b) Linear perspective c) Overlap Correct. Overlap, or interposition, is the assumption that an object that appears to be blocking part of another object is in front of the second object and closer to the viewer. d) Texture gradient Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.15 Explain how we perceive depth using both monocular and binocular cues. Topic: 3.15 Depth Perception Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 168. Visual distance and depth cues that require the use of both eyes are called __________ cues. a) monocular b) diocular c) binocular Correct. Visual distance and depth cues that require the use of both eyes are called binocular cues. d) dichromatic Incorrect. Dichromatic is a term used for people who see only two colors. Visual distance and depth cues that require the use of both eyes are called binocular cues. Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.15 Explain how we perceive depth using both monocular and binocular cues. Topic: 3.15 Depth Perception Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 169. The fact that your eyes rotate in their sockets, either getting closer or farther from each other, as an object changes its distance from you is a binocular distance cue called __________. a) convergence Correct. To converge means to get closer, and that is what your eyes do as they watch something get nearer to you. b) interposition c) disparity d) dichromatic cues Incorrect. Dichromatic is a term used for people who see only two colors. Convergence refers to the rotation of the two eyes in their sockets to focus on a single object. Answer: a

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 3.15 Explain how we perceive depth using both monocular and binocular cues. Topic: 3.15 Depth Perception Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 170. The fact that, when we look at an object, each one of our two eyes receives a slightly different image of the object is known as __________. a) binocular disparity Correct. The fact that, when we look at an object, each eye receives a slightly different image of the object is known as binocular disparity. b) binocular inversion c) convergence d) stereophonic vision Incorrect. The fact that, when we look at an object, each eye receives a slightly different image of the object is known as binocular disparity. Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.15 Explain how we perceive depth using both monocular and binocular cues. Topic: 3.15 Depth Perception Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 171. When Jamaal looks at his lamp alternately with his left eye and his right eye, the image seems to jump from one position to another. This phenomenon illustrates __________. a) the Gestalt principle of similarity b) binocular disparity Correct. The fact that, when we look at an object, each eye receives a slightly different image of the object is known as binocular disparity. c) interposition Incorrect. Interposition, or overlap, is the assumption that an object that appears to be blocking part of another object is in front of the second object and closer to the viewer. d) the Gestalt principle of proximity Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.15 Explain how we perceive depth using both monocular and binocular cues. Topic: 3.15 Depth Perception Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 172. An illusion __________. a) is the same thing as a vision Incorrect. An illusion is a perception that does not correspond to reality. A vision is more dreamlike and does not occur as an alteration of a real stimulus. b) is due to the action of the rods versus the cones in the retina c) is a perception that does not correspond to reality Correct. An illusion is a perception that does not correspond to reality. Objects look distorted in some fashion, or a dimension is misperceived. d) corresponds directly to something that you dreamed Answer: c Learning Objective: 3.16 Identify some common visual illusions and the factors that influence our perception of them. Topic: 3.16 Perceptual Illusions Difficulty Level: Easy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 83 a= 0 b= 15 c= 83 d= 2 r = .33 % correct 88 a= 2 b= 9 c= 88 d= 0 r = .35 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 173. The illusion based on the concept that most people live in a world with lots of buildings and corners is the __________ illusion. a) moon Incorrect. The illusion based on the concept that most people live in a world with lots of buildings and corners is the Müller-Lyer illusion. b) Poggendorf c) Ponzo d) Müller-Lyer Correct. The illusion based on the concept that most people live in a world with lots of buildings and corners is the Müller-Lyer illusion. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.16 Identify some common visual illusions and the factors that influence our perception of them. Topic: 3.16 Perceptual Illusions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 65 a= 7 b= 6 c= 22 d= 65 r = .40 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 174. The Müller-Lyer illusion exists in cultures in which there are __________. a) more men than women b) more women than men Incorrect. The Müller-Lyer illusion exists in cultures in which there are buildings with lots of corners. Gender is not a factor in the causality. c) lots of telephone poles d) buildings with lots of corners Correct. The Müller-Lyer illusion exists in cultures in which there are buildings with lots of corners, which leads to misperception of depth. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.16 Identify some common visual illusions and the factors that influence our perception of them. Topic: 3.16 Perceptual Illusions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 93 a= 0 b= 7 c= 0 d= 93 r = .19 % correct 86 a= 4 b= 6 c= 3 d= 86 r = .35 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 175. Which hypothesis offers the BEST explanation of the moon illusion? a) the apparent distance hypothesis Correct. The apparent distance hypothesis states that, because the moon appears behind trees and houses, it is seen as being “behind” these objects and, therefore, farther away from the viewer. Because people know that objects that are farther away from them but still seem large must be very large, they “magnify” the moon in their perception. b) the angle world hypothesis c) the cultural bias hypothesis Incorrect. Cultural bias has little to do with size perception in this case. The best explanation of the moon illusion is the apparent distance hypothesis. d) the top-down processing hypothesis

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: 3.16 Identify some common visual illusions and the factors that influence our perception of them. Topic: 3.16 Perceptual Illusions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 176. People’s tendency to perceive a thing a certain way because their previous experiences or expectations influence them is called __________. a) top-down processing b) telepathy c) bottom-up processing Incorrect. Perceptual expectancy refers to a person’s tendency to experience things in a certain way due to their experiences or expectations. d) perceptual expectancy Correct. Perceptual expectancy refers to a person’s tendency to experience things in a certain way due to their experiences or expectations. Answer: d Learning Objective: 3.16 Identify some common visual illusions and the factors that influence our perception of them. Topic: 3.16 Perceptual Illusions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 177. Suppose you’re driving on a two-lane road on a very snowy night where the divider cannot be seen. However, in your mind, you’re able to reconstruct where the divider should be. This example illustrates __________. a) middle-up processing b) top-down processing Correct. In top-down processing, the expectation of what we will encounter is what initiates the perception process. c) bottom-up processing Incorrect. In bottom-up processing, the stimulus is what initiates the perception process. This example demonstrates the influence of expectancy on perception, which is an illustration of top-down processing. d) a perceptual set Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.16 Identify some common visual illusions and the factors that influence our perception of them. Topic: 3.16 Perceptual Illusions Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 178. Analyzing smaller features and building up to a complete perception is called __________. a) top-down processing b) bottom-up processing Correct. Bottom-up processing refers to building up a perception from smaller parts, or from the bottom, so to speak. c) perceptual construction d) hypothesis formation Incorrect. Hypothesis formation is part of top-down processing.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: b Learning Objective: 3.16 Identify some common visual illusions and the factors that influence our perception of them. Topic: 3.16 Perceptual Illusions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 93 a= 3 b= 93 c= 0 d= 4 r = .19 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

TRUE OR FALSE 179. The minimum intensity of physical stimulation required to produce any sensation at all in a person is called the just noticeable threshold. Answer: False Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe the difference and absolute thresholds. Topic: 3.2 Sensory Thresholds Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 180. When you stare at a picture for a long time, it doesn’t fade away because your eyeballs are making tiny movements that are called glissades. Answer: False Learning Objective: 3.3 Explain why some sensory information is ignored. Topic: 3.3 Habituation and Sensory Adaptation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 181. Light has two natures and can be thought of as both a wave and a particle. Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 182. In daylight, the shortest wavelengths of light in the visible spectrum will look red. Answer: False Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 183. The amount of light let into the eye is controlled by the iris. Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Topic: 3.4 Light and the Eye Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

184. The pathway from the retina to the brain that enables us to see is: rods and cones to bipolar cells to ganglion cells to optic nerve. Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.5 Explain how light information reaches the visual cortex. Topic: 3.5 The Visual Pathway Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 185. The problem with the trichromatic theory of color vision is that it does not adequately explain color blindness, nor why staring at a reversed American flag produces an afterimage of a flag with the correct colors. Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.6 Compare and contrast two major theories of color vision, and explain how color-deficient vision occurs. Topic: 3.6 Perception of Color Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 186. The pitch of a sound (from a low bass to a high shriek) is related to the amplitude of the sound waves that reach the eardrum. Answer: False Learning Objective: 3.7 Explain the nature of sound, and describe how it travels through the various parts of the ear. Topic: 3.7 Sound Waves and the Ear Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 187. The correct order of the three bones of the middle ear from outside to inside is the anvil, the hammer, and the stirrup. Answer: False Learning Objective: 3.7 Explain the nature of sound, and describe how it travels through the various parts of the ear. Topic: 3.7 Sound Waves and the Ear Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 188. The place theory of the perception of pitch is MOST identified with Hermann von Helmholtz. Answer: True Learning Objective: 3.8 Summarize three theories of how the brain processes information about pitch. Topic: 3.8 Perceiving Pitch Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 189. Nerve hearing impairment due to problems in the auditory cortex of the brain can be easily corrected with hearing aids. Answer: False Learning Objective: 3.9 Identify types of hearing impairment and treatment options for each. Topic: 3.9 Types of Hearing Impairments Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 190. There are seven primary tastes: hot, sour, spicy, sweet, brothy, acid, and bitter. Answer: False Learning Objective: 3.10 Explain how the sense of taste works. Topic: 3.10 Gustation: How We Taste the World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 191. Olfactory receptor cells are located in the back of the throat. Answer: False Learning Objective: 3.11 Explain how the sense of smell works. Topic: 3.11 The Sense of Scents: Olfaction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 192. Substance P is related to maintaining a sense of balance. Answer: False Learning Objective: 3.12 Describe how we experience the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Topic: 3.12 Somesthetic Senses Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 193. The ability to see 3-D movies is an instance of using motion parallax. Answer: False Learning Objective: 3.15 Explain how we perceive depth using both monocular and binocular cues. Topic: 3.15 Depth Perception Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

SHORT ANSWER 194. Briefly explain the concept of the absolute threshold. Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe the difference and absolute thresholds. Topic: 3.2 Sensory Thresholds Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 195. Briefly explain the concept of the just noticeable difference (JND). Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe the difference and absolute thresholds. Topic: 3.2 Sensory Thresholds Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 196. What is the correct order of the structures of the eye from where light enters to where it causes a neural response to be sent to the brain?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 3.5 Explain how light information reaches the visual cortex. Topic: 3.5 The Visual Pathway Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 197. Describe how wavelength, amplitude, and purity are related to volume, timbre, and pitch in the process of sound waves reaching the ear. Learning Objective: 3.7 Explain the nature of sound, and describe how it travels through the various parts of the ear. Topic: 3.7 Sound Waves and the Ear Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 198. Briefly describe the place theory of pitch. Learning Objective: 3.8 Summarize three theories of how the brain processes information about pitch. Topic: 3.8 Perceiving Pitch Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 199. How do cochlear implants work? Learning Objective: 3.9 Identify types of hearing impairment and treatment options for each. Topic: 3.9 Types of Hearing Impairments Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 200. What are the basic tastes? Which taste was the most recently identified? Learning Objective: 3.10 Explain how the sense of taste works. Topic: 3.10 Gustation: How We Taste the World Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 201. How is the way the sense of taste works similar to the way the sense of smell works? Learning Objective: 3.11 Explain how the sense of smell works. Topic: 3.11 The Sense of Scents: Olfaction Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 202. What are the three somesthetic senses and what does each one do? Learning Objective: 3.12 Describe how we experience the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Topic: 3.12 Somesthetic Senses Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 203. What is the difference between monocular and binocular depth cues? Learning Objective: 3.15 Explain how we perceive depth using both monocular and binocular cues. Topic: 3.15 Depth Perception Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

204. What does culture have to do with the Müller-Lyer illusion? Learning Objective: 3.16 Identify some common visual illusions and the factors that influence our perception of them. Topic: 3.16 Perceptual Illusions Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

ESSAY 205. You decide to go to work for a presidential candidate in the next election. You think that the way to get people to vote for your candidate is to use some psychology. So, you make a deal with a soft-drink company to insert a picture of your candidate into its commercials for only a brief instant. It will be so quick that no one will notice the picture. That way, the candidate’s image will enter viewers’ subconscious minds and make them vote for your candidate. What psychological processes are you trying to use, and will they be likely to work? Learning Objective: 3.2 Describe the difference and absolute thresholds. Topic: 3.2 Sensory Thresholds Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 206. Compare and contrast the trichromatic and opponent-process theories of color vision. How has this debate regarding the proper explanation of color vision been resolved? Learning Objective: 3.6 Compare and contrast two major theories of color vision, and explain how color-deficient vision occurs. Topic: 3.6 Perception of Color Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 207. Describe how sound waves become nerve impulses as they enter the ear. How are the important characteristics of sound coded? Learning Objective: 3.7 Explain the nature of sound, and describe how it travels through the various parts of the ear. Topic: 3.7 Sound Waves and the Ear Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 208. List and explain two binocular cues for depth perception and two monocular cues. Why do humans use two different types of cues for depth? Learning Objective: 3.15 Explain how we perceive depth using both monocular and binocular cues. Topic: 3.15 Depth Perception Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 209. Why do perceptual illusions occur? Give an example of a perceptual illusion and explain it according to your answer to the first part of this question.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 3.16 Identify some common visual illusions and the factors that influence our perception of them. Topic: 3.16 Perceptual Illusions Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Test Yourself Pick the best answer. 1. In making a large pot of chili for a family reunion, you find that you have to add 1 onion to your pot of chili that already has 5 onions mixed in it to notice a difference. According to Weber’s law, how many onions would you have to add to notice a difference if you are making twice as much chili with 10 onions? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 2. A study purportedly conducted by James Vicary teaches us what about the power of subliminal perception and its effect on advertising? a. Subliminal advertising affects a consumer’s decision-making process but only when it involves comfort foods such as popcorn and soda. b. Subliminal advertising can profoundly affect a consumer’s decision-making process. c. Subliminal advertising was never supported, since Vicary ultimately admitted that he never truly conducted such a study. d. Subliminal advertising is effective on those who believe in the power of the unconscious. 3. You detect the strong smell of cedar when you enter a furniture store. However, after a short while in the store, you no longer can detect the smell. This is likely due to a. accommodation. b. habituation. c. perceptual constancy. d. sensory adaptation. 4. Which of the following terms refers to the amplitude of a light wave such as how high or low the wave is? a. brightness b. color c. pitch d. hue 5. When an ophthalmologist surgically corrects a patient’s vision through LASIK or PRK, the doctor is making adjustments to the patient’s a. retina. b. lens. c. cornea. d. iris. 6. What part of the eye hardens as we age, thus causing many to suffer from presbyopia? a. lens b. rods c. cones d. vitreous humor 7. When going from a brightly lit room to a darkened room, the rods play a role in the process of __________, or our ability to adjust to seeing in low levels of light. a. afterimage b. light adaptation c. dark adaptation d. opponent-process theory 8. The hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup are part of the

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a. middle ear. b. outer ear. c. inner ear. d. cochlea. 9. John has played his music loudly for years. Now, in his 20s, he finds he has a continuous ringing in both of his ears. What would John probably be diagnosed with? a. tinnitus, which is a nerve-based disorder that has no permanent cure b. conduction-based hearing impairment, which hearing aids may be able to help c. damage to the pinna, which can be corrected with surgery d. regardless of the disorder, John will ultimately require a cochlear implant 10. Studies show that taste preference can typically begin a. in the first 3 to 6 months after birth. b. by age 1. c. before a baby is born. d. during preschool. 11. Jude is suffering from a severe cold. His nose has been stopped up for several days. What effect, if any, might his cold have on his sense of taste? a. His sense of taste will be no better or worse since the senses of taste and smell are completely separate. b. His sense of taste will be increased since he isn’t receiving additional sensory input from his sense of smell. c. His sense of taste will get better but not until 48 hours after he loses his sense of smell. d. His sense of taste will be dulled since taste and smell often work together. 12. If a child suffers from congenital analgesia, why must she or he be careful when outside playing? a. The child cannot feel pain and can suffer injuries without even knowing it. b. The child often cannot hear sounds unless she or he is within 3 feet of the source. c. The child lacks the ability to react to a dangerous situation. d. The child’s sense of smell does not work properly. 13. If Tabitha closes her eyes when she rides in her parents’ car, she can still tell that the car is moving. This is due to the movement of tiny crystals in the a. otolith organs. b. outer ear. c. cochlea. d. middle ear. 14. A child may sometimes play by quickly turning around in a circle. When the child stops, she or he often feels like her or his head is still spinning. What is responsible for this sensation? a. fluid still rotating in the semicircular canals b. proprioceptors c. compression of the otolith organs d. disruption of the otolith crystals 15. Little Karla is with her mother at the docks waiting for her daddy to return from his naval deployment. While the boat is still a way out, her mother says, “There is daddy’s boat.” Karla is confused. She cannot understand how her dad can be on a boat that is so small that she can hold up her thumb and cover the entire boat. It’s safe to assume that Karla does not yet understand __________ constancy. a. shape b. size c. brightness d. color

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 16. XX XX XX XXXXX XX XX XX XXXXX XX XX XX XXXXX In viewing the items above, seeing three columns of Xs on the left versus three rows of Xs on the right can be explained by the Gestalt principle of __________. a. similarity b. closure c. contiguity d. proximity 17. From experience, you know that commercial jets typically fly around 500 miles per hour at a height of 30,000 feet. However, as you watch one fly high overhead, it seems to slowly pass by. What monocular depth cue best explains this? a. overlap b. linear perspective c. motion parallax d. texture gradient 18. The Müller-Lyer illusion is influenced greatly by one’s a. culture. b. age. c. gender. d. level of intellect. 19. Allison opened her new jigsaw puzzle but soon realized that she had the same puzzle when she was a child. With her past experience to rely upon, Allison will probably use __________ to help her reassemble the puzzle. a. top-down processing b. bottom-up processing c. perceptual expectancy d. perceptual set 20. Cade enjoys playing with sparklers on the 4th of July. He loves watching his sister run with a sparkler and the momentary trail of light that seems to be left behind. Which aspect of our visual system best explains this trail of light? a. achromatopsia b. lateral inhibition c. microsaccades of the eyes d. persistence of vision

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

EXTRA BANK OF QUESTIONS 3: SENSATION AND PERCEPTION ______________________________________________________________________________ 3.1–3.3 The ABCs of Sensation 3.1 Transduction 1. Detecting “environmental stimulation” is one way to define __________. a. perception b. feeling c. sensation d. awareness Answer c % correct 94 a= 6 b= 0 c= 94 d= 0 r = .28 2. The process whereby we receive information from the environment through our receptors is __________. a. encoding b. perception c. sensation d. transduction Answer c % correct 54 a= 8 b= 8 c= 54 d= 31 r = .32 3. Sensation is the __________. a. organization of stimuli to create meaningful patterns b. stimulation of the senses c. presence of sensory cell activity in the absence of external stimulation d. result of activity in the efferent nervous system Answer b % correct 58 a= 24 b= 58 c= 8 d= 8 r = .43 4. The components in the sense organs that respond to energy are called __________. a. sensor cells b. receptor cells c. transducers d. effector cells Answer b % correct 85 a= 3 b= 85 c= 10 d= 2 r = .30

3.2 Sensory Thresholds 5. The minimum intensity of physical stimulation required to produce any sensation at all in a person is the __________ threshold. a. absolute b. difference c. minimum d. noticeable Answer a % correct 70 a= 70 b= 16 c= 8 d= 7 r = .32 Answer a % correct 83 a= 83 b= 8 c= 8 d= 0 r = .66 6. The lowest point at which a person can detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is presented is called the __________ threshold.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a. absolute b. difference c. range d. noticeable Answer a % correct 68

a= 68 b= 13 c= 2 d= 17

r = .36

7. When Malia went to her doctor, he gave her a hearing test. During the test, the doctor presented tones to Malia through earphones. The tones varied only along the loud-soft dimensions (from very loud to very soft). The doctor asked Malia to raise her hand whenever she heard a sound. The doctor was testing Malia’s __________. a. auditory convergence b. refractory threshold c. absolute threshold d. difference threshold Answer c % correct 38 a= 15 b= 0 c= 38 d= 46 r = .54 8. The smallest change in stimulation that can be detected 50 percent of the time is called the __________ threshold. a. separation b. difference c. response d. absolute Answer b % correct 58 a= 2 b= 58 c= 4 d= 35 r = .43 9. Which of the following statements regarding sensory thresholds is true? a. Only the difference threshold varies from person to person. b. Only the absolute threshold is constant for all people. c. Both the difference threshold and the absolute threshold are constant for all people at all times. d. Both the absolute threshold and the difference threshold vary from person to person over time. Answer d % correct 84 a= 3 b= 7 c= 6 d= 84 r = .21 10. The term “just noticeable difference” is loosely synonymous with __________ threshold. a. separation b. difference c. response d. absolute Answer b % correct 77 a= 1 b= 77 c= 3 d= 19 r = .34 11. Weber’s law states that a just noticeable change in a stimulus magnitude is __________ the original stimulus magnitude. a. proportional to b. equal to c. greater than d. less than Answer a % correct 72 a= 72 b= 11 c= 0 d= 17 r = .29 12. Dr. Aziz wants to determine how loud a certain noise must be in order for it to be heard from a distance of 50 feet. Her question involves the concept of __________. a. relative magnitude b. difference threshold c. absolute threshold d. just noticeable difference (JND) Answer c % correct 85 a= 15 b= 0 c= 85 d= 0 r = .73 13. Professor Bergstrom wants to know how loud a certain noise must be in order to be heard from a distance of 50 feet. This question involves the concept of __________. a. relative magnitude

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b. difference threshold c. absolute threshold d. inverse discrimination Answer c % correct 78

a= 17 b= 6 c= 78 d= 0

r = .26

3.3 Habituation and Sensory Adaptation 14. Adaptation is the process in which __________. a. receptor cells become linked to one another b. receptor sensitivity changes depending on the intensity of the stimulus c. visual acuity improves as one centers an object’s light on the fovea d. nonspectral colors can be seen Answer b % correct 83 a= 8 b= 83 c= 8 d= 0 r = .36

3.4–3.6 The Science of Seeing 3.4 Light and the Eye 15. The range of electromagnetic wavelengths that we can see is called the __________. a. visible spectrum b. acuity range c. visual field d. visual angle Answer a % correct 94 a= 94 b= 0 c= 6 d= 0 r = .28 16. The aspect of color that corresponds to names such as red, green, and blue is __________. a. brightness b. hue c. saturation d. fine detail Answer b % correct 74 a= 7 b= 74 c= 16 d= 3 r = .39 17. The purity, richness, or vividness of a hue is known as its __________. a. brightness b. saturation c. additive mix d. depth Answer b % correct 60 a= 34 b= 60 c= 0 d= 7 r = .20 18. The wavelength of the light to reach your eyes determines what __________ you see. a. brightness b. hue c. saturation d. fine detail Answer b % correct 83 a= 8 b= 83 c= 0 d= 8 r = .30 Answer b % correct 89 a= 9 b= 89 c= 2 d=0 r = .25 19. __________ refers to the vividness or richness of a hue. a. Brightness b. Saturation c. Additive mix d. Complement

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer b

% correct 66

a= 32 b= 66 c= 1 d= 1

r = .44

20. Hue, saturation, and brightness are three separate aspects of our experience of __________. a. sensation b. acuity c. color d. night vision. Answer c % correct 80 a= 3 b= 12 c= 80 d= 4 r = .39 21. The pupil is the __________. a. opening in the center of the iris b. colored part of the eye c. white of the eye d. lining in the back of the eyeball Answer a % correct 93 a= 93 b= 6 c= 1 d= 0

r = .19

22. The colored part of the eye that contains muscles to contract or expand the pupil is the __________. a. lens b. fovea c. iris d. cornea Answer c % correct 95 a= 1 b= 2 c= 95 d= 3 r = .27 23. The lens __________. a. is the transparent outer membrane of the eye that covers the pupil and iris b. allows one to focus on objects at different distances c. allows light initially to enter the eye d. controls the amount of light entering the eye Answer b % correct 77 a= 15 b= 77 c= 8 d= 0 r = .47 24. The shape of the lens adjusts in order to __________. a. protect the eye from too much light b. let in more light when it is dark c. focus on different objects at different distances d. allow time for the eye to adjust to bright light Answer c % correct 92 a= 8 b= 0 c= 92 d= 0 r = .28 25. The depressed spot in the retina that occupies the center of the visual field in which images are focused MOST sharply is called the __________. a. fovea b. cornea c. iris d. optic nerve Answer a % correct 77 a= 77 b= 12 c= 7 d= 4 r = .59 26. Light enters the eye through the __________. a. cornea b. lens c. iris d. retina Answer a % correct 58 a= 58 b= 33 c= 0 d= 8

r = .33

27. The inner lining on the back of the eyeball that is sensitive to light is called the __________. a. fovea b. retina

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c. iris d. optic nerve Answer b % correct 83

a= 8 b= 83 c= 8 d= 0

r = .36

28. Emmanuel enters a completely darkened room and lights a candle. Which of the following sequences best represents the candle’s light as it enters his eye? a. cornea–pupil–lens–retina b. pupil–cornea–lens–retina c. lens–cornea–pupil–retina d. retina–pupil–lens–cornea Answer a % correct 61 a= 61 b= 13 c= 18 d= 8 r = .52 29. When Yuri drives his car at night, he finds that he can barely see traffic and street signs if he looks directly at them. He can increase his visual sensitivity by looking at the signs __________. a. out of the side of his eye, because doing so focuses the image on the blind spot b. out of the side of his eye (using more rods) instead of focusing directly on them (using more cones) c. and squinting, which focuses the available light more precisely d. out of the side of his eye (using more cones) instead of focusing directly on them (using more rods) Answer b % correct 62 a= 2 b= 62 c= 16 d= 20 r = .37 30. In nearsightedness, the image is focused __________. a. on the retina b. behind the retina c. in front of the retina d. on the fovea Answer c % correct 92 a= 8 b= 0 c= 92 d= 0 r = .41 31. When the eye becomes elongated, people see near objects well, but see far objects poorly. This is what is called __________. a. farsightedness b. nearsightedness c. astigmatism d. accommodation Answer b % correct 92 a= 8 b= 92 c= 0 d= 0 r = .22 32. When people are nearsighted, this most likely means that their eye __________. a. focuses light behind the retina b. focuses light on the blind spot c. focuses light in front of the retina d. has shifted the near point of accommodation due to distortion of the lens Answer c % correct 44 a= 39 b= 0 c= 44 d= 17 r = .74 33. Jake acted out in class and made poor grades. After a vision screening at the school, Jake’s teacher moved him to the front of the class. Jake’s academic and social behaviors improved. Jake probably has which vision problem? a. astigmatism b. farsightedness c. nearsightedness d. visual occlusion Answer c % correct 87 a= 3 b= 11 c= 87 d= 0 r = .61 34. The eyes convert light energy into neural responses that we experience as sight. The conversion of light energy into sight is done by receptor cells in the __________. a. iris b. pupil c. blind spot

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d. retina Answer d

% correct 92

a= 0 b= 8 c= 0 d= 92

r = .41

35. Rods and cones are found in the __________. a. retina b. iris c. optic nerve d. cornea Answer a % correct 89 a= 89 b= 6 c= 0 d= 6

r = .30

36. Rods and cones are connected to __________. a. optic neurons b. bipolar neurons c. interneurons d. efferent neurons Answer b % correct 75 a= 17 b= 75 c= 8 d= 0

r = .30

37. __________ are receptors that are best for seeing details. a. Cones b. Rods c. Bipolar cells d. Ganglion cells Answer a % correct 94 a= 94 b= 0 c= 0 d= 6 r = .20 38. Which type of receptor cell is associated with seeing colors? a. ganglia b. bipolar c. rods d. cones Answer d % correct 92 a= 0 b= 3 c= 5 d= 92 r = .52 39. The eyes detect different colors by using the __________. a. cortex b. cones c. shafts d. rods Answer b % correct 83 a= 8 b= 83 c= 0 d= 8 r = .33 40. The ability to discern fine details in visual patterns is termed __________. a. temporal acuity b. visual perspicacity c. visual acuity d. myopia Answer c % correct 92 a= 0 b= 0 c= 92 d= 8 r = .41 41. The place in the retina where the axons of all the ganglion cells come together to leave the eye is called the __________. a. fovea b. optic chiasma c. blind spot d. optic nerve Answer c % correct 39 a= 6 b= 11 c= 39 d= 44 r = .23 42. What structure in your eye is most like the film in a camera? a. the retina

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b. the lens c. the cornea d. the pupil Answer a % correct 78

a= 78 b= 6 c= 11 d= 6

r = .66

3.5 The Visual Pathway 43. Light receptors that see best at night are the __________. a. foveas b. cones c. shafts d. rods Answer d % correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 0 d= 100 r = .00 44. Emily enters a dark movie theater from the bright sunlight. Which of the following is occurring in her retinal system? a. a slow shift from cone vision to rod vision b. a rapid shift from cone vision to rod vision c. a slow shift from rod vision to cone vision d. a rapid shift from rod vision to cone vision Answer a % correct 39 a= 39 b= 44 c= 0 d= 17 r = .29 45. The process by which rods and cones become more sensitive to light in response to lowered levels of illumination is called __________. a. afterimage resolution b. light adaptation c. dark adaptation d. afterimage adaptation Answer c % correct 77 a= 0 b= 15 c= 77 d= 8 r = .47

3.6 Perception of Color 46. If you stare for 30 seconds at a red object and then look at a blank sheet of white paper, you will see a greenish image of the object. This phenomenon best supports the __________ theory of color vision. a. Young-Helmholtz opponent-process b. Young-Helmholtz trichromatic c. Hering opponent-process d. Hering trichromatic Answer c % correct 54 a= 17 b= 21 c= 54 d= 8 r = .32 47. Red, green, and blue are __________ colors. a. primary b. secondary c. additive d. complementary Answer a % correct 85 a= 85 b= 0 c= 8 d= 8

r = .21

48. A dichromat __________. a. sees all colors b. is either red-green or yellow-blue color blind c. responds only to blue-yellow or red-green d. responds only to black and white Answer b % correct 92 a= 0 b= 92 c= 8 d= 0

r = .28

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

3.7–3.9 The Hearing Sense: Can You Hear Me Now? 3.7 Sound Waves and the Ear 49. The physical stimuli for the sense of hearing are called __________ waves. a. alpha b. infrared c. sound d. sine Answer c % correct 81 a= 10 b= 1 c= 81 d= 7 r = .22 50. The physical stimuli for the sense of hearing are called __________ waves. a. alpha b. radio c. sound d. beta Answer c % correct 83 a= 8 b= 8 c= 83 d= 0 r = .27 51. The changes in pressure caused when molecules of air or fluid collide with one another then move apart again are called __________. a. hertz b. sound waves c. decibels d. pitch Answer b % correct 53 a= 15 b= 53 c= 20 d= 9 r = .27 52. An increase in the frequency of sound waves will correspond most directly to an increase in __________. a. amplitude b. pitch c. loudness d. decibels Answer b % correct 72 a= 11 b= 72 c= 11 d= 6 r = .53 53. Frequency determines __________. a. pitch b. amplitude c. timbre d. overtones Answer a % correct 75 a= 75 b= 8 c= 8 d= 8

r = .69

54. As sounds become louder, their __________ increases. a. frequency b. pitch c. amplitude d. hertz Answer c % correct 85 a= 8 b= 8 c= 85 d= 0 r = .60 55. The height of a sound wave represents its __________. a. pitch b. amplitude c. timbre d. overtones

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer b

% correct 92

a= 8 b= 92 c= 0 d= 0

r = .58

56. Hertz is a unit of measurement of __________. a. frequency b. amplitude c. loudness d. overtones Answer a % correct 81 a= 81 b= 9 c= 10 d= 0

r = .26

57. The audible range of frequencies for human beings is __________ cycles per second. a. 2 to 50,000 b. 120 to 50,000 c. 1 to 10,000 d. 20 to 20,000 Answer d % correct 67 a= 22 b= 11 c= 0 d= 67 r = .59 58. Decibels are used to measure __________. a. frequency b. amplitude c. loudness d. overtones Answer c % correct 72 a= 11 b= 17 c= 72 d= 0

r = .51

59. Hearing begins when sound waves bump against the __________. a. earlobe b. eardrum c. oval window d. round window Answer b % correct 92 a= 0 b= 92 c= 8 d= 0 r = .20 60. The cochlea and basilar membrane are part of the __________. a. middle ear b. inner ear c. external ear d. auditory chamber Answer b % correct 77 a= 15 b= 77 c= 8 d= 0 r = .58 61. The boundary between the middle and inner ear is the __________. a. basilar membrane b. cochlea c. eardrum d. oval window Answer d % correct 50 a= 22 b= 11 c= 17 d= 50 r = .76 62. The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are the __________. a. three components of the eardrum b. three tiny bones in the middle ear c. membranes in the oval window d. three components of the basilar membrane Answer b % correct 92 a= 8 b= 92 c= 0 d= 0

r = .20

63. The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are all located in the __________. a. middle ear b. inner ear c. external ear

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d. oval window Answer a % correct 72

a= 72 b= 27 c= 0 d= 0

r = .34

3.8 Perceiving Pitch 64. Frequency theory proposes that __________. a. pitch is determined by the location on the basilar membrane where the message originated b. pitch is determined by the quality of the sound wave c. the frequency of the vibrations of the basilar membrane is translated into an equivalent frequency of nerve impulses d. nerve cells fire in sequence, not individually Answer c % correct 56 a= 21 b= 13 c= 56 d= 10 r = .21 65. The place theory and the frequency theory help to explain how __________. a. a wide range of frequencies is heard by the ear b. amplitude is regulated by the ear c. sounds are located d. “boilermakers’ deafness” occurs Answer a % correct 83 a= 83 b= 6 c= 11 d= 0 r = .63

3.10–3.11 Chemical Senses: It Tastes Good and Smells Even Better 66. Flavor is __________. a. taste b. smell c. a combination of taste and smell d. a combination of touch and taste Answer c % correct 91 a= 8 b= 2 c= 91 d= 0

r = .31

3.10 Gustation: How We Taste the World 67. Taste buds are contained in the tongue’s __________. a. papillae b. hair cells c. underside d. saccules Answer a % correct 83 a= 83 b= 8 c= 0 d= 8 r = .56 3.11 The Sense of Scents: Olfaction 68. Axons from the nerve cells in the nose carry messages directly to the __________ of the brain. a. olfactory epithelium b. olfactory bulbs c. papillae d. vomeronasal organ Answer b % correct 42 a= 46 b= 42 c= 6 d= 5 r = .23 69. The first location in the brain to receive smell information is the __________. a. olfactory bulb b. olfactory epithelium c. thalamus

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d. vomeronasal organ Answer a % correct 48

a= 48 b= 29 c= 20 d= 3

r = .22

3.12–3.13 The Other Senses: What the Body Knows 3.12 Somesthetic Senses 70. What sensations are detected by the skin? a. pressure, pain, warmth, and cold b. only pain, warmth, and cold c. only pressure, pain, and warmth d. only pressure and pain Answer a % correct 94 a= 94 b= 6 c= 0 d= 0

r = .23

71. The idea that large fibers in the sensory nerves can prevent impulses from reaching the brain and thus prevent the sensation of pain is part of the __________ theory of pain. a. gate-control b. primary process c. free nerve ending d. volley Answer a % correct 93 a= 93 b= 3 c= 4 d= 0 r = .43

3.13 Body Movement and Position 72. The senses that monitor our equilibrium and awareness of body position in space are the __________ senses. a. vestibular b. olfactory c. cutaneous d. kinesthetic Answer a % correct 32 a= 32 b= 6 c= 2 d= 58 r = .21 73. The vestibular sense governs our awareness of __________. a. pressure b. temperature c. equilibrium d. pain Answer c % correct 54 a= 13 b= 11 c= 54 d= 21 r = .31 Answer c % correct 83 a= 0 b= 8 c= 83 d= 8 r = .27 74. The vestibular sacs control the body’s sense of __________. a. gravity and movement b. body rotation c. pain d. pressure Answer a % correct 55 a= 55 b= 20 c= 12 d= 13 r = .31 75. The vestibular system monitors __________. a. body orientation and its changes b. hearing c. visual acuity d. temperature sensations Answer a % correct 78 a= 78 b= 6 c= 0 d= 17

r = .69

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

76. Harper jumps out of bed at the sound of the alarm clock. As she reaches her feet, she feels very dizzy for a few seconds. As her system readjusts to her standing, she begins to regain her sense of balance. The source of Harper’s dizziness is probably in the __________ senses. a. vestibular b. skin c. olfactory d. papillary Answer a % correct 78 a= 78 b= 0 c= 18 d= 3 r = .48

3.14–3.16 The ABCs of Perception 77. Experiencing MEANINGFUL patterns in the jumble of sensory information received by the brain is __________. a. sensation b. perception c. adaptation d. transduction Answer b % correct 80 a= 7 b= 80 c= 3 d= 10 r = .34 78. Our __________ enable us to make sense of the sensations that we are continually experiencing. a. sensory organs b. motor abilities c. perceptual abilities d. sensory abilities Answer c % correct 90 a= 5 b= 2 c= 90 d= 3 r = .24 79. Sensation is to __________ as perception is to __________. a. psychological; physical b. gathering; understanding c. understanding; gathering d. interpreting; detecting Answer b % correct 77 a= 0 b= 77 c= 0 d= 23 r = .47 80. Perceptions differ from sensations in that __________. a. perceptions depend as much on prior experience as they do on neural cues traveling between receptors and the brain. b. perceptions are purely psychological, whereas sensations are purely neural c. each sensation is actually a large set of perceptions d. sensations depend mostly on learning, whereas perceptions are innate processes Answer a % correct 49 a= 49 b= 30 c= 5 d= 17 r = .23

3.14 How We Organize Our Perceptions 81. Our tendency to see objects as relatively stable and unchanging despite changing sensory information is called perceptual __________. a. closure b. constancy c. reversibility d. coherency Answer b % correct 91 a= 2 b= 91 c= 1 d= 5 r = .30 Answer b % correct 91 a= 7 b= 91 c= 1 d= 1 r = .31

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

82. When we look at a white house, we can recognize it as a white house by day or night and from any angle. This is due to perceptual __________. a. closure b. constancy c. reversibility d. coherency Answer b % correct 86 a= 2 b= 86 c= 1 d= 10 r = .42 83. Whether you are standing right next to it or a mile away from it, you know that a particular tree is the same size because of __________. a. the figure–ground distinction b. the phi phenomenon c. perceptual constancy d. retinal disparity Answer c % correct 88 a= 10 b= 1 c= 88 d= 1 r = .42 84. You are seated at a small table talking to a friend opposite you who is drinking coffee. As she lifts the cup off the saucer and raises it to her mouth, the image made on your retina by the bottom of the cup actually changes shape, but you still “see” it as round due to __________. a. good continuation b. movement parallax c. perceptual constancy d. proximity Answer c % correct 85 a= 1 b= 12 c= 85 d= 2 r = .25 85. Shape, size, and brightness are all types of perceptual __________. a. closure b. constancy c. reversibility d. coherency Answer b % correct 78 a= 1 b= 78 c= 3 d= 19 r = .48 86. Size constancy explains why __________. a. objects are perceived as having constant dimensions regardless of distance b. perception of size is inversely related to distance c. closer objects are perceived as smaller than faraway objects d. distance affects perceived size Answer a % correct 53 a= 53 b= 8 c= 4 d= 35 r = .49 87. The __________ states that we see an object’s size as constant even if the object’s distance from us changes. a. law of size constancy b. visual angle theory c. retinal image theory d. Ames Room theory Answer a % correct 88 a= 88 b= 2 c= 10 d= 1 r = .32 88. People with normal vision will perceive a pyramid whether they see the object from the side, top, or any other angle as long as the object is, in fact, a pyramid. This example illustrates the law of __________. a. shape constancy b. size constancy c. figure–ground d. visual angle Answer a % correct 84 a= 84 b= 1 c= 4 d= 11 r = .37 Answer a % correct 89 a= 89 b= 1 c= 1 d= 9 r = .20

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

89. When you stand to the side of a window frame, it casts a trapezoidal (nonrectangular) image on your retina. It still seems rectangular to you, though, because of __________. a. size constancy b. shape constancy c. figure–ground d. the phi phenomenon Answer b % correct 97 a= 2 b= 97 c= 1 d= 0 r = .18 90. The law of brightness constancy suggests that our perception of an object is a result of the __________ of the light from the object divided by the light surrounding it. a. sum b. ratio c. amount d. intensity Answer b % correct 23 a= 5 b= 23 c= 19 d= 53 r = .28 0000 XXXX 0000 91. In the figure above, seeing rows of 0s and a row of Xs illustrates the Gestalt law of __________. a. figure–ground b. similarity c. proximity d. closure Answer b % correct 82 a= 4 b= 82 c= 12 d= 3 r = .51 92. Gestalt theorists propose that much of what we see is divided into __________. a. proximal and distal b. figure and ground c. standard and deviant d. chromatic and monocular Answer b % correct 80 a= 7 b= 80 c= 6 d= 7 r = .34 93. Which Gestalt law of organization must always occur even if other laws of organization are also illustrated? a. figure–ground b. similarity c. proximity d. closure Answer a % correct 60 a= 60 b= 14 c= 21 d= 4 r = .30 Answer a % correct 64 a= 64 b= 13 c= 16 d= 6 r = .29 94. Elements that share common features such as size, shape, or color are viewed as a set. This defines which Gestalt law of organization? a. figure–ground b. similarity c. proximity d. closure Answer b % correct 90 a= 5 b= 90 c= 3 d= 2 r = .20 95. The saying “Birds of a feather flock together” is most closely aligned with the __________ principle of perceptual organization. a. closure b. similarity c. symmetry

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d. continuity Answer b % correct 80

a= 3 b= 80 c= 4 d= 13

r = .22

96. Perceiving incomplete objects as complete defines the Gestalt principle of __________ a. figure–ground b. similarity c. proximity d. closure Answer d % correct 76 a= 10 b= 4 c= 10 d= 76 r = .21

3.15 Depth Perception MONOCULAR CUES 97. How blurry-looking an object appears and linear perspective are cues associated with __________ depth perception. a. binocular disparity b. kinesthetic c. monocular d. binocular Answer c % correct 62 a= 7 b= 18 c= 62 d= 13 r = .58 98. Which of the following is an example of a monocular cue? a. far objects looking clear, and near ones looking blurry b. the trees in a forest converging in the distance c. the double image of a finger held in front of one eye d. the appearance of a small light making movements against a dark background Answer b % correct 54 a= 20 b= 54 c= 20 d= 6 r = .38 Answer b % correct 62 a= 15 b= 62 c= 14 d= 8 r = .46 99. The distance cue in which two parallel lines extend into the distance and seem to come together at one point is called __________. a. linear perspective b. aerial perspective c. shadowing d. motion parallax Answer a % correct 94 a= 94 b= 1 c= 1 d= 4 r = .28 Answer a % correct 95 a= 95 b= 1 c= 0 d= 4 r = .33 100. Railroad tracks converging in the distance best illustrate which monocular cue(s)? a. texture gradient b. linear perspective c. texture gradient and linear perspective d. clearness and texture gradient Answer b % correct 90 a= 1 b= 90 c= 8 d= 1 r = .36 101. The impression of depth can be created or enhanced in visual art by encouraging the person viewing a drawing to assume that converging lines are actually parallel. This artistic ploy uses the depth cue of __________. a. interposition b. elevation c. accommodation d. linear perspective Answer d % correct 91 a= 4 b= 2 c= 3 d= 91 r = .28

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

102. The distance cue in which faraway objects appear to be hazy and have a blurred outline is called __________. a. linear perspective b. aerial perspective c. shadowing d. motion parallax Answer b % correct 64 a= 16 b= 64 c= 14 d= 6 r = .43 103. The distance cue in which objects at greater distances appear to be smoother is __________. a. linear perspective b. aerial perspective c. texture gradient d. motion parallax Answer c % correct 84 a= 9 b= 4 c= 84 d= 4 r = .31 104. Texture gradient refers to the fact that texture appears to become __________. a. more detailed in the distance b. less detailed in the distance c. more detailed as brightness increases d. less detailed as brightness increases Answer b % correct 94 a= 3 b= 94 c= 3 d= 0 r = .31 105. A drawing of a gravel road depicts the tiny rocks as becoming smaller and less distinct as one looks “down the lane.” This simulation of depth on a two-dimensional sheet of paper is an example of the __________ cue. a. interposition b. texture gradient c. elevation d. shadowing Answer b % correct 87 a= 8 b= 87 c= 4 d= 1 r = .32 106. While riding on a train, Paul notices that the trees and telephone poles close to the tracks seem to flash by, while the buildings, trees, and mountains that are farther away seem to move by more slowly. This phenomenon is called __________. a. aerial perspective b. subliminal motion c. motion parallax d. motion differential Answer c % correct 48 a= 12 b= 3 c= 48 d= 37 r = .31 Answer c % correct 85 a= 4 b= 3 c= 85 d= 8 r = .32 107. When you look out the window of a car that is traveling 60 mph, objects at different locations appear to move at different speeds. This apparent motion is known as __________. a. the kinetic depth effect b. motion parallax c. movement illusion d. linear perspective Answer b % correct 85 a= 6 b= 85 c= 5 d= 3 r = .31 108. When you look out the window of a car that is traveling 60 mph, close objects appear __________. a. to be moving faster than far ones b. to be moving slower than far ones c. to be moving at the same speed as far ones d. to be stationary and the far ones appear to be moving in the opposite direction of the car Answer a % correct 92 a= 92 b= 3 c= 0 d= 5 r = .20

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

BINOCULAR CUES 109. If perceptual information aiding in depth perception must be drawn simultaneously from both eyes, it is referred to as __________. a. a monocular cue b. a binocular cue c. contralateral input d. a duoretinal image Answer b % correct 93 a= 4 b= 93 c= 1 d= 2 r = .20 110. Single-eye vision is to __________ as double-eye vision is to __________. a. kinetic; monocular b. monocular; kinetic c. monocular; binocular d. binocular; monocular Answer c % correct 97 a= 1 b= 0 c= 97 d= 2 r = .22 111. One-eye vision is to __________ as two-eye vision is to __________. a. kinetic; monocular b. monocular; kinetic c. monocular; binocular d. binocular; monocular Answer c % correct 97 a= 1 b= 1 c= 97 d= 1 r = .22 112. The differences between the separate images each eye receives are known as __________. a. binocular disparity b. convergence c. binocular inversion d. stereoscopic vision Answer a % correct 55 a= 55 b= 11 c= 25 d= 8 r = .28 113. Because the eyes are separated by several centimeters, each eye’s view of an object is different from that of the other eye. This is called __________ disparity. a. monocular b. ocular c. visual d. binocular Answer d % correct 46 a= 4 b= 9 c= 41 d= 46 r = .24 114. Since our eyes are a few inches apart, we get a slightly different view from each eye. This is known as __________. a. binocular disparity b. visual reference c. ocular disparity d. kinetic revision Answer a % correct 67 a= 67 b= 7 c= 20 d= 6 r = .31 115. Which of the following produces binocular disparity? a. the eyes being a few centimeters apart b. right-eye dominance in most people c. astigmatism d. the slightly elliptical shape of the eye Answer a % correct 72 a= 72 b= 7 c= 11 d= 9 r = .42

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 116. When we look at objects fairly close to us, our eyes tend to turn slightly inward toward each other. This process is called __________. a. retinal disparity b. convergence c. binocular inversion d. being cross-eyed Answer b % correct 79 a= 11 b= 79 c= 8 d= 2 r = .51 3.16 Perceptual Illusions 117. An illusion due to misleading cues in stimuli that cause us to create perceptions that are inaccurate or impossible is called a(n) __________ illusion. a. perceptual b. induced c. physical d. stroboscopic Answer a % correct 67 a= 67 b= 17 c= 6 d= r = .33 118. You are told that you are going to be shown some words related to food. The experimenter then shows you the word “pizao” and you perceive the word “pizza.” This example illustrates that your perceptions are affected by your __________. a. motivations b. expectations c. cognitive style d. cultural background Answer b % correct 78 a= 0 b= 78 c= 11 d= 11 r = .23 119. Even though a motion picture actually consists of a series of still frames, we perceive it as conveying continuous movement. This is an example of __________. a. autokinetic illusion b. stroboscopic motion c. induced movement d. the phi phenomenon Answer b % correct 62 a= 21 b= 62 c= 7 d= 10 r = .20 120. The autokinetic effect is the tendency __________. a. for a stationary object viewed against a dark background to look as if it is moving b. to perceive that a moving light viewed against a dark background is stationary c. for a stationary object viewed against a dark background to appear closer than it actually is d. to perceive that a stationary object viewed against a dark background is farther away than it actually is Answer a % correct 76 a= 76 b= 11 c= 10 d= 3 r = .39 121. The tendency for a stationary light viewed against darkness to look as though it is moving is called __________. a. the synthesizing process b. the autokinetic effect c. the kinetic depth effect d. motion parallax Answer b % correct 76 a= 1 b= 76 c= 8 d= 15 r = .50 122. Many so-called UFOs may actually be caused by __________. a. the Müller-Lyer illusion b. the Ebbinghaus illusion c. faulty monocular cues d. the autokinetic effect

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer d

% correct 92

a= 4 b= 3 c= 2 d= 92

r = .36

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Revel Quizzes The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Psychology: An Exploration, Fifth Edition. EOM Quiz: 3.1–3.3 The ABCs of Sensation EOM Q3.1.1 ________ involves the detection of physical stimuli from our environment and is made possible by the activation of specific receptor cells. a) Sensation b) Perception c) Sublimination d) Adaptation Answer: a Consider This: These special receptor cells are located in the sense organs—the eyes, ears, nose, skin, and taste buds. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 3.1 Describe how we get information from the outside world into our brains. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The ABCs of Sensation EOM Q3.1.2 The lowest level of stimulation that a person can consciously detect 50 percent of the time the stimulation is present is called a) absolute threshold. b) just noticeable difference. c) sensation. d) sensory adaptation. Answer: a Consider This: For example, assuming a very quiet room and normal hearing, how far away can someone sit and you might still hear the tick of their watch 50 percent of the time? Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 3.2 Describe the difference and absolute thresholds. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The ABCs of Sensation EOM Q3.1.3 After being in class for a while, ____________ is a likely explanation for not hearing the sound of the fan in the LCD projector above you until someone says something about it. a) habituation b) accommodation c) adaptation d) sublimation Answer: a Consider This: The brain is primarily interested in changes in information. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 3.3 Explain why some sensory information is ignored. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The ABCs of Sensation

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

EOM Q3.1.4 You are drinking a strong cup of coffee that is particularly bitter. After a while, the coffee doesn’t taste as strong as it did when you first tasted it. What has happened? a) sensory adaptation b) subliminal perception c) habituation d) perceptual defense Answer: a Consider This: This happens because the receptor cells become less responsive to an unchanging stimulus. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 3.3 Explain why some sensory information is ignored. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The ABCs of Sensation EOM Quiz: 3.4-3.6 The Science of Seeing EOM Q3.2.1 Which of the following is largely determined by the length of a light wave? a) color b) brightness c) saturation d) duration Answer: a Consider This: There are three aspects to our perception of light: brightness, color, and saturation. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Science of Seeing EOM Q3.2.2 Aside from the lens, damage to the ________ can affect the eye’s ability to focus light. a) cornea b) iris c) pupil d) retina Answer: a Consider This: This structure protects the eye and focuses most of the light coming into the eye. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Science of Seeing EOM Q3.2.3 In farsightedness, also known as _______________, the focal point is _____________ the retina. a) hyperopia; beyond b) presbyopia; above c) myopia; below d) presbyopia; in front of Answer: a

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Consider This: Glasses, contacts, or corrective surgery like LASIK or PRK can correct this issue. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Science of Seeing EOM Q3.2.4 Cindy stares at a fixed spot in her bedroom using only one eye. After a while, what might happen to her vision? a) Any small object that crosses her visual field very slowly may at one point briefly disappear. b) Any object that she focuses on will begin to rotate, first clockwise, then counterclockwise. c) Objects will become more focused the longer she looks at them. d) Objects will become more distorted the longer she looks at them. Answer: a Consider This: This happens because there is a “hole” in the retina where there are no rods or cones. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The Science of Seeing EOM Q3.2.5 What are the three primary colors as proposed by the trichromatic theory? a) red, green, blue b) red, yellow, blue c) white, black, brown d) white, black, red Answer: a Consider This: These are not the same primary colors as the ones used when talking about painting. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 3.6 Compare and contrast two major theories of color vision, and explain how color-deficient vision occurs. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Science of Seeing EOM Q3.2.6 Which of the following best explains afterimages? a) opponent-process theory b) trichromatic theory c) color-deficient vision d) monochrome color blindness Answer: a Consider This: Afterimages occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 3.6 Compare and contrast two major theories of color vision, and explain how color-deficient vision occurs. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The Science of Seeing EOM Quiz: 3.7–3.9 The Hearing Sense: Can You Hear Me Now?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOM Q3.3.1 The part of the ear that can be seen is also called the a) pinna b) oval window. c) organ of Corti. d) cochlea. Answer: a Consider This: This structure serves as a kind of concentrator, funneling the sound waves from the outside into the structure of the ear. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 3.7 Explain the nature of sound, and describe how it travels through the various parts of the ear. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Hearing Sense: Can You Hear Me Now? EOM Q3.3.2 The oval window is found in what part of the ear? a) inner ear b) outer ear c) middle ear d) The oval window is not a structure of the ear. Answer: c Consider This: This membrane’s vibrations set off another chain reaction within the ear. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 3.7 Explain the nature of sound, and describe how it travels through the various parts of the ear. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Hearing Sense: Can You Hear Me Now? EOM Q3.3.3 Which theory cannot adequately account for pitches above 1,000 Hz? a) frequency b) place c) volley d) adaptive Answer: a Consider This: For this theory to be correct, the neurons associated with the hair cells would have to fire as fast as the basilar membrane vibrates, which only works up to 1,000 Hz. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 3.8 Summarize three theories of how the brain processes information about pitch. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Hearing Sense: Can You Hear Me Now? EOM Q3.3.4 Saju has suffered minor damage to the bones in his left middle ear. What treatment, if any, might help restore his hearing? a) a hearing aid b) a cochlear implant c) Both a hearing aid and a cochlear implant will be needed. d) Such damage is permanent and cannot be remedied. Answer: a Consider This: When this kind of damage happens, sound vibrations cannot be passed efficiently from the eardrum to the cochlea.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 3.9 Identify types of hearing impairment and treatment options for each. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The Hearing Sense: Can You Hear Me Now? EOM Q3.3.5 Which is considered the most common type of permanent hearing loss? a) sensorineural hearing loss b) psychological hearing loss c) conductive hearing loss d) frequency-based hearing loss Answer: a Consider This: With this type of hearing loss, the problem lies either in the inner ear or in the auditory pathways and cortical areas of the brain. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 3.9 Identify types of hearing impairment and treatment options for each. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The Hearing Sense: Can You Hear Me Now? EOM Quiz: 3.10–3.11 Chemical Senses: It Tastes Good and Smells Even Better EOM Q3.4.1 Taste is often called a(n) ____________ sense because it works with the molecules of foods that people eat. a) chemical b) physical c) psychological d) electrical Answer: a Consider This: When the molecules fit into the receptors, a signal is fired to the brain, which then interprets the taste sensation. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 3.10 Explain how the sense of taste works. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Chemical Senses: It Tastes Good and Smells Even Better EOM Q3.4.2 Research has found that taste information is sent to the a) insula and frontal operculum. b) pons and medulla. c) suprachiasmatic nucleus. d) cerebellum and parietal lobe. Answer: a Consider This: All of the taste sensations are processed all over the tongue, and their information is sent to the gustatory cortex. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 3.10 Explain how the sense of taste works. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Chemical Senses: It Tastes Good and Smells Even Better EOM Q3.4.3 How often are olfactory receptors replaced by new olfactory receptors?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) every 5–8 weeks b) every 12–24 hours c) every 2–3 days d) every 30 days Answer: a Consider This: There are at least 1,000 types of olfactory receptors, which are replaced as they naturally die off. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 3.11 Explain how the sense of smell works. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Chemical Senses: It Tastes Good and Smells Even Better EOM Q3.4.4 Olfactory receptors project directly to the ________________ and are unique in that signals do not first connect to the thalamus. a) olfactory bulbs b) occipital lobe c) hypothalamus d) gustatory cortex Answer: a Consider This: This is located right on top of the sinus cavity on each side of the brain. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 3.11 Explain how the sense of smell works. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Chemical Senses: It Tastes Good and Smells Even Better EOM Quiz: 3.12-3.13 The Other Senses: What the Body Knows EOM Q3.5.1 __________ are tactile receptors that are located just beneath the skin and respond to changes in pressure. a) Pacinian corpuscles b) Oligodendrocytes c) Free nerve endings d) Tactile interneurons Answer: a Consider This: Some tactile receptors respond to only one kind of sensation, such as pressure or temperature. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 3.12 Describe how we experience the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Other Senses: What the Body Knows EOM Q3.5.2 In gate-control theory, substance P a) opens the spinal gates for pain. b) closes the spinal gates for pain. c) is unrelated to pain. d) is similar in function to endorphins. Answer: a Consider This: Stimulation of the pain receptor cells releases substance P, which is a neuromodulator Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 3.12 Describe how we experience the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Skill: Understand the Concepts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: The Other Senses: What the Body Knows EOM Q3.5.3 When you close your eyes and raise your hand above your head, you know where your hand is due to information from a) proprioceptors. b) otolith organs. c) horizontal canals. d) semicircular canals. Answer: a Consider This: These special receptors let us know where our body parts are and their position in space. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 3.13 Describe the systems that tell us about balance and position and movement of our bodies. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Other Senses: What the Body Knows EOM Q3.5.4 Motion sickness often results from conflicting signals sent from the _______________ and from the _________. a) eyes; vestibular organs b) extremities; brain c) brain; internal organs d) conscious; unconscious Answer: a Consider This: Disagreement between external information and information from the body is what causes motion sickness. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 3.13 Describe the systems that tell us about balance and position and movement of our bodies. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Other Senses: What the Body Knows EOM Quiz: 3.14–3.16 The ABCs of Perception EOM Q3.6.1 When opening a door, the actual image on your retina changes drastically, but you still perceive the door as a rectangle. This is an example of _______ constancy. a) shape b) size c) color d) brightness Answer: a Consider This: This is why dinner plates on a table are seen as round, even though from the angle of viewing they are oval. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 3.14 Describe how perceptual constancies and the Gestalt principles account for common perceptual experiences. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The ABCs of Perception EOM Q3.6.2 Hunters who wear camouflage so that they can blend in with their surroundings are relying on which principle of perception?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) figure–ground relationships b) depth perception c) expectancy d) shape constancy Answer: a Consider This: This refers to the tendency to perceive objects or figures as existing on a background. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 3.15 Explain how we perceive depth using both monocular and binocular cues. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The ABCs of Perception EOM Q3.6.3 What monocular depth cue can best explain why railroad tracks appear to come together in the distance? a) linear perspective b) convergence c) overlap d) texture gradient Answer: a Consider This: The merging lines indicate that the “ends” of the lines are a great distance away from where the people are as they view them. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 3.15 Explain how we perceive depth using both monocular and binocular cues. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The ABCs of Perception EOM Q3.6.4 The Müller-Lyer illusion occurs more frequently in a) people living in a Western culture. b) children than adults. c) men than women. d) individuals living in poverty. Answer: a Consider This: This illusion involves a distortion that happens when a viewer tries to determine if two lines are exactly the same length. They are identical, but one line looks longer than the other. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 3.16 Identify some common visual illusions and the factors that influence our perception of them. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The ABCs of Perception EOM Q3.6.5 Willie’s uncle claimed to have seen a black panther in the trees beside the highway, although no one else saw it. Knowing that his uncle has been looking for a black panther for years, Willie attributes his uncle’s “sighting” to a) perceptual set. b) perceptual defense. c) bottom-up processing. d) cognitive convergence. Answer: a Consider This: This is the tendency to perceive things a certain way because people’s previous experiences or expectations influence them. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 3.16 Identify some common visual illusions and the factors that influence our perception of them.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The ABCs of Perception EOM Q3.6.6 The first time Fay had to install a ceiling fan in her new home, it took a long time. But later when she helped install a ceiling fan in her best friend’s home, she completed the job very quickly. Her improved speed and skill can partially be attributed to a) top-down processing. b) bottom-up processing. c) cognitive dissonance. d) the phi phenomenon. Answer: a Consider This: This is the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 3.16 Identify some common visual illusions and the factors that influence our perception of them. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The ABCs of Perception Chapter 3 Quiz: Sensation and Perception EOC Q3.1 In making a large pot of stew for a family reunion, you find that you have to add 1 onion to your pot of stew that already has 5 onions mixed in it to notice a difference. According to Weber’s law, how many onions would you have to add to notice a difference if you are making twice as much stew with 10 onions? a) 2 b) 1 c) 3 d) 4 Answer: a Consider This: Weber’s law, which describes just noticeable difference, means that whatever the difference between stimuli might be, it is always a constant. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 3.2 Describe the difference and absolute thresholds. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The ABCs of Sensation EOC Q3.2 Stimuli that fall below the threshold of conscious awareness are called ________ stimuli. a) subliminal b) encoded c) preconscious d) subliminal Answer: a Consider This: The correct answer should be easily identified if you look at the parts of the various options and ask yourself what each word segment means. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 3.1 Define sensation, and explain sensory thresholds. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The ABCs of Sensation

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOC Q3.3 You detect the strong smell of cedar when you enter a furniture store. However, after a short while in the store, you can no longer detect the smell. This is likely due to a) sensory adaptation. b) habituation. c) perceptual constancy. d) accommodation. Answer: a Consider This: During this process, receptor cells become less responsive to an unchanging stimulus, and the receptors no longer send signals to the brain. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 3.3 Explain why some sensory information is ignored. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The ABCs of Sensation EOC Q3.4 Which of the following terms refers to the amplitude of a light wave, such as how high or low the wave is? a) brightness b) color c) pitch d) hue Answer: a Consider This: As a light wave gets higher, this aspect intensifies. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Science of Seeing EOC Q3.5 When an ophthalmologist surgically corrects a patient’s vision through LASIK or PRK, the doctor is making adjustments to the patient’s a) cornea. b) lens. c) retina. d) iris. Answer: a Consider This: These procedures remove small portions of this part of the eye, changing its curvature and thus the focus in the eye. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Science of Seeing EOC Q3.6 What part of the eye hardens due to aging, thus causing many to suffer from presbyopia? a) lens b) rods c) cones d) vitreous humor Answer: a

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Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Consider This: This part of the eye changes its shape from thick to thin, enabling it to focus on objects that are close or far away. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Science of Seeing EOC Q3.7 When going from a brightly lit room to a darkened room, the rods play a role in the process of full __________, or our ability to adjust to seeing in low levels of light. a) dark adaptation b) light adaptation c) opponent-process theory d) afterimage Answer: a Consider This: This occurs when the eye has to adjust from a dark to brightly lit state. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 3.4 Describe how light travels through the various parts of the eye. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The Science of Seeing EOC Q3.8 The hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup are part of the a) middle ear. b) outer ear. c) inner ear. d) cochlea. Answer: a Consider This: Collectively these parts are referred to as the ossicles, and they are the smallest bones in the human body. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 3.7 Explain the nature of sound, and describe how it travels through the various parts of the ear. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Hearing Sense: Can You Hear Me Now? EOC Q3.9 Jordan has played the drums since middle school and is a long-time member of a hard rock band. Now in his late 20s, he finds he has a continuous ringing in both of his ears. What might be an appropriate diagnosis? a) tinnitus, which is a nerve-based disorder that has no permanent cure b) conduction-based hearing impairment, which hearing aids may be able to help c) damage to the pinna, which can be corrected with surgery d) regardless of the diagnosis, Jordan will ultimately require a cochlear implant Answer: a Consider This: This is a problem either in the inner ear or in the auditory pathways and cortical areas of the brain. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 3.9 Identify types of hearing impairment and treatment options for each. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The Hearing Sense: Can You Hear Me Now? EOC Q3.10 Studies show that taste preference can typically begin a) before a baby is born.

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Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) in the first 3 to 6 months after birth. c) by age 1. d) during preschool. Answer: a Consider This: Taste is one of our earliest-developed senses. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 3.10 Explain how the sense of taste works. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Chemical Senses: It Tastes Good and Smells Even Better EOC Q3.11 Luisa is suffering from a severe cold. Her nose has been stopped up for several days. What effect, if any, might her cold have on her sense of taste? a) Her sense of taste will be dulled since taste and smell often work together. b) Her sense of taste will be no better or worse since the senses of taste and smell are completely separate. c) Her sense of taste will be increased since she isn’t receiving additional sensory input from her sense of smell. d) Her sense of taste will get better but not until 48 hours after she loses her sense of smell. Answer: a Consider This: With a cold, you can usually only taste sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami, but not the enhanced variations. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 3.10 Explain how the sense of taste works. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Chemical Senses: It Tastes Good and Smells Even Better EOC Q3.12 If a child suffers from congenital analgesia, why must they be careful when outside playing? a) The child cannot feel pain and can suffer injuries without even knowing it. b) The child often cannot hear sounds unless the child is within 3 feet of the source. c) The child lacks the ability to react to a dangerous situation. d) The child’s sense of smell does not work properly. Answer: a Consider This: This disorder affects the neural pathways that also carry heat and cold sensations. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 3.12 Describe how we experience the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The Other Senses: What the Body Knows EOC Q3.13 If Yalonda closes her eyes when she rides in her parents’ car, she can still tell that the car is moving. This is due to the movement of tiny crystals in the a) otolith organs. b) outer ear. c) cochlea. d) middle ear. Answer: a Consider This: The head moves and the crystals cause fluid to vibrate, setting off some tiny hairlike receptors on the inner surface of this part of the ear, telling the person that they are moving. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 3.13 Describe the systems that tell us about balance and position and movement of our bodies. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The Other Senses: What the Body Knows

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Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOC Q3.14 A child may sometimes play by quickly turning around in a circle. When the child stops, they often feel like their head is still spinning. What is responsible for this sensation? a) fluid still rotating in the semicircular canals b) proprioceptors c) compression of the otolith organs d) disruption of the otolith crystals Answer: a Consider This: You feel dizzy because your body is telling you that you are still moving, but your eyes are telling you that you have stopped. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 3.13 Describe the systems that tell us about balance and position and movement of our bodies. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The Other Senses: What the Body Knows EOC Q3.15 Little Chloe is with her mother at the docks waiting for her daddy to return from his naval deployment. While the boat is still a way out, her mother says, “There is Daddy’s boat.” Chloe is confused. She cannot understand how her dad can be on a boat that is so small that she can hold up her thumb and cover the entire boat. It’s safe to assume that Chloe does not yet understand __________ constancy. a) size b) shape c) brightness d) color Answer: a Consider This: If an object that is normally perceived to be the height of a building appears very small on the retina, it will be interpreted as being very far away. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 3.14 Describe how perceptual constancies and the Gestalt principles account for common perceptual experiences. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The ABCs of Perception EOC Q3.16 XX XX XX XXXXXX XX XX XX XXXXXX XX XX XX XXXXXX In viewing the items above, seeing three columns of Xs on the left versus three rows of Xs on the right can be explained by the Gestalt principle of a) proximity. b) similarity. c) closure. d) contiguity. Answer: a Consider This: This is the tendency to perceive objects that are close to one another as part of the same grouping. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 3.14 Describe how perceptual constancies and the Gestalt principles account for common perceptual experiences. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The ABCs of Perception

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Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOC Q3.17 From experience, you know that commercial jets typically fly around 500 miles per hour at a height of 30,000 feet. However, as you watch one fly high overhead, it seems to slowly pass by. What monocular depth cue best explains this? a) motion parallax b) overlap c) linear perspective d) texture gradient Answer: a Consider This: From a fixed point of observation, objects in the distance seem to move more slowly as compared to objects close by. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 3.15 Explain how we perceive depth using both monocular and binocular cues. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The ABCs of Perception EOC Q3.18 The Müller-Lyer illusion is influenced greatly by one’s a) culture. b) age. c) gender. d) level of intellect. Answer: a Consider This: This is a distortion that happens when a viewer tries to determine if two lines are exactly the same length. They are identical, but one line looks longer than the other. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 3.16 Identify some common visual illusions and the factors that influence our perception of them. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The ABCs of Perception EOC Q3.19 Aleksandra opened her new jigsaw puzzle but soon realized that she had the same puzzle when she was a child. With her past experience to rely upon, Aleksandra will probably use __________ to help her reassemble the puzzle. a) top-down processing b) bottom-up processing c) perceptual expectancy d) perceptual set Answer: a Consider This: This is the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 3.16 Identify some common visual illusions and the factors that influence our perception of them. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The ABCs of Perception EOC Q3.20 When the server brings their meal, Oran and Celeste first take several seconds to appreciate the appearance of the food arranged on their plates. While doing so, they also focus on the various aromas rising from their hot entrees. Once they begin eating, they each take a single bite and put down their utensils, pausing to relish the food’s tastes and textures. They continue to eat their meal at a slow pace, discussing all of the sensations and perceptions, and noting how this is a fantastic meal and experience. Oran and Celeste appear to be eating their meals in a __________ manner. a) mindful

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Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) mindless c) indifferent d) inattentive Answer: a Consider This: This refers to paying closer attention to our senses, which can enhance both perceptions and personal experiences. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 3.17 Describe how mindfulness and paying attention to our senses, thoughts, and feelings can impact perceptions, personal experiences, and overall sense of well-being. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Applying Psychology to Everyday Life

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Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE

Chapter 4

Learning Objectives

Remember the Facts

4.1 Define what it means to be conscious. 4.2 Differentiate between the different levels of consciousness. 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle. 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. 4.6 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. 4.7 Identify commonalities and differences in the content of people’s dreams. 4.8 Explain how hypnosis affects consciousness. 4.9 Compare and contrast two views of why hypnosis works. 4.10 Describe meditation and its effects on stress and health. 4.11 Distinguish between physical dependence and psychological dependence upon drugs. 4.12 Identify the effects and dangers of using stimulants. 4.13 Identify the effects and dangers of using depressants. 4.14 Identify the effects and dangers of using hallucinogens. 4.15 Identify the negative impacts of multitasking.

Consciousness Understand the Concepts

Apply What You Know

Analyze It

1, 2, 153

3, 138

4, 5, 139

6, 7

10–19, 21, 22

8, 9, 154

25, 27, 29, 35, 36, 37–42, 44, 46, 47, 155, 156, 165 48, 49, 51, 52, 59, 60, 63, 65, 69, 140, 142, 143, 157, 166 72, 73, 76, 79, 82–84, 86, 145, 159, 160 88, 90, 91

26, 31–33

28, 30, 34, 43, 45

55, 141

50, 53, 54, 57, 58, 61, 62, 64, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 144

74, 76, 85, 87, 146, 158

77, 78, 80–83

75, 167

92, 93, 95, 96, 161 100

94,

98, 99, 102,

101

147

148

103

116–119, 121– 123, 149, 162 126–128, 130, 132, 150–152, 163 134, 136, 137

20, 23

104 105, 106, 110, 111, 114, 115

164

107, 168

108, 109, 112, 113

120 124, 131, 133

125, 129

135

169

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Name _____________________________________________________________

Chapter 4 – Quick Quiz 1 1. What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts? a) thinking c) cognition b) conscience d) consciousness 2. Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship of the total amount of sleep that an individual receives as a function of age? a) We require more sleep as we age. b) As we age, we tend to get less sleep. c) We require much sleep during infancy and early childhood, less sleep in adolescence and early adulthood, and then more sleep in middle and older age. d) The amount of sleep we require solely depends on individual difference variables. 3. Sleep spindles appear during stage __________ sleep. a) N1 c) N3 b) N2 d) R 4. Which of the following individuals is most likely to sleepwalk? a) a 10-year-old child c) a 44-year-old adult b) a 24-year-old adult d) a 74-year-old adult 5. A sleep disorder that may require the use of a machine to force air gently into the nasal passages is called _________. a) sleep apnea c) narcolepsy b) insomnia d) cataplexy 6. Sigmund Freud believed that dreams __________. a) are sexual perversions b) stem from unconscious conflicts, events, and desires c) are reflections of consciousness d) are ways to solve problems 7. The key to hypnotic induction seems to be related to __________. a) the gender of the person doing the hypnotizing b) education c) state of suggestibility d) time of day 8. Aiden needs more of the drug he has been using to get the normal high he got when he first started. Aiden is experiencing __________. a) drug tolerance c) withdrawal b) drug detoxification d) overdraw 9. Morphine and heroin duplicate the action of __________. a) endorphins c) cigarettes b) alcohol d) LSD 10. Which of the following pairs belong together? a) LSD; tetrahydrocannabinol b) marijuana; psilocybin

c) MDMA; acetylcholine d) marijuana; tetrahydrocannabinol

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 4 – Quick Quiz 1 Answer Key 1.

Explanation: Consciousness is defined as personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts. (Topic: 4.1 Definition of Consciousness, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 4.1 Define what it means to be conscious, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: As we get older, the average amount of sleep we get per night drops to about 6 hours. (Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 4.4 Explain why we sleep, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Explanation: Spindles occur during stage N2. (Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 4.5 Identify the different stages of sleep, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Younger children are more likely to sleepwalk. (Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 4.6 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Explanation: Sleep apnea occurs when one stops breathing. (Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 4.6 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Freud believed that dreams stem from unconscious conflicts, events, and desires. (Topic: 4.6 Why Do We Dream?, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 4.7 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: The key to hypnosis is the level of suggestibility of the person being hypnotized. (Topic: 4.8 How Hypnosis Works, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 4.9 Explain how hypnosis affects consciousness, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: The phenomenon of needing more and more of a drug as time goes on is called drug tolerance. (Topic: 4.11 Dependence, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 4.11 Distinguish between physical dependence and psychological dependence upon drugs, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Explanation: Endorphins help the brain deal with pain. (Topic: 4.13 Down in the Valley: Depressants, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 4.13 Identify the effects and dangers of using depressants, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

10. d

Explanation: THC is the active ingredient in marijuana. (Topic: 4.14 Hallucinogens: Higher and Higher, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 4.14 Identify the effects and dangers of using hallucinogens, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Name _____________________________________________________________

Chapter 4 – Quick Quiz 2 1. Mental activities that differ noticeably from normal waking consciousness are known as __________. a) hyperconsciousness b) unconscious states c) relaxed wakefulness d) altered states of consciousness 2. Melatonin is a __________. a) hormone b) neurotransmitter

c) depressant d) stimulant

3. Which early researcher did a study that seemed to suggest that people deprived of REM sleep would become paranoid, seemingly mentally ill, from lack of this one stage of sleep? a) Freud c) Jung b) Dement d) James 4. Your friend Deshaun has experienced excessive daytime sleepiness. He is laughing with you and suddenly falls to the ground. Deshaun is probably suffering from __________. a) narcolepsy c) REM rebound b) parasomnia d) sleep apnea 5. Which of the following statements is CORRECT concerning the relation between sex and dreams? a) Men and women typically dream about similar things. b) Men dream more each night than women. c) Research reports that men and women differ in the things they dream about. d) Women tend to dream twice as much as men. 6. Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning cocaine? a) During the Civil War, many Confederate soldiers bought cocaine from Union soldiers. b) At one time, cocaine was an ingredient in Coca-Cola. c) Cocaine was used by early Greek philosophers. d) One of the powerful addictive ingredients in cocaine is heroin. 7. One major danger of barbiturates is __________. a) overstimulation b) hyperactivity

c) drug interaction d) sleepwalking

8. Which of the following is a neurotransmitter associated with alcohol? a) GABA c) endorphins b) acetylcholine d) adrenalin 9. Heroin addiction has been treated with __________. a) morphine c) methadone b) LSD d) amphetamines 10. Which of the following is classified as a depressant? a) cocaine c) heroin b) alcohol d) marijuana

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 4 – Quick Quiz 2 Answer Key 1.

Explanation: Altered states of consciousness differ noticeably from normal waking consciousness. (Topic: 4.2 Altered States of Consciousness, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 4.2 Differentiate between the different levels of consciousness, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Melatonin is a hormone. (Topic: 4.3 The Biology of Sleep, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Dement did this study. (Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 4.5 Identify the different stages of sleep, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: Narcolepsy is characterized by sudden sleep. (Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 4.6 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Explanation: Studies show that men and women tend to dream about different things. (Topic: 4.7 What Do People Dream About?, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 4.8 Identify commonalities and differences in the content of people’s dreams, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Explanation: During the early twentieth century, cocaine was an ingredient in Coca-Cola. (Topic: 4.12 Stimulants: Up, Up, and Away, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 4.12 Identify the effects and dangers of using stimulants, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Using barbiturates with another drug such as alcohol can have a deadly consequence. (Topic: 4.13 Down in the Valley: Depressants, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 4.13 Identify the effects and dangers of using depressants, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: GABA is released in the brain as one drinks alcohol. (Topic: 4.13 Down in the Valley: Depressants, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 4.13 Identify the effects and dangers of using depressants, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Methadone is a cheaper version and will help the addicted person to stop using heroin. (Topic: 4.13 Down in the Valley: Depressants, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 4.13 Identify the effects and dangers of using depressants, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

10. b

Explanation: Alcohol is a depressant. (Topic: 4.13 Down in the Valley: Depressants, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 4.13 Identify the effects and dangers of using depressants, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Consciousness

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts? a) thinking b) cognition c) conscience Incorrect. Conscience is related to morality, not awareness. d) consciousness Correct. Consciousness is defined as personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.1 Define what it means to be conscious. Topic: 4.1 Definition of Consciousness Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 70 a= 4 b= 21 c= 5 d= 70 r = .20 % correct 78 a= 7 b= 0 c= 15 d= 78 r = .19 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2. Consciousness is the __________. a) state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes b) awareness of ourselves and the environment Correct. Consciousness is defined as awareness. c) memory of personally experienced events Incorrect. Consciousness is more than just memory. d) intentional recollection of an item of information Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.1 Define what it means to be conscious. Topic: 4.1 Definition of Consciousness Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00 % correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 3. Our awareness everything that is going on around us and inside our own heads at any given moment is called __________. a) consciousness Correct. Consciousness is defined as awareness. b) creativity c) intelligence d) self-awareness Incorrect. This is only part of the definition of consciousness. Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.1 Define what it means to be conscious. Topic: 4.1 Definition of Consciousness Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 4. The state in which our thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear and we feel alert is called __________. a) altered state of consciousness b) waking consciousness Correct. The key word is “waking.” c) self-awareness Incorrect. Self-awareness is only part of the definition of consciousness. d) intelligence Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.2 Differentiate between the different levels of consciousness. Topic: 4.2 Altered States of Consciousness Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 5. What do we call a state of consciousness that can result from the use of alcohol, drugs, or hypnosis? a) daydreaming b) meditative absorption c) stream of consciousness Incorrect. In stream of consciousness there is no shift or alteration such as that generally caused by drugs in the pattern of consciousness. d) altered state of consciousness Correct. The use of drugs or hypnosis “alters” our consciousness. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.2 Differentiate between the different levels of consciousness. Topic: 4.2 Altered States of Consciousness Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 91 a= 2 b= 5 c= 2 d= 91 r = .37 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 6. Mental activities that differ noticeably from normal waking consciousness are known as __________. a) hyperconsciousness b) unconscious states Incorrect. Remember that a person’s unconscious state is not noticeable by the person. c) relaxed wakefulness d) altered states of consciousness Correct. Altered states differ noticeably from normal waking consciousness. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.2 Differentiate between the different levels of consciousness. Topic: 4.2 Altered States of Consciousness Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 0 d= 100 r = .00 % correct 98 a= 2 b= 0 c= 0 d= 98 r = .26 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 7. Daydreaming, meditation, intoxication, sleep, and hypnosis are all types of __________. a) self-awareness Incorrect. Self-awareness is awareness in a nonaltered state. b) self-absorption c) waking consciousness d) altered states of consciousness Correct. Daydreaming, meditation, intoxication, sleep, and hypnosis are altered states of consciousness.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.2 Differentiate between the different levels of consciousness. Topic: 4.2 Altered States of Consciousness Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 92 a= 4 b= 0 c= 4 d= 92 r = .37 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 8. __________ used to be called “the gentle tyrant.” a) Drugs Incorrect. Sleep was referred to as “the gentle tyrant.” b) Dreams c) Sleep Correct. Sleep was referred to as “the gentle tyrant.” d) Meditation Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle. Topic: 4.3 The Biology of Sleep Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 72 a= 6 b= 21 c= 72 d= 0 r = .31 % correct 78 a= 3 b= 16 c= 78 d= 3 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 9. What aspect of circadian rhythms might explain why we tend to feel so tired at night? a) Body temperature is at its lowest point on Monday mornings. b) The three biorhythm patterns converge at low points on Thursdays. c) Heart rates typically increase at night. Incorrect. There is no evidence that heart rates increase at night. Increased heart rates might even make you less sleepy. d) Part of the brain is sensitive to light changes, which then affects our sleepiness. Correct. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is light-sensitive and causes sleepiness when there is less light. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle. Topic: 4.3 The Biology of Sleep Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 10. A circadian cycle is approximately how many hours long? a) 1.5 b) 12 Incorrect. This is only one-half of the cycle. c) 6 d) 24 Correct. From this 24-hour cycle comes the term circadian rhythm, from the Latin words for “about a day.” Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle. Topic: 4.3 The Biology of Sleep Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 11. A biological cycle, or rhythm, that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n) __________ cycle. a) infradian

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. Infradian means occurring in cycles of more than 24 hours. b) circadian Correct. The sleep–wake cycle is an example of this. It takes about 24 hours. c) diurnal d) ultradian Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle. Topic: 4.3 The Biology of Sleep Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 93 a= 7 b= 93 c= 0 d= 0 r = .33 % correct 93 a= 0 b= 93 c= 5 d= 2 r = .59 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 12. Our sleep–wake cycle follows a(n) __________ rhythm. a) infradian Incorrect. Infradian means occurring in cycles of more than 24 hours. b) diurnal c) circadian Correct. The term circadian comes from the Latin words for “about a day.” d) ultradian Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle. Topic: 4.3 The Biology of Sleep Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00 % correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 13. The hypothalamus controls the __________. a) hypnotic suggestibility ratio b) sleep–wake cycle Correct. The hypothalamus is involved in the sleep–wake cycle. c) frequency of nightmares Incorrect. The hypothalamus is not involved in dreaming. d) growth hormones that occur during sleep Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle. Topic: 4.3 The Biology of Sleep Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 81 a= 0 b= 81 c= 2 d= 17 r = .25 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 14. The sleep–wake cycle is ultimately controlled by which brain structure? a) optic nerve b) frontal lobe Incorrect. The frontal lobe is a higher part of the brain and does not control the sleep–wake cycle. c) hypothalamus Correct. The hypothalamus is the part of the brain that controls the sleep–wake cycle. d) median forebrain bundle Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle. Topic: 4.3 The Biology of Sleep Difficulty Level: Moderate

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 15. Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located? a) thalamus b) cerebellum Incorrect. The SCN is not located in this part of the brain. c) basal ganglia d) hypothalamus Correct. The SCN is located in the hypothalamus. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle. Topic: 4.3 The Biology of Sleep Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 56 a= 11 b= 19 c= 15 d= 56 r = .36 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 16. Circadian rhythms are controlled by the __________. a) pineal gland Incorrect. Although the pineal gland is involved in sleep, it does not control the circadian rhythm. b) suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) Correct. The SCN controls circadian rhythms. c) thalamus d) hippocampus Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle. Topic: 4.3 The Biology of Sleep Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 60 a= 13 b= 60 c= 17 d= 11 r = .22 % correct 59 a= 14 b= 59 c= 14 d= 14 r = .39 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 17. __________, a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, is secreted by the pineal gland. a) Serotonin Incorrect. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter, not a hormone. b) Testosterone c) Estrogen d) Melatonin Correct. Melatonin, a hormone involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, is secreted by the pineal gland. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle. Topic: 4.3 The Biology of Sleep Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 75 a= 23 b= 2 c= 0 d= 75 r = .29 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 18. What does SCN stand for? a) stop control now b) suprachiasmatic nucleus Correct. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is represented by the initials SCN. c) serotonin-controlled nucleus Incorrect. SCN stands for suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) sleep control nucleus Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle. Topic: 4.3 The Biology of Sleep Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 79 a= 0 b=79 c= 13 d= 8 r = .55 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 19. Melatonin is a __________. a) hormone Correct. Melatonin is a hormone. b) hallucinogen Incorrect. Melatonin is a hormone that facilitates sleep. c) depressant d) stimulant Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle. Topic: 4.3 The Biology of Sleep Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 20. Melatonin is to __________ as an aspirin is to __________. a) nausea; a nightmare b) nightmare; blood clots c) insomnia; a headache Correct. The analogy is that melatonin reduces insomnia like aspirin reduces headache pain. d) sleep apnea; a blood thinner Incorrect. Melatonin has no effect on sleep apnea. Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle. Topic: 4.3 The Biology of Sleep Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 21. Which statement is CORRECT concerning how much sleep people need during a typical 24-hour period? a) Most older people need at least 10 hours of sleep. b) Men need more sleep than women. c) Most adults need between 7 and 9 hours of sleep. Correct. Research supports the idea that humans need about 7 to 8 hours of sleep. d) Women need more sleep than men. Incorrect. There is no research supporting the idea that women need more sleep than men. Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle. Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 22. Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship of the total amount of sleep that an individual receives as a function of age? a) We require more sleep as we age. Incorrect. While we may get less sleep as we age, there is no indication that we need more sleep than at younger years.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) As we age, we tend to get less sleep. Correct. As we get older, the average amount of sleep we get per night drops to about 6 hours. c) We require much sleep during infancy and early childhood, less sleep in adolescence and early adulthood, and then more sleep in middle and older age. d) The amount of sleep we require solely depends on individual difference variables. Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle. Topic: 4.3 The Biology of Sleep Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 23. Regardless of age, getting 7–8 hours of restful sleep a night is especially important for __________. a) fostering positive social interactions the next day Incorrect. This is a happy thought, but compared to the other options it might not be the most immediate benefit. b) reducing joint pain and swelling c) maintaining cognitive skills, such as reasoning and problem solving Correct. Sleep has many benefits, but chief among them are facilitating reasoning. d) kidney, liver, and bowel functioning Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle. Topic: 4.3 The Biology of Sleep Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 24. Aldina needs to do well on her psychology midterm exam tomorrow morning. She has studied hard, reviewed her notes, taken practice quizzes, and committed a lot of information to memory. What is Aldina’s best strategy for the next steps she should take? a) ingest large amounts of caffeine so that the chemical can help spur her memory systems b) stay awake through the night so that she doesn’t forget anything she’s learned c) continue studying into the night for another 3 or 4 hours Incorrect. Her level of preparation seems sufficient, and staying awake to study more would not be beneficial. d) get a good night’s sleep to help with her memory consolidation Correct. One of the helpful functions of sleep is that it helps consolidate memory, which would be a benefit to Aldina on the next day’s exam. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle. Topic: 4.3 The Biology of Sleep Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

25. REM sleep refers to __________. a) dreamless sleep Incorrect. People in REM sleep have dreams. b) sleep induced by sleeping pills c) sleep periods in which sleepwalking is likely d) sleep periods in which a person’s eyes move rapidly Correct. Hence, the term rapid eye movement.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 0 d= 100 r = .00 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 26. If an EEG record reveals evidence of very small and very fast waves, a researcher is likely to conclude that the sleeping person is __________. a) really not sleeping and is awake Correct. The faster the waves, the more likely it is that a person is awake. b) in stage N2 Incorrect. There are faster waves than N2. c) in stage N3 d) in stage N4 Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 27. Which device would a sleep researcher use to monitor a sleeping person’s brain waves? a) electromyograph (EMG) b) electrocardiograph (EKG) Incorrect. The EKG is for monitoring the heart (electrocardiograph). c) electrooculograph (EOG) d) electroencephalograph (EEG) Correct. Electro Encephalo Graph. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 81 a= 1 b= 4 c= 5 d= 81 r = .55 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 28. You are watching sleep researchers monitor the sleep of a normal adult. The participant is hooked up to an EEG. What brain waves would you observe as the person becomes drowsy and then enters the first stage of sleep? a) alpha eventually replaced by delta Incorrect. Delta waves only occur in deep sleep. b) delta eventually replaced by theta c) beta eventually replaced by alpha Correct. The pattern sequence goes this way. d) delta eventually replaced by beta Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 81 a= 8 b= 3 c= 81 d= 8 r = .20 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

29. What term do sleep researchers use to designate stages N1–N3 of sleep? a) REM (or R) sleep Incorrect. This sleep occurs after stages N1–N3. b) non-REM (NREM, or N) sleep Correct. This indicates that it is non-rapid eye movement sleep. c) REMN sleep d) paradoxical sleep Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 30. If you are awakened from sleep and you feel as though you had not even been asleep, then you were most likely in which stage of sleep? a) N1 Correct. N1 sleep is our lightest stage, where we are very close to being awake. b) N2 c) N3 d) slow wave sleep Incorrect. Slow wave sleep is when we are very difficult to wake up. Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 31. What is the hypnic jerk? a) a person who thinks she is cooler than she actually is b) the period of sleep just before awakening the next morning c) the sudden appearance of sleep spindles on an EEG recording Incorrect. Sleep spindles appear during Stage N2 of sleep. d) a sudden muscle relaxation during the initial stages of sleep Correct. The hypnic jerk causes a sensation of falling. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 32. Barabbas has been sleeping for about 90 minutes when his brain shows rapid, irregular waves. His blood pressure rises, his heart rate increases, and his skeletal muscles go limp. Which of the following is the most likely conclusion? a) Barabbas is experiencing hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations simultaneously. b) Barabbas is experiencing physiological changes that are normal during REM sleep. Correct. This pattern of activity is consistent with this sleep stage. c) Barabbas is experiencing physiological changes that are normal for the N3 stage of sleep. Incorrect. This would not be a likely explanation for these occurrences. d) Barabbas is chronically sleep-deprived and his sleep, like his daytime activities, is abnormal.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 33. During the night, which two types of sleep alternate with each other in cycles that take approximately 90 minutes? a) N1 and N5 sleep b) N1 and N2 sleep Incorrect. These stages are both present during a night’s sleep, but they don’t cycle with each other in this pattern. c) N and R sleep Correct. People cycle through patterns of N and R sleep multiple times throughout the night. d) A and R sleep Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 34. Upon just waking up, you report a vivid visual event. What term do psychologists use for such phenomena? a) hypnotic illusion Incorrect. This is related to hypnosis. b) positive hallucination c) hypnogogic images or hallucinations Correct. These can occur just as a person is entering stage N1 sleep. d) hypnopompic image Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 35. If an EEG record reveals evidence of sleep spindles, a researcher is likely to conclude that the sleeping person is in which stage of sleep? a) R b) N1 Incorrect. Spindles occur in N2. c) N2 Correct. Spindles occur in N2. d) N3 Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 36. Sleep spindles appear during stage __________ sleep. a) N1 Incorrect. Spindles occur during N2.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) N2 Correct. Spindles occur during N2. c) N3 d) R Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 37. Short, rhythmic bursts of brain-wave activity that appear during stage N2 sleep are called __________. a) delta waves b) sleep spindles Correct. Sleep spindles are short, rhythmic bursts of brain-wave activity. c) paradoxical sleep waves d) beta waves Incorrect. Beta waves occur when you are awake and do not have spindles. Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 89 a= 2 b= 89 c=2 d= 6 r = .40 % correct 84 a= 5 b= 84 c= 3 d= 8 r = .49 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 38. The stage of sleep in which delta waves begin to appear is __________ sleep. a) N1 b) N2 c) N3 Correct. Delta waves begin to appear in N3. d) R Incorrect. Delta waves begin to occur in N3. Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 39. The deepest stage of sleep is __________ sleep. a) N1 b) N2 c) N3 Correct. N3 is the deepest sleep we get. d) R Incorrect. N3 is the deepest sleep we get. Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 40. Which stage of sleep is marked by the production of very slow delta waves? a) R b) N1 c) N2 Incorrect. N3 has the slowest waves. d) N3 Correct. Delta waves occur in N3, and they are the slowest waves. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 41. Stage N3 sleep is marked by __________ waves. a) alpha b) beta c) theta Incorrect. Delta waves occur in N3 and indicate the deepest sleep. d) delta Correct. Delta waves occur in N3 and indicate the deepest sleep. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 42. People in stage N3 sleep __________. a) dream all the time b) are hard to wake up Correct. This sleep is very deep, and waking takes time. c) are easy to wake up Incorrect. This sleep is very deep, and waking takes time. d) hallucinate Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 43. Pedro has been deprived of REM sleep for the past several nights. When he finally gets a good night’s sleep, which outcome is likely to happen? a) He will continue to not experience REM sleep. Incorrect. The opposite outcome is much more likely. b) Pedro will experience REM rebound. Correct. Extended periods of REM sleep are likely to occur. c) Pedro will transition from N1 to R4 sleep almost immediately. d) His delta waves will disappear for the next few nights. Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 44. Which of the following statements is CORRECT concerning REM deprivation? a) REM deprivation results in long-term mental illness. Incorrect. There is no scientific evidence suggesting REM deprivation causes mental illness. b) REM deprivation only occurs among the elderly. c) REM deprivation leads to increased amounts of REM sleep on subsequent nights of sleep. Correct. Research found REM-deprived subjects had increasing REM sleep when they slept again. d) REM deprivation can lead to visual impairments. Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 78 a= 15 b= 7 c= 78 d= 0 r = .43 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 45. Mason will likely experience REM rebound tonight if he __________. a) takes a sleeping pill before bed tonight b) drinks too much caffeine prior to sleeping c) did not sleep much last night Correct. REM rebound refers to the tendency to “recapture” lost REM sleep before other stages of sleep when we are sleep-deprived. d) slept more than 8 hours last night Incorrect. Getting more than 8 hours of sleep will not induce REM rebound. Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 46. REM behavior disorder results from __________. a) too much sleep b) not enough sleep Incorrect. REM behavior disorder results from the failure of brain mechanisms to block signals to the muscles. c) failure of the brain mechanisms to block brain signals to the muscles Correct. REM behavior disorder results from the failure of brain mechanisms to block signals to the muscles. d) deterioration of the medial hypothalamus Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 81 a= 2 b= 15 c= 81 d= 2 r = .29 % correct 76 a= 0 b= 19 c= 76 d= 5 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 47. REM behavior disorder most commonly occurs __________. a) in men over age 60 Correct. REM behavior disorder usually occurs in men over 60. b) in women under age 60 c) in children Incorrect. REM behavior disorder usually occurs in men over 60. d) among the poor

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 53 a= 53 b= 0 c= 44 d= 2 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 48. Which of the following statements regarding nightmares and/or night terrors is TRUE? a) Night terrors are often seen as a rare disorder. Correct. Night terrors are often seen as a rare disorder. b) Nightmares, but not night terrors, suggest some psychological problems. c) Night terrors, but not nightmares, suggest some psychological problems. d) Both nightmares and night terrors suggest psychological problems. Incorrect. Neither of these sleep problems is associated with other problems. Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 53 a= 53 b= 4 c= 35 d= 9 r = .53 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 49. Which of the following statements concerning sleepwalking is CORRECT? a) Sleepwalking has never been used successfully as a murder defense. Incorrect. According to case records, at least 20 cases of murder by sleepwalking have been recorded. b) There have been cases in which sleepwalking was a successful murder defense. Correct. According to case records, at least three cases of murder by sleepwalking were successfully defended. c) Sleepwalking in prisons is a common occurrence. d) A famous attorney reported that he tried a murder case while he was sleepwalking. Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 94 a= 2 b= 94 c= 2 d= 2 r = .21 % correct 89 a= 8 b= 89 c= 0 d= 3 r = .34 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 50. Compared to the others, which person is statistically most likely to experience night terrors? a) Genie, a 1½-year-old girl Correct. Children this age have the highest prevalence of night terrors. b) Nicky, a 13-year-old girl Incorrect. Thirteen is about the upper age limit for experiencing night terrors, so a younger child would be more likely to experience them than Nicky. c) Jud, a newborn baby d) Amanda, a 30-year-old woman Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 51. If you have been waking up too early for several weeks, you are probably suffering from __________. a) insomnia Correct. Waking up too early is one form of insomnia. b) parasomnia Incorrect. This is a category, not a legitimate disorder. c) hypersomnia d) reverse insomnia Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 52. A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night is __________. a) zombulism b) cataplexy c) narcolepsy Incorrect. Narcolepsy occurs when you fall asleep without warning. d) insomnia Correct. Insomnia is characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 93 a= 0 b= 0 c= 7 d= 93 r = .24 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 53. To treat your sleep problem, you are told that you should avoid doing anything in your bed but sleeping, you should set your alarm clock to wake up at the same time each day, and you should get out of bed if you cannot sleep. What sleep disorder have you been experiencing? a) enuresis b) narcolepsy Incorrect. Narcolepsy occurs when you fall asleep without warning. c) insomnia Correct. Advice such as not watching TV in bed, getting up at the same time each day, and getting out of bed if you’re not able to sleep is given to people with insomnia. d) REM behavior disorder Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 54. Yoshiko is having insomnia. Which piece of advice would you give to help her deal with it? a) Take sleeping pills. b) Go to bed every night at different times to “shock your sleep system.” c) Study in bed and then immediately go to sleep. Incorrect. This tends to lead to more insomnia. d) Don’t do anything in your bed but sleep.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. Yoshiko should “learn,” through classical conditioning, that her bed is a place to sleep and nothing else. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 75 a= 2 b= 24 c= 0 d= 75 r = .46 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 55. Sleep research supports several helpful hints to avoid insomnia. Which piece of advice is one of them? a) Stay in bed if you cannot fall asleep, so you don’t “wake up” your brain. b) Avoid getting regular exercise, as it interferes with your circadian rhythm. c) Drink alcohol 2–3 hours before bedtime. Incorrect. This is not one of the helpful hints. d) It is better to go to bed at about the same time every night. Correct. This is one of the helpful hints. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 56. The difference between insomnia and sleep apnea is that __________. a) sleep apnea affects primarily older people, whereas insomnia is characteristic of children b) insomnia is treatable but sleep apnea is not Incorrect. Both of these disorders are treatable. c) insomnia is characterized by sleeplessness, whereas sleep apnea is characterized by breathing difficulties Correct. Insomnia is characterized by sleeplessness, whereas sleep apnea involves breathing difficulties. d) sleep apnea is a precursor to narcolepsy, whereas insomnia is not Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 57. Bernardo is 56 years old and slightly overweight. His wife reports that he snores loudly. What sleep disorder seems to fit Bernardo’s symptoms? a) narcolepsy Incorrect. Narcolepsy occurs when you fall asleep without warning. b) sleep apnea Correct. Sleep apnea is associated with excess weight and causes loud snoring. c) night terrors d) REM behavior disorder Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 58 You find it difficult to stay asleep due to your roommate’s sleeping behavior. She snores quite a bit, and at times it sounds as though she has great difficulty breathing. Your roommate may have __________. a) sleep apnea Correct. The difficulty breathing and snoring that your roommate is experiencing may be symptoms of severe sleep apnea. b) night terrors Incorrect. Snoring and breathing difficulties are not associated with night terrors. c) nightmares d) narcolepsy Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 59. A sleep disorder that may require the use of a machine to force air gently into the nasal passages is called __________. a) sleep apnea Correct. Sleep apnea occurs when one stops breathing. b) insomnia c) narcolepsy Incorrect. Narcolepsy does not usually involve someone who stops breathing. d) cataplexy Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 60. __________ is a disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing the person to choke, gasp, and momentarily awaken. a) Sleep apnea Correct. Sleep apnea is defined as a disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep. b) Insomnia c) Narcolepsy Incorrect. Narcolepsy occurs when you fall asleep without warning. d) Non-REM sleep Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 100 a= 100 b= 0 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 61. If your physician says you need a treatment involving a CPAP device, you are suffering from __________. a) insomnia b) narcolepsy Incorrect. Narcolepsy occurs when you fall asleep without warning, and it is not treated with a CPAP device. c) sleep apnea Correct. A continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device deals with airway pressure during sleep. d) night terrors

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 83 a= 4 b= 11 c= 83 d= 2 r = .35 % correct 78 a= 11 b= 11 c= 78 d= 0 r = .41 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 62. A student nurse looks at a patient’s chart and does not understand the meaning of serious sleep apnea, so she asks the head nurse for assistance. How might the head nurse describe this condition? a) The patient is mentally ill and tends to try to suffocate himself at times. b) The patient cannot sleep unless he uses several pillows to deaden sounds that might awaken him. c) The patient appears to awaken throughout the night and start walking, but he will not respond to commands. Incorrect. This description defines sleepwalking and has nothing to do with apnea. d) The patient has a potentially life-threatening condition in which air does not flow into or out of his nose or mouth for periods of time while he is asleep. Correct. This description defines sleep apnea. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 98 a= 0 b= 2 c= 0 d= 98 r = .29 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 63. CPAP stands for __________. a) continuous positive airway pressure Correct. CPAP stands for continuous positive airway pressure. This is a device used to alleviate apnea. b) cancer prevention application procedure c) controlled pulmonary air pump Incorrect. CPAP stands for continuous positive airway pressure. This is a device used to alleviate apnea. d) correctable pointed airflow problem Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 64. Compared to the others, which person is at the statistically highest risk of developing sleep apnea? a) Jerzy, 62 years old, who is overweight Correct. One of the key indicators of sleep apnea is being overweight. b) Angelina, 21 years old, who is depressed c) Eileen, 42 years old, who has been diagnosed with anorexia Incorrect. Lack of weight does not seem to be related to apnea. d) Jack, 8 years old, who is experiencing episodes of enuresis Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 65. Surgery to which organ in the body may relieve symptoms of sleep apnea? a) septum Incorrect. This will only make your nose look better. b) uvula Correct. Uvula surgery can alleviate sleep apnea. c) olfactory membrane d) auditory canal Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 66. Your friend Ahmad has experienced excessive daytime sleepiness. He is laughing with you and suddenly falls to the ground. Ahmad is probably suffering from __________. a) narcolepsy Correct. Narcolepsy is characterized by sudden sleep. b) parasomnia c) REM rebound d) sleep apnea Incorrect. Sleep apnea is when you have breathing difficulties while sleeping. Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 96 a= 96 b= 0 c= 0 d= 4 r = .57 % correct 98 a= 98 b= 2 c= 0 d= 0 r = .39 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 67. You are telling a joke to your friend Piper, who is laughing uproariously and then suddenly collapses to the floor. You are not surprised later to learn that Piper has a sleep disorder known as __________. a) enuresis Incorrect. Enuresis is bed wetting. b) narcolepsy Correct. Narcolepsy is characterized by sudden sleep. c) night terrors d) daytime insomnia Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00 % correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 68. Which statement might help you determine if someone has narcolepsy? a) “I have difficulty getting to sleep.”

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. This describes insomnia. b) “I don’t have an adverse reaction to sleeping pills.” c) “I sometimes suddenly fall asleep in the middle of a conversation.” Correct. Narcolepsy is characterized by sudden sleep. d) “When I get up in the morning, I have the feeling that I had really bad nightmares.” Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 69. Narcolepsy occurs when __________. a) REM sleep intrudes into wakefulness Correct. Narcolepsy is characterized by REM intrusion. b) NREM sleep intrudes into wakefulness Incorrect. This is not the cause since there is a transition to this type of sleep. c) inadequate sleep occurs over a period of weeks d) inadequate levels of stage N4 sleep cause neurological damage Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 70. Compared to the others, which sleep disorder would be the most likely to prevent someone from becoming an airline pilot? a) enuresis Incorrect. This is bed wetting, which should not interfere with flying. b) narcolepsy Correct. Narcolepsy is characterized by sudden sleep, which might cause the pilot to lose control of the plane. c) night terrors d) daytime insomnia Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 71. Sandi is 11 years old and still urinates in the bed while she sleeps. Although this does not happen every night, it is highly embarrassing for her and is becoming a problem for the family. From which disorder is Sandi suffering? a) enuresis Correct. Inappropriately urinating in places other than the bathroom past a certain age is called enuresis. b) narcolepsy Incorrect. Narcolepsy is characterized by sudden sleep when a person should remain awake. c) night terrors d) daytime insomnia Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 72. Freud believed that dreams __________. a) stem from unconscious conflicts, events, and desires Correct. Freud said dreams were the fulfillment of wishes. b) are sexual perversions Incorrect. Freud said dreams were the fulfillment of wishes. c) are reflections of consciousness d) are ways to solve problems Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.6 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. Topic: 4.6 Why Do We Dream? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 95 a= 95 b= 0 c= 5 d= 0 r = .16 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 73. In his dreams, Edgar is a child crawling through a dark tunnel looking for something he has lost. Hearing about this, a psychologist remarks, “Oh; clearly Edgar has repressed an early sexual attraction to his mother, and the tunnel symbolizes her vagina.” Which theory of dreams does the psychologist likely subscribe to? a) N/R disruption hypothesis b) REM disorder theory c) Freudian psychoanalytic theory Correct. The psychologist thinks the dream is rife with symbolism. d) the activation-synthesis model Incorrect. The symbolic interpretation would not be consistent with this explanation of dreaming. Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.6 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. Topic: 4.6 Why Do We Dream? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 74. Interpretation of the __________ content of a dream is expected to reveal the __________ content. a) latent; manifest Incorrect. Freud said latent was the hidden interpretation and manifest was what was dreamed. b) manifest; latent Correct. Freud developed the categories of latent and manifest content. c) manifest; sublimated d) metaphorical; denotative Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.6 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. Topic: 4.6 Why Do We Dream? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 61 a= 28 b= 61 c= 5 d= 5 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 75. Manifest content is to latent content as __________. a) obvious is to symbolic Correct. Freud believed that the manifest content of the dream is what we actually see while we’re asleep, while the latent content of a dream refers to its underlying meaning. b) wish is to fulfillment

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) symbolic is to obvious Incorrect. This is the opposite of the correct answer. d) unconscious is to conscious Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.6 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. Topic: 4.6 Why Do We Dream? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 76. According to Sigmund Freud, the important underlying meaning of our dreams is found in the __________ content. a) deep b) latent Correct. The definition of latent is “hidden.” c) manifest Incorrect. This would be the surface meaning. d) subliminal Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.6 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. Topic: 4.6 Why Do We Dream? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 78 a= 0 b= 78 c= 22 d= 0 r = .42 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 77. An online advertisement describes a book that offers interpretations of dreams. In attempting to tell readers the meaning of the symbols in their dreams, the author intends to describe the __________ content. a) deep b) latent Correct. The definition of latent is “hidden.” c) manifest Incorrect. This would be the surface meaning. d) subliminal Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.6 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. Topic: 4.6 Why Do We Dream? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 75 a= 0 b= 75 c= 20 d= 5 r = .34 APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 78. A client tells his therapist about a dream in which he drives his wife to the airport, where she boards a plane. As the plane takes off, he is smiling. The therapist says the dream suggests a desire for a divorce. The therapist’s interpretation represents what Sigmund Freud called the dream’s __________ content. a) deep b) latent Correct. Latent (hidden) content refers to the meaning of the dream. c) manifest Incorrect. Manifest content has to do with what actually happens in a dream, not with its meaning. d) subliminal Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.6 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. Topic: 4.6 Why Do We Dream? Difficulty Level: Easy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 95 a= 3 b= 95 c= 3 d= 0 r = .44 % correct 83 a= 4 b= 83 c= 11 d= 2 r = .58 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 79. According to Freud, the visible, or directly observable, content of a dream is its __________ content. a) primary b) manifest Correct. This content would be the surface meaning, that is, directly observable. c) secondary d) latent Incorrect. The definition of latent is “hidden,” that is, not observable. Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.6 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. Topic: 4.6 Why Do We Dream? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 80. A client tells his therapist about a dream of riding on a train with his boss. At the end of the journey, the boss gets off the train at a terminal. The content of this dream, as related by the client to the therapist, is what Freud called its __________ content. a) primary b) manifest Correct. This content would be the surface meaning. c) secondary d) latent Incorrect. The definition of latent is “hidden,” that is, not observable. Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.6 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. Topic: 4.6 Why Do We Dream? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 58 a= 5 b= 58 c= 9 d= 28 r = .42 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 81. In his dreams, Edgar is a child crawling through a dark tunnel looking for something he has lost. Hearing about this, a psychologist remarks, “Oh; Edgar mentioned that he’d broken up with his lover and is working through the emotional loss.” Which theory of dreams does the psychologist likely subscribe to? a) REM disorder theory b) Freudian psychoanalytic theory Incorrect. A Freudian explanation would put much more emphasis on the latent content of the dream. c) N/R disruption hypothesis d) the activation-information-mode model Correct. Edgar’s recent experiences influence the content of what his brain stitches together while dreaming. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.6 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. Topic: 4.6 Why Do We Dream? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 82. The activation-synthesis hypothesis resulted from using __________. a) EEGs on college students while they were sleeping Incorrect. Researchers used PET scans and found that lower brain stem activity was related to dreaming. b) drugs while sleeping c) a combination of laser technology and X-rays d) PET scans Correct. Researchers used PET scans and found that lower brain stem activity was related to dreaming. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.6 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. Topic: 4.6 Why Do We Dream? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 64 a= 32 b= 4 c= 0 d= 64 r = .21 % correct 58 a= 37 b= 5 c= 0 d= 58 r = .27 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 83. According to the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming, the source of a dream is neuronal firing in which part of the brain? a) Broca’s area b) the cortex Incorrect. Activation-synthesis hypothesis suggests that dreams are the result of the cortex making sense of signals from the lower brain stem. c) the pons Correct. Activation-synthesis hypothesis suggests that dreams are the result of the cortex making sense of signals from the pons. d) the optical lobe Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.6 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. Topic: 4.6 Why Do We Dream? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 84. The activation-synthesis hypothesis explains dreaming as __________. a) the surfacing of repressed sexual urges b) biological attempts to make recent memories more permanent Incorrect. Although biology is involved, there is no suggestion that memory will be more permanent. c) the cortex making sense of signals emanating from the brain stem Correct. The activation-synthesis hypothesis suggests that dreams are the result of the cortex making sense of signals from the brain stem. d) the use of elaborate symbolism to disguise “unthinkable” topics Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.6 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. Topic: 4.6 Why Do We Dream? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 85. Which adjectives BEST reflect the activation-synthesis hypothesis? a) bizarre, meaningless, and random Correct. Bizarre, meaningless, and random reflect the nature of the activation-synthesis hypothesis, since it holds that dreams are totally the result of brain activity. b) unconscious, symbolic, and meaningful Incorrect. These adjectives would be associated with Freud’s ideas regarding dreaming.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) meaningful, problem oriented, and historical d) intelligent, free, and neurotic Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.6 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. Topic: 4.6 Why Do We Dream? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 86. The activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming proposes that __________. a) the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes, thoughts, and conflicts Incorrect. This was Sigmund Freud’s view. b) dreams are merely another kind of thinking; dreams occur because of random brain stem signals Correct. The activation-synthesis hypothesis proposes that dreams are the result of the cortex making sense of signals from the brain stem. c) the purpose of dreaming is to resolve current concerns and problems d) dreaming is a byproduct of a process of eliminating or strengthening neural connections Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.6 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. Topic: 4.6 Why Do We Dream? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 87. The activation-information-mode model of dreaming proposes that __________. a) events that occur during waking hours may influence dreams Correct. This model suggests that events that occur during waking hours may influence dreams. b) nothing influences dreams Incorrect. This model suggests that events that occur during waking hours may influence dreams. c) the activation-synthesis hypothesis is all wrong d) dreams have a greater amount of latent content than previously thought by sleep researchers Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.6 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. Topic: 4.6 Why Do We Dream? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 88. Based on data from surveys, most dreams reflect __________. a) animals wearing clothing or interacting as humans would b) events that occur in everyday life Correct. Most dreams are about everyday life. c) inanimate objects moving of their own accord Incorrect. Most dreams are about everyday life. d) murder, mutilation, or other bodily injury Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.7 Identify commonalities and differences in the content of people’s dreams. Topic: 4.7 What Do People Dream About? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 89. Amber was born, raised, and lives in a culture that values competitiveness and high levels of achievement. Compared to the others, which dream is she most likely to report experiencing? a) being elected to high office because of her peace proposals

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. Amber’s cultural experiences would make this kind of dream less likely to occur, compared to the other possibilities. b) having uninhibited sex with a total stranger c) winning a foot race against incredible odds Correct. A person’s cultural context can influence dream content. d) working in a leper colony to aid the maimed and disfigured Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.7 Identify commonalities and differences in the content of people’s dreams. Topic: 4.7 What Do People Dream About? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 90. In comparing the dreams of men and women, researchers have found that generally __________. a) there is no difference between them b) men dream more about home and family than women do c) women dream more often about strangers than men do Incorrect. Girls and women tend to dream about people they know. d) Men’s dreams more often involve cars, weapons, tools, and sex Correct. Men’s dreams often involve cars, weapons, tools, and sex. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.7 Identify commonalities and differences in the content of people’s dreams. Topic: 4.7 What Do People Dream About? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 93 a= 3 b= 0 c= 3 d= 93 r = .21 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 91. Which author concluded in his book, Finding Meaning in Dreams, that the nature of a person’s dreams may be influenced by the “personality” of their culture? a) Robert McCarley b) Sigmund Freud c) J. Allan Hobson Incorrect. Hobson was partially responsible for the activation-synthesis model and AIM model of dreams. d) William Domhoff Correct. William Domhoff noted this in his book about the nature of people’s dreams. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.7 Identify commonalities and differences in the content of people’s dreams. Topic: 4.7 What Do People Dream About? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 92. The key to hypnotic induction seems to be related to __________. a) the gender of the person doing the hypnotizing Incorrect. The gender of the hypnotist is unrelated to hypnotic induction. b) education c) state of suggestibility Correct. The key to hypnosis is the level of suggestibility of the person being hypnotized. d) time of day Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.8 Explain how hypnosis affects consciousness. Topic: 4.8 How Hypnosis Works

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 95 a= 0 b= 3 c= 95 d= 3 r = .16 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 93. You are listening to a person who keeps telling you to relax, attempting to create a situation in which you are likely to follow suggestions. What treatment are you undergoing? a) psychotherapy Incorrect. Psychotherapy does not necessarily include relaxation or suggestions. b) reprogramming c) autosuggestion d) hypnosis Correct. Hypnosis is a state of suggestibility and relaxation. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.8 Explain how hypnosis affects consciousness. Topic: 4.8 How Hypnosis Works Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 94. Which of the following statements is CORRECT concerning hypnosis? a) The hypnotist is always in control. Incorrect. Actually, the person under hypnosis is the one really in control. b) A hypnotized person is in an involuntary condition of suggestion. c) People will do things while under hypnosis that they would not ordinarily do. d) A person who is under hypnosis is really in control of her or his behavior. Correct. People who are hypnotized are in control of their actions. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.8 Explain how hypnosis affects consciousness. Topic: 4.8 How Hypnosis Works Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 50 a= 3 b= 42 c= 5 d= 50 r = .28 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 95. Which of the following statements is CORRECT concerning what hypnosis can do? a) Hypnosis can create amnesia. Correct. Hypnosis has been shown to create amnesia for short periods of time. b) Hypnosis can give a person superhuman strength. Incorrect. Hypnosis cannot give a person superhuman strength. c) Hypnosis can improve intelligence. d) Hypnosis can improve memory. Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.8 Explain how hypnosis affects consciousness. Topic: 4.8 How Hypnosis Works Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 95 a= 95 b= 0 c= 3 d= 3 r = .55 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 96. Which statement is CORRECT concerning what hypnosis CANNOT do? a) Hypnosis cannot create amnesia. Incorrect. Hypnosis has been shown to create amnesia for short periods of time. b) Hypnosis cannot give a person superhuman strength.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. Hypnosis cannot give a person superhuman strength. c) Hypnosis cannot relieve pain. d) Hypnosis cannot help people relax in a stressful situation. Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.8 Explain how hypnosis affects consciousness. Topic: 4.8 How Hypnosis Works Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 97. Which of the following people is MOST likely to be helped by hypnosis? a) Jeff, who would like to run faster b) Celia, who wants a better memory Incorrect. Hypnosis cannot reliably enhance the accuracy of memory. c) Keisha, who wants to remember what happened to her when she was 4 years old d) Carlos, who wants to stop thinking about his foot pain Correct. Hypnosis has been shown to relieve pain. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.8 Explain how hypnosis affects consciousness. Topic: 4.8 How Hypnosis Works Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 70 a= 0 b= 2 c= 28 d= 70 r = .20 % correct 87 a= 0 b= 2 c= 11 d= 87 r = .21 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 98. How did Ernest Hilgard explain pain reduction through hypnosis? a) Hypnosis increases dopamine levels in the body. b) People merely play the role of the hypnotized person and attempt to ignore the pain. Incorrect. Hilgard did not believe this, and there is no evidence that it happens. c) Hypnotized individuals dissociate the experience, so part of the mind is unaware of the pain. Correct. Hilgard believed that we make this dissociation when we are hypnotized. d) Hypnosis results in an altered state of consciousness that alters brain waves in regions of the brain responsible for the perception of pain. Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.9 Compare and contrast two views of why hypnosis works. Topic: 4.9 Theories of Hypnosis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 76 a=2 b= 5 c= 76 d= 17 r = .27 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 99. How did Ernest Hilgard explain hypnosis? a) Hypnosis increases dopamine levels in the body. b) People merely fake being hypnotized. c) Hypnotized individuals dissociate the conscious mind into an “immediate” part and a “hidden observer” part. Correct. Hilgard believed that we make this dissociation when we are hypnotized. d) Hypnosis results in an altered state of consciousness that alters brain waves in regions of the brain. Incorrect. Hilgard did not believe this, and there is no evidence that it happens. Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.9 Compare and contrast two views of why hypnosis works. Topic: 4.9 Theories of Hypnosis Difficulty Level: Moderate

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 100. The idea of a “hidden observer” part of the mind was suggested by __________. a) Sigmund Freud Incorrect. Although Freud used hypnosis, he did not suggest there was a “hidden observer.” b) Adele Watson c) Ernest Hilgard Correct. Hilgard developed the “hidden observer” idea. d) Hirsch Kirsch Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.9 Compare and contrast two views of why hypnosis works. Topic: 4.9 Theories of Hypnosis Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 101. You meet a psychologist who says she views hypnosis from the social-cognitive perspective. Which of the following is the BEST description of her view of hypnosis? a) There is no hypnotized person role; hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness. b) There is no hypnotized person role; hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness. c) People play the role of a hypnotized person; hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness. Incorrect. Although the social-cognitive position says we play a role, it also says there is no altered state. d) People play the role of a hypnotized person; hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness. Correct. The social-cognitive view suggests we play a role. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.9 Compare and contrast two views of why hypnosis works. Topic: 4.9 Theories of Hypnosis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 64 a= 3 b= 7 c= 25 d= 64 r = .22 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 102. The social-cognitive theory of hypnosis argues that __________. a) hypnosis increases dopamine levels in the body b) people who are hypnotized are merely playing a role appropriate to the situation at hand Correct. The social-cognitive view suggests we play a role and are not in an actual altered state of consciousness. c) hypnotized individuals dissociate the conscious mind into an “immediate” part and a “hidden observer” part Incorrect. This is the view of Ernest Hilgard, who proposed a dissociation explanation of hypnosis. d) hypnosis results in an altered state of consciousness that alters brain waves in regions of the brain Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.9 Compare and contrast two views of why hypnosis works. Topic: 4.9 Theories of Hypnosis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 103. What is the best definition of mindfulness? a) focusing intently on a single pleasant past experience until it can be “relived” in the moment b) a mental state achieved by being aware of one's thoughts, feelings, and bodily sensations in the moment Correct. This is the “mindfulness” part of “mindfulness meditation.” c) avoiding any negative thoughts to help reduce stress Incorrect. This would not be very mindful. d) a deep state of meditation, often characterized by feelings of leaving the body

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.10 Describe meditation and its effects on stress and health. Topic: 4.10 Meditation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 104. Which of the following is a mental series of exercises meant to refocus attention and achieve a trancelike state of consciousness? a) meditation Correct. Meditation is defined as a mental series of exercises meant to refocus attention and achieve a trancelike state of consciousness. b) biofeedback c) relaxation response d) progressive relaxation Incorrect. Progressive relaxation is a part of some therapy approaches, but it is not the best answer to this question. Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.10 Describe meditation and its effects on stress and health. Topic: 4.10 Meditation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 91 a= 91 b= 0 c= 2 d= 7 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 105. Psychoactive drugs are drugs __________. a) that speed up activity in the central nervous system b) capable of altering thinking, perception, and memory Correct. Chemicals that can alter thinking, perception, and memory are called psychoactive. c) that slow down activity in the central nervous system Incorrect. Psychoactive drugs do not necessarily slow down the CNS. They alter perception. d) derived from the opium poppy that relieve pain and produce euphoria Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.11 Distinguish between physical dependence and psychological dependence upon drugs. Topic: 4.11 Dependence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 74 a= 19 b= 74 c= 4 d= 2 r = .59 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 106. Chemicals that can alter thinking, perception, and memory are called __________. a) legal drugs b) illegal drugs Incorrect. Most psychoactive drugs are not illegal. c) hallucinogens d) psychoactive drugs Correct. Chemicals that can alter thinking, perception, and memory are called psychoactive. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.11 Distinguish between physical dependence and psychological dependence upon drugs. Topic: 4.11 Dependence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 95 a= 0 b= 2 c= 4 d= 95 r = .49 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 107. The two most important signs of substance dependence are __________.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) drug tolerance and failure to attend important occasions due to substance use Incorrect. These are both signs of substance dependence, but the second most important symptom that accompanies tolerance is withdrawal. b) withdrawal and substance abuse c) drug tolerance and withdrawal Correct. These two physiological symptoms indicate that a problem has gone beyond substance abuse and has entered the realm of substance dependence. d) intolerance of most anything and withdrawal Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.11 Distinguish between physical dependence and psychological dependence upon drugs. Topic: 4.11 Dependence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 108. Mick needs more of the drug he has been using to get the normal high he got when he first started. Mick is experiencing __________. a) drug tolerance Correct. The phenomenon of needing more and more of a drug as time goes on is called drug tolerance. b) drug detoxification c) withdrawal Incorrect. Withdrawal occurs when you stop getting the drug you have been using. d) overdrawal Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.11 Distinguish between physical dependence and psychological dependence upon drugs. Topic: 4.11 Dependence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 95 a= 95 b= 3 c= 3 d= 0 r = .18 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 109. After taking a drug for several years, Keion decides to quit taking it. He begins to experience a variety of physical symptoms, psychological symptoms such as irritability, and a strong craving for the substance. What term is used to describe what Keion is experiencing? a) tolerance Incorrect. Drug tolerance occurs when, over time, one needs more and more of a drug to get high. b) physical dependence c) withdrawal Correct. Withdrawal occurs when one stops using a drug, and is characterized by irritability, nausea, and other symptoms. d) drug intoxication Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.11 Distinguish between physical dependence and psychological dependence upon drugs. Topic: 4.11 Dependence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 110. Which of the following indicators reflects the possibility of physical dependence? a) obsessing about a drug b) getting caught with a drug c) abusing a drug Incorrect. Abuse is defined by overuse, not necessarily physical dependence. d) drug tolerance

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. Tolerance is one indicator of physical dependence. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.11 Distinguish between physical dependence and psychological dependence upon drugs. Topic: 4.11 Dependence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 65 a= 12 b= 0 c= 23 d=65 r = .36 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 111. The need to take a drug in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms is called __________. a) a craving b) tolerance Incorrect. Tolerance is defined as needing more and more of a drug over time to achieve a high. c) obsessive compulsion d) physical dependence Correct. Withdrawal is an indicator of physical dependence. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.11 Distinguish between physical dependence and psychological dependence upon drugs. Topic: 4.11 Dependence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 93 a= 0 b= 7 c= 0 d= 93 r = .19 % correct 89 a= 5 b= 5 c= 1 d= 89 r = .20 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 112. Juliana notices that as her supply of marijuana decreases, she starts thinking more and more about where she can get another supply and she begins feeling nervous and anxious. This is an example of __________. a) withdrawal b) tolerance c) physiological dependence Incorrect. Physical dependence causes physical symptoms. d) psychological dependence Correct. Juliana is thinking and feeling things about this drug. These are psychological issues. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.11 Distinguish between physical dependence and psychological dependence upon drugs. Topic: 4.11 Dependence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 63 a= 11 b= 0 c= 25 d= 63 r = .19 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 113. Emily believes that she needs four shots of tequila each night to “feel loose and groovy, like I wanna feel,” even though her body has shown remarkable resistance to becoming dependent on the intake of alcohol. Emily is showing signs of ___________. a) withdrawal b) serotonin relapse c) physical dependence Incorrect. There is no evidence here that she is physically dependent on alcohol. d) psychological dependence Correct. Her belief is that she needs more and more of a substance, although her bodily systems do not crave or depend on that substance. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.11 Distinguish between physical dependence and psychological dependence upon drugs. Topic: 4.11 Dependence

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 114. The pathway in the brain that starts in the midbrain and connects to structures of the limbic system, including the amygdala, the hippocampus, and the nucleus accumbens, and continues to the middle of the prefrontal cortex is called the __________ pathway. a) cerebellar b) mesolimbic Correct. Think of “meso” as meaning “mid” and “limbic” indicating the limbic system. c) ventral tegmental Incorrect. This is the part of the midbrain where the mesolimbic pathway begins. d) dorsolateral Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.11 Distinguish between physical dependence and psychological dependence upon drugs. Topic: 4.11 Dependence Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 115. Which neurotransmitter is released in the reward pathways in the brain in response to ingestion of several psychotropic drugs? a) dopamine Correct. The massive release of this neurotransmitter causes a pleasure rush associated with drug ingestion. b) GABA c) norepinephrine Incorrect. The neurotransmitter in question is dopamine, not norepinephrine. d) acetylcholine Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.11 Distinguish between physical dependence and psychological dependence upon drugs. Topic: 4.11 Dependence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 116. Drugs that speed up the functioning of the nervous system are called __________. a) stimulants Correct. Stimulants speed up the processes of the nervous system. b) depressants c) narcotics Incorrect. Narcotics slow down the nervous system. d) psychogenics Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.12 Identify the effects and dangers of using stimulants. Topic: 4.12 Stimulants: Up, Up, and Away Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 96 a= 96 b= 2 c= 2 d= 0 r = .42 % correct 96 a= 96 b= 0 c= 3 d= 3 r = .52 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 117. Benzedrine, Methedrine, and Dexedrine are all examples of __________. a) narcotics b) depressants

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) hallucinogens Incorrect. These drugs are not classified in this category. d) amphetamines Correct. All three are members of the amphetamine family of drugs. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.12 Identify the effects and dangers of using stimulants. Topic: 4.12 Stimulants: Up, Up, and Away Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 118. When amphetamines are abused, the resulting effects may include __________. a) loss of appetite, nausea, high blood pressure, and vomiting Correct. Amphetamines cause loss of appetite, nausea, high blood pressure, and vomiting. b) increased appetite, sleepiness, and euphoria Incorrect. Amphetamines rarely increase appetite. c) heart disease, high blood pressure, impaired circulation, and erectile problems in men d) restlessness, insomnia, muscle tension, heartbeat irregularities, and high blood pressure Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.12 Identify the effects and dangers of using stimulants. Topic: 4.12 Stimulants: Up, Up, and Away Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 119. Which statement is TRUE concerning cocaine? a) Cocaine produces the same kind of physical withdrawal symptoms as alcohol. b) At one time, cocaine was an ingredient in Coca-ColaTM. Correct. During the early twentieth century, cocaine was an ingredient in Coca-ColaTM. c) Cocaine was used by early Greek philosophers. d) One of the powerful addictive ingredients in cocaine is heroin. Incorrect. Heroin is not found in cocaine. Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.12 Identify the effects and dangers of using stimulants. Topic: 4.12 Stimulants: Up, Up, and Away Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 120. What property do stimulants share in common? a) They cause the user to experience hallucinations. b) They are not addictive. c) They increase the functioning of the nervous system. Correct. And rightly so, given that they’re called “stimulants.” d) They decrease the functioning of the nervous system. Incorrect. This would be an effect of depressants. Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.12 Identify the effects and dangers of using stimulants. Topic: 4.12 Stimulants: Up, Up, and Away Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 121. Nicotine is a __________.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) stimulant Correct. Nicotine causes the central nervous system to increase firing. b) depressant Incorrect. Nicotine is just the opposite. c) narcotic d) psychogenic drug Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.12 Identify the effects and dangers of using stimulants. Topic: 4.12 Stimulants: Up, Up, and Away Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 86 a= 86 b= 7 c= 4 d= 4 r = .52 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 122. Caffeine is a __________. a) stimulant Correct. Caffeine causes the central nervous system to increase activity. b) depressant c) narcotic Incorrect. Narcotics are depressants and also are controlled substances. d) psychogenic drug Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.12 Identify the effects and dangers of using stimulants. Topic: 4.12 Stimulants: Up, Up, and Away Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 100 a= 100 b= 0 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 123. Which drug is found in at least 60 different types of plants? a) cocaine b) caffeine Correct. Caffeine is found in coffee beans, tea leaves, cocoa nuts, and at least 60 other types of plants. c) LSD Incorrect. LSD is not found naturally in plants. d) marijuana Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.12 Identify the effects and dangers of using stimulants. Topic: 4.12 Stimulants: Up, Up, and Away Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 124. One major danger of barbiturate ingestion is __________. a) overstimulation Incorrect. Barbiturates are major depressants. b) hyperactivity c) overdose Correct. Overdosing on major tranquilizers can be fatal. d) sleepwalking Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.13 Identify the effects and dangers of using depressants. Topic: 4.13 Down in the Valley: Depressants Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 125. A person will often take a barbiturate as a __________. a) sleep aid Correct. Though it is dangerous to do so, due to the risk of dependence, many people use barbiturates for their sedative effects. b) vitamin supplement Incorrect. Barbiturates have no value in terms of supplementing vitamin intake. c) means of increasing behavioral arousal d) treatment for alcoholism Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.13 Identify the effects and dangers of using depressants. Topic: 4.13 Down in the Valley: Depressants Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 126. Which drug category is classified as a minor tranquilizer? a) stimulants b) psychedelics c) barbiturates Incorrect. Barbiturates are classified as major tranquilizers. d) benzodiazepines Correct. Benzodiazepines are classified as minor tranquilizers. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.13 Identify the effects and dangers of using depressants. Topic: 4.13 Down in the Valley: Depressants Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 127. Which of the following is classified as a depressant? a) cocaine b) alcohol Correct. Alcohol is a depressant. c) heroin Incorrect. Heroin is a narcotic. d) marijuana Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.13 Identify the effects and dangers of using depressants. Topic: 4.13 Down in the Valley: Depressants Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 97 a= 0 b= 97 c= 2 d= 2 r = .21 % correct 97 a= 0 b= 97 c= 3 d= 0 r = .23 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 128. Which neurotransmitter is primarily activated when ingesting alcohol? a) GABA Correct. GABA is released in the brain as one drinks alcohol. b) acetylcholine c) endorphins Incorrect. There are no associations with alcohol and endorphins. d) adrenaline Answer: a

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 4.13 Identify the effects and dangers of using depressants. Topic: 4.13 Down in the Valley: Depressants Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 129. Sara has a blood alcohol level of .30 percent. What behaviors is she likely to exhibit? a) vivid auditory hallucinations b) inability to control her bowels c) death Incorrect. Probably not, but it wouldn’t take much more intake to make this a possibility. d) lack of awareness of her surroundings Correct. This level of intake is quite high. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.13 Identify the effects and dangers of using depressants. Topic: 4.13 Down in the Valley: Depressants Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 130. Drugs derived from opium are called __________. a) stimulants b) depressants Incorrect. Depressants are made from many different materials and chemicals. c) narcotics Correct. Narcotics are a class of drugs that suppress pain and stimulate receptor sites for endorphins. d) psychogenics Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.13 Identify the effects and dangers of using depressants. Topic: 4.13 Down in the Valley: Depressants Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 86 a= 8 b= 2 c= 86 d= 3 r = .31 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 131. Morphine and heroin duplicate the action of __________. a) endorphins Correct. They help the brain deal with pain. b) alcohol Incorrect. Alcohol works a different way. c) cigarettes d) LSD Answer: a Learning Objective: 4.13 Identify the effects and dangers of using depressants. Topic: 4.13 Down in the Valley: Depressants Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 95 a= 95 b= 3 c= 0 d= 3 r = .18 % correct 90 a= 90 b=2 c= 5 d= 3 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 132. Morphine, heroin, and methadone __________. a) are stimulants b) are derived from opium

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. All these drugs have the same roots. c) are often used to treat ADHD Incorrect. These drugs would never be used to treat ADHD. d) increase the action of the central nervous system Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.13 Identify the effects and dangers of using depressants. Topic: 4.13 Down in the Valley: Depressants Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 133. What are opioids? a) a subset of stimulants Incorrect. This is not the effect opioids have. b) a fourth classification of addictive substances c) a synthetic drug that mimics opiates Correct. Opioids are prescribed for pain relief. d) morphine derivatives that produce hallucinogenic effects Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.13 Identify the effects and dangers of using depressants. Topic: 4.13 Down in the Valley: Depressants Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 134. LSD is similar to which of the following drugs? a) alcohol Incorrect. Alcohol is not a hallucinogenic drug b) methadone c) PCP Correct. Both LSD and PCP create hallucinogenic effects. d) CHT Answer: c Learning Objective: 4.14 Identify the effects and dangers of using hallucinogens. Topic: 4.14 Hallucinogens: Higher and Higher Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 135. Which of the following pairs belong together? a) LSD; tetrahydrocannabinol b) marijuana; psilocybin c) MDMA; acetylcholine Incorrect. MDMA is ecstasy and acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that is not associated with it. d) marijuana; tetrahydrocannabinol Correct. THC is the active ingredient in marijuana. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.14 Identify the effects and dangers of using hallucinogens. Topic: 4.14 Hallucinogens: Higher and Higher Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 89 a= 3 b= 5 c= 3 d= 89 r = .38 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 136. Both MDMA (or ecstasy) and PCP have recently been reclassified as __________ hallucinogenic drugs.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) depressogenic Incorrect. There is no such drug classification. b) stimulatory Correct. This is the new classification for these drugs. c) psychedelic d) manufactured Answer: b Learning Objective: 4.14 Identify the effects and dangers of using hallucinogens. Topic: 4.14 Hallucinogens: Higher and Higher Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 137. Which statement is CORRECT concerning marijuana? a) There is evidence that marijuana is physically addictive. Incorrect. There is no evidence that marijuana is physically addictive. b) There is evidence that marijuana is psychologically addictive. c) There is evidence that marijuana causes cancer. d) Marijuana usage can lead to psychological dependence. Correct. There are studies that have shown that marijuana use can lead to powerful psychological dependence. Answer: d Learning Objective: 4.14 Identify the effects and dangers of using hallucinogens. Topic: 4.14 Hallucinogens: Higher and Higher Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

TRUE OR FALSE 138. Consciousness is the key difference between humans and lower animals. Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.1 Define what it means to be conscious. Topic: 4.1 Definition of Consciousness Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 139. We spend about one-fifth of our lives in sleep. Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.2 Differentiate between the different levels of consciousness. Topic: 4.2 Altered States of Consciousness Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 140. There have been cases in which sleepwalking was accepted as a successful murder defense. Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 141. Night terrors are simply a dramatic extension of nightmares.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 142. Most people who sleepwalk typically remember the episode the next day. Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 143. A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night is called sleep apnea. Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 144. To treat her sleep problem, Lia is told that she should avoid alcohol or sleep aids, she should set her alarm clock to wake up at the same time each day, and she should get out of bed at night if she cannot sleep. Lia’s sleep problem is insomnia. Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 145. Sigmund Freud was interested in how dreams affect the stages of sleep. Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.6 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. Topic: 4.6 Why Do We Dream? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 146. Sigmund Freud argued that the key to analyzing a dream would be found in the manifest content. Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.6 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. Topic: 4.6 Why Do We Dream? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 147. The “hidden observer” explanation for hypnosis is associated with the concept of dissociation. Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.9 Compare and contrast two views of why hypnosis works. Topic: 4.9 Theories of Hypnosis

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 148. Meditation is largely a fad that has little effect on reducing stress or improving health. Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.10 Describe meditation and its effects on stress and health. Topic: 4.10 Meditation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 149. Nicotine is classified as a stimulant. Answer: True Learning Objective: 4.12 Identify the effects and dangers of using stimulants. Topic: 4.12 Stimulants: Up, Up, and Away Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 150. Marijuana and alcohol both cause physical and psychological dependence. Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.13 Identify the effects and dangers of using depressants. Topic: 4.13 Down in the Valley: Depressants Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 151. Despite popular myths, studies have continually found that there are no harmful effects associated with smoking marijuana, even over an extended period of time. Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.13 Identify the effects and dangers of using depressants. Topic: 4.13 Down in the Valley: Depressants Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 152. As of January 2020, 45 states have legalized the recreational use of marijuana, and another three have “decriminalized” the practice. Answer: False Learning Objective: 4.13 Identify the effects and dangers of using depressants. Topic: 4.13 Down in the Valley: Depressants Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

SHORT ANSWER 153. What does it mean to be conscious, according to the purposes set forth in your textbook? Learning Objective: 4.1 Define what it means to be conscious. Topic: 4.1 Definition of Consciousness Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

154. What are circadian rhythms? Learning Objective: 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle. Topic: 4.3 The Biology of Sleep Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 155. What happens in stage N3 sleep? Learning Objective: 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 156. What is REM behavior disorder? Learning Objective: 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 157. Describe the symptoms of insomnia. Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 158. Explain the concept of manifest content of a dream. Learning Objective: 4.6 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. Topic: 4.6 Why Do We Dream? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 159. What does the activation-synthesis hypothesis propose regarding the nature of dreaming? Learning Objective: 4.6 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. Topic: 4.6 Why Do We Dream? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 160. How did the activation-information-mode (AIM) model of dreaming modify the activation-synthesis hypothesis? Learning Objective: 4.6 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. Topic: 4.6 Why Do We Dream? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 161. What does it mean to be hypnotized? Learning Objective: 4.8 Explain how hypnosis affects consciousness. Topic: 4.8 How Hypnosis Works Difficulty Level: Moderate

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 162. Describe some dangers associated with stimulants. Learning Objective: 4.12 Identify the effects and dangers of using stimulants. Topic: 4.12 Stimulants: Up, Up, and Away Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 163. What are the main reasons why narcotics are so addictive? Learning Objective: 4.13 Identify the effects and dangers of using depressants. Topic: 4.13 Down in the Valley: Depressants Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

ESSAY 164. If you were a behaviorist, would you agree with the idea that consciousness is an appropriate focus of serious psychological research? Please explain why you would agree or disagree. Learning Objective: 4.1 Define what it means to be conscious. Topic: 4.1 Definition of Consciousness Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 165. List and describe the different stages of sleep. How do people cycle through these stages during a night’s sleep? Learning Objective: 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Topic: 4.4 The Stages of Sleep Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 166. List and describe three different sleep disorders. Note the symptoms associated with each, and identify what type of person is statistically most likely to develop each condition. Learning Objective: 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Topic: 4.5 Sleep Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 167. Compare and contrast two theories of dreams. Which one do you believe makes more sense, and why? Learning Objective: 4.6 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. Topic: 4.6 Why Do We Dream? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 168. What are the main differences between physical dependence and psychological dependence? Give examples of both types of dependence. Learning Objective: 4.11 Distinguish between physical dependence and psychological dependence upon drugs. Topic: 4.11 Dependence Difficulty Level: Easy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 169. Should marijuana be legalized nationwide for any purposes? What are the pros and cons of this issue? Include research cited in your text to support your position. Learning Objective: 4.14 Identify the effects and dangers of using hallucinogens. Topic: 4.14 Hallucinogens: Higher and Higher Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Test Yourself Pick the best answer. 1. Jane is aware that she is sitting in her psychology class and it is almost lunchtime. She is also aware of how tired she is after staying up late to watch a movie. Thus, if Jane is aware of what is going on around her and what is going on within her, then it is safe to say that she is in a(n) a. altered state of consciousness. b. unconscious state. c. state of waking consciousness. d. preconscious state. 2. What part of the brain is influential in determining when to sleep? a. hippocampus b. hypothalamus c. thalamus d. frontal lobe 3. As the sun begins to set, Winston finds himself becoming sleepier and sleepier. What structure is sensitive to light and influences when to go to sleep and when to awaken? a. corpus callosum b. suprachiasmatic nucleus c. occipital lobe d. thalamus 4. Carlos is pulling an all-nighter in preparation for his big psychology test tomorrow. According to the research, what is the result on Carlos’s memory when he deprives himself of sleep the night prior to his exam? a. Carlos will retain information from staying up all night, but only if his test is early in the morning. b. Carlos will actually remember less if he deprives himself of sleep the night before. c. The ability to retain information can be influenced by the presence of sunlight. Thus, if the sun is shining, Carlos will remember more than if it is a cloudy day. d. Carlos’s memory will not be affected in any way assuming he only stays awake for one all-night study session. 5. Your uncle Karl, who recently retired, has mentioned how he doesn’t sleep as well as he did when he was younger. For many years, he regularly slept about 7 to 8 hours, but now that he is in his 60s he tends to get only 5 to 6 hours of sleep per night. What would you tell him? a. Getting less sleep as we age is not normal, since studies show we need more sleep as we age. b. Getting less sleep is dangerous as we age. People should seek medical intervention to help them sleep. c. Getting less sleep seems to be a common consequence of aging. d. Getting less sleep is associated with mental health problems in our later years. Uncle Karl should consider seeing a psychologist. 6. After watching television while surfing the Internet on your tablet, you find yourself having trouble falling asleep at night. According to what we know about the biology of sleep, what is the most likely cause of your sleep problem? a. The TV shows are probably too exciting, making it difficult to calm down for sleep. b. Surfing the Internet while watching television is too much for your brain, leading to poor sleep. c. The bright light from the TV and tablet is causing your pineal gland to release too little melatonin. d. The bright light from the TV and tablet is causing your pineal gland to release too much melatonin. 7. Studies have found that certain chemicals that help repair damaged cells only function while we sleep. What theory best explains this? a. circadian rhythm of sleep b. adaptive theory of sleep

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c. restorative theory of sleep d. sleep deprivation theory 8. In which stage of sleep do sleep spindles occur? a. N1 b. N2 c. N3 d. R 9. Josef has had a very demanding day. Though his work is not physically challenging, it tends to mentally drain him. Which type of sleep will Josef probably require more of? a. N1 b. N2 c. N3 d. R 10. Your doctor has told you that your youngest son suffers from somnambulism. What is another name for somnambulism? a. sleepwalking b. insomnia c. sleep apnea d. narcolepsy 11. Gerald has difficulty falling off to sleep. Harley can fall off to sleep easily but often wakes up early. Dale typically sleeps for 10 hours. All three are tired and not rested upon rising. Who seems to be experiencing insomnia? a. Gerald b. All three suffer from insomnia. c. Harley d. Dale 12. Which of the following would be bad advice for someone who is suffering from insomnia? a. Do not take sleeping pills. b. Go to bed only when you are sleepy. c. Do not look at the clock. d. Do not exercise—it overstimulates the brain. 13. Bill suddenly and without warning slips into REM sleep during the day. He often falls to the ground and is difficult to awaken. Bill may have a condition called a. sleep apnea. b. narcolepsy. c. insomnia. d. epilepsy. 14. Calvin had a dream about his dog Snoopy in which he constantly looked for him but couldn’t find him. In reality, Calvin’s dog had died after being hit by a car. According to Sigmund Freud, Calvin’s dream in which he was searching for his dog is an example of _______, while the inner meaning that he misses his dog terribly is an example of _______. a. wish fulfillment, manifest content b. manifest content, latent content c. latent content, wish fulfillment d. latent content, manifest content 15. When Tawny is asked to write down her dreams as a class assignment, she is bothered by the fact that her dreams often seem to jump randomly from scene to scene with little meaning. What theory best explains her dreams?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a. dreams-for-survival theory b. activation-synthesis hypothesis c. sociocultural theory d. Freudian theory 16. Anthony’s therapist is using hypnosis to help him recall the night he was supposedly abducted by aliens. Danny’s therapist is using hypnosis to help him prepare for the pain of dental surgery because Danny is allergic to the dentist’s painkillers. Patrick’s therapist is using hypnosis to help him quit drinking and smoking. Which client has the highest chance for success? a. Anthony b. Patrick c. Danny d. All three can benefit from hypnosis because each technique is proven effective.

17. Bobby agreed to be hypnotized during a comedy routine. While hypnotized, he stood on his chair and crowed like a rooster. Later, when his friends asked why he did this, Bobby replied that he didn’t know, it must have been because he was hypnotized. What theory best explains his behavior? a. the hidden observer theory of hypnosis b. the social-cognitive explanation of hypnosis c. the biological theory of hypnosis d. the behavioral theory of hypnosis 18. Jackie has found that when she tries to quit drinking, she gets headaches, has night sweats, and shakes uncontrollably. Such a reaction is an example of a. psychological dependence. b. withdrawal. c. overdose. d. learned behavior. 19. What is the most commonly used and abused depressant? a. Prozac b. tranquilizers c. alcohol d. caffeine 20. Which drug, depending on the dosage, can be a hallucinogen, stimulant, depressant, or painkiller? a. marijuana b. PCP c. opium d. caffeine

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

EXTRA BANK OF QUESTIONS 4: CONSCIOUSNESS ______________________________________________________________________________ 4.3–4.6 Sleep 4.4 Why We Sleep 1. Researchers investigating sleep have __________. a. observed a decrease in protein synthesis while we sleep b. identified a substance destroyed during sleep c. found a substance created only during sleep d. not been able to fully explain why we sleep Answer d % correct 55 a= 10 b= 5 c= 30 d= 55

r = .58

4.5 The Stages of Sleep 2. The low-voltage brain waves produced during relaxed wakefulness or the twilight stage between waking and sleeping are called __________ waves. a. alpha b. beta c. delta d. theta Answer a % correct 10 a= 10 b= 25 c= 65 d= 0 r = .35

4.9–4.10 Hypnosis 3. The trancelike state in which a subject responds readily to suggestions is __________. a. stage N4 sleep b. hypnosis c. coma d. meditation Answer b % correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .0

4.11–4.14 The Influence of Psychoactive Drugs 4. Chemical substances that change moods and perceptions are called __________ drugs. a. psychosomatic b. analgesic c. psychoactive d. prescription Answer c % correct 59 a= 29 b= 0 c= 59 d= 10 r = .74

4.12 Stimulants: Up, Up, and Away 5. Amphetamines are __________. a. barbiturates

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b. stimulants c. hallucinogens d. opiates Answer b % correct 69

a= 19 b= 69 c= 8 d= 4

r = .24

6. Cocaine is a(n) __________. a. opiate b. stimulant c. barbiturate d. hallucinogen Answer b % correct 81 a= 8 b= 81 c= 4 d= 7

r = .27

4.14 Hallucinogens: Higher and Higher 7. The active ingredient in marijuana is __________. a. PCB b. THC c. LSD d. PCP Answer b % correct 92 a= 0 b= 92 c= 0 d= 7

r = .22

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Revel Quizzes The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Psychology: An Exploration, Fifth Edition. EOM Quiz: 4.1–4.2 What Is Consciousness? EOM Q4.1.1 A change in the quality or pattern of mental activity, such as increased alertness or divided consciousness, is called a(n) a) altered state of consciousness. b) waking consciousness. c) transient state of consciousness. d) hallucination. Answer: a Consider This: During this, thoughts may become fuzzy and disorganized and you may feel less alert, or your thoughts may take bizarre turns. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.2 Differentiate between the different levels of consciousness. Skill:: Understand the Concepts Topic: What Is Consciousness? EOM Q4.1.2 Consciousness can be defined as a set of action potentials occurring among neurons in which of the following views? a) cognitive neuroscience b) behavioral c) sociocultural d) evolutionary Answer: a Consider This: Consciousness is awareness of everything that is going on around you and inside your own head at any given moment, which you use to organize your behavior. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.2 Differentiate between the different levels of consciousness. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: What Is Consciousness? EOM Q4.1.3 Which of the following is an example of an automatic process? a) brushing your teeth b) driving a car c) talking on a cell phone d) doing math problems Answer: a Consider This: We are aware of automatic processes at a low level of conscious awareness. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.2 Differentiate between the different levels of consciousness. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: What Is Consciousness? EOM Q4.1.4 Which of the following statements is false?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) It is safe to drive and talk on a cell phone as long as it is hands free. b) Brushing your hair while talking on the phone is easy to do. c) Texting while driving is more dangerous than talking on a cell phone while driving. d) Driving while talking on a cell phone is as risky as driving while under the influence of alcohol. Answer: a Consider This: Driving is really a control process, not an automatic one, but we often forget to pay attention to this fact. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.2 Differentiate between the different levels of consciousness. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: What Is Consciousness? EOM Quiz: 4.3-4.5 Sleep EOM Q4.2.1 The sleep–wake cycle typically follows a 24-hour cycle and is regulated by the __________. a) suprachiasmatic nucleus b) cerebellum c) frontal lobe d) pituitary gland Answer: a Consider This: This is an internal clock that tells people when to wake up and when to fall asleep. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Sleep EOM Q4.2.2 The pineal gland receives instructions from the __________ to release __________. a) suprachiasmatic nucleus; melatonin. b) thalamus; dopamine c) occipital lobe; serotonin. d) spinal cord; acetylcholine. Answer: a Consider This: The pineal gland is located in the base of the brain. LO 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Sleep EOM Q4.2.3 Which of the following is involved in determining when we sleep? a) body temperature b) body position c) digestion d) GABA Answer: a Consider This: The research on the effects of serotonin and body temperature on sleep is correlational, so we cannot assume causation, and there are many different factors involved in sleep. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Sleep EOM Q4.2.4 Which of the following is a characteristic of stage N3, or slow-wave sleep? a) deepest level of sleep b) paralysis of voluntary muscles c) increased heart rate d) Increased body temperature Answer: a Consider This: In this stage of sleep, the slowest and largest waves make their appearance. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Sleep EOM Q4.2.5 Sleepwalking occurs in stage __________ sleep, whereas nightmares occur in stage __________ sleep. a) N3; R b) N1; N2 c) R; N3 d) N2; N1 Answer: a Consider This: Children tend to have more nightmares than adults do because they spend more of their sleep in the REM sleep state. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Sleep EOM Quiz: Quiz: 4.6–4.7 Dreams EOM Q4.4.1 In Freud’s theory, dreams were a way to examine the _______ of his patients. a) early memories b) most recent memories c) most recent experiences d) conscious mind Answer: a Consider This: Freud believed that the problems of his patients stemmed from conflicts and events that had been buried in their unconscious minds since childhood. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 4.6 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Dreams EOM Q4.4.2 Rachael finds that most of her dreams are little more than random images that seemingly have been put into a strange storyline. Which theory of dreams best explains this? a) activation-synthesis hypothesis b) Freudian dream theory c) dreams for survival theory d) Hall’s dreams as reflections of everyday life

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Answer: a Consider This: This theory believes that a dream is merely another kind of thinking that occurs when people sleep. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.6 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Dreams EOM Q4.4.3 Which of the following statements about the content of dreams is true? a) Men are more likely than women to have dreams about fighting. b) Dreams usually consist of very unusual activities. c) Men and women tend to dream about the same things. d) There are no cultural differences in dream content. Answer: a Consider This: Men across various cultures tend to have more physical aggression in their dreams than do women. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.6 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Dreams EOM Q4.4.4 Studies show that most people tend to a) dream in color. b) dream in black and white. c) only have nightmares. d) not dream at all. Answer: a Consider This: In dreams people run, jump, talk, and do all of the actions that they do in normal daily life. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 4.7 Identify commonalities and differences in the content of people's dreams. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Dreams EOM Quiz: 4.8-4.10 Other Altered States: Hypnosis and Meditation EOM Q4.4.1 The primary key to hypnosis is finding someone who a) accepts suggestions easily. b) has a vivid imagination. c) is already very tired. d) is easily distracted. Answer: a Consider This: People can be hypnotized when active and alert, but only if they are willing to be hypnotized. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.8 Explain how hypnosis affects consciousness. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Hypnosis EOM Q4.4.2 Some researchers have suggested that hypnosis may work due to an individual’s personal expectations about what being hypnotized is supposed to be like and the individual’s ability to play a particular role in the given social

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White situation. Which theory of hypnosis best accounts for these possible explanations for an individual’s behavior while hypnotized? a) social-cognitive theory b) dissociative theory c) expectancy theory d) biological theory Answer: a Consider This: According to this theory, even the participants are unaware that they are role playing. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.9 Compare and contrast two views of why hypnosis works. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Hypnosis EOM Q4.4.3 Your friend tells you she is seeing a therapist who wishes to use hypnosis as part of her therapy. However, your friend is concerned that she might be hypnotized without knowing it. What might you tell her? a) You actually hypnotize yourself and you cannot be hypnotized against your will. b) Be careful. Hypnotists are in control of you while hypnotized. c) Don’t worry. Hypnotists can only control their patient’s behavior about 40 percent of the time. d) Don’t worry. Hypnosis is just an illusion and doesn’t really work. Answer: a Consider This: The fact is that the hypnotist may only be a guide into a more relaxed state. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.9 Compare and contrast two views of why hypnosis works. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Hypnosis EOM Q4.4.4 Which theory of hypnosis includes the idea of a “hidden observer”? a) dissociative b) social cognitive c) biological d) expectancy Answer: a Consider This: This theory postulates that hypnosis works only on the immediate conscious mind of a person, while a part of that person’s mind remained aware of all that was going on. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 4.9 Compare and contrast two views of why hypnosis works. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Hypnosis EOM Q4.4.5 Which of the following is NOT one of the effects of meditation on health? a) Meditation can prevent cancer. b) Meditation has been shown to reduce stress. c) Meditation can reduce blood pressure in many people. d) Meditation may be able to reduce levels of chronic pain Answer: a Consider This: Meditation is not a miracle cure. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.10 Describe meditation and its effects on stress and health. Skill: Apply What You Know

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: Meditation EOM Quiz: 4.11-4.14 The Influence of Psychoactive Drugs EOM Q4.6.1 As consequences to stopping drug use, headaches, nausea, shaking, and elevated blood pressure are all signs of a) withdrawal. b) overdose. c) psychological dependency. d) amphetamine toxicity. Answer: a Consider This: Many users will take more of the drug to alleviate these symptoms, which makes the entire situation worse. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.11 Distinguish between physical dependence and psychological dependence upon drugs. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The Influence of Psychoactive Drugs EOM Q4.6.2 What drug’s physical withdrawal symptoms include severe mood swings (crash), paranoia, extreme fatigue, and an inability to feel pleasure? a) cocaine b) heroin c) caffeine d) alcohol Answer: a Consider This: The brain is the part of the body that develops the craving for this drug because of chemical changes caused by the drug. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.12 Identify the effects and dangers of using stimulants. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The Influence of Psychoactive Drugs EOM Q4.6.3 Which of the following statements about nicotine is true? a) In terms of addictive power, nicotine is more powerful than cocaine or alcohol. b) Nicotine can slow the heart and therefore create a sense of relaxation. c) Overall, the number of Americans smoking is increasing. d) Overall, the number of women and teenagers smoking is increasing. Answer: a Consider This: Nicotine is a relatively mild but nevertheless toxic stimulant, producing a slight “rush” or sense of arousal as it raises blood pressure and accelerates the heart. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.12 Identify the effects and dangers of using stimulants. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The Influence of Psychoactive Drugs EOM Q4.6.4 _____________ is a tranquilizer that is also known as the “date rape” drug. a) Rohypnol b) Halcion c) Librium

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) Xanax Answer: a Consider This: Unsuspecting victims drink something that has been doctored with this drug, which causes them to be unaware of their actions. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 4.13 Identify the effects and dangers of using depressants. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Influence of Psychoactive Drugs EOM Q4.6.5 Typically, opiates have the ability to a) suppress the sensation of pain. b) cause intense hallucinations. c) stimulate the user. d) cause deep levels of depression. Answer: a Consider This: Opiates also slow down the action of the nervous system. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.13 Identify the effects and dangers of using depressants. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The Influence of Psychoactive Drugs EOM Q4.6.6 Most studies of marijuana’s effects have found that it a) creates a powerful psychological dependency. b) creates a strong physical dependency. c) produces intense withdrawal symptoms. d) is easy to overdose on the substance. Answer: a Consider This: Marijuana is one of the best known and most commonly abused of the hallucinogenic drugs. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.14 Identify the effects and dangers of using hallucinogens. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The Influence of Psychoactive Drugs Chapter 4 Quiz: Consciousness EOC Q4.1 Jane is aware that she is sitting in her psychology class and it is almost lunchtime. She is also aware of how tired she is after staying up late to watch a movie. Thus, if Jane is aware of what is going on around her and what is going on within her, then it is safe to say that she is in a(n) a) state of waking consciousness. b) altered state of consciousness. c) unconscious state. d) preconscious state. Answer: a Consider This: Much of people’s time awake is spent in this state, in which their thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear and organized. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.2 Differentiate between the different levels of consciousness. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: What Is Consciousness?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

EOC Q4.2 What part of the brain is influential in determining when to sleep? a) hypothalamus b) hippocampus c) thalamus d) frontal lobe Answer: a Consider This: This is the tiny section of the brain that influences the glandular system. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Sleep EOC Q4.3 As the sun begins to set, Winston finds himself becoming sleepier and sleepier. What structure is sensitive to light and influences when to go to sleep and when to awaken? a) suprachiasmatic nucleus b) corpus callosum c) occipital lobe d) thalamus Answer: a Consider This: The release of melatonin is influenced by this structure, which is deep within the hypothalamus. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Sleep EOC Q4.4 Jaquan is pulling an all-nighter in preparation for his big psychology test tomorrow. According to the research, what is the result on Jaquan’s memory when he deprives himself of sleep the night prior to his exam? a) Jaquan will actually remember less if he deprives himself of sleep the night before. b) Jaquan will retain information from staying up all night, but only if his test is early in the morning. c) The ability to retain information can be influenced by the presence of sunlight. Thus, if the sun is shining, Jaquan will remember more than if it is a cloudy day. d) Jaquan’s memory will not be affected in any way assuming he only stays awake for one all-night study session. Answer: a Consider This: A good night’s sleep is important for memory and the ability to think well. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Sleep EOC Q4.5 Your uncle, who recently retired, has mentioned how he doesn’t sleep as well as he did when he was younger. For many years, he regularly slept about 7 to 8 hours, but now that he is in his 60s he tends to get only 5 to 6 hours of sleep per night. What would you tell him? a) Getting less sleep seems to be a common consequence of aging. b) Getting less sleep as we age is not normal, since studies show we need more sleep as we age. c) Getting less sleep is dangerous as we age. People should seek medical intervention to help them sleep. d) Getting less sleep is associated with mental health problems in our later years. Your uncle should consider seeing a psychologist.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Consider This: The answer varies from person to person because of each person’s age and possibly inherited sleep needs. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Sleep EOC Q4.6 After watching television while surfing the Internet on your tablet, you find yourself having trouble falling asleep at night. According to what we know about the biology of sleep, what is the most likely cause of your sleep problem? a) The bright light from the TV and tablet is causing your pineal gland to release too little melatonin. b) The bright light from the TV and tablet is causing your pineal gland to release too much melatonin. c) The TV shows are probably too exciting, making it difficult to calm down for sleep. d) Surfing the Internet while watching television is too much for your brain, leading to poor sleep. Answer: a Consider This: The body’s circadian rhythm is influenced by increases and decreases in light. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.3 Describe the biological process of the sleep–wake cycle. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Sleep EOC Q4.7 Studies have found that certain chemicals that help repair damaged cells only function while we sleep. What theory best explains this? a) 50 b) 20 c) 30 d) 80 Answer: a Consider This: This number is higher in infants than adults. LO 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Sleep EOC Q4.8 In which stage of sleep do sleep spindles occur? a) N2 b) N1 c) N3 d) R Answer: a Consider This: Sleep spindles are brief bursts of activity lasting only a second or two. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Sleep EOC Q4.9 Geof has had a very demanding day. Though his work is not physically challenging, it tends to mentally drain him. Which type of sleep will Geof probably require more of? a) R

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) N1 c) N2 d) N3 Answer: a Consider This: Dreams could be a way of dealing with the stresses and tensions of the day. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.4 Identify the different stages of sleep. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Sleep EOC Q4.10 Your doctor has told you that your youngest son suffers from somnambulism. What is another name for somnambulism? a) sleepwalking b) insomnia c) sleep apnea d) narcolepsy Answer: a Consider This: Most people typically do not remember these episodes the next day. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Sleep EOC Q4.11 Olivia has difficulty falling off to sleep. Morgan can fall off to sleep easily but often wakes up early. Dina typically sleeps for 10 hours. All three are tired and not rested upon rising. Who seems to be experiencing insomnia? a) All three suffer from insomnia. b) Olivia c) Morgan d) Dina Answer: a Consider This: Most people think that insomnia is the inability to sleep, but this is not the correct definition. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Sleep EOC Q4.12 Which of the following would be bad advice for someone who is suffering from insomnia? a) Do not exercise—it overstimulates the brain. b) Go to bed only when you are sleepy. c) Do not take sleeping pills. d) Do not look at the clock. Answer: a Consider This: Insomnia is the inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Sleep

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOC Q4.13 Luis suddenly and without warning slips into REM sleep during the day. He often falls to the ground and is difficult to awaken. Luis may have a condition called a) narcolepsy. b) sleep apnea. c) insomnia. d) epilepsy. Answer: a Consider This: This disorder affects 1 in every 2,000 persons, and is a kind of “sleep seizure.” Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.5 Differentiate among the various sleep disorders. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Sleep EOC Q4.14 Calvin was being bullied by a coworker. That night, he dreamed that the coworker had a terrible accident. According to Sigmund Freud, his dream was most likely an example of a) wish fulfillment b) manifest destiny c) suppressed violent tendencies d) extreme mental illness Answer: a Consider This: Freud believed that the problems of his patients stemmed from conflicts and events that had been buried in their unconscious minds since childhood. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.6 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Dreams EOC Q4.15 When Tenille is asked to write down her dreams as a class assignment, she is bothered by the fact that her dreams often seem to jump randomly from scene to scene with little meaning. What theory best explains her dreams? a) activation-synthesis b) dreams-for-survival c) sociocultural theory d) Freudian theory Answer: a Consider This: In this theory, a dream is merely another kind of thinking that occurs when people sleep. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.7 Compare and contrast two explanations of why people dream. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Dreams EOC Q4.16 Caleb’s therapist is using hypnosis to help him recall the night he was supposedly abducted by aliens. Paul’s therapist is using hypnosis to help him prepare for the pain of dental surgery because Paul is allergic to the dentist’s painkillers. Chris’s therapist is using hypnosis to help him quit drinking and smoking. Which client has the highest chance for success? a) Paul b) Caleb c) Chris d) All three can benefit from hypnosis because each technique is proven effective.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Consider This: In general, hypnosis is a handy way to help people relax and/or to control pain. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.8 Explain how hypnosis affects consciousness. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Hypnosis EOC Q4.17 Erik agreed to be hypnotized during a comedy routine. While hypnotized, he stood on his chair and crowed like a rooster. Later, when his friends asked why he did this, Erik replied that he didn’t know, it must have been because he was hypnotized. What theory best explains his behavior? a) the social-cognitive explanation of hypnosis b) the hidden observer theory of hypnosis c) the biological theory of hypnosis d) the behavioral theory of hypnosis Answer: a Consider This: This theory assumes that hypnotized people are not in an altered state but are merely playing the role expected of them in the situation. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.9 Compare and contrast two views of why hypnosis works. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Hypnosis EOC Q4.18 Jackie is engaging in a mental exercise in which she deliberately pays attention to the moment-by-moment unfolding of her current experience. Jackie is most likely practicing a) mindfulness meditation. b) self-hypnosis. c) yoga. d) concentrative meditation. Answer: a Consider This: In this form of meditation, people do not judge or evaluate their moment-by-moment experience. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.10 Describe meditation and its effects on stress and health. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The Influence of Psychoactive Drugs EOC Q4.19 What is the most commonly used and abused depressant? a) alcohol b) Prozac c) tranquilizers d) caffeine Answer: a Consider This: Anywhere from 10 to 20 million people in the United States suffer from abuse of this depressant. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 4.13 Identify the effects and dangers of using depressants. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Influence of Psychoactive Drugs EOC Q4.20 Which drug, depending on the dosage, can be a hallucinogen, stimulant, depressant, or painkiller? a) PCP b) marijuana

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) opium d) caffeine Answer: a Consider This: This drug was found to be so dangerous that it remains useful only in veterinary medicine as a tranquilizer. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 4.14 Identify the effects and dangers of using hallucinogens Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The Influence of Psychoactive Drugs

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE

Chapter 5

Learning Objectives

Remember the Facts

Understand the Concepts

5.1 Define the term learning. 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment.

1, 180, 217 5–8, 10, 13, 16, 25, 27, 28, 31, 37, 41, 42, 48, 181, 182, 184, 204, 205, 218 52, 57, 187

2, 3, 199 11, 14, 34, 44–46, 49, 206

5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias and taste aversions. 5.4 Identify the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner to the concept of operant conditioning. 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement. 5.6 Identify the four schedules of reinforcement. 5.7 Identify the effects that punishment has on behavior. 5.8 Explain the concepts of discriminant stimuli, extinction, generalization, and spontaneous recovery as they relate to operant conditioning. 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior. 5.10 Explain the concept of latent learning. 5.11 Explain how Köhler’s studies demonstrated that nonhuman animals can learn by insight. 5.12 Summarize Seligman’s studies on learned helplessness.

Learning Apply What You Know

Analyze It

4, 9, 12, 15, 17, 18–24, 26, 29, 30, 32, 33, 36, 38, 40, 43, 200–203, 219

35, 39, 47, 183, 220

50, 54, 56, 64, 186

51, 53, 55, 58–61, 66, 185, 207, 221

62, 65

70–72, 75, 77, 78, 208

67, 74, 76, 188

69, 73

79, 81, 94, 189

80, 82, 83, 87, 90

84–86, 88, 92, 95–97, 99, 222

89, 91, 93, 98, 209, 210

103, 105, 112

102, 211

108, 190

118, 119

116, 121, 122

127

125

100, 101, 104, 106, 107, 109–111, 113, 114, 191, 223, 224 99, 117, 120, 123, 124, 192, 213, 222 126, 128–130, 222

132–134, 136, 143, 146, 148, 194, 214, 217

141, 142, 144, 193

131, 135, 137, 138, 145, 147, 149

139

150–152

153, 215

154–156, 195

157, 158

159

163, 225

160–162, 164, 196

98, 115, 210, 212

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Learning Objectives

Remember the Facts

5.13 Describe the process of observational learning. 5.14 List the four elements of observational learning. 5.15 Describe an example of conditioning in the real world.

165, 166, 168, 169, 197, 216 178, 179

Understand the Concepts 170

Apply What You Know 167, 171–173 174–177

Analyze It 198

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Name _____________________________________________________________ Chapter 5 – Quick Quiz 1 1. Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint, such as an increase in height or the size of the brain, are examples of __________. a) maturation c) habituation b) learning d) growth cycles 2. Pavlov placed food in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a(n) __________. a) unconditioned response c) conditioned response b) unconditioned stimulus d) conditioned stimulus 3. What was the conditioned stimulus (CS) in the case of Little Albert? a) a white rat c) a high chair b) a loud noise d) a small enclosed space 4. Thorndike was known for his work with __________. a) a Skinner box c) modeling b) a puzzle box d) monkeys 5. Under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again? a) if it is a primary reinforcer b) if it is a positive reinforcer c) if it is a negative reinforcer d) Regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur. 6. What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response? a) punishment c) negative reinforcement b) positive reinforcement d) positive and negative reinforcement 7. For every five times that you go to the gym each week, you reward yourself with a treat. This best illustrates which of the following schedules of reinforcement? a) variable interval c) fixed ratio b) variable ratio d) fixed interval 8. Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called __________. a) insight c) vicarious learning b) innate learning d) latent learning 9. The “aha!” experience is known as __________. a) latent learning b) insight learning

c) thoughtful learning d) serial enumeration

10. Sophia is trying to teach her son, Oliver, to do the laundry by having him watch her. According to observational learning theory, to be effective what must occur? a) Oliver must always model the behavior immediately. b) Oliver must be motivated to learn how to do the laundry. c) Oliver must be able to complete other tasks while watching Sophia. d) Sophia must show Oliver how to do the laundry while she is making dinner.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 5 – Quick Quiz 1 Answer Key 1.

Explanation: Alterations due to a genetic blueprint would be examples of maturation. (Topic: 5.1 Definition of Learning, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 5.1 Define the term learning, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: The food acted as an unconditioned stimulus that automatically evoked the conditioned response. Food automatically causes one to salivate. (Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Explanation: The white rat was a neutral stimulus that at first didn’t elicit a fear response but that, after conditioning, became a conditioned stimulus. (Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: Thorndike was known for his work with a puzzle box. (Topic: 5.4 The Contributions of Thorndike and Skinner, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 5.4 Identify the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner to the concept of operant conditioning, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: Any reinforcer makes the target response more likely to occur again regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer. (Topic: 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement, Skill Level: Analyze It, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Punishment is defined as a stimulus that causes a decrease in the likelihood of a behavior. (Topic: 5.7 The Role of Punishment in Operant Conditioning, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 5.7 Identify the effect that punishment has on behavior, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: This example demonstrates reinforcement being given after a specific number of behaviors has occurred. This demonstrates fixed ratio reinforcement. (Topic: 5.6 Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-Armed Bandit Is so Seductive, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 5.6 Identify the four schedules of reinforcement, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology and 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Explanation: Since the learning was not observable, it was deemed to be latent. (Topic: 5.10 Tolman’s Maze-Running Rats: Latent Learning, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 5.10 Explain the concept of latent learning, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 9.

Explanation: The “aha!” experience is known as insight learning. (Topic: 5.11 Köhler’s Smart Chimp: Insight Learning, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 5.11 Explain how Köhler’s studies demonstrated that animals can learn by insight, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

10. b

Explanation: Bandura determined that motivation was necessary in order for observational learning to occur. (Topic: 5.14 The Four Elements of Observational Learning, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 5.14 List the four elements of observational learning, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Name _____________________________________________________________ Chapter 5 – Quick Quiz 2 1. Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called _________. a) classical conditioning c) memory linkage b) operant conditioning d) adaptation 2. The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called __________. a) stimulus generalization c) response generalization b) stimulus adaptation d) transfer of habit strength 3. Rescorla’s modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that __________. a) the CS substitutes for the UCS b) there is a biological readiness for conditioning to occur between the CS and UCS c) the CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS d) reinforcement must occur by providing a pleasant event 4. A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on __________. a) classical conditioning c) vicarious learning b) operant conditioning d) cognitive learning 5. Ethan must build 25 radios before he receives $20. What schedule of reinforcement is being used? a) a variable-ratio schedule c) a fixed-interval schedule b) a fixed-ratio schedule d) a continuous schedule 6. An example of a discriminative stimulus is __________. a) a stop sign b) the stimulus that acts as a UCS in classical conditioning c) the white rat in Watson’s Little Albert study of producing phobias d) a knee jerk 7. Neurofeedback, a newer type of biofeedback, involves trying to change __________. a) brain wave activity c) heart rate b) blood pressure d) body temperature 8. College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only half-hearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to __________. a) learned helplessness c) latent learning b) contingency blocking d) response generalization 9. The foremost proponent of observational learning theory is __________. a) Watson c) Skinner b) Thorndike d) Bandura 10. Learning that takes place without actual performance (a kind of latent learning) is called __________. a) the learning/performance distinction c) the delayed learning paradigm b) the innate performance preference d) the observational delay effect

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 5 – Quick Quiz 2 Answer Key 1.

Explanation: A classically conditioned response occurs when the subject learns to make a reflexive response to a new stimulus. (Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Responding to a similar stimulus is called stimulus generalization. (Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: The subject has to have some cognitive appreciation of the contingency. (Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on operant conditioning. Skinner developed the box in his work on operant conditioning. (Topic: 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: A fixed-ratio schedule demands a set number of responses, in this case 25. (Topic:5.6 Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-Armed Bandit Is so Seductive, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 5.6 Identify the four schedules of reinforcement, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Explanation: A stop sign is a discriminative stimulus because one has to determine the different response that a stop sign should elicit when compared to all the other signs. (Topic: 5.8 Other Aspects of Operant Conditioning, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 5.8 Explain the concepts of discriminant stimuli, extinction, generalization, and spontaneous recovery as they relate to operant conditioning, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Explanation: Neurofeedback attempts to change brain wave activity. (Topic: 5.9 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior, APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Explanation: Students’ lack of success in the past “taught” them to not even bother trying, a phenomenon Seligman called learned helplessness. (Topic: 5.12 Seligman’s Depressed Dogs: Learned Helplessness, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 5.12 Summarize Seligman’s studies on learned helplessness, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 9.

Explanation: Observational learning theory’s foremost proponent is Bandura, and it has contributed greatly to our knowledge of media effects on society. (Topic: 5.13 Bandura and the Bobo Doll, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 5.13 Describe the process of observational learning, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

10. a

Explanation: Learning that takes place without actual performance (a kind of latent learning) is called the learning/performance distinction. (Topic: 5.13 Bandura and the Bobo Doll, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 5.13 Describe the process of observational learning, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Learning

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. __________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice. a) Learning Correct. Experience or practice that leads to a long-term behavior change is referred to as learning. b) Adaptation Incorrect. Adaptation is a sensory effect that describes a perceptual change to a given stimulus level. Perceptual changes are not behavioral changes and, thus, are not considered to be learning. c) Memory enhancement d) Muscle memory Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.1 Define the term learning. Topic: 5.1 Definition of Learning Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 95 a= 95 b= 3 c= 1 d= 1 r = .21 % correct 96 a= 96 b= 4 c= 0 d= 0 r = .19 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2. Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behavior because __________. a) it is thought that learning changes the nerve fiber patterns in your muscles b) after you learn something, you will never fail to remember it or carry out the correct action Incorrect. Unfortunately, learning something does not mean that you won’t fail to remember it. c) it is thought that when learning occurs, some part of the brain physically changes Correct. These changes in the brain make a temporary record of what was learned. d) memory processes, unlike learning processes, are not permanent Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.1 Define the term learning. Topic: 5.1 Definition of Learning Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 64 a= 11 b= 9 c= 64 d= 15 r = .23 % correct 95 a= 2 b= 0 c= 95 d= 3 r = .30 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 3. Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint, such as an increase in height or the size of the brain, are examples of __________. a) maturation Correct. Alterations due to a genetic blueprint are examples of maturation. b) learning c) habituation d) growth cycles Incorrect. Growth cycles is not a term used in our text. Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.1 Define the term learning. Topic: 5.1 Definition of Learning Difficulty Level: Difficult

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 51 a= 51 b= 1 c= 11 d= 36 r = .23 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 4. As a young child, Isla received many painful injections from the doctor to treat her allergies. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor’s coat, she started to cry. This association is an example of the effects of __________. a) instrumental learning b) observational learning Incorrect. Observational learning involves watching others in a learning experience; in this example, Isla experienced these events herself. c) classical conditioning Correct. Isla’s experience is an example of classical conditioning. d) habituation Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 5. The basic components of classical conditioning were identified by a __________. a) physician who was studying the age at which children start to walk b) physiologist who was studying memory processes in monkeys c) physiologist who was studying digestion in dogs Correct. Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning and he was a physiologist. d) dog trainer who was trying to come up with the best way to reward animals for their performances in his shows Incorrect. Ivan Pavlov, a well-known Russian physiologist, discovered classical conditioning. Although some dog trainers may have had a reasonably pragmatic set of training principles, they didn’t scientifically study them or publish their findings. Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 6. Ivan Pavlov, who is credited with discovering classical conditioning, was a __________. a) psychiatrist b) psychologist c) neurologist Incorrect. Freud is the well-known contributor to psychology who was a neurologist. d) physiologist Correct. Ivan Pavlov, a well-known Russian physiologist, discovered classical conditioning. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

7. The researcher responsible for identifying the components and processes of classical conditioning was __________. a) B. F. Skinner Incorrect. Skinner was a well-known contributor to the study of learning, but his work centered on operant or instrumental conditioning. b) Edward Tolman c) Wolfgang Kohler d) Ivan Pavlov Correct. The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was Ivan Pavlov. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 8. Which situation is an example of classical conditioning? a) A child learns to blink her eyes to the sound of a bell because the ringing of the bell has been followed by a puff of air to the eye. Correct. In classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response. b) A pigeon learns to peck at a disk because it is reinforced to do so to get food. c) Donny saw that when Lulu banged her fist against a particular vending machine, she got a free soft drink, so now he bangs his fist against that machine when he wants a free soft drink. d) A monkey learns to escape from a cage. Incorrect. This learning could take place through some mechanism other than classical conditioning. Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 9. Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov’s analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as a(n) __________. a) unconditioned response Correct. The unconditioned response is a naturally occurring process when the animal is stimulated. Salivation is such a process in response to food. b) voluntary response c) conditioned response d) digestive reflux Incorrect. Although salivation is part of digestion, the best answer is unconditioned response because it is more specific and part of Pavlov’s conceptualization. Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

10. Learning to make a reflexive response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called __________. a) classical conditioning Correct. A classically conditioned response occurs when an organism learns to make a reflexive response to a new stimulus. b) operant conditioning Incorrect. Operant conditioning deals with voluntary behavior and not reflexive responses that occur automatically. Classical conditioning entails learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original. c) memory linkage d) adaptation Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 77 a= 77 b= 12 c= 2 d= 8 r = .42 % correct 82 a= 82 b= 11 c= 0 d= 7 r = .19 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 11. Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries? a) The dogs seemed to enjoy the food. b) The assistant salivated along with the dogs when the dogs started to eat. Incorrect. Pavlov was not studying his assistant’s reactions; he was interested in the salivation of the dogs. c) The dogs stopped salivating after seeing the assistant so many times. d) The dogs started to salivate when they saw Pavlov’s assistant and before they got the food. Correct. Pavlov was fascinated with why the dogs learned this connection between the assistant and the food. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 100 a= 0 b=0 c= 0 d= 100 r = .00 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 12. When Pavlov placed food in the mouths of dogs, they began to salivate. The food acted as a(n) __________. a) unconditioned response b) unconditioned stimulus Correct. The food acted as an unconditioned stimulus that automatically evoked the unconditioned response. Food automatically causes one to salivate. c) conditioned response d) conditioned stimulus Incorrect. The food automatically evoked salivation. The conditioned stimulus is previously neutral and food is not a neutral stimulus. Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 86 a= 14 b= 86 c= 0 d= 0 r = .36 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

13. The abbreviation UCS stands for __________. a) unconditional statement Incorrect. Unconditional statement is not a term associated with learning theory. b) uniform conditioned subject c) unconditional sensation d) unconditioned stimulus Correct. UCS stands for unconditioned stimulus. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 14. In the context of classical conditioning, which component “elicits” a response? a) UCR b) UCS Correct. The unconditioned stimulus is one of three types of stimulating classical conditioning that can produce a response. The other two are a conditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus. c) CER Incorrect. CER refers to a conditioned emotional response, which is not a form of a stimulus. d) CSR Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 15. Five-year-old Lexi is watching a storm from her window. A huge bolt of lightning is followed by a tremendous thunderclap, and Lexi jumps at the noise. In the language of classical conditioning, the sound of thunder is the _________. a) CR b) UCS Correct. This is the unconditioned stimulus. c) UCR d) NS Incorrect. There is nothing neutral about thunder from a child’s point of view. Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 16. The abbreviation UCR stands for __________. a) unconditional reinforcement Incorrect. UCR is a part of the classical conditioning paradigm. The abbreviation is not used for a reinforcement term. b) uniform conditioned rule

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) unconditional retention d) unconditioned response Correct. UCR stands for unconditioned response. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 17. Five-year-old Lexi is watching a storm from her window. A huge bolt of lightning is followed by a tremendous thunderclap, and Lexi jumps at the noise. This happens several more times. There is a brief lull and then another lightning bolt. Lexi jumps in response to the bolt. In classical conditioning terms, Lexi’s reaction is the _________. a) CR Correct. This is the conditioned response. b) CS c) UCS Incorrect. A stimulus would be the event that evokes a response. d) UCR Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 18. Five-year-old Lexi is watching a storm from her window. A huge bolt of lightning is followed by a tremendous thunderclap, and Lexi jumps at the noise. This happens several more times. There is a brief lull and then another lightning bolt. Lexi jumps in response to the bolt. In classical conditioning terms, the sight of the lightning bolt is the __________. a) UCR Incorrect. This would be a naturally occurring response. b) NS c) UCS d) CS Correct. This is the stimulus that has been associated with the unconditioned stimulus. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 19. When Pavlov placed food in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate. The salivation was a(n) __________. a) unconditioned response Correct. The salivation was reflexive to the presentation of food and, thus, was an unconditioned response. b) unconditioned stimulus c) conditioned response

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. Because salivation was initially reflexive for food and not to another stimulus, such as a sound, salivation would not be considered a conditioned response. d) conditioned stimulus Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 83 a= 83 b= 5 c= 11 d= 1 r = .38 % correct 93 a= 93 b= 7 c= 0 d= 0 r = .30 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 20. Olivia noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry, her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry, by drooling and whining. She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry, the sound of the door had become a(n) __________. a) unconditioned stimulus b) conditioned stimulus Correct. A conditioned stimulus is one that has been a signal for the UCS. In this case, the door sound signals food. c) unconditioned response d) conditioned response Incorrect. The sound cannot be a response because the sound was a stimulus presented to the dog. Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 87 a= 7 b= 87 c= 0 d= 6 r = .39 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 21. When Alex kissed Mallory, her heart rate increased. Alex always wore LoveBomb! body spray. Whenever Mallory smelled LoveBomb! body spray, her heart raced. Alex’s kiss was the _________. a) conditioned response Incorrect. A conditioned response is one that develops after an association between stimuli has taken place. b) unconditioned response c) unconditioned stimulus Correct. Unconditioned stimulus is the classical conditioning term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning. d) conditioned stimulus Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 22. When Alex kissed Mallory, her heart rate increased. Alex always wore LoveBomb! body spray. Whenever Mallory smelled LoveBomb! body spray, her heart raced. The smell of the body spray was the ________. a) neutral response Incorrect. This is not a neutral response.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) unconditioned response c) conditioned response d) conditioned stimulus Correct. In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is initially neutral, but after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits a response on its own. In this example, Mallory’s heart rate changes in response to the body spray because the smell had been previously paired with Alex and the kiss. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 23. Imagine that you try to condition someone so that a particular sound elicits a literal “knee-jerk response.” Which statement about this process is accurate? a) The initial strike to the knee is the CS. b) The initial knee-jerk response is the CR. Incorrect. Because the initial knee jerk took place without learning, it is a UCS. c) The sound is the CS. Correct. If you learned to respond to the sound with a previously reflexive response, the sound becomes a conditioned stimulus. d) The anticipation of being struck in the knee is the CSR. Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 24. Harmony notices that her cat salivates as soon as it hears the sound of Harmony opening a can with an electric can opener. In this example, the __________ is the conditioned stimulus. a) can of cat food b) sound of the electric can opener Correct. The sound of the can opener is a stimulus that causes a conditioned response in the cat. c) dish that Harmony puts the food in Incorrect. Although the dish might also have become a conditioned stimulus, in this example Harmony noticed that salivation came in response specifically to the sound of the can opener. d) cat scurrying into the kitchen Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 95 a= 5 b= 95 c= 0 d= 0 r = .20 % correct 97 a=0 b= 97 c= 0 d= 3 r = .20 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 25. The abbreviation CS stands for __________. a) conditioned stimulus

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. CS stands for conditioned stimulus, which refers to an event that produces a response after learning has taken place. b) correlated stimulus c) conventional structure Incorrect. Conventional structure is not a term that is used in learning theory. d) conditional situation Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 98 a= 98 b= 1 c= 0 d= 1 r = .49 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 26. Pavlov placed food in the mouths of the dogs, and they began to salivate. Pavlov’s student noticed that after a few days the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the student’s footsteps. The salivation to the sound of the footsteps was a __________. a) primary reinforcer b) positive reinforcer c) conditioned response Correct. Since salivation is not a natural reflexive response to footsteps, the situation was one in which salivation became a response to the sound and, thus, is referred to as a conditioned response. d) secondary reinforcer Incorrect. A reinforcer is a stimulus, whereas the salivation is a response—in this case, a conditioned response. Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 27. The abbreviation CR stands for __________. a) conditional reinforcement Incorrect. CR stands for conditioned response. The abbreviation is specifically defined as conditioned response even though conditioned reinforcement is a term used in learning theory. b) contingent reflex c) conditioned response Correct. CR stands for conditioned response. d) contingent reflection Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 28. In Pavlov’s classic experiments, the repeated presentations of the metronome along with the food formed the __________ stage of the classical conditioning process. a) acquisition

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. In the acquisition stage, there is a repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS, and the organism is in the process of acquiring learning. Repeated presentations of the metronome paired with the food caused the animals to acquire the conditioned response. b) testing c) extinction d) spontaneous recovery Incorrect. Spontaneous recovery occurs when the conditioned response reappears after extinction. Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 29. You decide that you are going to condition your dog, Bob, to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You sound the metronome and then several minutes later you give Bob a biscuit. You do this several times but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because __________. a) the metronome was not a distinctive sound b) the metronome should have been sounded after Bob ate the biscuit Incorrect. The CS occurring after the UCS has been found not to yield strong classical conditioning. c) you should have had an even longer interval between the metronome and the biscuit d) the biscuit was given too long after the sound of the metronome Correct. Pavlov found that the CS and UCS must be only seconds apart in order to condition salivation. Longer intervals were not successful. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 90 a= 0 b= 10 c= 0 d= 90 r = .19 % correct 86 a= 0 b= 11 c= 2 d= 86 r = .24 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 30. You decide that you are going to condition your other dog, Neville, to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You give Neville a biscuit, and then a second later you sound the metronome. You do this several times, but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because __________. a) the metronome was not a distinctive sound b) the metronome should have been sounded before Neville ate the biscuit Correct. One of the basic principles of classical conditioning is that the CS must come before the UCS. c) you should have had a longer interval between the metronome and the biscuit d) Pavlov found that the CS and UCS must be only seconds apart in order to condition salivation Incorrect. This statement is true but does not explain that the conditioning didn’t work because the CS must precede the UCS. Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

31. The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called __________. a) stimulus generalization Correct. Responding to a similar stimulus is called stimulus generalization. b) stimulus adaptation c) response generalization Incorrect. The subject is generalizing to a stimulus and, thus, the process is called stimulus generalization. d) transfer of habit strength Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 32. Julio classically conditions his dog, Wally, to salivate when he strums the G chord on his guitar by providing food after the chord is played. After some time, Julio notices that Wally salivates even when other chords are strummed although the chords were not followed by food. This phenomenon is known as ________. a) stimulus generalization Correct. Stimulus generalization occurs when we respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus. b) generalization gradient c) stimulus discrimination Incorrect. Stimulus discrimination occurs when a person or animal recognizes that different stimuli should evoke different responses. d) discrimination gradient Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 33. Julio classically conditions his dog, Wally, to salivate when he strums the G chord on his guitar by providing food after the chord is played. He notices that Wally does not salivate to a D chord. Wally’s lack of a response to the D chord illustrates the phenomenon of ________. a) behavior modification b) stimulus discrimination Correct. In classical conditioning, stimulus discrimination occurs when a stimulus similar to the CS fails to evoke the CR. c) extinction d) stimulus generalization Incorrect. Wally is decidedly not responding to the new stimulus.Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 34. After Pavlov’s dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the metronome, he experimented with sounding the metronome and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away. Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the metronome. This represents the process called __________. a) acquisition b) testing Incorrect. Testing is not a term used in this paradigm. c) extinction Correct. Extinction occurs when the CS no longer predicts the UCS and the organism no longer responds to the stimulus. d) spontaneous recovery Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 35. Why is extinction an unfortunate term to be associated with learning? a) “Learning death” is a more accurate way to describe the phenomenon in question. b) It implies an inability for a behavior to ever return, which isn’t correct, given the phenomenon of spontaneous recovery. Correct. “Extinct” means “gone forever,” and that doesn’t apply to learned responses. c) The process of stimulus discrimination illustrates that true extinction of a response cannot occur. d) Extinction has not been demonstrated in the laboratory under carefully controlled conditions Incorrect. Countless experiments have demonstrated extinction. Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 36. You train your newly acquired dog, Atticus, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every 5 minutes and don’t follow the ringing with food for Atticus. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Atticus salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response? a) counterconditioning Incorrect. Counterconditioning would have occurred if the animal was conditioned to some other stimuli, but this was not the case. b) instinctive drift c) spontaneous recovery Correct. Atticus’s response spontaneously recovered. d) stimulus discrimination Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

37. The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called __________. a) counterconditioning Incorrect. Counterconditioning occurs when the animal is conditioned to some other stimulus. b) instinctive drift c) spontaneous recovery Correct. The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction is called spontaneous recovery. d) stimulus discrimination Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 98 a= 1 b= 0 c= 98 d= 1 r = .19 % correct 96 a= 2 b= 3 c=96 d= 0 r = .43 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 38. An animal is conditioned to salivate to a metronome using Pavlovian procedures. After the conditioning is established, the animal is then put through an extinction procedure and the conditioned salivation disappears. Then the animal is removed from the test situation for several days. When returned to the test situation, the conditioned response is seen again. The effect is known as __________. a) spontaneous recovery Correct. When a conditioned response briefly reappears after it has been extinguished, this is called spontaneous recovery. b) higher-order conditioning Incorrect. Higher-order conditioning refers to a chain of conditioned responses established from the first pairing, which is not the situation described here. The reappearance of an extinguished response is called spontaneous recovery. c) extinction d) stimulus generalization Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 95 a= 95 b= 2 c= 1 d= 2 r = .35 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 39. Which phrase best captures the mechanics of the classical conditioning learning process? a) “here today, gone tomorrow” Incorrect. This would imply that learning was quite transitory and unstable. b) “cast your fate to the wind” c) “once learned, always retained” Correct. Although a learned behavior may not manifest itself, the learning has become relatively permanent. d) “I wanna rock!”

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 40. What would you predict about Little Albert based on the principle of spontaneous recovery? a) Even after his fear of a rat was extinguished, the fear could come back. Correct. In spontaneous recovery, the conditioned response can briefly reappear when the original CS returns, although the response is usually weak and short-lived. b) After his fear of loud noises was extinguished, the fear could come back. c) His fear of rats would disappear if he saw a rat without hearing a loud noise. Incorrect. Although the statement is true, it doesn’t answer the question about spontaneous recovery, which involves the resurfacing of the fear even after it has seemingly been extinguished. d) His fear of loud noises would disappear if he heard a loud noise without a rat present. Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 86 a= 86 b= 0 c= 13 d= 1 r = .19 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 41. After a CS comes to elicit the CR, the CS now can be paired with a new neutral stimulus and this second neutral stimulus will start to elicit a CR. This process is called __________. a) higher-order conditioning Correct. This process is called higher-order conditioning because another, or higher, layer of associations is being added. b) neoclassical conditioning c) generalization Incorrect. Responding to a similar stimulus is called generalization; in this case, it is not a similar stimulus but an entirely new stimulus that is paired with the original. d) operant conditioning Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 57 a= 57 b= 6 c= 11 d= 26 r = .45 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 42. When a strongly conditioned CS is used to make another stimulus into a second CS, the effect is known as __________. a) spontaneous recovery b) higher-order conditioning Correct. The use of a strong CS to create a second CS is called higher-order conditioning. c) extinction d) stimulus generalization

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. Stimulus generalization doesn’t involve pairing a CS with another different CS. It refers to stimuli that are similar to the CS evoking a CR without that similar stimulus ever having been used as part of the conditioning process. Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 62 a= 3 b= 62 c= 2 d= 32 r = .30 % correct 76 a= 2 b= 76 c= 0 d= 20 r = .28 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 43. Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at a metronome sound that was paired with a meat stimulus. After the CS– UCS connection was strongly established, Pavlov then presented the dog with several flashes of a light followed by the metronome sound. After a few days, when the light flashes were presented by themselves, the dog salivated. This is an example of __________. a) higher-order conditioning Correct. This process of using a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to create a new conditioned stimulus out of the neutral stimulus is called higher-order conditioning. b) neoclassical conditioning c) generalization d) operant conditioning Incorrect. Operant conditioning refers to voluntary responses, such as bar presses for food, not involuntary responses, such as salivation. Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 44. Pavlov’s model of classical conditioning was based on the idea that the conditioned stimulus, through its association close in time with the unconditioned stimulus, came to activate the same place in the animal’s brain that was originally activated by the unconditioned stimulus. Pavlov called this process __________. a) stimulus substitution Correct. This was known as stimulus substitution. b) the cognitive perspective Incorrect. This was known as stimulus substitution. Although referencing the brain might seem to imply cognition, this wasn’t part of Pavlov’s conceptualization. Cognition involves a defined thought process, and that was not part of Pavlov’s explanation. c) the Skinner model d) higher-order conditioning Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 45. The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does, advanced by Robert Rescorla and others, adds the concept of __________ to conditioning theory.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) generalization Incorrect. Generalization, or the spread of the response to various stimuli, isn’t a new addition to the theory. b) habituation c) memory loss d) expectancy Correct. Rescorla explained that animals must have an expectancy created by the pairing of a stimulus (or absence of a stimulus) with an unpleasant experience. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 46. Robert Rescorla’s modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that __________. a) the CS substitutes for the UCS Incorrect. Rescorla theorized that the CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS and predict the latter’s coming. Stimulus substitution was an earlier explanation advanced by Pavlov. b) there is a biological readiness for conditioning to occur between the CS and UCS c) the CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS Correct. The organism has to have some cognitive appreciation of the contingency. d) reinforcement must occur by providing a pleasant event Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 47. Some researchers believe that classical conditioning takes place only because the pairing of the __________. a) CS and UCS does not provide useful information about the likelihood of occurrence of the UCS b) CS and UCR provides useful information about the likelihood of occurrence of the CS c) CS and UCS provides useful information about the likelihood of occurrence of the UCS Correct. This cognitive model suggests that expectation underlies the entire phenomenon of classical conditioning. d) UCS and UCR provides information about the likelihood of occurrence of the UCS Incorrect. It is the pairing of the CS and UCS that is thought to provide information about the occurrence of the UCS in the future that underlies the cognitive explanation of classical conditioning. Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 48. Which theorist proposed the cognitive perspective that explains that classical conditioning occurs because of expectancy? a) Ivan Pavlov Incorrect. Pavlov suggested that stimulus substitution, and not expectancy, explained classical conditioning. b) John Garcia c) Robert Rescorla Correct. The cognitive explanation of classical conditioning was proposed by Robert Rescorla. d) Edward Thorndike

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 49. According to Rescorla’s explanation of classical conditioning, the CS must ________ the UCS or conditioning does not occur. a) replace b) come after c) appear simultaneously with Incorrect. Rescorla found that the CS must predict the UCS for conditioning to take place. A simultaneous appearance would not give any information useful in prediction. d) predict Correct. Rescorla found that the CS must predict the UCS for conditioning to take place. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 50. The learning of phobias is a good example of which certain type of classical conditioning? a) instinctive drift Incorrect. Instinctive drift deals primarily with animal behavior, not phobias. b-) innate learning c) conditioned taste aversion d) conditioned emotional response Correct. Conditioned emotional responses are some of the earliest forms of learning, and fear is a basic emotion that appears very early in our lives. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias and taste aversions. Topic: 5.3 Classical Conditioning Applied to Human Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 51. In the “Little Albert” study, the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the __________. a) white rat Incorrect. Albert did not have a reflexive fear response to the rat so it couldn’t be the unconditioned stimulus. He did have a reflexive fear response to the noise, and that was the unconditioned stimulus. b) loud noise Correct. Noise was the unconditioned stimulus, as it automatically evoked fear. c) fear of the rat d) fear of the noise Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias and taste aversions. Topic: 5.3 Classical Conditioning Applied to Human Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 76 a= 21 b= 76 c= 2 d= 1 r = .25 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

52. Initially, when John Watson and his colleague, Rosalie Rayner, showed Little Albert a live white rat, Albert __________. a) tried to bite the rat Incorrect. This is unlikely behavior for an infant. b) began to whimper and tremble c) liked the rat and seemed delighted Correct. Being a baby, Albert had no preconceived fear of the rat and treated it neutrally if not curiously. d) tried to crawl away and escape Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias and taste aversions. Topic: 5.3 Classical Conditioning Applied to Human Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 53. John Watson presented a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the __________ in this case study. a) discriminative stimulus b) counterconditioning stimulus c) conditioned stimulus Correct. The child was conditioned to respond to this stimulus with fear, even though he was not originally afraid of the rat. d) unconditioned stimulus Incorrect. An unconditioned stimulus is one that the child automatically responds to with fear, such as a loud noise. Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias and taste aversions. Topic: 5.3 Classical Conditioning Applied to Human Behavior Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 51 a= 3 b= 3 c= 51 d= 43 r = .21 % correct 57 a= 18 b= 0 c= 57 d= 25 r = .19 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 54. Little Albert’s acquired fear of a white rat was a prototypical example of a __________ response. a) classical counterconditioned Incorrect. Counterconditioning does not necessarily deal with emotional responses like the one seen in the case of Little Albert. b) conditioned emotional Correct. The case of Little Albert was used to demonstrate conditioned emotional responses. c) positively reinforced d) negatively reinforced Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias and taste aversions. Topic: 5.3 Classical Conditioning Applied to Human Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 55. What was the conditioned stimulus (CS) in the case of Little Albert? a) a white rat Correct. The white rat was a neutral stimulus that at first didn’t elicit a fear response but that, after conditioning, became a conditioned stimulus.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) a loud noise Incorrect. The UCS was the loud noise because it automatically evoked a fear response. c) a high chair d) a small enclosed space Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias and taste aversions. Topic: 5.3 Classical Conditioning Applied to Human Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 56. After much investigation, the consensus seems to be that the true identity of Little Albert is ____________. a) Albert Barger Correct. Albert’s real name and fate were a matter of much sleuthing and much debate. b) Douglas Merritte Incorrect. This was believed to be likely, based on some lines of evidence, but ultimately shown to be incorrect. c) Joseph Merrick d) Sonny Barger Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias and taste aversions. Topic: 5.3 Classical Conditioning Applied to Human Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 57. It is possible to become classically conditioned by simply watching someone else respond to a stimulus in a process called __________. a) vicarious conditioning Correct. You can become conditioned by watching through a process called vicarious conditioning. b) conditioned emotional responses c) stimulus generalization d) higher-order conditioning Incorrect. Higher-order conditioning involves linking one conditioned stimulus to another. It does not involve watching someone. Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias and taste aversions. Topic: 5.3 Classical Conditioning Applied to Human Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 61 a= 61 b= 13 c= 12 d= 15 r = .38 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 58. While watching his older sister dive into a swimming pool, Jayden saw her slip, crack her head on the end of the diving board, and end up bleeding in the pool and crying hysterically. She required 12 stitches to close the cut on the back of her head. As a result, Jayden was highly afraid of both diving boards and the deep end of swimming pools. He did not overcome these fears until he was well into his early adult years. Jayden acquired his phobia as a result of __________ conditioning. a) counterIncorrect. Jayden observed an action that led to his fear rather than experiencing the actual event itself. b) operant c) latent d) vicarious Correct. This form of learning involves acquiring a response based on observing the reactions of another person.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias and taste aversions. Topic: 5.3 Classical Conditioning Applied to Human Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 59. The makers of Chauncey’s TaffyTreatsNBeans® are intent on persuading you to buy their fine product. You see a commercial televised during the tractor-pull finals featuring the voluptuous Miss International Harvester of 2012 leaning seductively over a bag of the gooey candy. What tactic is Chauncey's Inc. most likely relying on in this situation to sell their product? a) extinction Incorrect. Actively trying to extinguish a response would not be a useful tactic when selling a product. b) vicarious conditioning Correct. The advertisers hope the association among these stimuli leads to a conditioned vicarious response; in this case, developing favorable feelings toward and therefore buying the candy. c) stimulus discrimination d) conditioned aversion Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias and taste aversions. Topic: 5.3 Classical Conditioning Applied to Human Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 60. Reggie eats at Shawarma Palace one night, and feasts on plates of pita, hummus, tahini, and tabbouleh. Watching the news later that night, he sees that Shawarma Palace has been closed down by the health inspector, and Reggie’s violent episodes of gastric distress confirm the reasons why. Several months later, when friends invite him to Falafel Kingdom for dinner, Reggie immediately declines the invitation. What has happened to Reggie? a) Reggie knows that Falafel Kingdom is a weirdly named Italian restaurant. b) The gut-wracking outcomes of his illness were associated with a particular type of food, leading to a conditioned taste aversion for that food. Correct. This sounds like a case of learned taste aversion. c) Reggie showed evidence of spontaneous recovery after his food aversion had been extinguished. Incorrect. There is nothing in the description to suggest this possibility. d) Stimulus discrimination is at work; Reggie has learned to discriminate against a particular type of cuisine. Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias and taste aversions. Topic: 5.3 Classical Conditioning Applied to Human Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 61. Which of the following is an example of conditioned taste aversions? a) chemotherapy patients losing their appetites for food served around the same time they had their treatments Correct. This is a correct application of a conditioned taste aversion. b) a child who burned his tongue while tasting soup deciding that he does not want to eat the soup until it cools down Incorrect. This is not a conditioned taste aversion because the child is still willing to eat the soup. c) an adult who does not like to eat beets because his mother used to talk about how disgusting they are d) a teenager who will not eat chicken, beef, or fish because she is a vegetarian

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias and taste aversions. Topic: 5.3 Classical Conditioning Applied to Human Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology 62. How many associations does it take for a rat to develop a learned taste aversion to a noxious stimulus? a) 1 Correct. A single association is sufficient for this to occur. b) 3 Incorrect. A single association is sufficient for this to occur. c) 7 d) 13 Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias and taste aversions. Topic: 5.3 Classical Conditioning Applied to Human Behavior Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 63. Chemotherapy often produces nausea and vomiting for cancer patients undergoing that treatment. Over time, patients associate the administration room, the sight of white uniforms, and the style of the waiting room chairs with that unpleasant experience. Just showing up for treatment and experiencing all those sensations can lead to the onset of nausea. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is ___________. a) feelings of nausea due to the environmental setting b) the sight of the administration room, and all the elements in it Incorrect. This would be a conditioned stimulus. c) feelings of nausea due to the chemotherapy d) the chemicals used in chemotherapy Correct. This is the unconditioned stimulus; by themselves, with no other association, they can produce nausea. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias and taste aversions. Topic: 5.3 Classical Conditioning Applied to Human Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 64. Conditioned taste aversions are an example of a phenomenon known as __________. a) biological preparedness Correct. Biological preparedness for fear of objects that are dangerous makes sense for survival. b) inherited conditioned dispositions c) long-term spontaneous recovery d) vicarious classical conditioning Incorrect. Vicarious conditioning involves learning by observation. Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias and taste aversions. Topic: 5.3 Classical Conditioning Applied to Human Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 65. Humans tend to have strong phobic reactions to snakes, spiders, heights, and other things that can potentially kill them. Humans tend not to have phobias about clouds, rainbows, or weasels, which are generally either harmless or rarely encountered. This observation illustrates which principle related to classical conditioning? a) third-level conditioning b) stimulus discrimination c) extinction Incorrect. This would not be an example of extinction. d) biological preparedness Correct. Humans are biologically prepared to associate the presence of some animals, such as snakes, with poor outcomes. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias and taste aversions. Topic: 5.3 Classical Conditioning Applied to Human Behavior Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 66. Sebastian has been smoking cigarettes for years, and particularly enjoys a good smoke when he goes to a casino to play baccarat. He recently quit smoking and has been cigarette-free for eight months. During that time, he has also had no opportunity to go to a casino. Tonight, he and some friends went to play baccarat, and as he sat down at the table he got a sudden and irresistible urge to smoke a cigarette, and ended up smoking a pack in one night. Sebastian’s unexpected desire to smoke was a result of __________. a) classical conditioning Correct. The surrounding context brought about spontaneous recovery of Sebastian’s smoking habit. b) operant conditioning c) latent learning Incorrect. There was no evidence that Sebastian learned something that was expressed at a later date. d) observational learning Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias and taste aversions. Topic: 5.3 Classical Conditioning Applied to Human Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 67. Operant conditioning is based on the research of __________ and __________. a) Edward Lee Thorndike; John Garcia Incorrect. Garcia’s research involved classically conditioned taste aversions. b) Edward Lee Thorndike; Burrhus Frederick Skinner Correct. Operant conditioning is based on the research of Edward L. Thorndike and B. F. Skinner. c) John Broaddus Watson; Ivan Petrovich Pavlov d) Magda Blondiau Arnold; O. Ivar Lovaas Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.4 Identify the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner to the concept of operant conditioning. Topic: 5.4 The Contributions of Thorndike and Skinner Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 68. __________ classical conditioning, operant conditioning requires the organism to voluntarily produce the __________. a) Like; response Incorrect. Classical and operant conditioning are not alike in this manner. b) Unlike; response

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. Classical and operant conditioning are different in that classical conditioning requires reflexive responses, whereas operant conditioning deals with voluntary responses. c) Unlike; consequence d) Like; stimulus Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.4 Identify the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner to the concept of operant conditioning. Topic: 5.4 The Contributions of Thorndike and Skinner Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 69. There are two kinds of behavior that all organisms are capable of enacting. If Arya blinks her eyes because a dandelion floats close to them, that is __________. But if she then swats at the dandelion, that is __________. a) voluntary; involuntary Incorrect. Blinking is a reflex (involuntary), whereas swatting is purposeful (voluntary) behavior. b) involuntary; voluntary Correct. Blinking is a reflex (involuntary), whereas swatting is purposeful (voluntary) behavior. c) operant; instrumental d) instrumental; classical Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.4 Identify the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner to the concept of operant conditioning. Topic: 5.4 The Contributions of Thorndike and Skinner Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 70. The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called __________. a) operant conditioning Correct. Operant conditioning involves a choice to act and is, thus, voluntary behavior. b) classical conditioning Incorrect. Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses, such as salivation. c) effective based learning d) spontaneous recovery Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.4 Identify the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner to the concept of operant conditioning. Topic: 5.4 The Contributions of Thorndike and Skinner Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 89 a= 89 b= 7 c= 4 d= 0 r = .32 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 71. __________ was one of the first researchers to explore and outline the laws of voluntary responses. a) Pavlov b) Watson c) Skinner Incorrect. Thorndike first explored and outlined the laws of voluntary behavior. Skinner later greatly expanded on his work. d) Thorndike Correct. Thorndike was the pioneer of the laws of voluntary behavior.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.4 Identify the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner to the concept of operant conditioning. Topic: 5.4 The Contributions of Thorndike and Skinner Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 72. Edward Thorndike was known for his work with ________. a) a Skinner box b) a puzzle box Correct. Thorndike was known for his work with a puzzle box. c) modeling Incorrect. Modeling was a much later process proposed for observational learning. d) monkeys Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.4 Identify the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner to the concept of operant conditioning. Topic: 5.4 The Contributions of Thorndike and Skinner Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 72 a= 7 b= 72 c= 7 d= 14 r = .27 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 73. A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is BEST explained by __________. a) classical conditioning b) operant conditioning Correct. The child’s voluntary behavior—eating his dinner—is rewarded with the cookie. c) biofeedback theory d) social learning theory Incorrect. If this were an example of social learning, the child would have to watch someone else get a reward for eating dinner. Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.4 Identify the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner to the concept of operant conditioning. Topic: 5.4 The Contributions of Thorndike and Skinner Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 83 a= 14 b= 83 c= 0 d= 3 r = .41 % correct 92 a= 8 b= 92 c= 0 d= 0 r = .19 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 74. Skinner was to rats as Thorndike was to __________. a) cats Correct. Thorndike put cats in a puzzle box to demonstrate his law of effect. b) rabbits c) dogs Incorrect. Seligman is the theorist most noted for using dogs in his demonstration of learned helplessness. d) voles Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.4 Identify the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner to the concept of operant conditioning. Topic: 5.4 The Contributions of Thorndike and Skinner Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 75. Who is MOST closely associated with the law of effect? a) Watson Incorrect. Watson is best known for work that was done much later than that of Thorndike. b) Skinner c) Pavlov d) Thorndike Correct. Thorndike proposed the law of effect. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.4 Identify the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner to the concept of operant conditioning. Topic: 5.4 The Contributions of Thorndike and Skinner Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 89 a= 3 b= 3 c= 5 d= 89 r = .26 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 76. When an action results in a pleasurable consequence, the probability of repeating that action increases. This BEST illustrates __________. a) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle Incorrect. This is a principle from physics, not psychology. b) the law of effect Correct. The law of effect suggests that behaviors that are followed by pleasant outcomes will tend to be repeated, while behaviors that are followed by unpleasant outcomes will tend not to be repeated. c) generalization d) the law of desirable consequences Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.4 Identify the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner to the concept of operant conditioning. Topic: 5.4 The Contributions of Thorndike and Skinner Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 77. Any behavior that is voluntary is referred to as a(n) __________. a) response Incorrect. A response could be voluntary or involuntary (reflexive). b) antecedent c) operant Correct. An operant is any behavior that is voluntary. d) stimulus Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.4 Identify the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner to the concept of operant conditioning. Topic: 5.4 The Contributions of Thorndike and Skinner Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 78. “If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.” This is a statement of __________. a) the law of positive reinforcement Incorrect. Although it sounds like a statement of positive reinforcement, it is not. Positive reinforcement is defined differently. b) Rescorla’s cognitive perspective c) Thorndike’s law of effect Correct. Thorndike’s law of effect speaks to both pleasurable and unpleasurable consequences. d) Garcia’s conditional emotional response

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.4 Identify the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner to the concept of operant conditioning. Topic: 5.4 The Contributions of Thorndike and Skinner Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 89 a= 9 b= 2 c= 89 d= 0 r = .19 % correct 90 a=7 b= 0 c= 90 d= 2 r = .24 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 79. A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on __________. a) classical conditioning Incorrect. Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses, and Skinner boxes use voluntary responses to study operant conditioning. b) operant conditioning Correct. A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on operant conditioning. Skinner developed the box in his work on operant conditioning. c) vicarious learning d) cognitive learning Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement. Topic: 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 79 a= 16 b= 79 c= 2 d= 3 r = .39 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 80. In operant conditioning, __________ is necessary to create the association between the stimulus and the repetition of a voluntary response. a) reinforcement Correct. Reinforcement causes the association between the stimulus and the voluntary response to be learned. b) the law of negative effect c) conditional emotional linkages Incorrect. Although principles like the law of effect suggest emotional linkages, the correct answer needs to consider reinforcement as the necessary principle. d) a long time delay Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement. Topic: 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 100 a= 100 b= 0 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00 % correct 98 a= 98 b= c= 2 d= 0 r = .03 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 81. A __________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch. a) primary Correct. A primary reinforcer satisfies basic, biological needs. b) negative c) positive d) secondary Incorrect. A secondary reinforcer gains its value through an association with a primary reinforcer. Answer: a

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement. Topic: 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 82. Which attribute would serve as a primary reinforcer for most people? a) food Correct. A primary reinforcer is one that satisfies a basic biological or survival need. b) praise Incorrect. Because praise does not satisfy one of our innate, unlearned needs, it is not a primary reinforcer. c) money d) attention Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement. Topic: 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 83. Secondary reinforcers differ from primary reinforcers in that secondary reinforcers __________. a) can potentially reinforce or punish behavior Incorrect. Reinforcers do not punish behavior, whether they are primary or secondary. b) do not satisfy physical needs whatsoever c) do not inherently satisfy physical needs Correct. Secondary reinforcers are not required for survival, and often get their value through an association with a primary reinforcer. d) only pertain to intangible objects or events, such as praise Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement. Topic: 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 84. Kiara just told her family a really funny joke that she made up herself. In order to use a primary reinforcer to encourage her to keep telling jokes, Kiara’s dad might __________. a) offer her money b) applaud her appropriate behavior c) offer her praise for a job well done Incorrect. Praise is not a biologically based necessity, such as food or drink. d) offer her a piece of candy Correct. A primary reinforcer is one that relates to food, drink, shelter, touch, or other biologically based necessities. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement. Topic: 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

85. Kiara just told her family a really funny joke that she made up herself. In order to use a secondary reinforcer to encourage her to keep telling jokes, Kiara’s dad might __________. a) offer her a drink of water b) applaud her appropriate behavior Correct. The attention and praise associated with the applause would serve as a secondary reinforcer for Kiara. c) give her a big, warm hug Incorrect. For most people, touch serves as a primary reinforcer. d) offer her a piece of candy Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement. Topic: 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 86. __________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas __________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer. a) A cupcake; a certificate of achievement given to a student Correct. A cupcake relates to food, drink, shelter, touch, and other biologically based needs, whereas a certificate does not. b) A whistle; money c) Water; food d) A gold star; a cupcake Incorrect. A gold star is an example of a secondary reinforcer, whereas a cupcake is an example of a primary reinforcer. Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement. Topic: 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 87. A __________ reinforcer, such as money or praise, typically gets its value through an association with a __________ reinforcer. a) positive; negative Incorrect. Both positive and negative reinforcers can be primary or secondary. This is not the best answer. b) primary; secondary c) negative; positive d) secondary; primary Correct. Secondary reinforcers get their value through an association with a primary reinforcer that satisfies a biological need. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement. Topic: 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 88. Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) water b) food c) shelter Incorrect. A gold star is a secondary reinforcer because it is learned to be reinforcing. Shelter meets a basic biological need for comfort and therefore is a primary reinforcer. d) a gold star Correct. A gold star is a secondary reinforcer because it has no intrinsic biological value. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement. Topic: 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 95 a= 2 b=2 c= 1 d= 95 r = .31 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 89. Given its role in either amplifying or decreasing the intensity of different types of signal inputs, __________ is the neurotransmitter that may be involved in the process of reinforcement. a) serotonin b) dopamine Correct. Research has found that this neurotransmitter is involved in many different psychological functions, including learning. c) acetylcholine Incorrect. This is not the neurotransmitter that impacts the system in this way. d) norepinephrine Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement. Topic: 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 90. The fact that dopamine amplifies some signals and mutes others in the __________ suggests that it is part of the process of reinforcement in the brain. a) pons b) central sulcus c) putamen Incorrect. This is not the correct part of the brain. d) nucleus accumbens Correct. This is the correct part of the brain. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement. Topic: 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 91. Under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again? a) only if it is a primary reinforcer b) only if it is a positive reinforcer Incorrect. Any reinforcer makes the target response more likely to occur again regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer. c) only if it is a negative reinforcer

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) Regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur. Correct. Any reinforcer makes the target response more likely to occur again regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement. Topic: 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It % correct 50 a= 0 b= 47 c= 3 d= 50 r = .18 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 92. Cora gives her granddaughter a cookie because the child cleaned her room. In this example, the cookie is a __________. a) punisher b) positive reinforcer Correct. The cookie is a positive reinforcer because it increases the probability that the child will clean her room. c) negative reinforcer d) conditioned response Incorrect. A conditioned response is an involuntary behavior in response to a conditioned stimulus. Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement. Topic: 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 93. Positive reinforcement is to __________ as negative reinforcement is to __________. a) good outcomes; bad outcomes b) increasing reinforcement; decreasing reinforcement Incorrect. Reinforcement attempts to increase a behavior, while punishment attempts to decrease a behavior. c) rewarding behavior; punishing behavior d) presenting good results; removing aversive stimuli Correct. A positive operant outcome occurs when a person is given something, and a negative outcome occurs when a person has to be removed from them. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement. Topic: 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 94. A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is __________ and thus __________ the probability of a response. a) removed; increases Correct. Negative reinforcement entails removing a noxious stimulus to get the subject to learn to do a behavior. b) removed; decreases c) presented; increases d) presented; decreases

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. A negative reinforcer is one that is already present and then is removed in order to increase the probability of a response. A stimulus whose presentation decreases the probability of a response would be an example of positive punishment. Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement. Topic: 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 76 a= 76 b= 4 c= 6 d= 12 r = .46 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 95. Laverne begs her father for a frosted cookie at the bakery, but he refuses to buy her one. Laverne continues to whine and complain until finally he breaks down and gets her the cookie. For her dad, the cessation of Laverne’s whiny behavior is a ________. a) positive reinforcer b) positive punisher Incorrect. No punishment is involved in this example. c) negative reinforcer Correct. This is an example of negative reinforcement, where a behavior (giving his daughter a cookie) is reinforced by removing something unpleasant. d) negative punisher Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement. Topic: 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 96. Laverne begs her father for a frosted cookie at the bakery, but he refuses to buy her one. Laverne continues to whine and complain until finally he breaks down and gets her the cookie. For Laverne, the cookie is a ________. a) positive reinforcer Correct. For Laverne, the cookie is positive reinforcement, because it is the presentation of something Laverne likes, and will likely increase the behavior that preceded it (begging for a cookie when they visit the bakery). b) positive punisher c) negative reinforcer Incorrect. This might be true for her father, but not for Laverne. d) negative punisher Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement. Topic: 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 97. Wyatt is afraid of spiders. He won’t even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Wyatt’s avoidance of spiders is being __________. a) extinguished, because he feels anxious after doing so b) recovered spontaneously, because he will never get better c) positively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. Positive reinforcement occurs when someone gets something positive as a reward for certain behavior. In this case, Wyatt is not getting anything; rather, he is having his anxiety removed by his avoidance of spiders. d) negatively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down Correct. The termination of a stimulus, in this case panic, is negative reinforcement. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement. Topic: 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 83 a= 0 b= 3 c= 14 d= 83 r = .48 % correct 78 a= 0 b= 0 c= 22 d= 78 r = .57 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 98. A reinforcer is a consequence that __________ a behavior, whereas a punishment is a consequence that __________ a behavior. a) motivates; stimulates b) weakens; strengthens Incorrect. A reinforcer strengthens a behavior, whereas a punishment weakens a behavior. c) inhibits; motivates d) strengthens; weakens Correct. A reinforcer strengthens a behavior, whereas a punishment weakens a behavior. Answer: d Learning Objectives: 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement; 5.7 Identify the effects that punishment has on behavior. Topics: 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement; 5.7 The Role of Punishment in Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 99. Archie and Eve take their 2-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday. Each week, the same sequence of events unfolds: Their son screams, demanding that they buy him treats. Although they refuse to give in to his demands, he continues to scream. Finally, either Archie or Eve gets in their son’s face and loudly yells, “Zip it!” He stops screaming instantly. What operant conditioning concepts are illustrated in this story? a) The parents are using negative reinforcement to increase their son’s screaming. Incorrect. The parents are not attempting to increase their son’s screaming, but rather to make it stop. b) The parents are in a very dysfunctional marriage; their child’s screaming is his way of trying to get his parents to remain married. c) The parents are using punishment to suppress the screaming; their use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the cessation of screaming. Correct. The parents are using punishment, and they are negatively reinforced as cessation of screaming is a classic negative reinforcer. d) Their son probably learned how to scream by observing his parents at home, and now he is reinforced on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement. Answer: c Learning Objectives: 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement; 5.7 Identify the effects that punishment has on behavior. Topics: 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement; 5.7 The Role of Punishment in Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 100. What kind of reinforcement is used if Emilia’s parents give her $10 every time she accumulates six A’s on her tests? a) gradual reinforcement Incorrect. Gradual reinforcement is not a term used in the conditioning paradigm. b) sporadic reinforcement c) continuous reinforcement d) partial reinforcement Correct. Emilia is on a partial reinforcement schedule because she is not reinforced for every behavior; she is reinforced only after a certain number of behaviors. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.6 Identify the four schedules of reinforcement. Topic: 5.6 Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-Armed Bandit Is so Seductive Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 46 a= 4 b= 4 c= 47 d= 46 r = .40 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 101. You walk up to a soda machine and put in a dollar, and are rewarded with a can of root beer. When you put in another dollar, you get another soda. Assuming that the machine has a limitless supply of root beer, which kind of reinforcement schedule does this machine operate on? a) partial reinforcement Incorrect. Partial reinforcement occurs when the reinforcement is received after some, but not all, responses. b) interval reinforcement c) continuous reinforcement Correct. Each and every response is followed by a reinforcer. d) ratio reinforcement Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.6 Identify the four schedules of reinforcement. Topic: 5.6 Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-Armed Bandit Is so Seductive Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 102. Which of the following statements is TRUE about operant conditioning? a) Neither partial nor continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist for long periods of time. b) Continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through partial or intermittent reinforcement. Incorrect. Continuous reinforcement leads to very quick extinction as the animal or subject quickly learns the conditioning contingency is no longer operative. Extinction is delayed by partial reinforcement. c) Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement. Correct. Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that persist longer as the subject keeps looking for eventual reinforcement. d) Continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement lead to behaviors that persist for equally long periods of time. Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.6 Identify the four schedules of reinforcement. Topic: 5.6 Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-Armed Bandit Is so Seductive Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 35 a= 1 b= 57 c= 35 d= 6 r = .36 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 103. The partial reinforcement effect refers to the fact that a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses will be __________ a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response). a) more resistant to extinction than Correct. The response will be more resistant to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response). b) less resistant to extinction than Incorrect. The response will be more resistant to extinction than when a reinforcer is given for each and every correct response as in a continuous schedule. The variable schedules teach the animal or subject to persevere at the behavior in order to get a reward. c) more variable in its resistance to extinction than d) totally resistant to extinction, unlike Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.6 Identify the four schedules of reinforcement. Topic: 5.6 Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-Armed Bandit Is so Seductive Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 76 a= 76 b=22 c= 0 d= 2 r = .30 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 104. Ella has a very generous boss who occasionally brings in gift cards for his workers. He does this for no particular reason; it is just a nice way to keep people motivated. Ella never knows when she is going to get a special bonus from her boss. Ella’s boss is reinforcing his workers according to a __________ schedule. a) fixed interval Incorrect. A fixed interval schedule is based on a specific amount of time between responses. b) fixed ratio c) variable ratio d) variable interval Correct. A variable interval schedule presents rewards based on a shifting, or changing, passage of time. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.6 Identify the four schedules of reinforcement. Topic: 5.6 Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-Armed Bandit Is so Seductive Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 105. When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a __________ schedule. a) ratio Correct. Ratio schedules’ reinforcement is based on the number of responses made by a subject. b) interval Incorrect. Interval schedules are based on the time between responses. Ratio schedules’ reinforcement is based on the number of responses made by a subject. c) conditioned d) time-delayed Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.6 Identify the four schedules of reinforcement. Topic: 5.6 Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-Armed Bandit Is so Seductive Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 79 a= 79 b= 15 c= 4 d= 3 r = .39 % correct 75 a= 75 b= 21 c= 3 d= 2 r = .39 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 106. Receiving a monthly paycheck BEST represents a __________ schedule of reinforcement. a) fixed interval Correct. In this case, the reinforcement is received after a specific amount of time has passed. This demonstrates a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement. b) variable interval Incorrect. If the paycheck were received after a changing amount of time, this would demonstrate a variable interval schedule of reinforcement. c) fixed ratio d) variable ratio Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.6 Identify the four schedules of reinforcement. Topic: 5.6 Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-Armed Bandit Is so Seductive Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 107. Reinforcement that is given for a response emitted after each hour and a half (e.g., 10 A.M., 11:30 A.M., 1 P.M.) in time is most likely to be a __________ schedule. a) variable ratio b) variable interval Incorrect. If the reinforcement were received after a changing amount of time, this would demonstrate a variable interval schedule of reinforcement. c) fixed interval Correct. In this case, the reinforcement is received after a specific amount of time has passed. This demonstrates a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement. d) fixed ratio Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.6 Identify the four schedules of reinforcement. Topic: 5.6 Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-Armed Bandit Is so Seductive Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 108. Unlike other schedules of reinforcement, __________ results in a “scalloped” pattern of responses on a cumulative frequency graph. a) fixed ratio Incorrect. A fixed ratio schedule will produce rather consistent patterns of responding. b) fixed interval Correct. A fixed interval schedule of reinforcement will produce this sort of response pattern. c) variable interval d) variable ratio Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.6 Identify the four schedules of reinforcement. Topic: 5.6 Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-Armed Bandit Is so Seductive Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 109. Catching fish when fishing in a lake would most likely represent which schedule of reinforcement? a) variable interval Correct. Because you never know how long you’ll have to sit with your line in the water before you get a fish, this demonstrates variable interval reinforcement. b) fixed ratio c) fixed interval

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. If there were a way to guarantee that a fish would bite on your line after a specific amount of time had passed, this would demonstrate a fixed interval reinforcement. d) interval ratio Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.6 Identify the four schedules of reinforcement. Topic: 5.6 Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-Armed Bandit Is so Seductive Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 110. Taffi gets paid on commission, earning five dollars after every three sales she makes. Which schedule of reinforcement does this represent? a) fixed ratio Correct. The ratio here is 5 dollars per 3 responses (i.e., selling something). b) continuous reinforcement Incorrect. There is nothing continuous about how Taffi makes her money; it is based on a ratio of performance to payment. c) variable ratio d) variable interval Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.6 Identify the four schedules of reinforcement. Topic: 5.6 Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-Armed Bandit Is so Seductive Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 111. Axel must build 25 radios before he receives $20. What schedule of reinforcement is being used? a) a variable ratio schedule b) a fixed ratio schedule Correct. A fixed ratio schedule demands a set number of responses, in this case 25. c) a fixed interval schedule Incorrect. A fixed interval schedule is based on the time between responses. d) a continuous schedule Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.6 Identify the four schedules of reinforcement. Topic: 5.6 Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-Armed Bandit Is so Seductive Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 86 a= 8 b= 86 c= 14 d= 1 r = .27 % correct 81 a= 0 b= 81 c= 19 d= 0 r = .38 % correct 88 a= 10 b= 88 c= 1 d= 0 r = .38 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 112. Which schedule of reinforcement tends to produce the fastest response rate? a) fixed interval Incorrect. This schedule tends to produce a “scalloped” response pattern. b) variable ratio c) continuous d) fixed ratio Correct. Because the person knows how many responses are required to earn a reward, this schedule produces the fastest response rate. Answer: d

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 5.6 Identify the four schedules of reinforcement. Topic: 5.6 Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-Armed Bandit Is so Seductive Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 113. For every five times that you go to the gym each week, you reward yourself with a treat. This BEST illustrates which of the following schedules of reinforcement? a) fixed ratio Correct. This example demonstrates reinforcement being given after a specific number of behaviors has occurred. This demonstrates fixed ratio reinforcement. b) variable ratio c) variable interval d) fixed interval Incorrect. If you gave yourself the reward every seven days, irrespective of the number of times you went to the gym, this would demonstrate fixed interval reinforcement. Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.6 Identify the four schedules of reinforcement. Topic: 5.6 Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-Armed Bandit Is so Seductive Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 114. Getting paid for each basket of apples you gather represents a __________ schedule of reinforcement. a) fixed interval Incorrect. A fixed interval schedule is based on the time between responses. b) fixed ratio Correct. A fixed ratio schedule demands a set number of responses before reinforcement is received. c) variable ratio d) variable interval Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.6 Identify the four schedules of reinforcement. Topic: 5.6 Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-Armed Bandit Is so Seductive Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 115. Reinforcement is to punishment as __________. a) decrease is to increase b) increase is to decrease Correct. Reinforcement attempts to increase a behavior, while punishment attempts to decrease a behavior. c) positive is to negative Incorrect. A positive operant outcome occurs when a person is given something, and a negative outcome occurs when a person has to be removed from them. d) giving is to receiving Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.7 Identify the effects that punishment has on behavior. Topic: 5.7 The Role of Punishment in Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 116. What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) punishment Correct. Punishment is defined as a stimulus that causes a decrease in the likelihood of a behavior. b) positive reinforcement c) negative reinforcement Incorrect. Negative reinforcement increases the probability of a response. d) positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.7 Identify the effects that punishment has on behavior. Topic: 5.7 The Role of Punishment in Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 117. The week after she earns her driver’s license, 16-year-old Ruby arrives home an hour after curfew. As a consequence, Ruby must wash the car on Saturday and is not allowed to drive it for a week. Washing the car is a ________ and losing driving privileges is a ________. a) positive punisher; positive punisher b) positive punisher; negative punisher Correct. Washing the car is a positive punisher, the occurrence of an aversive event, and loss of driving privileges is a negative punisher, the removal of something pleasant. c) positive punisher; positive reinforcer d) negative punisher; positive punisher Incorrect. Recall what “positive” and “negative” mean in the context of operant conditioning. Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.7 Identify the effects that punishment has on behavior. Topic: 5.7 The Role of Punishment in Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 118. An unpleasant stimulus presented to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as __________. a) punishment by application Correct. Punishment is defined as a stimulus that causes a decrease in the likelihood of a behavior, and punishment involving a stimulus that is presented or applied is punishment by application. b) punishment by removal c) negative reinforcement Incorrect. Negative reinforcement, which is often mistaken for punishment, increases the probability of response by removing a noxious stimulus. d) negative expectation Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.7 Identify the effects that punishment has on behavior. Topic: 5.7 The Role of Punishment in Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 32 a= 32 b= 18 c= 46 d= 4 r = .26 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 119. When a stimulus is taken away from a person or animal resulting in a decrease in the probability of response, it is known as __________. a) punishment by application b) punishment by removal Correct. A decrease in response is accomplished by punishment, and when that punishment involves the removal of some stimulus, it is punishment by removal.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) negative reinforcement Incorrect. Although the term “negative” implies removal, reinforcement always increases the probability of a response. d) punishing reinforcement Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.7 Identify the effects that punishment has on behavior. Topic: 5.7 The Role of Punishment in Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 120. A child is punished and temporarily stops her or his well-established bad behavior. However, the child soon goes back to acting badly. This is probably because __________. a) the effects of punishment have habituated b) punishment often only temporarily suppresses or inhibits a behavior Correct. Punishment seems to have temporary effects and, thus, is not recommended as the only method of behavior change. c) the bad behavior has spontaneously recovered Incorrect. Punishment often only temporarily suppresses or inhibits a behavior. Spontaneous recovery refers to an extinguished response that recovers strength. That is not the case here. We are dealing with punishment and not extinction. They are different effects. d) the conditioned emotional response to the punishment has generalized to another behavior Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.7 Identify the effects that punishment has on behavior. Topic: 5.7 The Role of Punishment in Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 121. Why does fear caused by punishment make the punishment ineffective in changing behavior? a) Fear leads the child to forget the behavior that was punished. b) Fear produces resentment that makes the child rebellious and disobedient. Incorrect. Although fear may produce resentment, the more immediate reason why fear makes punishment ineffective is that it interferes with the child’s ability to learn from the punishment. c) Fear interferes with the child’s ability to learn from the punishment. Correct. Fear interferes with the child’s ability to learn from the punishment due to the emotions and unpleasant sensations generated by the punishment. d) The use of punishment negates the possibility of using reinforcement in similar situations in the future. Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.7 Identify the effects that punishment has on behavior. Topic: 5.7 The Role of Punishment in Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 122. Which criterion helps to increase the effectiveness of punishment? a) when it immediately follows the undesirable behavior Correct. Making the punishment occur quickly after the undesirable behavior increases the effectiveness of the punishment. b) when it is inconsistent Incorrect. Consistent punishment is effective punishment. c) when it is given with classical conditioning d) when it is vicarious

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.7 Identify the effects that punishment has on behavior. Topic: 5.7 The Role of Punishment in Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 123. Astrid is punished for spilling her cereal. Her parents give her a spanking and send her to her room, where she cries. Later, her puppy makes a mess on the floor. Astrid kicks her puppy and puts it out in the yard, where it whines sadly. Which of the following statements explains her behavior toward the puppy? a) Astrid is correctly applying Skinnerian principles of negative reinforcement to change her dog’s behavior. Incorrect. Astrid’s punishment led her to be aggressive. In any case, kicking the dog outside is punishment and not negative reinforcement. b) Astrid is using negative punishment on her dog, and it will change the dog’s behavior. c) Astrid is modeling the aggressive behavior her parents demonstrated to her. Correct. Astrid is modeling the aggressive behavior, and that is a problem with punishment. d) Astrid’s parents probably think that the best way to raise kids is “spare the rod, spoil the child.” Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.7 Identify the effects that punishment has on behavior. Topic: 5.7 The Role of Punishment in Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 94 a= 1 b= 5 c= 94 d= 0 r = .21 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 124. An expert on parenting is addressing parents at the local primary school. When the topic of punishment is discussed, what is one outcome of punishment the expert is likely to note for the parents to consider? a) Punishment can also lead to the child acting aggressively. Correct. Punishment can lead to the child acting aggressively. b) Punished children tend to do really well in school. c) Punishment motivates the child to focus on schoolwork. d) Punishment tends to increase the number of nightmares experienced. Incorrect. This answer might make sense, but increased nightmares haven’t been reported. Aggression has. Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.7 Identify the effects that punishment has on behavior. Topic: 5.7 The Role of Punishment in Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 93 a= 93 b= 0 c= 7 d= 0 r = .23 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 125. A discriminative stimulus is typically viewed as __________. a) something negative Incorrect. This is incorrect because a discriminative stimulus can be used to cue a reinforcement or a punishment. b) a cue Correct. A discriminative stimulus can help a person or animal distinguish which behaviors would elicit reinforcements and which behaviors would elicit punishments. In other words, they are there to cue specific behaviors. c) promoting punishment d) a warning Answer: b

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 5.8 Explain the concepts of discriminant stimuli, extinction, generalization, and spontaneous recovery as they relate to operant conditioning. Topic: 5.8 Other Aspects of Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 126. Professor Abboud told her students that if her door was closed it meant that she was unavailable to them and would be angry if they knocked on her door. But if her door was open, it meant that she was in a rare good mood and would answer questions at that time. Professor Abboud’s door being open was a __________ for __________. a) discriminative stimulus; asking questions Correct. Professor Abboud’s door being open was a discriminative stimulus for asking questions because it let students know what response to make—flee from her wrath or ask her a question. b) discriminative stimulus; not asking questions c) discriminative response; asking questions Incorrect. Professor Abboud’s door being open was a discriminative stimulus and not a discriminative response. d) discriminative response; not asking questions Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.8 Explain the concepts of discriminant stimuli, extinction, generalization, and spontaneous recovery as they relate to operant conditioning. Topic: 5.8 Other Aspects of Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 75 a= 75 b= 5 c= 18 d= 2 r = .20 % correct 74 a= 74 b= 0 c= 21 d= 8 r = .28 APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 127. A discriminative stimulus is a stimulus that __________. a) provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement Correct. A discriminative stimulus lets one know whether a particular stimulus will lead to reinforcement. b) leads a person to discriminate against one group of people based on ethnicity or race c) cues the person into which schedule of reinforcement is being used in operant conditioning Incorrect. A discriminative stimulus is not a cue for a reinforcement schedule. d) Watson used to make Little Albert scared of all fuzzy things Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.8 Explain the concepts of discriminant stimuli, extinction, generalization, and spontaneous recovery as they relate to operant conditioning. Topic: 5.8 Other Aspects of Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 128. Which entity is an example of a discriminative stimulus? a) a stop sign Correct. A stop sign is a discriminative stimulus because one has to determine the different response that a stop sign should elicit when compared to all other signs. b) the stimulus that acts as a UCS in classical conditioning c) the white rat in Watson’s Little Albert study of producing phobias Incorrect. The rat did not have to be picked from a set of other stimuli and, thus, was not a discriminative stimulus. A stop sign is a discriminative stimulus because one has to decide what to do from all the other signs. d) a knee jerk

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.8 Explain the concepts of discriminant stimuli, extinction, generalization, and spontaneous recovery as they relate to operant conditioning. Topic: 5.8 Other Aspects of Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 129. Christopher has learned that he can usually get what he wants from his parents if he keeps whining for something. One day Christopher starts whining in the toy store because he wants a Stretch Armstrong action figure. His father refuses to give it to him and ignores his whining. What will happen? a) generalization b) extinction Correct. The whining will extinguish because the behavior is not being reinforced. c) spontaneous recovery Incorrect. The behavior will extinguish. It might show spontaneous recovery later after Christopher’s father extinguishes his behavior, but the initial situation as presented will lead to extinction. d) discrimination Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.8 Explain the concepts of discriminant stimuli, extinction, generalization, and spontaneous recovery as they relate to operant conditioning. Topic: 5.8 Other Aspects of Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 130. The first time Ming Na sees a cat, his mother tells him, “That’s a cat. Can you say cat?” He repeats the word gleefully, and his mother praises him. The next day, he is watching a cartoon and sees a tiger on the television. He points at the tiger and says, “Cat!” This is an example of __________. a) generalization Correct. This is an example of generalization, the process in which the same reinforced response is evoked by similar stimuli. b) spreading activation c) categorization d) discrimination Incorrect. Discrimination occurs when subjects are trained not to respond to similar stimuli. Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.8 Explain the concepts of discriminant stimuli, extinction, generalization, and spontaneous recovery as they relate to operant conditioning. Topic: 5.8 Other Aspects of Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 131. Ava’s parents want her to put her books in her bookcase. At first, they praise her for putting the books together in one pile. Then they praise her for getting the books on the same side of the room as the bookcase. When she gets the books on top of the bookcase, she gets praise. Finally, her parents praise her when she puts her books in the bookcase. This is an example of __________. a) negative reinforcement Incorrect. Negative reinforcement involves terminating an unpleasant stimulus. b) punishment c) extinction

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) shaping Correct. Ava is reinforced for every step that gets her closer to the desired behavior, a process called shaping. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior. Topic: 5.9 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 132. __________ is an operant conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced. a) Shaping Correct. Shaping uses approximations of a response to generate a complex behavior. b) Spontaneous recovery c) Stimulus generalization Incorrect. Stimulus generalization refers to a subject’s responding to stimuli that are similar to the original UCS. d) Stimulus discrimination Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior. Topic: 5.9 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 88 a= 88 b= 2 c= 9 d= 1 r = .56 % correct 71 a= 71 b= 10 c= 6 d= 13 r = .46 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 133. In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These behaviors are called __________. a) primary reinforcers b) successive approximations Correct. These behaviors are called successive approximations. c) secondary reinforcers Incorrect. Secondary reinforcers are previously neutral stimuli that have acquired reinforcing qualities by being paired with primary reinforcers. d) unconditioned stimuli Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior. Topic: 5.9 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 53 a=30 b= 53 c= 11 d= 6 r = .46 % correct 92 a= 3 b= 92 c= 2 d= 2 r = .41 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 134. When Keller and Marian Breland, two psychologists who became animal trainers, decided that it would be cute to have a pig drop a big wooden coin into a box, they found that __________. a) food was not an effective reinforcer for the pig and so learning didn’t occur b) when given edible roots as reinforcers, the pig learned the task in less than ten trials c) the pig displayed instinctive drift by dropping the coin and pushing it around with its nose Correct. Despite Skinner’s views, the pig had some innate behaviors that came to the fore, which summarizes the principle of instinctive drift. d) the pig showed intrinsic interest in the task and so reinforcement was unnecessary Incorrect. Reinforcement was necessary.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior. Topic: 5.9 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 135. A behavioral psychologist tries to train a bird to climb a tree to get a reward of a piece of fruit. At first, the bird learns how to climb the tree with its legs and beak. After a while, it starts flapping its wings and hopping around before it starts to climb. Eventually, the bird flies up to the piece of fruit, even though that prevents it from getting the fruit. According to the Brelands’ analysis of biological constraints, the bird is demonstrating __________. a) response generalization b) that it was reverting to behavior that was instinctual for it Correct. The Brelands discovered that animals revert to instinctual behavior in gathering food, a phenomenon they called instinctive drift. c) the power of negative reinforcement d) the law of effect Incorrect. The law of effect was proposed by Thorndike; since the bird isn’t getting the fruit, that principle is not applicable here. Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior. Topic: 5.9 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 136. Which of the following statements is TRUE about behavior modification? a) It involves the process of shaping. Correct. Behavior modification involves the process of shaping to encourage slow change in behavior for the desired therapeutic result. b) It is useful only for teaching autistic children. c) It is the same as imitation. d) It cannot be used with animals. Incorrect. There are animal trainers who use principles quite similar to shaping. Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior. Topic: 5.9 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 98 a= 98 b= 1 c= 1 d= 0 r = .21 % correct 97 a= 97 b= 3 c= 1 d= 0 r = .23 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 137. A school issues tokens to the children for good behavior. This issue of a token is an example of __________. a) classical conditioning b) instinctive drift c) primary reinforcement Incorrect. Primary reinforcement satisfies a basic need, such as hunger, which is not the case here; the token is a secondary reinforcer. d) behavior modification Correct. Behavior modification is the use of operant conditioning to bring about desired behavior, which is exactly what the school is trying to do.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior. Topic: 5.9 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 86 a= 8 b= 7 c= 0 d= 86 r = .24 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 138. In order to get her third-grade students to memorize the poem written on the chalkboard, Mrs. Flores gives the students stickers for each poem they can recite from memory. After earning five stickers, a student gets to pick a prize out of the goody box. Mrs. Flores is using a(n) __________ to modify the children’s behaviors. a) token economy Correct. The teacher is using tokens as rewards for desired behaviors. b) applied behavior analysis c) negative reinforcement Incorrect. The students are being reinforced for their behaviors, but the reinforcement is positive, not negative. d) classical conditioning technique Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior. Topic: 5.9 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 72 a= 72 b= 8 c= 7 d= 12 r = .43 % correct 55 a= 55 b= 13 c= 6 d= 26 r = .51 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 139. Which term does NOT belong with the others? a) applied behavior analysis b) unconditioned stimulus Correct. All the other terms are associated with modifying behavior by using some kind of feedback. c) token economy d) behavior modification Incorrect. This term would be theoretically consistent with most of the other terms listed here. Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior. Topic: 5.9 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 140. Mia is sometimes loud and disruptive in class, and her teacher thinks she acts this way when she wants attention. The teacher worries that yelling at Mia might serve as a positive reinforcer for her bad behavior because it is giving Mia the attention she wants. One behavior modification technique that might help with this child is use of __________. a) partial reinforcement b) classical conditioning by shocking the child so that she stops speaking out Incorrect. Punishment by shocking will lead to all the problems associated with the use of severe punishment. c) instinctive drift therapy d) time-outs to remove the positive reinforcement that even a scolding gives the child Correct. Time-outs would isolate Mia, giving her the exact opposite of what she wants, and would remove the positive reinforcement that a scolding gives her.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior. Topic: 5.9 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 86 a= 7 b= 5 c= 19 d= 86 r = .48 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 141. Which modern term replaces what was once called behavior modification? a) applied behavior analysis Correct. ABA is the modern term for behavior modification. b) token economy Incorrect. This is a component of ABA, but it is not a replacement for the term behavior modification. c) behavioral constraint d) milieu therapy Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior. Topic: 5.9 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 142. Applied behavior analysis (ABA) has been used to help children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. The basic principle of this form of behavior modification is __________. a) partial reinforcement Incorrect. The basic principle is shaping because you need to slowly change the behavior of such children as they are not capable of more extensive behavioral changes. b) classical conditioning c) negative punishment d) shaping Correct. The basic principle is shaping because small changes that are within the child’s capacity to implement are reinforced. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior. Topic: 5.9 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 143. An operant conditioning technique in which a learner gains conscious control over her or his own biological response is __________. a) biofeedback Correct. Biofeedback is an operant conditioning technique that allows someone to control her or his own biological response. b) contingency training Incorrect. Contingency training is too generic a term. The more specific term is biofeedback as it refers to control of a biological response. c) cellular training d) social learning

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior. Topic: 5.9 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 144. A key element in the use of biofeedback is teaching a person to induce a state of __________ to help gain control over biological functions. a) sleep b) anxiety c) relaxation Correct. Inducing a state of relaxation is a key in the process of biofeedback. d) heightened awareness Incorrect. While becoming more aware of the body’s processes is the goal of biofeedback, this is achieved first by gaining a heightened state of relaxation. Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior. Topic: 5.9 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 145. Which implementation would be most appropriate for the use of biofeedback procedures? a) conditioning coyotes to stay away from sheep b) conditioning delinquents to be less aggressive c) conditioning children to be on time for school Incorrect. Getting to school on time is a voluntary response, whereas biofeedback techniques involve involuntary, biological responses. d) conditioning executives to reduce their blood pressure Correct. Conditioning executives to reduce their blood pressure would be an appropriate use of biofeedback because they are trying to control a biological process that normally isn’t under voluntary control. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior. Topic: 5.9 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 146. Neurofeedback, a newer type of biofeedback, involves trying to consciously change __________. a) brain wave activity Correct. Neurofeedback attempts to change brain wave activity. b) blood pressure c) heart rate Incorrect. Neurofeedback does not involve monitoring the heart rate; rather, it focuses on neural activity such as brain wave alteration. Cardiac changes would be typical of biofeedback. d) body temperature Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior. Topic: 5.9 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 147. A person is connected to an electroencephalograph, a machine that records the brain’s electrical activity. The person is reinforced when her or his pattern of brain waves changes in order to treat a disorder such as epilepsy. This technique is BEST described as __________. a) biofeedback Incorrect. Biofeedback usually is reserved for conditioning systems other than the nervous system. b) behavior modification c) operant conditioning d) neurofeedback Correct. Neurofeedback involves monitoring brain waves. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior. Topic: 5.9 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 148. Which o type of brain imaging technique can be used to examine the effects of neurofeedback on the brain, or as a neurofeedback method in itself? a) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Correct. This neuroimaging technique has been useful in gathering data from neurofeedback procedures. b) positron emission tomography (PET) c) computed axial tomography (CAT) d) electromyography (EMG) Incorrect. This is the study of the electrical activity of different muscles. Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior. Topic: 5.9 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 149. In order to treat a child’s attention problems in a classroom, a technique that uses the EEG and video game–like technology called __________ has been employed. a) neurogenetics b) neurofeedback Correct. Neurofeedback uses techniques that resemble video games to help change brain wave activities. c) biofeedback Incorrect. Neurofeedback uses techniques that resemble video games to help change brain wave activities. d) videographics Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior. Topic: 5.9 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 150. The concept of latent learning was developed by __________. a) Watson Incorrect. Watson would have been opposed to studying latent learning because he focused only on observable behaviors. b) Skinner c) Thorndike d) Tolman Correct. Tolman, in contrast to the behaviorists of his time, thought that latent learning was important and demonstrated the role of cognition in learning.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.10 Explain the concept of latent learning. Topic: 5.10 Tolman’s Maze-Running Rats: Latent Learning Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 50 a= 12 b= 21 c= 17 d= 50 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 151. Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called __________. a) insight Incorrect. Insight refers to a sudden realization of a solution in a problem-solving situation. b) innate learning c) vicarious learning d) latent learning Correct. Because the learning was not directly observable in immediate action, it was deemed to be latent. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.10 Explain the concept of latent learning. Topic: 5.10 Tolman’s Maze-Running Rats: Latent Learning Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 152. The idea that learning occurs and is “stored up,” even when behaviors are not reinforced, is called __________. a) insight b) latent learning Correct. Since the learning was not observable, it was deemed to be latent. c) placebo learning d) innate learning Incorrect. Innate learning would imply a genetically based process. Latent learning referred to the animal not making a response to a situation but demonstrating that it had retained information about that situation. Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.10 Explain the concept of latent learning. Topic: 5.10 Tolman’s Maze-Running Rats: Latent Learning Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 65 a= 5 b= 65 c= 4 d= 26 r = .53 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 153. You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the grounds. One day when you arrive at the park, you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven’t seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of __________. a) spontaneous recovery b) insight Incorrect. Tolman postulated that such an example would be due to the formation of a cognitive map. Cognitive maps were his explanation of latent learning effects. c) the formation of a cognitive map Correct. Tolman postulated the concept of the cognitive map, which was in marked contrast to the behaviorist views of the time. d) unconscious trial-and-error imagery

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.10 Explain the concept of latent learning. Topic: 5.10 Tolman’s Maze-Running Rats: Latent Learning Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 154. Who is BEST known for studying the phenomenon of insight in animals? a) Köhler Correct. Köhler is best known for studying insight in animals. b) Tolman Incorrect. Tolman’s work focused on latent learning. c) Seligman d) Skinner Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.11 Explain how Köhler’s studies demonstrated that nonhuman animals can learn by insight. Topic: 5.11 Köhler’s Smart Chimp: Insight Learning Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 27 a= 27 b= 23 c= 13 d= 38 r = .27 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 155. Which conclusion is CORRECT regarding research on insight? a) Researchers have found that only human beings are capable of insight learning. Incorrect. Insight was first studied with chimps. b) Researchers have found support for the existence of both human and animal insight learning. Correct. Humans and apes are capable of insight learning. We are very similar genetically and have a common evolutionary ancestor. c) Researchers have found that apes are capable of insight only after being taught this by humans. d) Researchers have proven that all creatures, even one-celled organisms such as the amoeba, are capable of insight learning. Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.11 Explain how Köhler’s studies demonstrated that nonhuman animals can learn by insight. Topic: 5.11 Köhler’s Smart Chimp: Insight Learning Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 156. The “aha!” experience is known as __________. a) latent learning Incorrect. The “aha!” experience is known as insight learning. Latent learning was an effect studied by Tolman. b) insight learning Correct. The “aha!” experience is known as insight learning. c) thoughtful learning d) serial enumeration Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.11 Explain how Köhler’s studies demonstrated that nonhuman animals can learn by insight. Topic: 5.11 Köhler’s Smart Chimp: Insight Learning Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 74 a= 20 b= 74 c= 4 d= 2 r = .40 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 157. You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to cut yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated __________. a) generalization b) discrimination c) latent learning Incorrect. The “aha!” experience or sudden realization is known as insight learning. Latent learning was an effect studied by Tolman. d) insight learning Correct. You have just demonstrated insight learning similar to Köhler’s chimps. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.11 Explain how Köhler’s studies demonstrated that nonhuman animals can learn by insight. Topic: 5.11 Köhler’s Smart Chimp: Insight Learning Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 61 a= 4 b= 0 c= 34 d= 61 r = .38 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 158. Matteo has been working on a math problem late at night without success, and he falls asleep for a brief period. Upon awakening, Matteo suddenly realizes how to answer the problem. This scenario BEST illustrates __________. a) observational learning b) latent learning Incorrect. Latent learning demonstrates the ability to acquire information without demonstrating an immediate behavioral response. It is not relevant to this question. c) insight learning Correct. The “aha” moment when an answer suddenly hits you is called insight learning. d) cognitive learning Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.11 Explain how Köhler’s studies demonstrated that nonhuman animals can learn by insight. Topic: 5.11 Köhler’s Smart Chimp: Insight Learning Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 159. The person most closely associated with research on learned helplessness is __________. a) Thorndike b) Wolpe c) Seligman Correct. Seligman was the discoverer of the important phenomenon of learned helplessness. d) Bandura Incorrect. Bandura was most concerned with observational learning. Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.12 Summarize Seligman’s studies on learned helplessness. Topic: 5.12 Seligman’s Depressed Dogs: Learned Helplessness Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 25 a= 33 b=21 c= 25 d= 21 r = .19 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 160. A researcher places dogs in a cage with metal bars on the floor. The dogs are randomly given electric shocks and can do nothing to prevent them or stop them. Later, the same dogs are placed in a cage where they can escape the shocks by jumping over a low hurdle. When the shocks are given, the dogs do not even try to escape. They just sit and cower. This is an example of __________.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) learned helplessness Correct. Since the dogs did not try to escape even when they could, it is as if they learned to be helpless. b) avoidance learning c) aversive conditioning Incorrect. The effect is one of learned helplessness because the dogs do not try to escape as you might predict in an aversive conditioning situation. d) vicarious learning Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.12 Summarize Seligman’s studies on learned helplessness. Topic: 5.12 Seligman’s Depressed Dogs: Learned Helplessness Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 97 a= 97 b= 0 c= 3 d= 0 r = .19 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 161. In an experiment, two groups of dogs are given shocks to their feet. One group is able to escape the shocks by jumping over a barrier. The second group is harnessed and cannot escape. After several trials, both groups are put in situations where they CAN escape. The first group escapes the shocks but the second group just sits and whines, refusing to attempt to escape. The response of the second group is due to __________. a) learned helplessness Correct. Since the dogs did not try to escape even when they could, it is as if they learned to be helpless. b) contingency blocking c) latent learning Incorrect. The effect is one of learned helplessness because the dogs do not try to escape as you might predict in a latent learning situation. d) response generalization Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.12 Summarize Seligman’s studies on learned helplessness. Topic: 5.12 Seligman’s Depressed Dogs: Learned Helplessness Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 93 a= 93 b= 0 c= 4 d= 3 r = .38 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 162. College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only half-hearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to __________. a) learned helplessness Correct. Students’ lack of success in the past “taught” them to not even bother trying, a phenomenon Seligman called learned helplessness. b) contingency blocking c) latent learning Incorrect. The students did not show that they learned the problems, so it could not be latent learning of the problem. Because they did not try, it was a case of learned helplessness. d) response generalization Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.12 Summarize Seligman’s studies on learned helplessness. Topic: 5.12 Seligman’s Depressed Dogs: Learned Helplessness Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 163. Seligman expanded his theory of learned helplessness to explain __________. a) autism spectrum disorder Incorrect. Although learned helplessness seems to be applicable on the surface to autism spectrum disorder, it is more applicable to depression as it may explain some of the latter’s processes. b) ADHD c) schizophrenia d) depression Correct. One important implication of the theory of learned helplessness was its application to the understanding of depression. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.12 Summarize Seligman’s studies on learned helplessness. Topic: 5.12 Seligman’s Depressed Dogs: Learned Helplessness Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 70 a= 11 b= 10 c= 8 d= 70 r = .32 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 164. While watching the evening news, you see a story about domestic abuse and wonder, “Why would anyone stay in a relationship where they are being abused?” According to Seligman, one factor that may contribute to victims staying in abusive relationships is __________. a) observational learning b) learned helplessness Correct. Because victims may feel helpless to control their situation, this would be an example of learned helplessness. c) conditioned emotional response Incorrect. Although fear may well play into this situation, Seligman’s work focused on the concept of learned helplessness. d) instinctive drift Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.12 Summarize Seligman’s studies on learned helplessness. Topic: 5.12 Seligman’s Depressed Dogs: Learned Helplessness Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 165. Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act? a) insight learning Incorrect. Insight refers to a rapid problem solution and does not necessarily involve observation of others. b) operant conditioning c) classical conditioning d) observational learning Correct. Observational learning is based on seeing the actions of others and their consequences. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.13 Describe the process of observational learning. Topic: 5.13 Bandura and the Bobo Doll Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 96 a= 2 b= 2 c= 0 d= 96 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 166. Observational learning theory’s foremost proponent is __________. a) Watson b) Thorndike Incorrect. Thorndike was responsible for the law of effect. Observational learning is one of Bandura’s discoveries.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) Skinner d) Bandura Correct. Observational learning theory’s foremost proponent is Bandura, and this theory has contributed greatly to our knowledge of media effects on society. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.13 Describe the process of observational learning. Topic: 5.13 Bandura and the Bobo Doll Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 54 a= 18 b= 12 c= 15 d= 54 r = .39 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 167. Emma learns that whenever her brother shares his cookie with her, her mother gives him a piece of candy. Emma starts sharing her treats with her friends when they come over in the hopes of getting a similar reward. Emma’s learning to share is an example of __________. a) classical conditioning b) operant conditioning c) contingency theory Incorrect. Emma’s learning to share is an example of observational learning theory. Contingency theory is not related to the concept. d) observational learning Correct. Learning by watching others is known as observational learning. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.13 Describe the process of observational learning. Topic: 5.13 Bandura and the Bobo Doll Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 86 a=0 b= 0 c= 15 d= 86 r = .18 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 168. Bandura conducted a classic study known as the “Bobo” doll study. The term Bobo refers to __________. a) Bandura’s pet name for the dog used in the study Incorrect. The term Bobo refers to the inflatable doll that was used in the study. b) Bandura’s loyal but strange assistant who carried out the study c) Bandura’s nickname that his wife had given him d) the type of inflatable doll that was used in the study Correct. The term Bobo refers to the inflatable doll that was used in the study. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.13 Describe the process of observational learning. Topic: 5.13 Bandura and the Bobo Doll Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 86 a= 6 b= 4 c= 3 d= 86 r = .34 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 169. Learning that takes place without actual performance (a kind of latent learning) is called __________. a) the learning/performance distinction Correct. Learning that takes place without actual performance (a kind of latent learning) is called the learning/performance distinction. b) the innate performance preference c) the delayed learning paradigm d) the observational delay effect Incorrect. Learning that takes place without actual performance (a kind of latent learning) is called the learning/performance distinction.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.13 Describe the process of observational learning. Topic: 5.13 Bandura and the Bobo Doll Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 170. In Bandura’s study with the Bobo doll, the children in the group who saw the model punished did not imitate the model at first. They would only imitate the model if given a reward for doing so. The fact that these children had obviously learned the behavior without actually performing it is an example of __________. a) latent learning Correct. The children were demonstrating latent learning as Tolman first demonstrated. b) operant conditioning c) classical conditioning d) insight learning Incorrect. Because it was not a rapid solution to a problem, it was not insight learning. It was a case of latent learning because they made a response that they had not made before. Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.13 Describe the process of observational learning. Topic: 5.13 Bandura and the Bobo Doll Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 86 a= 86 b= 6 c= 8 d= 0 r = .44 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 171. Three-year-old Rufus watches as his older brother Solomon impishly reaches up to put his hand on the hot burner of a stove. Rufus sees Solomon recoil in terror and hears his frightened screams as he plunges his injured hand into cold water. For the rest of his life Rufus never put his hand on a stovetop burner, never got reinforced for not doing so, and in fact never had any direct experience with singed flesh or dangerous kitchen equipment, yet clearly some learning had taken place. What kind of learning did Rufus experience? a) operant conditioning Incorrect. There is no reinforcement present in this situation, and reinforcement is a mainstay of operant conditioning. b) observational learning Correct. This is an example of observational learning, a process in which an individual learns new responses by observing the behavior of another (a model) rather than through direct experience. c) extinction generalization d) classical conditioning Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.13 Describe the process of observational learning. Topic: 5.13 Bandura and the Bobo Doll Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 172. A congressional hearing is taking place in Washington, D.C. The representatives are discussing whether the portrayals of violence on children’s TV shows are perhaps contributing to the violence we see in schools today. The work of what psychologist is most relevant to their discussions? a) Albert Bandura Correct. Bandura’s work is most relevant to their discussions. b) Edward Chace Tolman c) B. F. Skinner Incorrect. Bandura’s work is most relevant to their discussions. Skinner was not concerned with observational learning, which is the core phenomenon under discussion.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) Ellis Watson French Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.13 Describe the process of observational learning. Topic: 5.13 Bandura and the Bobo Doll Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 173. A congressional hearing is taking place in Washington, D.C. The representatives are discussing whether the portrayals of violence on children’s TV shows are perhaps contributing to the violence we see in schools today. What psychological process are the representatives probably considering as the reason that TV influences school violence? a) observational learning Correct. They are worried that children will imitate the aggression they see modeled on TV, which is a process called observational learning. b) operant conditioning c) classical conditioning d) insight learning Incorrect. Insight learning concerns rapid problem solving that is not necessarily based on observing others. Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.13 Describe the process of observational learning. Topic: 5.13 Bandura and the Bobo Doll Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 89 a= 89 b= 0 c= 0 d= 11 r = .19 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 174. Daniel is trying to teach his daughter, Mollie, to bake a cake by watching him. According to observational learning theory, to be effective what must occur? a) Mollie must always model the behavior immediately. Incorrect. Mollie does not have to model the behavior immediately in order to learn it; she can learn by watching over time. b) Mollie must be motivated to learn how to bake a cake. Correct. Bandura determined that motivation was necessary in order for observational learning to occur. c) Mollie must be able to complete other tasks while watching her father. d) Daniel must show Mollie how to bake while he is also doing the laundry. Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.14 List the four elements of observational learning. Topic: 5.14 The Four Elements of Observational Learning Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 175. Henry watches his mother make pancakes. He wants to please his mother so he pays attention. However, when he tries to make them on his own, he can’t break the eggs without making a terrible mess and dropping them on the floor, no matter how much he tries not to. Henry’s attempt failed because of a problem with which part of the necessary components for observational learning? a) attention b) memory Incorrect. Henry couldn’t imitate Mom, and that was the problem. He remembered correctly what to do. c) imitation Correct. Henry’s attempt failed because of his inability to crack the eggs.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) desire Answer: c Learning Objective: 5.14 List the four elements of observational learning. Topic: 5.14 The Four Elements of Observational Learning Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 80 a= 5 b= 11 c= 80 d= 4 r = .20 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 176. Winston is watching TV. In one show, he sees a bully steal a lunch from another child. The bully then enjoys eating the other child’s lunch. Winston feels that his mother makes him a rather inadequate lunch and he is always hungry at school, so he starts stealing other kids’ lunches at school. According to Albert Bandura’s theory of observational learning, Winston’s hunger at lunchtime most influenced which factor? a) attention b) memory c) imitation Incorrect. Imitation was not the major factor. Hunger is a motivational factor. d) desire Correct. Winston’s hunger motivated him to become a bully. Answer: d Learning Objective: 5.14 List the four elements of observational learning. Topic: 5.14 The Four Elements of Observational Learning Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 177. Dad is watching a home improvement show about how to install a new sink. He really wants to do it and watches the show intently. He knows that his wife will reward him when he is done. However, when he tests the new sink, water spurts everywhere. Taking the new sink apart, he finds that he has left out the crucial washers in the faucet assembly even though this was emphasized in the TV show. What part of observational learning theory is most likely the reason for this disaster? a) attention b) memory Correct. Dad’s memory failed him. c) imitation d) motivation Incorrect. Dad’s memory failed him. Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.14 List the four elements of observational learning. Topic: 5.14 The Four Elements of Observational Learning Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 178. Which letters correspond to the four elements of modeling from Bandura’s theory of observational learning? a) MIST Incorrect. AMID: attention, memory, imitation, desire b) AMID Correct. AMID: attention, memory, imitation, desire c) CRISP d) MOMA

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: b Learning Objective: 5.14 List the four elements of observational learning. Topic: 5.14 The Four Elements of Observational Learning Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 179. In Bandura’s study of observational learning, the abbreviation AMID stands for __________. a) attention, memory, imitation, desire Correct. AMID: attention, memory, imitation, desire b) alertness, motivation, intent, monetary reward c) achievement, momentum, initiative, memory Incorrect. AMID: attention, memory, imitation, desire d) achievement, motivation, intellectual capacity, memory Answer: a Learning Objective: 5.14 List the four elements of observational learning. Topic: 5.14 The Four Elements of Observational Learning Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

TRUE OR FALSE 180. A change in behavior that is relatively permanent and brought about by experience is commonly referred to by psychologists as acquisition behavior. Answer: False Learning Objective: 5.1 Define the term learning. Topic: 5.1 Definition of Learning Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 181. Classical conditioning was accidentally discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov while he was studying the digestive system in his dogs. Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 182. In Pavlov’s original experiment of classical conditioning, dogs learned to salivate at the sound of a metronome when the metronome was repeatedly paired with the presentation of food. The food is referred to as the unconditioned response. Answer: False Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 183. If one presented the conditioned stimulus (such as a metronome) after the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus (the food) in Pavlov’s learning experiment, little or no classical conditioning would occur. Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 184. A conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the paired presentation of the UCS. After time, the organism no longer makes the conditioned response. This fading of the CR is known as habituation. Answer: False Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 185. Little Albert was an infant who was shown to be remarkably resistant to having his emotional responses conditioned by Watson. Watson presented Albert with a cute little furry rat and then rang a loud bell. Later, Albert should have become scared of the bell, but this never happened. Answer: False Learning Objective: 5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias and taste aversions. Topic: 5.3 Classical Conditioning Applied to Human Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 186. Conditioned emotional responses are some of the easiest forms of classical conditioning to accomplish, as demonstrated by the fact that our lives are so full of them. Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias and taste aversions. Topic: 5.3 Classical Conditioning Applied to Human Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 187. Current views of conditioning by psychologists, such as Robert Rescorla, indicate that learning is completely automatic and has nothing to do with cognitive processes. Answer: False Learning Objective: 5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias and taste aversions. Topic: 5.3 Classical Conditioning Applied to Human Behavior Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 188. The law of effect emphasized that responses were more likely to be made if they were followed by some pleasing consequence.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.4 Identify the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner to the concept of operant conditioning. Topic: 5.4 The Contributions of Thorndike and Skinner Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 189. According to B. F. Skinner, negative reinforcement of a response makes an organism more likely to continue to make that response. Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement. Topic: 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 190. Using continuous reinforcement is the BEST way to prevent a response from becoming extinguished. Answer: False Learning Objective: 5.6 Identify the four schedules of reinforcement. Topic: 5.6 Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-Armed Bandit Is so Seductive Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 191. After graduating from college, you are hired to work in a factory as an industrial psychologist. The workers assemble mop wringers. They can either be paid by the hour or by the number of mop wringers they assemble in a day. You decide that you will do the latter (pay by the number of mop wringers put together). According to Skinner, you have put the workers on a fixed ratio schedule. Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.6 Identify the four schedules of reinforcement. Topic: 5.6 Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-Armed Bandit Is so Seductive Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 192. Alina is wetting her bed. Punishing her would be the best way to permanently stop this behavior. You would recommend that Alina be given no food on the day after a bedwetting incident. This is because punishment is guaranteed to stop bad behaviors. Answer: False Learning Objective: 5.7 Identify the effects that punishment has on behavior. Topic: 5.7 The Role of Punishment in Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 193. Researchers Keller and Marion Breland tried to condition pigs to drop wooden coins into a bank. This turned out not to be easy, as the pigs tended to make instinctual responses as compared to the learned responses. Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior. Topic: 5.9 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 194. Biofeedback training is an application of psychology that uses the principles of operant conditioning. Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior. Topic: 5.9 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 195. The “aha!” moment that indicates insight learning was first hypothesized by Edward Thorndike. Answer: False Learning Objective: 5.11 Explain how Köhler’s studies demonstrated that nonhuman animals can learn by insight. Topic: 5.11 Köhler’s Smart Chimp: Insight Learning Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 196. Martin Seligman’s concept of learned helplessness has been extended into the field of psychopathology to explain the emergence of schizophrenia in late adolescence. Answer: False Learning Objective: 5.12 Summarize Seligman’s studies on learned helplessness. Topic: 5.12 Seligman’s Depressed Dogs: Learned Helplessness Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 197. Albert Bandura’s seminal study of observational learning involved watching children and their interactions with Bobo dolls. Answer: True Learning Objective: 5.13 Describe the process of observational learning. Topic: 5.13 Bandura and the Bobo Doll Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 198. Observational learning has been used to explain why children who watch violent television tend to behave more aggressively. Research has demonstrated that watching such television shows causes an increase in violent tendencies. Answer: False Learning Objective: 5.13 Describe the process of observational learning. Topic: 5.13 Bandura and the Bobo Doll Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

SHORT ANSWER 199. Why is learning described as a “relatively permanent” change? Learning Objective: 5.1 Define the term learning. Topic: 5.1 Definition of Learning Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 200. Give an example of an unconditioned stimulus that might be used in a classroom setting. Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 201. Give an example of an unconditioned response that might occur in a classroom setting. Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 202. Give an example of a conditioned stimulus that might be used in the workplace. Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 203. Give an example of a conditioned response that might be seen in the workplace. Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 204. Describe what occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented over and over again without the unconditioned stimulus. Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 205. What does spontaneous recovery refer to in the context of classical conditioning? Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

206. What important contribution to learning theory is Robert Rescorla BEST known for? Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 207. Give an example of a conditioned taste aversion in humans. Learning Objective: 5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias and taste aversions. Topic: 5.3 Classical Conditioning Applied to Human Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 208. What is the law of effect, and who was responsible for its conceptualization? Learning Objective: 5.4 Identify the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner to the concept of operant conditioning. Topic: 5.4 The Contributions of Thorndike and Skinner Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 209. Why is money such a powerful secondary reinforcer? Why isn’t money a primary reinforcer? Learning Objective: 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement. Topic: 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 210. Explain the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment. Learning Objectives: 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement; 5.7 Identify the effects that punishment has on behavior. Topics: 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement; 5.7 The Role of Punishment in Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 211. How can you tell the difference between an interval and a ratio schedule of partial reinforcement? Learning Objective: 5.6 Identify the four schedules of reinforcement. Topic: 5.6 Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-Armed Bandit Is so Seductive Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 212. Distinguish between the concepts of punishment by application and punishment by removal. Learning Objective: 5.7 Identify the effects that punishment has on behavior. Topic: 5.7 The Role of Punishment in Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 213. List three potential problematic outcomes of misusing punishment to discipline children. Learning Objective: 5.7 Identify the effects that punishment has on behavior. Topic: 5.7 The Role of Punishment in Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 214. What is instinctive drift and how did Keller and Marion Breland discover it? Learning Objective: 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior. Topic: 5.9 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 215. Give an example of latent learning that you might see in your own life. Learning Objective: 5.10 Explain the concept of latent learning. Topic: 5.10 Tolman’s Maze-Running Rats: Latent Learning Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 216. What are the four factors that Albert Bandura proposed are necessary for observational learning? Learning Objective: 5.13 Describe the process of observational learning. Topic: 5.13 Bandura and the Bobo Doll Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

ESSAY 217. Define learning. Given this definition, what types of behaviors would NOT be considered learning? How does the concept of instinctive drift relate to these examples? What types of behaviors would be included? Learning Objectives: 5.1 Define the term learning; 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change animal and human behavior. Topics: 5.1 Definition of Learning; 5.9 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 218. Describe Pavlov’s classical conditioning studies in terms of the UCS, UCR, CS, CR, and his initial results. Briefly discuss two examples of classical conditioning in your own life, identifying the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR in each case. Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 219. One day as your professor is driving to work, another driver runs through a red light and hits his car. The professor is shaken up but is unhurt. However, the next time he starts to enter the intersection, he becomes nervous

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White and fearful. Soon, he starts going to work via another route to avoid the intersection, even though this route adds 20 minutes to his commute in each direction. According to the principles of classical conditioning, why does the professor become wary of the previously harmless intersection? What can he do about this, as going via the other route is very time consuming? Be specific. Decompose the situation into its primary elements, and show how the principles of learning apply. Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 220. In what ways might higher-order conditioning explain why some words trigger emotional responses in us? (a) Give an example of a positive response that could be formed through higher-order conditioning. (b) Give an example of a negative response that could be formed through higher-order conditioning. (c) In what ways might higher-order conditioning contribute to racism and prejudice? Learning Objective: 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Topic: 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 221. Explain the concept of conditioned taste aversions and how it might be applied to people undergoing chemotherapy or radiation treatments for cancer. Learning Objective: 5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias and taste aversions. Topic: 5.3 Classical Conditioning Applied to Human Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 222. Think about our prison systems. Many folks think the role of the prison system is to punish people who break the law, and that we should have more prisons to punish more people. But let’s look at what happens to the average burglar. If the person is caught, she or he will probably not go to trial for a year, and then is likely to get probation or a light sentence. If the person does go to prison, she or he is unlikely to learn any useful skills and will meet other criminals who will probably not serve as favorable role models. Additionally, the person may not end up serving her or his entire sentence due to overcrowded conditions in prisons. Given what you know about operant learning principles, reinforcement, and punishment, critique the way our current prison system works and suggest some better ideas. Be specific about the principles that you have learned and are applying. Learning Objectives: 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement; 5.7 Identify the effect that punishment has on behavior; 5.8 Explain the concepts of discriminant stimuli, extinction, generalization, and spontaneous recovery as they relate to operant conditioning. Topics: 5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement; 5.7 The Role of Punishment in Operant Conditioning; 5.8 Other Aspects of Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 223. After graduating from college, you are hired to work in a factory as an industrial psychologist. The workers assemble garbage disposals. The boss wants to know the best pay schedule to get the maximum number of pieces made by his workers. The boss wants you to describe various schedules of payment and tell him which might be

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White best for the factory. Using the principles of operant conditioning, describe the various pay schedules and decide which one would be the best to meet the boss’s goal of maximizing production. Learning Objective: 5.6 Identify the four schedules of reinforcement. Topic: 5.6 Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-Armed Bandit Is so Seductive Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 224. Give an example of each of the four schedules of partial reinforcement, and comment on which schedule would be most likely to result in lasting behavioral change. Learning Objective: 5.6 Identify the four schedules of reinforcement. Topic: 5.6 Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-Armed Bandit Is so Seductive Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 225. Explain what learned helplessness is and describe how it develops. Also discuss the effects it has on people and animals after it is established. Learning Objective: 5.12 Summarize Seligman’s studies on learned helplessness. Topic: 5.12 Seligman’s Depressed Dogs: Learned Helplessness Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Test Yourself Pick the best answer. 1. Jade almost got hit by a car at a street corner because she was too busy texting on her phone. From that day on, Jade looks before she reaches the street corner. Her change in behavior is a result of a. motivation. b. memory. c. learning. d. both sensation and perception. 2. At home, you rattle the chain on your dog’s leash every time you prepare to take him for a walk. After several episodes like this, you find that your dog comes running to the front door even when you pick up the leash to put it back in the closet. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus? a. the front door b. going for a walk c. the sound of the leash d. the dog runs to the door 3. A child has been classically conditioned to fear a white rat. If the child does not show fear when shown a black rat, this is called a. extinction. b. stimulus generalization. c. spontaneous recovery. d. stimulus discrimination. 4. During the cold winter, you have stopped taking your dog for walks. What’s more, your dog has gotten used to the fact that when you accidentally rattle his leash, he isn’t going for a walk, and subsequently he doesn’t come running to the front door. What has occurred? a. stimulus generalization b. extinction c. stimulus discrimination d. spontaneous recovery 5. Grace had tartar sauce with her fish one night. The next morning she was nauseated and sick for much of the day. The next time she was offered the chance to go out for fish, she felt queasy and declined. Her queasiness at the thought of fish with tartar sauce was probably due to a. stimulus substitution. b. higher-order conditioning. c. a conditioned taste aversion. d. stimulus generalization. 6. Taylor works in the psychology department’s rat lab. In her studies, she found that many of her lab rats would develop a conditioned taste aversion to certain foods after as little as one trial. Taylor’s psychology professor refers to this as a classic example of a. stimulus substitution. b. psychological preparedness. c. instinctive drift. d. biological preparedness. 7. Ian finds that if he washes his car prior to going out on the town, more of his friends want to ride along with him. What theory would best explain his willingness to always wash and clean his car before going out? a. Thorndike’s law of effect b. Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c. Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning d. Köhler’s insight learning theory 8. In classical conditioning, behavior typically is _______, whereas with operant conditioning, behavior is _______. a. voluntary, involuntary b. rewarded, punished c. biological, internal d. involuntary, voluntary 9. From where do secondary reinforcers get their power? a. insight theory b. law of effect c. observational theory d. classical conditioning 10. Positive reinforcement results in a/an _______ in the target behavior and negative reinforcement results in a/an _______ in the target behavior. a. increase, decrease b. increase, increase c. decrease, decrease d. decrease, increase 11. Maria has a terrible headache. If she takes some aspirin to make her headache go away, this would be an example of a. punishment. b. positive reinforcement. c. negative reinforcement. d. generalization. 12. Luis gets paid every 2 weeks. In one 2-week period, he works a total of 20 hours. During another 2-week period, he works a total of 50 hours. Regardless of the total number of hours he works each week, he is paid every 2 weeks. What schedule of reinforcement is being used? a. variable interval b. fixed ratio c. variable ratio d. fixed interval 13. Zoe is grounded for coming home after curfew. Additionally, her parents have taken away her cell phone for a month. Losing her cell phone privileges is an example of a. learned helplessness. b. negative reinforcement. c. punishment by application. d. punishment by removal. 14. What is the relationship between negative reinforcement and punishment? a. Both tend to weaken a response. b. Both tend to strengthen a response. c. Negative reinforcement strengthens a response, while punishment weakens a response. d. Negative reinforcement weakens a response, while punishment strengthens a response. 15. Which of the following is an example of the use of extinction with operant conditioning? a. A mother gives a child chocolate prior to him or her asking for it so as to keep a tantrum from occurring in the first place. b. A mother gives in to her child’s demands for candy by buying the child some chocolate so as to quiet him or her. c. A mother spanks a child when she or he starts throwing a tantrum. d. A mother ignores her child’s temper tantrum so that the behavior ultimately goes away.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

16. Studies by Keller and Marian Breland found that many animals exhibit instinctive drift. What does this mean? a. The animals studied would learn skills through reinforcement, and they remained that way no matter how much reinforcement they were given. b. The animals studied could not learn any skills even with the use of reinforcement. c. The animals studied would learn skills through reinforcement but eventually revert to their genetically controlled patterns of behavior. d. The animals studied could only learn skills similar to those found in the wild. 17. Gavin was lying in bed when he suddenly realized how he might deal with a fast-approaching deadline at work. When his coworkers asked how he came up with his idea, he said, “It just came to me out of nowhere.” Psychologists would refer to this as a. observational learning. b. latent learning. c. learned helplessness. d. insight learning. 18. Jenna failed repeatedly in college algebra. Finally, she gave up and was seriously considering dropping out of college. One day, her best friend offered to personally help her if she signed up for college algebra again, but she refused. What concept might explain her reluctance? a. insight learning b. latent learning c. learned helplessness d. observational learning 19. What does AMID stand for? a. Ask, Memory, Imitate, Develop b. Attention, Memory, Intention, Detention c. Attention, Memory, Imitation, Desire d. Association, Memory, Imitation, Desires 20. Madison has noticed how some of her friends have lost weight and gotten trim by exercising 1 to 2 hours each day. However, she has no plans to imitate their behavior. What component of Bandura’s model of observational learning will explain why Madison has not started a similar weight-loss program? a. Madison’s unconscious does not believe she can achieve the goal. b. Madison is not motivated, nor does she have the desire to begin the program. c. Madison’s self-esteem must first be addressed. d. Madison’s unwillingness may be a sign of a mental disorder.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

EXTRA BANK OF QUESTIONS 5: LEARNING ______________________________________________________________________________ 5.1 Definition of Learning 1. The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior is known as __________. a. learning b. intelligence formation c. imprinting d. cognition Answer a % correct 89 a= 89 b= 2 c= 5 d= 4 r = .40 2. Learning is a process by which experience results in __________. a. acquisition of motivation b. relatively permanent behavior change c. amplification of sensory stimuli d. delayed genetic behavioral contributions Answer b % correct 80 a= 10 b= 80 c= 10 d= 0 r = .25 3. The process by which experience results in a relatively permanent change in what one is capable of doing is called __________. a. knowledge b. intelligence c. learning d. performance Answer c % correct 96 a= 1 b= 0 c= 96 d= 3 r = .24 4. Which of the following is an example of learning? a. The human brain continues to grow and develop after birth. b. A human male develops the capacity to produce sperm cells at puberty. c. Drinking coffee makes a person more aroused. d. A student does not swat at a wasp buzzing around her head. Answer d % correct 82 a= 11 b= 0 c= 7 d= 82 r = .26

5.2–5.3 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning 5.2 Pavlov and the Salivating Dogs 5. Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with __________. a. vicarious learning b. the law of effect c. operant conditioning d. classical conditioning Answer d % correct 95 a= 0 b= 0 c= 5 d= 95 r = .27 6. Classical conditioning was discovered by __________. a. Pavlov b. Watson

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c. Thorndike d. Skinner Answer a % correct 80 Answer a % correct 88

a= 80 b= 5 c= 8 d= 8 a= 88 b= 1 c= 3 d= 8

r = .20 r = .30

7. We associate the name of __________ most closely with classical conditioning. a. B. F. Skinner b. Robert Rescorla c. Albert Bandura d. Ivan Pavlov Answer d % correct 95 a= 5 b= 0 c= 0 d= 95 r = .25 Answer d % correct 99 a= 1 b= 0 c= 0 d= 99 r = .03 8. By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the presentation of the meat was the __________. a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response Answer a % correct 67 a= 67 b= 3 c= 6 d= 24 r = .35 Answer a % correct 74 a= 74 b= 4 c= 17 d= 4 r = .58 Answer a % correct 88 a= 88 b= 3 c= 7 d= 2 r = .42 9. By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the ringing of the bell was the __________. a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response Answer c % correct 89 a= 7 b= 2 c= 89 d= 2 r = .33 Answer c % correct 92 a= 5 b= 1 c= 92 d= 1 r = .22 10. By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, salivation to the meat was the __________. a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response Answer b % correct 74 a= 5 b= 74 c= 2 d= 19 r = .28 11. By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, salivation to the bell was the __________. a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response Answer d % correct 79 a= 3 b= 16 c= 2 d= 79 r = .46 12. When Ivan Pavlov presented meat powder, the dog salivated. The meat powder was the __________ and salivation was the __________. a. UCR; UCS b. UCS; UCR c. CS; CR d. CR; CS Answer b % correct 83 a= 2 b= 83 c= 15 d= 0 r = .34

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

13. An experiment finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he hears a certain piece of music. The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then plays the piece of music. The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone. In this situation, the UNCONDITIONED response is the __________. a. increased heartbeat b. piece of music c. sound of the buzzer d. listening to the music Answer a % correct 81 a= 81 b= 6 c= 4 d= 9 r = .23 14. Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the 12, indicating that it is noontime. This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast. In this example, the conditioned response is the __________. a. act of eating breakfast b. act of eating lunch c. counting of the number of hours since breakfast d. watching of the hands of the clock Answer b % correct 79 a= 1 b= 79 c= 0 d= 20 r = .35 15. Some of the simplest and most basic learning that involves the acquisition of fairly specific patterns of behaviors in the presence of well-defined stimuli is __________. a. motivation b. cognitive dissonance c. integration d. conditioning Answer d % correct 89 a= 3 b= 3 c= 4 d= 89 r = .30 16. What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur? a. unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response b. conditioned response and unconditioned response c. neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus d. neutral stimulus and conditioned stimulus Answer c % correct 38 a= 38 b= 8 c= 38 d= 16 r = .43 17. Josie has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Josie knows that this is classical conditioning and that the conditioned stimulus is the __________. a. cat food b. cat c. running of the cats d. cupboard door opening Answer d % correct 93 a= 6 b= 0 c= 1 d= 93 r = .23 18. Josie has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Josie knows that this is classical conditioning and that the unconditioned stimulus is the __________. a. cat food b. cat c. running of the cats d. cupboard door opening Answer a % correct 61 a= 61 b= 0 c= 6 d= 31 r = .49 Answer a % correct 74 a= 74 b= 0 c= 3 d= 23 r = .61

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 19. Josie has found that when she opens up the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Josie knows that this is classical conditioning, that the unconditioned stimulus is the __________ and that the conditioned stimulus is the __________. a. cat food; cupboard door opening b. kitchen; cat food c. cupboard door opening; cat food d. cat food; kitchen Answer a % correct 76 a= 76 b= 2 c= 20 d= 0 r = .26 20. Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)? a. blinking when air is blown into your eye b. blinking when you hear your favorite song c. your favorite song d. a puff of air to your eye Answer d % correct 67 a= 24 b= 1 c= 7 d= 67 r = .23 21. A research participant hears a tone followed by a puff of air directed toward his eye. Later, he blinks when he hears the tone. Before ending the experiment, what could the researcher do in order to extinguish the blinking to that tone? a. present the tone alone repeatedly b. present the puff of air alone repeatedly c. increase the loudness of the tone d. increase the amount of air that is directed toward the eye Answer a % correct 81 a= 81 b= 17 c= 1 d= 1 r = .37 22. When Maya opens the closet door to get some dog food, her dog salivates. What is the conditioned stimulus in this example? a. dog food b. the cat running c. the sound of the closet door opening d. the dog Answer c % correct 94 a= 3 b= 0 c= 94 d= 3 r = .21 23. Which of the following statements about classical conditioning is true? a. Most classical conditioning requires repeated trials. b. One trial is usually enough for conditioning to occur. c. Learning will continue to increase indefinitely. d. Learning is more effective if trials follow each other very quickly. Answer a % correct 83 a= 83 b= 3 c= 6 d= 9 r = .25 24. Instinctive or involuntary behavior would probably be BEST modified by __________. a. operant conditioning b. trial and error c. classical conditioning d. shaping Answer c % correct 57 a= 23 b= 3 c= 57 d= 16 r = .55 25. In classical conditioning, when a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response, the neutral stimulus eventually elicits a similar response or becomes a(n) __________ stimulus. a. conditioned b. discriminative c. higher-order d. unconditioned Answer a % correct 77 a= 77 b= 2 c= 7 d= 15 r = .40

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

26. How does one know that she or he has classically conditioned a person or an animal? a. The unconditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the unconditioned response. b. The unconditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the conditioned response. c. The conditioned stimulus all by itself elicits the conditioned response. d. The unconditioned response all by itself elicits the conditioned response. Answer c % correct 64 a= 11 b= 21 c= 64 d= 3 r = .35 27. Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning? a. A child learns to blink her eyes to the sound of a bell because the ringing of the bell has been followed by a puff of air to the eye. b. A pigeon learns to peck at a disk in a Skinner box to get food. c. Rich saw that when Donna banged her fist against a particular vending machine, she got a free soft drink, so now he bangs his fist against that machine when he wants a free soft drink. d. A monkey learns to escape from a cage. Answer a % correct 89 a= 89 b= 6 c= 3 d= 2 r = .47 28. Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Fourth of July festival, but at first pay just scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers. However, after just a few firecrackers have been exploded, some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the unconditioned stimulus? a. the person lighting the firecrackers b. the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers c. the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers d. the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode Answer b % correct 63 a= 26 b= 63 c= 8 d= 4 r = .41 29. Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Fourth of July festival, but at first pay scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers. However, after just a few firecrackers have been exploded, some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the conditioned stimulus? a. the person lighting the firecrackers b. the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers c. the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers d. the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode Answer a % correct 74 a= 74 b= 11 c= 15 d= 0 r = .36 30. Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Fourth of July festival, but at first pay scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers. However, after just a few firecrackers have been exploded, some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the unconditioned response? a. the person lighting the firecrackers b. the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers c. the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers d. the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode Answer d % correct 52 a= 6 b= 3 c= 38 d= 52 r = .47 31. Jack and Rose were parked at Lover’s Lane. When Jack kissed Rose, his breathing accelerated. Rose always wore Chanel No. 5 when she went out with Jack. Whenever Jack smelled Chanel No. 5, he began to breathe faster. Rose’s kiss was the __________. a. UCS b. UCR c. CS d. CR Answer a % correct 76 a= 76 b= 8 c= 10 d= 4 r = .35

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

32. Jack and Rose were parked at Lover’s Lane. When Jack kissed Rose, his breathing accelerated. Rose always wore Chanel No. 5 when she went out with Jack. Whenever Jack smelled Chanel No. 5, he began to breathe faster. Jack’s accelerated breathing when he and Rose kissed is the __________. a. UCS b. UCR c. CS d. CR Answer b % correct 79 a= 2 b= 79 c= 2 d= 18 r = .34 33. Jack and Rose were parked at Lover’s Lane. When Jack kissed Rose, his breathing accelerated. Rose always wore Chanel No. 5 when she went out with Jack. Whenever Jack smelled Chanel No. 5, he began to breathe faster. Chanel No. 5 is the __________. a. UCS b. UCR c. CS d. CR Answer c % correct 69 a= 26 b= 2 c= 69 d= 2 r = .33 34. Jack and Rose were parked at Lover’s Lane. When Jack kissed Rose, his breathing accelerated. Rose always wore Chanel No. 5 when she went out with Jack. Whenever Jack smelled Chanel No. 5, he began to breathe faster. Jack’s faster breathing rate when he smells Chanel No. 5 is the __________. a. UCS b. UCR c. CS d. CR Answer d % correct 70 a= 3 b= 20 c= 7 d= 70 r = .29 35. In classical conditioning, one must pair the __________ before conditioning can occur. a. UCS and CR b. UCS and CS c. CR and CS d. UCR and CR Answer b % correct 65 a= 15 b= 65 c= 15 d= 4 r = .45 36. Of the four basic elements of classical conditioning, the one the organism learns to respond to is the __________. a. UCS b. UCR c. CS d. CR Answer c % correct 69 a= 10 b= 3 c= 69 d= 18 r = .44 37. As she walked through her neighborhood, Posie, a 6-year-old girl, frequently saw a large brown dog. She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it, but as her hand approached the animal, it barked and bit her. The bite was painful and caused her to cry. Now Posie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size. In the example, the dog’s bark and bite are the __________. a. UCS b. CS c. UCR d. CR Answer a % correct 77 a= 77 b= 10 c= 1 d= 13 r = .40

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 38. As she walked through her neighborhood, Posie, a 6-year-old girl, frequently saw a large brown dog. She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it, but as her hand approached the animal, it barked and bit her. The bite was painful and caused her to cry. Now Posie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size. Posie’s crying when she sees dogs is the __________. a. UCS b. CS c. UCR d. CR Answer d % correct 78 a= 2 b= 2 c= 18 d= 78 r = .26 Answer d % correct 92 a= 0 b= 6 c= 2 d= 92 r = .21 39. As she walked through her neighborhood, Posie, a 6-year-old girl, frequently saw a large brown dog. She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it, but as her hand approached the animal, it barked and bit her. The bite was painful and caused her to cry. Now Posie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size. The sight of dogs is the __________. a. UCS b. CS c. UCR d. CR Answer b % correct 54 a= 18 b= 54 c= 8 d= 21 r = .53 40. In classical conditioning, the stimulus that normally evokes an automatic response even without new learning is called the __________ stimulus. a. conditioned b. reflexive c. unconditioned d. orienting Answer c % correct 84 a= 10 b= 5 c= 84 d= 0 r = .37 41. When Luke kissed Laura, her heart rate increased. Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave. Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice, her heart raced. Luke’s kiss was the __________. a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response Answer a % correct 71 a= 71 b= 3 c= 22 d= 4 r = .28 42. When Luke kissed Laura, her heart rate increased. Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave. Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice, her heart raced. Laura’s increased heart rate when Luke kissed her was the __________. a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response Answer b % correct 61 a= 5 b= 61 c= 4 d= 30 r = .41 43. When Luke kissed Laura, her heart rate increased. Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave. Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice, her heart raced. Old Spice After Shave was the __________. a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response Answer c % correct 80 a= 2 b= 11 c= 80 d= 6 r = .32 44. When Luke kissed Laura, her heart rate increased. Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave. Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice, her heart raced. Laura’s increased heart rate when she smelled Old Spice was the __________.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response Answer d % correct 77

a= 11 b= 1 c= 11 d= 77

r = .39

45. In classical conditioning, one must be sure to pair the __________. a. UCS and CS b. UCS and UCR c. CS and CR d. CS and UCR Answer a % correct 72 a= 72 b= 6 c= 8 d= 14 r = .40 46. Pairing the UCS and CS is essential for __________ to occur. a. extinction b. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning d. shaping Answer b % correct 92 a= 1 b= 92 c= 4 d= 3 r = .31 47. An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he sees a picture of a nude female. The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then presents such a picture. The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone. In this situation, the UNCONDITIONED response is the __________. a. increased heartbeat b. female’s picture c. sound of the buzzer d. viewing of the picture Answer a % correct 79 a= 79 b= 10 c= 4 d= 7 r = .41 48. An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he sees a picture of a nude female. The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then presents such a picture. The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone. In this situation, the CONDITIONED response is the __________. a. increased heartbeat b. female’s picture c. sound of the buzzer d. viewing of the picture Answer a % correct 91 a= 91 b= 1 c= 6 d= 2 r = .21

STIMULUS GENERALIZATION AND DISCRIMINATION 49. Which two learning processes seem to be opposites? a. acquisition and generalization b. discrimination and extinction c. discrimination and generalization d. acquisition and discrimination Answer c % correct 65 a= 9 b= 5 c= 65 d= 21

r = .52

50. A pigeon learns to peck only at a red disk. It will not peck at an identical disk of any other color. This illustrates the concept of __________. a. extinction b. discrimination

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c. avoidance training d. desensitization Answer b % correct 82 Answer b % correct 85

a= 1 b= 82 c= 11 d= 6 r = .43 a= 1 b= 85 c= 9 d= 5 r = .32

51. As she walked through her neighborhood, Posie, a 6-year-old girl, frequently saw a large brown dog. She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it, but as her hand approached the animal, it barked and bit her. The bite was painful and caused her to cry. Posie now cries when she sees any dog—big or small, brown or black, etc. This illustrates which of the following concepts? a. generalization b. discrimination c. extinction d. spontaneous recovery Answer a % correct 89 a= 89 b= 10 c= 0 d= 2 r = .30 52. Stimulus discrimination __________. a. is a response followed by a reinforcer b. occurs when responses are made to stimuli that are similar to the original CS c. is the removal of a stimulus d. occurs when responses are made to certain stimuli, but not to others Answer d % correct 74 a= 0 b= 25 c= 1 d= 74 r = .34 53. When a CR has been conditioned to a particular stimulus, the organism will also tend to make the CR in response to similar stimuli. This phenomenon is called __________. a. discrimination b. spread of effect c. generalization d. response shifting Answer c % correct 93 a= 0 b= 4 c= 93 d= 3 r = .38 54. Raj’s heart has been conditioned to beat rapidly whenever he smells Windsong perfume on a woman. However, Raj’s heart also races when he smells Chanel No. 5 and other perfumes. This illustrates __________. a. stimulus generalization b. discrimination c. extinction d. spontaneous recovery Answer a % correct 91 a= 91 b= 7 c= 0 d= 2 r = .21 55. The process of learning to respond only to a single specific object or event is called __________. a. extinction b. inhibition c. stimulus generalization d. discrimination Answer d % correct 81 a= 1 b= 5 c= 13 d= 81 r = .57 56. Reacting to a stimulus that is similar to the one you have learned to react to is called __________. a. stimulus generalization b. response generalization c. higher-order conditioning d. modeling Answer a % correct 72 a= 72 b= 21 c= 2 d= 4 r = .42 57. If a dog salivates when it sees a green light or a yellow light, it is exhibiting __________. a. generalization

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b. discrimination c. higher-order conditioning d. extinction Answer a % correct 71

a= 71 b= 6 c= 22 d= 1

r = .35

58. The spread of conditioning to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus is called __________. a. associative linkage b. generalization c. higher-order conditioning d. spontaneous recovery Answer b % correct 70 a= 8 b= 70 c= 17 d= 4 r = .42 59. Of the following phenomena, which one best explains the spreading of phobias to objects similar to the one to which the phobia was originally acquired? a. discrimination b. extinction c. generalization d. spontaneous recovery Answer c % correct 89 a= 8 b= 1 c= 89 d= 2 r = .38 60. Harper’s heart rate has been conditioned to increase whenever she smells Old Spice After Shave. However, Harper’s heart also races to the aroma of Brut and English Leather. This reaction is known as __________. a. shaping b. stimulus generalization c. operant conditioning d. discrimination Answer b % correct 93 a= 5 b= 93 c= 2 d= 1 r = .46 61. Stimulus generalization occurs __________. a. only when a response is followed by a reinforcer b. only to those with a high capacity to learn c. after extinction d. when a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli similar to the CS Answer d % correct 95 a= 3 b= 0 c= 2 d= 95 r = .22 62. Reacting to a stimulus that is similar to the one that you have learned to react to is called __________. a. stimulus generalization b. response generalization c. higher-order conditioning d. modeling Answer a % correct 51 a= 51 b= 44 c= 2 d=3 r = .39 63. When a stimulus similar to the CS also elicits the CR, the phenomenon is called __________. a. stimulus discrimination b. stimulus generalization c. spontaneous recovery d. second-order conditioning Answer b % correct 85 a= 4 b= 85 c= 5 d= 6 r = .46 64. The opposite of stimulus generalization is __________. a. stimulus discrimination b. unconditioned stimulus c. conditioned stimulus d. response generalization

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer a

% correct 90

a= 90 b= 1 c= 0 d= 9

r = .32

65. The process of learning to respond only to a single specific object or event is called __________. a. extinction b. inhibition c. stimulus generalization d. discrimination Answer d % correct 77 a= 2 b= 12 c= 9 d= 77 r = .45 66. Corky’s mouth waters when he sees Ball Park Franks, but not when he sees other brands of franks. This response is an example of __________. a. extinction b. discrimination c. generalization d. intelligence Answer b % correct 96 a= 1 b= 96 c= 3 d= 0 r = .32 67. Evelyn is conditioned to fear white rats. Soon after, she also begins to fear white cats, white dogs, and white rabbits. Her new, unconditioned fears result from __________. a. modeling b. discrimination c. response generalization d. stimulus generalization Answer d % correct 82 a= 1 b= 5 c= 12 d= 82 r = .38 68. Malik originally feared great heights, such as standing on top of tall buildings. Now he has also developed fears of flying in airplanes, standing on ladders, and even watching high-wire artists perform. These new fears are probably the result of __________. a. modeling b. discrimination c. stimulus generalization d. response generalization Answer c % correct 63 a= 3 b= 4 c= 63 d=30 r = .27 69. A child who calls all four-legged animals “dogs” is exhibiting __________. a. simplification b. response generalization c. stimulus generalization d. equipotentiality Answer c % correct 44 a= 17 b= 39 c= 44 d= 0 r = .32

EXTINCTION AND SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY 70. Repeatedly presenting a CS by itself will result in __________. a. extinction b. spontaneous recovery c. stimulus discrimination d. stimulus generalization Answer a % correct 76 a= 76 b= 5 c= 12 d= 7 r = .46 Answer a % correct 82 a= 82 b= 2 c= 11 d= 5 r = .43 71. New learning that works in the opposite direction from the original learning results in __________. a. shaping

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b. generalization c. spontaneous recovery d. extinction Answer d % correct 66

a= 16 b= 12 c= 5 d= 66

r = .43

72. If a rat has learned to press a lever to obtain pellets of food and, all of a sudden, the response permanently ceases to produce any food, then __________ will occur. a. shaping b. discrimination c. generalization d. extinction Answer d % correct 94 a= 1 b= 3 c= 2 d= 94 r = .24 73. When a CS is repeatedly presented by itself, __________ will occur. a. generalization b. discrimination c. extinction d. stimulus substitution Answer c % correct 81 a= 6 b= 8 c= 81 d= 5 r = .46 74. The process of presenting the conditioned stimulus alone so often that the learner no longer associates it with the unconditioned stimulus and stops making the conditioned response is called __________. a. extinction b. generalization c. spontaneous recovery d. shaping Answer a % correct 86 a= 86 b= 3 c= 3 d= 8 r = .45 Answer a % correct 91 a= 91 b= 4 c= 2 d= 3 r = .39 75. Once conditioning has been acquired, presenting just the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus produces __________. a. extinction b. generalization c. a new conditioned response d. spontaneous recovery Answer a % correct 45 a= 45 b= 18 c= 24 d= 12 r = .33 76. Spontaneous recovery __________. a. occurs before the pairing of the CS and UCS b. occurs after a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement c. is an unlearned response d. can occur once a response has been extinguished Answer d % correct 81 a= 4 b= 6 c= 9 d= 81 r = .38

5.3 Classical Conditioning Applied to Human Behavior 77. Who was Little Albert? a. developer of the concept of classical conditioning b. an animal trained by using operant conditioning procedures c. creator of methods for teaching children d. a child who developed a fear as part of a demonstration of classical conditioning Answer d % correct 98 a= 0 b= 2 c= 0 d= 98 r = .25

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 78. Little Albert (Watson & Rayner, 1920) learned through classical conditioning to fear __________. a. brown cats b. black dogs c. white rats d. his mother Answer c % correct 97 a= 1 b= 1 c= 97 d= 1 r = .24 79. In the experiment with Little Albert, the unconditioned stimulus was the __________. a. experimenter b. laboratory c. loud noise d. rat Answer c % correct 57 a= 2 b= 4 c= 57 d= 37 r = .31 80. In the experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned stimulus was __________. a. Albert b. the rat c. the loud noise d. the laboratory room Answer b % correct 63 a= 1 b= 63 c= 36 d= 0 r = .49 81. In the experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned stimulus was the __________. a. experimenter b. laboratory c. loud noise d. rat Answer d % correct 49 a= 2 b= 0 c= 49 d= 49 r = .19 82. In the experiment with Little Albert, the unconditioned response was fear of the __________. a. loud noise b. rat c. experimenter d. laboratory Answer a % correct 66 a= 66 b= 31 c= 0 d= 2 r = .51 83. One of the best-known examples of classical conditioning in humans was the Little Albert study, conducted by __________. a. Pavlov b. Freud c. Watson d. Skinner Answer c % correct 82 a= 5 b= 4 c= 82 d= 9 r = .25 84. In the classic study of fear conditioning in a human infant (the “Albert” experiment), what was the CS? a. the rat b. the rabbit c. the loud noise d. the crying response Answer a % correct 63 a= 63 b= 1 c= 34 d= 2 r = .39 85. In the classic study of fear conditioning in a human infant (the “Albert” experiment), what was the UCS? a. the rat b. the rabbit c. the loud noise

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d. the crying response Answer c % correct 66

a= 30 b= 3 c= 66 d= 1

r = .42

86. Taste aversions seem to be specific examples of what type of learning? a. classical conditioning b. insight learning c. vicarious learning d. operant conditioning Answer a % correct 38 a= 38 b= 8 c= 7 d= 47 r = .20 87. Felix is coming down with the flu, but he eats spaghetti anyway and subsequently becomes violently ill. A month later he sees that spaghetti is being served in the dining hall and is overcome by nausea. What type of learning is illustrated by this episode? a. operant conditioning b. cognitive learning c. latent learning d. classical conditioning Answer d % correct 55 a= 19 b= 5 c= 21 d= 55 r = .44

5.4–5.9 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning 5.4 The Contributions of Thorndike and Skinner 88. Emitted, voluntary behavior is BEST modified by __________. a. operant conditioning b. trial and error c. classical conditioning d. extinction Answer a % correct 77 a= 77 b= 3 c= 14 d= 6 r = .37 89. Which of the following is an example of a behavior that is learned through operant conditioning? a. blinking in response to a flash of light b. studying in order to get a teacher’s approval c. sneezing in response to dust d. pulling one’s hand away from a flame Answer b % correct 72 a= 8 b= 72 c= 4 d= 16 r = .34 90. Thorndike was known for his work with __________. a. a puzzle box b. modeling c. monkeys d. a Skinner box Answer a % correct 77 a= 77 b= 16 c= 4 d= 1 r = .29 91. Thorndike’s main apparatus in his operant conditioning research was a __________. a. wire monkey b. cognitive map c. puzzle box d. buzzer Answer c % correct 65 a= 3 b= 19 c= 65 d= 13 r = .25 92. The person MOST closely associated with the law of effect is __________. a. Thorndike

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b. Pavlov c. Watson d. Skinner Answer a

% correct 60

a= 60 b= 7 c= 11 d= 20

r = .48

93. Who formulated the law of effect? a. Pavlov b. Skinner c. Thorndike d. Watson Answer c % correct 80 a= 5 b= 11 c= 80 d= 4

r = .41

94. The law of effect was proposed by __________. a. Titchener b. Watson c. Skinner d. Thorndike Answer d % correct 49 a= 15 b= 9 c= 26 d= 49

r = .20

95. The “law of effect” was first proposed in the modern scientific community by __________. a. James b. Skinner c. Thorndike d. Pavlov Answer c % correct 83 a= 2 b= 14 c= 83 d= 1 r = .20 96. According to the law of effect, a behavior is MOST likely to be stamped in, or repeated, when it is __________. a. ignored b. preceded by reinforcement c. followed by reinforcement d. accompanied by a neutral stimulus Answer c % correct 96 a= 0 b= 1 c= 96 d= 3 r = .25 97. The fact that a reward will increase the future likelihood of a response that produced it is known as the __________. a. discrimination principle b. law of practice c. law of effect d. Premack principle Answer c % correct 78 a= 2 b= 0 c= 78 d= 20 r = .27 98. A woodchuck tries to crack a walnut shell in two different ways—with his paws and with his teeth. The latter method worked and the former did not; hence, the woodchuck will be more likely to rely on his teeth for splitting the next nut. This observation illustrates the __________. a. discrimination principle b. law of practice c. law of effect d. Premack principle Answer c % correct 62 a= 21 b= 3 c= 62 d= 14 r = .24 99. The person most directly associated with operant conditioning is __________. a. Pavlov b. Watson c. Thorndike

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d. Skinner Answer d

% correct 81

a= 5 b= 8 c= 5 d= 81

r = .29

100. Classical is to __________ as operant is to __________. a. Pavlov; Skinner b. Skinner; Pavlov c. Pavlov; Watson d. Watson; Pavlov Answer a % correct 79 a= 79 b= 11 c= 9 d= 1 r = .41 Answer a % correct 96 a= 96 b= 2 c= 1 d= 1 r = .33 101. Thorndike is to __________ as Skinner is to __________. a. reinforcement; law of effect b. law of effect; reinforcement c. reinforcement; punishment d. positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement Answer b % correct 79 a= 9 b= 79 c= 7 d= 5 r = .45 102. B. F. Skinner is known for his theory of __________. a. cognitive learning b. intelligence c. classical conditioning d. operant conditioning Answer d % correct 70 a= 19 b= 2 c= 8 d= 70 r = .35 103. The apparatus that has come to symbolize the theory of operant conditioning is the __________. a. Rubik’s cube b. Skinner box c. Pavlov bell d. Thorndike puzzle Answer b % correct 84 a= 1 b= 84 c= 9 d= 5 r = .32 104. The learning process studied in the Skinner box is known as __________. a. social learning b. higher-order conditioning c. cognitive learning d. operant conditioning Answer d % correct 85 a= 2 b= 5 c= 8 d= 85 r = .31

5.5 The Concept of Reinforcement 105 A grandmother gives her grandson a cookie because the child tidied up his playroom. What is the cookie in this example? a. conditioned response b. punisher c. positive reinforcer d. negative reinforcer Answer c % correct 99 a= 0 b= 0 c= 99 d= 1 r = .02 106. A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is __________ and thus __________ the probability of a response. a. removed; increases b. presented; decreases c. removed; decreases

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d. presented; increases Answer a % correct 59

a= 59 b= 18 c= 15 d= 9

r = .45

107. Asher is praised for using his fork instead of his fingers to eat some spaghetti. This is an example of __________ reinforcement. a. positive b. extrinsic c. higher-order d. secondary Answer a % correct 86 a= 86 b= 0 c= 1 d= 13 r = .30 108. A reinforcer that removes something unpleasant from a situation is a __________ reinforcer. a. primary b. positive c. negative d. secondary Answer c % correct 85 a= 2 b= 11 c= 85 d= 1 r = .30 109. Hermione was given a $1,000 raise after her last performance evaluation. Her raise is a __________. a. primary reinforcer b. punisher c. negative reinforcer d. secondary reinforcer Answer d % correct 60 a= 39 b= 0 c= 2 d= 60 r = .34 110. A positive reinforcer is a stimulus that is __________ and thus __________ the probability of a response. a. removed; decreases b. presented; increases c. presented; decreases d. removed; increases Answer b % correct 96 a= 2 b= 96 c= 1 d= 1 r = .26 111. Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer? a. a bar of candy b. warm, physical contact c. money d. a drink of water Answer c % correct 66 a= 12 b= 20 c= 66 d= 3

r = .25

112. Nagging someone to do something until she or he does it is an example of __________. a. negative reinforcement b. aversive conditioning c. punishment d. positive reinforcement Answer a % correct 61 a= 61 b= 29 c= 1 d= 9 r = .22 113. A reinforcer that adds something rewarding to a situation is called a(n) __________ reinforcer. a. positive b. additive c. primary d. secondary Answer a % correct 99 a= 99 b= 0 c= 0 d= 1 r = .05 114. When someone uses negative reinforcement to change a behavior, the behavior is likely to __________. a. occur less frequently

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b. occur more frequently c. occur at the same rate d. completely stop Answer b % correct 53

a= 38 b= 53 c= 1 d= 9

r = .41

115. Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer? a. water b. a thank-you letter c. a smile from a loved one d. money Answer a % correct 89 a= 89 b= 0 c= 5 d= 6 r = .53 116. Wearing sunglasses ALL THE TIME because people tell you they make you look “irresistible” is an example of which of the types of punishment and reinforcement? a. aversive punishment b. negative reinforcement c. positive reinforcement d. response cost Answer c % correct 79 a= 12 b= 2 c= 79 d= 6 r = .40 117. Negative reinforcement is best thought of as __________. a. reinforcement for an undesirable activity b. punishment c. something that was predicted to serve as reinforcement but did not do so d. stimuli whose termination or removal increases behavior Answer d % correct 79 a= 10 b= 11 c= 0 d= 79 r = .52 118. Putting on sunglasses to relieve glare is an example of which of the types of punishment and reinforcement? a. aversive punishment b. negative reinforcement c. positive reinforcement d. response cost Answer b % correct 34 a= 8 b= 34 c= 51 d= 5 r = .37 119. To avoid getting a headache, Amelia always lets her dog outside when it sits by the door and howls. This is an example of which type of punishment or reinforcement? a. aversive punishment b. negative reinforcement c. positive reinforcement d. response cost Answer b % correct 52 a= 8 b= 52 c= 38 d= 1 r = .36 120. Training a rat to push a lever to escape from an electric shock is an example of __________. a. aversive punishment b. negative reinforcement c. positive reinforcement d. response cost Answer b % correct 78 a= 12 b= 78 c= 9 d= 0 r = .31 121. Positive reinforcers __________. a. weaken behaviors they follow b. are always learned c. strengthen behaviors they follow d. are always unlearned

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer c

% correct 96

a= 3 b= 1 c= 96 d= 0

r = .22

122. Which of the following statements about positive reinforcers is accurate? a. They are used in negative reinforcement. b. They weaken behaviors that they follow. c. They strengthen behaviors that they follow. d. They strengthen behaviors that lead to their removal. Answer c % correct 91 a= 1 b= 2 c= 91 d= 5 r = .33 123. If a POSITIVE REINFORCER is added after a behavior and the behavior is strengthened/increased, the process used is called __________. a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. extinction d. punishment Answer b % correct 93 a= 2 b= 93 c= 2 d= 3 r = .41 124. Which of the following is a primary reinforcer? a. grades b. water c. money d. recognition Answer b % correct 53 a= 11 b= 53 c= 20 d= 16 125. Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer? a. water b. food c. grades d. physical support Answer c % correct 83 a= 1 b= 2 c= 83 d= 14

r = .33

r = .27

126. Anything that increases the likelihood that a behavior will increase is called a(n) __________. a. aversive control b. punishment c. antecedent d. reinforcer Answer d % correct 97 a= 2 b= 0 c= 1 d= 97 r = .25 127. Anything that increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur more frequently is called a(n) __________. a. aversive control b. punishment c. antecedent d. reinforcer Answer d % correct 99 a= 1 b= 0 c= 0 d= 99 r = .26 128. A reinforcer that adds something rewarding to a situation is called a __________ reinforcer. a. positive b. negative c. primary d. secondary Answer a % correct 87 a= 87 b= 0 c= 9 d= 4 r = .21 129. A reinforcer that removes something unpleasant from a situation is called a __________ reinforcer. a. positive

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b. negative c. primary d. secondary Answer b % correct 80 Answer b % correct 88

a= 15 b= 80 c= 0 d= 5 a= 11 b= 88 c= 0 d= 1

r = .44 r = .47

130. The 5-year-old of two very busy parents has been throwing tantrums. Whenever the child goes off the deep end, one or both of his parents immediately come to his side and fuss over and cajole him. Nevertheless, his tantrums do not diminish; they even seem to increase. We may assume that his parents’ fussing over him serves as a __________. a. negative reinforcer b. punisher c. positive reinforcer d. model Answer c % correct 70 a= 26 b= 1 c= 70 d= 3 r = .42 131. Finn is scolded for using his fingers instead of his fork to eat some spaghetti. The scolding stops when he picks up his fork. This is an example of __________ reinforcement. a. positive b. negative c. tertiary d. secondary Answer b % correct 68 a= 30 b= 68 c= 0 d= 2 r = .36 132. Which of the following is a primary reinforcer? a. money b. a bar of candy c. a buzzer d. poker chips Answer b % correct 74 a= 21 b= 74 c= 3 d= 0

r = .55

133. Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer? a. money b. a bar of candy c. attention d. a drink of water Answer a % correct 83 a= 83 b= 9 c= 7 d= 1

r = .45

134. Which of the following would be classified as a secondary reinforcer? a. a sandwich b. the word “good” c. reduction of pain d. a drink of soda Answer b % correct 74 a= 1 b= 74 c= 22 d= 3 r = .20 135. Which of the following is a primary reinforcer? a. a sandwich b. praise c. money d. grades Answer a % correct 77 a= 77 b= 15 c= 5 d= 3

r = .52

136. When the removal of an event increases the likelihood of a prior response, __________ has occurred. a. positive reinforcement

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b. negative reinforcement c. positive punishment d. negative punishment Answer b % correct 71

a= 10 b= 71 c= 10 d= 9

r = .49

137. The Internal Revenue Service threatens Chloe with a penalty if she fails to pay her back taxes. She pays, and the threat is withdrawn. In the future, she is more prompt in meeting her obligation. This is an example of the use of __________ to control behavior. a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. positive punishment d. negative punishment Answer b % correct 61 a= 6 b= 61 c= 13 d= 20 r = .36 138. Which of the following is a conditioned positive reinforcer? a. money b. sex c. food d. warmth Answer a % correct 66 a= 66 b= 4 c= 20 d= 11 r = .47 139. Which of the following is a primary reinforcer? a. grades b. water c. money d. recognition Answer b % correct 88 a= 3 b= 88 c= 5 d= 5

r = .46

140. Negative reinforcement is negative in the sense that __________. a. a consequence stimulus is delivered in a negative manner b. it results in the removal of the behavior c. the behavior results in the removal of a negative reinforcer d. the behavior is decreased/weakened Answer c % correct 50 a= 23 b= 15 c= 50 d= 12 r = .39 141. Aunt Bea gave Opie fried chicken livers every time he made his bed. Opie began making his bed more often than he used to. In this example, chicken livers are a __________ reinforcer. a. neutral b. negative c. secondary d. primary Answer d % correct 86 a= 2 b= 2 c= 10 d= 86 r = .26 142. Research suggests that delayed reinforcement is __________ immediate reinforcement. a. much more effective than b. slightly more effective than c. equally effective as d. less effective than Answer d % correct 89 a= 7 b= 2 c= 0 d= 89 r = .23

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 5.6 Schedules of Reinforcement: Why the One-Armed Bandit Is so Seductive 143. You have a quiz in your psychology class every Friday. Your studying for quizzes is reinforced on what type of schedule? a. fixed ratio b. fixed interval c. variable ratio d. variable interval Answer b % correct 82 a= 13 b= 82 c= 1 d= 4 r = .23 144. Which schedule of reinforcement is programmed into slot machines? a. fixed ratio b. variable interval c. variable ratio d. fixed interval Answer c % correct 67 a= 7 b= 21 c= 67 d= 4 r = .40 145. On a fixed interval schedule, reinforcement is given for the __________. a. first correct response after a fixed amount of time has passed b. first correct response after varying amounts of time have passed c. next correct response after a fixed number of responses have occurred d. next correct response after a varying number of responses have occurred Answer a % correct 84 a= 84 b= 4 c= 10 d= 2 r = .35 Answer a % correct 86 a= 86 b= 3 c= 10 d= 0 r = .30 146. On a variable interval schedule, reinforcement is given for the __________. a. first correct response after a fixed amount of time has passed b. first correct response after varying amounts of time have passed c. next correct response after a fixed number of responses have occurred d. next correct response after a varying number of responses have occurred Answer b % correct 72 a= 6 b= 72 c= 3 d= 18 r = .49 Answer b % correct 84 a= 1 b= 84 c= 3 d= 13 r = .34 147. On a fixed ratio schedule, reinforcement is given for the __________. a. first correct response after randomly varying amounts of time have passed b. next correct response after a fixed number of responses have been made c. first correct response after a fixed amount of time has passed d. next correct response after a varying number of responses have been made Answer b % correct 81 a= 1 b= 81 c= 18 d= 1 r = .32 Answer b % correct 82 a= 3 b= 82 c= 14 d= 2 r = .44 148. On a variable ratio schedule, reinforcement is given for the __________. a. first correct response after a fixed amount of time has passed b. first correct response after varying amounts of time have passed c. next correct response after a fixed number of responses have been made d. next correct response after a varying number of responses have been made Answer d % correct 77 a= 1 b= 19 c= 3 d= 77 r = .37 149. The schedule of reinforcement that yields the slowest increase in a behavior and the fastest extinction of the behavior when the schedule is stopped is __________. a. variable ratio b. continuous reinforcement c. partial reinforcement d. fixed interval Answer b % correct 22 a= 30 b= 22 c= 29 d= 18 r = .20

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

150. A very high rate of responding is produced by a __________ schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio Answer d % correct 36 a= 11 b= 29 c= 24 d= 36 r = .21 151. Willow doesn’t like her psychology class because the instructor uses unannounced pop exams to test the class. As a result, she never knows when she will be tested. Willow’s instructor is testing her on a __________ schedule. a. fixed ratio b. fixed interval c. variable ratio d. variable interval Answer d % correct 79 a= 0 b= 2 c= 17 d= 79 r = .23 152. Noelle’s favorite activity is to go to Las Vegas and play the slot machines. Her gambling behavior is being reinforced on a __________ schedule. a. fixed ratio b. fixed interval c. variable ratio d. variable interval Answer c % correct 48 a= 11 b= 8 c= 48 d= 33 r = .30 Answer c % correct 65 a= 12 b= 11 c= 65 d= 13 r = .56 153. Five-year-old Jasper is helping get ready for his family’s Thanksgiving dinner by polishing the good silverware. If his mother gives him a dime for each piece he polishes, what kind of reinforcement schedule is she using? a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio Answer b % correct 78 a= 17 b= 78 c= 2 d= 3 r = .45 154. Luna sees a sign on a farmer’s fence that reads: HELP ME PICK STRAWBERRIES! FOR EVERY 5 QUARTS YOU PICK, KEEP ONE FOR YOURSELF. If Luna decides to pick strawberries for this farmer, she would be under a __________ schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio Answer b % correct 87 a= 8 b= 87 c= 1 d= 4 r = .24 155. The only vending machine in your dorm is notorious for delivering its merchandise only occasionally when people put money in it. This is most similar to a __________ schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio Answer d % correct 42 a= 2 b= 2 c= 54 d= 42 r = .45 156. Your calculus professor informed you at the beginning of the term that you will have eight tests—but they will all be unannounced. This is most similar to a __________ reinforcement schedule. a. fixed interval

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio Answer c % correct 71

a= 6 b= 5 c= 71 d= 17

r = .21

157. Maisie spends a lot of time at the race track betting on ponies, and occasionally she wins. The frequency of her betting is controlled by which of the following? a. fixed ratio schedules b. a continuous reinforcement schedule c. a partial schedule of reinforcement d. luck Answer c % correct 80 a= 7 b= 5 c= 80 d= 8 r = .32 158. An infant who is fed every 4 hours is on a schedule that is SIMILAR to which of the following? a. fixed ratio b. variable ratio c. fixed interval d. variable interval Answer c % correct 87 a= 10 b= 0 c= 87 d= 3 r = .42 159. A person receiving a monthly salary is on a __________. a. continuous reinforcement schedule b. fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement c. fixed interval schedule of reinforcement d. variable ratio schedule of reinforcement Answer c % correct 81 a= 7 b= 11 c= 81 d= 1 r = .32 160. On a fixed ratio schedule, reinforcement is given __________. a. for correct responses after randomly varying amounts of time have passed b. after a specific number of responses are given c. for the first correct response after a specific amount of time has passed d. after a randomly varying number of responses are given Answer b % correct 79 a= 8 b= 79 c= 2 d= 11 r = .24 161. On a fixed interval schedule, reinforcement is given __________. a. for the first correct response after a specific amount of time has passed b. for correct responses after randomly varying amounts of time have passed c. after a specific number of responses are given d. after a randomly varying number of responses are given Answer a % correct 74 a= 74 b= 8 c= 18 d= 0 r = .42 162. On a variable ratio schedule, reinforcement is given __________. a. for the first correct response after a specific amount of time has passed b. for correct responses after randomly varying amounts of time have passed c. after a specific number of responses are given d. after a randomly varying number of responses are given Answer d % correct 57 a= 7 b= 28 c= 8 d= 57 r = .37 163. On a variable interval schedule, reinforcement is given __________. a. for the first correct response after a specific amount of time has passed b. for correct responses after randomly varying amounts of time have passed c. after a specific number of responses are given d. after a randomly varying number of responses are given Answer b % correct 67 a= 13 b= 67 c= 3 d= 17 r = .35

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

164. Zeke, a Web designer, is paid a salary every 2 weeks. Zeke is being reinforced on a __________ schedule. a. fixed ratio b. fixed interval c. variable ratio d. variable interval Answer b % correct 81 a= 15 b= 81 c= 1 d= 3 r = .25 165. Louis, a luxury car dealer, is paid by commission. For every car Louis sells, he gets 10 percent of the profits. Louis is being reinforced on a __________ schedule. a. fixed ratio b. fixed interval c. variable ratio d. variable interval Answer a % correct 53 a= 53 b= 3 c= 32 d= 12 r = .33 166. Alexa is trying to figure out how she can BEST use employee pay to shape her employees’ behavior. She is worried about consistent behavior, not speed. Therefore, she is interested in getting a slow but steady rate of response from her workers. According to reinforcement principles, she should probably use a __________ schedule. a. fixed ratio b. fixed interval c. variable ratio d. variable interval Answer d % correct 48 a= 13 b= 10 c= 29 d= 48 r = .30 167. Alexa is trying to figure out how she can BEST use employee pay to shape her employees’ behavior. She is interested in short-term productivity (speed), not consistency, long-term productivity, or employee turnover. According to reinforcement theory, she should probably use a __________ schedule. a. fixed ratio b. fixed interval c. variable ratio d. variable interval Answer a % correct 32 a= 32 b= 20 c= 28 d= 21 r = .21 168. If Min-jun was praised every fourth time he collected rocks without throwing them, his behavior would be on which schedule of reinforcement? a. variable ratio b. fixed interval c. fixed ratio d. variable interval Answer c % correct 69 a= 4 b= 26 c= 69 d= 2 r = .35 169. The __________ schedule of reinforcement reinforces the first correct response after a constant interval of time has elapsed. a. fixed ratio b. variable ratio c. fixed interval d. variable interval Answer c % correct 82 a= 9 b= 1 c= 82 d= 8 r = .21

5.7 The Role of Punishment in Operant Conditioning 170. Any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur is __________.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a. a secondary reinforcer b. an aversive stimulus c. punishment d. negative reinforcement Answer c % correct 59

a= 6 b= 10 c= 59 d= 26

r = .47

171. What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response? a. positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. punishment d. positive reinforcement Answer c % correct 64 a= 4 b= 29 c= 64 d= 2 r = .40 172. The presentation of an aversive stimulus following a particular operant response is called __________. a. negative reinforcement b. discrimination training c. aversion conditioning d. punishment Answer d % correct 60 a= 21 b= 6 c= 13 d= 60 r = .38 173. Which of the following is an example of punishment? a. taking away a child’s favorite toy for hitting another child b. removing a penalty you imposed on a child after he began acting better c. giving a child a star for telling a lie d. giving a child a cookie for cleaning her room Answer a % correct 98 a= 99 b= 0 c= 0 d= 1 r = .01 174. Billy throws rocks. Each time he throws a rock, he is immediately spanked. Spanking is a __________. a. positive reinforcer b. negative reinforcer c. secondary reinforcer d. punishment Answer d % correct 78 a= 5 b= 16 c= 0 d= 78 r = .42 175. Which of the following statements regarding punishment is true? a. Punishment does not always work. b. The effectiveness of punishment depends solely on its force. c. Punishment should be applied intermittently. d. Punishment usually enhances the learning process. Answer a % correct 75 a= 75 b= 3 c= 8 d= 14 r = .29 176. When someone uses negative reinforcement to change a behavior, the behavior is likely to __________. a. decrease b. increase c. remain the same d. completely stop Answer b % correct 42 a= 44 b= 42 c= 6 d= 8 r = .29 177. When someone uses punishment to change a behavior, the behavior is likely to __________. a. decrease b. increase c. remain the same d. generalize Answer a % correct 93 a= 93 b= 4 c= 1 d= 2 r = .27

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

5.8 Other Aspects of Operant Conditioning 178. Freddie has just recently delighted his parents because he learned to call his father “daddy.” However, it has now become an embarrassment to his mother when she takes Freddie out with her because he keeps calling other men “daddy.” This is an example of __________. a. associative linkage b. generalization c. higher-order conditioning d. spontaneous recovery Answer b % correct 83 a= 12 b= 83 c= 4 d= 0 r = .34

5.9 Applications of Operant Conditioning: Shaping and Behavior Modification 179. Operant conditioning assumes that __________. a. events that follow behavior affect whether the behavior is repeated in the future b. one’s mental processes (e.g., memory and perception) mediate what behaviors one does in a situation c. voluntary behaviors are reflexive d. one learns by watching others’ behavior Answer a % correct 55 a= 55 b= 16 c= 10 d= 19 r = .47 180. Shaping is achieved through __________. a. discrimination training b. generalization c. higher-order conditioning d. successive approximations Answer d % correct 45 a= 24 b= 7 c= 23 d= 45

r = .55

181. When you were first learning to make your bed, your parents told you that you did a good job when you got the bedspread pulled up, even though the bed was still a little messy. For the next week they showed you how to be a little neater each time you made the bed. What operant conditioning procedure did your parents use? a. generalization b. extinction c. shaping d. punishment Answer c % correct 97 a= 2 b= 1 c= 97 d= 0 r = .20 182. To teach a tiger to jump through a flaming hoop, the tiger is first reinforced for jumping up on a certain pedestal, then for leaping from that pedestal to another. Next, the tiger has to jump through a hoop between the pedestals to get the reward. Finally, the hoop is set afire and the tiger must jump through it to get the reward. This is an example of __________. a. modeling b. shaping c. negative reinforcement d. secondary learning Answer b % correct 91 a= 4 b= 91 c= 1 d= 4 r = .33 183. At the National Zoological Park in Washington, D.C., a polar bear suffered a broken tooth, and keepers needed a safe way of treating the problem. The bear was rewarded first for sticking its nose through a slot in the cage door, then for allowing a keeper to lift its lip and touch its teeth. Finally, a veterinarian was able to treat the damaged tooth while the bear waited placidly for its familiar reward. This is an example of __________. a. modeling

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b. shaping c. negative reinforcement d. secondary learning Answer b % correct 96

a= 1 b= 96 c= 0 d= 3

r = .20

184. Veronika is just learning to dress herself. At first, her parents call her a “big girl” just for putting on her clothes “frontwards,” even if they are not buttoned. Then, they call her a “big girl” if she tries to button them—even if the buttons are not in the right holes. Finally, they call her a “big girl” only if she buttons her clothing correctly. Veronika’s parents have been using __________. a. discrimination b. generalization c. higher-order conditioning d. successive approximation Answer d % correct 45 a= 1 b= 3 c= 51 d= 45 r = .27 185. Kameko wanted to teach her dog how to roll over. She tried giving him instructions, but it didn’t work. She tried waiting for him to roll over so she could reinforce the behavior, but she had to go to bed before the dog rolled. Finally, she began reinforcing the dog when he made behaviors that closely resembled rolling over. At last, using __________, she was able to teach the dog to do the trick. a. shaping b. positive reinforcement c. positive reinforcers d. secondary reinforcers Answer a % correct 88 a= 88 b= 4 c= 4 d= 5 r = .48 186. Reinforcing behaviors that more closely resemble a final, terminal behavior is called __________. a. positive reinforcement b. shaping c. positive reinforcers d. secondary reinforcers Answer b % correct 88 a= 4 b= 88 c= 4 d= 3 r = .25 187. A procedure used to teach a whole behavior by first training its parts is called __________. a. higher-order conditioning b. shaping c. modeling d. response generalization Answer b % correct 86 a= 6 b= 86 c= 7 d= 0 r = .39 188. Changing behavior through the reinforcement of partial responses is called __________. a. modeling b. shaping c. negative reinforcement d. classical conditioning Answer b % correct 88 a= 11 b= 88 c= 0 d= 1 r = .20

5.10–5.12 Cognitive Learning Theory 189. A psychologist is conducting a study on learning that seeks to explain the inner needs and desires that made learners pursue their goals. She is interested in the inner processes that result in learning. She is studying __________. a. neurophysiological learning b. primary learning

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c. secondary learning d. cognitive learning Answer d % correct 70

a= 7 b= 11 c= 11 d= 70

r = .33

190. Learning that depends on mental processes that are not able to be observed directly is called __________ learning. a. autonomic b. primary c. secondary d. cognitive Answer d % correct 85 a= 5 b= 1 c= 9 d= 85 r = .23 191. Cognitive learning theories attempt to explain how learning occurs using __________. a. observation and imitation b. unobservable mental processes c. classical conditioning processes d. classical, operant, and observational processes Answer b % correct 37 a= 27 b= 37 c= 7 d= 29 r = .41 5.10 Tolman’s Maze-Running Rats: Latent Learning 192. Learning that is not manifested until some later time is called __________. a. manifest content b. latent content c. latent learning d. manifest learning Answer c % correct 91 a= 0 b= 4 c= 91 d= 5 r = .26 193. The concept of latent learning was developed by __________. a. Watson b. Skinner c. Thorndike d. Tolman Answer d % correct 61 a= 6 b= 13 c= 20 d= 61 r = .47 104. What do we call learning that has taken place but is not demonstrated? a. insight learning b. serial enumeration c. latent learning d. shaping Answer c % correct 73 a= 16 b= 0 c= 73 d= 7 r = .32 195. Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called __________. a. vicarious learning b. innate learning c. latent learning d. insight Answer c % correct 63 a= 6 b= 28 c= 63 d= 1 r = .39 196. Cognitive learning involves __________. a. an association between events or phenomena b. an association between responses c. an association between behavior and its consequences d. internal representations of events in the world Answer d % correct 33 a= 14 b= 21 c= 33 d= 33

r = .39

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

197. The mental image of an area, such as a maze or the floor plan of a building, is called __________. a. Gestalt b. insight c. a Skinner response d. a cognitive map Answer d % correct 93 a= 1 b= 5 c= 1 d= 93 r = .22 Answer d % correct 98 a= 0 b= 2 c= 0 d= 98 r = .12 198. Cognitive maps are __________. a. observable mental events b. consistent with conditioning theories c. learned without reinforcement d. inconsistent with insightful problem solving Answer c % correct 42 a= 37 b= 17 c= 42 d= 4

r = .27

199. During your very first visit to your campus, you probably needed a map to get around efficiently. However, a little while later you no longer needed the map, because __________ had occurred. a. classical conditioning b. cognitive learning c. instrumental conditioning d. operant conditioning Answer b % correct 73 a= 7 b= 73 c= 4 d= 16 r = .24 5.11 Köhler’s Smart Chimp: Insight Learning 200. The type of learning that involves a sudden coming together of the elements of a situation so that the solution to a problem is instantly clear is __________. a. cognitive mapping b. vicarious learning c. latent learning d. insight Answer d % correct 68 a= 16 b= 5 c= 11 d= 68 r = .35 201. Insight is a concept associated with __________ learning theory. a. classical b. operant c. social d. cognitive Answer d % correct 77 a= 1 b= 14 c= 8 d= 77 r = .34 Answer d % correct 85 a= 4 b= 6 c= 5 d= 85 r = .20 202. The Gestalt psychologist who was the pioneer of insight problem solving was __________. a. Thorndike b. Terman c. Köhler d. Harlow Answer c % correct 72 a= 19 b= 3 c= 72 d= 6 r = .30 203. Though Charlotte tried in vain to reach a puzzle on the top shelf by standing on a chair, she simply could not reach it. Suddenly, she realized that by placing a thick catalog on the seat of the chair, she would be high enough to reach the puzzle. Charlotte’s solution is best explained by which of the following? a. her previous history of conditioning b. her previous experiences with reaching objects that are out of reach

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c. latent learning d. insight Answer d % correct 74

a= 0 b= 6 c= 19 d= 74

r = .42

204. __________ is a type of learning that involves a sudden coming together of the elements of a situation so that the solution to a problem is instantly clear. a. Insight b. Latent learning c. Cognitive mapping d. Contingency blocking Answer a % correct 80 a= 80 b= 10 c= 8 d= 2 r = .46

5.12 Seligman’s Depressed Dogs: Learned Helplessness 205. Animals exposed to unavoidable, uncontrollable aversive stimulation exhibit __________ when later trained in an avoidance procedure. a. experimental neurosis b. better learning c. learned helplessness d. enhanced performance Answer c % correct 85 a= 5 b= 2 c= 85 d= 8 r = .40 206. An animal is placed in a box with a bar and also a wire floor that can deliver a mild shock. The experimenter first sounds a buzzer, then a few seconds later turns on the shock. Pressing the bar after the buzzer sounds but before the shock is delivered will prevent the shock from occurring. This is an example of __________. a. avoidance training b. modeling c. classical conditioning d. punishment learning Answer a % correct 81 a= 81 b= 0 c= 12 d= 7 r = .55

5.13–5.14 Observational Learning 207. Which type of learning occurs when we observe other people act? a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. insight learning d. observational learning Answer d % correct 93 a= 1 b=2 c= 4 d= 93 r = .18

5.13 Bandura and the Bobo Doll 208. In Bandura’s classic (1965) study of children exposed to a film of an adult hitting a Bobo doll, children who saw the model __________. a. punished learned to be more aggressive than children who saw the model rewarded b. rewarded learned to be more aggressive than children who saw the model punished c. punished performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the model rewarded d. rewarded performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the model punished Answer d % correct 23 a= 13 b= 10 c= 54 d= 23 r = .38

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Revel Quizzes The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Psychology: An Exploration, Fifth Edition. EOM Quiz: 5.2-5.3 It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning EOM Q5.2.1 Brendan noticed that whenever he moved his dog’s food dish, his dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry and excited. He reasoned that because he feeds the dog using that dish, the sound of the dish had become a(n) a) conditioned stimulus (CS). b) unconditioned stimulus (UCS). c) unconditioned response (UCR). d) conditioned response (CR). Answer: a Consider This: Conditioned means “learned,” and unconditioned means “unlearned.” Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov's classic experiment. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning EOM Q5.2.2 Ever since she was scared by a dog as a young child, Alexia has been afraid of all dogs. The fact that she is afraid of not only the original dog but all types of dogs is an example of a) stimulus generalization. b) extinction. c) spontaneous recovery. d) stimulus discrimination. Answer: a Consider This: This is the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov's classic experiment. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning EOM Q5.2.3 In Watson and Rayner’s experiment with “Little Albert,” the conditioned stimulus was a) the white rat. b) the loud noise. c) the fear of the rat. d) the fear of the noise. Answer: a Consider This: This experiment was a demonstration of the classical conditioning of a phobia. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias, taste aversions, and drug dependency. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning EOM Q5.2.4 Which of the following would be an example of vicarious classical conditioning?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) As a young child, Liam frequently observed his older sisters jump around and scream whenever any of them saw a spider, as they were very afraid of them. Subsequently, Liam experiences feelings of fear when he sees a spider. b) Mason is told about a new product by a close friend and decides to buy it for himself. c) A cat responds to the sound of a bell because it sounds similar to a bell it hears on the television. d) Angel watches her grandfather check the air pressure in her bike tire and then use a hand pump to add air to the tire. She is later able to check the air pressure and pump up the tire herself. Answer: a Consider This: Advertisers also use vicarious classical conditioning, often showing people reacting emotionally in an ad to a product. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias, taste aversions, and drug dependency. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning EOM Q5.2.5 Yoshiko had cheesy tacos at a local Mexican restaurant. Later, she became terribly ill and suffered bouts of nausea and vomiting. What might we predict based on conditioned taste aversion research? a) Yoshiko will probably get nauseated the next time she tries to eat cheesy tacos. b) Yoshiko will probably develop a strong liking for cheesy tacos. c) Yoshiko will probably be able to eat cheesy tacos with no nausea at all. d) Yoshiko will probably continue to eat cheesy tacos except when she feels nauseous. Answer: a Consider This: Reaction to food that you had a bad experience with is a kind of classical conditioning. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias, taste aversions, and drug dependency. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning EOM Q5.2.6 Rescorla found that the CS must _________ the UCS for conditioning to take place. a) predict b) replace c) come after d) come at the same time as Answer: a Consider This: The CS has to provide some kind of information about the coming of the UCS in order to achieve conditioning. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov's classic experiment. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning EOM Quiz: 5.4-5.9 What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning EOM Q5.3.1 To a dog, _______ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas _______ is an example of a secondary reinforcer. a) dog food; a Frisbee b) a paycheck; money c) dog food; dog treats d) a gold star; candy Answer: a

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Consider This: A secondary reinforcer gets its reinforcing properties from being associated with primary reinforcers in the past. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.4 Identify the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner to the concept of operant conditioning. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning EOM Q5.3.2 Cody cannot sleep because he is terribly worried about his research paper. So, Cody decides to get out of bed and continue working on the paper. Although he stays up to nearly 3 A.M., he is relieved that it is done and easily falls off to sleep. In the future, Cody will be more likely to finish his work before going to bed so that he can avoid the worry and sleeplessness. Such behavior is an example of a) negative reinforcement. b) positive reinforcement. c) punishment. d) classical conditioning. Answer: a Consider This: Following a response with the removal or escape from something unpleasant will also increase the likelihood of that response being repeated. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning EOM Q5.3.3 Ian owned a small repair shop. Each day, he would check the mail to see if any of his customers mailed in a payment for the work he had done for them. Some days, he would receive a check or two. At other times, he would have to wait days before getting another payment. What schedule of reinforcement is evident here? a) variable interval b) fixed interval c) fixed ratio d) variable ratio Answer: a Consider This: In this, the interval of time after which the individual must respond in order to receive a reinforcer changes from one time to the next. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.6 Identify the four schedules of reinforcement. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning EOM Q5.3.4 Little Antonio’s mother was upset to find that Antonio had not picked up his building blocks after repeated requests to do so. The next morning, Antonio found all his blocks had been picked up and put into a bag on top of the refrigerator. Antonio’s mother told him that he couldn’t play with his blocks for the next 2 days. Which type of discipline did she use? a) punishment by removal b) negative reinforcement c) punishment by application d) positive reinforcement Answer: a Consider This: In this type of discipline, behavior is punished by the removal of something pleasurable or desired after the behavior occurs. Difficulty: Moderate

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Objective: LO 5.7 Identify the effect that punishment has on behavior. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning EOM Q5.3.5 Erin signed up for a new credit card that offers reward miles for every purchase. Erin plans to make as many purchases as she can so that she can accumulate enough miles to go on a trip over spring break. Such an approach is an example of a) a token economy. b) shaping. c) a schedule of reinforcement. d) a form of negative reinforcement. Answer: a Consider This: In this, secondary reinforcers can be traded in for other kinds of reinforcers. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change nonhuman animal and human behavior. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning EOM Q5.3.6 Which of the following is the best example of applied behavior analysis? a) Sofia observes a child to see what purpose a disruptive classroom behavior serves and identifies a new replacement behavior. She then implements a training program for the new behavior, reinforcing often at the simplest levels and gradually removing reinforcers as the child demonstrates the behavior independently. b) Esther works with children by asking them what they want to accomplish and then helping them attain that goal through different forms of classical conditioning. c) Daniela has children watch her repeatedly so as to understand how a task is to be done. Once they have finished the observation, then they are asked to imitate the behavior. d) Zoe wants children to learn a new behavior and uses punishment as the basis for the behavior change. Answer: a Consider This: Applied behavior analysis is the term for a form of behavior modification that uses both analysis of current behavior and behavioral techniques to address a socially relevant issue. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change nonhuman animal and human behavior. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning EOM Quiz: 5.10–5.12 Cognitive Learning Theory EOM Q5.5.1 In Tolman’s maze study, the fact that the group of rats receiving reinforcement only after day 10 of the study solved the maze far more quickly than did the rats who had been reinforced from the first day can be interpreted to mean that these particular rats a) had already learned the maze in the first 9 days. b) were much smarter than the other rats. c) had the opportunity to cheat by watching the other rats. d) were very hungry and, therefore, learned much more quickly. Answer: a Consider This: This showed that learning could happen without reinforcement and then later affect behavior. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.10 Explain the concept of latent learning. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOM Q5.5.2 Laura’s parents have decided to take a 3-week trip to Europe. Consequently, Laura’s mother will not be able to make her famous pies for the upcoming bake sale. When her mother encourages Laura to bake the pies herself, Laura panics at first, but then she finds that she knows how to put the recipe together. Her ability to prepare the recipe is an example of a) latent learning. b) learned helplessness. c) insight learning. d) discovery learning. Answer: a Consider This: In this case, a person has stored learning away mentally but didn't demonstrate this learning at first because there was no reason to do so. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.10 Explain the concept of latent learning. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory EOM Q5.5.3 Which theory is commonly referred to as the “aha!” phenomenon? a) Köhler’s insight theory b) Tolman’s latent learning theory c) Seligman’s learned helplessness theory d) Bandura’s observational learning Answer: a Consider This: This involves a sudden “coming together” of all the elements of a problem in a kind of “aha” moment. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.11 Explain how Köhler’s studies demonstrated that nonhuman animals can learn by insight. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory EOM Q5.5.4 Research by Steven Maier suggests that learned helplessness may be due to a higher-level region of the brain known as the ________, which helps subjects determine what is controllable. a) ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) b) amygdala c) hippocampus d) dorsal raphe nucleus Answer: a Consider This: This inhibits the brain stem area and calms the amygdala’s response, allowing an animal to effectively respond to a stressor and exhibit control. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.12 Summarize Seligman's studies on learned helplessness. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory EOM Quiz: 5.13-5.14 Observational Learning EOM Q5.6.1 Bandura’s studies found that learning can take place without actual performance. What is this referred to as? a) learning/performance distinction b) insight-based learning c) ARID

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) cognitive learning Answer: a Consider This: Bandura’s classic study learning involved having a preschool child in a room in which the experimenter and a model interacted with toys in the room in front of the child. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.13 Describe the process of observational learning. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Observational Learning EOM Q5.6.2 Which of the following statements is false? a) Adults are not negatively affected by viewing or playing violent media. b) There is a strong link between viewing violent media and an increase in aggressive behavior among young people. c) Prosocial behavior can be positively influenced by the viewing/playing of prosocial media. d) Young people spend more than 7 hours a day viewing various forms of media. Answer: a Consider This: Research shows that exposure to media violence does have immediate and long-term effects. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.13 Describe the process of observational learning. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Observational Learning EOM Q5.6.3 What is the correct sequence of the four elements of observational learning? a) Attention, Memory, Imitation, Desire b) Attention, Imitation, Desire, Memory c) Desire, Attention, Memory, Imitation d) Memory, Attention, Desire, Imitation Answer: a Consider This: To learn anything through observation, the learner must pay attention to the model. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.14 List the four elements of observational learning. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Observational Learning EOM Q5.6.4 Leticia wanted to help her father prepare breakfast. She had watched him crack eggs into a bowl many times, paying careful attention to how he did it. But when she went to crack her own eggs, they smashed into many pieces. Which of the following elements of observational learning was Leticia's problem? a) imitation b) attention c) memory d) desire Answer: a Consider This: The learner must be capable of reproducing the actions of the model. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.14 List the four elements of observational learning. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Observational Learning

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 5 Quiz: Learning EOC Q5.1 Mary almost got hit by a car at a street corner because she was too busy texting on her phone. From that day on, Mary looks before she reaches the street corner. Her change in behavior is a result of a) learning. b) memory. c) motivation. d) both sensation and perception. Answer: a Consider This: This refers to any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.1 Define the term learning. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Definition of Learning EOC Q5.2 At home, you rattle the chain on your dog’s leash every time you prepare to take him for a walk. After several episodes like this, you find that your dog comes running to the front door even when you pick up the leash to put it back in the closet. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus? a) the sound of the leash b) going for a walk c) the front door d) the dog runs to the door Answer: a Consider This: When a previously neutral stimulus begins to cause the same kind of involuntary response, it is called a conditioned stimulus. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning EOC Q5.3 A child has been classically conditioned to fear a white rat. If the child does not show fear when shown a black rat, this is called a) stimulus discrimination. b) stimulus generalization. c) spontaneous recovery. d) extinction. Answer: a Consider This: This occurs when an organism learns to respond to different stimuli in different ways. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning EOC Q5.4 During the cold winter, you have stopped taking your dog for walks. What’s more, your dog has gotten used to the fact that when you accidentally rattle his leash, he isn’t going for a walk, and subsequently he doesn’t come running to the front door. What has occurred? a) extinction b) stimulus generalization

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) stimulus discrimination d) spontaneous recovery Answer: a Consider This: The removal of an unconditioned stimulus leads to this. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.2 Identify the key elements of classical conditioning as demonstrated in Pavlov’s classic experiment. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning EOC Q5.5 Brooke had tartar sauce with her fish one night. The next morning she was nauseated and sick for much of the day. The next time she was offered the chance to go out for fish, she felt queasy and declined. Her queasiness at the thought of fish with tartar sauce was probably due to a) a conditioned taste aversion. b) higher-order conditioning. c) stimulus substitution. d) stimulus generalization. Answer: a Consider This: Your reaction to food that you can’t eat anymore because of a bad experience is a kind of classical conditioning. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias, taste aversions, and drug dependency. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning EOC Q5.6 Jada works in the psychology department’s rat lab. In her studies, she found that many of her lab rats would develop a conditioned taste aversion to certain foods after as little as one trial. Jada’s psychology professor refers to this as a classic example of a) biological preparedness. b) psychological preparedness. c) instinctive drift. d) stimulus substitution. Answer: a Consider This: Researchers have found that some associations between certain stimuli and responses are far easier to form than others. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.3 Apply classical conditioning to examples of phobias, taste aversions, and drug dependency. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: It Makes Your Mouth Water: Classical Conditioning EOC Q5.7 Sumit finds that if he washes his car prior to going out on the town, more of his friends want to ride along with him. What theory would best explain his willingness to always wash and clean his car before going out? a) Thorndike’s law of effect b) Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning c) Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning d) Köhler’s insight learning theory Answer: a

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Consider This: This theory states that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.4 Identify the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner to the concept of operant conditioning. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning EOC Q5.8 In classical conditioning, behavior typically is _______, whereas with operant conditioning, behavior is _______. a) involuntary; voluntary b) rewarded; punished c) biological; internal d) voluntary; involuntary Answer: a Consider This: The heart of operant conditioning is the effect of consequences on behavior. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.4 Identify the contributions of Thorndike and Skinner to the concept of operant conditioning. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning EOC Q5.9 Where do secondary reinforcers get their power from? a) Classical conditioning b) Law of effect c) Observational theory d) Insight theory Answer: a Consider This: A secondary reinforcer gets its reinforcing properties from being associated with primary reinforcers in the past. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning EOC Q5.10 Positive reinforcement results in _______ in the target behavior and negative reinforcement results in _______ in the target behavior. a) an increase; an increase b) an increase; a decrease c) a decrease; a decrease d) a decrease; an increase Answer: a Consider This: Reinforcement of any response results in that response being more likely to happen again. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning EOC Q5.11 Selena has a terrible headache. If she takes some aspirin so as to make her headache go away, this would be an example of a) negative reinforcement. b) positive reinforcement.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) punishment. d) generalization. Answer: a Consider This: In this, the behavior results in avoiding an unpleasant stimulus. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.5 Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers and positive and negative reinforcement. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning EOC Q5.12 John gets paid every 2 weeks. In one 2-week period, he works a total of 20 hours. During another 2-week period, he worked a total of 50 hours. Regardless of the total number of hours he works each week, he is paid every 2 weeks. What schedule of reinforcement is being used? a) fixed interval b) fixed ratio c) variable ratio d) variable interval Answer: a Consider This: In this, a reinforcer is received after a certain amount of time has passed. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.6 Identify the four schedules of reinforcement. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning EOC Q5.13 Laney is grounded for coming home after curfew. Additionally, her parents have taken away her cell phone for a month. Losing her cell phone privileges is an example of a) punishment by removal. b) negative reinforcement. c) punishment by application. d) learned helplessness. Answer: a Consider This: In this, behavior is punished by the removal of something pleasurable or desired after the behavior occurs. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.7 Identify the effect that punishment has on behavior. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning EOC Q5.14 What is the relationship between negative reinforcement and punishment? a) Negative reinforcement strengthens a response, while punishment weakens a response. b) Both tend to strengthen a response. c) Both tend to weaken a response. d) Negative reinforcement weakens a response, while punishment strengthens a response. Answer: a Consider This: People often confuse negative reinforcement with punishment because “negative” sounds like it ought to be something bad. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.7 Identify the effect that punishment has on behavior. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

EOC Q5.15 Which of the following is an example of the use of extinction with operant conditioning? a) A mother ignores her child’s temper tantrum so that the behavior ultimately goes away. b) A mother gives in to her child’s demands for candy by buying the child some chocolate so as to quiet them. c) A mother scolds a child when they start throwing a tantrum. d) A mother gives a child chocolate prior to them asking for it so as to keep a tantrum from occurring in the first place. Answer: a Consider This: Extinction in operant conditioning involves the removal of the reinforcement. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.8 Explain the concepts of discriminant stimuli, extinction, generalization, and spontaneous recovery as they relate to operant conditioning. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning EOC Q5.16 Studies by Keller and Marian Breland found that many nonhuman animals exhibit instinctive drift. What does this mean? a) The animals studied would learn skills through reinforcement but eventually revert to their genetically controlled patterns of behavior. b) The animals studied could not learn any skills even with the use of reinforcement. c) The animals studied would learn skills through reinforcement, and they remained that way no matter how much reinforcement they were given. d) The animals studied could only learn skills similar to those found in the wild. Answer: a Consider This: This is a tendency to revert to genetically controlled patterns. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.9 Describe how operant conditioning is used to change nonhuman animal and human behavior. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: What’s in It for Me? Operant Conditioning EOC Q5.17 Dante was lying in bed when he suddenly realized how he might deal with a fast-approaching deadline at work. When his coworkers asked how he came up with his idea, he said, “It just came to me out of nowhere.” Psychologists would refer to this as a) insight learning. b) latent learning. c) learned helplessness. d) observational learning. Answer: a Consider This: This refers to learning in which there is a sudden "coming together" of all the elements of a problem in a kind of "aha" moment. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.11 Explain how Köhler's studies demonstrated that nonhuman animals can learn by insight. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory EOC Q5.18 Amber failed repeatedly in college algebra. Finally, she gave up and was seriously considering dropping out of college. One day, her best friend offered to personally help her if she signed up for college algebra again, but she refused. What concept might explain her reluctance? a) learned helplessness

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) latent learning c) insight learning d) observational learning Answer: a Consider This: This is the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.12 Summarize Seligman's studies on learned helplessness. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Cognitive Learning Theory EOC Q5.19 What does AMID stand for? a) Attention, Memory, Imitation, Desire b) Attention, Memory, Intention, Detention c) Ask, Memory, Imitate, Develop d) Association, Memory, Imitation, Desires Answer: a Consider This: Bandura concluded, from his studies and others, that observational learning required the presence of four elements. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.14 List the four elements of observational learning. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Observational Learning EOC Q5.20 Jasmine has noticed how some of her friends have lost weight and gotten trim by exercising 1 to 2 hours each day. However, she has no plans to imitate their behavior. What component of Bandura’s model of observational learning will explain why Jasmine has not started a similar weight-loss program? a) Jasmine is not motivated, nor does she have the desire to begin the program. b) Jasmine’s unconscious does not believe she can achieve the goal. c) Jasmine’s self-esteem must first be addressed. d) Jasmine’s unwillingness may be a sign of mental disorder. Answer: a Consider This: A person will be much more likely to imitate observed behavior if they want to perform the action. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 5.14 List the four elements of observational learning. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Observational Learning

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE Learning Objectives Introduction 6.1 Identify the three processes of memory. 6.2 Explain how the different models of memory work. 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. 6.6 Identify the effects of cues on memory retrieval. 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. 6.8 Describe how some memories are automatically encoded into long-term memory. 6.9 Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory. 6.10 Describe the “curve of forgetting.” 6.11 Identify some common reasons people forget things. 6.12 Explain the biological bases of memory in the brain. 6.13 Identify the biological causes of amnesia.

Chapter 6

Memory Remember the Facts

Understand the Concepts

20, 135, 136, 206, 207, 222 1, 2, 7–9, 181, 232 11, 223, 232

18, 19

23, 30, 31, 40, 41, 182, 183, 185, 224, 233 46, 47, 50–52, 55, 57, 61, 62, 186–189 65, 66, 72, 75, 80, 84, 190–194

101, 104, 105, 112, 115

Apply What You Know

Analyze It 21, 22

5, 6

3, 4, 10

12, 14

15–17

32–34, 37, 184

25–28, 35, 39

24, 29, 36, 38

42, 56

43, 45, 48, 49, 53, 54, 58–60, 63

67–69, 74, 76, 85, 88

71, 77–79, 81–83, 86

64, 70, 73, 87

90, 93, 95, 96, 99

91, 92, 94, 97, 98

107, 108, 113

100, 102, 103, 106, 109, 110, 114

111

116, 117, 122, 234

118–121

124, 131, 134, 199–203, 205, 226

123, 125, 127, 204

137, 138, 140, 142 152, 156, 209, 211, 212, 228 157–160, 162, 163, 167, 213– 217, 230 168, 173, 175, 176–178, 180, 219, 221, 231

126, 128–130, 236

132, 133, 227

139, 141, 143 146–148, 154, 208, 210

144, 145, 149–151, 153, 155, 229 161, 164–166

171, 218, 220

169, 172

6.14 Describe ways in which you can use elaborative rehearsal to make information easier to remember.

170, 174, 179

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Name _____________________________________________________________ Chapter 6 – Quick Quiz 1 1. __________ is the retention of memory for some period of time. a) Encoding c) Retrieval b) Storage d) Evaluation 2. Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery? a) a table c) a rainbow b) a modem d) a photograph 3. Repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as __________ rehearsal. a) repetitive c) elaborative b) imagery d) maintenance 4. The Internet, with its series of links from one site to many others, is a good analogy for the organization of __________ memory. a) short-term c) long-term b) episodic d) nondeclarative 5. The BEST place to take your biology exam to ensure good retrieval of biology concepts is in __________. a) the biology classroom b) an auditorium to prevent cheating c) the English classroom d) the special testing room used for all exams 6. A witness on the stand swears that he saw someone commit a crime. Must you believe that the testimony is valid when a witness testifies so forcefully? a) Yes, because seeing is believing. b) No, because eyewitnesses are not usually honest. c) Yes, because eyewitnesses are very confident about their testimony. d) No, because there is a great possibility of a “false positive” identification. 7. Which famous memory researcher viewed memory as a problem-solving activity in which the problem is to give a coherent account of some past event, and the memory is the solution to that problem? a) Bartlett c) Ebbinghaus b) Meyer d) Skinner 8. A. R. Luria studied a mnemonist with phenomenal memory. This person had several problems associated with the ability. Which is one reported in your text? a) repressed memory syndrome c) separating trivial from important memories b) tip-of-the-tongue aphasia d) cognitive penetrance 9. Short-term memories appear to be stored in the __________. a) occipital lobe c) amygdala b) cingulate gyrus d) prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes 10. People with Alzheimer’s disease typically have a memory problem known as __________ amnesia. a) amygdaloid c) retrograde b) inferograde d) anterograde

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 6 – Quick Quiz 1 Answer Key 1.

Explanation: Storage puts away material. (Topic: 6.1 Three Processes of Memory, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 6.1 Identify the three processes of memory, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Yes, it’s like a picture and is sometimes called photographic memory. (Topic: 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes?, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating bits of information to aid memory. It is not the best strategy for getting information into long-term memory. (Topic: 6.4 Short-Term Memory, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 6.4 Describe shortterm memory, and differentiate it from working memory, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Long-term memory is organized with links that branch out to other links in a manner similar to the organization of the Internet. (Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: If you could take the test where you studied, that would be the best. (Topic: 6.6 Retrieval Cues, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify the effects of cues on memory retrieval, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: A great number of “false positive” identifications have been made. Witnesses sometimes construct memories after the fact and convince themselves of the memories’ validity. (Topic: 6.7 Recall and Recognition, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: The researcher in question is Bartlett. (Topic: 6.9 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories?, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 6.9 Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: Trivial memories interfered with important ones. (Topic: 6.10–6.11 What Were We Talking About? Forgetting, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: None, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 9.

Explanation: Short-term memories appear to be stored in the prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes. (Topic: 6.12 The Biological Bases of Memory, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 6.12 Explain the biological bases of memory in the brain, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

10.

Explanation: The type of memory problem that people with dementia, including Alzheimer’s, typically have is called anterograde amnesia. (Topic: 6.13 When Memory Fails: Organic Amnesia, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 6.13 Identify the biological causes of amnesia, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Name _____________________________________________________________ Chapter 6 – Quick Quiz 2 1. __________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses, puts it into a usable form, organizes and alters information as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage. a) Classical conditioning c) Learning b) Operant conditioning d) Memory 2. A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone. You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. Which aspect of memory is this experiment designed to assess? a) primary memory c) long-term memory b) sensory memory d) short-term memory 3. Declarative memories are to __________ memories as nondeclarative memories are to __________ memories. a) implicit; explicit c) general knowledge; personal facts b) explicit; implicit d) personal facts; general knowledge 4. __________ memory is constantly updated. a) Nondeclarative b) Semantic

c) Eidetic d) Episodic

5. In the semantic network model of memory, concepts that are related in meaning are __________. a) not physically proximal b) archaic c) stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related d) more subject to rapid decay and decline 6. The fact that it is easier to recall items at the beginning and end of a list of unrelated items is known as the __________. a) phi phenomenon c) serial position effect b) implicit memory effect d) sequestering effect 7. Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called __________. a) eidetic images c) flashbulb memories b) elaborative rehearsals d) eyewitness images 8. It’s Thanksgiving and your whole family has gotten together. You start to reminisce about your childhood and get into an argument with your brother. Both of you claim that you were the innocent victim of the other. This is an example of __________. a) constructive processing c) adaptation of memory traces b) hindsight bias d) flashbulb integration 9. Decay theory works well to explain forgetting in __________. a) sensory memory only c) long-term memory only b) short-term memory only d) sensory memory and short-term memory 10. In the curve of forgetting developed by Ebbinghaus, the greatest amount of forgetting occurs __________. a) within the first hour after learning new material b) within the first day after learning new material c) near the end of the retrieval period d) near the middle of the retrieval period

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 6 – Quick Quiz 2 Answer Key 1.

Explanation: Memory is defined as an active system that receives, stores, and retrieves information. (Topic: 6.1 Three Processes of Memory, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 6.1 Identify the three processes of memory, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: This was one of the first sensory memory experiments ever done. (Topic: 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes?, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Nondeclarative memories are to implicit memories as declarative memories are to explicit memories. (Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Episodic memory is revised and updated more or less constantly to keep track of day-to-day life. (Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: The semantic network model assumes that concepts that are related to each other are stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related. (Topic: 6.5 LongTerm Memory, Skill Level: Analyze It, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: The serial position effect refers to the ability to better remember things at the beginning and end of a list. (Topic: 6.7 Recall and Recognition, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called flashbulb memories. (Topic: 6.8 Automatic Encoding: Flashbulb Memories, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 6.8 Describe how some memories are automatically encoded into long-term memory, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: You are constructing a memory to favor yourself. (Topic: 6.9 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories?, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 6.9 Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 9.

10. a

Explanation: Decay has been proposed to explain forgetting in both sensory memory and shortterm memory. (Topic: 6.11 Reasons We Forget, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 6.11 Identify some common reasons people forget things, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.) Explanation: The greatest amount of forgetting occurs within the first hour after learning new material. (Topic: 6.10 Ebbinghaus and the Forgetting Curve, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 6.10 Describe the “curve of forgetting,” APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Memory

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Memory is defined as an active system that consists of three processes. They are __________. a) receiving information from the senses, organizing and storing the information, and retrieving the information from storage Correct. Memory is defined as consisting of receiving, organizing and storing, and retrieving information. b) the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response Incorrect. These elements are all part of classical conditioning. c) bottom-up processing, selective attention, and top-down processing d) acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.1 Identify the three processes of memory. Topic: 6.1 Three Processes of Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 93 a= 93 b= 0 c= 0 d= 6 r = .23 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2. __________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes information as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage. a) Classical conditioning b) Operant conditioning c) Learning Incorrect. Learning has to do with the acquisition of behaviors and not the storage of information. That is the role of memory. d) Memory Correct. Memory is defined as an active system that receives, stores, and retrieves information. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.1 Identify the three processes of memory. Topic: 6.1 Three Processes of Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 98 a= 0 b= 0 c= 2 d= 98 r = .08 % correct 95 a= 0 b= 0 c= 5 d= 95 r = .15 % correct 96 a= 0 b= 0 c= 4 d= 96 r = .28 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 3. Darius completed his essay exam in his introductory psychology class and handed it in. As he walked out of the classroom, he realized that there were a few more things he should have included in his essay. Darius’s problem was with the __________ component of memory. a) encoding b) storage c) retrieval Correct. Darius cannot bring forth, or retrieve, information that he has in memory when he needs it. d) retention Incorrect. Darius does retain the information, or have it in memory, but he can’t retrieve it.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.1 Identify the three processes of memory. Topic: 6.1 Three Processes of Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 4. Trying to remember the name of someone you met long ago is an example of what type of process? a) storage b) retrieval Correct. Pulling previously stored information out of memory is retrieval. c) encoding Incorrect. The process of putting information into memory storage is encoding. d) decoding Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.1 Identify the three processes of memory. Topic: 6.1 Three Processes of Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 5. When people hear a sound, their ears turn the vibrations in the air into neural messages from the auditory nerve, which makes it possible for the brain to interpret the sound. This process is called __________. a) encoding Correct. Encoding starts with sensory processing and sending the information to the brain. b) storage c) retrieval d) evaluation Incorrect. Evaluation is not the term used for this process even though it sounds appropriate. Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.1 Identify the three processes of memory. Topic: 6.1 Three Processes of Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 92 a= 92 b=0 c= 0 d= 8 r = .19 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 6. When someone looks at an image, the retina turns the light rays from it into neural messages that go up to the optic nerve so the brain can interpret them. This process is called __________. a) encoding Correct. Encoding is necessary for interpretation, as the information must be sent to the brain. b) storage Incorrect. Storage cannot happen until after encoding. If the information is not processed, it can’t be stored. c) retrieval d) evaluation Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.1 Identify the three processes of memory. Topic: 6.1 Three Processes of Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 88 a= 88 b= 2 c= 3 d= 8 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 7. The first step in the memory process is __________ information in a form that the memory system can use. a) encoding Correct. Encoding is the first step in memory. b) storing Incorrect. Storing the information cannot happen until after encoding it so the information can be transmitted from the senses to the brain. c) retrieving d) evaluating Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.1 Identify the three processes of memory. Topic: 6.1 Three Processes of Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 100 a= 100 b= 0 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 8. __________ is the retention of memory for some period of time. a) Encoding b) Storage Correct. Storage puts away material. c) Retrieval Incorrect. Retrieval is getting the information out of storage. d) Evaluation Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.1 Identify the three processes of memory. Topic: 6.1 Three Processes of Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 71 a= 26 b= 71 c= 3 d= 1 r = .44 % correct 79 a= 14 b= 79 c= 6 d= 1 r = .25 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 9. Which of the following statements is TRUE about retrieval? a) It is a process that allows an extinguished CR to recover. b) It is a process of getting stored memories back out into consciousness. Correct. Retrieval gets information back into consciousness. c) It is a process of getting information from the sensory receptors to the brain. Incorrect. This answer describes the process known as encoding. d) It is the reason that conditioned taste aversions last so long. Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.1 Identify the three processes of memory. Topic: 6.1 Three Processes of Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 83 a= 10 b= 83 c= 7 d= 1 r = .37 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 10. Jada is taking an exam in her history class. On the exam, there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War (whatever that was!). Jada remembers four of them. She knows there is a fifth, but time is up. As Jada is walking down the stairs, she suddenly remembers the fifth point, but it is too late. Jada had a problem with __________. a) encoding b) storage Incorrect. She did have the information, so it was stored. However, she couldn’t retrieve it. c) retrieval

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. She couldn’t find the information in her memory or retrieve it. d) evaluation Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.1 Identify the three processes of memory. Topic: 6.1 Three Processes of Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 96 a= 0 b= 4 c= 96 d= 0 r = .19 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 11. The processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval are seen as part of __________ model of memory. a) the information-processing Correct. These are the three processes in the information-processing model of memory. b) the top-down storage Incorrect. Top-down processing is more a perceptual processing term. c) the classical conditioning d) Tolman’s cognitive Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.2 Explain how the different models of memory work. Topic: 6.2 Models of Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 97 a= 97 b=0 c= 3 d= 0 r = .19 % correct 94 a= 94 b= 2 c= 0 d= 2 r = .34 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 12. In the __________ model, memory is seen as a simultaneous process with the creation and storage of memories taking place across a series of networks “stretched” across the brain. a) levels-of-processing b) parallel distributed processing Correct. The parallel distributed processing model is seen as a simultaneous process involving a network. c) transfer-appropriate processing d) information-processing Incorrect. Information-processing models don’t involve a network. Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.2 Explain how the different models of memory work. Topic: 6.2 Models of Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 13. Which view of memory processes implies that many aspects of storage, retrieval, and encoding occur simultaneously? a) the serial-understanding model b) information-processing model c) the neuro-organizational model Incorrect. This is not a model of memory. d) parallel distributed processing model of memory Correct. The parallel distributed model is based fundamentally on the idea that multiple memory processes operate simultaneously.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.2 Explain how the different models of memory work. Topic: 6.2 Models of Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 14. In the levels-of-processing model of memory, information that gets processed at a __________ level (such as accessing the meaning of a word or phrase) is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a __________ level (such as the visual characteristics of a word). a) deeper; shallower Correct. According to the levels-of-processing model, deeper processing results in better memory, whereas shallower processing results in poorer memory. b) shallower; deeper Incorrect. According to the levels-of-processing model, deeper processing results in better memory, whereas shallower processing results in poorer memory. c) higher; lower d) lower; higher Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.2 Explain how the different models of memory work. Topic: 6.2 Models of Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 89 a= 89 b= 3 c= 8 d= 0 r = .41 % correct 81 a= 81 b= 6 c= 14 d= 0 r = .31 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 15. Compared to the others, which question would lead to improved memory of the word frog based on the levelsof-processing model? a) “Does it rhyme with blog?” b) “How many vowels does the word have?” Incorrect. This question requires a shallower level of processing, and that leads to poorer memory. c) “How many syllables does the word have?” d) “Would this be found in a pond?” Correct. This question requires a deeper level of processing as it engages meaning. Meaning is seen as a deeper level of processing, which leads to better memory. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.2 Explain how the different models of memory work. Topic: 6.2 Models of Memory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 16. Dee Dee is trying to learn a list of terms for his upcoming anatomy exam. “‘Small intestine’” he reads. “My Uncle Bob has had trouble with his small intestine; ‘Bob’s small intestine.’ ‘Transverse colon’…hmm, our neighbors are from the town of Colon, Panama, and they traversed their way here. ‘Rectum’; I remember when we were kids, my little brother took my Hot Wheels cars and wrecked ’em.” What model of memory is Dee Dee utilizing to encode the information for his exam? a) levels of processing Correct. By forming deep associations with each term, Dee Dee is hoping to establish better memory retention for the information. b) parallel distributed processing Incorrect. This wouldn’t be the most likely memory system Dee Dee is employing here. c) redundant-information redundancy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) associative mnemonic encoding Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.2 Explain how the different models of memory work. Topic: 6.2 Models of Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 17. “Depth predicts duration” would be a summary consistent with which theoretical approach to understanding memory? a) stage-consistency approach b) levels of processing Correct. This view argues that information that is processed more deeply will be better retained in memory. c) information-processing Incorrect. The information-processing approach would not necessarily reach this conclusion. d) parallel distributed processing Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.2 Explain how the different models of memory work. Topic: 6.2 Models of Memory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 18. Adherents of the information-processing model of memory are likely to agree that __________. a) the brain has nothing in common with a computer Incorrect. Modern neuroscience considers the brain to be like a computer. b) studying computers can provide useful insights into human information processing Correct. Computers serve as a model for cognitive psychologists. c) auditory information is retained in the sensory register for up to 2 seconds d) information pervades all memory systems instantaneously Answer: b Learning Objective: None Topic: 6.3–6.5 The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 19. Which model of memory is most similar in conceptualization to the way computers function? a) Craik and Lockhart’s model b) extinction c) information-processing model Correct. The information-processing model of memory uses the way a computer functions as its model for human thought. d) parallel distributed processing model Incorrect. Parallel distributed processing is not the dominant form of computer architecture. Answer: c Learning Objective: None Topic: 6.3–6.5 The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 93 a= 2 b= 2 c= 93 d= 3 r = .2 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 20. The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are __________. a) sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. These are the three parts of the information-processing model. b) CS, UCS, UR, and CR c) encoding, storage, and retrieval Incorrect. These are processes but not the parts of the information-processing model. d) shallow, medium, and deep processing Answer: a Learning Objective: None Topic: 6.3–6.5 The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 38 a= 38 b= 0 c= 62 d= 0 r = .22 % correct 68 a= 68 b= 0 c= 32 d= 0 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 21. In the information-processing model of memory, the process of storage would be analogous to which part of a modern computer? a) the hard drive, a memory stick, or the “cloud” Correct. The hard drive is where information is usually stored, although some people keep their data on a memory stick (also called a thumb drive or flash drive, among other names) and still others trust their data to cloud storage. b) a central processing unit c) a wireless mouse and keyboard Incorrect. The mouse and keyboard are for input, or “encoding.” d) a flat panel monitor Answer: a Learning Objective: None Topic: 6.3–6.5 The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 22. In the information-processing model of memory, the process of encoding would be analogous to which part of a modern computer? a) the hard drive, a memory stick, or the “cloud” Incorrect. The memory stick is where information is stored. You might also call that a thumb drive or flash drive, among other names. b) a central processing unit c) a wireless mouse and keyboard Correct. The mouse and keyboard are for input, or “encoding.” d) a flat panel monitor Answer: c Learning Objective: None Topic: 6.3–6.5 The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 23. Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment? a) primary memory b) sensory memory Correct. Sensory memory stores brief images. c) long-term memory d) short-term memory Incorrect. Sensory memory provides very brief sensory representation. Short-term memory is verbal in nature and limited in capacity.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Topic: 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 50 a= 6 b= 50 c= 4 d= 40 r = .41 % correct 81 a= 2 b= 81 c= 3 d= 14 r = .31 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 24. Why did research participants in George Sperling’s experiment recall so few letters stored in sensory memory? a) They stopped paying attention after a few stimuli. Incorrect. Attention wasn’t relevant to sensory memory. b) Proactive interference reduced the effectiveness of recall. c) The stress of participating in this research became excessive. d) The remaining stimuli quickly faded from sensory memory. Correct. The stimuli faded quickly before they could be read. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Topic: 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 25. A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone. You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. Which aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess? a) primary memory b) sensory memory Correct. This was one of the first sensory memory experiments ever done. c) long-term memory d) short-term memory Incorrect. Testing short-term memory was done with verbal items in a list form. Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Topic: 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 36 a= 0 b= 36 c= 2 d= 62 r = .27 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 26. You are out for a drive with the family and are lucky enough to get a window seat. The rapidly passing scenery you see out the window is first stored in __________ memory. a) echoic b) iconic Correct. Iconic memory is sensory and the first stage of the memory systems. c) long-term d) short-term Incorrect. This storage location is not first, as the sensory memory system of iconic memory comes before it. Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Topic: 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 62 a= 7 b= 62 c= 2 d= 29 r = .47

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 27. The fleeting images we see as we look out the car window occur in __________ memory. a) sensory Correct. Sensory memory is the first and most brief type of memory that information encounters on its way into storage. b) short-term Incorrect. Before information gets to short-term memory, it must first be encoded into sensory memory. c) semantic d) working Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Topic: 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 28. Long ago, during the early days of television, when a television set was turned off it took a while for the last image that was on the screen to fade away. This phenomenon is most like __________ memory. a) iconic Correct. Iconic memory is like a fading image. b) echoic Incorrect. Echoic memory is concerned with hearing and not vision. c) short-term d) long-term Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Topic: 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 29. The key to the partial report method of George Sperling’s study of sensory memory was to __________. a) have the participants report the entire matrix of letters they saw as fast as they could b) have the participants report the entire matrix of letters but mask the letters after the presentation with a very bright light Incorrect. Masking was used by a later study. c) cue the participants, using a tone, as to which line of the matrix they were to report Correct. A cue was used by Sperling to allow the participants to retrieve the marked set of letters and let Sperling measure the duration of sensory memory. d) test the use of chunking Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Topic: 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 30. In the partial report method of Sperling’s study of sensory memory, the participants were to report __________. a) one of three lines of letters as indicated by the sound of a tone immediately presented after the letters had disappeared

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. The participants had to report the line of letters that was indicated by the tone. b) only one or two of the letters in the cued line c) the first letter of each line only Incorrect. They could usually get the whole line, and that was used to measure sensory memory capacity. d) the middle letter of each line Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Topic: 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 68 a= 68 b= 4 c= 11 d= 17 r = .42 % correct 89 a= 89 b= 3 c= 5 d= 3 r = .35 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 31. Using the partial report method, Sperling found the capacity of iconic memory to be around __________. a) four or five items Incorrect. This was what the participants reported but it was not the true capacity of iconic storage. Using this estimate, Sperling then calculated the true capacity of iconic storage. b) nine or ten items c) all the letters present Correct. All the letters were available but only for a fraction of a second. d) one to two items Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Topic: 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 60 a= 14 b= 10 c= 60 d= 16 r = .20 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 32. Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery? a) a table b) a modem c) a rainbow Incorrect. Eidetic imagery is more like a photograph and is even called photographic memory. d) a photograph Correct. Eidetic imagery is like a picture and is sometimes called photographic memory. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Topic: 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 80 a= 2 b= 7 c= 10 d= 80 r = .44 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 33. The term __________ memory is often used, albeit incorrectly, to refer to eidetic imagery. a) photographic Correct. While we don’t really have something called photographic memory, eidetic imagery does occur in rare cases. b) episodic Incorrect. Episodic memory is one’s memory of personal experiences or encounters. c) reconstructed d) affective

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Topic: 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 34. The term photographic memory is often used, albeit incorrectly, to refer to __________. a) affective memory b) episodic memory Incorrect. Episodic memory is one’s memory of her or his own experiences or encounters. c) reconstructed memory d) eidetic imagery Correct. Although we don’t really have something called photographic memory, eidetic imagery does occur in rare cases. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Topic: 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 35. A time machine provides you the opportunity to interview Sigmund Freud. During the interview, Freud admits that he never wanted to attend medical school. When you ask him how he made it through, he says, “I had eidetic imagery.” What does he mean by that? a) He relied on the ability to associate odd images with material he needed to remember. b) He had a photographic memory, which helped him remember the material he had to learn. Correct. Eidetic imagery is sometimes called photographic memory. c) He was able to imagine how cells in a patient’s body were acting when he prescribed drugs and, thus, he could adjust dosages. Incorrect. Although the word imagine is used, it’s not the same as remembering an image. d) In order to remember the long list of diseases he would encounter, he created drawings that helped him remember. Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Topic: 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 36. One problem with relying on eidetic imagery to study for tests is that __________. a) you remember too much material and the professor will think you are cheating b) eidetic images fade in .25 seconds, as Sperling has shown Incorrect. Eidetic images last a long time. The problem is that the material is not interpreted or understood. c) you may be able to recall the material but you don’t necessarily understand it Correct. Material in eidetic imagery hasn’t been understood; it is only like a picture of a page of text. d) it only helps you remember things from other cultures Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Topic: 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It % correct 67 a= 0 b= 33 c= 67 d= 0 r = .18 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

37. What is one of the real-world uses of iconic storage? a) It is where photographic memories are kept. Incorrect. Although it involves images, iconic storage is not the locus of photographic memory. b) It is the process that glosses over the disruption that would occur from microsaccades. Correct. It does help with disruption and serves as an input to later memory systems. c) It increases depth of processing. d) It allows the retention of a brief memory of something that was said to you even if you were not paying attention. Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Topic: 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 38. Iconic memory is to echoic memory as __________. a) implicit is to explicit b) auditory is to visual Incorrect. This is the opposite of the correct answer. c) visual is to auditory Correct. Iconic memory refers to the visual sensory memory, while echoic memory refers to auditory sensory memory. d) quick is to slow Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Topic: 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 39. Meg looks up from her lunch, realizing that Parker has just said something to her. What was it? Oh, yes, he has just asked her if she wants to go to the movies. Meg’s ability to retrieve what Parker said is due to her __________ memory. a) iconic b) echoic Correct. Auditory information is first put into echoic memory. c) short-term Incorrect. Short-term memory is the stage that occurs after echoic memory, which is being used here. d) tactile Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Topic: 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 93 a= 3 b= 93 c= 3 d= 0 r = .20 % correct 91 a= 0 b= 91 c= 7 d= 1 r = .25 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 40. Compared to the others, which type of memory fundamentally contributes to the ability to maintain the steady stream of meaningful conversation? a) iconic memory Incorrect. Iconic memory is visual memory, which is not as useful in conversation as echoic (auditory) memory. b) echoic memory

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. The brief memory of what someone has just heard allows that person enough time to make sense of it and respond appropriately. c) distributed memory d) procedural memory Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Topic: 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 41. The duration of iconic memory is __________ than echoic memory, but iconic memory’s capacity is probably __________. a) shorter; larger Correct. Echoic memory lasts longer but stores less. b) longer; larger c) longer; about the same Incorrect. Iconic memory stores more and is shorter. d) shorter; about the same Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Topic: 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 56 a= 56 b= 7 c= 20 d= 17 r = .41 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 42. Information gets from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of __________. a) elaborative rehearsal b) maintenance rehearsal Incorrect. Sensory memory doesn’t rely on rehearsal, which is a short-term memory process. c) automatic encoding d) selective attention Correct. Sensory information must be attended to or it is not sent on to short-term memory. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Topic: 6.4 Short-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 30 a= 14 b= 54 c= 3 d= 30 r = .28 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 43. Sitting in a very noisy restaurant, you are able to screen out all the other conversations around you so you can listen to the friend with whom you are conversing. This is an example of __________. a) Broadbent’s forgetting theory Incorrect. Broadbent is better identified with selective attention and not memory. b) the homecoming-queen party phenomenon c) selective attention Correct. This is an example of selection attention, as you are paying attention only to what interests you. d) intimacy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Topic: 6.4 Short-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 90 a= 3 b= 3 c= 90 d= 3 r = .19 % correct 96 a= 2 b= 2 c= 96 d= 0 r = .21 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 44. Why is selective attention a crucial process for memory formation? a) Selective attention represents the first stage in the sequence of the information-processing model of memory. Incorrect. The first stage of this model is encoding, which takes place in sensory memory; selective attention contributes to these activities but is not synonymous with them. b) “Attention” and “storage” are terms used interchangeably in the parallel distributed processing model of memory, which is the dominant model among researchers. c) We need a mechanism to filter information in the environment; otherwise, all information all the time would compete for our attention and possible memory formation. Correct. If there were no way to attend to some information rather than others, our mental systems would be constantly bombarded with information processing demands, and the formation of any memories would be unlikely under these conditions. d) Long-term memories, once retrieved from storage, tend to selectively capture our attention more than short-term memories do. Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Topic: 6.4 Short-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 45. Someone a short distance away, to whom you have been paying no attention, quietly speaks your name, and suddenly you attend to that person. This is an example of __________. a) Broadbent’s process of selective memory Incorrect. This is an example of the cocktail party effect. Selective memory is not a real term used by Broadbent. b) the phi phenomenon c) the cocktail-party effect Correct. This is an example of the cocktail-party effect, which refers to hearing your name stand out in a crowded situation, such as a cocktail party. d) cue-controlled inhibition Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Topic: 6.4 Short-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 46. Which theorist is most closely associated with the idea that information moves from sensory memory to shortterm memory through the process of selective attention? a) Edward Thorndike b) Hans Gruber c) George Sperling

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. Sperling measured the duration of sensory memory in a classic paper, but the theory belongs to Broadbent. d) Donald Broadbent Correct. Broadbent is associated with the idea that information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of selective attention. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Topic: 6.4 Short-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 47. Which memory system is the one that is an active system that processes the information within it? a) long-term memory b) working memory Correct. Working memory works on the contents of the short-term store. c) secondary memory Incorrect. Secondary memory is an obsolete and little-used term. d) cognitive dissonance Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Topic: 6.4 Short-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 48. Suppose you are pitching in a softball game and facing a good hitter. You remember that you struck her out with a fastball the last time she was up. You also remember that your coach told you to always try to be unpredictable, so you decide to throw a curve ball this time. In making this decision, you are primarily using your __________. a) central executive Correct. The central executive is the part of our working memory that helps us with organization and decisionmaking. b) fight-or-flight response Incorrect. There is nothing in this question that deals with the fight-or-flight response of the autonomic nervous system. c) modality-specific memory d) long-term potentiation Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Topic: 6.4 Short-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 49. Jamaal is trying to remember the specific route he took to the library the night before. What part of working memory is he accessing? a) the articulatory loop Incorrect. The articulatory loop is the part of working memory that deals with immediate auditory information. b) the visuospatial sketchpad Correct. The visuospatial sketchpad is part of the working memory that deals with immediate visual or graphical information. c) the internal executive d) the control sequence Answer: b

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Topic: 6.4 Short-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 50. According to Alan Baddeley, which memory system is BEST conceived of as three interrelated systems: central executive, visuospatial sketchpad, and phonological loop? a) sensory memory b) working memory Correct. Working memory is seen as three interconnected systems. c) long-term memory d) procedural memory Incorrect. Procedural memory is a form of long-term memory. Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Topic: 6.4 Short-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 51. What “magic number” did George A. Miller find to be the capacity of short-term memory? a) 11 b) nine c) seven Correct. Seven is Miller’s magic number, referring to the number of items human beings can hold in their shortterm memory. d) five Incorrect. Miller found the number of items human beings can hold in short-term memory to be seven. Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Topic: 6.4 Short-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 72 a= 4 b= 16 c= 72 d= 8 r = .29 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains 52. In the 1950s, George Miller estimated the number of items that could be stored in short-term memory to be __________. a) five, plus or minus four b) seven, plus or minus two Correct. Miller found the capacity of short-term memory to be seven, plus or minus two. c) nine, plus or minus three Incorrect. Miller found the capacity of short-term memory to be seven, plus or minor two. d) 11, plus or minus one Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Topic: 6.4 Short-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 89 a= 0 b= 89 c= 11 d= 0 r = .28 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

53. Taye is trying to buy something over the phone. He asks his partner to read him his credit card number. However, when he tries to repeat it to the salesclerk on the other end of the line, he can’t remember all the numbers. Taye is coming up against __________. a) the decay of numerical memory Incorrect. Numerical memory is not a term in current usage. b) the extinction of auditory traces c) George Miller’s magic number seven, plus or minus two Correct. Credit card numbers are too long for short-term memory, according to Miller. d) the limits of procedural memory Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Topic: 6.4 Short-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 35 a= 25 b= 18 c= 35 d= 22 r = .28 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 54. Rolf convinces a woman he finds attractive to give him her telephone number. Unfortunately, the number is ten digits long with the area code, and Rolf cannot find a place to write it down. As he looks for a pen and paper, what can Rolf do to help himself remember the number? a) “Chunking” the numbers into smaller units will help Rolf. Correct. By grouping the numbers into fewer meaningful units (or “chunks”), Rolf should be able to retain the information more effectively in short-term memory. b) Nothing will help because ten digits are beyond the capacity of short-term memory. c) Thinking of something else will help Rolf. Incorrect. This would only speed the loss of the information that he is trying to remember. d) Rolf should transmit the information directly into long-term memory. Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Topic: 6.4 Short-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 55. Bits of information are combined into meaningful units so that more information can be held in short-term memory through the process of __________. a) chunking Correct. The combination of information into meaningful units is called chunking. b) categorizing c) rote rehearsal d) cueing Incorrect. Cueing refers to a retrieval effect that does not involve combining units of information. Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Topic: 6.4 Short-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 56. If a person wants to increase the capacity of short-term memory, more items can be held through the process of __________. a) chunking

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. More items can be held through chunking, a process whereby bits of information are combined into meaningful units so that more information can be held. b) decoding c) rote rehearsal d) data compression Incorrect. Data compression is a term from computer usage. Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Topic: 6.4 Short-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 96 a= 96 b= 0 c= 0 d= 4 r = .30 % correct 97 a= 97 b= 0 c= 0 d= 3 r = .27 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 57. Chunking is a means of __________. a) immediately forgetting irrelevant details b) combining information into meaningful units Correct. Chunking is a means of combining information into meaningful units. c) arranging details into a hierarchy from most to least important Incorrect. Arranging details into a hierarchy might be a form of chunking but does not totally define the term. d) storing long-term memories Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Topic: 6.4 Short-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 96 a= 1 b= 96 c= 2 d= 1 r = .28 % correct 96 a= 0 b= 96 c= 0 d= 3 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 58. Ivy is asked to memorize the letters I K T E A L N in no particular order. She memorizes them by reorganizing them into the words INK and LATE. This tactic is called __________. a) cueing Incorrect. Cueing refers to a hint given at recall. b) shadowing c) rote rehearsal d) chunking Correct. The tactic of combining bits of information into meaningful chunks is called chunking. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Topic: 6.4 Short-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 95 a= 2 b= 2 c= 1 d= 95 r = .21 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 59. Catalina finds that it is easier to retrieve her student ID number if she thinks of it in segments, such as the first three digits, then the next two, and then the final four. Each of these short segments of the number are called __________. a) codes Incorrect. A code refers to a particular system or process for remembering information. The best answer to this question is chunks. b) cues

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) chunks Correct. Chunks refer to groups of individual bits of information that increase the efficiency of our short-term memory. d) stores Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Topic: 6.4 Short-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 60. Penny and Jenny both met a celebrity they admire, and as luck would have it, she gave them her phone number with the promise of reviewing an audition recording they’d made! Penny tries to remember the number by repeating it over and over…“867-5309…867-5309…867-5309…” Jenny tries to remember the number by associating it with the lyrics of a song she heard recently. Penny is using ___________ whereas Jenny is using ____________ to try to commit the telephone number to memory. a) short-term memory; working memory b) maintenance rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal Correct. Of the two, Jenny has a much better chance of committing the phone number to long-term memory. c) elaborative rehearsal; maintenance rehearsal Incorrect. Flip this around to give yourself something you can hold on to. d) iconic imagery; echoic imagery Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Topic: 6.4 Short-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 61. Maintenance rehearsal is defined as __________. a) processing the physical features of the stimulus to be remembered Incorrect. Maintenance rehearsal is the practice of repeating some bit of information over and over in one’s head in order to maintain it in short-term memory. b) analyzing new material in order to make it memorable c) associating new material to be learned with information maintained in long-term memory d) repeating some bit of information over and over in one’s head in order to maintain it in short-term memory Correct. Maintenance rehearsal is the practice of repeating some bit of information over and over in one’s head in order to maintain it in short-term memory. It is not the best way to get items into long-term memory. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Topic: 6.4 Short-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 85 a= 1 b= 3 c= 11 d= 85 r = .33 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 62. Repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as __________ rehearsal. a) repetitive Incorrect. In maintenance rehearsal, items to be remembered are repeated over and over again inside a person’s head. b) imagery c) elaborative

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) maintenance Correct. Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating bits of information to aid memory. It is not the best strategy for getting information into long-term memory. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Topic: 6.4 Short-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 18 a= 63 b= 0 c= 20 d= 18 r = .31 % correct 16 a= 56 b= 0 c= 19 d= 16 r = .33 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 63. Carlo tries to remember a license plate number by repeating it over and over to himself. What type of rehearsal is Carlo using? a) condensed b) permanent c) elaborative Incorrect. In maintenance rehearsal, items to be remembered are repeated over and over again inside a person’s head. Elaborative rehearsal is a better strategy. d) maintenance Correct. Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating bits of information to aid memory. In maintenance rehearsal, items to be remembered are repeated over and over again inside a person’s head, but it is not the best strategy. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Topic: 6.4 Short-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 64. __________ rehearsal results in a more lasting memory and promotes the transfer of information to long-term memory, as compared to __________ rehearsal. a) Permanent; condensed b) Condensed; permanent c) Elaborative; maintenance Correct. Elaborative rehearsal leads to longer-lasting memories than does maintenance rehearsal, because the deeper the processing, the better the memory. d) Maintenance; elaborative Incorrect. Elaborative rehearsal leads to longer-lasting memories than does maintenance rehearsal. Repeating items over and over, as in maintenance rehearsal, has not been found to be very effective. Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It % correct 92 a= 6 b= 0 c= 92 d= 0 r = .30 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 65. It is thought that long-term memory never can get filled up. Which of the following correctly describes the capacity of long-term memory? a) seven, plus or minus two b) about 10,000 items c) limited by the size of a person’s brain Incorrect. The capacity of long-term memory is unlimited; no one has ever found a brain-size limitation. d) unlimited

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. The capacity of long-term memory is unlimited. Given the number of neurons and connections, it is unlikely that capacity would be limited. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 82 a= 6 b= 1 c= 11 d= 82 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 66. Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours or decades? a) short-term memory Incorrect. Long-term memory has an unlimited capacity. Short-term memory lasts only about 30 seconds and can hold only seven or so items at one time. b) long-term memory Correct. Long-term memory has an unlimited capacity. c) sensory memory d) implicit memory Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 67. The portion of memory that is more or less permanent is called __________ memory. a) primary b) working Incorrect. Long-term memory is more or less permanent. Working memory is used to manipulate information retrieved from long-term memory. c) eidetic d) long-term Correct. Long-term memory is more or less permanent. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 75 a= 15 b= 3 c= 7 d= 75 r = .18 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 68. Which item offers the BEST analogy for the way long-term memory is conceptualized? a) a revolving door b) a bank of filing cabinets Correct. Long-term memory can be thought of as a huge series of filing cabinets in which items are stored in an organized manner. c) a desktop d) a flat-screen television Incorrect. The item most similar in concept to long-term memory is a filing cabinet, as memory stores items in an organized manner just like a good filing system.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 69. If one wanted to use the BEST method to store information in long-term memory, one would use __________. a) maintenance rehearsal Incorrect. The best method is elaborative rehearsal, as maintenance rehearsal does not process the information at a deep enough level. b) rote rehearsal c) elaborative rehearsal Correct. The best method is elaborative rehearsal, as it makes you engage the material at a deeper level. d) sleep learning Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 75 a= 12 b= 12 c= 75 d= 0 r = .37 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 70. With which general model of memory would elaborative rehearsal be most closely associated? a) maintenance-renewal model b) information-processing model c) parallel distributed processing Incorrect. Aspects of this model would be consistent with elaborative rehearsal, but it is not the most closely aligned memory model. d) levels of processing model Correct. This model directly argues for the benefits of processing information deeply as it enters the memory system. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 71. A police officer is shot during a gun battle with bank robbers. Although emergency brain surgery saves his life, it leaves him unable to store new information. The officer’s family is applying to the state for compensation for his injuries. When asked to provide a diagnosis of the difficulties he suffers, what will they write? a) proactive amnesia b) anterograde amnesia Correct. Anterograde amnesia occurs when new long-term memories cannot be formed. c) retrograde amnesia Incorrect. Retrograde amnesia deals with not being able to get old information out of storage. d) retroactive amnesia Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 72. Compared to the others, which type of long-term memory would be most resistant to loss among people diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease? a) nondeclarative memory Correct. Nondeclarative memory, which is unconscious, is most resistant to loss. It is a separate system from the others and usually regards skills. b) semantic memory c) episodic memory d) iconic memory Incorrect. Nondeclarative memory is rarely lost. People with Alzheimer’s more easily lose episodic and semantic memories. Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 73. Why is nondeclarative memory nondeclarative? a) Researchers have not found a way to document this form of memory, but they remain certain it must exist. Incorrect. This would also be known as “wishful thinking,” which is not a good way for science to operate. b) Most people, when queried, do not admit that they have formed these kinds of painful memories. c) It is evident in the context of amnesia, and amnesiacs cannot describe who they are or what they know. d) Evidence of the memory shows itself in behaviors, although direct access to the memory may be unavailable. Correct. “Nondeclarative” suggests “I can’t declare,” as in “I can’t tell you exactly when and how I learned to wash my hands, but I’m washing my hands right now, providing evidence that my memory of how to perform that behavior must be in long-term memory someplace.” Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 74. Which type of long-term memory is most difficult to bring into conscious awareness? a) episodic memory b) nondeclarative memory Correct. Nondeclarative memory, such as how to tie shoes, is unconscious. c) declarative memory d) semantic memory Incorrect. It is difficult to bring procedural memory into conscious awareness. It is not difficult to consciously recall something that is part of semantic memory, like a word meaning or a math term. Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 37 a= 16 b= 37 c= 2 d= 45 r = .47 % correct 43 a= 18 b= 43 c=15 d= 25 r =.46 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 75. Memories for both general facts and personal information are called __________ memories. a) episodic b) procedural c) declarative Correct. Memories for general facts and personal information are called declarative memories. d) factual Incorrect. Factual memory is not the term used; declarative memory stores general facts. Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 76. Declarative memories are to __________ memories as nondeclarative memories are to __________ memories. a) implicit; explicit Incorrect. Declarative memories are consciously accessible, so they are not implicit. Nondeclarative memories are skill-based, and you are not consciously aware of them. b) explicit; implicit Correct. Declarative memories are to explicit memories as nondeclarative memories are to implicit memories. c) general knowledge; personal facts d) personal facts; general knowledge Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 35 a= 30 b= 35 c= 30 d= 5 r = .44 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 77. Recalling the definition of long-term memory is an example of __________ memory. a) episodic Incorrect. Episodic memory refers to memories of events that are associated with a particular time, place, and circumstance. b) semantic Correct. Semantic memory refers to the memory of the meanings of words, concepts, and general facts about the world. c) working d) implicit Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 78. In the game show Jeopardy!, contestants are tested on their knowledge of general information. The type of memory used to answer these kinds of questions is __________ memory. a) nondeclarative b) semantic Correct. Semantic memory concerns common knowledge. c) episodic d) working Incorrect. The type of memory needed to access the answers to these kinds of questions is semantic and not a form of short-term memory. Working, or short-term, memory is not permanent.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 79. Which statement represents a semantic memory? a) “I once visited Copenhagen.” b) “I like pistachio ice cream.” Incorrect. Although this statement reflects something factual, it is not general knowledge that anyone might know. c) “Texans seem boastful to me.” d) “Tuscaloosa is west of Sylacauga.” Correct. This is a factual statement about towns in Alabama. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 80. Personal facts and memories of one’s personal history are parts of ___________ memory. a) episodic Correct. Episodic memory includes personal facts and memories of one’s own history. b) nondeclarative c) declarative Incorrect. Declarative memory is concerned with general facts, not personal ones. d) semantic Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 81. Remembering your first day of college classes is an example of __________ memory. a) episodic Correct. Episodic memory refers to memories of events that are associated with a particular time, place, and circumstance. b) semantic Incorrect. Semantic memory includes general knowledge, language, and concepts, among other things. c) working d) implicit Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 82. Knute still has very vivid memories of his first romantic kiss. This example illustrates a specific form of __________ memory known as a(n) __________ memory. a) semantic; autobiographical

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) episodic; autobiographical Correct. Autobiographical memories refer to memories of things that have occurred in our own lives. c) semantic; personal d) episodic; personal Incorrect. The form of episodic memory that is referred to in this question is called autobiographical, not personal, memory. Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 83. Zara, a psychology major, just conducted a survey for class in which she asked students about their opinions regarding evolution. As Zara thinks back on this experience, which of the following statements would be accurate? a) Zara will be using her episodic memory only. Incorrect. Zara would be using both episodic and semantic memory in this example. b) Zara will be using her semantic memory only. c) Zara’s ability to recall the factual details about the survey illustrates episodic memory, whereas her recollections of talking with the students illustrates semantic memory. d) Zara’s ability to recall the factual details about the survey illustrates semantic memory, whereas her recollections of talking with the students illustrates episodic memory. Correct. Episodic memory refers to memories of events that are associated with a particular time, place, and circumstance, whereas semantic memory includes general knowledge, language, and concepts, among other things. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 84. __________ memory is constantly updated. a) Nondeclarative b) Declarative Incorrect. Declarative memory deals with facts and is not updated every day. Episodic memory is revised and updated more or less constantly, as it is the record of your day-to-day life. c) Semantic d) Episodic Correct. Episodic memory is revised and updated more or less constantly to keep track of day-to-day life. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 85. Long-term memory is thought to be organized in the form of __________. a) semantic networks or nodes of related information spreading out from a central piece of knowledge Correct. Long-term memory is thought to be organized in the form of semantic networks or nodes of related information spreading out from a central piece of knowledge. b) conditioned responses and associations c) alphabetical lists of semantic concepts, time-based lists of life events, and body part-specific motor skills

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. Long-term memory is thought to be organized in the form of semantic networks, or nodes of related information spreading out from a central piece of knowledge. Studies do not show a list arrangement, as items seem to be recalled in a related fashion and not serially. d) operantly acquired abilities to retrieve information Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 86. Compared to the others, which question should take the longest to answer, given the way in which long-term memory is organized? a) “Does a cat have skin?” Correct. Answering this question would requiring traversing more nodes in a semantic network. b) “Does a cat ‘meow’?” c) “Does a cat have a tail?” d) “Does a cat have eyes?” Incorrect. These two concepts would be closely linked in a semantic network. Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 87. In the semantic network model of memory, concepts that are related in meaning are __________. a) not physically proximal Incorrect. The opposite is true, as they are believed to be stored in closer physical proximity. b) archaic c) stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related Correct. This is an assumption of the semantic network model. d) more subject to rapid decay and decline Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 88. The Internet, with its series of links from one site to many others, is a good analogy for the organization of __________ memory. a) short-term b) episodic c) long-term Correct. Long-term memory is organized with links that branch out to other links in a manner similar to the organization of the Internet. d) procedural Incorrect. Procedural memory is the memory that stores skills, whereas the Internet is more like the network models of long-term memory. Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Difficult

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 89. If memory were like the sea, we could say that __________ is long-term memory, __________ are specific memories, and __________ are retrieval cues. a) the sea; fish; hooks Correct. The sea is long-term memory, fish are specific memories, and hooks are retrieval cues. b) a boat; worms; fish c) a boat; hooks; worms d) an island; worms; fishing poles Incorrect. The sea is long-term memory, fish are specific memories, and hooks are retrieval cues. The sea is a large container (long-term memory), it contains fish (specific memories), and you catch fish with hooks (cues). Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify the effects of cues on memory retrieval. Topic: 6.6 Retrieval Cues Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It % correct 94 a= 94 b= 1 c= 2 d= 4 r = .29 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 90. How do retrieval cues help a person to remember information? a) They provide inferences. b) They help the person chunk information. Incorrect. Chunking is a process that is used in short-term memory. Cues are related to long-term memory. c) They direct recall to relevant information stored in long-term memory. Correct. Cues help prime a person’s long-term memory to find a specific piece of information that is needed. d) They provide numbers for ideas. Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify the effects of cues on memory retrieval. Topic: 6.6 Retrieval Cues Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 91. Someone asks you to name the 22nd president of the United States, but you can’t remember. To aid your memory, the person then tells you that the president’s name is the same as that of a large city on Lake Erie. Upon hearing the hint, you instantly recall that Grover Cleveland is the correct answer. In this situation, the hint acted as a(n) __________. a) elaborative rehearsal cue Incorrect. You are not rehearsing or repeating anything in this task as you would in an elaborative rehearsal process. b) cross code c) structural cue d) retrieval cue Correct. The hint that made you think of the city of Cleveland helped you retrieve the name of Grover Cleveland. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify the effects of cues on memory retrieval. Topic: 6.6 Retrieval Cues Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 92. When asked to recall the date of John Kennedy’s assassination, Jackson draws a blank; however, when asked whether it was October 24, 1962, November 22, 1963, or February 1, 1965, he correctly answers with the second of the choices. This example most clearly demonstrates the value of __________. a) state-dependent memory b) retrieval cues Correct. This example most clearly demonstrates the value of retrieval cues, as Jackson probably had the date stored in memory and then just had to take a set of dates and check which one he had stored. c) cross links in deep structure d) mnemonic devices Incorrect. This example most clearly demonstrates the value of retrieval cues. A mnemonic is a poem or acronym that aids memory through aiding retrieval. Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify the effects of cues on memory retrieval. Topic: 6.6 Retrieval Cues Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 93. Which of the following statements is TRUE of retrieval cues? a) They are important in helping us remember items stored in long-term memory. Correct. Retrieval cues are important in helping us remember items stored in long-term memory. Think of trying to find your keys by trying to remember where you last saw them. That’s how you would use retrieval cues. b) They are aids in rote rehearsal in short-term memory. c) They can be helpful in both long- and short-term memory. d) They have recently been shown to have little effect on the accessibility of information. Incorrect. Retrieval cues are important in helping us remember items stored in long-term memory. In fact, lack of retrieval has been seen as a major cause of forgetting. Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify the effects of cues on memory retrieval. Topic: 6.6 Retrieval Cues Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 69 a= 69 b= 7 c= 24 d= 0 r = .21 % correct 57 a= 57 b= 8 c= 36 d= 0 r = .19 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 94. Where is the BEST place to take your biology exam to ensure good retrieval of biology concepts? a) the biology classroom Correct. If you could take the test where you studied, that would be the best. b) an auditorium to prevent cheating c) the English classroom d) the special testing room used for all exams Incorrect. The special testing room won’t give you any retrieval cues; the best place is in the biology classroom. Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify the effects of cues on memory retrieval. Topic: 6.6 Retrieval Cues Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 94 a= 94 b= 1 c= 0 d= 5 r = .21 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 95. “The effectiveness of memory retrieval is directly related to the similarity of cues present when the memory was encoded to the cues present when the memory is retrieved.” What concept does this statement describe?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) memorability b) registered learning Incorrect. Encoding specificity is being described. Registered learning is not a term used by memory researchers. c) encoding specificity Correct. Encoding specificity is being described, as it refers to the similarity of the learning and testing situations and how that similarity aids performance. d) accessible decoding Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify the effects of cues on memory retrieval. Topic: 6.6 Retrieval Cues Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 96. Encoding specificity refers to __________. a) using physical surroundings or emotions as retrieval cues for specific memories Correct. Encoding specificity refers to using physical surroundings or emotions as retrieval cues for specific memories. b) particular codes, such as Morse code, that transform information into bits c) the discrete and specific links that occur in a Collins and Quillian network Incorrect. Encoding specificity refers to using physical surroundings or emotions as retrieval cues for specific memories. Although such cues might lead to forming a network such as Collins and Quillian proposed, the process is not referred to in terms of their model. d) working memory Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify the effects of cues on memory retrieval. Topic: 6.6 Retrieval Cues Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 76 a= 76 b= 0 c= 22 d= 3 r = .36 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 97. Your best friend’s mother is an airline pilot. You often ask her about her flying experiences, but the stories she tells are rather bland. One day she invites you to accompany her on a flight. Surprisingly, once you are up in the air, she begins to share with you all kinds of interesting stories. What is the best explanation for this change? a) state-dependent learning b) the recency effect c) context-dependent learning Correct. The cockpit is where the adventures began, so the cockpit spurs the retrieval of those stories. d) encoding specificity Incorrect. Encoding specificity focuses more on retrieval cues, whereas context-dependent learning usually focuses on the environmental surroundings present when information was experienced and encoded. Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify the effects of cues on memory retrieval. Topic: 6.6 Retrieval Cues Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 98. Bitsy and her family just got back from a vacation at Disney World, where they had a great time full of fun and laughter. Under which circumstances is Bitsy likely to struggle remembering what they did? a) several weeks later while attending a carnival Incorrect. State-dependent learning suggests that it will be easier to remember happy memories from a vacation after a happy event like attending a carnival. b) during a lunch break at school

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) right after viewing a documentary about serial killers and mass murderers Correct. State-dependent learning refers to our tendency to remember information better when our psychological state (such as being happy or intoxicated) when we learned it matches the state we are in when we recall it. d) later that week at a sleepover with her friends Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify the effects of cues on memory retrieval. Topic: 6.6 Retrieval Cues Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 99. Which pairing should result in the BEST overall memory for an event? a) sad during learning and happy during recall b) happy during learning and sad during recall Incorrect. Inconsistency between the encoding and retrieval states would probably interfere with memory. c) serious during learning and serious during recall Correct. State-dependent learning suggests that retrieval of information is easier when we are in the same psychological state during retrieval as we were during encoding. d) intoxicated during learning and sober during recall Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.6 Identify the effects of cues on memory retrieval. Topic: 6.6 Retrieval Cues Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 100. Tiana is taking an exam in her history class. There is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War. Tiana remembers four of them. She knows there is a fifth and can almost remember it—she knows that it starts with a “T”—but she can’t recall it before time is up. As Tiana is walking down the stairs, she suddenly remembers that the fifth point is taxes, but it is too late. Tiana was suffering from __________. a) encoding problems Incorrect. Tiana was suffering from the tip of the tongue phenomenon. She probably had encoded the information, but she couldn’t find it; thus, it was a retrieval problem. b) storage inversion c) the tip of the tongue phenomenon Correct. Tiana was suffering from the tip of the tongue phenomenon, as she felt the information was almost ready to be said, or on the tip of her tongue. d) evaluation overload Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Topic: 6.7 Recall and Recognition Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 101. When the sound of a word is the aspect that cannot be retrieved, leaving only the feeling of knowing the word without the ability to pronounce it, this is known as __________. a) encoding failure Incorrect. This is known as the tip of the tongue (TOT) phenomenon. When the information has been encoded but you can’t find it and only have a sense that it is in memory, you have TOT. b) extinction of acoustic storage c) auditory decay

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) the tip of the tongue phenomenon Correct. This is known as the tip of the tongue phenomenon. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Topic: 6.7 Recall and Recognition Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 102. Gigi wrote a shopping list prior to going to the grocery store. Unfortunately, when she arrived at the store she realized she had left the list at home. If she is to purchase the items on her list, Gigi must rely on which memory task? a) recognition Incorrect. If someone showed Gigi three grocery lists and asked her to identify which one contained the items she needed, this would be a recognition task. b) interpretation c) recall Correct. Recall is the ability to retrieve and reproduce information previously encountered. d) relearning Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Topic: 6.7 Recall and Recognition Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 103. Silas can remember only the first two items and the last two items on the grocery list that his wife just read to him over the phone. The other five items in between are gone. This is an example of the __________ effect. a) encoding specificity b) serial position Correct. The phenomenon is known as the serial position effect, as it refers to the ability to better remember things at the beginning and end of a list. c) TOT Incorrect. The tip of the tongue (TOT) phenomenon is when you know the item but can’t retrieve it at a particular moment, which is not the case in this example. Silas’s problem involves the serial position effect. d) reintegrative Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Topic: 6.7 Recall and Recognition Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 93 a= 1 b= 93 c= 2 d= 3 r = .41 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 104. The fact that it is easier to recall items at the beginning and end of a list of unrelated items is known as the __________. a) phi phenomenon b) implicit memory effect c) serial position effect Correct. The finding is known as the serial position effect, as it refers to the ability to better remember things at the beginning and end of a list. d) sequestering effect Incorrect. The finding is known as the serial position effect. The sequestering effect is not a term used in memory research.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Topic: 6.7 Recall and Recognition Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 91 a= 1 b= 6 c= 91 d= 2 r = .34 % correct 84 a= 0 b= 7 c= 84 d= 9 r = .36 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 105. When given a list of items to remember, people tend to have better recall of the first items on the list than items on the middle of the list. This is known as the __________. a) phi phenomenon b) recency effect Incorrect. This is known as the primacy effect. The recency effect refers to improved memory for items at the end of the list. c) chunking effect d) primacy effect Correct. This is known as the primacy effect or having a better memory for the beginning of the list as compared to the middle. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Topic: 6.7 Recall and Recognition Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 82 a= 0 b= 11 c= 7 d= 82 r = .29 % correct 86 a= 0 b= 9 c= 5 d= 86 r = .32 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 106. Sung-Mi is trying to memorize the names of the bones in the hand. She had gone through a list of them when her phone rang. After she gets off the phone, she is MOST likely to remember the first few bone names because of the __________ effect. a) elaboration b) recency Incorrect. The recency effect suggests that we have a strong memory of things that are presented to us at the end of a list of items. c) primacy Correct. The primacy effect suggests that we have a strong memory of things that are presented to us at the beginning of a list of items. d) maintenance Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Topic: 6.7 Recall and Recognition Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 107. When given a list of items to remember, you are more likely to remember the items __________ of the list. a) at the beginning better than those in the middle or at the end b) in the middle better than those at the beginning or at the end Incorrect. People are more likely to remember the items at the beginning and at the end of a list than those in the middle because of the recency effect in short-term memory and the primacy effect in long-term memory. c) at the end better than those in the middle or at the beginning d) at the beginning and at the end better than those in the middle

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. When given a list of items to remember, you are more likely to remember the items at the beginning and at the end more than those in the middle of the list. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Topic: 6.7 Recall and Recognition Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 108. When given a list of items to remember, people tend to do better at recalling the last items on the list. This is known as the __________. a) phi phenomenon b) chunking effect c) recency effect Correct. The recency effect helps you recall the last thing your significant other said when you would rather watch TV and your significant other is going on and on. d) primacy effect Incorrect. This is known as the recency effect, as the last items are remembered best. The primacy effect is having a better memory for the beginning of the list as compared to the middle. Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Topic: 6.7 Recall and Recognition Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 109. Margeaux is introduced to the following people when she arrives at the party: Derek, Kayla, Calvin, Debbie, Rose, Melanie, Garrett, Tom, Francis, Jane, John, and Vincent. According to the serial-position effect, it will be MOST difficult to remember the names of __________ . a) Derek, Kayla, Melanie, and Garrett b) Derek, Kayla, John, and Vincent Incorrect. There’s no compelling reason why these names should be difficult to remember. c) Rose, Melanie, Garrett, and Tom Correct. This is an example of the serial-position effect, the tendency for recall of the first and last items on a list to surpass recall of items in the middle of the list. d) Francis, Jane, John, and Vincent Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Topic: 6.7 Recall and Recognition Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 110. According to primacy and recency effects, when reading the chapters of a textbook, you are most likely to forget the information __________. a) you read first Incorrect. The primacy effect suggests that you would be least likely to forget this information. b) you read most recently c) in the middle of the chapter Correct. The primacy and recency effects suggest that we remember things that are presented to us at the beginning and end of a list. Therefore, you would have the most difficulty remembering items in the middle of the chapter. d) from the summary Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 6.7 Recall and Recognition Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 111. Under most circumstances, when you are intentionally trying to remember an item of information, __________ is an easier task than __________. a) recognition; recall Correct. Recognition is an easier task than recall. b) recall; recognition Incorrect. Recognition is an easier task than recall. Recognition always entails a hint that enables you to check the given answers against memory. c) priming; the savings method d) the savings method; priming Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Topic: 6.7 Recall and Recognition Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 112. In one study, more than 2,500 photographs were shown to participants, one every 10 seconds. Participants were then shown pairs of photographs in which one member of each pair was one of the previously seen photographs. Accuracy for identifying the previously seen photos was __________. a) 10 to 20 percent Incorrect. Accuracy for identifying the previously seen photos was 85 to 95 percent. b) 50 to 60 percent c) 70 to 80 percent d) 85 to 95 percent Correct. Accuracy for identifying the previously seen photos was 85 to 95 percent. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Topic: 6.7 Recall and Recognition Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 113. False positives occur when a person incorrectly “matches” a stimulus not in memory with one in memory that is just similar enough to lead the person to make an incorrect identification. One major problem with eyewitness testimony is that __________. a) extinction of auditory memories causes the witness to forget what was said b) witnesses are prone to habituate to the courtroom and forget what happened Incorrect. False positives can cause eyewitness testimony to be quite inaccurate. Thus, an innocent person may be found guilty and sent to jail. c) false positives can cause eyewitness testimony to be quite inaccurate Correct. False positives can cause eyewitness testimony to be quite inaccurate, and innocent people may go to jail. d) there is usually some sort of unconscious motivation to provide inaccurate information Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Topic: 6.7 Recall and Recognition Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 114. A witness on the stand swears that he saw someone commit a crime. Must you believe that the testimony is valid when a witness testifies so forcefully? a) Yes, because seeing is believing. Incorrect. Eyewitnesses have been shown to be incorrect, even when they sound very convincing. b) No, because eyewitnesses usually are not honest. c) Yes, because eyewitnesses are very confident about their testimony. d) No, because there is a great possibility of a “false positive” identification. Correct. A great number of “false positive” identifications have been made. Witnesses sometimes construct memories after the fact and convince themselves of their validity. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Topic: 6.7 Recall and Recognition Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 115. The most influential researcher studying eyewitness memory has been __________. a) Don Broadbent Incorrect. The most influential researcher into eyewitness memory has been Loftus. Broadbent is best known for research on attention. b) Daniel Schacter c) Elizabeth Loftus Correct. The most influential researcher into eyewitness memory has been Loftus. d) Anne Treisman Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Topic: 6.7 Recall and Recognition Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 116. Flashbulb memories __________. a) are not subject to periodic revision b) usually concern events that are emotionally charged Correct. Flashbulb memories usually concern events that are emotionally charged. c) are almost always highly accurate Incorrect. Flashbulb memories usually concern events that are emotionally charged, but quite often they are incorrect if the details are checked. d) usually concern events from early childhood Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.8 Describe how some memories are automatically encoded into long-term memory. Topic: 6.8 Automatic Encoding: Flashbulb Memories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 117. Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called __________. a) eidetic images Incorrect. Eidetic images are perfect images formed by a person with photographic memory; they are images of anything the person experiences, not just highly significant or emotional events. b) elaborative rehearsals c) flashbulb memories Correct. Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called flashbulb memories.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) eyewitness images Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.8 Describe how some memories are automatically encoded into long-term memory. Topic: 6.8 Automatic Encoding: Flashbulb Memories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 118. Many older adults can vividly recall where they were and what they were doing the day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated, although they cannot remember what they were doing the day before he was assassinated. This is an example of a(n) __________. a) eidetic image Incorrect. This is an example of a flashbulb memory. Eidetic images are perfect images formed by a person with photographic memory; they are of anything the person sees, not just highly significant events. b) flashbulb memory Correct. This is an example of a flashbulb memory, which is like a flash picture of a highly emotional event and is not always accurate. c) semantic memory d) procedural memory Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.8 Describe how some memories are automatically encoded into long-term memory. Topic: 6.8 Automatic Encoding: Flashbulb Memories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 94 a= 4 b= 94 c= 4 d= 2 r = .23 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 119. Ursula was visiting a friend in New York City on September 11, 2001, the day of the attack on the World Trade Center. To her, that day seems frozen in time. She remembers exactly where she was, what she was doing, and what she felt as the events transpired. This vivid recollection is known as ______. a) a frozen memory Incorrect. This is not a term used in memory research. b) a serial-position effect c) source misattribution d) a flashbulb memory Correct. Flashbulb memories are especially vivid memories of emotionally charged events. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.8 Describe how some memories are automatically encoded into long-term memory. Topic: 6.8 Automatic Encoding: Flashbulb Memories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 120. Your memory of the moment you heard about the massacre at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, in 2018 would be most appropriately termed a(n) __________ memory. a) episodic b) autobiographical Incorrect. Although this memory may be autobiographical in nature, the best answer to this question is a flashbulb memory. c) flashbulb Correct. This incredibly emotional memory would be an example of a flashbulb memory. d) repressed Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.8 Describe how some memories are automatically encoded into long-term memory.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 6.8 Automatic Encoding: Flashbulb Memories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 121. “You should have seen it! First the car flipped over and then it exploded! I will never forget it!” What type of memory may have just formed in this eyewitness? a) flashbulb Correct. Flashbulb memories are most likely to form when the event in question is surprising, traumatic, or highly meaningful to the person. b) nondeclarative c) semantic Incorrect. Semantic memory refers to a remembering of general facts and information from the world around us. d) procedural Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.8 Describe how some memories are automatically encoded into long-term memory. Topic: 6.8 Automatic Encoding: Flashbulb Memories Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 122. Which statement about flashbulb memories is TRUE? a) Flashbulb memories tend to be about as accurate as other types of memories. Correct. Although researchers used to think of flashbulb memories as more accurate than other memories, recent research has debunked that belief. b) People feel unconfident about their recall of flashbulb memories. Incorrect. In fact, while people’s confidence about the accuracy of flashbulb memories is very high, the actual accuracy of those memories is about equal to other types of memory. c) A major news event automatically causes a person to store a flashbulb memory. d) Your memory of how you felt at the onset of a flashbulb memory rarely changes over time. Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.8 Describe how some memories are automatically encoded into long-term memory. Topic: 6.8 Automatic Encoding: Flashbulb Memories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 123. As memories get older, they are most likely to __________. a) get lost b) become stronger, more accurate, and more vivid c) be regarded as unreliable by the person using them Incorrect. Studies show that people usually don’t realize how unreliable their memories actually are. As memories get older, they are most likely to be changed or altered in some fashion. d) become changed or altered in some fashion Correct. As memories get older, they are most likely to become changed or altered in some fashion. More new items interfere with them. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.9 Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory. Topic: 6.9 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White % correct 92 a= 5 b= 1 c= 2 d= 92 r = .43 % correct 95 a= 4 b= 1 c= 0 d= 95 r = .32 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 124. Which famous pioneer of memory research viewed memory as a problem-solving activity in which the problem is to give a coherent account of some past event, and the memory is the solution to that problem? a) Sir Frederick Bartlett Correct. The researcher in question is Bartlett. b) Duke Paolo Vagadori c) Count Hermann Ebbinghaus Incorrect. The researcher in question is Bartlett. Ebbinghaus was concerned with memory for nonsense syllables and not stories like Bartlett. d) Dame Edith McGillicudy Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.9 Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory. Topic: 6.9 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 125. Retrieving information from long-term memory is accomplished by assembling information from various brain regions in a process known as __________. a) consolidation Incorrect. Bits and pieces of information are gathered from various areas and put back together in a process called constructive processing. Consolidation is the process of establishing memories. b) reintegration c) constructive processing Correct. Bits and pieces of information are gathered from various areas of the brain and put back together in a process called constructive processing. d) automatic processing Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.9 Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory. Topic: 6.9 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 126. “I knew it all along!” is an accurate summary of which memory disruption? a) the primacy effect Incorrect. This is not really a memory disruption. b) the hindsight bias Correct. Everyone’s a genius when the events have already happened. c) state-dependent learning d) the misinformation effect Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.9 Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory. Topic: 6.9 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 127. According to the concept of __________, memories are “built” from the pieces stored away at encoding. a) constructive processing Correct. Building memory is constructive processing. b) hindsight bias c) adaptation of memory traces d) flashbulb integration Incorrect. Flashbulb integration is a made-up term. Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.9 Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory. Topic: 6.9 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 128. It’s Thanksgiving and your whole family has gotten together. You start to reminisce about your childhood and get into an argument with your brother. Both of you claim that you were the innocent victim of the other. This is an example of __________. a) constructive processing Correct. You are constructing a memory to favor yourself. b) hindsight bias Incorrect. This is an example of constructive processing or altering the memory at recall. c) adaptation of memory traces d) flashbulb integration Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.9 Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory. Topic: 6.9 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 129. Jermaine sees a car accident and initially estimates the offending driver to be traveling at 39 miles per hour. However, after hearing another witness's report of the cars "bumping" and answering a police officer's questions about the rate of speed when the cars “contacted,” he subsequently revises his estimate to 30 miles per hour and his memory of the accident changes. This is an example of __________ . a) anterograde amnesia b) decay Incorrect. The decay theory of forgetting suggests that information that is not actively used at some point tends to fade away over time. c) interference d) the misinformation effect Correct. The misinformation effect refers to providing people with misleading information after an event in order to elicit fictitious memories. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.9 Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory. Topic: 6.9 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 130. Compared to the others, which person represents the most typical individual to be involved in a case in which memories of past childhood abuse are recalled later in life? a) 30-year-old Charlotte, who sought psychotherapy for anxiety and depression with a therapist who uses hypnosis extensively Correct. Hypnosis is not really that reputable a treatment among scientifically oriented therapists. Much research has shown it to be based on social conformity rather than inducing a real trance. b) 30-year-old Steve, who sought therapy for symptoms that developed after serving on active duty in the military c) 10-year-old Maddox, who was examined by a pediatrician for symptoms that appear to meet the diagnostic criteria for hyperactivity d) 50-year-old Victoria, who fell, hit her head, and suddenly began remembering that her brother abused her sexually when she was 8 years old Incorrect. Recovered memories of abuse have not been found to be related to injury. Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.9 Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory. Topic: 6.9 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 131. For better or worse, which technique is most widely used by therapists to help clients recover memories? a) hypnosis Correct. Hypnosis is widely used by therapists to help clients recover memories. Remember that hypnosis is not well-respected by scientifically trained therapists. b) “truth” serum c) Gestalt therapy Incorrect. Hypnosis is widely used by therapists to help clients recover memories. Gestalt therapy doesn’t use hypnosis as a core technique. d) electroconvulsive therapy Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.9 Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory. Topic: 6.9 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 132. How does hypnosis affect memory recall? a) It has no effect on recall one way or the other. b) It increases a person’s confidence in the memory, although the memory may not be accurate. Correct. Hypnosis can help retrieve accurate memories as easily as it can create false memories. c) It can only produce false memories. d) It tends to make memories more accurate. Incorrect. False memories can be created under hypnosis. Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.9 Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory. Topic: 6.9 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 133. Given the research on false and recovered memories, one should be skeptical if a person says that __________ .

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) she is frequently bothered by vivid memories of a traumatic event that she experienced b) she cannot remember an event from when she was 2 years old c) she now has memories of her experiences as an infant, thanks to therapy Correct. It is possible for a therapist, either deliberately or unwittingly, to implant a false memory in a client. d) she enjoyed coq au vin for her dinner last night Incorrect. This delicious chicken-in-wine dish is likely to be remembered a short time after it was eaten. Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.9 Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory. Topic: 6.9 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 134. Which outcome is a noted side effect associated with taking gingko biloba? a) the rapid development of tau proteins in the brain b) changing insulin levels Correct. In addition, this supplement can lead to blurred vision, increased bruising, and other side effects. c) thickening of the arterial walls d) sexual dysfunctions Incorrect. Gingko biloba is not specifically associated with sexual side effects. Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.9 Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory. Topic: 6.9 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 135. A. R. Luria studied an individual with phenomenal memory. This person was a __________. a) gestaltiker Incorrect. This person was a mnemonist. There is no such thing as a gestaltiker. b) hypnotist c) child prodigy d) mnemonist Correct. This person was a mnemonist, or someone with exceptional memory. The term comes from the Greek god of memory. Answer: d Learning Objective: None Topic: 6.10–6.11 What Were We Talking About? Forgetting Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 136. A. R. Luria studied a mnemonist with phenomenal memory. This person had several problems associated with the ability, such as __________. a) repressed memory syndrome Incorrect. He did not suffer from repressed memory syndrome. b) tip of the tongue aphasia c) separating trivial from important memories Correct. Trivial memories interfered with important ones. d) cognitive penetrance Answer: c Learning Objective: None Topic: 6.10–6.11 What Were We Talking About? Forgetting

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 137. Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten __________. a) more rapidly as time goes by b) gradually at first, then with increasing speed c) quickly at first, then tapers off gradually Correct. Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten quickly at first, then tapers off gradually. d) most quickly one day after learning Incorrect. Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten quickly at first, then tapers off gradually. After a day, the rate of forgetting becomes stable. Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.10 Describe the “curve of forgetting.” Topic: 6.10 Ebbinghaus and the Forgetting Curve Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 56 a=21 b= 18 c= 56 d= 6 r = .39 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 138. According to the curve of forgetting discovered by Hermann Ebbinghaus, the greatest amount of forgetting occurs __________. a) within the first hour after learning new material Correct. The greatest amount of forgetting occurs within the first hour after learning new material. b) within the first day after learning new material c) near the end of the retrieval period Incorrect. The greatest amount of forgetting occurs within the first hour after learning new material. The rate of forgetting was fairly stable after a long retrieval period. d) near the middle of the retrieval period Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.10 Describe the “curve of forgetting.” Topic: 6.10 Ebbinghaus and the Forgetting Curve Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 139. Your teacher has given each student the name of a key figure in the history of psychology. The assignment is to describe at least one significant contribution made by this person. If your historical figure is Hermann Ebbinghaus, what contribution might you describe to the class? a) He described the limits of sensory storage. Incorrect. Ebbinghaus created nonsense syllables that were crucial to studying learning. Sperling was crucial in the study of sensory storage. b) He discovered the parts of the brain responsible for processing memories. c) He created nonsense syllables in order to study memory in a “pure” form. Correct. Ebbinghaus created nonsense syllables that were crucial to studying learning. d) He developed a series of memory aids that is still used by students today. Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.10 Describe the “curve of forgetting.” Topic: 6.10 Ebbinghaus and the Forgetting Curve Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 65 a= 10 b= 14 c=65 d= 11 r = .36 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 140. What type of stimuli did Hermann Ebbinghaus use in his memory experiments? a) words Incorrect. Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables to avoid the associations that words would have. He wanted a stimulus that would seem similar to the neutral stimuli used in conditioning experiments. b) numbers c) pictures d) nonsense syllables Correct. Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables because he wanted a stimulus that would seem similar to the neutral stimuli used in conditioning experiments. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.10 Describe the “curve of forgetting.” Topic: 6.10 Ebbinghaus and the Forgetting Curve Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 84 a= 4 b= 7 c= 5 d= 84 r = .36 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 141. You are invited to take part in a study by a researcher trying to replicate the work of Hermann Ebbinghaus. What might this researcher ask you to do? a) “Write down all the words you can remember.” b) “Read this poem and then interpret its meaning.” c) “Listen to me: BEC, DAX, FER, KOJ; now repeat what I said.” Correct. Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables to avoid previous associative links. d) “Listen to these sounds and write down words that come to mind.” Incorrect. He would probably say, “BEC, DAX, FER, KOJ; now repeat what I said.” Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables because they had no previous associations. Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.10 Describe the “curve of forgetting.” Topic: 6.10 Ebbinghaus and the Forgetting Curve Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 142. The practice of spacing out the study of material to be remembered by including breaks between study periods is called __________ practice. a) infiltrated b) segmented c) distributed Correct. Distributed practice, or studying over a series of different times, is a better study approach than massed practice. d) massed Incorrect. Massed practice involves a time-compacted attempt to cram information into memory all at once. Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.10 Describe the “curve of forgetting.” Topic: 6.10 Ebbinghaus and the Forgetting Curve Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 143. Eero is getting ready for an exam in his biology class tomorrow. He has not studied yet, and he is preparing all sorts of caffeinated beverages to help him pull an “all-nighter.” In memory terms, Eero is about to engage in __________ practice. a) massed

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. Massed practice involves a time-compacted attempt to cram information into memory all at once. b) segmented c) linked d) distributed Incorrect. Distributed practice, or studying over a series of different times, is a better study approach than massed practice. Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.10 Describe the “curve of forgetting.” Topic: 6.10 Ebbinghaus and the Forgetting Curve Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 144. Most people have difficulty recognizing the correct image of the Lincoln penny. The most likely cause of this problem is __________. a) interference b) memory trace decay Incorrect. The most likely cause of this problem is encoding failure. You probably never noticed and stored this level of detail. c) encoding failure Correct. The most likely cause of this problem is encoding failure. Who notices those details unless you are a numismatist? (Look it up.) Not noticing causes the information not to be processed or encoded. d) repression Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.11 Identify some common reasons people forget things. Topic: 6.11 Reasons We Forget Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 145. Alan learned to play the entire Led Zeppelin catalog on the guitar when he was in high school; pretty much every song, for better or worse, with fairly good results. As time passed and he pursued other musical interests, he stopped playing those songs. Decades later, when trying to recall how to play one of those tunes, he found that he was thoroughly stumped, and couldn’t even remember where to begin. What theory of forgetting would predict this kind of outcome? a) repression b) decay Correct. Memory traces decay over time. c) encoding failure Incorrect. This would not be a failure of encoding, as the songs were learned successfully to begin with. d) proactive interference Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.11 Identify some common reasons people forget things. Topic: 6.11 Reasons We Forget Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 146. Decay theory works well to explain forgetting in __________. a) sensory memory only Incorrect. Decay has been proposed to explain forgetting in both sensory memory and short-term memory. b) short-term memory only c) long-term memory only

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) sensory memory and short-term memory Correct. Decay has been proposed to explain forgetting in both sensory memory and short-term memory. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.11 Identify some common reasons people forget things. Topic: 6.11 Reasons We Forget Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 147. Forgetting in long-term memory is most likely due to __________. a) interference from other information Correct. Forgetting in long-term memory is most likely due to interference from other information. b) decay or disuse Incorrect. Forgetting in long-term memory is most likely due to interference from other information. Decay, or the fading of information, has not been conclusively shown to occur, and in fact, there is evidence against it. c) encoding failure d) disinterest Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.11 Identify some common reasons people forget things. Topic: 6.11 Reasons We Forget Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 33 a= 33 b= 49 c= 5 d= 13 r = .27 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 148. Proactive interference, as used in the study of memory, refers to __________. a) older information already in memory interfering with the retrieval of newer information Correct. Proactive interference, as used in the study of memory, refers to older information already in memory interfering with the retrieval of newer information. b) newer information interfering with the retrieval of older information Incorrect. Proactive interference, as used in the study of memory, refers to older information already in memory interfering with the retrieval of newer information. Retroactive interference is the reverse, as described in this choice. c) information that is not attended to failing to be encoded d) information that is not accessed decaying from the storage system over time Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.11 Identify some common reasons people forget things. Topic: 6.11 Reasons We Forget Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 61 a= 61 b= 37 c= 2 d= 0 r = .35 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 149. You’ve used Mozilla Firefox since you first owned a computer, but now must change to using Google Chrome because your university demands that browsers be Google products. If you have trouble using Chrome, it is most likely due to __________. a) proactive interference Correct. In proactive interference, older information interferes with newer information. b) retroactive interference Incorrect. In retroactive interference, newer information interferes with older information. In this example, the old interferes with the new, which is proactive interference. c) anterograde interference d) consolidation problems Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.11 Identify some common reasons people forget things.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 6.11 Reasons We Forget Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 150. In high school, Deanna took three years of Italian. Upon enrolling in college ten years later, she registered for a remedial Portuguese course. When required to speak in Portuguese during class discussion with her teacher and classmates, Deanna frequently responds with Italian words instead of Portuguese words. This is one example of __________ . a) retroactive interference Incorrect. Retroactive interference occurs when we have trouble remembering old information because of new information we’ve acquired. b) proactive interference Correct. This would be an example of proactive interference, which occurs when old information interferes with the remembering of new information. c) state-dependent forgetting d) blocking Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.11 Identify some common reasons people forget things. Topic: 6.11 Reasons We Forget Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 151. Maeve has two exams today. One is in French and the other is in history. Last night she studied French before history. When she gets to her history test, all she can remember is French! Maeve’s memory is suffering from __________. a) cue-dependent forgetting b) proactive interference Correct. Maeve’s memory is suffering from proactive interference. c) decay d) retroactive interference Incorrect. Maeve’s memory is suffering from proactive interference, as old information is knocking out the new. Retroactive interference is the reverse. Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.11 Identify some common reasons people forget things. Topic: 6.11 Reasons We Forget Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 69 a= 1 b= 69 c= 0 d= 28 r = .29 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 152. __________ is the tendency for older or previously learned material to interfere with the retrieval of newer, more recently learned material. a) Cue-dependent forgetting b) Proactive interference Correct. Proactive interference is the tendency for older or previously learned material to interfere with the retrieval of newer, more recently learned material. c) Decay d) Retroactive interference Incorrect. Retroactive interference is the tendency for new or recently learned material to interfere with the retrieval of older material.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.11 Identify some common reasons people forget things. Topic: 6.11 Reasons We Forget Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 54 a= 1 b= 54 c= 0 d= 45 r = .43 % correct 68 a= 0 b= 68 c= 0 d= 32 r = .57 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 153. Kyra took psychology in the fall semester and is now taking sociology. Several of the concepts are similar, and Kyra finds that she sometimes has trouble recalling some of the major psychological theorists. She keeps getting them confused with sociological theorists. Kyra’s problem is most likely due to __________. a) decoding failure b) retroactive interference Correct. In retroactive interference, new information interferes with older information. c) proactive interference Incorrect. In proactive interference, older information interferes with newer information, but in this example the situation is reversed. d) Toronto syndrome Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.11 Identify some common reasons people forget things. Topic: 6.11 Reasons We Forget Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 62 a= 2 b= 62 c= 35 d= 0 r = .21 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 154. Retroactive interference, as used in the study of memory, refers to __________. a) older information already in memory interfering with the retrieval of newer information b) newer information interfering with the retrieval of older information Correct. Retroactive interference, as used in the study of memory, refers to newer information interfering with the retrieval of older information. c) information that is not attended to failing to be encoded d) information that is not accessed decaying from the storage system over time Incorrect. Retroactive interference, as used in the study of memory, refers to newer information interfering with the retrieval of older information. Decay refers to the information fading on its own. Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.11 Identify some common reasons people forget things. Topic: 6.11 Reasons We Forget Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 70 a= 30 b= 70 c= 0 d= 0 r = .48 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 155. Maeve has two exams today. One is in French and the other is in history. Last night she studied French before history. When she gets to her French test, all she can remember is history! Maeve’s memory is suffering from __________. a) cue-dependent forgetting b) proactive interference Incorrect. In proactive interference, old information interferes with new. In Maeve’s situation, the new information (history) is interfering with the old (French), which is called retroactive interference. c) decay d) retroactive interference Correct. Retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with old.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.11 Identify some common reasons people forget things. Topic: 6.11 Reasons We Forget Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 156. When newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information, this is called __________. a) cue-dependent forgetting b) proactive interference Incorrect. In proactive interference, old information interferes with new. c) decay d) retroactive interference Correct. In retroactive interference, new information interferes with old. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.11 Identify some common reasons people forget things. Topic: 6.11 Reasons We Forget Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 68 a= 1 b= 31 c= 0 d= 68 r = .20 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 157. Evidence suggests that short-term memories are stored in which part of the brain? a) cerebellum b) prefrontal lobes of the cortex Correct. Evidence suggests that short-term memories are stored in the prefrontal lobes of the cortex. c) hippocampus Incorrect. Evidence suggests that short-term memories are stored in the prefrontal lobes of the cortex. The hippocampus is involved in processing thoughts. d) amygdala Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.12 Explain the biological bases of memory in the brain. Topic: 6.12 The Biological Bases of Memory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 58 a= 7 b= 58 c= 30 d= 5 r = .24 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 158. Short-term memories appear to be stored in the __________. a) occipital lobe b) cingulate gyrus Incorrect. Short-term memories appear to be stored in the prefrontal lobes. This area might be involved, but not as the storage area. c) amygdala d) prefrontal lobes Correct. Short-term memories appear to be stored in the prefrontal lobes. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.12 Explain the biological bases of memory in the brain. Topic: 6.12 The Biological Bases of Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 159. Evidence suggests that nondeclarative memories are stored in which part of the brain?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) cerebellum Correct. Evidence suggests that nondeclarative memories are stored in the cerebellum. b) prefrontal and temporal lobes of the cortex c) hippocampus Incorrect. Evidence suggests that nondeclarative memories are stored in the cerebellum. The hippocampus is involved in other memory systems. d) amygdala Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.12 Explain the biological bases of memory in the brain. Topic: 6.12 The Biological Bases of Memory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 25 a= 25 b= 14 c= 35 d= 25 r = .40 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 160. Which statement regarding memory storage in the brain is TRUE? a) All memories are stored in one place in the brain. Incorrect. Different parts of the brain are specialized for the storage of memories. Many sites are active depending on the specific task. b) Memories are randomly distributed throughout the brain. c) Different regions of the brain are specialized for the storage of memories. Correct. Different regions of the brain are specialized for the storage of memories. d) Almost all memories are primarily stored in the brain stem. Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.12 Explain the biological bases of memory in the brain. Topic: 6.12 The Biological Bases of Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 161. Santiago is 70 years old and had a stroke last year. He is now unable to remember how to get to and return from his new doctor’s office using a specific route. Which brain structure was potentially damaged by Santiago’s stroke? a) his amygdala Incorrect. Although the amygdala plays a role in forming fear-based memories, the best answer to this question is the hippocampus. b) his hypothalamus c) his hippocampus Correct. Research has found that the hippocampus is essential in the formation and encoding of new memories. d) his cerebellum Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.12 Explain the biological bases of memory in the brain. Topic: 6.12 The Biological Bases of Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 162. A man known as H. M. lost the ability to form new memories after an operation removed portions of his __________. a) cortex and medulla b) cerebellum and pons c) hippocampi Correct. H. M. lost the ability to form new memories after an operation removed portions of his hippocampi. d) hypothalamus and thalamus

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. H. M. lost the ability to form new memories after an operation removed portions of his hippocampi. The hypothalamus is concerned with motivation and the thalamus with sensation. Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.12 Explain the biological bases of memory in the brain. Topic: 6.12 The Biological Bases of Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 92 a= 0 b= 0 c= 92 d= 8 r = .19 % correct 84 a= 3 b= 7 c= 84 d= 4 r = .38 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 163. In the famous case of H. M., after having part of his brain removed, he could no longer __________. a) pay attention to specific stimuli b) retrieve memories Incorrect. In the famous case of H. M., after having part of his brain removed, he could no longer form new memories. In this case, older memories were still available. c) form new memories Correct. In the famous case of H. M., after having part of his brain removed, he could no longer form new memories. d) make sense of memories Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.12 Explain the biological bases of memory in the brain. Topic: 6.12 The Biological Bases of Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 92 a= 1 b=6 c= 92 d= 1 r = .37 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 164. The case of H. M., a famous amnesiac, gave researchers solid information that the __________ is important in storing new long-term memories. a) hippocampus Correct. The role of the hippocampus in the formation of new long-term memories was first made apparent in the case of H. M. b) amygdala Incorrect. The amygdala is involved in emotion and memory. However, the role of the hippocampus in the formation of new long-term memories was first made apparent in H. M.’s case. c) frontal lobe d) cerebellum Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.12 Explain the biological bases of memory in the brain. Topic: 6.12 The Biological Bases of Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 68 a= 68 b= 10 c= 15 d= 7 r = .21 % correct 93 a= 93 b= 4 c= 3 d= 0 r = .19 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 165. A patient’s chart indicates that she just had surgery to remove her hippocampi as a result of a tumor. What change do you anticipate in the patient after the operation? a) She will not be able to process colors. b) She will have problems experiencing hunger. c) She will not be able to remember new information. Correct. Damage to the hippocampi results in long-term memory problems. d) She will not be able to perform tasks such as block designs.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. The patient will not be able to remember new information because the hippocampi are crucial in storing information in long-term memory. Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.12 Explain the biological bases of memory in the brain. Topic: 6.12 The Biological Bases of Memory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 96 a= 0 b= 0 c= 96 d= 4 r = .19 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 166. In the famous case of H. M., after having part of his brain removed, he could __________. a) no longer form new implicit memories Incorrect. H. M.’s problem was with explicit, not implicit, memories. b) read the same magazine over and over and not realize that he had read it before Correct. H. M. could read the same magazine over and over without realizing he had read it before. c) not form procedural memories d) not recognize his wife’s face Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.12 Explain the biological bases of memory in the brain. Topic: 6.12 The Biological Bases of Memory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 167. The __________ appears to be responsible for the storage of new long-term memories. If it is removed, the ability to store anything new is completely lost. a) cerebellum b) prefrontal lobe of the cortex c) hippocampus Correct. The hippocampus is responsible for the storage of new long-term memories. d) amygdala Incorrect. The hippocampus is responsible for the storage of new long-term memories. The amygdala is related to emotional processing. Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.12 Explain the biological bases of memory in the brain. Topic: 6.12 The Biological Bases of Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 168. When a person’s __________ is damaged or removed, anterograde amnesia, or the inability to form new memories, results. a) hippocampus Correct. When a person’s hippocampus is damaged or removed, anterograde amnesia results. b) prefrontal lobe c) amygdala d) cerebellum Incorrect. When a person’s hippocampus is damaged or removed, anterograde amnesia results. The cerebellum’s loss would interfere with the formation of conditioned responses.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.13 Identify the biological causes of amnesia. Topic: 6.13 When Memory Fails: Organic Amnesia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 169. Max, age 35, is severely depressed. Because of this, he is given electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). After treatment, he is sent home and does much better. However, his TV-watching behavior is strange. Max thinks that last year’s episodes of his favorite series are new. Max is showing signs of __________. a) anterograde amnesia Incorrect. Max is showing signs of retrograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia would entail his not remembering anything new. However, he does do that. b) retrograde amnesia Correct. Max is showing signs of retrograde amnesia, which is the loss of past memories. c) childhood amnesia d) senile dementia Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.13 Identify the biological causes of amnesia. Topic: 6.13 When Memory Fails: Organic Amnesia Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 68 a= 30 b= 68 c= 0 d= 1 r = .32 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 170. Who is most likely suffering from retrograde amnesia? a) Ivanhoe, who can’t remember much of anything after his wife died Incorrect. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories. b) Cyril, who can’t remember much of anything prior to being attacked on the street after a late-night party Correct. Retrograde amnesia is the loss of some memories of our past. c) Margie, who can’t seem to learn a foreign language d) Zoe, who doesn’t like studying for her exams and quizzes Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.13 Identify the biological causes of amnesia. Topic: 6.13 When Memory Fails: Organic Amnesia Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 171. Professionals using electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for patients suffering from severe depression have shown that the memory processes of consolidation __________. a) only take a short time Incorrect. Work with ECT for severe depression suggests that consolidation may take years to complete. b) may take months to return c) can be temporarily disrupted Correct. Work with ECT for severe depression suggests that consolidation may be disrupted after treatment. d) may take weeks to return Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.13 Identify the biological causes of amnesia. Topic: 6.13 When Memory Fails: Organic Amnesia Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 172. Following a car accident, Cindy and Mindy both suffer head injuries with resulting amnesia. Mindy cannot remember events that occurred before the accident, while Cindy cannot remember events that occurred after the accident. Mindy suffers from __________ amnesia and Cindy from __________ amnesia. a) anterograde; retrograde Incorrect. This is the opposite of the correct answer. b) anterograde; proactive c) retrograde; anterograde Correct. Retrograde amnesia is loss of past memories, whereas anterograde amnesia is loss of the ability to form new memories. d) retroactive; proactive Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.13 Identify the biological causes of amnesia. Topic: 6.13 When Memory Fails: Organic Amnesia Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 173. Loss of memory from the point of injury or illness forward is called __________. a) anterograde amnesia Correct. Loss of memory from the point of illness or injury forward is called anterograde amnesia. b) retrograde amnesia Incorrect. Loss of memory from the point of illness or injury forward is called anterograde amnesia. c) consolidation d) infantile amnesia Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.13 Identify the biological causes of amnesia. Topic: 6.13 When Memory Fails: Organic Amnesia Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 174. Retrograde amnesia is to anterograde amnesia as __________. a) mild is to severe b) severe is to mild c) remembering old is to learning new Correct. Retrograde amnesia deals with not being able to get old information out of storage and anterograde amnesia involves difficulty remembering anything new. d) remembering new is to learning old Incorrect. Anterograde amnesia occurs when new long-term memories cannot be formed and retrograde amnesia deals with not being able to get old information out of storage. Answer: c Learning Objective: 6.13 Identify the biological causes of amnesia. Topic: 6.13 When Memory Fails: Organic Amnesia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 175. People diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease typically have a memory problem known as __________ amnesia. a) amygdaloid b) inferograde c) retrograde Incorrect. The type of memory problem that people with dementia, including Alzheimer’s, typically have is called anterograde amnesia. They cannot form new memories. d) anterograde

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. The type of memory problem that people with dementia, including Alzheimer’s, typically have is called anterograde amnesia. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.13 Identify the biological causes of amnesia. Topic: 6.13 When Memory Fails: Organic Amnesia Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 176. Alzheimer’s disease accounts for nearly __________ percent of all dementia cases in the United States. a) 50–70 b) 60–80 Correct. Alzheimer’s, the most common type of dementia, accounts for nearly 60 to 80 percent of all cases of dementia in the United States. c) 75–80 Incorrect. Alzheimer’s, the most common type of dementia, accounts for nearly 60 to 80 percent of all cases of dementia in the United States. d) 80–85 Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.13 Identify the biological causes of amnesia. Topic: 6.13 When Memory Fails: Organic Amnesia Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 177. Which sequence of symptom development characterizes most cases of Alzheimer’s disease? a) anterograde amnesia followed by retrograde amnesia Correct. Those with Alzheimer’s disease more often start with anterograde amnesia, and then develop retrograde amnesia. b) retrograde amnesia followed by proactive amnesia c) retroactive amnesia followed by anterograde amnesia d) retrograde amnesia followed by anterograde amnesia Incorrect. This is the opposite of the correct answer. Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.13 Identify the biological causes of amnesia. Topic: 6.13 When Memory Fails: Organic Amnesia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 178. The breakdown of __________ seems to be responsible for the impaired ability to form new memories. a) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the hypothalamus Incorrect. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter responsible for this impairment. b) leptin in the pancreas c) serotonin in the amygdala d) acetylcholine in the hippocampus Correct. One of the neurotransmitters involved in the formation of memories in the hippocampus is acetylcholine. Answer: d Learning Objective: 6.13 Identify the biological causes of amnesia. Topic: 6.13 When Memory Fails: Organic Amnesia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 179. Many parents are reluctant to take their infants on vacations on the basis that they will not remember it anyway. Which argument may lend some credence to their decision? a) Traveling with children is less costly than fabricating vacation photographs after the fact. b) Most people don’t have accurate memories before the age of three. Correct. Although a lot of important development obviously happens in the first few years of life, we do not consciously remember it. c) Many people possess the memories from their earlier years but cannot access them. d) Despite popular belief, many adults have distinct memories dating back to infancy. Incorrect. In fact most people have no significant memories prior to the age of three years. This is called infantile amnesia. Answer: b Learning Objective: 6.13 Identify the biological causes of amnesia. Topic: 6.13 When Memory Fails: Organic Amnesia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 180. The memory for events and facts related to one’s personal life story is called __________ memory. a) autobiographical Correct. This begins to develop in early childhood. b) interferent c) declarative Incorrect. The better answer to this question is autobiographical memory. d) nondeclarative Answer: a Learning Objective: 6.13 Identify the biological causes of amnesia. Topic: 6.13 When Memory Fails: Organic Amnesia Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

TRUE OR FALSE 181. Memory has four essential processes: encoding, storage, retrieval, and consolidation. Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.1 Identify the three processes of memory. Topic: 6.1 Three Processes of Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 182. Iconic memory is the visual sensory memory in which an afterimage or icon will be held in the brain for about 1 to 2 seconds. Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Topic: 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 183. Iconic memory allows the eye to fuse the images from each microsaccade into a smooth, continuous pattern.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Topic: 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 184. Iconic memory allows us to remember the beginnings of sentences long enough to have meaningful conversations. Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Topic: 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 185. Echoic memory is auditory sensory memory, which takes the form of an echo that lasts for up to 10 seconds. Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Topic: 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 186. Short-term memory is where information is held while it is conscious and being used. Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Topic: 6.4 Short-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 187. Short-term memory is where information is held before conscious use of the material takes place, and it is unlimited in capacity. Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Topic: 6.4 Short-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 188. One task useful in testing short-term memory capacity is the digit-span test. Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Topic: 6.4 Short-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 189. Short-term memory can hold about 12 plus or minus two bits of information. Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Topic: 6.4 Short-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 190. Elaborative rehearsal is defined as the rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availability in memory. Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 191. Elaborative rehearsal is a way of transferring information from short-term memory into long-term memory by making that information meaningful in some way. Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 192. Declarative memory can be divided into semantic memory and episodic memory. Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 193. Declarative memory can be divided into short-term memory and working memory. Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 194. Episodic memory consists of personal facts and memories of one’s personal history. Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Topic: 6.5 Long-Term Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 195. Recall is a type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be “pulled” out of memory with few or no cues. Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Topic: 6.7 Recall and Recognition Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 196. Recognition is the ability to match information with stored images or facts.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Topic: 6.7 Recall and Recognition Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 197. Recognition is typically a more difficult retrieval task than is recall. Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Topic: 6.7 Recall and Recognition Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 198. Elizabeth Loftus has demonstrated experimentally that eyewitness memory is extremely reliable and doesn’t change over time. Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Topic: 6.7 Recall and Recognition Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 199. Constructive processing is the process of altering memories of the past so that they are more positive. Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.9 Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory. Topic: 6.9 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 200. Elizabeth Loftus and other memory researchers have found that people constantly update and revise their memories of events, adding information to a memory that occurred later even when that information is in error. Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.9 Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory. Topic: 6.9 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 201. Hindsight bias is the process of altering memories of the past so that they are more in line with accurate information that is learned later. Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.9 Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory. Topic: 6.9 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 202. The misinformation effect refers to the tendency of people who are asked misleading questions or given misleading information to incorporate that information into their memories of a particular event.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.9 Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory. Topic: 6.9 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 203. The constructive processing effect refers to the tendency of people who are asked misleading questions or given misleading information to incorporate that information into their memories of a particular event. Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.9 Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory. Topic: 6.9 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 204. Hypnosis enhances the confidence people have in their memories, regardless of their accuracy or inaccuracy. Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.9 Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory. Topic: 6.9 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 205. Kathy Pezdek and colleagues have found that false memories are more likely to be formed for plausible false events than for implausible ones. Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.9 Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory. Topic: 6.9 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 206. A mnemonist is a person with exceptional memory ability. Answer: True Learning Objective: None Topic: 6.10–6.11 What Were We Talking About? Forgetting Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 207. A. R. Luria’s mnemonist suffered from the problem of not being able to forget trivial things. Answer: True Learning Objective: None Topic: 6.10–6.11 What Were We Talking About? Forgetting Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 208. Encoding failure is often the reason some memories cannot be retrieved, because they were never effectively encoded in the first place.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.11 Identify some common reasons people forget things. Topic: 6.11 Reasons We Forget Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 209. Memory trace decay theory assumes the presence of a physical memory trace that decays with disuse over time. Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.11 Identify some common reasons people forget things. Topic: 6.11 Reasons We Forget Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 210. Memory trace decay theory can explain forgetting from sensory memory and short-term memory but does not adequately explain forgetting from long-term memory. Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.11 Identify some common reasons people forget things. Topic: 6.11 Reasons We Forget Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 211. When newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information, this is called proactive interference. Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.11 Identify some common reasons people forget things. Topic: 6.11 Reasons We Forget Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 212. When old information interferes with the retrieval of newer information, this is called retroactive interference. Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.11 Identify some common reasons people forget things. Topic: 6.11 Reasons We Forget Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 213. Evidence suggests that short-term memories are stored in the prefrontal and temporal lobes of the cortex. Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.12 Explain the biological bases of memory in the brain. Topic: 6.12 The Biological Bases of Memory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 214. Evidence suggests that nondeclarative memories are stored in the hippocampus, whereas short-term memories are stored in the occipital and temporal lobes of the cortex. Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.12 Explain the biological bases of memory in the brain. Topic: 6.12 The Biological Bases of Memory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 215. Semantic and episodic memories may be stored in the frontal and temporal lobes, but in different locations than short-term memories. Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.12 Explain the biological bases of memory in the brain. Topic: 6.12 The Biological Bases of Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 216. Memories associated with a fear of objects are most likely processed through the cerebellum. Answer: False Learning Objective: 6.12 Explain the biological bases of memory in the brain. Topic: 6.12 The Biological Bases of Memory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 217. The hippocampus appears to be responsible for the storage of new long-term memories. If it is removed, the ability to store new information is completely lost. Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.12 Explain the biological bases of memory in the brain. Topic: 6.12 The Biological Bases of Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 218. ECT, or electroconvulsive therapy, can disrupt memory consolidation and cause retrograde amnesia. Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.13 Identify the biological causes of amnesia. Topic: 6.13 When Memory Fails: Organic Amnesia Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 219. In anterograde amnesia, memory for anything new becomes impossible, although old memories may remain retrievable. Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.13 Identify the biological causes of amnesia. Topic: 6.13 When Memory Fails: Organic Amnesia Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 220. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia found in older adults. Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.13 Identify the biological causes of amnesia. Topic: 6.13 When Memory Fails: Organic Amnesia Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 221. Infant memories are mostly implicit and therefore difficult to bring into conscious awareness. When children become more verbal, their explicit memories become more dominant. Answer: True Learning Objective: 6.13 Identify the biological causes of amnesia. Topic: 6.13 When Memory Fails: Organic Amnesia Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

SHORT ANSWER 222. What is the definition of memory? Learning Objective: None Topic: 6.1–6.2 What Is Memory? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 223. Name the three parts of the information-processing model of memory. Learning Objective: 6.2 Explain how the different models of memory work. Topic: 6.2 Models of Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 224. What type of memory stores brief visual images, and for how long are these images retained? Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Topic: 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 225. Which part(s) of a serial list is/are remembered most poorly? Which part(s) is/are remembered the BEST? Learning Objective: 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Topic: 6.7 Recall and Recognition Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 226. What is false memory syndrome? Provide some details about how it most frequently occurs. Learning Objective: 6.9 Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory. Topic: 6.9 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 227. Discuss the use of gingko biloba to help improve memory functioning, and the use of coconut oil and fish oil to help treat the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. Learning Objective: 6.9 Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory. Topic: 6.9 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 228. Describe the memory trace decay theory of forgetting. Learning Objective: 6.11 Identify some common reasons people forget things. Topic: 6.11 Reasons We Forget Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 229. Describe a short example of retroactive interference. Learning Objective: 6.11 Identify some common reasons people forget things. Topic: 6.11 Reasons We Forget Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 230. What part of H. M.’s brain was damaged, and what memory problem did this cause him? Learning Objective: 6.12 Explain the biological bases of memory in the brain. Topic: 6.12 The Biological Bases of Memory Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 231. Define infantile amnesia. Learning Objective: 6.13 Identify the biological causes of amnesia. Topic: 6.13 When Memory Fails: Organic Amnesia Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

ESSAY 232. The information-processing model of memory is one of the best-known models in all of psychology. Describe the three stages of memory and their characteristics. Explain how the three-stage model of memory might explain the serial position effect. Learning Objectives: 6.1 Identify the three processes of memory; 6.2 Explain how the different models of memory work; 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Topics: 6.1 Three Processes of Memory; 6.2 Models of Memory; 6.7 Recall and Recognition Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 233. What is iconic memory? Describe what it is, how it works, and why it is important. Be sure to include a description of George Sperling’s experimental task, which was used to demonstrate and investigate iconic memory. Learning Objective: 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Topic: 6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 234. What is meant by a flashbulb memory? Describe its characteristics and give an example that is well-known. Some researchers are not impressed by examples of this phenomenon. What are some of the criticisms of the concept of flashbulb memory? Learning Objective: 6.8 Describe how some memories are automatically encoded into long-term memory. Topic: 6.8 Automatic Encoding: Flashbulb Memories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 235. The other day you had to remember some items for an important exam. You are sure you studied them and knew them before you entered the classroom. However, you drew a blank when you took the test. What happened? Why might you not have remembered them? What might you have done to avoid this? Learning Objectives: 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Topics: 6.7 Recall and Recognition Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 236. Let’s say you are an attorney defending a client on a murder charge. The victim was found in a dark alley. A witness had a glimpse of a shadowy figure standing over the body. The police thoroughly interrogate the witness and arrest a young man. The man has an alibi. There is no other evidence against him, except the testimony of the witness. The witness is certain of what she saw. What factors may lead you to doubt this strong testimony of the witness? Pretend you are the defense attorney and, using your knowledge of the problems with eyewitness testimony and memory, tell the jurors why they should be doubtful of the witness. Learning Objectives: 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition; 6.9 Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory. Topics: 6.7 Recall and Recognition; 6.9 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Test Yourself Pick the best answer. 1. The steps to memory can best be described as follows: a. sensing it, perceiving it, remembering it, forgetting it b. finding it, using it, storing it, using it again c. putting it in, keeping it in, getting it out d. a series of passive data files 2. According to Sperling, what is the capacity of iconic memory? a. Everything that can be perceived in a lifetime. b. Everything that can be heard in 1 minute. c. Everything that can be sensed in 1 second. d. Everything that can be seen at one time. 3. Which type of memory system best explains the “What?” phenomenon? a. echoic sensory system b. iconic sensory system c. short-term memory system d. tactile sensory system 4. For information to travel from either the iconic or echoic sensory system to short-term memory, it must first be _______ and then encoded primarily into _______ form. a. selectively attended to, visual b. unconsciously chosen, auditory c. selectively attended to, auditory d. biologically chosen, visual 5. You are introduced to someone at a party. While talking with the person, you realize that you have already forgotten the person’s name. What amount of time does it typically take before such information is lost from shortterm memory? a. typically between 12 and 30 seconds b. approximately ¼ of a second c. usually no more than 4 seconds d. Short-term memories typically last a lifetime. 6. Early studies of the capacity of short-term memory suggested that most people could remember approximately _______ bits of information. a. two b. seven c. three d. ten 7. Mary has just met an attractive man named Austin at a party. She wants to make sure she remembers his name. What should she do? a. Mary should make it more meaningful. For example, she might remind herself that Austin has the same name as the capital of Texas. b. Mary should repeat the name continuously so as to commit it to long-term memory. c. Mary should chunk it by remembering the first three letters as a set and then remembering the remaining letters as a set. d. Mary should create a song to help her remember his name.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 8. _______ memory includes what people can do or demonstrate, whereas _______ memory is about what people know and can report. a. Episodic, semantic b. Declarative, nondeclarative c. Semantic, nondeclarative d. Nondeclarative, declarative 9. The semantic network model of memory suggests that the _______ nodes you must pass through to access information, the longer it will take for you to recall information. a. bigger the b. fewer c. more d. more complex the 10. Phineas walks out of his office and into the conference room. However, after he leaves his office, he forgets what he was coming into the conference room for. According to the encoding specificity hypothesis, what should Phineas do to regain his lost memory? a. Phineas should return to his office to help him remember what he had forgotten. b. Phineas should ask someone else, “What did I come in here for?” c. Phineas should remain in the conference room and simply relax so that his memory returns. d. Phineas should consider seeing a doctor, since such memory loss can be a sign of mental illness. 11. Which of the following is an example of a test using recognition? a. short answer b. true–false c. essay d. fill in the blanks 12. When creating a presentation, many public-speaking instructors will tell you to develop a strong opening or attention getter to your presentation as well as a good summary and finish. What aspect of memory best explains these suggestions? a. elaborative rehearsal theory b. parallel distributed processing model of memory c. chunking d. serial position effect 13. Your mother tells you to dress for success at your interview because it’s all about “first impressions.” In other words, she is telling you that people often remember what they see first. This belief is in line with what element of memory? a. the power of false positives b. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon c. the recency effect d. the primacy effect 14. Research by Elizabeth Loftus shows that eyewitness recognition is very prone to what psychologists call a. a flashbulb memory. b. automatic encoding. c. a false positive. d. a recency effect.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 15. The tendency of certain elements to enter long-term memory with little or no effort to encode and organize them is what defines a. automatic encoding. b. encoding specificity. c. flashbulb memories. d. eidetic imagery. 16. The ability to remember where you were and what you were doing when the United States was attacked on September 11, 2001, is an example of a. encoding specificity hypothesis. b. eyewitness testimony. c. false-memory syndrome. d. flashbulb memory. 17. In Hermann Ebbinghaus’s classic study on memory and the forgetting curve, how long after learning the lists did most forgetting happen? a. 5 hours b. Forgetting started immediately. c. 1 hour d. 9 hours 18. You are surprised by the fact that you cannot remember if Abraham Lincoln’s head faces the left or the right on a penny. This is all the more surprising given the fact that you work with money at your job on nearly a daily basis. What would best explain such an inability to recall this information? a. encoding failure b. decay theory c. interference theory d. distributed practice effect 19. Henry Gustav Molaison, widely known as H.M., was unable to form new declarative memories. He suffered from what psychologists call _______ amnesia. a. retroactive b. psychogenic c. retrograde d. anterograde 20. Your English instructor has given you an assignment to write down your most favorite memory from when you were 12 months old. What might you tell him? a. Students will probably not be able to recall events from such an early age. b. Memories from this time are exceptionally vivid because of the exciting nature of childhood. c. Students will not be able to recall such memories if they had yet to develop the ability to talk by age 1. d. Students’ memories are detailed but often inaccurate.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

EXTRA BANK OF QUESTIONS 6: MEMORY ______________________________________________________________________________ 6.1–6.2 What Is Memory? 1. Memory is classically defined as __________. a. a capacity for learning b. the ability to retain information over time c. an ability of humans only d. unchangeable Answer b % correct 76 a= 21 b= 76 c= 0 2 d= 1

r = .28

2. Memory is __________. a. a capacity for learning b. a system that allows people to retain information over time c. an ability of humans only d. unchangeable Answer b % correct 88 a= 11 b= 88 c= 0 d= 1 r = .28 3. A system that allows people to retain information over time is called __________. a. memory b. cognition c. a computer d. intelligence Answer a % correct 97 a= 97 b= 2 c= 0 d= 1 r = .24 4. What is the system or process by which the products or results of learning are stored for future use? a. cognition b. memory c. perception d. sensation Answer b % correct 91 a= 7 b= 91 c= 1 d= 0 r = .21

6.1 Three Processes of Memory 5. What are the components of the information-processing model in order? a. retrieval, encoding, storage b. encoding, capturing, retrieval c. capturing, encoding, retrieval d. encoding, storage, retrieval Answer d % correct 84 a= 8 b= 2 c= 6 d= 84 r = .49 6. Deciding what information to store and how to represent it is known as __________. a. remembering b. decoding c. encoding d. recalling Answer c % correct 89 a= 2 b= 8 c= 89 d= 1 r = .40

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 7. The step in the memory process that actually makes our memories available to us is __________. a. retrieval b. encoding c. rehearsal d. storage Answer a % correct 84 a= 84 b= 6 c= 2 d= 8 r = .34 8. The process of getting information out of memory is known as __________. a. retention b. retrieval c. reconstruction d. reliable Answer b % correct 95 a= 0 b= 95 c= 2 d= 3 r = .34

6.3–6.5 The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems 9. One feature of the Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory is that __________. a. important information can bypass short-term memory and go from sensory memory directly into long-term memory b. important information can bypass sensory memory and go directly into long-term memory c. all information going into long-term memory must first pass through both sensory and short-term memory d. information can bypass sensory memory and go directly into short-term memory Answer c % correct 73 a= 14 b= 5 c= 73 d= 9 r = .37

6.3 Sensory Memory: Why Do People Do Double Takes? 10. Iconic and echoic memory are types of __________ memory. a. working b. sensory c. short-term d. long-term Answer b % correct 53 a= 4 b= 53 c= 24 d= 19 r = .24 11. Unprocessed stimulation from the environment is first held in __________ memory. a. short-term b. sensory c. long-term d. intermediate Answer b % correct 91 a= 7 b= 91 c= 0 d= 1 r = .35 12. Which memory system provides us with a very brief image of all the stimuli present at a particular moment? a. long-term memory b. sensory memory c. primary memory d. short-term memory Answer b % correct 87 a= 0 b= 87 c= 2 d= 10 r = .35 13. Which of the following statements regarding sensory memory is TRUE? a. Sensory memory involves both vision and hearing. b. Sensory memory involves only vision. c. Sensory memory involves only touch. d. Sensory memory involves only hearing.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer a

% correct 89

a= 89 b= 7 c= 2 d= 2

r = .30

14. The sensory memory associated with the visual sense is called the __________ memory system. a. iconic b. echoic c. optical d. occipital Answer a % correct 66 a= 66 b= 4 c= 18 d= r = .40 15. Iconic memory and echoic memory represent __________. a. precepts b. imaginal systems c. sensory memory systems d. rapid retrieval systems Answer c % correct 88 a= 1 b= 7 c= 88 d= 4 r = .38 16. A visual image held in sensory memory is a(n) __________. a. icon b. pictograph c. trace d. symbol Answer a % correct 79 a= 79 b= 9 c= 5 d= 7 r = .28 17. The auditory equivalent of the icon is the __________. a. echo b. vibration c. sound wave d. neural trace Answer a % correct 70 a= 70 b= 8 c= 18 d= 4 r = .43 18. Our visual sensation of a passing automobile would be initially stored in __________. a. sensory memory b. short-term memory c. long-term memory d. the hippocampus Answer a % correct 73 a= 73 b= 23 c= 2 d= 2 r = .27 19. An echo usually stays in sensory memory for __________. a. 1/4 of a second b. 1 second c. several seconds d. 40 seconds Answer c % correct 59 a= 25 b= 12 c= 59 d= 4 r = .42 20. Students in a psychology experiment were exposed to three notes of music for a very short period of time and then asked to recall them. If the instructions to recall the notes came immediately, the students usually succeeded. If the instructions came more than 3 seconds after the notes were played, the students were much less successful. The MOST plausible explanation for this phenomenon is that, in the latter case, the echo __________. a. never made it into sensory memory b. faded after being stored in short-term memory c. was already stored in long-term memory d. faded before being stored in short-term memory Answer d % correct 46 a= 0 b= 53 c= 1 d= 46 r = .20

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 21. Kate has always had an unusually effective memory. She credits this to the fact that after seeing something just once, she can visualize the object in great detail, as if she were looking at a photograph of it. Kate’s ability is an example of __________. a. clairvoyance b. eidetic imagery c. episodic imagery d. mnemonics Answer b % correct 74 a= 3 b= 74 c= 14 d= 9 r = .53

6.4 Short-Term Memory 22. Information selected from sensory memory is transferred to conscious awareness or __________ memory. a. primary b. short-term c. factual d. long-term Answer b % correct 73 a= 14 b= 73 c= 4 d= 7 r = .58 23. What we are thinking of at any given moment, or what we commonly know as “consciousness,” is __________. a. long-term memory b. short-term memory c. secondary memory d. cognitive dissonance Answer b % correct 68 a= 10 b= 68 c= 4 d= 16 r = .46 24. Sensing is to ________ memory as rehearsal is to ________. a. sensory; attention b. short-term; long-term memory c. attention; short-term memory d. sensory; short-term memory Answer d % correct 50 a= 1 b= 45 c= 5 d= 50 r = .37 25. The process we use to notice important stimuli and ignore irrelevant stimuli is __________. a. encoding b. selective attention c. masking d. chunking Answer b % correct 72 a= 17 b= 72 c= 7 d= 4 r = .49 26. Selective attention is the process of __________. a. storing information b. representing information c. selectively noticing stimuli d. recognizing visual sensations Answer c % correct 91 a= 4 b= 0 c= 91 d= 5

r = .53

27. You looked up a friend’s address for a letter you wrote. Suddenly the phone rings—wrong number. Even though you were interrupted for only a few seconds, you have forgotten the address. Which memory system failed you? a. permanent memory b. long-term memory c. sensory memory d. short-term memory Answer d % correct 95 a= 0 b= 2 c= 3 d= 95 r = .21

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

28. If the most recent theories regarding the capacity of short-term memory are correct, then five sentences __________. a. should be easier to remember than five words b. should be as difficult to remember as five words c. should be more difficult to remember than five words d. and five words should both be easier to remember than five letters, because the words and sentences both have inherent meaning Answer c % correct 46 a= 7 b= 6 c= 46 d= 41 r = .21 29. Working memory is referred to by some theorists as __________ memory. a. tertiary b. primary c. short-term d. long-term Answer c % correct 92 a= 1 b= 1 c= 92 d= 6 r = .33 30. Information in short-term memory is retained __________. a. for about 60 seconds b. as long as it is rehearsed c. for several seconds without rehearsal d. up to several minutes Answer b % correct 43 a= 14 b= 43 c= 38 d= 5 r = .25 31. The capacity of STM is __________ items. a. an unlimited number of b. seven plus or minus two c. 12 d. 22 Answer b % correct 95 a= 4 b= 95 c= 1 d= 1

r = .34

32. Information that has been transferred out of sensory memory and is considered important enough to enter consciousness moves into __________. a. long-term memory b. short-term memory c. savings d. either short-term or long-term memory, depending on the level at which it is processed Answer b % correct 73 a= 5 b= 73 c= 0 d= 22 r = .43 33. Information in short-term memory is coded __________. a. abstractly b. visually only c. acoustically only d. acoustically and visually Answer d % correct 90 a= 4 b= 3 c= 3 d= 90 r = .34 34. Information is grouped for storage in short-term memory through the process of __________. a. rote rehearsal b. cueing c. chunking d. categorizing Answer c % correct 92 a= 4 b= 1 c= 92 d= 4 r = .28 35. Information is grouped for storage in short-term memory through what process?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a. chunking b. categorizing c. rehearsal d. cueing Answer a % correct 79

a= 79 b= 10 c= 8 d= 3

r = .31

36. Chunking is a means of __________. a. immediately forgetting irrelevant details b. organizing information into meaningful units c. arranging details into a hierarchy from most important to least important d. storing long-term memories Answer b % correct 96 a= 0 b= 96 c= 4 d= 0 r = .43 37. Most people cannot store the following list of letters in short-term memory: G O T O Y O U R B E D R O O M However, if the letters are grouped meaningfully into words, they fit short-term’s memory span: Go to your bedroom. This illustrates __________. a. chunking b. backward masking c. verbal coding d. selective attention Answer a % correct 89 a= 89 b= 1 c= 9 d= 1 r = .39 38. Chunking aids __________. a. understanding b. perception c. retention d. encoding Answer c % correct 63 a= 2 b= 0 c= 63 d= 35

r = .26

6.5 Long-Term Memory 39. Your street address, telephone number, and social security number are stored in __________ memory. a. numerical b. short-term c. long-term d. sensory Answer c % correct 87 a= 2 b= 7 c= 87 d= 4 r = .09 40. The state psychology association has invited teams from all the colleges in the state to compete in a Psych Bowl. The teams will answer questions such as “Who founded the first psychology laboratory?” Where is this information stored? a. long-term memory b. short-term memory c. conceptual memory d. primary memory Answer a % correct 82 a= 82 b= 2 c= 9 d= 8 r = .39 41. The concept of a house would be stored in __________ memory. a. sensory b. short-term c. eidetic d. long-term Answer d % correct 56 a= 5 b= 1 c= 36 d= 56 r = .30

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

42. In which of the following ways are sensory memory and long-term memory similar? a. Storage in both is essentially permanent. b. Retrieval from both is immediate. c. Both have a large capacity. d. Both make exclusive use of semantic retrieval cues. Answer c % correct 47 a= 9 b= 19 c= 47 d= 33 r = .34 43. “Iconic” and “echoic” are to sensory memory as “episodic” and “semantic” are to __________ memory. a. long-term b. short-term c. procedural d. working Answer a % correct 79 a= 79 b= 17 c= 1 d= 3 r = .32 44. Why is implicit memory so difficult to study? a. It does not operate on a conscious level. b. It is a more recently identified type of memory. c. It is concerned with the identification of only certain words and objects. d. People with perfectly intact memories are often the focus of study. Answer a % correct 79 a= 79 b= 4 c= 16 d= 1 r = .35 45. The type of memory that is most like an encyclopedia or a dictionary is __________ memory. a. emotional b. episodic c. procedural d. semantic Answer d % correct 81 a= 1 b= 9 c= 9 d= 81 r = .40 46. Our memories of general knowledge such as the meanings of words or the dates of famous historical events are stored in __________ memory. a. procedural b. semantic c. episodic d. eidetic Answer b % correct 56 a= 10 b= 56 c= 20 d= 14 r = .38 47. On a TV game show, Holly is asked to name the state capital of Arizona. This information is most likely stored in her __________ memory. a. procedural b. semantic c. episodic d. eidetic Answer b % correct 78 a= 4 b= 78 c= 8 d= 10 r = .31 48. Semantic memory is organized __________. a. in chunks b. sequentially and chronologically c. hierarchically d. chronologically Answer c % correct 63 a= 9 b= 24 c= 63 d= 4

r = .55

49. An individual’s semantic memory contains __________. a. memories about personal events

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b. background knowledge about words, symbols, concepts, and rules arranged as hierarchies of information in categories and subordinate categories c. autobiographical information about one’s previous experiences d. the order and sequence of information from specific to general Answer b % correct 85 a= 5 b= 85 c= 5 d= 6 r = .39 50. The type of long-term memory that stores specific information that has personal meaning is called __________ memory. a. emotional b. episodic c. semantic d. procedural Answer b % correct 83 a= 8 b= 83 c= 8 d= 0 r = .42 51. Which type of memory is involved in remembering the day your parents bought you a car? a. implicit memory b. semantic memory c. episodic memory d. procedural memory Answer c % correct 88 a= 5 b= 6 c= 88 d= 1 r = .35 52. Brad was recalling his first day in college, including walking into the wrong class, dropping his books as he left, and encountering a long line at the registrar’s office when he had to switch classes. These memories are examples of __________ memory. a. semantic b. implicit c. procedural d. episodic Answer d % correct 90 a= 7 b= 1 c= 2 d= 90 r = .28 53. Valentina lost her keys. She searches her memory for when she had them last and goes to that place in the hope that it will help her remember where she misplaced them. Valentina is __________ activating her __________ memory. a. unconsciously; semantic b. consciously; semantic c. unconsciously; episodic d. consciously; episodic Answer d % correct 83 a= 1 b= 7 c= 9 d= 83 r = .32 54. Your memories of personal information, such as what you wore to work yesterday or what you ate for breakfast this morning, are stored in __________ memory. a. procedural b. semantic c. episodic d. eidetic Answer c % correct 53 a= 6 b= 31 c= 53 d= 10 r = .32 Answer c % correct 81 a= 2 b= 14 c= 81 d= 2 r = .54 55. Mohammad remembers all of the details of his wedding 7 years ago. This information is most likely stored in his __________ memory. a. iconic b. episodic c. semantic d. short-term Answer b % correct 89 a= 2 b= 89 c= 9 d= 0 r = .36

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

56. When Rip Van Winkle returns to his native village after 20 years of sleeping in the mountains, he goes immediately to the location of his former house and asks for his wife and children by name. The kind of memory that Mr. Van Winkle is exhibiting is __________ memory. a. procedural b. semantic c. episodic d. eidetic Answer c % correct 54 a= 21 b= 17 c= 54 d= 8 r = .39

6.6–6.9 Getting It Out: Retrieval of Long-Term Memories 6.6 Retrieval Cues 57. Retrieval cues __________. a. are important in helping us remember items stored in long-term memory b. are aids in rote rehearsal in short-term memory c. can be helpful in both long-term and short-term memory d. have been recently shown to be inefficient in accessing available information in memory Answer a % correct 80 a= 80 b= 11 c= 8 d= 1 r = .37 6.7 Recall and Recognition 58. A recognition test requires one to __________. a. reproduce material when provided a cue b. profit from previous learning to relearn faster c. pick the correct answer from among several possible ones provided d. reproduce material without cues provided Answer c % correct 72 a= 19 b= 2 c= 72 d= 5 r = .30 59. The items on this test illustrate which method of testing memory? a. cued recall b. savings c. recognition d. free recall Answer c % correct 68 a= 24 b= 4 c= 68 d= 5 r = .49 60. The TOT phenomenon is __________. a. the process of selectively noticing certain stimuli b. the uncomfortable state of being close to recalling information but not actually being able to recall it c. a technique that improves memory d. when one subconsciously substitutes one word for another (e.g., a malapropism) Answer b % correct 93 a= 1 b= 93 c= 4 d= 3 r = .48 61. Your history tutor has one last suggestion for you before she ends today’s session. She tells you to study material in the middle of your list of historical events a little harder. What concept from memory research is the basis of her advice? a. serial position effect b. state-dependent learning c. transfer test d. imagery Answer a % correct 88 a= 88 b= 10 c= 0 d= 2 r = .52

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

6.8 Automatic Encoding: Flashbulb Memories 62. Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called __________. a. elaborative rehearsals b. flashbulb memories c. eidetic images d. eyewitness images Answer b % correct 93 a= 1 b= 93 c= 3 d= 2 r = .28 63. Flashbulb memories __________. a. are not subject to periodic revision b. concern events that are highly significant c. are almost always highly accurate d. include a memory’s main subject, but not the background events Answer b % correct 79 a= 6 b= 79 c= 3 d= 12 r = .31 64. Flashbulb memories __________. a. are not subject to periodic revision b. usually concern events that are emotionally charged c. are almost always highly accurate d. usually concern events from early childhood Answer b % correct 74 a= 4 b= 74 c= 12 d= 9

r = .27

65. Flashbulb memories are __________. a. eidetic memories b. clear and vivid memories of where one was and what one was doing when a special event occurred c. photographic memories d. visual images that are extremely difficult to describe Answer b % correct 88 a= 5 b= 88 c= 4 d= 3 r = .30

6.9 The Reconstructive Nature of Long-Term Memory Retrieval: How Reliable Are Memories? 66. Long-term memory is sometimes unreliable because of __________ of information. a. reconstruction b. retention c. coding d. chunking Answer a % correct 80 a= 80 b= 9 c= 6 d= 5 r = .22

6.10–6.11 What Were We Talking About? Forgetting 6.10 Ebbinghaus and the Forgetting Curve 67. Hermann Ebbinghaus found that memory is best immediately after we learn information, and we gradually forget more as time passes. What name is given to this observation? a. serial position curve b. mirage effect c. free recall curve d. curve of forgetting Answer d % correct 78 a= 13 b= 2 c= 7 d= 78 r = .43

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 68. Last week, Jacinda took an abnormal psychology test and did not miss a single question. However, when a guest speaker came to class a week later to talk about schizophrenia, Jacinda had trouble remembering some of the relevant class material. She remembered even less about the topic when she saw a news report on schizophrenia a month later. What memory phenomenon explains what Jacinda is experiencing? a. mirage effect b. serial position curve c. free recall curve d. curve of forgetting Answer d % correct 75 a= 4 b= 5 c= 16 d= 75 r = .42

6.11 Reasons We Forget 69. “Forgetting that occurs as a function of the passage of time” defines __________. a. motivated forgetting b. decay theory c. cue-dependent forgetting d. interference theory Answer b % correct 92 a= 2 b= 92 c= 2 d= 4 r = .27 70. What theory of forgetting attributes forgetting to the mere passage of time? a. decay b. proactive interference c. repression d. retroactive interference Answer a % correct 92 a= 92 b= 4 c= 2 d= 2 r = .40 71. The phrase “use it or lose it” would most likely be associated with __________. a. trace decay theory b. proactive interference c. retroactive interference d. interference Answer a % correct 85 a= 85 b= 5 c= 9 d= 2 r = .49 72. __________ theory states that we forget information because other information gets in the way. a. Signal detection b. Trace decay c. Interference d. Inhibition Answer c % correct 94 a= 0 b= 4 c= 94 d= 1 r = .41 73. Proactive interference of long-term memory means that __________. a. new material interferes with memory of old material b. new material has suppressed short-term memories c. old material interferes with memory of new material d. old material has eliminated memories of new material Answer c % correct 62 a= 35 b= 2 c= 62 d= 1 r = .28 Answer c % correct 73 a= 27 b= 0 c= 73 d= 0 r = .42 74. “Old information inhibits one’s ability to remember newer information” defines __________. a. interference b. retroactive interference c. proactive interference d. suppression

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer c

% correct 49

a= 21 b= 29 c= 49 d= 1

r = .45

75. Autumn studied the names of learning theorists for her psychology class, after which she began studying the names of political theorists for her political science class. Much to her frustration, she found that the names of the learning theorists were keeping her from being able to learn the names of the political theorists. What kind of forgetting does this example illustrate? a. decay b. proactive interference c. repression d. retroactive interference Answer b % correct 62 a= 0 b= 62 c= 2 d= 36 r = .32 76. Marta is talking to her grandfather. She loves to listen to him tell stories about when he was a child. He has very vivid recollections of his youth and enjoys telling people about his fond memories. Unfortunately, Grandpa has a difficult time remembering what happened within the last few days or weeks. If there are no physiological problems, Grandpa’s memory problems are BEST explained by __________. a. proactive interference b. memory diffusion c. retroactive interference d. retrograde amnesia Answer a % correct 50 a= 50 b= 8 c= 19 d= 22 r = .28 77. Retroactive interference of long-term memory means that __________. a. new material interferes with memory of old material b. new material has suppressed short-term memories c. old material interferes with memory of new material d. old material has eliminated memories of new material Answer a % correct 56 a= 56 b= 3 c= 40 d= 1 r = .21 Answer a % correct 85 a= 85 b= 1 c= 12 d= 2 r = .28 78. Adit is studying for a biology test. After 7 consecutive hours of studying, he finds he can remember what he just finished studying, but he can no longer remember what he studied 5 or 6 hours ago. Adit’s memory problems are BEST explained by __________. a. proactive interference b. retrograde amnesia c. memory diffusion d. retroactive interference Answer d % correct 60 a= 20 b= 5 c= 14 d= 60 r = .23 79. Lola’s grandparents moved to a new neighborhood last year. Today, Lola can easily remember their new address but messes up their old one. This example illustrates __________. a. trace decay b. interference c. retroactive interference d. proactive interference Answer c % correct 55 a= 14 b= 13 c= 55 d= 19 r = .46

6.12–6.13 Neuroscience of Memory 6.12 The Biological Bases of Memory 80. The hippocampus seems to be essential for __________. a. the recall of old memories

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b. maintaining one’s balance c. the formation of new long-term memories d. proactive and retroactive interference Answer c % correct 60 a= 21 b= 1 c= 60 d= 17

r = .29

81. The hippocampus is instrumental in __________. a. the formation of short-term memory b. the retrieval of memories from long-term memory c. maintaining a constant level of information filtration in sensory memory d. transferring information from short-term to long-term memory Answer d % correct 58 a= 10 b= 16 c= 16 d= 58 r = .20

6.13 When Memory Fails: Organic Amnesia 82. A soldier was injured when a mortar exploded next to him. Although he recovered from his wounds, he is not able to recall information from years ago. What term is used to describe this soldier’s condition? a. retroactive amnesia b. retrograde amnesia c. proactive amnesia d. anteretrograde amnesia Answer b % correct 72 a= 14 b= 72 c= 4 d= 9 r = .34 83. Jermaine is recovering from an automobile accident in which he injured his head. The only noticeable psychological symptom of his injury is that he cannot remember what happened immediately prior to the accident. Jermaine’s symptoms are typical of __________. a. organic amnesia b. retrograde amnesia c. psychogenic amnesia d. proactive interference Answer b % correct 89 a= 2 b= 89 c= 5 d= 4 r = .21

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Revel Quizzes The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Psychology: An Exploration, Fifth Edition. End of Module Quiz 6.1–6.2 What Is Memory? EOM Q6.1.1 Human memory consists of multiple systems that have the ability to store information for periods of time that range from ________ to ___________. a) seconds; our lifetime b) seconds; hours c) minutes; decades d) hours; our lifetime Answer: a Consider This: The period of time will actually be of different lengths, depending on the system of memory being used. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.1 Identify the three processes of memory. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: What Is Memory? EOM Q6.1.2 Tina has just finished her research paper and handed it in. As she walks out of the classroom, she realizes that there were a few more things she should have included in the paper. Tina’s problem is in the memory process of a) retrieval. b) encoding. c) storage. d) retention. Answer: a Consider This: The biggest problem many people have is getting the information they know they have out of storage. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.1 Identify the three processes of memory. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: What Is Memory? EOM Q6.1.3 Which model of memory suggests that memory processes occur throughout a neural network simultaneously? a) parallel distributed processing model b) levels-of-processing model c) information-processing model d) three-stage model Answer: a Consider This: This model of memory is derived from work in the development of artificial intelligence. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.2 Explain how the different models of memory work. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: What Is Memory?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOM Q6.1.4 Research has demonstrated you can enhance your memory for a specific word if you think about its meaning, how it can be used, and by giving a personal example of its use. This is best accounted for by which model of memory? a) levels-of-processing model b) parallel distributed processing model c) information-processing model d) three-stage model Answer: a Consider This: Numerous experiments have shown that thinking about the meaning of something is a deeper level of processing and results in longer retention of the word. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.2 Explain how the different models of memory work. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: What Is Memory? Module Quiz 6.3-6.5: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems EOM Q6.2.1 _________ memories are said to linger in the mind for a few seconds, allowing people the chance to keep up with the flow of conversations and remember what was just said. a) Echoic b) Iconic c) Short-term d) Long-term Answer: a Consider This: This is the brief memory of something a person has heard. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems EOM Q6.2.2 Information enters into short-term memory through a process known as ______________. a) selective attention b) recency effect c) primacy effect d) repetition Answer: a Consider This: This is the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems EOM Q6.2.3 Of the following, which is the most similar to the concept of long-term memory? a) a computer hard drive b) a computer monitor c) a computer mouse

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) a computer keyboard Answer: a Consider This: In terms of capacity, long-term memory seems to be unlimited for all practical purposes. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems EOM Q6.2.4 Andi meets a cute guy named Carson at a party. She wants to make sure she remembers his name, so she reminds herself that he has the same name as the capital of Nevada (Carson City). This transferring of information from shortterm memory to long-term memory is an example of what type of rehearsal? a) elaborative b) repetitive c) imagery d) maintenance Answer: a Consider This: This is a way of increasing the number of retrieval cues for information by connecting new information with something that is already well known. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems EOM Q6.2.5 Lina has been able to tie her shoes since she was 4. She now finds it difficult to explain to her baby brother how to tie his shoes, but she can easily demonstrate it for him. Lina’s memory for shoe tying is best characterized as a(n) __________ memory. a) nondeclarative (implicit) b) declarative (explicit) c) semantic d) episodic Answer: a Consider This: This type of memory includes emotional associations, habits, and simple conditioned reflexes that may or may not be in conscious awareness, which are often very strong memories. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems EOM Q6.2.6 When you take your final exam in your psychology class, what type of memory will you most certainly need to access to answer each question? a) semantic b) nondeclarative c) episodic d) working Answer: a Consider This: This is all the things that people know—the facts and information that make up knowledge.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

End of Module Qui: 6.6–6.9 Getting It Out: Retrieval of Long-Term Memories EOM Q6.3.1 What concept suggests that the best place to study for your psychology final to ensure good retrieval of concepts is your psychology classroom? a) encoding specificity b) serial position effect c) tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon d) automatic encoding Answer: a Consider This: This is the tendency for memory of any kind of information to be improved if retrieval conditions are similar to the conditions under which the information was encoded. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.6 Identify the effects of cues on memory retrieval. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Getting It Out: Retrieval of Long-Term Memories EOM Q6.3.2 Kyle had written a grocery list but accidentally left it at home. Trying to remember the list, Kyle remembers what was at the beginning of the list and what was at the end but not those things in the middle. This is an example of a) the serial position effect. b) encoding specificity. c) the tip-of-the-tongue effect. d) flashbulb memory. Answer: a Consider This: Recall is often subject to a kind of “prejudice” of memory retrieval, in which information at the beginning and the end of a list tends to be remembered more easily and accurately. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Getting It Out: Retrieval of Long-Term Memories EOM Q6.3.3 Multiple-choice test questions typically rely on ____________, whereas essay questions rely on ____________. a) recognition; recall b) rehearsal; recall c) relearning; rehearsing d) recall; recognition Answer: a Consider This: It is the difference between these two retrieval methods that makes some kinds of exams seem harder than others. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Skill: Understand the Concepts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: Getting It Out: Retrieval of Long-Term Memories EOM Q6.3.4 Jaycee can recall with great detail the day of her wedding and all that occurred. What might psychologists say about these particular flashbulb memories? a) The memories were likely enhanced in part by the hormones released during emotional moments. b) The memories should last up to 15 to 20 years. c) The memories are unusually accurate. d)The memories are stored as nondeclarative memories. Answer: a Consider This: A special kind of automatic encoding takes place when an unexpected event or episode in a person’s life has strong emotional associations. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.8 Describe how some memories are automatically encoded into long-term memory. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Getting It Out: Retrieval of Long-Term Memories EOM Q6.3.5 In Loftus’s 1978 study, participants viewed a slide presentation of an accident. Later, some of the participants were asked a question about a yield sign when the actual slides contained pictures of a stop sign. When presented with this inaccurate information, how did these participants typically respond? a) Many participants’ overall accuracy dropped when confronted with conflicting information. b) Most corrected Loftus and recalled seeing a stop sign. c) Many began seeing both a stop sign and a yield sign. d) Participants were confused, but only briefly, at which point their accuracy of recalling the event returned. Answer: a Consider This: Misleading information can become part of the actual memory, affecting its accuracy. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.9 Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Getting It Out: Retrieval of Long-Term Memories EOM Q6.3.6 A key component for any person to believe that a false event is in fact true is to make sure that the false information is a) as plausible as possible. b) introduced as soon after the event as possible. c) introduced by a source perceived as trustworthy. d) introduced no sooner than 24 hours after the event but no later than 15 days. Answer: a Consider This: People are more likely to believe a false event is true if they receive information that helps them believe that the event could have happened to them personally. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.9 Explain how the constructive processing view of memory retrieval accounts for forgetting and inaccuracies in memory. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Getting It Out: Retrieval of Long-Term Memories

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White End of Module Quiz 6.10–6.11: What Were We Talking About? Forgetting EOM Q6.5.1 Isha has just finished learning a list of nonsense words given to her by her psychology instructor as part of a class activity. She had 100 percent recall at the end of class. According to Ebbinghaus’s curve of forgetting, how quickly will Isha likely forget about 40 percent of the information she has just learned? a) within the first 20 minutes after leaving the class b) within the first day after leaving the class c) nearly a week after the class d) nearly a month after the class Answer: a Consider This: Forgetting happens quickly after learning a list and then tapers off gradually. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.10 Describe the “curve of forgetting.” Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: What Were We Talking About? Forgetting EOM Q6.5.2 Joaquin is asked to repeat what his mother just told him. He says he “forgot,” but in reality Joaquin wasn’t paying attention to his mother at all. This is an example of the __________ explanation of forgetting. a) encoding failure b) interference c) memory trace d) repression Answer: a Consider This: This explanation refers to not processing information into memory. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.11 Identify some common reasons people forget things. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: What Were We Talking About? Forgetting EOM Q6.5.3 Shantel spent a year living abroad in Spain. During that time, her ability to read and speak Spanish grew tremendously. However, now, 2 years later, Shantel feels she can no longer travel there because she can barely remember a thing. Her problem is most likely due to a) decay theory. b) encoding failure. c) retroactive interference. d) proactive interference. Answer: a Consider This: This states that information that is not brought to attention in sensory memory or continuously rehearsed in STM will fade away. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.11 Identify some common reasons people forget things. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: What Were We Talking About? Forgetting

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOM Q6.5.4 Yvonne bought a new smart phone. It was a different brand and operating system than her old phone, so she spent quite a few hours learning to use it. One problem was that she kept trying to complete tasks like she had before. She also continued to tap icons on the new phone in the places they had been on her old phone, inadvertently opening the wrong apps along the way. Yvonne’s problem was most likely due to a) proactive interference. b) encoding failure. c) retroactive interference. d) decay theory. Answer: a Consider This: This is the tendency for older or previously learned material to interfere with the learning (and subsequent retrieval) of new material. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.11 Identify some common reasons people forget things. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: What Were We Talking About? Forgetting End of Module Qui: 6.12-6.13: Neuroscience of Memory EOM Q6.6.1 Maya is very afraid of clowns, no doubt because she was frightened by one when she was very young. Maya’s memories of that fearful encounter are likely to be associated with the a) amygdala. b) cerebellum. c) prefrontal cortex. d) posterior cingulate cortex. Answer: a Consider This: Memories related to fear seem to be stored in this part of the brain. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.12 Explain the biological bases of memory in the brain. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Neuroscience of Memory EOM Q6.6.2 Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.) suffered from profound anterograde amnesia after his ________________ were surgically removed in an attempt to control his seizures. a) hippocampi b) amygdalae c) frontal lobes d) thalami Answer: a Consider This: Although H.M. could not form new declarative memories, his nondeclarative memory was still intact. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.12 Explain the biological bases of memory in the brain. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Neuroscience of Memory

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOM Q6.6.3 Which type of amnesia do you have when you cannot remember things that happened before a traumatic accident? a) retrograde amnesia b) anterograde amnesia c) psychogenic amnesia d) infantile amnesia Answer: a Consider This: What apparently happens is that the consolidation process, which was busy making the physical changes to allow new memories to be stored, gets disrupted and loses everything that was not already nearly “finished.” Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.13 Identify the biological causes of amnesia. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Neuroscience of Memory EOM Q6.6.4 Which neurotransmitter is no longer readily produced in people with Alzheimer’s? a) acetylcholine b) dopamine c) endorphins d) GABA Answer: a Consider This: The neurons that produce this chemical break down in the early stages of Alzheimer's. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 6.13 Identify the biological causes of amnesia. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Neuroscience of Memory Chapter 6 Quiz: Memory EOC Q6.1 The steps to memory can best be described as follows: a) putting it in, keeping it in, getting it out b) finding it, using it, storing it, using it again c) sensing it, perceiving it, remembering it, forgetting it d) a series of passive data files Answer: a Consider This: Memory is a process, but it also has a “place” in the brain. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.1 Identify the three processes of memory. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: What Is Memory? EOC Q6.2 According to Sperling, what is the capacity of iconic memory? a) Everything that can be seen at one time. b) Everything that can be heard in 1 minute.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) Everything that can be sensed in 1 second. d) Everything that can be perceived in a lifetime. Answer: a Consider This: Sperling found that if he presented a grid of letters using a machine that allowed very fast presentation, his subjects could only remember about four or five of the letters, no matter how many had been presented. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: What Is Memory? EOC Q6.3 Which type of memory system best explains the “What?” phenomenon? a) echoic sensory system b) iconic sensory system c) short-term memory system d) tactile sensory system Answer: a Consider This: This is the brief memory of something a person has heard. LO 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.3 Describe the process of sensory memory. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems EOC Q6.4 For information to travel from either the iconic or echoic sensory system to short-term memory, it must first be ______________ and then encoded primarily into _______________ form. a) selectively attended to; auditory b) unconsciously chosen; auditory c) selectively attended to; visual d) biologically chosen; visual Answer: a Consider This: Short-term memory tends to be encoded primarily as people “talk” inside their own heads. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems EOC Q6.5 You are introduced to someone at a party. While talking with the person, you realize that you have already forgotten the person’s name. What amount of time does it typically take before such information is lost from short-term memory? a) typically between 12 and 30 seconds b) approximately ¼ of a second c) usually no more than 4 seconds d) Short-term memories typically last a lifetime. Answer: a Consider This: After this amount of time, the memory seems to rapidly “decay” or disappear. Difficulty: Moderate

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Objective: LO 6.4 Describe short-term memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems EOC Q6.6 Early studies of the capacity of short-term memory suggested that most people could remember approximately ______________ bits of information. a) seven b) two c) three d) ten Answer: a Consider This: Most everyone you test will get past the first two sequences of numbers. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 6.4 Describe short-t: rm memory, and differentiate it from working memory. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems EOC Q6.7 Lynn has just met an attractive man named Ted at a party. She wants to make sure she remembers his name. What should she do? a) Lynn should make it personally relevant and more meaningful. For example, she might remind herself that Ted could be short for her future favorite “teddy bear.” b) Lynn should repeat the name continuously so as to commit it to long-term memory. c) Lynn should chunk it by remembering each letter as an individual set. d) Lynn should simply write it down on paper and not worry about looking at it again. Answer: a Consider This: LTM is generally encoded in meaningful form, a kind of mental storehouse of the meanings of words, concepts, and all the events that people want to keep in mind. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems EOC Q6.8 __________ memory includes what people can do or demonstrate, whereas ______________ memory is about what people know and can report. a) Nondeclarative; declarative b) Declarative; nondeclarative c) Semantic; nondeclarative d) Episodic; semantic Answer: a Consider This: Long-term memories include general facts and knowledge, personal facts, and even skills that can be performed. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOC Q6.9 The semantic network model of memory suggests that the ______ nodes you must pass through to access information, the longer it will take for you to recall information. a) more b) fewer c) bigger the d) more complex the Answer: a Consider This: This model assumes that information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.5 Explain the process of long-term memory, including nondeclarative and declarative forms. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The Information-Processing Model: Three Memory Systems EOC Q6.10 Josiah walks out of his office and into the conference room. However, after he leaves his office, he forgets what he was coming into the conference room for. According to the encoding specificity hypothesis, what should Josiah do to regain his lost memory? a) Josiah should return to his office to help him remember what he had forgotten. b) Josiah should ask someone else, “What did I come in here for?” c) Josiah should remain in the conference room and simply relax so that his memory should return. d) Josiah should consider seeing a doctor, since such memory loss can be a sign of mental illness. Answer: a Consider This: This hypothesis states that the tendency for memory of any kind of information is improved if retrieval conditions are similar to the conditions under which the information was encoded. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.6 Identify the effects of cues on memory retrieval. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Getting It Out: Retrieval of Long-Term Memories EOC Q6.11 Which of the following is an example of a test using recognition? a) true–false b) short answer c) essay d) fill in the blanks Answer: a Consider This: Recognition involves looking at or hearing information and matching it to what is already in memory. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Getting It Out: Retrieval of Long-Term Memories EOC Q6.12 When creating a presentation, many public-speaking instructors will tell you to develop a strong opening or attention getter to your presentation as well as a good summary and finish. What aspect of memory best explains these suggestions? a) serial position effect

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) parallel distributed processing model of memory c) chunking d) elaborative rehearsal theory Answer: a Consider This: Information presented at the beginning and the end tends to be remembered more easily and accurately. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Getting It Out: Retrieval of Long-Term Memories EOC Q6.13 Your mother tells you to dress for success at your interview because it’s all about “first impressions.” In other words, she is telling you that people often remember what they see first. This belief is in line with what element of memory? a) the primacy effect b) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon c) the recency effect d) the power of false positives Answer: a Consider This: An example of this is that words at the very beginning of the list tend to be remembered better than those in the middle of the list. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Getting It Out: Retrieval of Long-Term Memories EOC Q6.14 Research by Elizabeth Loftus shows that eyewitness recognition is very prone to what psychologists call a) a false positive. b) automatic encoding. c) a flashbulb memory. d) a recency effect. Answer: a Consider This: This occurs when a person thinks that he or she has recognized something or someone but in fact does not have that something or someone in memory. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.7 Differentiate the retrieval processes of recall and recognition. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Getting It Out: Retrieval of Long-Term Memories EOC Q6.15 The tendency of certain elements to enter long-term memory with little or no effort to encode and organize them is what defines a) automatic encoding. b) encoding specificity. c) flashbulb memories. d) eidetic imagery. Answer: a

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Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Consider This: People unconsciously notice and seem able to remember a lot of things, such as the passage of time, knowledge of physical space, and frequency of events. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.8 Describe how some memories are automatically encoded into long-term memory. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Getting It Out: Retrieval of Long-Term Memories EOC Q6.16 The ability to remember where you were and what you were doing when the United States was attacked on September 11, 2001, is an example of a) flashbulb memory. b) eyewitness testimony. c) encoding specificity hypothesis. d) false-memory syndrome. Answer: a Consider This: A special kind of automatic encoding takes place when an unexpected event or episode in a person’s life has strong emotional associations, such as fear, horror, or joy. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.8 Describe how some memories are automatically encoded into long-term memory. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Getting It Out: Retrieval of Long-Term Memories EOC Q6.17 In Hermann Ebbinghaus’s classic study on memory and the forgetting curve, how long after learning the lists does most forgetting happen? a) 1 hour b) Forgetting started immediately. c) 5 hours d) 9 hours Answer: a Consider This: Although meaningful material is forgotten much more slowly and much less completely, the pattern obtained when testing for forgetting is similar. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.10 Describe the “curve of forgetting.” Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: What Were We Talking About? Forgetting EOC Q6.18 You are surprised by the fact that you cannot remember if Abraham Lincoln’s head faces the left or the right on a penny. This is all the more surprising given the fact that you work with money at your job on nearly a daily basis. What would best explain such an inability to recall this information? a) encoding failure b) decay theory c) interference theory d) distributed practice effect Answer: a Consider This: Sometimes forgetting is not really forgetting, but the failure to process information into memory. Difficulty: Moderate

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Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Objective: LO 6.11 Identify some common reasons people forget things. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: What Were We Talking About? Forgetting EOC Q6.19 Henry Gustav Molaison, infamously known as H.M., was unable to form new declarative memories. He suffered from what psychologists call a) anterograde amnesia. b) psychogenic amnesia. c) retrograde amnesia. d) retroactive amnesia. Answer: a Consider This: H.M. lost the ability to form new declarative memories after his hippocampi and adjacent medial temporal lobe structures were removed. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.13 Identify the biological causes of amnesia. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Neuroscience of Memory EOC Q6.20 Your English instructor has given you an assignment to write down your favorite memory from when you were 12 months old. What might you politely tell your instructor? a) Students will probably not be able to recall events from such an early age. b) Memories from this time are exceptionally vivid because of the exciting nature of childhood. c) Students will not be able to recall such memories if they did not develop the ability to walk independently by 6 months of age. d) Students’ memories are detailed but often inaccurate. Answer: a Consider This: Early memories tend to be implicit, and implicit memories are difficult to bring to consciousness. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 6.13 Identify the biological causes of amnesia. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Neuroscience of Memory

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Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE

Chapter 7 Cognition: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language

Learning Objectives

Remember the Facts

7.1 Explain how mental images are involved in the process of thinking. 7.2 Describe how concepts and prototypes influence our thinking. 7.3 Identify some methods that people use to solve problems and make decisions. 7.4 Identify three common barriers to successful problem solving. 7.5 Recall some characteristics of creative, divergent thinking. 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. 7.7 Compare and contrast some methods of measuring intelligence. 7.8 Identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test. 7.9 Define intellectual disability and giftedness. 7.10 Evaluate the influence of heredity and environment on the development of intelligence. 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. 7.12 Explain how language develops. 7.13 Evaluate whether or not language influences how people think.

Understand the Concepts

Apply What You Know

Analyze It

3–5

1, 149

7, 10, 165

6, 9, 11, 12, 14, 150

15, 16, 19, 27, 28

21, 22

17, 18, 20, 23–26, 151, 166, 167, 174

29, 32, 34, 168

30, 31, 33, 35, 152, 174, 175

37, 39, 40, 46, 47, 153

41–43, 45

48, 51–55, 58– 60, 64, 65, 169

50, 56, 57, 66

49, 61, 62, 154

67–69, 71, 76, 78, 170

70, 155

72–75, 77

79, 83–85, 88, 89, 159 91, 92, 99, 101– 104, 160–162 111, 171

87, 90

80, 81, 156

82, 86, 157, 158

100

105, 176

106, 109, 110, 177

107, 112

108

113–117, 120– 122, 125, 126, 129, 134, 172, 178

133, 163

118, 119, 123, 124, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 135

136 137, 138

139, 141, 142, 173

140

143

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objectives 7.14 Summarize the research on the ability of animals to communicate and use language. 7.15 Identify personal cognitive biases and determine how to prevent them from negatively impacting decision making.

Remember the Facts 145, 147, 164, 178

Understand the Concepts

Apply What You Know

144, 146, 148

Analyze It

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Name _____________________________________________________________ Chapter 7 – Quick Quiz 1 1. What are mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some common characteristics? a) classes c) attributes b) concepts d) classifications 2. The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past is called __________. a) mental set c) noncompensatory modeling b) means-end analysis d) prototypical idealization 3. What type of thinking could be described as taking different directions in search of a variety of answers to a question? a) decisive c) heuristic b) convergent d) divergent 4. The ability to learn from one’s experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges or problems is the psychologist’s working definition of __________. a) divergent problem solving c) heuristic usage b) creative thinking d) intelligence 5. Alfred Binet designed the first __________ test. a) aptitude b) performance-based

c) perception d) intelligence

6. A male has a defect in the X chromosome of the 23rd pair. As children, people with this syndrome, known as __________, experience symptoms that can range from mild to severe or even profound intellectual disability. a) fragile X syndrome c) fetal alcohol syndrome b) Down syndrome d) familial intellectual disability 7. The term Terman’s Termites refers to __________. a) a set of developmentally delayed students whom Terman studied intensively b) a group of army soldiers who, on the basis of their IQ, were followed through their military career c) a sample of gifted children who were studied and followed into adulthood d) the graduate students who worked with Lewis Terman on the development of the Stanford-Binet test 8. Language is based on basic sound units called __________. a) phonemes c) semantics b) morphemes d) registers 9. Researchers have found that __________ influenced by culture. a) neither language nor thought is c) thought, but not language, is b) language, but not thought, is d) both language and thought are 10. What do we call the hypothesis that language influences what we think? a) dynamic hypothesis c) linguistic relativity hypothesis b) language reaction hypothesis d) cognitive linguistic hypothesis

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 7 – Quick Quiz 1 Answer Key 1.

Explanation: Mental categories representing activities, objects, qualities, or situations that share some common characteristics are called concepts. (Topic: 7.2 Concepts and Prototypes, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 7.2 Describe how concepts and prototypes influence our thinking, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: The tendency to perceive and approach problems in certain ways is called mental set. (Topic: 7.4 Problems with Problem Solving and Decision Making, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 7.4 Identify three common barriers to successful problem solving, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Divergent thinking involves taking different directions in search of a variety of answers to a question. (Topic: 7.5 Creativity, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 7.5 Recall some characteristics of creative, divergent thinking, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: The ability to think rationally or logically and use resources effectively when faced with challenges or problems is a psychologist’s working definition of intelligence. (Topic: 7.6 Theories of Intelligence, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Alfred Binet designed the first intelligence test. (Topic: 7.7 Measuring Intelligence, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 7.7 Compare and contrast some methods of measuring intelligence, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: Fragile X syndrome results from a defective X chromosome on the 23rd pair and affects males. (Topic: 7.9 Individual Differences in Intelligence, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 7.9 Define intellectual disability, giftedness, and emotional intelligence, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: The term Terman’s Termites refers to a sample of gifted children who were studied and followed into adulthood. (Topic: 7.9 Individual Differences in Intelligence, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 7.9 Define intellectual disability, giftedness, and emotional intelligence, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: Language is based on basic sound units called phonemes. (Topic: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 9. d

Explanation: Researchers have found that both language and thought are influenced by culture. (Topic: 7.13 The Relationship between Language and Thought, Skill Level: Analyze It, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 7.13 Evaluate whether or not language influences how people think, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.)

10. c

Explanation: The hypothesis that language influences what we think is called the linguistic relativity hypothesis. (Topic: 7.13 The Relationship between Language and Thought, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 7.13 Evaluate whether or not language influences how people think, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Name _____________________________________________________________ Chapter 7 – Quick Quiz 2 1. In Kosslyn’s “imaginary island” study, researchers found that it does take longer to view a mental image that __________. a) is larger or covers more distance than one that is smaller and more compact b) has more items in it c) has more colors in it d) contains living things as compared to nonliving items 2. What problem-solving strategies don’t guarantee solutions but make efficient use of time? a) heuristics c) mnemonic devices b) algorithms d) cognitive shortcuts 3. A seemingly arbitrary flash “out of the blue,” through which the solution to a problem suddenly becomes apparent to you, but you do not consciously know how you “figured it out,” is called __________. a) brainstorming c) insight b) priming d) a mental set 4. A person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point. The person is engaging in __________ thinking. a) functional c) convergent b) circular d) divergent 5. A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be __________. a) valid c) reliable b) normed d) standardized 6. All parents think their little kids are geniuses. However, to be classified as a genius, the IQ score must be above __________. a) 120–125 c) 140–145 b) 130–135 d) 150–155 7. __________ intelligence has been suggested by Goleman to be a more powerful influence in life than more traditional views of intelligence, even though this claim has not been fully supported by extensive research. a) Analytical c) Emotional b) Creative d) Existential 8. If intelligence is determined primarily by heredity, which pair should show the highest correlation between IQ scores? a) fraternal twins c) brothers and sisters b) identical twins d) parents and children 9. What are the smallest units of meaning in a language? a) words c) phonemes b) syntax d) morphemes 10. At the current time, which statement is TRUE about our knowledge of whether animals can use humanlike language? a) It has been clearly shown that animals cannot use humanlike language. b) All animal communication is instinctual and, thus, is not language. c) Only primates, like monkey and chimps, show any sign of language-like behavior. d) It remains unclear if animals can use humanlike language at any level of development.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 7 – Quick Quiz 2 Answer Key 1.

Explanation: Researchers found that it takes longer to view a mental image that is larger or covers more distance than one that is smaller and more compact. (Topic: 7.1 Mental Imagery, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain how mental images are involved in the process of thinking, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: Heuristics don’t guarantee a solution but make efficient use of time. (Topic: 7.3 Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Strategies, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 7.3 Identify some methods that people use to solve problems and make decisions, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: A flash of problem solving is called insight. (Topic: 7.3 Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Strategies, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 7.3 Identify some methods that people use to solve problems and make decisions., APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: The person is engaging in divergent thinking as the solutions spread out from a starting point. (Topic: 7.5 Creativity, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 7.5 Recall some characteristics of creative, divergent thinking., APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Explanation: A psychological test that measures what we intend it to measure is said to be valid. (Topic: 7.8 Test Construction: Good Test, Bad Test?, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 7.8 Identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Explanation: The IQ of a genius is above 140 to 145. (Topic: 7.9 Individual Differences in Intelligence, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 7.9 Define intellectual disability, giftedness, and emotional intelligence, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Explanation: Emotional intelligence has been suggested by Goleman to be a more powerful influence on life than more traditional views of intelligence. (Topic: 7.9 Individual Differences in Intelligence, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 7.9 Define intellectual disability, giftedness, and emotional intelligence, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: Identical twins should show the highest correlation because they are genetically identical. (Topic: 7.10 The Nature/Nurture Issue Regarding Intelligence, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 7.10 Evaluate the influence of heredity and environment on the development of intelligence, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 9.

Explanation: Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning within a language. (Topic: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

10. d

Explanation: It remains unclear whether animals can use humanlike language. (Topic: 7.14 Animal Studies in Language, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 7.14 Summarize the research on the ability of animals to communicate and use language, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Cognition: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. When people are asked to say how many windows they have in their dwelling, the amount of time people take to come up with the answer __________. a) doesn’t depend on the number of windows Incorrect. The more windows there are, the longer they take to answer. b) depends on the number of windows Correct. The more windows there are, the longer it takes for them to answer, because people mentally walk through the house and count each one. Counting each one mentally takes time just as it does in real life. c) depends on the size of the windows d) depends on whether the house has one or two stories, not on the number of windows Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain how mental images are involved in the process of thinking. Topic: 7.1 Mental Imagery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 75 a= 18 b= 75 c= 4 d= 3 r = .39 % correct 68 a= 16 b= 68 c= 17 d= 0 r = .32 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2. You ask a student to describe the path to his dorm room. The most likely way in which he will do this is to ________. a) recite a rote list of directions he memorized Incorrect. He is most likely to walk through a mental image of the path. b) give you the GPS location of his dorm room c) walk through a mental image of the path and describe it to you as he does it Correct. He is most likely to walk through a mental image of the path that he has in his head and describe it to you as he “moves” along it. d) draw you a map and then describe it to you Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain how mental images are involved in the process of thinking. Topic: 7.1 Mental Imagery Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00 % correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 3. In Stephen Kosslyn’s “imaginary island” experiment, the results showed that it does take longer to view a mental image that __________. a) is larger or covers more distance than one that is smaller and more compact Correct. Researchers found that it takes longer to view a mental image that is larger or covers more distance than one that is smaller and more compact. b) has more items in it Incorrect. Researchers were comparing size and distance, not numbers of items. c) has more colors in it

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) contains living things as compared to nonliving items Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain how mental images are involved in the process of thinking. Topic: 7.1 Mental Imagery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 4. Kosslyn asked subjects if frogs have lips and a stubby tail. What did the subjects report? a) They visualized a frog, starting with the face (“no lips”) and mentally rotating the image to look for the stubby tail. Correct. The subjects reported visualizing a frog, starting with the face (“no lips”) and then mentally rotating the image so it was facing away from them, and then “zooming in” to look for the stubby tail. b) They visualized a frog, starting with the face (“no lips”), had it disappear, and then visualized a completely new frog for a second time with its backside to them. c) They knew the answer but did not have to generate an image. d) They felt that the task was impossible to accomplish. Incorrect. The subjects reported visualizing a frog, starting with the face (“no lips”) and then mentally rotating the image so it was facing away from them to look for the stubby tail. Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain how mental images are involved in the process of thinking. Topic: 7.1 Mental Imagery Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 89 a= 89 b= 2 c= 9 d= 0 r = .43 % correct 76 a= 76 b= 14 c= 11 d= 0 r = .55 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 5. PET, MEG, and fMRI scans have demonstrated that when a person is creating a mental image, __________. a) the image is generated by the retinal ganglion cells and sent to the cortex b) the image is generated by the thalamus and sent to the brain c) areas of the visual cortex are being activated Correct. Brain scans have demonstrated that when a person is creating a mental image, visual cortical areas are active. d) there is no locus in the brain that can be determined for the generation of mental images Incorrect. PET scans have demonstrated that when a person is creating a mental image, the areas associated with stored knowledge send information to the visual cortex. Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain how mental images are involved in the process of thinking. Topic: 7.1 Mental Imagery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 6. Compared to the others, forming a mental image of which animal should take people longer to answer the question, “Count the number of teeth it has”? a) a rat b) a shark Correct. A shark has a lot of teeth. When people form mental images, they tend to imagine the thing as the thing itself. Therefore, it would take a long time to inspect all the teeth in a mental image of a shark. c) a shrew Incorrect. A mental image of a small animal such as this one wouldn’t take very long to examine. d) a goldfish

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.2 Describe how concepts and prototypes influence our thinking. Topic: 7.2 Concepts and Prototypes Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 7. Concepts are ideas that represent __________. a) a class or category of objects, events, or activities Correct. Concepts are defined as ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities. b) patterns of behavior Incorrect. Concepts are mental categories and do not involve behavior. c) higher-order conditioning and secondary reinforcers d) a process of cognition occurring when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.2 Describe how concepts and prototypes influence our thinking. Topic: 7.2 Concepts and Prototypes Difficulty Level: Easy % correct 96 a= 96 b= 0 c= 4 d= 0 r = .20 % correct 79 a= 79 b= 4 c= 4 d= 14 r = .46 Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 8. Concepts and categories are important because they allow us to __________ . a) not have to rely on mental images b) organize and manage tremendous amounts of information Correct. If we had to take each object, person, idea, and so on, as an individual instance without assigning them to an overall concept or a category, we’d never progress through our crowded cognitive worlds. c) develop mental sets that help us solve new problems d) classify objects or ideas as belonging to one single group and no others Incorrect. An exemplar (a particular instance of a concept) might fit in several categories. Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.2 Describe how concepts and prototypes influence our thinking. Topic: 7.2 Concepts and Prototypes Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 9. Before enrolling in an abnormal psychology course, Tod’s idea of psychological disorders had been influenced primarily by talk shows. He expected to hear the same kinds of stories he had heard on talk shows. What an eyeopening experience the course turned out to be! How would a cognitive psychologist describe the influence the course had on Tod’s idea of psychological disorders? a) Tod learned the value of algorithms. b) Tod now uses heuristics. Incorrect. A cognitive psychologist would say that the course altered Tod’s concept of psychological disorders. Heuristics are rules of thumbs used in problem solving. c) The course increased Tod’s ability to use visual imagery. d) The course altered Tod’s concept of psychological disorders. Correct. A cognitive psychologist would say that the course altered Tod’s concept of psychological disorders because of the new information presented to him.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.2 Describe how concepts and prototypes influence our thinking. Topic: 7.2 Concepts and Prototypes Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 95 a= 0 b= 2 c= 2 d= 95 r = .59 % correct 90 a= 2 b= 3 c= 5 d= 90 r = .37 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 10. Compared to formal concepts learned in science and math, natural concepts tend to be __________. a) easier to learn b) very clear and well-defined Incorrect. Natural concepts tend to be fuzzy with unclear boundaries. c) fuzzy with unclear boundaries Correct. Natural concepts tend to be fuzzy with unclear boundaries. d) good fits with a rigid classification system Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.2 Describe how concepts and prototypes influence our thinking. Topic: 7.2 Concepts and Prototypes Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 68 a= 0 b= 27 c= 68 d= 6 r = .47 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 11. Which is the most likely prototype for the concept “vehicle”? a) glider b) car Correct. The most likely prototype for the concept “vehicle” is a car, because it is most familiar to folks today. c) scooter d) bicycle Incorrect. The most likely prototype for the concept “vehicle” is a car because bicycles aren’t as easy to classify as vehicles immediately. Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.2 Describe how concepts and prototypes influence our thinking. Topic: 7.2 Concepts and Prototypes Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 89 a= 3 b= 89 c= 4 d= 3 r = .20 % correct 96 a= 4 b= 96 c= 0 d= 0 r = .39 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 12. Which example would most people take longest to identify as a fruit (even though it technically is a fruit)? a) grape b) apple c) orange Incorrect. An orange closely matches the prototype of fruit. d) olive Correct. Most people would take longest to identify an olive as a fruit because it has the fewest characteristics of the prototype of fruit. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.2 Describe how concepts and prototypes influence our thinking. Topic: 7.2 Concepts and Prototypes Difficulty Level: Easy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 97 a= 0 b= 3 c= 0 d= 97 r = .20 % correct 98 a= 1 b= 0 c= 1 d= 98 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 13. The first notion that comes to mind when asked to name an example from a category is called the __________. a) schema b) prototype Correct. A prototype refers to the most typical example of a concept. c) concept marker Incorrect. Concept markers are not discussed in this chapter. d) category marker Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.2 Describe how concepts and prototypes influence our thinking. Topic: 7.2 Concepts and Prototypes Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 14. “You wait a little while, then you’re shown to a table. A person brings you a list of options and asks if you want anything. The person comes back a little later and offers to bring you more things from the list. The things arrive and you eat them. After a while you put some money on the table and leave.” This general outline is a __________ for “eating in a restaurant.” a) mental image Incorrect. This is not really a unified mental image. b) prototype c) formal concept d) script Correct. A script is a schema for a sequence of events. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.2 Describe how concepts and prototypes influence our thinking. Topic: 7.2 Concepts and Prototypes Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 15. The trial-and-error method of solving problems is also known as the __________. a) use of a heuristic device Incorrect. A heuristic device is a rule of thumb. b) use of algorithms c) mechanical solution Correct. The trial-and-error method of solving problems is also known as the mechanical solution. d) A.I. solution Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.3 Identify some methods that people use to solve problems and make decisions. Topic: 7.3 Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Strategies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 85 a= 9 b= 6 c= 85 d= 0 r = .23 % correct 86 a= 8 b= 3 c= 86 d= 2 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 16. What systematic problem-solving method guarantees a solution, provided that one exists? a) heuristic method

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. The heuristic strategy is called a “rule of thumb” and does not guarantee a solution. b) algorithmic method Correct. The systematic problem-solving method that guarantees a solution is the algorithmic method. For example, the Pythagorean theorem is algorithmic in a Euclidean space. c) mnemonic device d) cognitive shortcut Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.3 Identify some methods that people use to solve problems and make decisions. Topic: 7.3 Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Strategies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 86 a= 14 b= 86 c= 0 d= 0 r = .42 % correct 90 a= 10 b= 90 c= 0 d= 0 r = .32 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 17. Queenie purchases a cupboard for her kitchen. She assembles the cupboard by following a series of steps illustrated in the instruction manual. Which type of problem-solving strategy has Queenie adopted? a) algorithmic Correct. An algorithm is a set of steps that, if followed methodically, will guarantee that the correct solution to a problem will be achieved. b) trial and error Incorrect. This would likely end up with many iterations of a very strange looking cupboard. c) intuitive d) multitasking Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.3 Identify some methods that people use to solve problems and make decisions. Topic: 7.3 Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Strategies Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 18. Jenna is enrolled in a high school geometry course, which she describes as “drawing figures and figuring drawings.” In a typical class, students draw geometric figures and use a formula to calculate an aspect of the figure, such as its area. Each time Jenna uses a formula, she is making use of what psychologists call __________. a) heuristics Incorrect. Jenna is making use of algorithms because the geometric rules always work. Heuristics don’t guarantee a solution. b) logarithms c) algorithms Correct. Jenna is making use of algorithms because the rules will always produce a solution. d) convergence Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.3 Identify some methods that people use to solve problems and make decisions. Topic: 7.3 Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Strategies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 82 a= 14 b= 4 c= 82 d= 0 r = .49 % correct 92 a= 3 b= 5 c= 92 d= 0 r = .28 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 19. What problem-solving strategies don’t guarantee solutions but make efficient use of time? a) heuristics Correct. Heuristics don’t guarantee a solution but make more efficient use of time.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) algorithms c) mnemonic devices d) cognitive shortcuts Incorrect. “Cognitive shortcuts” is an appealing term, but it is not a definitional one used in the study of problem solving. Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.3 Identify some methods that people use to solve problems and make decisions. Topic: 7.3 Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Strategies Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 71 a= 71 b= 4 c= 4 d= 22 r = .39 % correct 77 a= 77 b= 7 c= 9 d= 7 r = .65 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 20. Which strategy is a heuristic approach to determining how many brownies to make for a party? a) Determine the number of brownies in each batch and then determine which multiple of that number is closest to the estimated number of brownies needed. Incorrect. This sounds unduly complicated. b) Make the same number as you did for your last party because you recall that number being about right. Correct. Heuristics are problem-solving strategies that stem from prior experiences and provide an educated guess as to what is the most likely solution. c) Multiply the number of people invited by the number of brownies you want each person to have. d) Make as many brownies as will fit in the oven and can be cooked in an hour, then remove whatever amount seems like too much. Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.3 Identify some methods that people use to solve problems and make decisions. Topic: 7.3 Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Strategies Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 21. An advantage of using a heuristic over an algorithm is that a heuristic __________. a) ensures a correct answer Incorrect. A heuristic is a shortcut, but it does not guarantee that the correct answer to a problem will be achieved. b) takes longer and is more accurate c) can be quicker Correct. A heuristic is a mental shortcut, so it is often faster than an algorithm. d) always works the same way Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.3 Identify some methods that people use to solve problems and make decisions. Topic: 7.3 Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Strategies Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 22. Which decision-making strategy involves making judgments of likelihood based on how well an example represents a specific category? a) the representativeness heuristic Correct. This is how this heuristic operates. b) goal-state analysis c) means-end analysis d) the availability heuristic Incorrect. This heuristic involves other cognitive processes.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.3 Identify some methods that people use to solve problems and make decisions. Topic: 7.3 Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Strategies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 23. Seventy percent of the students in a classroom are women and 30 percent are men. One student is described as ambitious, athletic, and assertive. Why are most people likely to think this description refers to a male student? a) They are using the availability heuristic. Incorrect. Availability refers to whether an item is easy to remember. b) They are using the representativeness heuristic. Correct. They are using the representativeness heuristic because being male and being ambitious, athletic, and assertive are more typical and thus representative. c) People seek only confirming information. d) People tend to make relative comparisons. Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.3 Identify some methods that people use to solve problems and make decisions. Topic: 7.3 Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Strategies Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 51 a= 14 b= 51 c= 10 d= 25 r = .21 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 24. Because of the availability heuristic, Jayne and her husband are most likely to exaggerate the likelihood of risk to their children caused by ____________. a) depression b) being kidnapped Correct. Most of us can think of examples of police brutality, kidnapping, and terrorist attacks—these are events that easily come to mind. However, we are also likely to overestimate the risks of each of these events, in part because it is easier to think of examples of these events than to think of all of the times they did not occur. c) asthma d) bullying Incorrect. Any of these other events is statistically much more likely to occur. Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.3 Identify some methods that people use to solve problems and make decisions. Topic: 7.3 Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Strategies Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 25. Hayden is trying to determine the best way to get to his house after work, because his usual route has been blocked by emergency vehicles due to a car accident. He can’t “see” a different route, so instead he imagines how he would drive to work from home if he had to take a different route. Hayden is using the __________ heuristic. a) working backward Correct. Working backward from the goal can make solutions available that are otherwise difficult to see. b) representativeness c) availability d) subgoaling Incorrect. This heuristic involves taking a large task and breaking it into a series of smaller steps.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.3 Identify some methods that people use to solve problems and make decisions. Topic: 7.3 Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Strategies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 26. Rhonda wants to save $25,000 to buy a new car. Instead of focusing on saving the whole amount, she works to earn $1,000 at a time. This makes the process seem more manageable to her. Rhonda is using the __________ heuristic. a) availability b) subgoaling Correct. Laurel is taking a large task and breaking it down into a series of smaller tasks. c) algorithm d) mechanical Incorrect. The mechanical solution does not apply in this instance. Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.3 Identify some methods that people use to solve problems and make decisions. Topic: 7.3 Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Strategies Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 27. A seemingly arbitrary flash “out of the blue,” through which the solution to a problem suddenly becomes apparent to you, but you do not consciously know how you “figured it out,” is called ________. a) brainstorming b) priming c) insight Correct. A flash of problem solving is called insight. d) a mental set Incorrect. A flash of problem solving is called insight. Mental set refers to being stuck in a problem-solving mode. Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.3 Identify some methods that people use to solve problems and make decisions. Topic: 7.3 Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Strategies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 89 a= 0 b= 4 c= 89 d= 7 r = .20 % correct 100 a= 0 b=0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 28. Köhler demonstrated “aha!” or insight behavior with __________. a) birds b) dogs Incorrect. Köhler used chimps. c) cats d) chimpanzees Correct. Köhler used chimpanzees. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.3 Identify some methods that people use to solve problems and make decisions. Topic: 7.3 Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Strategies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 83 a= 11 b= 4 c= 2 d= 83 r = .28

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White % correct 83 a= 14 b= 3 c= 0 d= 83 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 29. A block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects only in terms of their most common or typical use is called __________. a) mental set Incorrect. The tendency to perceive and approach problems in certain ways is called mental set. b) means-end analysis c) noncompensatory modeling d) functional fixedness Correct. Becoming fixated on the way an object is usually used can block you from seeing creative, nontraditional uses of objects. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.4 Identify three common barriers to successful problem solving. Topic: 7.4 Problems with Problem Solving and Decision Making Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 30. A loose screw on the visor causes it to drop down while Ramón drives; however, he keeps forgetting to take a screwdriver out to the car to fix it. When he notices the visor drop again, he reaches into his pocket for a dime and uses it to tighten the screw holding the visor. What problem-solving difficulty did Ramón overcome? a) relative comparison b) functional fixedness Correct. Ramón overcame the problem of functional fixedness. c) poor problem representation d) the representativeness heuristic Incorrect. Ramón overcame the problem of functional fixedness. Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.4 Identify three common barriers to successful problem solving. Topic: 7.4 Problems with Problem Solving and Decision Making Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 90 a= 0 b= 90 c= 0 d= 10 r = .19 % correct 81 a= 11 b= 81 c= 2 d= 7 r = .23 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 31. The television character MacGyver was famous for using everyday objects to get out of trouble. In one episode, for example, MacGyver used the foil wrapper from a stick of gum to replace a blown electrical fuse. The MacGyver character clearly did NOT suffer from which cognitive obstacle to problem solving? a) functional fixedness Correct. Functional fixedness occurs when an individual identifies a potential operator, but can think of only its most obvious function. This clearly is not a problem for MacGyver. b) the anchoring effect c) the representativeness heuristic d) prototype decay Incorrect. This is not a concept discussed by cognitive psychologists. Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.4 Identify three common barriers to successful problem solving. Topic: 7.4 Problems with Problem Solving and Decision Making Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

32. The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past is called __________. a) mental set Correct. The tendency to perceive and approach problems in certain ways is called mental set. b) means-end analysis c) noncompensatory modeling d) prototypical idealization Incorrect. The tendency to perceive and approach problems in certain ways is called mental set. Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.4 Identify three common barriers to successful problem solving. Topic: 7.4 Problems with Problem Solving and Decision Making Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 72 a= 72 b= 4 c= 14 d= 11 r = .37 % correct 85 a= 85 b= 6 c= 0 d= 9 r = .46 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 33. Every time he loses his wallet, Hakeem cannot stop checking the back pocket of the pants he is wearing. He knows the wallet is not there, and yet he continues to put his hand in the pocket to check just “one more time.” This tendency to try to solve problems in the same way every time is called __________. a) mental set Correct. The tendency to perceive and approach problems in certain ways is called mental set. b) means-end analysis c) noncompensatory modeling d) prototypical idealization Incorrect. The tendency to perceive and approach problems in certain ways is called mental set. Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.4 Identify three common barriers to successful problem solving. Topic: 7.4 Problems with Problem Solving and Decision Making Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 34. What term do psychologists use to describe our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it? a) confirmation bias Correct. Our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it is called confirmation bias. b) convergent thinking c) availability heuristic d) representativeness heuristic Incorrect. Our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it is called confirmation bias. Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.4 Identify three common barriers to successful problem solving. Topic: 7.4 Problems with Problem Solving and Decision Making Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 91 a= 91 b= 2 c= 4 d= 4 r = .41 % correct 93 a= 93 b= 2 c= 4 d= 0 r = .31 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 35. Mrs. Ingrid Samuelson is determined to ban guns in the United States. This is a controversial topic and social scientists have debated whether the ownership of guns by citizens increases or decreases crime. Ingrid could go to the library and look up studies on the linkage between guns and crime rates. Instead, she just reads the local newspaper and only cuts out articles about robberies in which the “bad guy” used a firearm. Ingrid is demonstrating __________. a) mental set Incorrect. Mental set is defined as the tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past, which is not relevant to what Ingrid is demonstrating in this example. b) confirmation bias Correct. Ingrid is demonstrating confirmation bias by concerning herself only with information that backs up, or confirms, what she already believes. c) stereotype threat d) mindlessness Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.4 Identify three common barriers to successful problem solving. Topic: 7.4 Problems with Problem Solving and Decision Making Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 81 a= 7 b= 81 c= 12 d= 0 r = .37 % correct 81 a= 0 b= 81 c= 13 d= 4 r = .34 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 36. Oscar is a Socialist Party supporter. He goes out of his way to read articles about the achievements of the Socialist Party, but doesn’t pay any attention to articles that are critical of the party and its candidates. Oscar is exhibiting __________ . a) the working backwards principle b) confirmation bias Correct. Confirmation bias is the tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that confirms one’s own belief. c) the framing effect d) hindsight bias Incorrect. Oscar is acting in the present, not trying to explain an already known outcome. Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.4 Identify three common barriers to successful problem solving. Topic: 7.4 Problems with Problem Solving and Decision Making Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 37. The ability to solve problems by combining behaviors and ideas in new ways is called __________. a) creativity Correct. The ability to produce solutions to problems that are unusual, inventive, novel, and appropriate is called creativity. b) insight Incorrect. The ability to produce solutions to problems that are unusual, inventive, novel, and appropriate is called creativity. Insight is a rapid solution to a problem. c) heuristics d) latent learning Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.5 Recall some characteristics of creative, divergent thinking. Topic: 7.5 Creativity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 89 a= 89 b= 3 c= 4 d= 4 r = .34

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 38. __________ thinking works well for routine problem solving but may be of little use when a more creative solution is needed. a) Heuristic b) Divergent Incorrect. Divergent thinking is often the best thing to use when a more creative solution is needed. c) Insightful d) Convergent Correct. Convergent thinking works pretty well for routine problem solving but not when a more creative solution is needed. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.5 Recall some characteristics of creative, divergent thinking. Topic: 7.5 Creativity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 55 a= 22 b= 17 c= 5 d= 55 r = .44 % correct 83 a= 4 b= 0 c= 3 d= 83 r = .54 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 39. A person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point. The person is engaging in __________ thinking. a) functional b) circular c) convergent Incorrect. Convergent thinking occurs when problems are seen as having only one correct answer. d) divergent Correct. The person is engaging in divergent thinking as the solutions spread out from a starting point. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.5 Recall some characteristics of creative, divergent thinking. Topic: 7.5 Creativity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 89 a= 2 b= 4 c= 4 d= 89 r = .35 % correct 93 a= 2 b= 2 c= 3 d= 93 r = .22 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 40. What type of thinking could be described as taking different directions in search of a variety of answers to a question? a) decisive thinking b) convergent thinking Incorrect. Convergent thinking occurs when problems are seen as having only one correct answer. All lines of thinking converge on that one answer. c) heuristic thinking d) divergent thinking Correct. Divergent thinking involves taking different directions in search of a variety of answers to a question. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.5 Recall some characteristics of creative, divergent thinking. Topic: 7.5 Creativity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 97 a= 3 b= 0 c= 0 d= 97 r = .39 % correct 82 a= 0 b= 11 c= 6 d= 82 r = .39 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

41. Asking an individual to come up with a diverse and creative set of solutions to a very specific problem is encouraging that person to engage in __________ thinking. a) functional b) circular c) convergent Incorrect. Convergent thinking occurs when problems are seen as having only one correct answer. d) divergent Correct. The person is engaging in divergent thinking as the solutions spread out from a starting point. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.5 Recall some characteristics of creative, divergent thinking. Topic: 7.5 Creativity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 42. “What are liquids that burn?” is a good prompt to promote __________ . a) insight b) divergent thinking Correct. The extent and novelty of the answers to this question is a good indicator of divergent thinking. c) schema development d) convergent thinking Incorrect. This question would not promote convergent thinking. Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.5 Recall some characteristics of creative, divergent thinking. Topic: 7.5 Creativity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 43. Which of the following questions would be more likely to produce divergent thinking? a) “What is a stapler?” b) “How do you spell stapler?” c) “How many uses can you think of for a stapler?” Correct. “How many uses can you think of for a stapler?” will produce more divergent thinking because there are many possible answers. d) “What does a stapler look like?” Incorrect. “How many uses can you think of for a stapler?” will produce more divergent thinking. Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.5 Recall some characteristics of creative, divergent thinking. Topic: 7.5 Creativity Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 91 a= 2 b= 0 c= 91 d= 7 r = .20 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 44. Which type of thinking is most closely related to creativity? a) heuristic b) divergent Correct. Divergent thinking is most closely related to creativity. c) insightful d) convergent

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. Convergent thinking occurs when problems are seen as having only one correct answer. All lines of thinking converge on that one answer. Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.5 Recall some characteristics of creative, divergent thinking. Topic: 7.5 Creativity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It % correct 82 a= 0 b= 82 c= 16 d= 3 r = .36 % correct 79 a= 11 b= 79 c= 9 d= 2 r = .32 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 45. A group of businesspeople meet in order to solve the problem of decreased sales of their company’s products. One of them suggests that they generate as many ideas as they can in a short period of time without being critical of any of them. This technique of stimulating divergent thinking is called __________. a) brainstorming Correct. The technique of generating as many ideas as possible in a short period of time without being critical of any of them is called brainstorming. b) keeping a journal c) freewriting Incorrect. Freewriting is a literary technique to get someone started in writing an essay. d) mind or subject mapping Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.5 Recall some characteristics of creative, divergent thinking. Topic: 7.5 Creativity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 96 a= 96 b= 0 c= 2 d= 2 r = .29 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 46. The divergent thinking technique of starting with a central idea and drawing a “map” with lines from the center to other related ideas and then forming a mental image of the concepts and their connections is known as __________. a) brainstorming Incorrect. Brainstorming is a technique that involves generating as many ideas as possible in a short period of time without being critical of any of them. b) keeping a journal c) free writing d) mind or subject mapping Correct. The technique of starting with a central idea and drawing a “map” with lines from the center to other related ideas and then forming a mental image of the concepts and their connections is known as mind or subject mapping. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.5 Recall some characteristics of creative, divergent thinking. Topic: 7.5 Creativity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 68 a= 32 b= 0 c= 0 d= 68 r = .30 % correct 70 a= 27 b= 0 c= 3 d= 70 r = .29 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 47. The divergent thinking technique of writing down everything that comes to mind about a topic without revising or proofreading until all of the information is recorded, and then organizing it later, is known as __________. a) brainstorming

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. Brainstorming is a technique that involves generating as many ideas as possible in a short period of time without being critical of any of them. b) keeping a journal c) freewriting Correct. The technique of writing down everything that comes to mind about a topic without revising or proofreading until all of the information is recorded, and then organizing it later, is known as freewriting. d) mind or subject mapping Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.5 Recall some characteristics of creative, divergent thinking. Topic: 7.5 Creativity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 61 a= 12 b= 0 c= 21 d= 61 r = .37 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 48. The ability to learn from one’s experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems is the psychologist’s working definition of __________. a) divergent problem solving b) creative thinking Incorrect. Creative thinking is a term that encompasses many types of problem solving. c) heuristic usage d) intelligence Correct. The ability to learn from one’s experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems is the psychologist’s definition of intelligence. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. Topic: 7.6 Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 49. Ms. Schmidel is a first grade teacher. She has just given Tanesha her screening test in the area of reading. Tanesha scored very high in word recognition, so Ms. Schmidel assumes she will score high on the rest of the test. It is clear that Ms. Schmidel believes in the ____________ factor of intelligence. a) Q b) s Incorrect. Specific intelligence, or s, referred to narrow domains of specific intellectual ability. c) g Correct. General intelligence, or g, is the idea that intelligence is one thing; a hypothetical factor that accounts for differences in intelligence among people. d) a Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. Topic: 7.6 Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 50. Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of two specific abilities—__________. a) verbal and mathematical abilities Incorrect. Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of general intelligence and specific intelligence. b) crystallized and visual-motor abilities c) general intelligence and specific intelligence Correct. Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of general intelligence and specific intelligence. d) analytical-creative intelligence and practical intelligence

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. Topic: 7.6 Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 47 a= 32 b= 8 c= 47 d= 13 r = .33 % correct 49 a= 11 b= 0 c= 49 d=40 r = .47 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 51. Which of these is one of Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences? a) poetic b) digital c) creative Incorrect. Creative intelligence is not one of Gardner’s intelligences. d) naturalist Correct. Naturalist intelligence is one of Gardner’s intelligences. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. Topic: 7.6 Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 60 a= 9 b= 3 c= 29 d= 60 r = .48 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 52. Which intelligence theorist suggested that intelligence is made up of a g factor (general intelligence), and also acknowledged the existence of task-specific abilities, labeled s factor (specific intelligence)? a) Howard Gardner b) Charles Spearman Correct. Charles Spearman was the theorist in question. c) Louis Thurstone Incorrect. Thurstone was not responsible for this specific theory. d) Robert Sternberg Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. Topic: 7.6 Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 53. Gardner and his associates are known for proposing the __________. a) generalized theory of intelligence b) triarchic theory of intelligence Incorrect. Sternberg proposed the triarchic theory of intelligence. c) theory of multiple intelligences Correct. Gardner and his associates are known for proposing the theory of multiple intelligences. d) theory of emotional intelligence Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. Topic: 7.6 Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 76 a= 11 b= 5 c= 76 d= 8 r = .39 % correct 73 a= 6 b= 9 c= 73 d= 12 r = .38 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 54. Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences divides intelligence into __________ independent abilities. a) three Incorrect. Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences divides intelligence into nine independent abilities. b) five c) seven d) nine Correct. Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences divides intelligence into nine independent abilities. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. Topic: 7.6 Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 92 a= 3 b= 0 c= 4 d= 92 r = .34 % correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 0 d= 100 r = .00 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 55. What does “CHC” stand for in the CHC theory of intelligence? a) Cattell-Horn-Carroll Correct. These are the names of the contributors to this perspective. b) Control-Hide-Conceal c) Coordination-Hierarchy-Conclusion Incorrect. This is not the crux of this theory. d) Carlson-Howarton-Chesney Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. Topic: 7.6 Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 56. Which brain regions play an especially important role in intelligence? a) the parietal and temporal lobes b) the occipital and temporal lobes Incorrect. The occipital lobe plays an important role in visual processing. c) the thalamus and hypothalamus d) the frontal and parietal lobes Correct. This realization forms the basis of the P-FIT theory of intelligence. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. Topic: 7.6 Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 57. Robert Sternberg has found that __________ intelligence is a good predictor of success in life but has a low relationship to __________ intelligence. a) practical; analytical Correct. Sternberg has found that practical intelligence is a good predictor of success in life but has a low relationship to analytical intelligence. b) practical; creative c) analytical; practical Incorrect. Sternberg has found that practical intelligence is a good predictor of success in life but has a low relationship to analytical intelligence. d) academic; creative

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. Topic: 7.6 Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 58. What three types of intelligence constitute Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence? a) global, intuitive, and special b) general, global, and specific c) analytical, creative, and practical Correct. Analytical, creative, and practical are Sternberg’s three types of intelligence. d) mathematical, reasoning, and verbal Incorrect. Analytical, creative, and practical are Sternberg’s three types of intelligence. Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. Topic: 7.6 Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 83 a= 2 b= 1 c= 83 d= 14 r = .54 % correct 93 a= 0 b= 1 c= 93 d= 6 r = .34 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 59. According to Robert Sternberg, __________ intelligence is the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems (divergent thinking, in other words). a) analytical b) creative Correct. Creative intelligence is the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems. c) practical Incorrect. Practical intelligence is best described as “street smarts,” or the ability to use information to get along in life. d) existential Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. Topic: 7.6 Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 60. According to Robert Sternberg, __________ intelligence is best described as “street smarts,” or the ability to use information to get along in life. People who have it know how to be tactful, how to manipulate situations to their advantage, and how to use inside information to increase their odds of success. a) analytical b) creative Incorrect. Creative intelligence is the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems. c) practical Correct. Practical intelligence is best described as “street smarts,” or the ability to use information to get along in life. d) naturalistic

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. Topic: 7.6 Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 80 a= 7 b= 4 c= 80 d= 9 r = .32 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 61. An example of Sternberg’s practical intelligence is __________. a) academic achievement only Incorrect. This would demonstrate analytical intelligence. b) knowing when to plant corn Correct. This is something that might not be readily available in a textbook, but an experienced farmer would be able to make this decision with high accuracy. c) having interpersonal and emotional skills d) learning how to write clearly Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. Topic: 7.6 Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 62. Isabel is described as being tactful and able to manipulate situations to her advantage. She is probably high in __________ intelligence. a) analytical b) creative Incorrect. Creative intelligence is the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems. c) practical Correct. Practical intelligence is best described as “street smarts,” or the ability to use information to get along in life. d) exploitative Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. Topic: 7.6 Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 57 a= 17 b= 15 c= 57 d= 11 r = .39 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 63. According to Robert Sternberg, which type of intelligence is LEAST likely to predict success in an academic environment? a) analytical intelligence Incorrect. Practical intelligence is least likely to predict success in an academic environment. b) creative intelligence c) practical intelligence Correct. Practical intelligence is least likely to predict success in an academic environment. d) proactive intelligence

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. Topic: 7.6 Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 64. According to the Cattel–Horn-Carroll model, the two types of intelligence that people possess are __________ and __________ intelligence. a) analytical; pragmatic b) fluid; crystallized Correct. These are the two types of intelligence that Cattell and Horn initially proposed and that were later incorporated into the Cattel-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of intelligence. c) generalized; specific d) interpersonal; intrapersonal Incorrect. These are aspects of Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences. Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. Topic: 7.6 Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 65. Which researcher extended the theory of Cattell and Horn by proposing a three-tiered hierarchical model of cognitive abilities that fit neatly with the concepts of crystallized and fluid intelligence? a) Howard Gardner Incorrect. Howard Gardner proposed the theory of nine multiple intelligences. b) J. P. Guilford c) Robert Sternberg d) John Carroll Correct. John Carroll’s model has incorporated Cattell and Horn’s work and is now called the CHC model. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. Topic: 7.6 Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 66. Which parts of the brain have been of specific interest to researchers who study the neuroscience of intelligence? a) the frontal and parietal lobes Correct. This theory is called the Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory, or P-FIT. b) the reticular activating system and the pons c) the temporal and occipital lobes Incorrect. These are not the correct brain areas. d) the diencephalon and the basal root ganglia Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. Topic: 7.6 Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 67. Measuring intelligence by testing is a rather new concept in the history of the world. The idea of such testing came from __________. a) France

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. The idea of such testing came from France. b) the United States c) the United Kingdom d) the Soviet Union Incorrect. The idea of such testing came from France. Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.7 Compare and contrast some methods of measuring intelligence. Topic: 7.7 Measuring Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 91 a= 91 b= 3 c=3 d= 2 r = .41 % correct 86 a= 86 b= 7 c= 4 d= 3 r = .45 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 68. The Binet intelligence test was originally developed to __________ . a) identify gifted children b) identify children who might have difficulty in school Correct. Binet was charged by the French Ministry of Education to find a way to identify children who were slow learners so they could be given remedial work. c) measure the aptitude of workers for large employers Incorrect. This was not the purpose of Binet’s efforts. d) measure the intelligence of adults confined to psychiatric institutions Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.7 Compare and contrast some methods of measuring intelligence. Topic: 7.7 Measuring Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 69. Alfred Binet designed the first __________ test. a) aptitude Incorrect. Alfred Binet designed the first intelligence test. b) performance-based c) perception d) intelligence Correct. Alfred Binet designed the first intelligence test. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.7 Compare and contrast some methods of measuring intelligence. Topic: 7.7 Measuring Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 93 a= 2 b= 5 c= 1 d= 93 r = .22 % correct 95 a= 0 b=5 c= 0 d= 95 r = .19 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 70. Binet and Simon considered children relatively slow if their mental age __________ their chronological age. a) equals b) is lower than Correct. This was the essential theory that defines intelligence, even today. c) is higher than Incorrect. Such a child would be called “precocious” or ahead of their years. d) does not equal

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.7 Compare and contrast some methods of measuring intelligence. Topic: 7.7 Measuring Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 71. The correct formula for determining IQ as used in Terman’s development of the Stanford-Binet Test was __________. a) MA/DA × 100 b) MA/CA × 100 Correct. The correct formula for determining IQ as used in Terman’s development of the Stanford-Binet Test was MA/CA × 100. c) MA/CA d) CA/MA × 100 Incorrect. The correct formula for determining IQ as used in Terman’s development of the Stanford-Binet Test was MA/CA × 100. Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.7 Compare and contrast some methods of measuring intelligence. Topic: 7.7 Measuring Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 87 a= 3 b= 87 c= 0 d= 10 r = .26 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 72. An 8-year-old child who scored like an average 10-year-old on an intelligence test would have a mental age of __________ and an IQ of __________. a) 8; 80 Incorrect. The IQ is based on a mental age of 10 divided by a chronological age of 8 and multiplied by 100. This gives an IQ of 125. b) 8; 125 c) 10; 100 d) 10; 125 Correct. The IQ is based on a mental age of 10 divided by a chronological age of 8 and multiplied by 100. This gives an IQ of 125. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.7 Compare and contrast some methods of measuring intelligence. Topic: 7.7 Measuring Intelligence Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 62 a= 22 b= 7 c= 8 d= 62 r = .30 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 73. Suppose Gillian’s mental age is 20 and her chronological age is 10. What is her IQ? a) 320 b) 80 Incorrect. The correct application of Stern’s IQ formula could not lead to an IQ of 80 for Gillian. c) 200 Correct. MA/CA*100 = IQ, so Gillian’s IQ would be 20/10*100, or 200. d) 100

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.7 Compare and contrast some methods of measuring intelligence. Topic: 7.7 Measuring Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 74. Harry is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 10 years. His IQ would be __________. a) 80 b) 100 Correct. The IQ is based on a mental age of 10 divided by a chronological age of 10 and multiplied by 100. This gives an IQ of 100 for Harry. c) 115 d) 130 Incorrect. The IQ is based on a mental age of 10 divided by a chronological age of 10 and multiplied by 100. This gives an IQ of 100 for Harry. Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.7 Compare and contrast some methods of measuring intelligence. Topic: 7.7 Measuring Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 91 a= 4 b= 91 c= 1 d= 3 r = .27 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 75. Holden is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 8 years. His IQ would be __________. a) 80 Correct. The IQ is based on a mental age of 8 divided by a chronological age of 10 and multiplied by 100. This gives an IQ of 80 for Holden. b) 100 c) 125 Incorrect. The IQ is based on a mental age of 8 divided by a chronological age of 10 and multiplied by 100. This gives an IQ of 80 for Holden. d) 140 Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.7 Compare and contrast some methods of measuring intelligence. Topic: 7.7 Measuring Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 85 a= 85 b= 10 c= 4 d= 1 r = .28 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 76. Which intelligence test would be BEST suited to an 8-year-old child? a) WAIS-IV b) WISC-V Correct. The WISC-V is best suited to an 8-year-old child. c) WPPSI-IV Incorrect. The WISC-V is best suited to an 8-year-old child. d) DSM-IV-R

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.7 Compare and contrast some methods of measuring intelligence. Topic: 7.7 Measuring Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 77. Reza is 22 years old. For her job, she needs to take an intelligence test. Which would be the most appropriate test for her age group? a) WAIS-IV Correct. The WAIS-IV is best suited to her age group. b) WISC-V c) WPPSI-IV Incorrect. The WAIS-IV is best suited to her age group. d) DSM-IV-R Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.7 Compare and contrast some methods of measuring intelligence. Topic: 7.7 Measuring Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 78. Which task would be an example of a perceptual reasoning item on the Wechsler intelligence tests? a) repeating a series of digits b) defining a word such as lunch c) adding a series of orally presented numbers Incorrect. Perceptual reasoning items are usually nonverbal. d) using blocks to make a design like one shown in a picture Correct. Using blocks to make a design like one shown in a picture is an example of a performance item. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.7 Compare and contrast some methods of measuring intelligence. Topic: 7.7 Measuring Intelligence Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 79. Psychological tests that yield relatively consistent results are said to be __________. a) valid Incorrect. Validity refers to the degree to which a test actually measures what it’s supposed to measure. b) normed c) reliable Correct. Psychological tests that yield relatively consistent results are said to be reliable. d) standardized Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.8 Identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test. Topic: 7.8 Test Construction: Good Test, Bad Test? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 75 a= 15 b= 0 c= 75 d= 11 r = .45 % correct 75 a= 14 b= 2 c= 75 d= 0 r = .43 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 80. If you took the WAIS-IV when you were 18 years old and again when you were 25 years old, and the scores were the same, what could you conclude? a) that you had increased your IQ b) that the WAIS-IV measures reliably Correct. Reliability refers to the consistency of scores on an assessment tool. c) that your IQ has decreased d) that the WAIS-IV is flawed Incorrect. Because intelligence is a rather static construct, this consistency of scores does not indicate a flaw in the tool. Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.8 Identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test. Topic: 7.8 Test Construction: Good Test, Bad Test? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 81. On a newly developed IQ test, if an individual scores at the 110 level on the first half of the test and 150 on the second half of the test, what does this test appear to lack? a) reliability Correct. The test lacks reliability because the scores were so different. b) standardization Incorrect. The test lacks reliability because the scores were so different. c) predictive validity d) appropriate norms Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.8 Identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test. Topic: 7.8 Test Construction: Good Test, Bad Test? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 56 a= 56 b= 11 c= 29 d= 2 r = .25 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 82. In the Middle Ages, people accused of being witches were often tested by being dunked in a river or pond. If they floated to the surface, they were condemned as witches. If they sank and drowned, they were posthumously acquitted. This test obviously lacks __________ . a) validity Correct. These “tests” do not actually assess whether the test-taker is or is not a witch. b) bias c) reliability Incorrect. Reliable tests can best be thought of as being consistent. These tests are not valid. d) standardization Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.8 Identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test. Topic: 7.8 Test Construction: Good Test, Bad Test? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 83. Reliability is to consistency, as validity is to __________ . a) accuracy Correct. Validity addresses what a test measures. b) central tendency c) practicality

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) stability Incorrect. Stability, consistency, dependability, and reliability are all the same basic concept. Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.8 Identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test. Topic: 7.8 Test Construction: Good Test, Bad Test? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 84. Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that __________. a) follows the normal curve Correct. Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that follows the normal curve; in other words, most of the scores are clustered around the mean, and the number of scores decreases the farther away from the mean they go in either direction. b) has a positive skew c) has a negative skew Incorrect. Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that appears to follow the normal curve and is symmetrical. d) appears bimodal with two peaks of high frequency Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.8 Identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test. Topic: 7.8 Test Construction: Good Test, Bad Test? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 82 a= 82 b= 5 c= 5 d= 8 r = .44 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 85. What percentage of the population has an intelligence quotient below 100? a) 75 percent Incorrect. Fifty percent of the population has an intelligence quotient below 100. b) 50 percent Correct. Fifty percent of the population has an intelligence quotient below 100. c) 35 percent d) 10 percent Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.8 Identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test. Topic: 7.8 Test Construction: Good Test, Bad Test? Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 86. Jerry has been tested repeatedly over his elementary and middle school years, and his IQ scores on standardized tests have fallen in the range of 130 to 145 (depending on the test, the year, and his age). Where does Jerry’s intelligence fall in comparison to other test-takers? a) He is outperforming 2 to 4 percent of the population of test-takers. Incorrect. Jerry’s scores are remarkable, but in a good way. This outcome would be remarkable, but in a bad way. b) He is outperforming 10 to 20 percent of the population of test-takers. c) He is outperforming 85 to 90 percent of the population of test-takers. d) He is outperforming 97 to 99 percent of the population of test-takers. Correct. Those test scores would put Jerry in the upper 1 to 2 percent of the population in intelligence.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.8 Identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test. Topic: 7.8 Test Construction: Good Test, Bad Test? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 87. Because of the need to measure the IQ of people of varying ages, newer IQ tests base their evaluation of IQ on __________. a) mental age alone Incorrect. Newer IQ tests base their evaluation of IQ on deviation scores from the mean of the normal distribution. b) deviation scores from the mean of the normal distribution Correct. Newer IQ tests base their evaluation of IQ on deviation scores from the mean of the normal distribution. c) giving extra points for older folks to compensate for their slower processing times d) variance IQ scores Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.8 Identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test. Topic: 7.8 Test Construction: Good Test, Bad Test? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 88. Culture-fair tests attempt to measure __________. a) the intelligence of people coming from outside the majority culture Correct. Culture-fair tests attempt to measure the intelligence of people coming from outside the culture in which the test was devised. b) the intelligence of people coming from inside the majority culture c) cultural background d) the effects of culture on people’s intellectual and creative skills Incorrect. Culture-fair tests attempt to measure the intelligence of people coming from outside the culture in which the test was devised. Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.8 Identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test. Topic: 7.8 Test Construction: Good Test, Bad Test? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 50 a= 50 b= 30 c= 2 d= 19 r = .29 APA Learning Objective: 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 89. Many items on a “culture-fair” test require the use of __________. a) nonverbal abilities such as rotating objects Correct. Nonverbal abilities, such as rotating objects, don’t depend on familiarity with a particular culture and language. b) verbal knowledge c) musical knowledge d) knowledge of major world historical figures Incorrect. Ideas as to who are the world’s major historical figures will differ from culture to culture. Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.8 Identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test. Topic: 7.8 Test Construction: Good Test, Bad Test? Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 71 a= 71 b= 17 c= 1 d= 10 r = .40 % correct 79 a= 79 b= 11 c= 1 d= 8 r = .44 APA Learning Objective: 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

90. Which of the following is a desirable characteristic of culture-fair tests? a) They should minimize or eliminate the use of language. Correct. Culture-fair tests should minimize or eliminate the use of language because language has cultural biases. b) They should not attempt to measure intelligence. c) They should be composed of items that vary from culture to culture. d) They should measure values based on a person’s cultural background. Incorrect. Culture-fair tests measure intelligence, not values. Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.8 Identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test. Topic: 7.8 Test Construction: Good Test, Bad Test? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 38 a= 38 b= 2 c= 24 d= 36 r = .41 APA Learning Objective: 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 91. An element of the formal definition of intellectual disability is __________. a) adaptive behavior severely below a level appropriate for the person’s age Correct. Adaptive behavior severely below a level appropriate for the person’s age is an element of the formal definition of intellectual disability. b) evidence of brain damage c) slower than normal reflexes Incorrect. Reflexes have nothing to do with intellectual disability. d) onset of deficits prior to age 6 Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.9 Define intellectual disability and giftedness. Topic: 7.9 Individual Differences in Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 91 a= 91 b= 2 c= 1 d= 6 r = .21 % correct 91 a= 91 b= 4 c= 2 d= 3 r = .21 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 92. Which characteristic is an element of the formal definition of intellectual disability? a) IQ approximately two standard deviations below the mean on a normal curve Correct. An IQ of around 70 or below is an element of the formal definition of intellectual disability. b) evidence of brain damage c) slower than normal reflexes Incorrect. Reflexes have nothing to do with intellectual disability. d) onset of deficits prior to age 6 Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.9 Define intellectual disability and giftedness. Topic: 7.9 Individual Differences in Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 93. Paul-Jose is a young boy who has a defect in the X chromosome of the 23rd pair. His intellectual disability can be attributed to __________. a) fragile X syndrome Correct. Fragile X syndrome results from a defective X chromosome on the 23rd pair and affects males. b) Down syndrome c) fetal alcohol syndrome Incorrect. Fetal alcohol syndrome is not the result of a genetic defect. d) familial intellectual disability

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.9 Define intellectual disability and giftedness. Topic: 7.9 Individual Differences in Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 94. People are termed gifted in terms of intelligence if their IQ is above __________. a) 120 b) 130 Correct. People are termed gifted in terms of intelligence if their IQ is above 130. c) 140 Incorrect. People are termed gifted in terms of intelligence if their IQ is above 130. d) 150 Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.9 Define intellectual disability and giftedness. Topic: 7.9 Individual Differences in Intelligence Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 54 a= 9 b= 54 c= 19 d= 18 r = .21 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 95. What percentage of the population is described as gifted, according to IQ standards? a) about .01 percent b) about 1 percent Incorrect. About 2 percent of the population is described as gifted. c) around 2 percent Correct. About 2 percent of the population is described as gifted. d) nearly 10 percent Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.9 Define intellectual disability and giftedness. Topic: 7.9 Individual Differences in Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 96. All parents think their children are geniuses. However, to be classified as a genius, a person’s IQ score must be above __________. a) 120–125 b) 130–135 Incorrect. The IQ of a genius is above 140 to 145. c) 140–145 Correct. The IQ of a genius is above 140 to 145. d) 150–155 Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.9 Define intellectual disability and giftedness. Topic: 7.9 Individual Differences in Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 97. Results from Lewis Terman’s longitudinal study of gifted children revealed which statement about gifted people to be TRUE? a) They are more likely to suffer from mental illnesses.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) They are physically weaker than non-gifted persons. c) They are often skilled leaders. Correct. It is true that gifted people are often skilled leaders. d) They are socially unskilled. Incorrect. Gifted people are generally socially well adjusted; only those with IQs above 180 were found to have had some social adjustment problems as children. Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.9 Define intellectual disability and giftedness. Topic: 7.9 Individual Differences in Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 98. The beliefs that being gifted or a genius leads to being weird, socially awkward, or more likely to suffer from mental illnesses were put to rest by __________. a) Binet’s development of the concept of IQ Incorrect. Terman’s longitudinal study put the myths about gifted people to rest. b) the development of the WAIS tests by Wechsler c) the Army Alpha tests study d) Terman’s longitudinal study of gifted children Correct. Terman’s longitudinal study put many of the myths about gifted people to rest. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.9 Define intellectual disability and giftedness. Topic: 7.9 Individual Differences in Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 99. The term Terman’s Termites refers to __________. a) a set of intellectually impaired students whom Terman studied intensively b) a group of army soldiers who, on the basis of their IQ, were followed throughout their military career Incorrect. The term Terman’s Termites refers to a sample of gifted children who were studied and followed into adulthood. c) a sample of gifted children who were studied and followed into adulthood Correct. The term Terman’s Termites refers to a sample of gifted children who were studied and followed into adulthood. d) the graduate students who worked with Lewis Terman on the development of the Stanford-Binet test Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.9 Define intellectual disability and giftedness. Topic: 7.9 Individual Differences in Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 100. What did Lewis Terman’s groundbreaking study of gifted children accomplish? a) It put to rest the myths that existed about genius in the early part of the twentieth century. Correct. Terman’s groundbreaking study of gifted children put to rest the myths that existed about genius in the early part of the twentieth century. b) It demonstrated that gifted children and adults are more prone to mental illnesses or odd behavior than other groups. c) It demonstrated that they also have more than their share of failures. d) It demonstrated that genius is the only factor that influences real success in life. Incorrect. Terman’s groundbreaking study of gifted children put to rest the myths that existed about genius in the early part of the twentieth century.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.9 Define intellectual disability and giftedness. Topic: 7.9 Individual Differences in Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 101. According to the Terman “Termites” study, the gifted population had a median income that was __________. a) equal to the national average Incorrect. The gifted population had a median income that was about twice the national median. b) less than the national average c) slightly above the national average d) about twice the national average Correct. The gifted population had a median income that was about twice the national median. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.9 Define intellectual disability and giftedness. Topic: 7.9 Individual Differences in Intelligence Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 102. Which statement about Terman’s longitudinal study of gifted children is CORRECT? a) The same children were followed over the length of their life span. Correct. In Terman’s longitudinal study of gifted children, the same children were followed over the length of their life span. b) Gifted people of different ages were studied simultaneously and their personal values compared. c) The gifted were found to be socially awkward and had little social success in life. Incorrect. In Terman’s longitudinal study of gifted children, the same children were followed over the length of their life span. Overall, the children were relatively successful as adults. d) The study compared gifted children with geniuses. Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.9 Define intellectual disability and giftedness. Topic: 7.9 Individual Differences in Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 103. Having a high IQ doesn’t always guarantee success. Terman and Oden examined the most and least successful men in their sample of gifted individuals. The most successful were __________. a) more goal-oriented and persistent Correct. The most successful were more goal-oriented and persistent than the others. b) introverted c) less interested in social relationships Incorrect. The most successful were not any less interested in social relationships than the others. d) more easygoing and less goal-oriented Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.9 Define intellectual disability and giftedness. Topic: 7.9 Individual Differences in Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 104. The first true longitudinal study of the effects of giftedness on social success was conducted by __________. a) David Wechsler b) Lewis Terman

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. The first true longitudinal study of the effects of giftedness on social success was conducted by Terman. c) Charles Osgood Incorrect. The first true longitudinal study of the effects of giftedness on social success was conducted by Terman. d) Merrill Palmer Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.9 Define intellectual disability and giftedness. Topic: 7.9 Individual Differences in Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 105. Which statement about heredity and intelligence is TRUE? a) Similarities in intelligence between identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different households must be due to heredity. b) If identical twins are separated at birth and raised in different homes, yet still have similar intelligence scores, the similarity in their scores must be due to hereditary influences. Incorrect. This conclusion does not logically follow. c) Differences in intelligence between identical twins must be due to differences in their environments. Correct. At this broad level of analysis, this conclusion would be warranted. d) Differences in intelligence between identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different households must be due to heredity. Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.9 Define intellectual disability and giftedness. Topic: 7.9 Individual Differences in Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 106. If intelligence is determined primarily by heredity, which pair should show the highest correlation between IQ scores? a) fraternal twins Incorrect. Fraternal twins would not show the highest correlation because they are not genetically identical. b) identical twins Correct. Identical twins should show the highest correlation because they are genetically identical. c) brothers and sisters d) parents and children Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.10 Evaluate the influence of heredity and environment on the development of intelligence. Topic: 7.10 The Nature/Nurture Issue Regarding Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 72 a= 3 b= 72 c= 1 d= 24 r = .39 % correct 89 a= 2 b= 89 c= 0 d= 7 r = .31 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 107. Tim and Jim are identical twins who were raised in different households. Ned and Ed are fraternal twins who were raised together in the same household. Which pair of twins will have more similar IQ scores, if either? a) Tim and Jim Correct. Tim and Jim share genetic commonalities. Their IQs will probably be the most similar even though they did not share environments growing up. b) Ned and Ed Incorrect. Ned and Ed share environments, but not identical genetics. c) It is impossible to answer based on the given information. d) All twins have the same IQ.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.10 Evaluate the influence of heredity and environment on the development of intelligence. Topic: 7.10 The Nature/Nurture Issue Regarding Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 108. Heritability refers to __________ . a) an interdisciplinary field of study concerned with the genetic bases of individual differences in behavior and personality b) a process in which individuals with genetically influenced traits that are adaptive in a particular environment tend to survive and reproduce c) a statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group Correct. Heritability estimates are about populations, not individuals. d) a theoretical idea used to explain the genetic basis of the relationship between reliability and validity for a given test-taker in a given context Incorrect. Heritability does not reveal any information about this. Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.10 Evaluate the influence of heredity and environment on the development of intelligence. Topic: 7.10 The Nature/Nurture Issue Regarding Intelligence Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 109. Which of the following groups of children is most likely to have the most similar IQ scores? a) identical twins reared apart Incorrect. Identical twins reared apart have the same genetics but a different environment; therefore, their IQs would not be as similar as those of identical twins reared together, due to their different experiences and education. b) same-sex fraternal twins c) siblings reared together d) identical twins reared together Correct. Identical twins reared together are most likely to have similar IQs because both their genetics and their environment are almost the same. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.10 Evaluate the influence of heredity and environment on the development of intelligence. Topic: 7.10 The Nature/Nurture Issue Regarding Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 87 a= 4 b= 5 c= 4 d= 87 r = .22 % correct 93 a= 3 b= 3 c= 1 d= 93 r = .20 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 110. Which statement about heredity and intelligence is TRUE? a) Similarities in intelligence between identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different households must be due to heredity. b) Differences in intelligence between identical twins must be due to differences in their environments. Correct. Identical twin differences seem to be due to environment. c) If identical twins are separated at birth and raised in different homes, yet nonetheless have similar intelligence scores, the similarity in their scores must be due to hereditary influences. Incorrect. Identical twin differences seem to be due to environment. d) Prenatal influences have little, if any, influence on intelligence and need not be taken into account when studying environmental influences. Answer: b

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 7.10 Evaluate the influence of heredity and environment on the development of intelligence. Topic: 7.10 The Nature/Nurture Issue Regarding Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 111. The __________ effect refers to the fact that IQ scores have increased generation to generation in modernized countries. a) McGurk b) Flynn Correct. These increases have sparked quite a bit of debate as to why they are seen. c) Hawthorne Incorrect. The generation-to-generation increase in IQ scores is called the Flynn effect. d) Rose Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.10 Evaluate the influence of heredity and environment on the development of intelligence. Topic: 7.10 The Nature/Nurture Issue Regarding Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 112. As a woman, Dawn is aware of the stereotypes that women are not good at math. When she completes a questionnaire about her gender and then is given a math test, it is most likely that __________ . a) Dawn will return the test to the administrator completely blank due to the burden of stereotype threat b) Dawn’s self-conscious awareness of the stereotypes regarding women will improve her test performance c) the questionnaire about her gender will lessen the effect of stereotype threat on her performance Incorrect. This occurrence is not very likely. d) the questionnaire will increase stereotype threat, and increase the risk that she will underperform on the math test Correct. Anything that increases the salience of group stereotypes can increase stereotype threat and affect performance, including being asked to state your race, ethnicity, or age before taking a test. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.10 Evaluate the influence of heredity and environment on the development of intelligence. Topic: 7.10 The Nature/Nurture Issue Regarding Intelligence Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 113. A system for combining symbols so that an unlimited number of meaningful statements can be made is called __________. a) pragmatics b) language Correct. Language enables infinite statements to be communicated. c) semantics d) grammar Incorrect. Language enables infinite statements to be communicated. Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. Topic: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 114. According to linguist Noam Chomsky, humans have an innate ability to understand and produce language through a device he called the __________.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) syntax synthesizer (SS) b) grammar grabber (GG) c) language acquisition device (LAD) Correct. Chomsky said that this system is “hard wired” in the developing brain. d) language learning system (LLS) Incorrect. Chomsky called this the LAD, the language acquisition device. Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. Topic: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 115. The system of rules governing the structure and use of a language is called __________. a) semantics b) phonemes c) grammar Correct. Grammar is the collective set of rules that determines how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language. d) linguistic relativity Incorrect. Linguistic relativity refers to the concept that thought processes within a culture are determined by the culture’s words. Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. Topic: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 30 a= 13 b= 34 c= 30 d= 22 r = .31 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 116. Language is based on basic sound units called __________. a) phonemes Correct. Language is based on basic sound units called phonemes. b) morphemes Incorrect. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning within a language. c) semantics d) registers Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. Topic: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 117. The sounds t, th, and sh are __________. a) morphemes Incorrect. The sounds t, th, and sh have no meaning, so they are not morphemes. b) phonemes Correct. The sounds t, th, and sh are basic units of sound, or phonemes. c) semantics d) sound bytes

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. Topic: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 77 a= 19 b= 77 c= 4 d= 0 r = .48 % correct 87 a= 8 b= 87 c= 5 d= 0 r = .49 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 118. The words “care” and “bear” differ in one __________. a) morpheme Incorrect. The words are actually morphemically identical. b) phoneme Correct. The first “sound” of each word differs, and this reflects different phonemes. c) gesture d) syntax Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. Topic: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 119. You are learning Russian in preparation for a trip next summer. Although you are doing a good job recognizing the written signs you need to know, you are having trouble with the sounds of the Russian language. Which of the following aspects of language is giving you trouble? a) syntax b) phonemes Correct. Phonemes are the basic units of sound in a language. c) morphemes Incorrect. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language; the problem in this case is with the sounds, not their meaning. d) audiograms Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. Topic: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 71 a= 8 b= 71 c= 13 d= 8 r = .25 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 120. Which statement about infants and language is TRUE? a) Infants are not born with the ability to recognize all phonemes. b) By the time they are 2 months old, infants can recognize only the phonemes in the language they are exposed to. c) By the time they are 9 months old, infants can recognize only the phonemes in the language they are exposed to. Correct. By the time they are 9 months old, infants can recognize only the phonemes in the language they are exposed to. d) By the time they are 12 months old, infants can readily master a second language. Incorrect. By the time they are 12 months old, infants are just learning to speak, and not ready to be proficient in more than one language.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. Topic: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 121. The smallest meaningful units of any language are called __________. a) phonemes Incorrect. Phonemes are the basic units of sound. b) morphemes Correct. The basic meaningful units of any language are called morphemes. c) semantics d) sound bytes Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. Topic: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 92 a= 3 b= 92 c= 5 d= 0 r = .51 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 122. You are learning Russian in preparation for a trip next summer. You have gotten to the point where you can sound out the words written in the Cyrillic alphabet, but you do not understand what any of the words mean. What element of the Russian language will you need to start learning next? a) phrenology b) syntax c) phonemes Incorrect. Phonemes are just sounds, basically, and those have already been mastered in this example. d) morphemes Correct. Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units of a language, such as words, prefixes, and suffixes. In this example, the phonemes (i.e., basic sounds) used in Russian have already been learned, but the meaning of words is not understood. Learning syntax is also important for learning a new language, but syntax is useless without knowing at least a few morphemes. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. Topic: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 123. The phrase “I tried” has __________. a) one morpheme b) two morphemes Incorrect. In fact, there are three morphemes in this sentence. c) three morphemes Correct. The three morphemes are “I,” “try,” and “ed.” d) four morphemes Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. Topic: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 124. How many morphemes are there in the sentence “I wanted it”? a) four Correct. There are four morphemes: I, want, ed, it. b) six Incorrect. There are four morphemes: I, want, ed, it. c) five d) seven Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. Topic: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 125. The system of rules for combining words and phrases to form correct sentences is called __________. a) morphology Incorrect. Morphology is the study of shapes and not of the creation of a meaningful sentence. b) phonics c) syntax Correct. The system of rules for combining words and phrases to make meaningful sentences is called syntax. d) morphemes Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. Topic: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 77 a= 4 b= 18 c= 77 d= 2 r = .29 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 126. What is the system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatical sentences? a) syntax Correct. The system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatical sentences is called syntax. b) semantics Incorrect. The system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatical sentences is called syntax. c) morphology d) phonology Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. Topic: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 68 a= 68 b= 18 c= 13 d= 0 r = .33 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 127. The sentences “The boy bit the dog” and “The dog was bitten by the boy” have the same meaning, but differ in __________. a) syntax Correct. Syntax refers, in part, to the order in which words construct sentences. As you see in this example, there can be two different syntactically correct versions of the same sentence. b) pragmatics c) semantics Incorrect. These sentences have the same meaning, which is another way of saying they share common semantics. d) morphology

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. Topic: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 128. The sentence “Colorless ideas sleep furiously” has __________. a) proper syntax but poor semantics Correct. The order of words is acceptable in terms of structure, but the sentence is meaningless. b) proper syntax and good semantics Incorrect. The order of words is acceptable in terms of structure, but what does this sentence mean? It has poor semantics. c) improper syntax and poor semantics d) improper syntax but good semantics Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. Topic: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 129. The system of rules that governs how we assign meaning to the morphemes we use is called __________. a) syntax Incorrect. Syntax is the system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentences. b) semantics Correct. The system of rules that governs how we assign meaning to the morphemes we use is called semantics. c) phonology d) regularization Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. Topic: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 79 a= 13 b= 79 c= 8 d= 0 r = .33 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 130. Lisle is an academic who studies how people come to understand meaning from words and how they are arranged. Lisle’s area of study would be described as ___________. a) sociology b) semantics Correct. Semantics is the study of how people come to understand meaning from words. c) aphasia d) language arts Incorrect. Language arts usually refers to elementary school instruction in reading and writing. Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. Topic: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 131. Young children sometimes literally interpret sentences like “Do you know where your mommy is?” by answering “Yes.” They fail to understand the __________ of the question. a) pragmatics

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. Pragmatics refers to the way that words in a sentence convey meaning indirectly, by implying rather than asserting. b) propositional representation c) syntax Incorrect. Syntax refers to the order of words that are put together to correctly form a sentence. d) nativism Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. Topic: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 132. Maura asked her teacher, “Can I go to the bathroom?” to which she replied, “I don’t know, can you?” Maura’s teacher was purposely ignoring the ___________ of Maura’s question to make a point about grammar. a) syntax b) grammar c) morphemes Incorrect. This example has nothing to do with morphemes. d) pragmatics Correct. Pragmatics refers to the practical social expectations for language. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. Topic: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 133. Pragmatics is concerned with the __________. a) practical aspects of communicating with others, or the social “niceties” of language Correct. The practical aspects of communicating with others, or the social “niceties” of language, are referred to as pragmatics. b) system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatical sentences c) language rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language d) language rules used to solve problems between people Incorrect. Pragmatics is defined as the practical aspects of communicating with others, or the social “niceties” of language. Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. Topic: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 134. The rhythm and emphasis placed on each word is called __________. a) intonation Correct. Intonation is the use of rhythm and emphasis in communication. b) syntax Incorrect. Intonation is the use of rhythm and emphasis in communication. c) morphemes d) phonemes Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 135. When adults who are speaking to infants change the pitch and rhythm in their speech, they are altering their __________. a) syntax b) grammar Incorrect. When speaking to infants, if adults change the pitch and rhythm in their speech, they are altering their intonation. c) morphemes d) intonation Correct. When speaking to infants, if adults change the pitch and rhythm in their speech, they are altering their intonation. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. Topic: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 136. Little Jonas is learning to speak, and it is clear to his parents that he understands far more words than he can say. Psychologists refer to this as a receptive-__________ lag. a) productive Correct. Children can understand more words than they can produce. Perhaps you’ve experienced this when learning a foreign language. b) expressive Incorrect. This is not the correct term. c) expository d) expiratory Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.12 Explain how language develops. Topic: 7.12 Development of Language Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 137. Which developmental psychologist theorized that concepts preceded and aided the development of language? a) Lev Vygotsky Incorrect. Vygotsky theorized that language helps to develop concepts. b) Jean Piaget Correct. Piaget said that concepts are essential in language development. c) Jacques St. George d) Benjamin Lee Whorf Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.13 Evaluate whether or not language influences how people think. Topic: 7.13 The Relationship between Language and Thought Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 138. What do we call the hypothesis that language influences what we think? a) dynamic hypothesis

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) language reaction hypothesis Incorrect. The hypothesis that language influences what we think is called the linguistic relativity hypothesis. There is no such thing as the language reaction hypothesis. c) linguistic relativity hypothesis Correct. The hypothesis that language influences what we think is called the linguistic relativity hypothesis. d) cognitive linguistic hypothesis Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.13 Evaluate whether or not language influences how people think. Topic: 7.13 The Relationship between Language and Thought Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 77 a= 2 b= 7 c= 77 d= 14 r = .65 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 139. The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that __________. a) one’s language determines the pattern of one’s thinking and view of the world Correct. The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that one’s language determines the pattern of one’s thinking and view of the world. b) one’s thinking and view of the world determine the structure of one’s language c) we decide which objects belong to a concept according to what is most probable or sensible, given the facts at hand Incorrect. The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that one’s language determines the pattern of one’s thinking and view of the world. d) perception of surface structure precedes deep structure in understanding a sentence Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.13 Evaluate whether or not language influences how people think. Topic: 7.13 The Relationship between Language and Thought Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 71 a= 71 b= 8 c= 0 d= 21 r = .20 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 140. A famous lecturer argues that because the Hopi Indians have only two nouns for things that fly, one for birds and another for nonbirds, the Hopi MUST interpret all flying things in terms of these two nouns. This argument is based on __________. a) the idealized prototype construct b) bottom-up processing Incorrect. This argument is based on the linguistic relativity hypothesis. Bottom-up processing is a concept in perception and is not relevant here. c) deep structure elaboration d) the linguistic relativity hypothesis Correct. This argument is based on the linguistic relativity hypothesis, which states that language determines thought patterns. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.13 Evaluate whether or not language influences how people think. Topic: 7.13 The Relationship between Language and Thought Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 141. Researchers have found that, despite the number of color names in a language, the basic abilities to perceive color are unchanged. This finding is problematic for the theory of __________. a) Bradley and Montague Incorrect. These folks never devised nor promoted such a theory.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) Sapir and Whorf Correct. This finding contradicts the theory of Sapir and Whorf, who predicted that the color perceptions should change according to language usage. c) Rostov and Vujavich d) Lea and Perrins Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.13 Evaluate whether or not language influences how people think. Topic: 7.13 The Relationship between Language and Thought Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 142. Which statement BEST describes the general relationship between thinking and language? a) Language is a tool that may be used in thinking, but it isn’t the sole basis of thought. Correct. We think partly by using language, but this is not always the case. b) Language is the sole basis of thought. Incorrect. There are thought processes that transcend the use of language. c) When we think, we always make use of language. d) Language usually is not required in thought processes. Answer: a Learning Objective: 7.13 Evaluate whether or not language influences how people think. Topic: 7.13 The Relationship between Language and Thought Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 143. Researchers have found that __________ influenced by culture. a) neither language nor thought is Incorrect. Researchers have found that both language and thought are influenced by culture. b) language, but not thought, is c) thought, but not language, is d) both language and thought are Correct. Researchers have found that both language and thought are influenced by culture. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.13 Evaluate whether or not language influences how people think. Topic: 7.13 The Relationship between Language and Thought Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 144. In order to show conclusively that animals do use language, one would have to demonstrate that the __________. a) language had an auditory, or sound, component Incorrect. A language does not have to have an auditory component. b) language had a genetic or instinctual base c) language used abstract symbols Correct. In order to show conclusively that animals do use language, one would have to demonstrate that the behavior used abstract symbols. d) animals have the same vocal abilities as people

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: c Learning Objective: 7.14 Summarize the research on the ability of animals to communicate and use language. Topic: 7.14 Animal Studies in Language Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 145. Dolphins, according to TV and movies, are very intelligent and have strong language abilities. They might even be able to talk! However, which statement is TRUE according to the research? a) Dolphins have been shown to be able to master semantics. b) Dolphins have the language abilities of a 3-year-old child. Incorrect. None of the animals that have achieved success so far can compare to the level of language development of a 3-year-old human child. c) Dolphin communication with parrots has been firmly established. d) Dolphins have not been shown to have the ability to master human syntax. Correct. Dolphins have not been shown to master syntax or communicate with parrots, and they do not have the language abilities of a 3-year-old child. They are also unable to master human semantics. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.14 Summarize the research on the ability of animals to communicate and use language. Topic: 7.14 Animal Studies in Language Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 146. Across many studies of many species, animal language development has reached, at best, a level approaching that shown by a typical __________ . a) 1-year-old human Incorrect. Animals can do a little better than this. b) 3-year-old human Correct. This is a general conclusion based on a survey of the animal studies to date. c) 6-year-old human d) 12-year-old human Answer: b Learning Objective: 7.14 Summarize the research on the ability of animals to communicate and use language. Topic: 7.14 Animal Studies in Language Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 147. At the current time, which statement is TRUE about our knowledge of whether animals can use humanlike language? a) It has been clearly shown that animals cannot use humanlike language. Incorrect. It remains unclear whether animals can use humanlike language. b) All animal communication is instinctual and, thus, is not language. c) Only primates, like monkeys and chimps, show any sign of language-like behavior. d) It remains unclear whether animals can use humanlike language at any level of development. Correct. It remains unclear whether animals can use humanlike language. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.14 Summarize the research on the ability of animals to communicate and use language. Topic: 7.14 Animal Studies in Language Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

148. What are Japanese great tits, and why are they important to science? a) They are a species of weasel who have been trained to count to 12 in Japanese. b) They are small, soft-bodied, round creatures (similar to a jellyfish) who use sonar to communicate. c) These are large, stork-like birds found on a remote Japanese island, cut off from evolutionary development. Incorrect. This is not the definition of great tits. d) These are perching birds who have demonstrated compositional syntax. Correct. It is not clear if this has been accomplished by individual birds or in pairs. Answer: d Learning Objective: 7.14 Summarize the research on the ability of animals to communicate and use language. Topic: 7.14 Animal Studies in Language Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. TRUE OR FALSE 149. When people are asked to visualize how many windows they have in the place where they live, the amount of time to answer doesn’t depend on the number of windows. Answer: False Learning Objective: 7.1 Explain how mental images are involved in the process of thinking. Topic: 7.1 Mental Imagery Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 150. It would take the same amount of time to correctly identify an olive as a fruit as it would to correctly identify an apple as a fruit. Answer: False Learning Objective: 7.2 Describe how concepts and prototypes influence our thinking. Topic: 7.2 Concepts and Prototypes Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 151. In primary school, you probably learned how to determine the area of a circle. The formula was πR2. This formula always guarantees a solution and that you will be able to determine the area. Thus, the formula is an example of an algorithm. Answer: True Learning Objective: 7.3 Identify some methods that people use to solve problems and make decisions. Topic: 7.3 Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Strategies Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 152. Bruce believes that aliens crashed in the western United States in the 1950s. When looking for information about this on the Internet, he ignores any sites that are skeptical of his belief and only visits and talks with his friends about the sites that support his belief. This is an example of confirmation bias.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: True Learning Objective: 7.4 Identify three common barriers to successful problem solving. Topic: 7.4 Problems with Problem Solving and Decision Making Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 153. When a problem is seen as having only one answer, with all lines of thinking leading to that answer, this is known as divergent thinking. Answer: False Learning Objective: 7.5 Recall some characteristics of creative, divergent thinking. Topic: 7.5 Creativity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 154. If you look at the professors whom you know, you might chuckle at them. They may be very smart but don’t understand the real world. According to Robert Sternberg, they may be lacking a bit of practical intelligence. Answer: True Learning Objective: 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. Topic: 7.6 Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 155. A 10-year-old child who scored as an average 8-year-old would on an intelligence test would have an IQ of 80. Answer: True Learning Objective: 7.7 Compare and contrast some methods of measuring intelligence. Topic: 7.7 Measuring Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 156. A test is given to a large and random sample of college students. It is found that the test correlates in a highly positive manner with the students’ GPAs. The test designer may be justified in claiming that the test is a valid measure of cognitive skills. Answer: True Learning Objective: 7.8 Identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test. Topic: 7.8 Test Construction: Good Test, Bad Test? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 157. A test can fail in validity while nonetheless being reliable. Answer: True Learning Objective: 7.8 Identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test. Topic: 7.8 Test Construction: Good Test, Bad Test? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 158. A test can fail in reliability while nonetheless being valid.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: False Learning Objective: 7.8 Identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test. Topic: 7.8 Test Construction: Good Test, Bad Test? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 159. Standardization refers to the process of giving a test to a group of people that represents the target individuals for whom that test is intended. Answer: True Learning Objective: 7.8 Identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test. Topic: 7.8 Test Construction: Good Test, Bad Test? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 160. Fragile X syndrome, Down syndrome, and fetal alcohol syndrome are all potential causes of intellectual disability. Answer: True Learning Objective: 7.9 Define intellectual disability and giftedness. Topic: 7.9 Individual Differences in Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 161. People are termed gifted if their score on a standardized intelligence test exceeds 130. Answer: True Learning Objective: 7.9 Define intellectual disability and giftedness. Topic: 7.9 Individual Differences in Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 162. Lewis Terman’s study of gifted children over a long period of their lives clearly demonstrated that the gifted were lacking in social skills, had poor health, and were generally unhappy. Answer: False Learning Objective: 7.9 Define intellectual disability and giftedness. Topic: 7.9 Individual Differences in Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 163. Language is based on sound units called morphemes. Answer: False Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. Topic: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 164. Animals such as dolphins and chimps have shown some language-like behavior, but have not been seen to demonstrate the language skills equal to that of a 3-year-old human child. Answer: True Learning Objective: 7.14 Summarize the research on the ability of animals to communicate and use language. Topic: 7.14 Animal Studies in Language

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. SHORT ANSWER 165. Give a brief definition of the term concept and provide an example of a concept along with its associated prototype. Learning Objective: 7.2 Describe how concepts and prototypes influence our thinking. Topic: 7.2 Concepts and Prototypes Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 166. Give an example of an algorithm. Learning Objective: 7.3 Identify some methods that people use to solve problems and make decisions. Topic: 7.3 Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Strategies Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 167. Give an example of a heuristic. When would using this heuristic speed mental processing, and when might it lead to incorrect conclusions? Learning Objective: 7.3 Identify some methods that people use to solve problems and make decisions. Topic: 7.3 Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Strategies Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 168. Give a definition and example of mental set. Learning Objective: 7.4 Identify three common barriers to successful problem solving. Topic: 7.4 Problems with Problem Solving and Decision Making Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 169. What are the three components of Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence? Learning Objective: 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. Topic: 7.6 Theories of Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 170. What are the components and calculation of the IQ formula first constructed by William Stern, and what does each term in the formula mean? Learning Objective: 7.7 Compare and contrast some methods of measuring intelligence. Topic: 7.7 Measuring Intelligence Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

171. What is a “twin study” and why is it an important method for studying the origins of intelligence? Learning Objective: 7.10 Evaluate the influence of heredity and environment on the development of intelligence. Topic: 7.10 The Nature/Nurture Issue Regarding Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 172. What is a phoneme? Give examples of at least three different phonemes. Learning Objective: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. Topic: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 173. What is the major premise behind the linguistic relativity hypothesis? Learning Objective: 7.13 Evaluate whether or not language influences how people think. Topic: 7.13 The Relationship between Language and Thought Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. ESSAY 174. Explain the techniques that might be used when someone tries to solve a problem. How might a person be blocked in trying to find a solution? Learning Objectives: 7.3 Identify some methods that people use to solve problems and make decisions; 7.4 Identify three common barriers to successful problem solving. Topics: 7.3 Problem-Solving and Decision-Making Strategies; 7.4 Problems with Problem Solving and Decision Making Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 175. Explain how each of the heuristics of representativeness, availability, working backwards, and subgoals works, then discuss what all forms of heuristic reasoning share in common. Using one of the heuristics you just described, explain how it might lead to a faulty conclusion in an example you provide. Learning Objective: 7.4 Identify three common barriers to successful problem solving. Topic: 7.4 Problems with Problem Solving and Decision Making Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 176. It is commonly thought that people who are “gifted” have various physical, psychological, and personality problems. What is really known about these assumptions, and what did a longitudinal study learn about the gifted? Learning Objective: 7.9 Define intellectual disability and giftedness. Topic: 7.9 Individual Differences in Intelligence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 177. Discuss how heredity is related to intelligence and IQ scores. What is the controversy about the role of race and ethnicity in IQ and intelligence? Evaluate the claims of those who think differences in IQ and intelligence can be attributed to racial differences. Learning Objective: 7.10 Evaluate the influence of heredity and environment on the development of intelligence. Topic: 7.10 The Nature/Nurture Issue Regarding Intelligence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 178. What is the definition of language? What is the evidence, supportive or not, regarding whether nonhuman animals have a capacity for language? Learning Objectives: 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language; 7.14 Summarize the research on the ability of animals to communicate and use language. Topics: 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis; 7.14 Animal Studies in Language Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Test Yourself Pick the best answer. 1. Researchers have found that it takes ______ to view a mental image that is larger or covers more distance than a smaller or more compact one. a. the same amount of time b. less time c. longer d. half the time 2. Research suggests we engage mental images in our mind ______ the way we engage or interact with physical objects. a. a little like b. much like c. not at all like d. randomly and completely different than 3. A psychologist asks people to envision a circle. Next he asks them to draw the circle they envisioned. When comparing the pictures, almost all circles look identical. The fact that a circle typically fits a specific and rigid set of rules is an example of a a. fuzzy concept. b. natural concept. c. prototype. d. formal concept. 4. Trial and error is sometimes referred to as a(n) a. algorithm. b. mechanical solution. c. heuristic. d. rule of thumb. 5. Lynn and Ted bought a new house with an unfinished basement. To determine how they want to finish it, they lay down tape on the floor showing where walls will go and rooms will be. This process of problem solving is known as a. working backward from the goal. b. representativeness heuristic. c. trial and error. d. algorithms. 6. One day at work, Julie’s earring fell on the floor, and she was unable to find the back. To keep from losing her earring, Julie reinserted it and used part of a pencil eraser to keep the earring in place. Using a pencil eraser as a temporary earring back showed that Julie overcame a. confirmation bias. b. a mental set. c. functional fixedness. d. transformation bias. 7. Which of the following questions would be more likely to produce divergent thinking? a. “What is a clothes hanger?” b. “How many uses can you think of for a clothes hanger?” c. “How do you spell clothes hanger?” d. “What does a clothes hanger typically look like?”

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 8. Which type of intelligence, according to Howard Gardner, would most likely be present in farmers, landscapers, and biologists? a. existentialist b. visual/spatial c. naturalist d. movement 9. According to Sternberg, “book smarts” is another way of talking about which kind of intelligence? a. analytical b. practical c. creative d. emotional 10. Which of the following tests came first? a. the Stanford Binet b. the Wechsler tests c. Binet’s mental ability test d. the ACT 11. Dr. Stevenson gives all her classes 45 minutes to complete their psychology test regardless of if the class meets for 50 minutes, 75 minutes, or even 3 hours. Such a technique promotes test a. reliability. b. standardization. c. validity. d. norms. 12. In contrast to comparing mental age to chronological age, most modern tests of intelligence use ______. a. emotional assessments b. Stern’s formula c. creativity assessments d. age-group comparison norms 13. A realistic goal for all test developers is to ______ cultural bias in their intelligence tests. a. eliminate b. maximize c. minimize d. hide 14. Dr. Garber works with children who have grown up in poor socioeconomic conditions. Many of her clients come from homes that do not emphasize education or social involvement, and opportunities for advancement are practically nonexistent. Many are malnourished, have been exposed to a variety of environmental toxins, and have multiple infections without adequate or timely health care. What might these children be at risk for? a. genetic inhibition b. intellectual disability c. organically induced deprivation d. increased emotional intelligence 15. Dr. Park has found that her patient, Ye-Jun, has a defect in a gene on the X chromosome of his 23rd pair, resulting in a deficiency of a protein needed for brain development. Ye-Jun most likely suffers from a. Down syndrome. b. fragile X syndrome. c. cretinism. d. fetal alcohol syndrome.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 16. In Terman’s study of gifted children, mental health issues and relationship problems during childhood only occurred in those with IQs of a. 100 or lower. b. 150 or higher. c. 45 or lower. d. 180 or higher. 17. What might be the best predictor of why some people do not excel in school but essentially succeed in their life and career choices? a. cretinism b. emotional intelligence c. phonemes d. one’s intelligence quotient 18. What does the Flynn effect theorize? a. Intelligence scores are meaningless and should be abandoned. b. Intelligence scores are decreasing due to an overreliance on technology. c. Intelligence scores are relatively stable in contrast to improvement in our educational system. d. Intelligence scores are steadily increasing in modernized countries. 19. Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf theorized that ______, a concept reflected in their linguistic relativity hypothesis. a. language shapes thoughts b. thoughts shape language c. language and thought develop independently d. language and thought influence each other 20. Cognitive universalism tends to ______ the linguistic relativity hypothesis. a. add further proof to b. support c. contradict d. mildly downplay

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

EXTRA BANK OF QUESTIONS 7: COGNITION: THINKING, INTELLIGENCE, AND LANGUAGE ______________________________________________________________________________ 7.1–7.5 How People Think 1. Cognition is a synonym for __________. a. perception b. learning c. thinking d. intelligence Answer c % correct 77 a= 23 b= 0 c= 77 d= 0

r = .44

7.6–7.10 Intelligence 7.6 Theories of Intelligence 2. The theory of multiple intelligences was proposed by __________. a. Gardner b. Sternberg c. Thurstone d. Spearman Answer a % correct 39 a= 39 b= 23 c= 30 d= 8 r = .08 3. Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of __________. a. crystallized and visual-motor abilities b. general intelligence and specific intelligence c. analytical, creative, and practical intelligence d. verbal and mathematical abilities Answer b % correct 65 a= 1 b= 65 c= 23 d= 10 r = .48 4. A committee has been set up to identify young people who are likely to become great Olympics skaters. In addition to physical skills, the committee believes that an understanding of one’s emotions is a plus because it will help the skaters through training and competitions. Using Howard Gardner’s types of intelligences, which two should be the focus of their search? a. movement and intrapersonal b. logical/mathematical and visual/spatial c. visual/spatial and interpersonal d. verbal/linguistic and logical/mathematical Answer a % correct 79 a= 79 b= 2 c= 16 d= 2 r = .43 7.7 Measuring Intelligence 5. The Binet-Simon scale was originally developed to __________. a. identify children who might have difficulty in school b. identify gifted children c. measure scholastic achievement d. measure the intelligence of normal children Answer a % correct 66 a= 66 b= 10 c= 7 d= 15 r = .43

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 6. What was the original purpose of the first well established test of intelligence? a. to make accurate diagnoses of savant syndrome b. to classify children as to their level of intellectual disability c. to select those children who could benefit from classes for slow learners d. to determine who required services under Public Law 94-142 Answer c % correct 80 a= 4 b= 14 c= 80 d= 2 r = .34 7. The Binet and Simon intelligence test measured children on what new concept? a. divergent thinking b. mental set c. mental age d. creativity Answer c % correct 79 a= 11 b= 4 c= 79 d= 7 r = .20 8. What score indicates how one individual compares to others on an intelligence test? a. intelligence quotient b. deviation c. intelligence component d. mental estimate Answer a % correct 48 a= 48 b= 44 c= 5 d= 3 r = .04

7.8 Test Construction: Good Test, Bad Test? 9. When you took your college entrance exam, students across the country took the same test at the same time with the same instructions. What characteristic of a good psychological test do these similarities reflect? a. reliability b. standardization c. validity d. norms Answer b % correct 70 a= 13 b= 70 c= 10 d= 7 r = .27 10. A valid test is one that __________. a. produces consistent results b. has split-half reliability c. actually measures what it sets out to measure d. has a correlation coefficient of .50 Answer c % correct 79 a= 20 b= 1 c= 79 d= 1

r = .49

11. On Monday, Miguel took a test developed to measure levels of sensation seeking and obtained a score of 13; he took the same test one week later and obtained the same score. Based on this information, you can most accurately conclude that the test is likely to be __________. a. standardized b. reliable c. valid d. normed Answer b % correct 78 a= 3 b= 78 c= 17 d= 2 r = .22

7.9 Individual Differences in Intelligence 12. A form of intelligence that refers to how effectively people perceive and understand their own feelings and the feelings of others is __________ intelligence. a. fluid b. emotional

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c. bodily-kinesthetic d. crystallized Answer b % correct 92

a= 0 b= 92 c= 7 d= 2

r = .23

7.10 The Nature/Nurture Issue Regarding Intelligence 13. Which term refers to the proportion of change in IQ within a population that is attributable to genetic influences? a. concordance b. heritability c. eugenics index d. correlation coefficient Answer b % correct 52 a= 2 b= 52 c= 18 d= 26 r = .21

7.11–7.14 Language 7.11 The Levels of Language Analysis 14. The basic sound units of any language are called __________. a. phonemes b. sound bytes c. semantics d. morphemes Answer a % correct 89 a= 89 b= 0 c= 8 d= 4 r = .34 15. The sounds of “t,” “th,” and “sh” are __________. a. semantics b. morphemes c. phonemes d. sound bytes Answer c % correct 61 a= 19 b= 15 c= 61 d= 4

r = .60

16. The smallest meaningful units in a language are __________. a. morphemes b. semantics c. phonemes d. processors Answer a % correct 73 a= 73 b= 12 c= 12 d= 4 r = .64 17. Prefixes and suffixes are examples of __________. a. subjugations b. semantics c. morphemes d. phonemes Answer c % correct 69 a= 8 b= 15 c= 69 d= 8

r = .49

7.14 Animal Studies in Language 18. Laboratory experiments suggest that animals have __________. a. some cognitive capacities b. cognitive capacities better than most humans c. almost no cognitive capabilities

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d. cognitive capabilities similar to most humans Answer a % correct 73 a=73 b= 0 c= 4 d= 23

r = .21

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Revel Quizzes The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Psychology: An Exploration, Fifth Edition. End of Module Quiz: 7.1-7.5 How People Think EOM Q7.1.1 What is thinking? a) mental activity that involves processing, organizing, understanding, and communicating information b) spontaneous, nondirected, and unconscious mental activity c) simply and succinctly, it is only our ability to remember d) all mental activity except memory Answer: a Consider This: When people think, they are aware of the information in the brain and are making decisions about it, comparing it to other information, and using it to solve problems. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.1 Explain how mental images are involved in the process of thinking. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: How People Think EOM Q7.1.2 People in the United States often think of a sports car when asked to envision a fun, fast form of travel. In this example, a sports car would be considered a a) prototype. b) mental image. c) natural concept. d) formal concept. Answer: a Consider This: This is an example that most closely matches a set of defining characteristics. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.1 Explain how mental images are involved in the process of thinking. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: How People Think EOM Q7.1.3 While taking a shower, Meg suddenly realizes the solution to a problem at work. When later asked how she solved this problem, she said, “The answer just seemed to pop into my head.” Meg’s experience is an example of a) insight. b) a mechanical solution. c) a heuristic. d) an algorithm. Answer: a Consider This: In this experience, the solution to a problem suddenly comes to mind. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.3 Identify some methods that people use to solve problems and make decisions. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: How People Think

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOM Q7.1.4 Ruby leaves her office building only to find it is raining. She returns to her office and gets a trash bag out of the supply cabinet. Using a pair of scissors, she cuts the bag so that she can put her head and arms through the bag without getting wet. In using the trash bag as a makeshift rain jacket, Ruby has overcome a) functional fixedness. b) confirmation bias. c) creativity bias. d) confirmation fixedness. Answer: a Consider This: This problem-solving difficulty involves thinking about objects only in terms of their typical uses. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.4 Identify three common barriers to successful problem solving. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: How People Think EOM Q7.1.5 Ed and Harry believe that ghosts are running rampant in a nearby town. When looking for information on the Internet, they ignore any sites that are skeptical of their beliefs and only visit sites that support their beliefs. This is an example of a) confirmation bias. b) functional fixedness. c) creativity bias. d) confirmation fixedness. Answer: a Consider This: This is similar to a mental set, except that what is “set” is a belief rather than a method of solving problems. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.4 Identify three common barriers to successful problem solving. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: How People Think EOM Q7.1.6 Which of the following is the best way to encourage divergent, creative thinking? a) Go for a walk or engage in some other automatic activity. b) Stare at a blank sheet of paper until a new, innovative solution comes to mind. c) Engage in many activities simultaneously. d) Force yourself to think of something new and creative. Answer: a Consider This: Divergent thinkers often make links and connections at a level of consciousness just below alert awareness, so that ideas can flow freely without being censored by the higher mental processes. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.5 Recall some characteristics of creative, divergent thinking. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: How People Think

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White End of Module Quiz: 7.6-7.10: Intelligence EOM Q7.2.1 In Gardner’s view, effective counseling psychologists and managers would likely be high in __________ intelligence. a) interpersonal b) verbal/linguistic c) visual–spatial d) intrapersonal Answer: a Consider This: This includes sensitivity to others and understanding the motivation of others. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Intelligence EOM Q7.2.2 According to Sternberg, intelligence comprises analytical, creative, and _________ aspects. a) practical b) artistic c) scientific d) logical Answer: a Consider This: This is the ability to use information to get along in life. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Intelligence EOM Q7.2.3 Professor Collins designed an IQ test. To validate this test, she should be careful to do which of the following? a) Strive to make sure that the test measures what it is supposed to measure. b) Give the test at least twice to the same group to ensure accuracy. c) Select the people in the sample from the population of people for whom the test is designed. d) Select only university professors to take the test so that they can critique the questions on the test. Answer: a Consider This: Validity also involves the extent to which an obtained score accurately reflects the intended skill or outcome in real-life situations. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.8 Identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Intelligence EOM Q7.2.4 In terms of differing cultures, what should be the goal of every test designer? a) to create a test that is culturally fair b) to create a test free of cultural bias c) to create a test with no questions involving culture

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) to create a series of culture-varied tests Answer: a Consider This: While true “culture-free” items may not be realistic, test designers are challenged to create assessments that are equivalent for people from various cultures and backgrounds. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.8 Identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Intelligence EOM Q7.2.5 In recent studies, what do some researchers argue is a more accurate means of gauging success in relationships and careers? a) emotional intelligence b) intellectual intelligence c) heredity studies d) stress surveys Answer: a Consider This: This is the accurate awareness of and ability to manage one’s own emotions to facilitate thinking and attain specific goals and the ability to understand what others feel. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Intelligence EOM Q7.2.6 Which of the following would be an example of a stereotype threat? a) Mateo, who believes IQ tests are unfair to Latinx people, something that his IQ score seems to reflect b) Kara, who believes that all testing, no matter the type, is biased c) Shiva, who feels she must excel on her IQ test d) Trevor, who believes that all tests are equal and that he can, and will, excel on them Answer: a Consider This: Just being aware of negative stereotypes can result in an individual scoring poorly on intelligence tests. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.10 Evaluate the influence of heredity and environment on the development of intelligence. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Intelligence End of Module Quiz 7.11-7.14: Language EOM Q7.3.1 The basic units of sound in a language are known as a) phonemes b) grammar. c) morphemes. d) syntax. Answer: a

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Consider This: One of the biggest problems for people who are trying to learn another language is the inability to both hear and pronounce the basic units of that other language. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Language EOM Q7.3.2 According to Noam Chomsky, what is a language acquisition device? a) a biological element of the brain that allows us to learn language b) an environmental entity that allows people to learn foreign languages c) a learning method that many can use to understand the language of infants and small children d) a part of the brain that develops during puberty that allows teens and adults to formulate questions and engage others Answer: a Consider This: Humans have an innate ability to understand and produce language. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Language EOM Q7.3.3 Researchers believe that up to the age of ______, individuals possess the ability to understand phonemes of all languages. a) 9 months b) 3 months c) 2 years d) 7 years Answer: a Consider This: After this age, the ability deteriorates and the child recognizes only the phonemes of the language to which he or she is exposed. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 7.11 Identify the different elements and structure of language. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Language EOM Q7.3.4 ___________ believed that language helps develop concepts, whereas ___________ believed that concepts must be developed first if language is to follow. a) Vygotsky; Piaget b) Chomsky; Sapir and Whorf c) Piaget; Rosch-Heider d) Sapir and Whorf; Vygotsky Answer: a Consider This: The psychologist who believed language helped develop concepts also believed that language could help children learn to control behavior Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.13 Evaluate whether or not language influences how people think. Skill: Understand the Concepts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: Language EOM Q7.3.5 “Mommy go bye-bye” is an example of __________. a) telegraphic speech b) babbling c) a holophrase d) cooing Answer: a Consider This: At around a year and a half, toddlers begin to string words together to form short, simple sentences using nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 7.12 Explain how language develops. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Language

Chapter Quiz: Cognition: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language EOC Q7.1 Researchers have found that it takes ____________ to view a mental image that is larger or covers more distance than a smaller or more compact one. a) longer b) less time c) the same amount of time d) half the time Answer: a Consider This: Mental images are representations that stand in for objects or events and have a picture-like quality. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.1 Explain how mental images are involved in the process of thinking. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: How People Think EOC Q7.2 Research suggests we engage mental images in our mind ____________ the way we engage or interact with physical objects. a) much like b) a little like c) not at all like d) randomly and completely different than Answer: a Consider This: When we rotate an object in our minds it is not instantaneous—it takes time. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.1 Explain how mental images are involved in the process of thinking. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: How People Think

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOC Q7.3 A psychologist asks people to envision a circle. Next he asks them to draw the circle they envisioned. When comparing the pictures, almost all circles look identical. The fact that a circle typically fits a specific and rigid set of rules is an example of a a) formal concept. b) natural concept. c) fuzzy concept. d) prototype. Answer: a Consider This: Mathematics is full of this. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.2 Describe how concepts and prototypes influence our thinking. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: How People Think EOC Q7.4 Trial and error is sometimes referred to as a(n) a) mechanical solution. b) algorithm. c) heuristic. d) physical rule. Answer: a Consider This: This refers to trying one solution after another until finding one that works. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.3 Identify some methods that people use to solve problems and make decisions. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: How People Think EOC Q7.5 Julie and Rette bought a new house with an unfinished basement. To determine how they want to finish it, they lay down tape on the floor showing where walls will go and rooms will be. This process of problem solving is known as a) working backward from the goal. b) algorithms. c) representativeness heuristic. d) trial and error. Answer: a Consider This: If known, starting with the end result can help you find the best possible solution. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.3 Identify some methods that people use to solve problems and make decisions. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: How People Think EOC Q7.6 One day at work, Tatum’s earring fell on the floor, and she was unable to find the back. To keep from losing her earring, Tatum reinserted it and used part of a pencil eraser to keep the earring in place. Using a pencil eraser as a temporary earring back showed that Tatum overcame a) functional fixedness.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) a mental set. c) confirmation bias. d) transformation bias. Answer: a Consider This: This involves thinking about objects only in terms of their typical uses. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.4 Identify three common barriers to successful problem solving. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: How People Think EOC Q7.7 Which of the following questions would be more likely to produce divergent thinking? a) “How many uses can you think of for a clothes hanger?” b) “What is a clothes hanger?” c) “How do you spell clothes hanger?” d) “What does a clothes hanger typically look like?” Answer: a Consider This: In divergent thinking, a person starts at one point and comes up with many different, or divergent, ideas or possibilities based on that point. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.5 Recall some characteristics of creative, divergent thinking. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: How People Think EOC Q7.8 Which type of intelligence, according to Howard Gardner, would most likely be present in farmers, landscapers, and biologists? a) naturalist b) visual/spatial c) existentialist d) movement Answer: a Consider This: This involves the ability to recognize the patterns found in nature. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Intelligence EOC Q7.9 According to Sternberg, “book smarts” is another way of talking about which kind of intelligence? a) analytical b) practical c) creative d) emotional Answer: a Consider this: This is the type of intelligence that is measured by intelligence tests and academic achievement tests. Difficulty: Moderate

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Objective: LO 7.6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Intelligence EOC Q7.10 Which of the following tests came first? a) Binet’s mental ability test b) The Wechsler tests c) The Stanford Binet d) The ACT Answer: a Consider This: This came about when the French Ministry of Education asked for a formal test of intelligence that would help identify children who were unable to learn as quickly or as well as others. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.7 Compare and contrast some methods of measuring intelligence. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Intelligence EOC Q7.11 Dr. Rainwater gives all her classes 45 minutes to complete their psychology test regardless of if the class meets for 50 minutes, 75 minutes, or even 3 hours. Such a technique promotes test a) standardization. b) reliability. c) validity. d) norms. Answer: a Consider This: With this technique, all students take the test under the same conditions. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.8 Identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Intelligence EOC Q7.12 In contrast to comparing mental age to chronological age, most modern tests of intelligence use ____________. a) age-group comparison norms b) Stern’s formula c) creativity assessments d) emotional assessments Answer: a Consider This: The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales and the Wechsler tests use these. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.7 Compare and contrast some methods of measuring intelligence. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Intelligence

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOC Q7.13 The most realistic goal for many test developers is to ____________ cultural bias in their intelligence tests. a) minimize b) eliminate c) maximize d) hide Answer: a Consider This: While true “culture-free” tests may not be realistic, test designers strive to create assessments that are equivalent for people from various cultures and backgrounds. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.8 Identify ways to evaluate the quality of a test. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Intelligence EOC Q7.14 Dr. Putnam works with children who have grown up in poor socioeconomic conditions. Many of her clients come from homes that do not emphasize education or social involvement, and opportunities for advancement are practically nonexistent. Many are malnourished, have been exposed to a variety of environmental toxins, and have multiple infections without adequate or timely health care. What might these children be at risk for? a) intellectual disability b) genetic inhibition c) organically induced deprivation d) increased emotional intelligence Answer: a Consider This: This is a neurodevelopmental disorder that includes deficits in mental abilities. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.9 Define intellectual disability and giftedness. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Intelligence EOC Q7.15 Dr. Siddiqui has found that her patient, Shahid, has a defect in a gene on the X chromosome of his 23rd pair, resulting in a deficiency of a protein needed for brain development. Shahid most likely suffers from a) fragile X syndrome. b) Down syndrome. c) cretinism. d) fetal alcohol syndrome. Answer: a Consider This: Depending on the severity of the damage to this gene, symptoms can range from mild to severe or profound intellectual disability. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.9 Define intellectual disability and giftedness. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Intelligence EOC Q7.16 In Terman’s study of gifted children, mental health issues and relationship problems during childhood only occurred in those with IQs of

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) 180 or higher. b) 150 or higher. c) 45 or lower. d) 100 or lower. Answer: a Consider This: Terman was able to demonstrate that gifted children were not more susceptible to mental illness than the general population. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.9 Define intellectual disability and giftedness. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Intelligence EOC Q7.17 What might be the best predictor of why some people do not excel in school but essentially succeed in their life and career choices? a) emotional intelligence b) cretinism c) phonemes d) one’s intelligence quotient Answer: a Consider This: This is the accurate awareness of and ability to manage one’s own emotions to facilitate thinking and attain specific goals and the ability to understand what others feel. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7. 6 Compare and contrast different theories on the nature of intelligence. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Intelligence EOC Q7.18 What does the Flynn effect theorize? a) Intelligence scores are steadily increasing in modernized countries. b) Intelligence scores are decreasing due to an overreliance on technology. c) Intelligence scores are relatively stable in contrast to improvement in our educational system. d) Intelligence scores are meaningless and should be abandoned. Answer: a Consider This: A child’s socioeconomic status during infancy through adolescence is positively correlated with his or her intelligence development. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.10 Evaluate the influence of heredity and environment on the development of intelligence. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Intelligence EOC Q7.19 Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf theorized that ____________, a concept reflected in their linguistic relativity hypothesis. a) language shapes thoughts b) thoughts shape language c) language and thought develop independently d) language and thought influence each other

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Consider This: This hypothesis assumes that the thought processes and concepts within any culture are determined by the words of the culture. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.13 Evaluate whether or not language influences how people think. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Language EOC Q7.20 Cognitive universalism tends to ____________ the linguistic relativity hypothesis. a) contradict b) support c) add further proof to d) mildly downplay Answer: a Consider This: Cognitive universalism explains that concepts are universal and influence the development of language. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 7.13 Evaluate whether or not language influences how people think. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Language

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE

Chapter 8

Learning Objectives

Remember the Facts

Introduction 8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study development. 8.2 Explain the relationship between heredity and environmental factors in determining development. 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. 8.4 Explain the process of fertilization, including the twinning process. 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. 8.6 Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy and childhood. 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. 8.9 Define gender, and discuss the development of gender roles. 8.10 Compare and contrast two theories of gender-role development.

Development Across the Life Span Understand the Concepts

1, 131 3, 9, 189, 239

Apply What You Know

Analyze It

2 4–8, 10, 12, 190

13, 18

191

14–16

17, 192, 228

19–28, 30, 34, 35, 37, 193–197, 230

29, 33

31, 32, 36, 38

229

39–43, 46, 198, 199

45, 47

44, 48, 49

50, 52–55, 58, 59, 61, 63, 65– 67, 200–203, 231, 240 68, 69, 71, 74, 75, 206, 232

51, 56, 57, 60, 62

204

70, 73

76, 78, 79, 81, 85, 89, 90, 94– 97, 102, 104, 106, 107, 207–209, 233, 241 110, 113–115, 117, 120, 122, 123, 127, 213, 214, 234, 242 214

84, 86, 98–101, 210, 211

77, 80, 82, 83, 87, 88, 91–93, 103, 105

118, 121, 125, 126

108, 109, 111, 112, 116, 119, 124

128

215, 129, 130

72, 205

212

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objectives 8.11 Describe the physical changes that occur in adolescence, and identify some of the sexually transmitted diseases to which adolescents may be vulnerable. 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. 8.13 Identify the physical and cognitive changes of adulthood. 8.14 Apply Erikson’s theory to some common psychosocial concerns of adulthood. 8.15 Compare and contrast four theories of why aging occurs. 8.16 Describe Kübler-Ross’s theory of death and dying, and identify some criticisms of this theory. 8.17 Compare and contrast some cross-cultural differences in views of death and dying. 8.18 Describe the differences between the periods of adolescence and emerging adulthood.

Remember the Facts

Understand the Concepts

Apply What You Know

Analyze It

137, 140, 145, 152, 153

138, 139, 142–144, 146–148, 151, 154, 155 161

149

170, 172, 174, 175, 177

173

131–135, 216

136, 141, 150, 156, 157, 217, 218, 235 158–160, 162– 167, 219–221, 236 168, 169, 171, 176, 222, 223 179–182, 224– 226, 237

178

183, 227, 238, 243

184–186

187, 188

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Name _____________________________________________________________ Chapter 8 – Quick Quiz 1 1. In a __________ design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages. a) cohort c) behavior genetics b) longitudinal d) cross-sectional 2. A(n) __________ is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines. a) compound c) chromosome b) gene d) amine 3. __________ develop when two eggs each get fertilized by different sperm cells, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time. a) Monozygotic twins c) Dizygotic twins b) Identical twins d) Wombmates 4. The embryonic period is the period during which __________. a) the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining b) the major organs and structures of the organism first develop c) the umbilical cord develops d) tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional 5. At birth, newborns seem most responsive to __________. a) high pitches and low pitches c) moderate voice pitches b) hip-hop music d) rock and roll music 6. Piaget’s term for the knowledge that an object exists even when it is out of sight is __________. a) conservation c) centration b) object permanence d) egocentrism 7. According to Thomas and Chess, a child who is very irregular in sleeping and eating, resists change, and tends to be loud is labeled a(n) __________ child. a) easy c) slow-to-warm-up b) difficult d) negative 8. The period of life from about age 13 to the early 20s, during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult, is called __________. a) adolescence c) young adulthood b) tweens d) puberty 9. Gabriel is 17 years old. According to Erikson, Gabriel’s chief task will be acquiring a sense of __________. a) identity c) generativity b) intimacy d) autonomy 10. According to Erikson, __________ is an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care while still maintaining one’s sense of self. a) bonding c) attachment b) intimacy d) attraction

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 8 – Quick Quiz 1 Answer Key 1.

Explanation: In a longitudinal design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the participants age. (Topic: 8.1 Research Designs, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study development, APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.)

Explanation: A gene is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines. (Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Dizygotic twins are the result of two eggs fertilized by two different sperm. (Topic: 8.4 Fertilization, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 8.4 Explain the process of fertilization, including the twinning process, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: It is during the embryonic period that major organs and structures develop. (Topic: 8.5 Three Stages of Development, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Newborns seem most responsive to high-pitched (female) voices and low-pitched (male) voices. (Topic: 8.6 Physical Development, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 8.6 Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy and childhood, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Understanding object permanence means understanding that an object exists even when it is out of sight. (Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Difficult children tend to be irregular in their schedules and resist change. (Topic: 8.8 Psychosocial Development, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: Adolescence is the period of life from about age 13 to the early 20s. (Topic: 8.9–8.11 Adolescence, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: None, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: According to Erikson, adolescents face the psychosocial crisis of identity versus role confusion and must begin to develop a sense of self. (Topic: 8.11 Psychosocial Development, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 8.11 Describe how the adolescent search for personal identity influences relationships with others, APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 10. b

Explanation: Erikson defined intimacy as an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care while still maintaining one’s sense of self. (Topic: 8.14 Psychosocial Development, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 8.14 Apply Erikson’s theory to some common psychosocial concerns of adulthood, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Name _____________________________________________________________ Chapter 8 – Quick Quiz 2 1. __________ refers to heredity and __________ refers to environmental influences. a) Nature; nurture c) Nurture; behavioral genetics b) Cognition; emotion d) Cross-sectional; longitudinal 2. Which of the following is defined as a gene that controls the expression of a certain trait? a) recessive c) recombinant b) mutated d) dominant 3. Infant reflexes are __________. a) innate, involuntary behavior patterns b) voluntary behavior patterns

c) learned d) not used as a means for survival

4. Maya and Malik are expecting their first baby. Before the baby arrives, they want to fix up the nursery with new wallpaper. They seek the advice of a developmental psychologist. What is she likely to tell them? a) Newborns prefer to look at complex three-dimensional patterns rather than simple one-dimensional ones. b) Newborns prefer to look at animals rather than people. c) Newborns do not see well enough to make any difference. d) Newborns prefer to look at simple one-dimensional patterns rather than complex ones. 5. Which of the following is TRUE of the original research that suggested a relationship between the MMR vaccine and the development of autism? a) It was conducted in a cooperative study in France, Iceland, and the Netherlands. b) It was based on data collected from a very large sample of children. c) It has been successfully replicated repeatedly, providing evidence for its validity. d) It was based on falsified data. 6. Which of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial crises revolves around the child’s learning to direct her or his own behavior? a) trust versus mistrust c) industry versus inferiority b) initiative versus guilt d) autonomy versus shame and doubt 7. The growth spurt for boys typically begins at age __________. a) 9 c) 12 b) 10 d) 15 8. __________ refers to the period of 5 to 10 years during which a woman’s reproductive system begins to decline. a) The climacteric c) Menopause b) Perimenopause d) Postmenopause 9. The theory of adjustment to aging that assumes older people are happier if they remain active in some way, such as volunteering or developing a hobby, is called __________ theory. a) activity c) disengagement b) wear-and-tear d) cellular-clock 10. The correct sequence of the five stages of death and dying postulated by Kübler-Ross is __________. a) denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance b) denial, anger, bargaining, acceptance, and depression c) anger, denial, bargaining, acceptance, and depression d) anger, denial, bargaining, depression, and acceptance

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 8 – Quick Quiz 2 Answer Key 1.

Explanation: Nature refers to heredity, or genetic factors, whereas nurture refers to environmental influences. (Topic: 8.2 Nature and Nurture, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 8.2 Explain the relationship between heredity and environmental factors in determining development, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: A dominant gene is defined as a gene that controls the expression of a certain trait. (Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Reflexes are innate, involuntary behavior patterns that help infants survive outside of the womb. (Topic: 8.6 Physical Development, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 8.6 Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy and childhood, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Research has shown that newborns prefer to look at complex patterns rather than simple ones. (Topic: 8.6 Physical Development, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 8.6 Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy and childhood, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

5. d

Explanation: In one of the best examples of unethical research, this research on the MMR vaccine and the development of autism was based on sham data. (Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice.)

6. d

Explanation: Autonomy versus shame and doubt revolves around the child’s learning to direct her or his own behavior. (Topic: 8.8 Psychosocial Development, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

7. c

Explanation: The growth spurt for boys typically begins at age 12. (Topic: 8.11 Physical Development, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 8.9 Describe the physical changes of puberty, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

8. b

Explanation: Perimenopause is the term for the period of decline in the female reproductive system. (Topic: 8.13 Physical and Cognitive Development: Use It or Lose It, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify the physical changes and health issues associated with adulthood, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 9. a

Explanation: Activity theory assumes that older people are happier if they remain active. (Topic: 8.15 Theories of Physical and Psychological Aging, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 8.15 Compare and contrast four theories of why aging occurs, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

10. a

Explanation: The correct sequence of Kübler-Ross’s five stages of death and dying is denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. (Topic: 8.16 Stages of Death and Dying, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 8.16 Describe KüblerRoss’s theory of death and dying, and identify some criticisms of this theory, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Development Across the Life Span

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age, from conception to death is called __________. a) abnormal psychology b) gerontology Incorrect. Gerontology emphasizes only older adulthood. c) human development Correct. Human development is the term used to refer to the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death. d) maturational studies Answer: c Learning Objective: None Topic: 8.1–8.3 Studying Human Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 90 a= 2 b= 6 c= 90 d= 2 r = .32 % correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2. A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their lives. This psychologist is most likely working in the field of __________. a) abnormal psychology b) gerontology Incorrect. Gerontology emphasizes only the changes that occur in older adulthood. c) human development Correct. Human development studies focus on the changes that occur throughout people’s lives, from conception to death. d) maturational studies Answer: c Learning Objective: None Topic: 8.1–8.3 Studying Human Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 95 a= 0 b= 0 c= 95 d= 5 r = .18 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 3. In a __________ design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages. a) cohort b) longitudinal Correct. In a longitudinal design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the participants age. c) behavior genetics d) cross-sectional Incorrect. A cross-sectional design studies several different age groups at the same time. Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study development. Topic: 8.1 Research Designs

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 90 a= 0 b= 90 c= 0 d= 14 r = .37 % correct 95 a= 0 b= 95 c= 0 d= 5 r = .25 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 4. Marjoe is interested in studying how children’s behavior changes when they grow up in high-risk environments. He enlists 500 children and their parents to take part in his research and observes these children once a year for 20 years. Despite the fact that this research is very time-consuming and expensive, it gives very good information about how the children develop over time. This type of research is an example of a __________ study. a) sequential b) cross-sectional Incorrect. The individuals studied in a longitudinal design are all the same age. c) componential d) longitudinal Correct. Longitudinal research tracks the same group of participants as they age. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study development. Topic: 8.1 Research Designs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 5. Professor Ahmad is interested in studying the development of motor skills. He collects data from 200 1-year-olds and follows and assesses them for a period of 5 years. What type of research design is Professor Ahmad using? a) cohort design b) longitudinal design Correct. A longitudinal design is one in which one participant or a group of participants is followed and assessed as the person or group ages. c) behavior genetics design d) cross-sectional design Incorrect. A cross-sectional design studies several different age groups at the same time. Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study development. Topic: 8.1 Research Designs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 95 a= 0 b= 95 c= 0 d= 5 r = .33 APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 6. The local health department of a small town has hired a research firm to study the development of cancer in residents in the town due to a suspected cancer-causing agent and environmental pollution. The researchers will compare data on participants every 10 years (e.g., at ages 10, 20, 30, etc.) to see if there are increasing rates of cancer in the town. This type of research study is called a __________ design. a) cross-sequential b) longitudinal Correct. Participants are studied at various ages in a longitudinal design. c) behavior genetics d) cross-sectional Incorrect. A cross-sectional design studies several different age groups but only during one period of time. Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study development. Topic: 8.1 Research Designs Difficulty Level: Moderate

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 7. Lorenzo is conducting research on the number of meals people eat. He gathers data about the number of daily meals eaten by 25 people at each of the following ages—10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 years—over the course of one week, and looks for developmental differences. What type of research design is Lorenzo using? a) cohort b) longitudinal Incorrect. A longitudinal design is one in which one participant or group of participants is followed and assessed as the person or group ages. c) behavior genetics d) cross-sectional Correct. A cross-sectional design studies several different age groups at the same time. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study development. Topic: 8.1 Research Designs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 8. Professor Peña is interested in studying the development of a sense of humor. She collects data from groups of 6year-olds, 16-year-olds, 26-year-olds, and 46-year-olds. What type of research design is Professor Peña using? a) cohort design b) longitudinal design Incorrect. A longitudinal design is one in which one participant or group of participants is followed and assessed as the person or group ages. c) behavior genetics design d) cross-sectional design Correct. A cross-sectional design studies several different age groups at the same time. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study development. Topic: 8.1 Research Designs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 9. Unlike other types of research, a cross-sequential design allows researchers to __________. a) combine longitudinal and cross-sectional research strategies Correct. A cross-sequential design combines the ease of a cross-sectional design with a shorter longitudinal design. b) identify the causes of gender differences c) reduce experimenter bias d) only include cross-sectional strategies within the design Incorrect. A cross-sequential design also includes longitudinal strategies. Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study development. Topic: 8.1 Research Designs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 10. Professor Feinberg is interested in studying cognitive development. He collects and compares data from a group of 6-year-olds and a group of 10-year-olds. Five years later, he compares these two groups to each other again as

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White well as to their own performance in the study five years ago. Professor Feinberg is employing a __________ design in his research. a) cross-sequential Correct. A cross-sequential design studies participants by means of a cross-sectional design, using subjects of different ages, but also follows and assesses them over time. b) longitudinal c) behavior genetics d) cross-sectional Incorrect. A cross-sectional design studies several different age groups but only during one period of time. Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study development. Topic: 8.1 Research Designs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 11. Which of the following is a main disadvantage of the cross-sectional design? a) Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another. Correct. In a cross-sectional design, individuals of different ages are being compared. b) It is relatively expensive. c) It takes a longer amount of time than a longitudinal study. d) Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death. Incorrect. The loss of participants over time is a disadvantage of longitudinal design. Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study development. Topic: 8.1 Research Designs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 12. Beatrix wants to incorporate the advantages of longitudinal research with the advantages of cross-sectional research. If so, she should design her research project using a __________ research design. a) cross-sequential Correct. A cross-sequential design studies participants by means of a cross-sectional design, using participants of different ages, but also follows and assesses them over time. b) longitudinal c) behavior genetics d) cross-sectional Incorrect. A cross-sectional design studies several different age groups but only during one period of time. Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study development. Topic: 8.1 Research Designs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 13. __________ refers to heredity and __________ refers to environmental influences. a) Nature; nurture Correct. Nature refers to heredity, or genetic factors, whereas nurture refers to environmental influences. b) Cognition; emotion c) Nurture; behavioral genetics Incorrect. Nurture refers to environmental influences, and behavioral genetics is a field that investigates the effects of genes and environmental influences on behavior. d) Cross-sectional; longitudinal

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.2 Explain the relationship between heredity and environmental factors in determining development. Topic: 8.2 Nature and Nurture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 92 a= 92 b= 4 c= 2 d= 2 r = .27 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 14. Dr. Bashir believes that people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences. Dr. Heller believes that people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors. Which of the following terms BEST describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement? a) nature versus nurture Correct. Nature refers to genetic factors and nurture refers to environmental influences. b) cognition versus emotion Incorrect. The issue highlighted emphasizes the effects of nature (genes) and nurture (environmental factors). c) classical versus operant conditioning d) cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.2 Explain the relationship between heredity and environmental factors in determining development. Topic: 8.2 Nature and Nurture Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 86 a= 86 b= 4 c= 1 d= 0 r = .51 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 15. Renaldo and Clara rush to their infant’s crib whenever she makes the slightest wheeze, sigh, or cough, and they generally attend to her every whim around the clock. “Good parenting makes for good children,” Renaldo proudly proclaimed. “Yes,” crowed Clara, “The right conditions make for a right child.” These parents plainly fall on the side of __________ as the major influence in a child’s development. a) nurture Correct. Renaldo and Clara seem to think that environmental conditions, such as parental attentiveness, will make the difference in their baby’s development. b) nature Incorrect. Renaldo and Clara don’t seem to think that heredity has much to contribute to the course of development. c) genetics d) psychological maturation Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.2 Explain the relationship between heredity and environmental factors in determining development. Topic: 8.2 Nature and Nurture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 16. Brenda and Jason just brought their child home from the hospital. “Maybe she’ll be an athlete,” Jason hoped. “But I doubt it.” “Yeah,” Brenda added, “Nobody’s too good at sports in either of our families. We both have two left feet, so she won’t be a ballerina either.” The couple seems to be advocating for __________ as the major influence in a child’s development. a) nurture Incorrect. There’s little to no acknowledgement by Brenda and Jason that environmental forces can have an impact on development.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) nature Correct. Brenda and Jason seem resigned to the fact that whatever is part of one’s genetic inheritance determines the trajectory of growth and development. c) psychological maturation d) behavioral synchrony Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.2 Explain the relationship between heredity and environmental factors in determining development. Topic: 8.2 Nature and Nurture Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 17. Which statement best describes the position of most developmental psychologists today on the nature-nurture issue? a) Nature versus nurture is the key question; scientists need to determine which force will “beat” the other in which domains of human existence. Incorrect. This was the old way of looking at things, and unfortunately is still the way a lot of laypeople see the issue. b) Nature and nurture interact to produce both our psychological and physical traits. Correct. Both our psychological and physical traits result from an interaction of nature and nurture. c) Nature is more important in producing our physical traits, whereas nurture is more important in producing our psychological traits. d) Some of our psychological traits are produced primarily by nature and some by nurture, but nature is most important in producing our physical traits. Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.2 Explain the relationship between heredity and environmental factors in determining development. Topic: 8.2 Nature and Nurture Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 18. Which field of study tries to determine how much of behavior is the result of genetic inheritance and how much is due to a person’s experiences? a) psychobiology Incorrect. Psychobiology is the study of the biological bases of behavior. b) neuropsychology c) behavioral genetics Correct. Behavioral genetics is a field that investigates the effects of genes and environmental influences on behavior. d) psychoanalysis Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.2 Explain the relationship between heredity and environmental factors in determining development. Topic: 8.2 Nature and Nurture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 19. What is the science of heredity called? a) human development b) genetics

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. Genetics is the science of heredity. c) physiology Incorrect. Physiology is a branch of biology that deals with functions such as metabolism, respiration, and reproduction. d) gerontology Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 20. Genetics is defined as the __________. a) branch of biology that deals with functions such as metabolism, respiration, and reproduction, rather than with structures b) science of inherited traits Correct. Genetics is defined as the science of heredity. c) study of behavior and mental processes d) study of the changes that occur in people as they age, from conception until death Incorrect. The study of the changes that occur in people as they age, from conception until death, is the definition of human development. Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 21. Which of the following is a special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism? a) DNA Correct. DNA is a special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism. b) gene c) chromosome Incorrect. A chromosome is a rod-shaped structure containing genes that is found in the cell nucleus. d) amine Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 84 a= 84 b= 0 c= 15 d= 1 r = .23 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 22. A special molecule called __________ contains the genetic material of the organism. a) DNA Correct. DNA is a special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism. b) a gene c) a chromosome Incorrect. A chromosome is a rod-shaped structure containing genes that is found in the cell nucleus. d) an amine Answer: a

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 86 a= 86 b= 4 c= 9 d= 0 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 23. A(n) __________ is a section of DNA containing a certain sequence of amines. a) compound b) gene Correct. A gene is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines. c) chromosome Incorrect. A gene is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines and is located on chromosomes. d) amine Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 24. Rod-shaped structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes are referred to as __________. a) DNA Incorrect. DNA is a molecule that consists of two strands that wind around each other in a spiral that contains the genetic material of the organism. b) sex-linked traits c) chromosomes Correct. Chromosomes are rod-shaped structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes. d) amines Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 25. In cases of typical development, humans have a total of __________ chromosomes. a) 46 Correct. Humans usually have 46 chromosomes. b) 23 Incorrect. Humans usually have 23 pairs of chromosomes, but a total of 46 chromosomes. c) 22 d) 21 Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 26. How many pairs of chromosomes are normally in each cell of the human body?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) 46 Incorrect. Humans normally have 46 total chromosomes in each cell, but 23 pairs of chromosomes. b) 23 Correct. Humans normally have 23 pairs of chromosomes. c) 22 d) 21 Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 79 a= 21 b= 79 c= 0 d= 0 r = .26 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 27. A gene that actively controls the expression of a trait is called a __________ gene. a) recessive Incorrect. A recessive gene influences the expression of a trait when paired with an identical or less active gene, whereas a dominant gene actively controls the expression of a trait. b) mutated c) recombinant d) dominant Correct. A dominant gene actively controls the expression of a trait. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 0 d= 100 r = .00 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 28. What term is used for the one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present? a) recessive Incorrect. Recessive genes “recede” rather than dominate. b) mutated c) recombinant d) dominant Correct. This is why they’re called “dominant.” Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 29. A trait controlled by a dominant gene will __________. a) be expressed even when the corresponding gene in the other half of the pair is different Correct. A dominant gene actively controls the expression of a trait even if the other half of the pair is different. b) be expressed only if it is paired with two recessive genes c) not be expressed if it is paired with another dominant gene d) not be expressed when the corresponding gene in the other half of the pair is different Incorrect. Traits controlled by dominant genes will be expressed even when the corresponding gene in the other half of the pair is different.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 30. A gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with another less active gene is called __________. a) recessive Correct. A recessive gene only influences the expression of a trait when paired with a less active gene. b) mutated c) recombinant d) dominant Incorrect. A dominant gene actively controls the expression of a trait even when not paired with a less active gene. Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 31. Liv has blond hair, even though her mother and father each have brown hair. What do we know about Liv’s parents? a) At least one of her parents has a recessive gene for blond hair. b) Each of her parents must have one recessive gene for blond hair color. Correct. The gene for blond hair is recessive; therefore, both parents must have that gene in order for Liv to have blond hair. c) Each of her parents must have one dominant gene for blond hair. Incorrect. The gene for blond hair is recessive; therefore, both parents must have that gene in order for Liv to have blond hair. d) Neither of her parents has a gene for blond hair. Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 32. Aaron has cystic fibrosis. This means that his mother is a carrier for the cystic fibrosis gene, whereas his father __________. a) is also a carrier Correct. Because cystic fibrosis is a disease carried by recessive genes, a person can get it only if she or he receives the gene from both parents. b) is not a carrier Incorrect. Because cystic fibrosis is a disease carried by recessive genes, a person can get it only if she or he receives the gene from both parents. c) does not have a cystic fibrosis gene d) has two cystic fibrosis genes Answer: a

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 33. Diseases carried by recessive genes are inherited when a child __________. a) inherits two recessive genes, one from each parent Correct. Diseases carried by recessive genes are inherited from two recessive genes. b) inherits two dominant genes, one from each parent c) inherits a dominant gene from one parent and a recessive gene from the other parent Incorrect. Diseases carried by recessive genes are inherited from two recessive genes. d) doesn’t inherit any genes from one parent Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 34. In __________ syndrome, the 21st pair of chromosomes contains an extra chromosome, resulting in symptoms such as wide-set, almond-shaped eyes and intellectual disability. a) PKU b) Down Correct. Down syndrome occurs as a result of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair. c) Klinefelter Incorrect. Klinefelter syndrome occurs as a result of an extra X chromosome on the 23rd pair. d) Turner Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 95 a= 5 b= 95 c= 0 d= 0 r = .22 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 35. What is the cause of Down syndrome? a) an extra chromosome on the 21st pair Correct. Down syndrome occurs as a result of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair. b) an extra X chromosome on the 23rd pair Incorrect. Klinefelter syndrome occurs as a result of an extra X chromosome on the 23rd pair. c) neurotransmitter excesses d) neurotransmitter deficiencies Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 58 a= 58 b= 0 c= 0 d= 26 r = .38 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

36. David was born a male with an extra X chromosome on the 23rd pair. As result, he has reduced masculine characteristics, enlarged breasts, and is obese and excessively tall. David is likely to be diagnosed with __________. a) PKU b) Down syndrome c) Klinefelter syndrome Correct. Klinefelter syndrome is caused by an extra X chromosome on the 23rd pair and occurs in males. d) Turner syndrome Incorrect. Turner syndrome occurs only in females. Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 41 a= 9 b= 5 c= 41 d= 45 r = .34 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 37. In __________ syndrome, the 23rd pair of chromosomes is missing an X, resulting in short, infertile females. a) PKU b) Down c) Klinefelter Incorrect. Klinefelter syndrome occurs only in males. d) Turner Correct. Turner syndrome produces short, infertile females. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 38. Sara was born a female with only one X chromosome on the 23rd pair. As a result, she is very short, infertile, and sexually underdeveloped. Sara is likely to be diagnosed with __________. a) PKU b) Down syndrome c) Klinefelter syndrome Incorrect. Klinefelter syndrome occurs only in males. d) Turner syndrome Correct. Turner syndrome produces the characteristics described and occurs in females. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 39. At fertilization, the chromosomes from the father’s sperm unite with the chromosomes from the mother’s egg, creating a new cell called a(n) __________. a) embryo Incorrect. An embryo is the name for the developing organism from 2 weeks to 8 weeks after fertilization.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) zygote Correct. A fertilized egg is called a zygote. c) genome d) blastocyst Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.4 Explain the process of fertilization, including the twinning process. Topic: 8.4 Fertilization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 86 a= 5 b= 86 c= 0 d= 9 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 40. Ovum is a term used to describe the __________. a) female sex cell, or egg Correct. Ovum is another term for the female sex cell, or egg. b) male sex cell Incorrect. Sperm are male sex cells; ovum is the female sex cell. c) developing organism from conception to the end of the second week after fertilization d) developing organism from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.4 Explain the process of fertilization, including the twinning process. Topic: 8.4 Fertilization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 41. The union of the ovum and sperm is called ________. a) fertilization Correct. Fertilization occurs when the sperm and ovum unite. b) the fetal period c) a zygote Incorrect. The zygote is the result of the union of the ovum and sperm. d) an embryo Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.4 Explain the process of fertilization, including the twinning process. Topic: 8.4 Fertilization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 42. How many chromosomes does a zygote have? a) 12 b) 23 Incorrect. Double this number. c) 46 Correct. Zygotes have 46 chromosomes. d) 69 Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.4 Explain the process of fertilization, including the twinning process. Topic: 8.4 Fertilization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 43. Monozygotic twins __________.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) are genetically identical Correct. Monozygotic twins are genetically identical. b) are genetically different Incorrect. Monozygotic twins are genetically identical; dizygotic twins are genetically different. c) will be of different sexes d) are more likely to occur when a woman is taking fertility drugs Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.4 Explain the process of fertilization, including the twinning process. Topic: 8.4 Fertilization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 44. Ashley and Mary-Kate are twins who are genetically identical. What type of twins are they? a) monozygotic twins Correct. Monozygotic twins are identical. b) fraternal twins c) dizygotic twins Incorrect. Dizygotic twins are the result of two fertilized eggs, which means they are genetically different. d) wombmates Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.4 Explain the process of fertilization, including the twinning process. Topic: 8.4 Fertilization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 81 a= 81 b= 0 c= 14 d= 5 r = .19 % correct 84 a= 84 b= 11 c= 5 d= 0 r = .29 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 45. Which statement accurately describes the way in which monozygotic twins occur? a) The mother’s body releases multiple eggs, two or more of which are fertilized. Incorrect. Multiple fertilized eggs result in dizygotic twins. b) The mother’s body releases one egg, conceives, and then releases another egg in a later ovulation cycle. c) The egg is fertilized by a single sperm and then splits completely into two separate zygotes. Correct. When an egg is fertilized by a sperm and then splits completely into two separate zygotes, the result is monozygotic twins. d) The father uses fertility drugs specifically to increase the chances of twinning. Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.4 Explain the process of fertilization, including the twinning process. Topic: 8.4 Fertilization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 46. __________ develop when two eggs each get fertilized by different sperm cells, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time. a) Monozygotic twins Incorrect. Monozygotic twins develop when an egg is fertilized by a sperm and then splits completely into two separate zygotes. b) Identical twins c) Dizygotic twins Correct. Dizygotic twins are the result of two fertilized eggs by two different sperm. d) Bizygotic twins Answer: c

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 8.4 Explain the process of fertilization, including the twinning process. Topic: 8.4 Fertilization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 47. Fraternal twins are __________ similar genetically than are non-twin siblings. a) much more Incorrect. Fraternal twins are genetically no more similar than are any other two siblings, because they develop from different eggs and different sperm. b) no more Correct. Fraternal twins develop from different eggs and different sperm, just like any other set of siblings. c) slightly more d) much less Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.4 Explain the process of fertilization, including the twinning process. Topic: 8.4 Fertilization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 48. Tamika and Tyrone are twins who developed from two separate fertilized ova that were fertilized by two different sperm. What type of twins are they? a) monozygotic twins Incorrect. Monozygotic twins result from one ovum fertilized by one sperm that splits in two. b) maternal twins c) dizygotic twins Correct. Dizygotic twins are the result of two fertilized eggs. d) prezygotic twins Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.4 Explain the process of fertilization, including the twinning process. Topic: 8.4 Fertilization Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 49. Dr. Swango has been developing a prenatal operation that can transplant the heart and lungs from one twin into another, thereby increasing the viability of the receiving twin, but at the expense of the donor twin’s life. Any consideration of this procedure would be investigated thoroughly by a __________ before there was any possibility of it taking place. a) board of bioethics Correct. The ethical and moral issues surrounding this bizarre proposal are numerous. b) panel of citizens Incorrect. It’s doubtful that a group of medically untrained people would be able to weigh in deeply on this issue. c) rabbi d) poll of potential recipients Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.4 Explain the process of fertilization, including the twinning process. Topic: 8.4 Fertilization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 50. The germinal period occurs __________. a) during the first two weeks after fertilization Correct. The first two weeks of pregnancy are called the germinal period. b) from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization Incorrect. The embryonic period occurs from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization. c) from approximately 8 weeks after fertilization to birth d) from 7 to 10 weeks after fertilization Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: 8.5 Three Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 79 a= 79 b= 11 c= 0 d= 11 r = .26 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 51. Fiona is at a point in her pregnancy when the zygote is moving to her uterus, and the placenta and umbilical cord are beginning to form. Which period of prenatal development is Fiona currently experiencing? a) fetal period b) embryonic period Incorrect. During the embryonic period, the organism is called an embryo, not a zygote. c) placental period d) germinal period Correct. During the germinal period, the organism is called a zygote, and the placenta and umbilical cord begin to form. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: 8.5 Three Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 52. The placenta is __________. a) the tube through which a developing baby receives nourishment Incorrect. The placenta is not a tube; the umbilical cord, which connects the developing baby to the placenta, is a tube. b) the technical name for the “belly button” c) a specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away waste products from the developing baby Correct. The placenta is a specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away waste products from the developing baby. d) the name for the developing organism until it is 8 weeks old Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: 8.5 Three Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 90 a= 8 b= 0 c= 90 d= 2 r = .18 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 53. The specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away waste products from the developing baby is called the __________. a) placenta Correct. The placenta is a specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away waste products from the developing baby. b) uterus

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) umbilical cord Incorrect. The umbilical cord is a tube that connects the developing baby to the placenta. d) embryo Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: 8.5 Three Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 81 a= 81 b= 0 c= 19 d= 0 r = .29 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 54. Which cells that form during the germinal period are being evaluated by researchers for their use in growing new organs and tissues for transplant or repairing neurological damage? a) amacrine cells Incorrect. Amacrine cells are found in the retina of your eyes. b) bipolar cells c) oligodendrocytes d) stem cells Correct. Stem cells stay in an immature state until they are needed to produce other types of cells. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: 8.5 Three Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 55. Which statement accurately describes the embryonic period? a) the period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining Incorrect. The zygote begins to implant in the uterine lining during the germinal period. b) the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop Correct. It is during the embryonic period that major organs and structures develop. c) the period during which the umbilical cord develops d) the period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: 8.5 Three Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 56. Misaki is at a point in her pregnancy during which the major organs and structures of her baby are first developing. Which period of prenatal development is Misaki currently experiencing? a) fetal period Incorrect. The fetal period occurs after the organs have first developed and is the time during which they continue to develop and become functional. b) embryonic period Correct. During the embryonic period, major organs and structures first develop. c) placental period d) germinal period Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: 8.5 Three Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White % correct 52 a= 40 b= 52 c= 2 d= 7 r = .52 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 57. Ali and her husband are thrilled as they peer into Ali’s uterus by means of an ultrasound. The physician reports that the pregnancy appears normal, and that their baby’s fingers, toes, heart, and circulatory system are developing as expected. The couple learns that the baby is only an inch long. Given this information, the current stage of prenatal development is the __________ period. a) embryonic Correct. It is during the embryonic period that major organs and structures first develop. b) germinal c) zygotic d) fetal Incorrect. In the fetal period, fingers, toes, and other major systems and organs would have already developed, and the baby would be more than an inch long. Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: 8.5 Three Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 62 a= 62 b= 0 c= 10 d= 29 r = .47 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 58. Times during which some environmental influences can have a major impact on development are called __________ periods. a) fetal Incorrect. Critical periods are times when internal and external influences have a major impact on development; the most critical time is during the embryonic period. b) critical Correct. Critical periods are times when internal and external influences have a major impact on development. c) germinal d) latency Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: 8.5 Three Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 92 a= 2 b= 92 c= 0 d= 6 r = .18 % correct 96 a= 3 b= 96 c= 1 d= 0 r = .19 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 59. Which of the following terms is used to describe any substance, such as a drug, chemical, or virus, that can bring about a birth defect? a) teratogen Correct. Teratogens are substances that can bring about a birth defect. b) critical period c) carcinogen Incorrect. A carcinogen may cause birth defects, but the term does not encompass viruses and all of the other things that can also cause birth defects. d) biohazard Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: 8.5 Three Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Easy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 95 a= 95 b= 0 c= 5 d= 0 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 60. Emily’s child has facial deformities, a smaller-than-normal head, intellectual disability, learning difficulties, and delayed growth. If these defects can be traced to a teratogen used by Emily when she was pregnant, which was she most likely abusing? a) nicotine Incorrect. The effects of nicotine do not include smaller-than-normal heads and facial deformities. b) cocaine c) marijuana d) alcohol Correct. Emily’s child is exhibiting symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: 8.5 Three Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 91 a= 4 b= 4 c= 0 d= 91 r = .38 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 61. What are some of the common consequences to a child whose mother smoked cigarettes while pregnant? a) increased birth weight and lethargy b) low birth weight and short stature Correct. Low birth weight and short stature are common consequences of smoking during pregnancy. c) severe hearing loss and heart defects Incorrect. Hearing loss and heart defects are consequences of rubella. d) severely deformed limbs and muscle spasms Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: 8.5 Three Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 62. Madison’s baby was born blind, deaf, and with heart defects and brain damage. Most likely Madison was exposed to __________ during her pregnancy. a) rubella Correct. Blindness, deafness, and heart defects are potential consequences of prenatal exposure to rubella. b) mercury c) syphilis Incorrect. Exposure to syphilis does not cause blindness or heart defects. d) radiation Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: 8.5 Three Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 63. The prenatal period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional is called the __________ period. a) germinal

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) embryonic Incorrect. The embryonic period is the stage when various organs and structures first begin to form. c) fetal Correct. The fetal period is the stage when tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional. d) gestational Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: 8.5 Three Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 56 a= 4 b= 12 c= 56 d= 27 r = .30 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 64. Which of the following accurately describes the fetal period? a) the period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining b) the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop Incorrect. The major organs and structures first develop during the embryonic period. c) the period during which the umbilical cord develops d) the period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional Correct. The fetal period is the stage when tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: 8.5 Three Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 87 a= 8 b= 2 c= 3 d= 87 r = .23 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 65. Preterm infants are defined as being born prior to the __________ week after conception. a) 6th b) 16th c) 37th Correct. After 38 weeks a fetus is considered full term. d) 45th Incorrect. Most babies are born by the 40th week. Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: 8.5 Three Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 66. What is another term for a miscarriage? a) cesarean delivery b) ectopic pregnancy Incorrect. Ectopic pregnancy is sometimes called a tubal pregnancy and is not categorized as a miscarriage. c) spontaneous abortion Correct. Spontaneous abortion is another name for a miscarriage, and it is most likely to happen in the first trimester of a pregnancy. d) stillbirth Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 8.5 Three Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 67. The most likely cause of a miscarriage during the first 3 months of pregnancy is __________. a) a genetic defect Correct. A genetic defect is the most likely cause of a miscarriage in the first 3 months of pregnancy. b) alcohol use Incorrect. A miscarriage in the first 3 months of pregnancy is most likely caused by a genetic defect that will not allow the embryo or fetus to survive. c) not taking prenatal vitamins d) lack of exercise Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: 8.5 Three Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 68. Infant reflexes are __________. a) innate, involuntary behavior patterns Correct. Reflexes help infants survive outside of the womb. b) voluntary behavior patterns Incorrect. Reflexes are involuntary. c) learned d) not used as a means for survival Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.6 Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.6 Physical Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 94 a= 94 b= 2 c= 4 d= 0 r = .39 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 69. Which sense is the LEAST functional at birth? a) touch Incorrect. Touch is the most functional at birth. b) taste c) smell d) vision Correct. Vision takes about 6 months to fully develop, whereas touch, taste, and smell are all more functional at birth. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.6 Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.6 Physical Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 0 d= 100 r = .00 % correct 98 a= 1 b= 1 c= 0 d= 98 r = .05 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 70. Morgan is nursing her newborn daughter and holds the baby up to her breast. As the breast strokes the child’s cheek, the child turns her head toward the breast, finds her mother’s nipple, and begins to feed. This is a demonstration of the __________ reflex.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) rooting Correct. When a child's cheek is stroked and he turns his head in that direction, this demonstrates the rooting reflects. b) sucking Incorrect. A child's willingness to suckle on anything that is placed at his lips demonstrates the sucking reflex c) Moro d) grasping Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.6 Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.6 Physical Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 71. At what point do infants develop a preference for salty tastes? a) within a few days after birth b) by 4 months of age Correct. A preference for salty tastes occurs by 4 months and may come from exposure to the salty taste of their mother’s skin. c) at birth Incorrect. At birth, infants show a preference for sweets; preference for salty tastes develops at about 4 months. d) within a year after birth Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.6 Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.6 Physical Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 72. Synaptic pruning is metaphorically like __________ . a) weeding a garden Correct. Weeds-B-Gone, so plants can grow! b) taking a hot shower c) adding a room to a house Incorrect. “Pruning” and “adding” seem like contradictory activities, don’t they? d) washing a sinkful of dishes Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.6 Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.6 Physical Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 73. Zoe and Ella are anticipating the birth of their first baby. Before the baby arrives, they want to fix up the nursery with new wallpaper. They seek the advice of a developmental psychologist. What is she likely to tell them? a) Newborns prefer to look at complex three-dimensional patterns rather than simple one-dimensional ones. Correct. Newborns prefer to look at complex patterns. b) Newborns prefer to look at animals rather than people. c) Newborns do not see well enough to make any difference. d) Newborns prefer to look at simple one-dimensional patterns rather than complex ones. Incorrect. Newborns prefer complex patterns, particularly those that are three-dimensional. Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.6 Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.6 Physical Development Difficulty Level: Moderate

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 74. Which of these physical skills typically develops LAST? a) rolling over b) standing alone Incorrect. Standing alone develops before walking. c) walking Correct. Walking develops after sucking, rolling over, and standing alone. d) sucking Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.6 Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.6 Physical Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 75. Which of the following is the correct order of development of the six motor milestones, according to research? a) sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking, raising head and chest, rolling over b) crawling, walking, raising head and chest, rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support Incorrect. Answer (c) is the correct order per the text. c) raising head and chest, rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking Correct. This is the correct order shown in Figure 8.6 of the text. d) rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking, raising head and chest Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.6 Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.6 Physical Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 95 a= 5 b= 0 c= 95 d= 1 r = .24 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 76. Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of __________ development. a) cognitive Correct. Piaget is known for his theory of cognitive development. b) perceptual c) language Incorrect. Piaget is known for his theory of cognitive development. d) motor Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 86 a= 86 b= 0 c= 4 d= 10 r = .33 % correct 95 a= 95 b= 0 c= 0 d= 5 r = .25 % correct 95 a= 95 b= 0 c= 5 d= 0 r = .46 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 77. Two-year-old Isadore and his mother visited the zoo. While they were there, Isadore’s mother took him to see the otter exhibit. When he saw an otter swimming rapidly, he pointed and said, “A fish.” In the context of Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, what is Isadore demonstrating? a) accommodation

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. Accommodation would not be reflected in Isadore’s reasoning. b) object permanence c) cognitive substitution d) assimilation Correct. This represents the process of assimilation. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 78. Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development? a) preoperational, concrete operations, sensorimotor, formal operations b) sensorimotor, concrete operations, preoperational, formal operations c) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations Correct. The order in which Piaget’s stages occur is sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operations; formal operations. d) preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operations, formal operations Incorrect. Sensorimotor is the stage prior to the preoperational stage. Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 79 a= 0 b= 2 c= 79 d= 19 r = .44 % correct 77 a= 0 b= 0 c= 77 d= 23 r = .45 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 79. In Piaget’s theory, the stage of development between birth and 2 years of age, in which the infant uses senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment, is called the __________ stage. a) concrete operations b) sensorimotor Correct. The sensorimotor stage occurs between birth and age 2. c) preoperational Incorrect. The preoperational stage occurs between ages 2 and 7. d) formal operations Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 76 a= 0 b= 76 c= 24 d= 0 r = .61 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 80. Your little sister picks up objects, feels every part of them, and then puts them in her mouth. What stage of Jean Piaget’s model of cognitive development does this behavior suggest she is in? a) concrete operations b) sensorimotor Correct. During this stage, infants interact deliberately with objects by chewing, grasping, and tasting them. c) preoperational Incorrect. During the preoperational stage, children no longer have to rely only on senses and motor skills. It is

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White during the sensorimotor stage that they chew, grasp, and taste objects. d) formal operations Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 81. Piaget’s term for the knowledge that an object exists even when it is out of sight is __________. a) conservation Incorrect. Conservation is the ability to understand that changing the appearance of an object does not change its nature or quantity. b) object permanence Correct. Understanding object permanence means understanding that an object exists even when it is out of sight. c) centration d) egocentrism Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 96 a= 0 b= 96 c= 2 d= 2 r = .46 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 82. When her older brother hides behind the sofa, Rochelle looks behind the sofa to find him. Rochelle has developed a sense of __________ . a) object permanence Correct. Rochelle understands that even though she can't see her brother, he still exists. b) conservation Incorrect. Conservation is a limitation of the preoperational stage that focuses on the maintaining of amounts or quantities. The best answer to this question is object permanence c) tranquility d) equilibration Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 83. Young infants cannot appreciate the carnival game in which a pea seems to disappear from under a walnut because they have not yet developed a sense of __________. a) conservation Incorrect. Conservation is a term used to describe the understanding that changing the appearance of an object does not change its nature or quantity. b) object permanence Correct. Object permanence is a term used to describe the understanding that an object exists even when it is out of sight. c) centration

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) egocentrism Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 98 a= 2 b= 98 c= 0 d= 0 r = .18 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 84. According to Piaget, __________ represents the beginning of the child’s language development and symbolic thought. a) egocentric thinking Incorrect. Egocentrism is the inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes; it is not related to language. b) accommodation c) object permanence Correct. To understand object permanence, a child has knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight and that one object can stand in for another. Words are symbols that stand in for things that may not be present. d) assimilation Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 24 a= 38 b= 4 c= 24 d= 28 r = .33 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 85. According to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development between 2 and 7 years of age, in which the child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world, is the __________ stage. a) concrete operations b) sensorimotor Incorrect. The sensorimotor stage occurs between birth and age 2. c) preoperational Correct. Preoperational is the name Piaget gave to the stage children are in from 2 to 7 years of age. d) formal operations Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 73 a= 15 b= 12 c= 73 d= 0 r = .49 % correct 79 a= 5 b= 16 c= 79 d= 0 r = .31 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 86. According to Piaget, egocentrism and a lack of conservation ability are both qualities that are seen during the ________ stage of development. a) concrete operations b) formal operations c) sensorimotor Incorrect. These abilities would not be present yet during this developmental stage. d) preoperational Correct. These are hallmarks of this stage of cognitive development.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 87. Three-year-old Francesca is playing hide-and-seek with some older children. However, instead of running to find a hiding place away from the other children, Francesca simply covers her eyes and stands in place. Francesca is demonstrating: a) object permanence Incorrect. This would not fit the definition of object permanence. b) intuitive thought. c) egocentrism. Correct. Francesca is viewing the world only from her perspective. d) conservation. Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 88. Three-year-old Ning Fa occasionally talks to himself in front of others and ignores his mother’s instructions to come to the table and eat with his family. Ning Fa is demonstrating __________ . a) formal operations b) intuitive thought c) childhood psychosis Incorrect. This is an unlikely possibility. d) egocentric thought Correct. Ning Fa is in the preoperational stage of cognitive development. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 89. What term is used to describe a child’s inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes except her or his own? a) disparity b) narcissism Incorrect. Narcissism is a term used to describe a type of adult personality characterized by excessive selfadmiration and self-centeredness. c) egocentrism Correct. Egocentrism is the term used to describe a child’s inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes except her or his own. d) autonomy Answer: c

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 88 a= 0 b= 4 c= 88 d= 8 r = .26 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 90. According to Piaget, __________ is the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object’s nature. a) object permanence b) conservation Correct. Conservation is the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object’s nature. c) centration Incorrect. Centration is the tendency to focus on one feature while ignoring others. d) reversibility Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 91. Your little brother has a big ball of clay. While he watches, you roll the ball of clay into a long snake-like shape. He begins to cry because he thinks he has less clay now. Which of Piaget’s stages is your brother likely to be in? a) sensorimotor b) preoperational Correct. Your little brother shows lack of conservation, or the ability to understand that altering the appearance of something does not change its quantity; this lack of understanding is characteristic of preoperational children. c) formal operations d) concrete operations Incorrect. By the time children are in the concrete operations stage, they have developed conservation. Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 84 a= 14 b= 84 c= 2 d= 0 r = .41 % correct 64 a= 23 b= 64 c= 0 d= 14 r = .38 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 92. Miss Buxley gave Barnaby and Yolanda equal-sized lumps of clay. Yolanda immediately rolled hers into a long shape. Barnaby cried and complained that Yolanda had received more clay. Barnaby's behavior represents __________ . a) object impermanence b) an inability to assimilate c) an inability to accommodate Incorrect. This particular example is not related to Piaget's theory of accommodation. d) an inability to conserve Correct. Barnaby does not understand that the amount of clay has not changed just because its appearance has. This demonstrates an absence of conservation.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 93. DaVonte, a 10-year-old, first sees two identical glasses with water at the same level; then, the water from one of the short, wide glasses is poured into a taller, thinner glass. DaVonte will likely conclude that there is __________. a) more water in the taller, thinner glass Incorrect. If DaVonte were younger, and in the preoperational period, this would be an accurate answer. b) more water in the shorter, wider glass c) an equal amount of water in the shorter, wider glass and the taller, thinner glass Correct. Because DaVonte is in the concrete operations stage of Piaget’s theory, he has mastered the concepts of conservation and reversibility. d) an equal amount of water in the two identical glasses only Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 94. In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development between 7 and 12 years of age, in which an individual becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking, is the __________ stage. a) concrete operations Correct. The concrete operations stage occurs between ages 7 and 12. b) sensorimotor c) preoperational Incorrect. The preoperational stage occurs between ages 2 and 7. d) formal operations Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 91 a= 91 b= 5 c= 0 d= 5 r = .48 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 95. During which of Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development does a child become capable of conservation? a) sensorimotor b) preoperational Incorrect. During the preoperational stage, children lack conservation. c) formal operations d) concrete operations Correct. The child develops conservation during the concrete operations stage. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 96. Which of Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development is characterized by abstract thinking and the creation of hypotheticals? a) sensorimotor b) preoperational c) formal operations Correct. The stage of formal operations is characterized by abstract thinking and the creation of hypotheticals. d) concrete operations Incorrect. Children at the concrete operations stage are unable to deal effectively with abstract concepts. Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 77 a= 4 b= 0 c= 77 d= 19 r = .26 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 97. A characteristic that first shows up in the formal operations stage is __________. a) irreversibility b) egocentrism c) abstract thinking Correct. Abstract thinking develops during the formal operations stage. d) logical thinking Incorrect. Logical thinking first reveals itself in the concrete operations stage. Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 38 a= 0 b= 24 c= 38 d= 38 r = .33 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 98. Which type of thought does not begin until the formal operations stage? a) thinking about what is possible Correct. Thinking about what is possible is an aspect of hypothetical thinking, which occurs in the formal operations stage. b) thinking about what is logical Incorrect. Logical thought occurs in the concrete operations stage. c) thinking about whether an object exists when it is out of sight d) thinking about only one feature of an object rather than taking all features into consideration Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 59 a= 59 b=23 c= 9 d= 9 r = .51 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 99. Which criticism is a valid challenge to Piaget’s theory?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) Preschoolers are not as egocentric as Piaget thought. Correct. Evidence collected since Piaget’s time has revealed this to be the case. b) Some people learn faster than other people. Incorrect. This may be true, and in fact it is true; but it does not pose a challenge to Piaget’s theory. c) Young children do not understand as much as Piaget gave them credit for. d) Cognitive abilities develop in discrete steps or stages rather than continuous, overlapping waves. Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 100. In contrast to Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky emphasized the role of __________ during cognitive development. a) learned responses Incorrect. This would be the theory of the behaviorist, and this is not the type of psychologist that Vygotsky was. b) social and cultural interactions Correct. Vygotsky believed that social and cultural interactions were essential for the development of cognitive skills. c) individual differences d) the child’s representations of the world Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 101. Whereas Piaget saw cognitive development as a result of individual discovery and a child’s interaction with objects, Vygotsky attributed cognitive development to __________. a) biological changes in the brain b) unconscious factors c) completing activities in isolation Incorrect. Vygotsky believed that cognitive development occurred as a result of social interactions between a child and skilled people. d) interaction between a child and more highly skilled people Correct. Vygotsky attributed cognitive development to interaction between a child and skilled people. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 29 a= 57 b= 4 c= 10 d= 29 r = .33 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 102. According to Vygotsky, which of these is a key factor in a child’s cognitive development? a) balanced diet b) social interactions Correct. Vygotsky believed that cognitive development occurred as a result of social interactions. c) genetic endowment d) successful resolution of psychosocial crises Incorrect. Psychosocial crises refer to the theories of psychosocial development, not to Vygotsky’s theories.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 84 a= 0 b= 84 c= 0 d= 16 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 103. Which situation illustrates Vygotsky’s concept of scaffolding? a) Several children work together to overcome an obstacle they could not conquer individually. Incorrect. Scaffolding emphasizes one-on-one learning. b) A teacher works one-on-one with a student and then begins to withdraw help as the student becomes more skilled. Correct. Vygotsky attributed cognitive development to interactions between a child and skilled people. c) Learning in one area, such as language, tends to reinforce learning that occurs in other areas, such as mathematics. d) Physical interaction with the environment is a key to learning, so teachers require students to run and play a great deal. Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 104. Which term refers to the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher? a) scaffolding Incorrect. Scaffolding occurs when a more skilled person helps a less skilled learner. b) conservation c) hypothetical thinking d) zone of proximal development Correct. The zone of proximal development is a term used to refer to the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 105. At five years old, Sammy is better able to understand his friends' feelings as compared to when he was three years old. Sammy is acquiring a __________ . a) theory of mind Correct. The ability to understand others’ thoughts and feelings is central to the theory of mind. b) sense of self-reflection c) rational decisiveness d) sense of identity Incorrect. Identity plays a part in the theory of mind, but it is not the best answer to this question. Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 106. Who was the physician who first published research suggesting a relationship between the MMR vaccine and the development of autism? a) Stephen Kessling b) Vladimir Uberkoff c) Andrew Wakefield Correct. Since the time this fictitious and fabricated research was published, Wakefield has been discredited as a researcher and physician. d) Robert Rosenfield Incorrect. The person who started the concern regarding a relationship between the MMR vaccine and autism was Andrew Wakefield. Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 107. The link between childhood vaccinations and the development of autism __________ . a) is strongest for newborns and three-year-olds b) has been repeatedly demonstrated in empirical studies Incorrect. Do not believe this. Any notion that this might be true was based on fabricated data. c) is more pronounced among girls than among boys d) has been thoroughly discredited; there is no such link Correct. Any notion that this might be true was based on fabricated data. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice. 108. Millie and Amaya are mothers who both have 3-month-old infants. Millie tells Amaya, “My son is so fussy,” to which Amaya replies, “That’s funny—my son is so easy.” It appears that Millie and Amaya are discussing their newborns’ __________. a) personalities b) moods c) reflexes Incorrect. A reflex refers to an inborn, involuntary motor response to a stimulus. d) temperaments Correct. A temperament refers to a child’s inclination to engage in a certain style of behavior. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.8 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 109. Avery is very adaptable to change. She is on a regular sleeping, eating, and waking schedule. Avery’s temperament would be described as __________. a) easy Correct. Easy children are described as being adaptable to change and on regular schedules. b) difficult c) slow-to-warm-up d) undemanding Incorrect. Researchers use the term easy to describe children on regular schedules. Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.8 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 110. A child who is irregular in her or his schedule, resists change, and tends to be loud is a(n) __________ child. a) easy b) difficult Correct. Difficult children tend to resist change. c) slow-to-warm-up d) negative Incorrect. Researchers use the term difficult for children who tend to resist change. Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.8 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 77 a= 0 b= 77 c= 13 d= 10 r = .48 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 111. Baby Alfie is irritable, loud, and negative most of the time. He doesn’t like it when new people pick him up, and he has irregular sleeping, eating, and waking schedules. What temperament does Alfie exhibit? a) active Incorrect. Babies who are irritable and irregular are considered difficult. b) slow-to-warm-up c) difficult Correct. Difficult babies tend to be irritable, are not comfortable with change, and have irregular schedules. d) easy Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.8 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 86 a= 0 b= 13 c= 86 d= 0 r = .54 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 112. Arlo is a quiet child who is very slow to adapt to change. However, if he is introduced gradually to new people

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White or situations, then eventually he will accept them without too much distress. Developmental researchers would say Arlo’s temperament is __________. a) active b) slow-to-warm-up Correct. Slow-to-warm-up babies tend be quieter than difficult children and are slow to adapt to change. c) difficult Incorrect. Difficult babies tend to be loud, are not comfortable with change, and have irregular schedules. Slow-towarm-up babies tend be quieter and slow to adapt to change. d) easy Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.8 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 100 a= 00 b= 100 c= 00 d= 00 r = .00 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 113.What does research on the stability of temperament indicate? a) Temperament is unstable and subject to wide variations over the course of a lifetime. b) Temperament is unstable during childhood but stabilizes during adolescence and remains stable throughout a person’s adult life. c) Temperament is relatively stable through the first 3 to 4 years of life but begins to vary dramatically once a child reaches school age. Incorrect. Temperament is considered stable well into adulthood. d) Temperament is relatively stable well into adulthood. Correct. Temperament is considered stable well into adulthood. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.8 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 114. The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver is called __________. a) temperament b) attachment Correct. Attachment is an emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver. c) trust Incorrect. Trust is an element of attachment, but the term used for the bond itself is attachment. d) habituation Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.8 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 76 a= 10 b= 76 c= 14 d= 0 r = .18 % correct 73 a= 6 b= 73 c= 22 d= 0 r = .17 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 115. Attachment usually takes place within the first __________ of life. a) year

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) month Incorrect. Attachment takes place within the first 6 months of life. c) 6 months Correct. Attachment takes place within the first 6 months of life. d) 4 months Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.8 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 27 a= 29 b= 33 c= 27 d= 11 r = .18 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 116. Shontae, a 1-year-old, fears being away from her mother. It appears that Shontae has __________. a) an attachment disorder b) stranger anxiety Incorrect. Stranger anxiety, a term that is used less commonly today, refers to the fear of being around unfamiliar people. c) generalized anxiety d) separation anxiety Correct. Separation anxiety refers to the fear of being away from one’s primary caregiver. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.8 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 117. If a child is exposed to the “Strange Situation,” then she or he __________. a) should receive immediate medical attention b) will view novel and eccentric stimuli c) will be in a room with other children that she or he doesn’t know Incorrect. This sort of peer exposure was not an aspect of the Strange Situation experiment. d) will be left with a stranger or alone in an unfamiliar situation Correct. This was the basis of Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation paradigm; children were separated from and then reunited with their primary caregivers. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.8 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 118. What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called the “Strange Situation”? a) the nature of gestural communication between mothers and babies b) aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment c) parental discipline styles in the first year of life Incorrect. She sought to study the nature of attachment. d) the nature of attachment between caregivers and babies Correct. She sought to understand the nature of attachment between caregivers and babies.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.8 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 119. Romeo seems indifferent to the presence or absence of his mother as he plays. When she leaves the room to answer the telephone, Romeo barely notices and doesn’t seem particularly distressed. What attachment style has Romeo developed with his mother? a) secure Incorrect. Secure attachment is evident if babies venture away from their mother, are upset when she leaves and not well comforted by a stranger, and calm down quickly when she returns. b) avoidant Correct. Romeo is showing all the signs of this attachment pattern. c) resistant d) disorganized Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.8 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 120. Chester is playing in a room with his mother nearby. Chester becomes distressed when a stranger enters the room and rushes to his mother’s side. When his mother and the stranger leave the room for a moment, Chester wails and cries. However, when his mother returns, he runs to her, and instead of giving her a hug, he punches her in the arm. What type of attachment pattern is Chester demonstrating? a) secure attachment pattern Incorrect. There are not a lot of signs of security in Chester’s behavior. b) avoidant attachment pattern c) ambivalent attachment pattern Correct. Chester is showing a good amount of ambivalence . d) disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.8 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 121. Mothers who are unresponsive, insensitive, and coldly rejecting are often associated with __________ infants. a) secure b) avoidant Correct. Mothers of avoidant infants were unresponsive, insensitive, and coldly rejecting. c) ambivalent d) disorganized–disoriented Incorrect. Mothers of disorganized–disoriented infants were worse than cold; they were abusive or neglectful in interactions with the infant. Answer: b

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.8 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 63 a= 6 b= 63 c= 9 d= 23 r = .34 % correct 68 a= 0 b= 68 c= 16 d= 16 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 122. What kind of animals did Harry Harlow and his colleagues use to discredit the most commonly accepted theory of attachment of the time? a) geese b) weasels Incorrect. Weasels have not proven to be popular research subjects in psychology experiments. c) monkeys Correct. Harlow studied attachment in monkeys. Rhesus monkeys, in fact. d) pigeons Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.8 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 123. According to Erik Erikson, which stage of psychosocial development appears in adulthood rather than in childhood? a) initiative versus guilt b) ego integrity versus despair Correct. This is the final stage of Erikson’s theory, and it occurs during our older adult years. c) industry versus inferiority d) trust versus mistrust Incorrect. This is the first stage of Erikson’s theory, and it occurs during the first year of life. Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.8 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 124. Like any 4-month-old, Amelia depends on her parents to feed her and change her diapers. When Amelia cries, her devoted parents quickly respond to her needs. According to Erikson, Amelia is developing a sense of __________. a) trust Correct. Infants whose needs are consistently met come to trust their caregivers, and this trust helps promote attachment. b) mistrust c) autonomy Incorrect. Autonomy does not develop until around 18 months of age. d) initiative Answer: a

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.8 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 86 a= 86 b= 0 c= 10 d=4 r = .18 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 125. Which of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial crises revolves around the child’s learning to direct her or his own behavior? a) trust versus mistrust b) initiative versus guilt Incorrect. Initiative versus guilt revolves around the challenge to control one’s own behavior. c) industry versus inferiority d) autonomy versus shame and doubt Correct. Autonomy versus shame and doubt revolves around the child’s learning to direct her or his own behavior. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.8 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 50 a= 11 b= 23 c= 17 d= 50 r = .27 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 126. If a child successfully navigates the __________ stage of psychosocial development, she or he will make decisions and act independently. a) ego integrity versus despair Incorrect. This is the final stage of Erikson’s theory and is seen at the end of our lives. b) autonomy versus shame and doubt Correct. This is the second stage of Erikson’s theory. c) initiative versus guilt d) trust versus mistrust Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.8 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 127. In Erikson’s theory of social development, the period from ages 3 to 5, his third stage, is characterized by the major challenge of __________. a) identity versus role confusion b) industry versus inferiority Incorrect. Industry versus inferiority takes place between ages 5 and 12. c) initiative versus guilt Correct. Initiative versus guilt takes place between ages 3 and 5. d) autonomy versus shame and doubt Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 8.8 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 35 a= 17 b= 21 c=35 d= 27 r = .26 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 128. Which term describes one’s sense of being female or male? a) sex b) gender Incorrect. Many of these terms are used interchangeably by laypeople, but developmental psychologists make important distinctions among them. c) gender identity Correct. This is a person’s sense of being female or male. d) gender roles Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.9 Define gender, and discuss the development of gender roles. Topic: 8.9 Gender Roles Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 129. Antonio develops a mental pattern for what “maleness” and “femaleness” mean, and he organizes his observations within that mental structure to form an image of himself as “male.” This view of gender-role development is most consistent with __________ . a) social learning theory b) personal-development theory Incorrect. This is not a theory of gender development. c) ordained doctrine theory d) gender schema theory Correct. Antonio have formed a schema about the attributes and behaviors associated with females and males. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.10 Compare and contrast two theories of gender-role development. Topic: 8.10 Theories of Gender-Role Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 130. __________ refers to people whose personalities show characteristics of both traditional female and traditional male attributes. a) femasc-plus b) androgyny Correct. This is the term used in gender schema theory. c) undifferentiated Incorrect. This term does not refer to this designation. d) masculine-pro Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.10 Compare and contrast two theories of gender-role development. Topic: 8.10 Theories of Gender-Role Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

131. The period of life from about age 13 to the early 20s, during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult, is called __________. a) adolescence Correct. Adolescence is the period of life from about age 13 to the early 20s. b) tweens c) young adulthood d) puberty Incorrect. Puberty is the word for the physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak. Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.11 Describe the physical changes that occur in adolescence, and identify some of the sexually transmitted diseases to which adolescents may be vulnerable. Topic: 8.9–8.11 Adolescence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 83 a= 83 b= 2 c= 12 d= 2 r = .37 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 132. Puberty is defined as the __________. a) production of hormones in the reproductive glands stimulated by the pituitary gland Incorrect. The production of hormones in the reproductive glands is only one of the physical changes that occur in the body during puberty. b) stage of identity versus role confusion c) physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak Correct. Puberty is defined as the period during which physical changes occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak. d) time when a child becomes a teenager Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.11 Describe the physical changes that occur in adolescence, and identify some of the sexually transmitted diseases to which adolescents may be vulnerable. Topic: 8.11 Physical Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 133. The growth spurt for boys typically begins at age __________. a) 9 b) 10 Incorrect. Girls typically experience a growth spurt earlier, around age 10. c) 12 Correct. The growth spurt for boys typically begins at age 12. d) 15 Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.11 Describe the physical changes that occur in adolescence, and identify some of the sexually transmitted diseases to which adolescents may be vulnerable. Topic: 8.11 Physical Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 76 a= 0 b= 0 c= 76 d= 24 r = .29 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 134. At what age does the growth spurt for girls typically begin? a) 9

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) 10 Correct. The growth spurt for girls typically begins at age 10. c) 12 Incorrect. Girls typically experience a growth spurt earlier, at age 10. d) 15 Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.11 Describe the physical changes that occur in adolescence, and identify some of the sexually transmitted diseases to which adolescents may be vulnerable. Topic: 8.11 Physical Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 135. The visible signs of sexual maturity that do not directly involve the sex organs are called __________. a) secular maturation b) secondary sex characteristics Correct. This would include the growth of breasts in girls and the presence of body hair in both girls and boys. c) primary sex characteristics Incorrect. This would involve growth of the actual sex organs, such as the uterus or the penis. d) menarche markers Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.11 Describe the physical changes that occur in adolescence, and identify some of the sexually transmitted diseases to which adolescents may be vulnerable. Topic: 8.11 Physical Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 136. Most young adolescents, especially those who receive a formal high school education, are at the level of thinking that Piaget described as __________. a) formal operations Correct. Most adolescents who receive a formal high school education are at the formal operations level of thinking. b) preoperational c) preconventional d) identity versus role confusion Incorrect. Identity versus role confusion is the stage of adolescence in Erikson’s theory. Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Topic: 8.12 Cognitive and Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 95 a= 95 b= 0 c= 5 d= 0 r = .33 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 137. The development of formal operations in adolescence leads to __________. a) extroverted behavior Incorrect. The development of formal operations in adolescence leads to introspection and egocentrism. b) a lessening of self-analysis compared to preoperational thought c) introspection and egocentrism Correct. The development of formal operations in adolescence leads to introspection and egocentrism. d) thinking in more concrete terms Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Topic: 8.12 Cognitive and Psychosocial Development

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 48 a= 14 b= 14 c= 48 d= 21 r = .14 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 138. Ginny is an adolescent who currently has a small pimple on her cheek that is causing her to be overly selfconscious. She is convinced that everyone she meets stares at and talks about her pimple. Ginny’s behavior illustrates which concept? a) a sense of idealism b) the imaginary audience Correct. The term imaginary audience refers to the feeling that everyone is watching you closely; it makes teenagers feel extremely self-conscious. c) the personal fable Incorrect. The term personal fable refers to the feeling of being unique and protected from harm. d) puberty Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Topic: 8.12 Cognitive and Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 139. Adolescents who engage in risky behaviors, such as not using condoms when engaging in sexual activity or driving while intoxicated, are exhibiting especially dangerous aspects of __________. a) adolescent postformalism Incorrect. This is not a term used by developmental psychologists. b) a personal fable Correct. The personal fable refers to the feeling of being unique and protected from harm. c) a formal operation thought disorder d) an imaginary audience Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Topic: 8.12 Cognitive and Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 140. Lacey, age 14, primps in front of every mirror she comes across and believes that she is the focus of everyone’s attention. Lacey is assuming the existence of __________. a) metacognition b) an imaginary audience Correct. Lacey’s behavior is consistent with the concept of an imaginary audience. c) a personal fable Incorrect. Nothing in the description of Lacey’s actions would necessarily suggest this concept. d) sensorimotor failure Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Topic: 8.12 Cognitive and Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 141. The tendency of teenagers to feel that they are always “on stage” and that they are the center of everyone else’s

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White world, just as they are the center of their own, is a phenomenon known as __________. a) formal operations b) the imaginary audience Correct. The term imaginary audience refers to the feeling that everyone is watching you closely; it causes teenagers to feel extremely self-conscious. c) the personal fable Incorrect. The term personal fable refers to the feeling of being unique and protected from harm. d) puberty Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Topic: 8.12 Cognitive and Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 67 a= 10 b= 67 c= 19 d= 5 r = .18 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 142. Last night, Aubrey’s mom gave her a haircut. As she walked into her high school, Aubrey felt like everyone could tell that her bangs were a little uneven. This example illustrates the belief of a(n) __________. a) underestimation b) personal fable Incorrect. The personal fable is the adolescent idea that they are the star in a story, and therefore have extraordinary abilities and privileges. It may also contribute to the adolescent belief that they are immune to negative outcomes as consequences of their actions. c) self-serving bias d) imaginary audience Correct. The imaginary audience is the belief sometimes held by adolescents in which they view themselves as actors with everyone else as the audience. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Topic: 8.12 Cognitive and Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 143. Faith’s family does not have a lot of money. Faith’s mom buys her clothing from the local superstore. Faith believes that other students notice that she doesn’t wear brand-name clothes. This is an example of __________. a) underestimation b) the personal fable Incorrect. The personal fable is the adolescent idea that they are the star in a story, and therefore have extraordinary abilities and privileges. It may also contribute to the adolescent belief that they are immune to negative outcomes as consequences of their actions. c) self-serving bias d) the imaginary audience Correct. The imaginary audience is the belief sometimes held by adolescents in which they view themselves as actors with everyone else as the audience. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Topic: 8.12 Cognitive and Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 144. Lorenzo just got his driver’s license. He loves to speed around town going more than 20 miles per hour above the speed limit. He believes that he can speed through yellow lights due to his perfect timing. This is an example of __________. a) underestimation b) the personal fable Correct. The personal fable convinces adolescents that they are special and protected and, thus, nothing bad can happen to them. c) self-serving bias d) the imaginary audience Incorrect. The imaginary audience is the belief sometimes held by adolescents in which they view themselves as actors with everyone else as the audience. Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Topic: 8.12 Cognitive and Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 145. Obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of __________. a) conventional morality Incorrect. In conventional morality, behavior is governed by the norms of society. b) preconventional morality Correct. In preconventional morality, behavior is governed by the consequences of an action. c) principled morality d) postconventional morality Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Topic: 8.12 Cognitive and Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 29 a= 43 b= 29 c= 24 d= 4 r = .18 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 146. Carter is in an electronics store with his parents. He looks at the smartphone cases and thinks for a moment that he could grab one and put it beneath his coat. As he considers this possibility, he decides not to do it because he might get caught and his parents would punish him. What stage of moral development does Carter’s decision represent? a) preoperational Incorrect. Preoperational is a term used in Piaget’s theory of human development; it is not a term related to moral choices. b) preconventional Correct. At the preconventional level, one determines right and wrong based on what consequences would likely result from an action. c) autonomous moral principles d) conventional role conformity Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Topic: 8.12 Cognitive and Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 63 a= 5 b= 63 c= 21 d= 11 r = .21 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 147. Wes is a Boy Scout. While on a camping trip, the scout leader tells the boys to stay away from the lake. Some of the scouts ignore the leader and go swimming in the lake anyway. Wes wants to do what the leader tells him and believes that good behaviors are rewarded and bad behaviors are punished. Which level of moral reasoning is Wes in? a) preconventional Correct. Preconventional morality focuses on the role of an authority figure who determines what a correct action is or is not. b) conventional Incorrect. Conventional morality focuses on the rules that maintain social order and allow people to get along. c) postconventional d) convenient Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Topic: 8.12 Cognitive and Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 148. Charleton believes an action is morally right if it conforms to the rules of society. Most likely, he is at the __________ level of moral development. a) convergent b) postconventional c) conventional Correct. Conventional morality focuses on the rules that maintain social order and allow people to get along. d) preconventional Incorrect. Preconventional morality focuses on the role of an authority figure who determines what a correct action is or is not. Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Topic: 8.12 Cognitive and Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 149. Fritz refuses to vote in major elections because he believes that most political candidates seeking office are motivated by personal gain and not to create positive social change. Based on Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, Fritz's reasoning reflects __________ . a) formal conventional moral reasoning Incorrect. In Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, there's no such thing as formal conventional moral reasoning. b) postconventional moral reasoning Correct. Fritz is acting in a manner that he believes represents higher, universal ethical standards and is following the tenets of his own experience and judgment. This demonstrates postconventional moral reasoning. c) preconventional moral reasoning d) unconventional moral reasoning Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Topic: 8.12 Cognitive and Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 150. At what stage of moral development is moral thought guided by principles that have been decided upon by the individual and may be in disagreement with accepted social norms? a) preoperational b) preconventional Incorrect. At the preconventional level, a person determines right and wrong based on the expected consequences of an action. c) postconventional Correct. At the postconventional level, morality is driven by an individual’s self-determined moral principles. d) conventional role conformity Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Topic: 8.12 Cognitive and Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 56 a= 4 b= 23 c= 56 d= 17 r = .38 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 151. When faced with a conflict between law and conscience, Aisha follows her conscience despite the personal risk. This would be characteristic of __________ morality. a) conventional b) preconventional Incorrect. At the preconventional level, a person determines right and wrong based on the expected consequences of an action. c) postconventional Correct. At the postconventional level, right and wrong are determined by the individual, which may be in disagreement with accepted social norms. d) unconventional Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Topic: 8.12 Cognitive and Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 152. What is the sequence of stages of moral development as identified by Lawrence Kohlberg? a) preconventional, conventional, postconventional Correct. The sequence of the stages of moral development is preconventional, conventional, postconventional. b) preoperational, postoperational, worldview c) preconventional, postconventional, conventional Incorrect. Postconventional follows conventional. d) concrete operations, formal operations, autonomous Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Topic: 8.12 Cognitive and Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 82 a= 82 b= 5 c= 5 d= 9 r = .37 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 153. According to Carol Gilligan and other critics, Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development __________. a) should only be applied to males Correct. Because Kohlberg’s theory was established using only boys and men, Gilligan has suggested that his theory is not applicable to the morality of girls or women. b) explains moral reasoning in multiple cultures

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) should be extended to males Incorrect. Gilligan proposed that women and men have different perspectives on morality. d) is a comprehensive theory without missing components Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Topic: 8.12 Cognitive and Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 154. Sam is 17 years old. According to Erikson, Sam’s chief task will be acquiring a sense of __________. a) identity Correct. According to Erikson, adolescents must begin to develop a sense of self. b) intimacy Incorrect. According to Erikson, developing intimacy begins in early adulthood. c) generativity d) autonomy Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Topic: 8.12 Cognitive and Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 76 a= 76 b= 24 c= 0 d= 0 r = .29 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 155. Hugo is 18 and is looking into career options. He is currently deciding whether he wants to become a gourmet chef or a racecar driver. Hugo is at what stage of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development? a) ego integrity versus despair b) intimacy versus isolation c) generativity versus stagnation Incorrect. Brad is too young to enter the generativity versus stagnation stage. d) identity versus role confusion Correct. In the identity versus role confusion stage, the individual is searching for a consistent sense of self, and one part of this process is choosing a career. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Topic: 8.12 Cognitive and Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 90 a= 2 b= 0 c= 8 d= 90 r = .18 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 156. Conflicts between adolescents and their parents tend to be over __________. a) trivial things Correct. Most arguments are about trivial things. b) moral issues c) political issues d) major things Incorrect. Most arguments are over trivial things such as hair, clothing, and taste in music. Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Topic: 8.12 Cognitive and Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Easy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 89 a= 89 b= 11 c= 0 d= 0 r = .31 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 157. On big moral issues, parents and teens tend to __________. a) completely disagree b) agree Correct. On big moral issues, parents and teens tend to be in agreement. c) be unfamiliar with each other’s positions d) have intense arguments Incorrect. Most intense arguments are over trivial things such as hair, clothing, and taste in music. Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Topic: 8.12 Cognitive and Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 158. The 20s are a time of __________. a) peak physical health Correct. This is a time when health is at its peak. b) decline in senses c) immature cognitive abilities Incorrect. The 20s are a time when health is at its peak. d) illness Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.13 Identify the physical and cognitive changes of adulthood. Topic: 8.13 Physical and Cognitive Development: Use It or Lose It Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 95 a= 95 b= 5 c= 0 d= 0 r = .34 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 159. Around age 40, adults __________. a) see a decline in sexual functioning Incorrect. Any decline in sexual functioning is more typically due to a decrease in opportunity rather than ability. b) may need to wear bifocal lenses Correct. The lens of the eye begins to harden and has difficulty changing shape to focus. c) experience a sharpening of the senses d) do not experience any physical changes Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.13 Identify the physical and cognitive changes of adulthood. Topic: 8.13 Physical and Cognitive Development: Use It or Lose It Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 47 a= 47 b= 47 c= 0 d= 5 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 160. The period of 5 to 10 years during which a woman’s reproductive system begins to decline is called __________. a) the climacteric b) perimenopause Correct. Perimenopause is the term for the period of decline in the female reproductive system. c) menopause Incorrect. Menopause is the term used to describe the cessation of the menstrual cycle and ovulation.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) postmenopause Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.13 Identify the physical and cognitive changes of adulthood. Topic: 8.13 Physical and Cognitive Development: Use It or Lose It Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 161. Madelyn is in her 40s. Her menstrual cycle is irregular and she is experiencing “hot flashes” that are keeping her awake at night. The changes Madelyn is experiencing are called __________. a) the climacteric Correct. The climacteric is the term for the physical changes, such as those that Madelyn is experiencing, that occur during perimenopause. b) perimenopause Incorrect. Perimenopause is the term for the period of time during which the climacteric, or decline in the female reproductive system, occurs; it is not the term for the changes themselves. c) menopause d) andropause Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.13 Identify the physical and cognitive changes of adulthood. Topic: 8.13 Physical and Cognitive Development: Use It or Lose It Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 162. The cessation of menstruation and ovulation is called __________. a) the climacteric b) perimenopause Incorrect. Perimenopause is the term for the period of 5 to 10 years during which a woman’s reproductive system begins to decline. c) menopause Correct. Menopause is the term for the cessation of the menstrual cycle and ovulation. d) andropause Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.13 Identify the physical and cognitive changes of adulthood. Topic: 8.13 Physical and Cognitive Development: Use It or Lose It Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 81 a= 5 b= 10 c= 81 d= 5 r = .42 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 163. The average age of menopause is __________. a) 34 b) 43 Incorrect. At 43, the average woman may be experiencing the physical changes of the climacteric but is still about 8 years away from menopause. c) 51 Correct. Fifty-one is the average age for women to cease ovulation. d) 55 Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.13 Identify the physical and cognitive changes of adulthood. Topic: 8.13 Physical and Cognitive Development: Use It or Lose It Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White % correct 45 a= 5 b= 32 c= 45 d= 18 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 164. The gradual decline in the sexual reproductive system of males is called __________. a) menopause b) andropause Correct. Andropause is the term for the gradual decline in the reproductive system of males. c) male menopause Incorrect. The appropriate term for the gradual decline of the male reproductive system is andropause. d) change of life Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.13 Identify the physical and cognitive changes of adulthood. Topic: 8.13 Physical and Cognitive Development: Use It or Lose It Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 165. In the United States, what is the MOST common cause of death in men during middle adulthood? a) suicide b) cancer c) heart disease Correct. Heart disease is followed closely by cancer. d) stroke Incorrect. Stroke is the fifth most common cause of death in middle adulthood for men, and the fourth leading cause for women. Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.13 Identify the physical and cognitive changes of adulthood. Topic: 8.13 Physical and Cognitive Development: Use It or Lose It Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 166. Which cognitive ability declines during adulthood? a) intellectual ability b) speed of processing Correct. Speed of processing declines during adulthood. c) wisdom d) verbal ability Incorrect. Verbal ability tends to increase during adulthood. Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.13 Identify the physical and cognitive changes of adulthood. Topic: 8.13 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 167. What is the most noticeable cognitive change in middle-aged adults? a) changes in memory ability Correct. As we age there are normal declines in memory skills that take place, but they are not as pronounced as many believe. b) loss of the ability to recognize familiar objects c) reductions in height d) loss of problem-solving skills Incorrect. There is no evidence that we necessarily lose problem-solving skills as we age. Answer: a

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 8.13 Identify the physical and cognitive changes of adulthood. Topic: 8.13 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 168. Erikson saw the major challenge of young adulthood as that of __________. a) intimacy versus isolation Correct. Erikson saw the major challenge of young adulthood as intimacy versus isolation. b) generativity versus stagnation c) identity versus role confusion Incorrect. Erikson identified identity versus role confusion as the major task in adolescence. d) ego integrity versus despair Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.14 Apply Erikson’s theory to some common psychosocial concerns of adulthood. Topic: 8.14 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 48 a= 48 b= 10 c= 43 d= 0 r = .49 % correct 36 a= 36 b= 0 c= 64 d= 0 r = .34 % correct 33 a= 33 b= 2 c= 62 d= 2 r = .22 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 169. According to Erikson, an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care while still maintaining one’s sense of self is called __________. a) bonding b) intimacy Correct. Erikson defined intimacy as an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care while still maintaining one’s sense of self. c) attachment Incorrect. Attachment refers to the bond that is formed between an infant and a primary caregiver. d) attraction Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.14 Apply Erikson’s theory to some common psychosocial concerns of adulthood. Topic: 8.14 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 41 a= 5 b= 41 c= 54 d= 0 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 170. Sienna is 30 years old and has difficulty forming meaningful relationships with others. According to Erikson’s psychosocial theory, she is most likely in the __________ stage of development. a) intimacy versus isolation Correct. Erikson said that the primary challenge of young adulthood is forming intimate relationships, or being left with the sense that we are alone in the world. b) identity versus role confusion c) trust versus mistrust Incorrect. This is the first stage of Erikson’s theory, and it occurs during the first year of life. d) ego integrity versus despair Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.14 Apply Erikson’s theory to some common psychosocial concerns of adulthood. Topic: 8.14 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 171. Erik Erikson saw the major challenge of middle adulthood as that of __________. a) intimacy versus isolation b) identity versus role confusion c) ego integrity versus despair Incorrect. Erikson saw ego integrity versus despair as a stage beginning in older adulthood. d) generativity versus stagnation Correct. Erikson saw the major challenge of middle adulthood as generativity versus stagnation. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.14 Apply Erikson’s theory to some common psychosocial concerns of adulthood. Topic: 8.14 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 172. Nazir is a middle-aged physician. He gives back to the community by acting as a mentor to teenagers interested in entering the medical profession. Erikson would say that Nazir is experiencing __________. a) intimacy b) identity c) generativity Correct. According to Erikson, mentoring is a kind of generativity. d) integrity Incorrect. According to Erikson, the sense of integrity is usually established in older adulthood. Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.14 Apply Erikson’s theory to some common psychosocial concerns of adulthood. Topic: 8.14 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 173. In the context of physical aging and mental activity, which phrase best summarizes the research evidence? a) “Winter is coming.” b) “Use it or lose it.” Correct. Mental fitness comes from exercising one’s mental muscles. c) “Why not me?” d) “Here comes the sun.” Incorrect. This phrase really wouldn’t apply in this context. Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.14 Apply Erikson’s theory to some common psychosocial concerns of adulthood. Topic: 8.14 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 174. Marcus tends to rule his home with an iron fist. His children know the rules and they are expected to obey them without question, or there will be harsh consequences. Marcus’s parenting style can BEST be described as __________. a) authoritarian Correct. An authoritarian parenting style leaves little to no room for exchange between parent and child, and obedience is expected. b) authoritative Incorrect. An authoritative parenting style allows for exchange between a child and parents, and while rules are still

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White enforced, there can be collaboration and discussion on some of those rules. c) ironclad d) indulgent Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.14 Apply Erikson’s theory to some common psychosocial concerns of adulthood. Topic: 8.14 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 175. The McGillicuddys do not believe in punishing their children; instead, they shape their children's behaviors by praising them and showering them with affection. This parenting style most closely resembles __________ . a) disinterested-harmful parenting b) authoritarian parenting Incorrect. Authoritarian parents use a high amount of discipline and structure to raise their children. c) uninvolved parenting d) permissive-indulgent parenting Correct. The lack of structure that the McGillicuddys provide for their children is consistent with indulgentpermissive parenting. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.14 Apply Erikson’s theory to some common psychosocial concerns of adulthood. Topic: 8.14 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology, 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 176. Psychologists say that an older person who is looking back over her or his life and coming to terms with the actions of that life is engaging in __________. a) despair b) a sense of identity c) ego integrity Incorrect. Ego integrity is the best possible outcome of a life review, but it is not the term used for the process itself. d) a life review Correct. A life review occurs when an older adult looks back and evaluates the life she or he has lived. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.14 Apply Erikson’s theory to some common psychosocial concerns of adulthood. Topic: 8.14 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 68 a= 5 b= 0 c= 27 d= 68 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 177. Elijah is 70 years old and has just retired from a career as a lawyer. He is now spending time looking back on his life and is recognizing, as well as coming to terms with, mistakes, regrets, and unfinished business. Elijah is engaging in a process called __________. a) despair b) sense of identity c) ego integrity Incorrect. Ego integrity is the best possible outcome of a life review, but it is not the term used for the process itself. d) a life review Correct. A life review occurs when an older adult looks back on and evaluates the life she or he has lived. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.14 Apply Erikson’s theory to some common psychosocial concerns of adulthood.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 8.14 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 178. “I can’t help it,” Norman said, as he struggled to get up the stairs. “At my age, it’s a wonder I can move at all! That’s just what happens; all the machinery wears out after a while. My tired ol’ body is just shutting down.” Which theory of physical aging do Norman’s comments best represent? a) wear-and-tear Correct. Norman implies that his body is giving out from simple wear and tear. b) cellular clock c) data degeneration Incorrect. This is not a theory of physical aging. d) free radical Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.15 Compare and contrast four theories of why aging occurs. Topic: 8.15 Theories of Physical and Psychological Aging Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 179. The __________ theory sees aging as a process in which cells are assumed to have a limitation on the number of times they can reproduce to repair damage. a) wear-and-tear b) cellular-clock Correct. Cellular-clock theory assumes that there is a limitation on the number of times a cell can reproduce to repair damage. c) activity d) free-radical Incorrect. The free-radical theory explains damage to the body as arising from free radicals, or oxygen molecules that damage structures inside the cell. Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.15 Compare and contrast four theories of why aging occurs. Topic: 8.15 Theories of Physical and Psychological Aging Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 180. The theory in which aging is attributed to our bodies’ organs and cell tissues simply wearing out with repeated use and abuse is called __________ theory. a) activity b) wear-and-tear Correct. Wear-and-tear theory attributes aging to the body wearing out with repeated use. c) disengagement d) cellular-clock Incorrect. Cellular-clock theory attributes aging to the limited number of times a cell can reproduce to repair damage. Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.15 Compare and contrast four theories of why aging occurs. Topic: 8.15 Theories of Physical and Psychological Aging Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

181. Which theory of aging suggests that oxygen molecules that have an unstable electron cause damage to the structure of cells, increasing with age? a) wear-and-tear theory b) cellular-clock theory Incorrect. Cellular-clock theory sees aging as a process whereby cells are assumed to have a limitation on the number of times they can reproduce to repair damage. c) disengagement theory d) free-radical theory Correct. Free-radical theory suggests that unstable oxygen molecules cause damage to the structure of cells. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.15 Compare and contrast four theories of why aging occurs. Topic: 8.15 Theories of Physical and Psychological Aging Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 182. The theory of adjustment to aging that assumes that older people are happier if they remain active in some way, such as volunteering or developing a hobby, is called __________ theory. a) activity Correct. Activity theory assumes that older people are happier if they remain active. b) wear-and-tear Incorrect. Wear-and-tear theory attributes aging to the body wearing out with repeated use. c) disengagement d) cellular-clock Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.15 Compare and contrast four theories of why aging occurs. Topic: 8.15 Theories of Physical and Psychological Aging Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 183. The correct sequence of the five stages of death and dying proposed by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross is __________. a) denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance Correct. Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance are the correct sequence of the five stages of death and dying. b) denial, anger, bargaining, acceptance, and depression c) anger, denial, bargaining, acceptance, and depression Incorrect. In the five stages of death and dying, denial occurs before anger. d) anger, denial, bargaining, depression, and acceptance Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.16 Describe Kübler-Ross’s theory of death and dying, and identify some criticisms of this theory. Topic: 8.16 Stages of Death and Dying Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 67 a= 67 b= 10 c= 10 d= 14 r = .69 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 184. Mr. Gonzalez has just been told that he has a rare form of cancer. He insists that there has been a mistake and asks his physician to retake his medical tests. According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Mr. Gonzalez is most likely in the __________ stage of dying. a) anger Incorrect. Mr. Gonzalez is not showing any signs of anger, probably because he is refusing to believe that the diagnosis is real.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) bargaining c) denial Correct. By refusing to believe that the diagnosis is correct, Mr. Gonzalez is denying the reality of his situation. d) reactive Answer: c Learning Objective: 8.16 Describe Kübler-Ross’s theory of death and dying, and identify some criticisms of this theory. Topic: 8.16 Stages of Death and Dying Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 98 a= 0 b= 2 c= 98 d= 0 r = .18 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 185. Zebulon was told by his physician, 6 months ago, that he’d have about 18 months to live. “I’ve been working out a deal,” Zebulon told his physician. “Through daily prayer I’ve negotiated with God another year on top of your prognosis. It’s in the bag.” What stage of dealing with dying in Zebulon in? a) bargaining Correct. Zebulon is wheeling and dealing at the end of his life. b) anger Incorrect. Zebulon doesn’t seem particularly angry. c) denial d) reactive Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.16 Describe Kübler-Ross’s theory of death and dying, and identify some criticisms of this theory. Topic: 8.16 Stages of Death and Dying Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 186. Walter Larsen was told by his physician that his terminal diagnosis had progressed rapidly, and that he only had 6 months to live. “That’s so unfair!” Walter shouted. “What kind of *#@&* is that?!” What stage of dealing with dying is Walter in? a) denial b) anger Correct. Walter’s reaction seems consistent with this stage of death and dying. c) bargaining d) depression Incorrect. Walter hardly seems depressed, and instead seems to be amply displaying some other emotion. Answer: b Learning Objective: 8.16 Describe Kübler-Ross’s theory of death and dying, and identify some criticisms of this theory. Topic: 8.16 Stages of Death and Dying Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 187. In a wealthy __________ family in __________, the body of a deceased relative stays at the family home until it is time for cremation. Before cremation, the body will be washed by family members. a) Jewish; Israel Incorrect. This is not a ritual honored by wealthy Jewish families in Israel. b) Catholic; Romania

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) Lutheran; Austria d) Hindu; India Correct. This is a ritual that is sometimes observed by wealthy Hindu families in India. Answer: d Learning Objective: 8.17 Compare and contrast some cross-cultural differences in views of death and dying. Topic: 8.17 Death and Dying in Other Cultures Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 188. In traditional Navajo culture, where is a dead person presumed to have gone? a) the underworld Correct. And that dead person can visit the living, which is a feared situation. b) Cincinnati c) into the woods Incorrect. This is not a traditional Navajo belief. d) the great river Answer: a Learning Objective: 8.17 Compare and contrast some cross-cultural differences in views of death and dying. Topic: 8.17 Death and Dying in Other Cultures Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

TRUE OR FALSE 189. The scientific study of changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death is called gerontology. Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study development. Topic: 8.1 Research Designs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 190. A researcher who studies different age groups, or cohorts, at one time is using a cross-sectional research design. Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study development. Topic: 8.1 Research Designs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 191. Nature refers to “heredity” and nurture refers to “influence from the environment.” Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.2 Explain the relationship between heredity and environmental factors in determining development. Topic: 8.2 Nature and Nurture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 192. To summarize the research on “nature versus nurture”: all that people are, and all that people become, is the product of an interaction between nature and nurture.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.2 Explain the relationship between heredity and environmental factors in determining development. Topic: 8.2 Nature and Nurture Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 193. Chromosomes are located on rod-shaped structures called genes. Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 194. Most physical and psychological characteristics of an individual are determined by 25 pairs of chromosomes called autosomes. Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 195. Recessive genes are more active than dominant genes in influencing a trait. Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 196. Klinefelter syndrome is a chromosome disorder resulting from an XXY pattern of the 23rd chromosomes, causing reduced male characteristics and obesity. Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 197. An extra chromosome in the 6th pair results in Down syndrome. Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 198. Dizygotic twins develop when a fertilized egg divides into two parts that develop into separate embryos. Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.4 Explain the process of fertilization, including the twinning process. Topic: 8.4 Fertilization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 199. Identical twins are also called monozygotic twins. Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.4 Explain the process of fertilization, including the twinning process. Topic: 8.4 Fertilization Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 200. The germinal period begins at conception and ends when the organism firmly attaches to the wall of the uterus. Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: 8.5 Three Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 201. Critical periods are times when the environment can have a significant influence on the development of an embryo. Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: 8.5 Three Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 202. A teratogen is any factor that can cause a birth defect. Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: 8.5 Three Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 203. The most common time for a spontaneous abortion, or miscarriage, is during the third trimester. Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: 8.5 Three Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 204. Reflexes help infants to survive. Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.6 Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.6 Physical Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 205. The LEAST functional of all the senses at birth is hearing. Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.6 Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.6 Physical Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 206. After finally being able to raise the head and chest, the infant is likely to develop next the motor milestone of sitting up without support, according to the six identified motor milestones. Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.6 Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.6 Physical Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 207. A schema is a mental concept formed through experiences with objects and events. Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 208. Conservation refers to the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight. Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 209. Piaget’s concept of centration is the inability to see the world through another person’s eyes. Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 210. By the time a child enters the concrete operations stage of cognitive development, she or he is capable of grasping the concept of conservation. Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

211. Scaffolding involves a higher-skilled person helping a less-skilled person learn a new task. As the less-skilled person becomes more masterful at the task, the higher-skilled person withdraws her or his help as the less-skilled person improves at the task. Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 212. Temperament is thought to be fairly well established at birth. Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.8 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 213. The four attachment styles are secure, ambivalent, avoidant, and disorganized–disoriented. Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.8 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 214. Gender identity refers to a culture’s expectations for female and male behavior. Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.9 Define gender, and discuss the development of gender roles. Topic: 8.9 Gender Roles Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 215. Social learning theory and gender schema theory are two leading explanations for how gender roles develop. Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.10 Compare and contrast two theories of gender-role development. Topic: 8.10 Theories of Gender-Role Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 216. Growth spurts happen for girls at around age 12 and for boys at around age 10. Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.11 Describe the physical changes that occur in adolescence, and identify some of the sexually transmitted diseases to which adolescents may be vulnerable. Topic: 8.11 Physical Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 217. A personal fable is present when an adolescent believes she or he is unique and cannot be harmed.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Topic: 8.12 Cognitive and Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 218. Lawrence Kohlberg’s stages of moral development are concrete operations, formal operations, and sensorimotor operations. Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Topic: 8.12 Cognitive and Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 219. Most people’s vision and hearing remain at peak functioning until around age 60. Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.13 Identify the physical and cognitive changes of adulthood. Topic: 8.13 Physical and Cognitive Development: Use It or Lose It Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 220. Menopause is the cessation of the menstrual cycle and ovulation. Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.13 Identify the physical and cognitive changes of adulthood. Topic: 8.13 Physical and Cognitive Development: Use It or Lose It Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 221. Andropause usually begins in the 40s and is marked by a decrease in hormone production and physical changes such as reduced sperm count. Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.13 Identify the physical and cognitive changes of adulthood. Topic: 8.13 Physical and Cognitive Development: Use It or Lose It Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 222.According to Erik Erikson, middle adulthood is the time when individuals struggle with the crisis of generativity versus stagnation. Answer: True Learning Objective: 8.14 Apply Erikson’s theory to some common psychosocial concerns of adulthood. Topic: 8.14 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 223. Permissive, neglectful parents are often overly involved with their children’s lives. Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.14 Apply Erikson’s theory to some common psychosocial concerns of adulthood. Topic: 8.14 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Easy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 224. The cellular-clock theory of aging proposes that cells have an unlimited number of times they can reproduce and repair damage. Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.15 Compare and contrast four theories of why aging occurs. Topic: 8.15 Theories of Physical and Psychological Aging Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 225. The wear-and-tear theory of aging proposes that unstable oxygen molecules cause damage to the structure of cells, increasing with age. Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.15 Compare and contrast four theories of why aging occurs. Topic: 8.15 Theories of Physical and Psychological Aging Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 226. The activity theory of aging proposes that the more involved adolescents stay in hobbies until they turn into adults, the more likely they are to be happy until the time of death. Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.15 Compare and contrast four theories of why aging occurs. Topic: 8.15 Theories of Physical and Psychological Aging Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 227. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross identified exactly three stages of dying: resistance, depression, and acceptance. Answer: False Learning Objective: 8.16 Describe Kübler-Ross’s theory of death and dying, and identify some criticisms of this theory. Topic: 8.16 Stages of Death and Dying Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

SHORT ANSWER 228. Discuss the terms nature and nurture as they pertain to human development. Learning Objective: 8.2 Explain the relationship between heredity and environmental factors in determining development. Topic: 8.2 Nature and Nurture Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 229. What is the difference between a dominant and recessive gene? Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development Difficulty Level: Easy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 230. What causes Down syndrome, and what are its effects? Learning Objective: 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Topic: 8.3 The Basic Building Blocks of Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 231. List and define the three stages of prenatal development. Learning Objective: 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: 8.5 Three Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 232. Describe two reflexes that are present at birth. Learning Objective: 8.6 Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.6 Physical Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 233. Define and explain Jean Piaget’s sensorimotor stage and the milestones that are present during this stage. Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 234. List and explain the three infant temperaments.. Learning Objective: 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.8 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 235. Explain the adolescent concepts of the personal fable and the imaginary audience. Learning Objective: 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Topic: 8.12 Cognitive and Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 236. Explain the terms climacteric, perimenopause, and menopause. Learning Objective: 8.13 Identify the physical and cognitive changes of adulthood. Topic: 8.13 Physical and Cognitive Development: Use It or Lose It Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 237. Explain the wear-and-tear theory of aging. Learning Objective: 8.15 Compare and contrast four theories of why aging occurs. Topic: 8.15 Theories of Physical and Psychological Aging Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 238. List in order the five stages of dying proposed by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross. Learning Objective: 8.16 Describe Kübler-Ross’s theory of death and dying, and identify some criticisms of this theory. Topic: 8.16 Stages of Death and Dying Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

ESSAY 239. Distinguish the major research methods used in the field of human development, and provide examples of each. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each approach? Learning Objective: 8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study development. Topic: 8.1 Research Designs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 240. What is a critical period? What are teratogens? List four common teratogens and discuss their effects on development. Learning Objective: 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Topic: 8.5 Three Stages of Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 241. Summarize Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, and discuss the major milestones accomplished, as well as the limitations a child experiences, at each stage. Learning Objective: 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Topic: 8.7 Cognitive Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 242. Summarize Erik Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development. Provide an example for each stage that describes successful resolution of each stage. Learning Objective: 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Topic: 8.8 Psychosocial Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 243. Summarize Elisabeth Kübler-Ross’s five stages of death and dying. How are they experienced?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 8.16 Describe Kübler-Ross’s theory of death and dying, and identify some criticisms of this theory. Topic: 8.16 Stages of Death and Dying Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Test Yourself Pick the best answer. 1. The thinking and attitudes of many who survived the Depression of the 1930s changed them for the rest of their lives. This would be an example of a a. cohort effect. b. cultural group. c. longitudinal group. d. cross-sequential group. 2. If a person has one gene influencing blue eyes but actually has brown eyes, blue eyes must be a __________ trait. a. recessive b. dominant c. sex-linked d. polygenic 3. In __________ syndrome, the 23rd pair of chromosomes consists of an XXY pairing, resulting in reduced masculine characteristics and excessive height. a. PKU b. Down c. Klinefelter d. Turner 4. Which of the following represents the fertilization process for monozygotic twins? a. One egg is fertilized by two different sperm. b. One egg splits and is then fertilized by two different sperm. c. One egg is fertilized by one sperm and then splits. d. Two eggs are fertilized by the same sperm. 5. What part of an infant’s body is said to stay in an immature state until needed to produce more cells? a. uterus b. stem cells c. umbilical cord d. placenta 6. Based on today’s science and medicine, when does the age of viability begin? a. between 8 and 12 weeks b. between 12 and 18 weeks c. between 22 and 26 weeks d. between 28 and 36 weeks 7. Dr. Kahn measures how long baby Lydia looks at a particular stimulus. The technique is known as a. preferential looking. b. dishabituation. c. habituation. d. stimulus discrimination. 8. At what age can the typical infant roll over? a. 2 months b. 5 weeks c. 8 months d. 12 months

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 9. Studies of the infant brain show signs of what scientists call synaptic pruning. What occurs during this process? a. The brain creates additional neural connections by removing parts of the surrounding bone. b. Unused synaptic connections and nerve cells are cleared out to make way for new cells. c. New cells work to “rewrite” old cells and ultimately change their functioning. d. New cells will not develop until the body makes sufficient physical space within the brain. 10. In which of Piaget’s stages does the child become capable of understanding conservation? a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. formal operations d. concrete operations 11. In which of Piaget’s stages does the child become capable of abstract reasoning? a. formal operations b. sensorimotor c. preoperational d. concrete operations 12. Which infant temperament is associated with babies who are very regular in their schedules of sleeping and eating? a. slow-to-warm-up b. easy c. difficult d. anxious 13. In the Strange Situation, __________ babies would cry when their mother left the room but were happy upon her return. a. secure b. avoidant c. ambivalent d. disorganized–disoriented 14. What is the most likely explanation as to why teenagers and young adults may engage in risky and dangerous behavior? a. Such behavior is due to the tremendous pressure applied by peers. b. Such behavior is actually hereditary. c. Such behavior may be due to unbalanced levels of hormones in the body. d. Such behavior may be due to the incomplete development of the prefrontal cortex. 15. Samantha enters a classroom where two students are talking. When they stop their discussion, Samantha is certain they must have been talking about her. Such a belief is an example of a. the imaginary audience. b. the personal fable. c. abstract egocentrism. d. formal operations. 16. What cognitive changes occurring during middle adulthood are the most noticeable? a. Changes in memory begin to occur. b. Problem-solving skills diminish. c. Hearing begins to decline. d. Hair begins to turn gray.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 17. Independence and self-reliance in the teenage years are most likely due to __________ parenting. a. authoritarian b. authoritative c. permissive neglectful d. permissive indulgent 18. The crisis of late adulthood, according to Erikson, is a. identity versus role confusion. b. generativity versus stagnation. c. intimacy versus isolation. d. integrity versus despair. 19. Which theory of aging states that unstable oxygen molecules tend to steal electrons as they bounce around, thus causing damage to surrounding cells? a. cellular-clock theory b. wear-and-tear theory c. free-radical theory d. activity theory 20. Kip is worried that he is losing his mind because he finds himself angry at a friend who died in an automobile accident. Based on Kübler-Ross’s research, what might you tell him? a. Anger of this type is self-destructive and unhealthy. b. Anger is usually a mask to your true feelings of sadness. c. Anger towards a deceased individual is simply not normal and may require psychological counseling. d. Anger is a normal reaction to death and not a sign of mental illness.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

EXTRA BANK OF QUESTIONS 8: DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN ______________________________________________________________________________ 8.1–8.3 Studying Human Development 1. The study of psychological and physical changes from conception to death is __________ psychology. a. personality b. developmental c. evolutionary d. physiological Answer b % correct 91 a= 5 b= 91 c= 0 d= 4 r = .60 2. A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people as they get older. This psychologist is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist. a. evolutionary b. personality c. health d. developmental Answer d % correct 96 a= 2 b= 2 c= 0 d= 96 r = .24 Answer d % correct 98 a= 2 b= 0 c= 0 d= 98 r = .21

8.1 Research Designs 3. A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is, by definition, using the __________ method. a. longitudinal b. correlational c. cross-sectional d. biographical study Answer c % correct 88 a= 5 b= 5 c= 88 d= 2 r = .48 4. A researcher who studies a fixed group of people over a long period of time is, by definition, using the __________ method. a. longitudinal b. correlational c. cross-sectional d. biographical study Answer a % correct 88 a= 88 b= 2 c= 10 d= 0 r = .42 5. Which of the following is a weakness associated with longitudinal research? a. It cannot measure the stability of behavior. b. Cultural experiences cannot be controlled. c. It costs a lot in terms of time and money. d. Historical influence cannot be controlled. Answer c % correct 69 a= 8 b= 10 c= 69 d= 12 r = .43 6. Comparing the same group of people on the same measure(s) over a lengthy time period defines __________ research. a. longitudinal

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b. cross-sectional c. basic d. applied Answer a % correct 95

a= 95 b= 0 c= 5 d= 0

r = .73

7. Collecting the responses of different people at different ages all at the same time characterizes __________ research. a. longitudinal b. cross-sectional c. basic d. applied Answer b % correct 92 a= 8 b= 92 c= 0 d= 0 r = .36 8. Cultural and historical influences are BEST controlled using __________ research. a. longitudinal b. cross-sectional c. basic d. applied Answer a % correct 80 a= 80 b= 12 c= 0 d= 8 r = .38 9. Dr. Hassan is studying a group of 25 youngsters from the time they are born until they reach school age. This is known as __________ research. a. cross-sectional b. mixed design c. longitudinal d. historical Answer c % correct 82 a= 14 b= 0 c= 82 d= 4 r = .50 10. Dr. Hassan is studying the influence of getting older on intelligence. He tests a group of first graders, a group of third graders, and a group of sixth graders. They are all tested in one day. This is an example of __________ research. a. cross-sectional b. longitudinal c. mixed design d. fixed effects Answer a % correct 79 a= 79 b= 7 c= 11 d= 4 r = .55 11. Which of the following is an advantage of longitudinal research? a. It takes a relatively short period of time. b. It is quite flexible. c. It can measure stability of behavior. d. It is extremely practical. Answer c % correct 92 a= 4 b= 2 c= 92 d= 2 r = .23 12. A developmental psychologist believes that increased TV watching by young children is responsible for a decline in reading scores when these children enter school. To explore her hypothesis, she records the TV-watching habits of toddlers in a suburban community. She examines these habits again when the children enter kindergarten and once more when they complete first grade. Which research method is she using? a. longitudinal design b. cross-sectional design c. convergent design d. experimental design Answer a % correct 71 a= 71 b= 7 c= 11 d= 4 r = .55

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 13. A weakness of longitudinal studies is that they __________. a. take a lengthy amount of time to gather the appropriate data b. cannot eliminate sample biases c. cannot distinguish age differences from cohort differences d. do not distinguish significant from non-significant relationships Answer a % correct 82 a= 82 b= 7 c= 7 d= 4 r = .24

8.2 Nature and Nurture 14. How one develops is determined by continuous interaction between __________ and __________. a. learning; environment b. heredity; environment c. nurture; environment d. heredity; nature Answer b % correct 81 a= 14 b= 81 c= 3 d= 3 r = .47

8.4–8.5 Prenatal Development 8.5 Three Stages of Development 15. The period of development from conception to birth is called the __________ period. a. neonate b. prenatal c. natal d. postnatal Answer b % correct 95 a= 2 b= 95 c= 3 d= 0 r = .22 73. From 2 weeks to 8 weeks after conception, the developing organism is called a(n) __________. a. neonate b. fetus c. zygote d. embryo Answer d % correct 76 a= 2 b= 2 c= 19 d= 76 r = .44 16. Toxic substances such as alcohol and nicotine that cross the placenta and may result in birth defects are called __________. a. neuroleptics b. teratogens c. pathogens d. antigens Answer b % correct 98 a= 0 b= 98 c= 2 d= 0 r = .38 17. Drugs that can distort the prenatal organism’s physical development are called __________. a. mutagens b. teratogens c. controlled substances d. congenital defectors Answer b % correct 82 a= 5 b= 82 c= 0 d= 13 r = .24 Answer b % correct 92 a= 5 b= 92 c= 0 d= 3 r = .34 18. During prenatal development, the organism depends on the ________ to provide nourishment and filter away waste products.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a. ovum b. umbilicus c. placenta d. uterus Answer c % correct 78

a= 0 b= 20 c= 78 d= 2

r = .56

8.6–8.8 Infancy and Childhood Development 8.6 Physical Development 19. Which of the following is a TRUE statement about newborns? a. They are passive creatures who eat, sleep, and remain relatively oblivious to their world. b. Most of their senses operate very poorly at birth. c. They hear and understand very little of what is going on around them. d. They absorb and process information from the outside world almost as soon as, or even before, they enter it. Answer d % correct 94 a= 3 b= 1 c= 0 d= 94 r = .32 20. Which of the following statements regarding newborn preferences is TRUE? a. Newborns prefer sweet flavors. b. Newborns prefer salty flavors. c. Newborns have no preference regarding smells. d. Newborns have no preference regarding tastes. Answer a % correct 57 a= 57 b= 17 c= 14 d= 12 r = .53 21. Babies come into the world equipped with a number of built-in, involuntary behavior patterns called __________. a. reflexes b. tropisms c. instincts d. motor programs Answer a % correct 89 a= 89 b= 0 c= 7 d= 4 r = .27 22. When adults are surprised by a loud noise, they often show the startle reflex. In infants, the same reflex is called the __________ reflex. a. rooting b. Moro c. grasping d. sucking Answer b % correct 89 a= 8 b= 89 c= 0 d= 3 r = .39 23. An infant will turn its head toward anything that touches its cheek. This is known as the __________ reflex. a. rooting b. Moro c. grasping d. sucking Answer a % correct 90 a= 90 b= 8 c= 0 d= 2 r = .55 8.7 Cognitive Development 24. According to Piaget, which of the following is developed by the end of the sensorimotor stage? a. egocentrism b. attachment c. language

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d. object permanence Answer d % correct 60

a= 2 b= 33 c= 5 d= 60

r = .58

25. According to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development between ages 2 and 7, in which the individual becomes able to use mental representations and language to describe, remember, and reason about the world, though only in an egocentric fashion, is the __________ stage. a. concrete operations b. preoperational c. sensorimotor d. formal operations Answer b 71 % correct b a= 17 b= 71 c= 7 d= 5 r = .58 26. The mother of a young child who didn’t like to drink milk was trying to coax him to drink some. Taking the glass of milk, she poured it all into a smaller cup and said, “There! Now you won’t have to drink so much.” She would never have fooled the child if he had not been in the __________ stage. a. preconventional b. preoperational c. concrete operations d. formal operations Answer b % correct 64 a= 5 b= 64 c= 21 d= 10 r = .39 27. According to Piaget, children learn to retrace their thoughts, correct themselves, and see more than one dimension to a problem, but cannot yet handle abstract concepts, during the __________ stage. a. preoperational b. formal operations c. concrete operations d. sensorimotor Answer c % correct 81 a= 5 b= 7 c= 81 d= 7 r = .48 28. According to Piaget, children begin to understand concepts and develop the ability to think in terms of abstractions in the __________ stage. a. preoperational b. formal operations c. concrete operations d. sensorimotor Answer b % correct 76 a= 14 b= 76 c= 10 d= 7 r = .49 29. Adjusting behavior or thoughts to fit new environmental demands is called __________. a. a schema b. accommodation c. assimilation d. structure Answer b % correct 68 a= 0 b= 68 c= 32 d= 0 r = .44 30. Piaget’s theory of intellectual development assumes that children pass through __________. a. certain stages at a specific age b. a series of six sequential stages c. a series of stages in the same order d. stages but in no particular order and at no specified ages Answer c % correct 45 a= 32 b= 18 c= 45 d= 5 r = .26 31. Piaget’s stage theory assumes that __________. a. all children pass through certain stages at a specified age b. all children pass through a series of six stages c. all children pass through stages in the same order

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d. children often skip some of the stages Answer c % correct 32 a= 36 b= 18 c= 32 d= 14

r = .50

32. __________ is most famous for his theory that all children go through a series of sequential intellectual stages. a. Ainsworth b. Bowlby c. Gesell d. Piaget Answer d % correct 88 a= 2 b= 0 c= 10 d= 88 r = .22 33. The proper sequence of Piaget’s intellectual stages of development is __________. a. preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete, and formal b. sensorimotor, concrete, preoperational, and formal c. formal, sensorimotor, preoperational, and concrete d. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, and formal Answer d % correct 89 a= 3 b= 5 c= 3 d= 89 r = .29 34. Which of the following sequences of Piagetian stages is the correct order? a. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations b. preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations, sensorimotor c. concrete operations, preoperational, formal operations, sensorimotor d. sensorimotor, concrete operations, preoperational, formal operations Answer a % correct 91 a= 91 b= 5 c= 0 d= 5 r = .47 35. Which of the following stages has as a main theme the ability to consider many possible solutions to a problem and the ability to systematically test those possibilities? a. preoperational b. sensorimotor c. formal operations d. concrete operations Answer c % correct 82 a= 6 b= 6 c= 82 d= 6 r = .21 36. According to Piaget, what are the ages for the formal operations stage? a. birth to age 2 b. ages 2 to 7 c. ages 7 to 12 d. beyond age 12 Answer d % correct 73 a= 5 b= 5 c= 18 d= 73 r = .44 37. What event marks the end of the Piagetian stage of sensorimotor development? a. the ability to do abstract thinking b. the ability to do reversible thinking c. the development of conservation d. the development of object permanence Answer d % correct 61 a= 18 b= 14 c= 6 d= 61 r = .44 38. Piaget attributed cognitive development to the interaction of what two processes? a. assimilation and accommodation b. assimilation and egocentric thinking c. egocentric thinking and conservation d. conservation and accommodation Answer a % correct 82 a= 82 b= 0 c= 0 d= 18 r = .21

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 39. The adage “Out of sight, out of mind” is most accurately applied to the early part of the __________ stage of development. a. formal operations b. concrete operations c. preoperational d. sensorimotor Answer d % correct 41 a= 5 b= 27 c= 27 d= 41 r = .21 40. Suppose that you show a small boy, Finn, two bars of fresh fudge that are equal on all dimensions (exactly the same size, shape, and weight). You ask Finn if the two bars are the same, and he says, “Yes.” You then cut one of the bars into 10 chunks as he watches. You are surprised when Finn now asks if he can have the cut-up bar because it has more fudge than the intact bar. This episode illustrates that Finn __________. a. probably has an intellectual disability b. lacks the concept of object permanence c. is in the preoperational stage d. is in the concrete operations stage Answer c % correct 64 a= 0 b= 18 c= 64 d= 7 r = .39 41. In which stage of cognitive development does the conservation concept first appear? a. formal operations b. concrete operations c. preoperational d. sensorimotor Answer b % correct 82 a= 7 b= 82 c= 7 d= 4 r = .33 42. If a child can tell you what “Y” is equal to when you give her the equation X = Y + 10, then she is in the __________ stage of cognitive development. a. formal operations b. concrete operations c. preoperational d. sensorimotor Answer a % correct 35 a= 35 b= 49 c= 12 d= 4 r = .39 43. Preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations are all stages devised by __________. a. Bruner b. Freud c. Skinner d. Piaget Answer d % correct 93 a= 0 b= 4 c= 4 d= 93 r = .55 44. A characteristic that first shows up in the concrete operations stage is __________. a. irreversibility b. abstract thinking c. egocentrism d. logical thinking Answer d % correct 50 a= 0 b= 29 c= 21 d= 50 r = .29 8.8 Psychosocial Development 45. The Strange Situation procedure has been used to study __________. a. social smiling b. attachment c. identification d. dependence and independence

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer b

% correct 45

a= 26 b= 45 c= 11 d= 16

r = .45

46. The Strange Situation procedure, in which researchers unobtrusively watch an infant in the presence or absence of several combinations of the child, caretaker, and stranger, is used to study __________. a. social smiling b. attachment c. identification d. dependence and independence Answer b % correct 48 a= 18 b= 48 c= 12 d= 21 r = .43 47. Kade is a newborn. According to Erikson, Kade’s main task will be to develop a sense of __________. a. trust b. initiative c. industry d. autonomy Answer a % correct 95 a= 95 b= 2 c= 0 d= 2 r = .30 48. Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development viewed the ages of 1 to 3, his second stage, as being characterized by the major challenge of __________. a. identity versus role confusion b. trust versus mistrust c. industry versus inferiority d. autonomy versus shame and doubt Answer d % correct 60 a= 7 b= 19 c= 14 d= 60 r = .30 49. Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development viewed the ages of 3 to 5, his third stage, as being characterized by the major challenge of __________. a. identity versus role confusion b. initiative versus guilt c. industry versus inferiority d. autonomy versus shame and doubt Answer b % correct 52 a= 10 b= 52 c= 24 d= 14 r = .20 50. Erikson’s intimacy versus isolation crisis would most likely be associated with which of the following events in the family cycle? a. your last child leaving home b. your first child leaving home c. marrying d. adolescence Answer c % correct 42 a= 26 b= 8 c= 42 d= 23 r = .36 51. Which of the following theorists believed that people go through stages, each of which has a “crisis” associated with it? a. Bandura b. Kohlberg c. Piaget d. Erikson Answer d % correct 63 a= 6 b= 24 c= 6 d= 63 r = .35 52. According to Erikson, a conflict of identity versus role confusion occurs during which stage? a. adolescence b. young adulthood c. middle adulthood d. old age Answer a % correct 77 a= 77 b= 9 c= 9 d= 5 r = .43

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

53. Erik Erikson found that each stage in personality development has a particular __________. a. crisis b. conflict c. identity d. anxiety Answer a % correct 66 a= 66 b= 16 c= 13 d= 5 r = .41 54. According to Erikson, the last stage of development involves the crisis of __________. a. identity versus role confusion b. generativity versus stagnation c. autonomy versus doubt d. ego integrity versus despair Answer d % correct 63 a= 5 b= 24 c= 8 d= 63 r = .29 55. According to Erikson, an identity crisis is most likely to be experienced at which of the following stages? a. late childhood b. adolescence c. early adulthood d. middle adulthood Answer b % correct 64 a= 0 b= 64 c= 14 d= 23 r = .42 56. According to Erikson, a sense of being productive and contributing to the world is called __________. a. generativity b. self-actualization c. maturation d. worthiness Answer a % correct 73 a= 73 b= 5 c= 9 d= 14 r = .25 57. In Erikson’s theory, children between the ages of 3 and 5 are concerned with the issue of __________. a. trust versus mistrust b. autonomy versus shame c. initiative versus guilt d. industry versus inferiority Answer c % correct 43 a= 14 b= 43 c= 43 d= 0 r = .53 58. The first stage of Erikson’s developmental theory is known as __________. a. autonomy versus shame and doubt b. trust versus mistrust c. initiative versus guilt d. industry versus inferiority Answer b % correct 89 a= 7 b= 89 c= 4 d= 0 r = .50

8.9–8.11 Adolescence 8.9 Physical Development 59. The most obvious change ushering in adolescence is __________. a. voice change b. intellectual growth c. the growth spurt d. emotional upheaval Answer c % correct 61 a= 4 b= 14 c= 61 d= 21 r = .22

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer c

% correct 79

a= 5 b= 10 c= 79 d= 7

r = .22

60. Traits that are typical of a sex but not directly concerned with reproduction are called __________. a. secondary sex characteristics b. primary sex characteristics c. nonprimary sex characteristics d. nonreproductive traits Answer a % correct 82 a= 82 b= 5 c= 5 d= 9 r = .64 61. The development of secondary sex characteristics __________. a. is directly concerned with reproduction b. provides external signs of the onset of puberty c. occurs only in boys d. occurs only in girls Answer b % correct 91 a= 9 b= 91 c= 0 d= 0 r = .60 62. Which of the following is directly concerned with reproduction? a. complex changes in hormones b. primary sex characteristics c. secondary sex characteristics d. the onset of menarche Answer b % correct 63 a= 12 b= 63 c= 6 d= 18 r = .51 63. Betty and Bob are 12-year-old twins. Which of the following is probably an accurate statement about their physical development? a. Betty may be taller and heavier than Bob. b. Bob may be taller and heavier than Betty. c. Bob and Betty, because they are twins, should be about the same height and weight. d. Betty should be heavier, but Bob should be taller. Answer a % correct 68 a= 68 b= 18 c= 12 d= 1 r = .22

8.10 Cognitive Development 64. Lawrence Kohlberg is noted for his theories of __________ development. a. cognitive b. social c. moral d. emotional Answer c % correct 74 a= 14 b= 10 c= 74 d= 2 r = .38 65. According to Kohlberg, children interpret behavior in terms of concrete consequences at the __________ level of moral development. a. precognitive b. preconventional c. conventional d. postconventional Answer b % correct 36 a= 7 b= 36 c= 48 d= 10 r = .43 66. Tatiana is nice to Kelsey, even though she doesn’t like Kelsey at all, because most of her friends like Kelsey. Tatiana is in which stage of moral development, according to Kohlberg? a. moral autonomy b. preconventional c. conventional

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d. postconventional Answer c % correct 57

a= 14 b= 24 c= 57 d= 5

r = .33

67. Kohlberg found that the typical responses of 7-year-old children to the moral dilemmas he presented them were at the __________ level. a. amoral b. preconventional c. conventional d. postconventional Answer b % correct 84 a= 8 b= 84 c= 8 d= 0 r = .23 68. Kohlberg found that the typical responses of adolescents to the moral dilemmas he presented them were at the __________ level. a. amoral b. preconventional c. conventional d. postconventional Answer c % correct 78 a= 2 b= 8 c= 78 d= 12 r = .24 69. Reasoning out what one should do in posed moral dilemmas based on abstract principles of right and wrong and justice illustrates the __________ level of moral development. a. preconventional b. postconventional c. conventional d. nonconventional Answer b % correct 59 a= 11 b= 59 c= 26 d= 4 r = .39

8.11 Psychosocial Development 70. In order to make the transition from dependence on parents to dependence on one’s self, the adolescent must develop a stable sense of __________. a. identity b. control c. status d. acceptance Answer a % correct 92 a= 92 b= 3 c= 3 d= 1 r = .34

8.12–8.17 Adulthood and Aging 8.12 Physical Development: Use It or Lose It 71. The cessation of menstruation is called __________. a. menopause b. endometriosis c. menarche d. the climacteric Answer a % correct 95 a= 95 b= 0 c= 5 d= 0 r = .21

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 8.14 Psychosocial Development 72. Brian, at age 42, lost his job, was divorced by his wife, and couldn’t seem to keep friends for very long. Brian came more and more to feel that he was accomplishing nothing with his life. According to Erikson, Brian is probably __________. a. not going to undergo a midlife transition b. about to undergo a nervous breakdown c. experiencing feelings of stagnation d. not responsible for his own life situation Answer c % correct 86 a= 9 b= 5 c= 86 d= 0 r = .52 73. Generativity or stagnation are two feelings that may dominate a person’s life during __________. a. middle adulthood b. young adulthood c. late adulthood d. the period after a person is told that she or he has a terminal illness Answer a % correct 50 a= 50 b= 7 c= 43 d= 0 r = .49 74. According to Erikson’s theory, the __________ stage of development occurs in late adulthood. a. generativity versus stagnation b. intimacy versus isolation c. ego integrity versus despair d. trust versus mistrust Answer c % correct 51 a= 33 b= 12 c= 51 d= 4 r = .35 75. How did Erikson identify the conflict experienced in late adulthood? a. industry versus inferiority b. intimacy versus isolation c. generativity versus stagnation d. ego integrity versus despair Answer d % correct 55 a= 5 b= 9 c= 32 d= 55 r = .41 76. According to Erik Erikson, the crucial task confronting a person approaching death is that of establishing or attaining __________. a. trust b. ego identity c. ego integrity d. autonomy Answer c % correct 41 a= 32 b= 18 c= 41 d= 9 r = .63

8.16 Stages of Death and Dying 77. Who interviewed terminally ill patients and concluded that they went through a series of stages in dealing with their impending deaths? a. Erikson b. Kohlberg c. Kübler-Ross d. Piaget Answer c % correct 95 a= 5 b= 0 c= 95 d= 0 r = .09 78. How many stages did Kübler-Ross identify among terminally ill patients who knew they were going to die? a. two b. five c. seven

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d. ten Answer b

% correct 78

a= 2 b= 78 c= 28 d= 0

r = .27

79. The typical sequence of the five stages of dying postulated by Kübler-Ross is __________. a. anger, denial, depression, bargaining, acceptance b. depression, anger, denial, bargaining, acceptance c. denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance d. anger, bargaining, depression, denial, acceptance Answer c % correct 83 a= 12 b= 2 c= 83 d= 2 r = .55 80. Kübler-Ross identified denial as the __________ stage in the adjustment to dying process. a. first b. second c. third d. fourth Answer a % correct 63 a= 63 b= 22 c= 12 d= 2 r = .27 81. Cassius, a 43-year-old father dying of cancer, makes frequent nasty remarks to his wife such as, “You can’t wait until I die so you can get the insurance money and live it up, can you?” This example illustrates which of KüblerRoss’s stages? a. anger b. depression c. bargaining d. denial Answer a % correct 86 a= 86 b= 5 c= 0 d= 9 r = .66

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Revel Quizzes The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Psychology: An Exploration, Fifth Edition. End of Module Quiz 8.1-8.3: Studying Human Development EOM Q8.1.1 In a __________ design, one group of people is followed and assessed at different times as the group ages. a) longitudinal b) cross-sectional c) cross-sequential d) cross-longitudinal Answer: a Consider This: Disadvantages of this method are the lengthy amount of time, money, and effort involved in following participants over the years. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study development. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Studying Human Development EOM Q8.1.2 The cognitive and social changes students go through because they are born and grow up in an age of smartphones would be referred to as a(n) a) cohort effect. b) experimental group. c) dominance effect. d) control group. Answer: a Consider This: This is the impact on development that occurs when a group of people share a common time period or common life experience (for example, having gone through a specific historical event together). Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study development. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Studying Human Development EOM Q8.1.3 Kandi has naturally blond hair. Based on this information, what do we know about Kandi’s parents? a) Each of her parents must have one recessive blond hair gene. b) At least one of her parents has a recessive blond hair gene. c) Each of her parents must have one dominant brown hair gene. d) Neither of her parents has a recessive blond hair gene. Answer: a Consider This: Some genes are less active in influencing traits and will only be expressed in the observable trait when paired with another less active gene. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Skill: Apply What You Know

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: Studying Human Development EOM Q8.1.4 Which of the following is a disorder resulting from recessive inheritance? a) cystic fibrosis b) Turner syndrome c) Klinefelter syndrome d) Down syndrome Answer: a Consider This: This is a disease of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Studying Human Development EOM Q8.1.5 Which disorder is characterized by having only one X chromosome in the 23rd pairing? a) Turner syndrome b) Tay-Sachs disease c) Klinefelter syndrome d) PKU Answer: a Consider This: Females with this disorder tend to be very short, infertile, and sexually underdeveloped. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Studying Human Development End of Module Quiz 8.4-8.5 Prenatal Development EOM Q8.2.1 The first 2 weeks of pregnancy are called the __________ period. a) germinal b) placental c) embryonic d) fetal Answer: a Consider This: The placenta begins to form during this period. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Prenatal Development EOM Q8.2.2 Which of the following does NOT happen in the germinal period? a) Developing organs can be affected by toxins passing through the placenta. b) A dividing mass of cells travels to the uterus. c) A mass of cells form a hollow ball.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) Cells begin to differentiate. Answer: a Consider This: During the germinal period, the cells begin to develop into specialized cells, in preparation for becoming all the various kinds of cells that make up the human body. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Prenatal Development EOM Q8.2.3 The period of pregnancy that contains the clearest examples of critical periods is the __________ period. a) embryonic b) germinal c) fetal d) gestational Answer: a Consider This: Critical periods are times during which some environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Prenatal Development EOM Q8.2.4 Intellectual disability and blindness are possible outcomes of the effects of __________ on the developing baby. a) mercury b) caffeine c) alcohol d) cocaine Answer: a Consider This: Any substance such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that can cause a birth defect is called a teratogen. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Prenatal Development End of Module Quiz: 8.6-8.8 Infancy and Childhood Development EOM Q8.3.1 One way researchers study newborn development involves measuring how long infants continue to focus upon a nonchanging stimulus. This technique is referred to as a) habituation b) adaptation. c) longitudinal study. d) a cross-sectional design. Answer: a Consider This: By exposing the infant to an unchanging sound or picture, researchers can wait for the infant to look away and then change the stimulus. If the infant reacts, the infant is capable of detecting that change.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.6 Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy and childhood. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Infancy and Childhood Development EOM Q8.3.2 In which of Piaget’s stages would a child be who has just developed the ability to conserve? a) concrete operations b) sensorimotor c) preoperational d) formal operations Answer: a Consider This: At this stage, children become capable of considering all the relevant features of any given object. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Infancy and Childhood Development EOM Q8.3.3 Vygotsky defines __________ as the process of helping less as the learner improves at a given task. a) scaffolding b) habituation c) zone of proximal development d) metamemory Answer: a Consider This: Vygotsky believed that children develop cognitively when someone else helps them by asking leading questions and providing examples of concepts. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Infancy and Childhood Development EOM Q8.3.4 What kind of attachment, according to Ainsworth, is shown by a baby who clings to their mother, gets upset when the mother leaves, and demands to be picked up but at the same time kicks and pushes her away? a) ambivalent b) secure c) avoidant d) disorganized–disoriented Answer: a Consider This: This means to have mixed feelings about something. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Infancy and Childhood Development

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOM Q8.3.5 Studies by Harry Harlow showed that the most important element to developing attachment is a) physical contact. b) feeding. c) mental challenges. d) sleep. Answer: a Consider This: Harlow felt that attachment had to be influenced by more than just the provision of food. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Infancy and Childhood Development EOM Q8.3.6 According to Erikson, which stage results in a sense of independence because of one’s ability to control their own actions? a) autonomy versus shame and doubt b) trust versus mistrust c) initiative versus guilt d) generativity versus stagnation Answer: a Consider This: This stage occurs when a child is about 1 to 3 years old. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Infancy and Childhood Development End of Module Quiz: 8.9–8.10 Gender Development EOM Q8.5.1 The development of a person’s sense of being male or female is called a) gender identity b) gender role c) gender typing d) gender stereotyping Answer: a Consider This: The process of developing this is influenced by both biological and environmental factors. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.9 Define gender, and discuss the development of gender roles. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Gender Development EOM Q8.5.2 In ____________ cultures, gender roles are seen as more traditional, whereas in ____________ cultures, they may be more nontraditional, especially for women. a) collectivistic; individualistic b) individualistic; collectivistic c) European; Asian d) affluent; poor

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Answer: a Consider This: Individualistic cultures tend to stress independence and loose ties among individuals. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.9 Define gender, and discuss the development of gender roles. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Gender Development EOM Q8.5.3 Beck sees his mother mixing ingredients for a cake. Later, Beck takes a bowl and spoon out of the cabinet and pretends to mix some imaginary ingredients. This would be a good example of which theory of gender development? a) social learning b) androgyny c) sex constancy d) gender schema Answer: a Consider This: This theory emphasizes learning through observation and imitation of models and attributes genderrole development to those processes. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.10 Compare and contrast two theories of gender-role development. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Gender Development EOM Q8.5.4 Enzo’s personality reflects the characteristics of both males and females, and this combination allows Enzo to be more flexible in everyday behavior and his career choices. The term that describes this combination of male and female personality attributes is: a) androgyny b) gender schema c) gender-role d) gender segregation Answer: a Consider This: This term describes a characteristic of people whose personalities reflect the characteristics of both males and females, regardless of gender. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 8.10 Compare and contrast two theories of gender-role development. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Gender Development End of Module Quiz 8.11-8.12: Adolescence EOM Q8.6.1 A change in the body of young boys such as the appearance and growth of body hair is considered a) a secondary sex characteristic. b) a primary sex characteristic. c) the final stage of puberty. d) a sign of postconventional morality. Answer: a Consider This: These changes occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.11 Describe the physical changes that occur in adolescence, and identify some of the sexually transmitted diseases to which adolescents may be vulnerable. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Adolescence EOM Q8.6.2 “It can’t happen to me. I’m special” is a common attitude found in adolescents who have developed a) a personal fable. b) a self-concept. c) an imaginary audience. d) a preconventional morality. Answer: a Consider This: Because they feel this way, teenagers may feel that they are somehow protected from the dangers of the world. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Adolescence EOM Q8.6.3 According to Kohlberg, about one fifth of the adult population is at the __________ level of morality. a) postconventional b) preconventional c) conventional d) preliminary Answer: a Consider This: At this stage, morality is now determined by the experiences and judgment of the person, even if that judgment disagrees with society’s rules. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Adolescence EOM Q8.6.4 According to Erikson, the task of the adolescent is to a) find a consistent sense of self. b) develop a sense of initiative. c) find intimacy with another. d) develop a sense of industry. Answer: a Consider This: Erikson believed that teens who have successfully resolved the conflicts of the earlier stages are much better “equipped” to resist peer pressure to engage in unhealthy or illegal activities and find their own identity during the adolescent years. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Adolescence

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOM Q8.6.5 If Alia is going to argue and disagree with her parents, which of the following topics will she typically be arguing over? a) political beliefs b) religious beliefs c) social values d) her taste in clothes Answer: a Consider This: Although many people think that parent–teen conflicts are intense and concern very serious behavior, the reality is that most conflict is over trivial issues. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Adolescence End of Module Quiz 8.13-8.17: Adulthood and Aging EOM Q8.7.1 As Decker has gotten older, he finds that it is becoming more difficult to remember certain words or the name of a new acquaintance. What is the most likely explanation for this change in memory? a) stress b) Alzheimer’s disease c) the aging process d) heredity Answer: a Consider This: This difficulty in retrieval is probably not evidence of a physical decline. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.13 Identify the physical and cognitive changes of adulthood. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Adulthood and Aging EOM Q8.7.2 ] According to Erikson, the primary task of early adulthood is a) finding a mate. b) completing your education. c) starting a career. d) taking care of aging parents. Answer: a Consider This: Young adults who have difficulty trusting others and who are unsure of their own identities may find isolation instead of intimacy. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.14 Apply Erikson's theory to some common psychosocial concerns of adulthood. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Adulthood and Aging EOM Q8.7.3 According to Baumrind, which type of parent would most likely say, “Because I said so” or “It’s my way or the highway!” a) authoritarian b) authoritative

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) permissive neglectful d) permissive indulgent Answer: a Consider This: This type of parent is stern, rigid, controlling, and uncompromising. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.14 Apply Erikson’s theory to some common psychosocial concerns of adulthood. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Adulthood and Aging EOM Q8.7.4 Which theory of aging is compared to the limited number of repairs you can have before your car’s warranty runs out? a) cellular-clock theory b) wear-and-tear theory c) free-radical theory d) activity theory Answer: a Consider This: Evidence for this theory is that when telomeres are too short, cells cannot reproduce and damage accumulates, resulting in the effects of aging. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.15 Compare and contrast four theories of why aging occurs. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Adulthood and Aging EOM Q8.7.5 According to research, the reason many older people are no longer involved in their community is because a) they are not asked to take part. b) they quite often are unable to take part. c) they do not wish to be involved. d) they die. Answer: a Consider This: Activity theory proposes that an elderly person adjusts more positively to aging when remaining active in some way. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.15 Compare and contrast four theories of why aging occurs. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Adulthood and Aging EOM Q8.7.6 What stage might terminally ill patients be in if they refuse to write a last will and testament because they believe that in doing so, they are admitting they will die? a) denial b) anger c) depression d) bargaining Answer: a Consider This: This is the first stage, in which people refuse to believe that the diagnosis of death is real. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 8.16 Describe Kübler-Ross’s theory of death and dying, and identify some criticisms of this theory.

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Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Adulthood and Aging Chapter 8 Quiz: Development Across the Life Span EOC Q8.1 The thinking and attitudes of many who survived the Depression of the 1930s changed them for the rest of their lives. This would be an example of a a) cohort effect. b) cultural group. c) longitudinal group. d) cross-sequential group. Answer: a Consider This: This refers to the particular impact on development that occurs when a group of people share a common time period or common life experience. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.1 Compare and contrast the special research methods used to study development. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Studying Human Development EOC Q8.2 If a person has one gene influencing blue eyes but actually has brown eyes, blue eyes must be a __________ trait. a) recessive b) dominant c) sex-linked d) polygenic Answer: a Consider This: Some genes are less active in influencing a trait and will only be expressed in the observable trait if they are paired with another less active gene. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Studying Human Development EOC Q8.3 In __________ syndrome, the 23rd pair of chromosomes consists of an XXY pairing, resulting in reduced masculine characteristics and excessive height. a) Klinefelter b) PKU c) Down d) Turner Answer: a Consider This: Other characteristics of this syndrome include enlarged breasts and obesity. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.3 Summarize the role of chromosomes and genes in determining the transmission of traits and the inheritance of disorders. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Studying Human Development

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Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOC Q8.4 Which of the following represents the fertilization process for monozygotic twins? a) One egg is fertilized by one sperm and then splits. b) One egg is fertilized by two different sperm. c) One egg splits and is then fertilized by two different sperm. d) Two eggs are fertilized by the same sperm. Answer: a Consider This: These twins are the same sex and have identical features because they each possess the same set of 46 chromosomes. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.4 Explain the process of fertilization, including the twinning process. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Prenatal Development EOC Q8.5 What part of an infant’s body is said to stay in an immature state until needed to produce more cells? a) stem cells b) uterus c) umbilical cord d) placenta Answer: a Consider This: Researchers are looking into ways to use these to grow new organs and tissues for transplant or to repair neurological damage. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Prenatal Development EOC Q8.6 Based on today’s science and medicine, when does the age of viability begin? a) between 22 and 26 weeks b) between 8 and 12 weeks c) between 12 and 18 weeks d) between 28 and 36 weeks Answer: a Consider This: This is the point at which it is possible for an infant to survive outside the womb. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 8.5 Describe the three stages of prenatal development. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Prenatal Development EOC Q8.7 Dr. Hector measures how long baby Rosa looks at a particular stimulus. The technique is known as a) preferential looking. b) dishabituation. c) habituation. d) stimulus discrimination. Answer: a

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Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Consider This: This assumes that the longer an infant spends looking at a stimulus, the more the infant prefers that stimulus over others. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.6 Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy and childhood. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Infancy and Childhood Development EOC Q8.8 Studies of the infant brain show signs of what scientists call synaptic pruning. What occurs during this process? a) Unused synaptic connections and nerve cells are cleared out to make way for new cells. b) The brain creates additional neural connections by removing parts of the surrounding bone. c) New cells work to “rewrite” old cells and ultimately change their functioning. d) New cells will not develop until the body makes sufficient physical space within the brain. Answer: a Consider This: This process is similar to weeding a garden. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.6 Describe the physical and sensory changes that take place in infancy and childhood. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Infancy and Childhood Development EOC Q8.9 In which of Piaget’s stages does the child become capable of understanding conservation? a) concrete operations b) sensorimotor c) preoperational d) formal operations Answer: a Consider This: At this stage, children become capable of considering all the relevant features of any given object. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Infancy and Childhood Development EOC Q8.10 In which of Piaget's stages does the child become capable of abstract reasoning? a) formal operations b) sensorimotor c) preoperational d) concrete operations Answer: a Consider This: Teenagers get deeply involved in hypothetical thinking, or thinking about possibilities and even impossibilities. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.7 Compare and contrast two theories of cognitive development, and define autism spectrum disorder. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Infancy and Childhood Development

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Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOC Q8.11 Which infant temperament is associated with babies who are very regular in their schedules of sleeping and eating? a) Easy b) Slow-to-warm-up c) Difficult d) Anxious Answer: a Consider This: These babies are happy and, when distressed, are easily soothed. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Infancy and Childhood Development EOC Q8.12 In the Strange Situation, __________ babies would cry when their mother left the room but were happy upon her return. a) secure b) avoidant c) ambivalent d) disorganized–disoriented Answer: a Consider This: When a stranger came in, these infants were wary but calm as long as their mother was nearby. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.8 Identify the development of personality, relationships, and self-concept in infancy and childhood. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Infancy and Childhood Development EOC Q8.13 In social learning theory, gender identity results a) from observation and imitation. b) when a child learns that they are either a girl or a boy. c) from biological changes that occur before birth. d) from unconscious forces. Answer: a Consider This: Social learning theory emphasizes learning through watching the behavior of others. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 8.9 Define gender, and discuss the development of gender roles. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Adolescence EOC Q8.14 What is a most likely explanation as to why teenagers and young adults may engage in risky and dangerous behavior? a) Such behavior may be due to the incomplete development of the prefrontal cortex. b) Such behavior is due to the tremendous pressure applied by peers. c) Such behavior is actually hereditary. d) Such behavior may be due to unbalanced levels of hormones in the body. Answer: a

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Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Consider This: After about 4 years, the changes of puberty are relatively complete, but the development of the brain continues well into the early 20s. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 8.11 Describe the physical changes that occur in adolescence, and identify some of the sexually transmitted diseases to which adolescents may be vulnerable. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Adolescence EOC Q8.15 Chiara enters a classroom where two students are talking. When they stop their discussion, Chiara is certain they must have been talking about her. Such a belief is an example of a) the imaginary audience. b) the personal fable. c) abstract egocentrism. d) formal operations. Answer: a Consider This: This explains the intense self-consciousness that many adolescents experience concerning what others think about how the adolescent looks or behaves. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 8.12 Identify the cognitive and personality changes that occur in adolescence. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Adolescence EOC Q8.16 What cognitive changes occurring during middle adulthood are the most noticeable? a) Changes in memory begin to occur. b) Problem-solving skills diminish. c) Hearing begins to decline. d) Hair begins to turn gray. Answer: a Consider This: This is most likely caused by the stresses a middle-aged person experiences. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.13 Identify the physical and cognitive changes of adulthood. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Adulthood and Aging EOC Q8.17 Independence and self-reliance in the teenage years are most likely due to __________ parenting. a) authoritative b) authoritarian c) permissive neglectful d) permissive indulgent Answer: a Consider This: This type of parenting involves combining firm limits on behavior with love, warmth, affection, respect, and a willingness to listen to the child’s point of view. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 8.14 Apply Erikson’s theory to some common psychosocial concerns of adulthood. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Adulthood and Aging EOC Q8.18

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The crisis of late adulthood, according to Erikson, is a) integrity versus despair. b) identity versus role confusion. c) generativity versus stagnation. d) intimacy versus isolation. Answer: a Consider This: In this stage, life becomes more urgent as the realities of physical aging and the approaching end of life become harder and harder to ignore. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.14 Apply Erikson’s theory to some common psychosocial concerns of adulthood. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Adulthood and Aging EOC Q8.19 Which theory of aging states that unstable oxygen molecules tend to steal electrons as they bounce around, thus causing damage to surrounding cells? a) free-radical theory b) cellular-clock theory c) wear-and-tear theory d) activity theory Answer: a Consider This: This is the latest version of an earlier theory; it gives a biological explanation for the damage done to cells over time. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.15 Compare and contrast four theories of why aging occurs. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Adulthood and Aging EOC Q8.20 Will is worried that he is losing his mind because he finds himself angry at a friend who died in an automobile accident. Based on Kübler-Ross’s research, what might you tell him? a) Anger is a normal reaction to death and not a sign of mental illness. b) Anger of this type is self-destructive and unhealthy. c) Anger is usually a mask to your true feelings of sadness. d) Anger towards a deceased individual is simply not normal and may require psychological counseling. Answer: a Consider This: This anger is really anger at death itself and the feelings of helplessness to change things. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 8.16 Describe Kübler-Ross’s theory of death and dying, and identify some criticisms of this theory. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Adulthood and Aging

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TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE

Chapter 9

Learning Objectives

Remember the Facts

Understand the Concepts

Apply What You Know

Analyze It

1–3, 11, 13, 14, 17–20, 26, 28, 34, 38, 140–142, 144–146, 164, 165, 177–179 38, 39, 41, 43, 150, 166, 167 58, 153

6–9, 21, 23, 24, 29, 31–33, 143, 147

4, 5, 10, 25, 27, 30, 35, 36

12, 15, 16, 22

40, 46–48, 52, 148, 149, 181 53, 55, 60, 151

37, 42, 44, 45, 49, 50, 180 54, 56, 57, 59, 61, 152

63, 65, 158, 182

66, 68

69, 70, 73, 75–80, 158, 183

9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drivereduction approaches to motivation. 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs. 9.3 Identify the key elements of the arousal and incentive approaches to motivation. 9.4 Describe how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and selfdetermination theories explain motivation. 9.5 Define stress and stressors, and describe two methods for coping with stress. 9.6 Identify the physical and social factors that influence hunger. 9.7 Recognize some of the factors that contribute to obesity. 9.8 distinguish among the various sexual orientations, and identify some potential influences on sexual orientation. 9.9 Explain the motivation for sexual behavior. 9.10 Describe the three elements of emotion. 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. 9.12 Identify the key elements in the cognitive arousal and cognitive-mediational theories of emotion. 9.13 Identify possible barriers, and benefits, to implementing a personal system to manage your time and tasks.

Motivation, Stress, and Emotion

62, 64, 67, 154– 156, 168 71, 157, 169–171

81–86, 159, 172, 184 88 173

89, 90, 160

91, 92

174

93, 94, 96–98, 102, 142, 175 103, 109, 113, 116, 123, 124, 161, 162, 176, 177 129, 131, 136, 138

95, 99

100, 101

104, 106, 107, 114, 117, 118, 121, 128

105, 108, 111, 112, 115, 119, 120, 125– 127, 185

110, 122

130, 133, 137

132, 134

135, 139, 163

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Name _____________________________________________________________ Chapter 9 – Quick Quiz 1 1. The pursuit of an activity for an outcome that is separate from the person is called __________. a) the need for affiliation c) extrinsic motivation b) intrinsic motivation d) a mastery goal 2. __________ theory states that behaviors are motivated by an organism’s attempts to reduce tension from conditions such as hunger or thirst and return the body to a state of balance. a) Drive-reduction c) Needs b) Homeostatic d) Disequilibrium 3. Need for achievement is also referred to as __________. a) nAch c) Ach b) NFA d) neech 4. Which of the following is a criticism of Maslow’s theory? a) Research does not support the idea that people want to self-actualize. b) Evidence suggests that met needs become less important. c) His theory was based primarily on the study of Americans. d) The theory does not suggest a regulatory fit. 5. Dylan gets a great deal of fulfillment out of visiting the new art exhibits at the museum in town. He usually visits each exhibit several times during a show and finds beauty in a variety of different types of art works. Dylan is likely to visit the new exhibits in an effort to meet a(n) __________ need. a) freedom c) power b) belonging d) aesthetic 6. The problematic functioning of what hormone may contribute to overeating? a) adrenaline c) leptin b) peptic acid d) lipotor 7. Paul Ekman and his colleagues gathered abundant evidence supporting the universality of at least __________ basic facial expressions of emotion. a) three c) seven b) five d) nine 8. Seeing a snake, and then simultaneously running away from it and becoming frightened, is the sequence of events postulated by __________ theory. a) Plutchik’s c) Schachter and Singer’s b) the James-Lange d) the Cannon-Bard 9. Which two terms BEST describe Schachter and Singer’s theory of emotion? a) arousal and physiology c) arousal and context b) behavior and genetics d) nature and nurture 10. According to cognitive-mediational theories, appraisal of the situation comes __________ the physical arousal and __________ the experience of emotion. a) before; before c) before; after b) after; before d) after; after

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 9 – Quick Quiz 1 Answer Key 1.

Explanation: Extrinsic motivation is the pursuit of an activity for an external reward. (Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and distinguish between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Drive-reduction theory focuses on reducing tension. (Topic: 9.2 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 9.2 Identify the key elements of the early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: Need for achievement is also referred to as nAch. (Topic: 9.2 Different Strokes for Different Folks: Psychological Needs, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 9.3 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: More recent research finds that the order of importance of needs differs from one culture to another. (Topic: 9.4 Humanistic Approaches, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 9.5 Describe how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and self-determination theories explain motivation, APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.)

Explanation: Dylan is likely meeting a need for order, beauty, and symmetry. (Topic: 9.4 Humanistic Approaches, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 9.5 Describe how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and self-determination theories explain motivation, APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Explanation: Leptin is the hormone that causes you to feel full. (Topic: 9.7 Obesity, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 9.7 Recognize some of the factors that contribute to obesity, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Ekman and his colleagues gathered abundant evidence supporting the universality of seven basic facial expressions of emotion. (Topic: 9.10 The Three Elements of Emotion, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 9.8 Describe the three elements of emotion, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: Cannon and Bard suggested that the emotion and physiology occur simultaneously. (Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 9.9 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion, APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 9.

Explanation: In Schachter and Singer’s theory of emotion, first there is arousal, which is followed by contextual labeling. (Topic: 9.12 Cognitive Theories of Emotion, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 9.10 Identify the key elements in the cognitive arousal and cognitive-mediational theories of emotion, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

10. a

Explanation: Cognitive-mediational theory suggests that the appraisal of the situation is what causes both the emotion and the arousal. (Topic: 9.12 Cognitive Theories of Emotion, Skill Level: Analyze It, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 9.10 Identify the key elements in the cognitive arousal and cognitive-mediational theories of emotion, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Name _____________________________________________________________ Chapter 9 – Quick Quiz 2 1. What do we call biologically determined, innate patterns of behavior? a) drives c) releasing behaviors b) instincts d) universal behaviors 2. Some psychologists believe that an organism’s behavior is motivated by the need to achieve a state of balance in which the body functions effectively—a state called __________. a) unbalance c) propinquity b) acquiescence d) homeostasis 3. In arousal theory, people are said to have a(n) __________ level of tension. a) ultimate c) optimal b) lower d) high 4. One interesting thing about incentive approaches is that incentives __________. a) are inherited b) exist inside a narrow collection of internal stimuli c) exist independently of any need or level of arousal d) only work for adults 5. Which level of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy is epitomized by the U.S. Army’s slogan “Be all that you can be”? a) safety c) belongingness b) self-esteem d) self-actualization 6. Which of the following statements is accurate concerning the interaction of culture and food? a) American men and women both eat to reduce depression, whereas Japanese men and women eat to reduce anger. b) American women eat when they are depressed, whereas Japanese women eat because of social demands. c) There are no differences in the eating habits of American and Japanese men and women. d) Japanese men eat more than both American men and women. 7. According to Schvey et al. (2015), which of the following individuals is at the highest risk for developing an eating disorder? a) Ted, a 42-year-old workaholic b) Phoebe, a 13-year-old student who is popular with her peers c) Emily, the 16-year-old daughter of two parents who are in the military d) Charles, a 61-year-old retiree 8. Which theory states that a stimulus triggers physiological changes that produce emotion? a) Cannon-Bard theory c) Schachter-Singer theory b) James-Lange theory d) common-sense view of emotions 9. Schachter and Singer proposed that what two things must happen before emotion occurs? a) physical arousal and fight or flight c) physical arousal and labeling b) cognition and behavior d) behavior and physical arousal 10. The process by which the facial expressions send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed is called __________. a) facial feedback c) primary emotional processing b) internal emotion work d) body language

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 9 – Quick Quiz 2 Answer Key 1. b

Explanation: Instincts are biologically determined, innate patterns of behavior. (Topic: 9.2 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 9.2 Identify the key elements of the early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

2. d

Explanation: Homeostasis is a state of balance in the body. (Topic: 9.2 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 9.2 Identify the key elements of the early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

3. c

Explanation: In arousal theory, people are said to have an optimal level of tension. (Topic: 9.3 Arousal and Incentive Approaches, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 9.4 Identify the key elements of the arousal and incentive approaches to motivation, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

4. c

Explanation: Incentives lure people into action independent of any need or level of arousal. (Topic: 9.3 Arousal and Incentive Approaches, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 9.4 Identify the key elements of the arousal and incentive approaches to motivation, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

5. d

Explanation: Being “all that you can be” is part of the definition of self-actualization. (Topic: 9.4 Humanistic Approaches, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 9.5 Describe how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and self-determination theories explain motivation, APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

6. b

Explanation: These differences were found in a research study looking at cultural differences in eating habits. (Topic: 9.6 Physiological and Social Components of Hunger, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 9.6 Identify the physical and social factors that influence hunger, APA Learning Objective: 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.)

7. c

Explanation: Schvey and colleagues found that being the daughter of military personnel is associated with higher rates of eating disorder risk. (Topic: 9.7 Obesity, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 9.7 Recognize some of the factors that contribute to obesity, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

8. b

Explanation: James and Lange developed the theory that a stimulus triggers physiological changes that produce emotion. (Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 9.9 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 9. c

Explanation: Schachter and Singer proposed that physical arousal and labeling occur before emotion occurs. (Topic: 9.12 Cognitive Theories of Emotion, Skill Level: Analyze It, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 9.10 Identify the key elements in the cognitive arousal and cognitive-mediational theories of emotion, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

10. a

Explanation: The process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed is called facial feedback. (Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 9.9 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Motivation and Emotion

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met is called __________. a) motivation Correct. Motivation is defined as the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met. b) emotion Incorrect. The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met is called motivation. c) achievement d) synergy Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 75 a= 75 b= 0 c= 25 d= 0 r = .30 % correct 79 a= 79 b= 0 c= 21 d= 0 r = .31 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2. Extrinsic motivation is defined as the pursuit of an activity __________. a) for external reward Correct. Extrinsic motivation is the pursuit of an activity for external reward. b) for its own sake c) to relieve the state of tension caused by deprivation Incorrect. Deprivation is an intrinsic state; thus, the motivation is coming from within. d) in order to increase one’s competence and skills Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 91 a= 91 b= 5 c= 0 d= 4 r = .32 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 3. The pursuit of an activity for an outcome that is separate from the person is called __________. a) the need for affiliation b) intrinsic motivation Incorrect. Intrinsic motivation comes from the expectation of an internal reward. c) extrinsic motivation Correct. Extrinsic motivation is the pursuit of an activity for an external reward. d) a mastery goal Answer: c

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 4. You overhear a psychologist presenting a lecture to an introductory psychology class. He mentions “purposeful or goal-directed behavior that satisfies a particular physical or psychological need or want.” You recognize that the speaker is talking about which type of behavior? a) motivated Correct. Motivated behavior is purposeful and goal-directed. b) emotional Incorrect. Emotional behavior is not always goal-directed. c) frustrated d) preconscious Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 5. Richie is known to be the fastest worker in the mail room. He has worked in the mail room for only a short time, but prides himself on being competent and a quick learner. He often gets positive comments from coworkers and his boss, which help to motivate him and have a positive effect as he continues to challenge himself at work. As a result of his efficient style, he is also given more freedom than other workers as his boss is impressed by his ability to sort and organize mail. Richie is likely to be ________ motivated as he continues to challenge and push himself to perform even better each day. a) intrinsically Correct. Richie is likely to be intrinsically motivated as he feels competent and autonomous. b) extrinsically Incorrect. It doesn’t seem that Richie is pushed by external forces here.. c) instinctively d) financially Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 6. The pursuit of an activity for its own sake is called __________. a) the need for affiliation Incorrect. The need for affiliation is the need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others. b) intrinsic motivation Correct. The pursuit of an activity for its own sake is propelled by intrinsic motivation. c) biological drives d) performance goals Answer: b

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 79 a= 4 b= 79 c= 4 d= 12 r = .53 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 7. Intrinsic motivation is one that propels a person to pursue an activity __________. a) for external rewards Incorrect. Intrinsic motivation is one that propels a person to pursue an activity for its own sake and for internal rewards. b) because the act itself is satisfying Correct. Intrinsic motivation is one that propels a person to pursue an activity for its own sake. c) to relieve the state of tension caused by deprivation d) in order to be judged favorably by others Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 8. Which statement about motivation is TRUE? a) Motivation directs behavior. Correct. Motivation does direct behavior. b) We are always aware of motivational processes. Incorrect. Sometimes we are unaware of our motivations. c) There is only one type of motivation. d) Two people motivated by the same factor will satisfy that motive through similar means. Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 90 a= 90 b= 5 c= 0 d= 5 r = .38 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 9. In the early twentieth century, psychologists were inclined to explain motivated behavior by attributing it to __________ . a) emotions Incorrect. Although there is a link between motivation and emotion, early theorists did not highlight this as an explanation for motivated behavior. b) incentives c) learned responses d) instincts Correct. Early psychologists were inclined to explain motivated behavior by attributing it to instincts. Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 10. Salmon swimming upstream to spawn are an example of __________. a) incentives b) motives Incorrect. Motives are specific causes of behavior and can be internal or external. c) instinct Correct. Salmon are biologically determined to swim upstream, thus the behavior is an instinct. d) needs Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 94 a= 2 b= 6 c= 94 d= 0 r = .51 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 11. What do researchers call biologically determined, innate patterns of behavior? a) drives Incorrect. A drive is an underlying form of motivation that can be physical or learned. b) instincts Correct. Instincts are biologically determined, innate patterns of behavior. c) releasing behaviors d) universal behaviors Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 12. Instinct approaches to understanding motivation have faded because they lack the component of _________ in psychology. a) description Incorrect. Instinct theories do a fine job of identifying and describing behavior, but that’s about it. b) interpretation c) explanation Correct. Instinct theories offered no real explanation for motivated behavior. d) prediction Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 13. Which early twentieth century thinker proposed that motivation was a result of instincts? a) William McDougall Correct. McDougall and others in the early twentieth century tried to tie human motivation to inborn instincts. b) John B. Watson c) Farley Grainger

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. This is not a theorist in the history of psychology. d) Simóne DeLa Faire Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 14. An instinct is a tendency that is __________. a) learned Incorrect. Instincts are thought to be unlearned, not learned. b) conditioned c) biologically innate Correct. The general concept of an instinct is that it is passed from generation to generation and is biologically innate within a species. d) easily controlled Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 15. ”It rains because it is rainy” is a conclusion most closely related to which perspective on understanding motivation? a) drive-reduction Incorrect. Instinct approaches were very descriptive. b) instinct Correct. Instinct theorists would have it that “people are shy because they have a shyness instinct.” Similarly, “the sky is blue because it has the property of blueness” or “it rains because it is rainy” apply the same logic. c) personal fulfillment d) extrinsic motivation Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 16. Which result was a positive outcome of instinct approaches? a) They formed the basis of Gestalt psychology. b) Psychologists began focusing on learning theories to explain human behavior. c) Psychologists were forced to consider the effects of heredity on behavior. Correct. Instinct approaches were based on heredity, and now psychologists started looking at inherited influences on behavior. d) They presented a unified explanation of behavior that could be broadly applied. Incorrect. Instinct approaches omit explanation. Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 17. The state of tension created by biological needs is called a(n) __________. a) emotion b) impulse c) drive Correct. The state of tension created by biological needs is called a drive. d) instinct Incorrect. There is no tension involved in an instinct. Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 62 a= 10 b= 19 c= 62 d= 10 r = .24 % correct 73 a= 0 b= 9 c= 73 d= 18 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 18. __________ is a state of tension resulting from the deprivation of physical needs, such as those for food and water. a) Motivation b) A drive Correct. A drive is a state of tension resulting from the deprivation of physical needs, such as those for food and water. c) A value d) Instinct Incorrect. An instinct is not a state of tension. Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 93 a= 0 b= 93 c= 0 d= 7 r = .48 % correct 80 a= 0 b= 80 c= 0 d= 21 r = .52 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 19. The __________ theory of motivation suggests a connection between internal physiological states and outward behavior. a) arousal b) drive-reduction Correct. This approach suggests a connection between internal physiological states and outward behavior. c) incentive Incorrect. Incentives are external and usually not physiological. d) achievement Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 31 a= 35 b= 31 c= 29 d= 4 r = .18

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 20. The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state of functioning is called __________. a) stability b) equilibrium Incorrect. Equilibrium is a similar concept, but the correct term in this case is homeostasis. c) homeostasis Correct. Homeostasis is the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state of functioning. d) physiological balance Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 21. What is the primary function of homeostasis? a) to prevent balance b) to maintain a steady state Correct. Homeostasis acts to maintain physiological balance in the human body. c) to regulate emotions Incorrect. Homeostasis cannot directly regulate emotions; in fact, many emotions disrupt homeostasis. d) to control sexual urges Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 22. Homeostasis is MOST like which of the following? a) a car b) a thermometer Incorrect. Thermometers just measure the temperature of something. c) a cooler d) a thermostat Correct. Thermostats change to keep a room at a constant or steady temperature. Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It % correct 75 a= 6 b= 6 c= 12 d= 75 r = .39 % correct 86 a= 0 b= 4 c= 9 d= 86 r = .53 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 23. Primary drives are caused by __________. a) exceptions to the drive-reduction principle b) learned behaviors Incorrect. Primary drives are basic biological needs, which are not learned. c) needs within the body Correct. Primary drives are basic biological needs that an organism experiences within the body.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) needs outside the body Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 85 a= 2 b= 12 c= 85 d= 0 r = .37 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 24. Primary drives are __________. a) learned Incorrect. Primary drives are basic biological needs, which are unlearned. b) unlearned Correct. Primary drives are basic biological needs, which are unlearned. c) produced by external incentives d) exceptions to the drive-reduction principle Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 76 a= 0 b= 76 c= 14 d= 10 r = .56 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 25. Thirst, sexual desire, and hunger are examples of __________ drives. a) primary Correct. Thirst, hunger, and sexual desire are basic biological needs and, thus, are considered primary drives. b) reduction c) acquired (secondary) Incorrect. Thirst, hunger, and sexual desire are basic biological needs and, thus, are considered primary drives. Secondary drives are acquired. d) internalized Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 95 a= 95 b= 0 c= 5 d= 0 r = .17 % correct 96 a= 96 b= 0 c= 4 d= 0 r = .23 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 26. Physiologically based drives that are unlearned are called __________ drives. a) primary Correct. Primary drives are physiologically based and unlearned. b) reflexive c) acquired (secondary) Incorrect. Acquired (secondary) drives are learned. d) tertiary Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 73 a= 73 b= 14 c= 5 d= 9 r = .57 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 27. Drive-reduction theorists would conclude that getting a haircut to look attractive is a(n) __________ drive. a) homeostatic b) acquired (secondary) Correct. Acquired (secondary) drives are learned behaviors such as wanting to be attractive. c) primary Incorrect. Primary drives are internal, instinctive drives such as hunger. d) motive Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 28. Drives that are learned through experience are called __________ drives. a) primary Incorrect. Primary drives are physiologically based and unlearned. b) reflexive c) acquired (secondary) Correct. Acquired (secondary) drives are those that are learned. d) tertiary Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 29. Which outcome does drive-reduction theory fail to explain? a) actions people take to reduce tension created by needs Incorrect. The theory explains primary drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst. b) behavior that arises from physiological needs c) people eating when they’re not hungry Correct. It does not explain actions people take when they do not want to reduce tension created by needs. d) the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 30. Pippa put all her time and energy into getting into the acting club because her main goal in life was “to be a famous star!” Pippa’s drive to be famous was a(n) __________ drive. a) primary

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. Primary drives are physiologically based and unlearned, whereas wanting to be a star is an acquired drive. b) reflexive c) acquired (secondary) Correct. Wanting to be a star is not physiologically based and is learned; therefore, it is considered an acquired drive. d) tertiary Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 31. Some psychologists believe that an organism’s behavior is motivated by the need to achieve a state of balance in which the body functions effectively, a state known as __________. a) counterbalance b) acquiescence c) propinquity Incorrect. Propinquity refers to the physical or psychological proximity between people. d) homeostasis Correct. Homeostasis is a state of balance in the body. Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 32. Drives serve to activate responses that are aimed at reducing the drive, thereby returning the body to a more normal state called __________. a) stability b) equilibrium Incorrect. Equilibrium is a similar concept, but the correct term in this case is homeostasis. c) homeostasis Correct. Homeostasis is the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state of functioning. d) physiological balance Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 100 a=0 b= 0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 33. According to drive-reduction theory, what occurs each time a behavior results in drive reduction? a) Tension is increased. b) Stability is reduced. c) Tension is reduced. Correct. Drive-reduction theory predicts that behaviors reduce tension created by needs. d) Drives are increased.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. Drive-reduction theory predicts that behaviors reduce tension created by needs. Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 71 a= 14 b= 10 c= 71 d= 5 r = .31 % correct 85 a= 7 b= 7 c=85 d= 0 r = .19 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 34. __________ theory states that behaviors are motivated by an organism’s attempts to reduce tension from conditions such as hunger or thirst and return the body to a state of balance. a) Drive-reduction Correct. Drive-reduction theory focuses on reducing tension. b) Homeostatic Incorrect. Homeostasis is the goal, not the name of the theory. c) Needs d) Disequilibrium Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 75 a= 75 b= 23 c= 2 d= 0 r = .48 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 35. Which activity would be inconsistent with the primary arguments of drive-reduction theory? a) eating food that tastes bad b) going swimming on a hot day c) going rock climbing for recreation Correct. This behavior contradicts drive-reduction theory because instead of reducing the inner state of tension and arousal, it increases it. d) smoking marijuana to relax Incorrect. This behavior is consistent with drive-reduction theory because it reduces tension. Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 44 a= 4 b= 7 c= 44 d= 44 r = .29 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 36. A famed psychologist claims that motivated behaviors result from an effort to reduce tension caused by bodily needs such as hunger or thirst. This psychologist’s philosophy most closely matches __________ theory. a) reciprocity b) homeostatic Incorrect. Homeostasis is the goal, not the theory. c) needs d) drive-reduction Correct. Drive-reduction theory says that motivated behaviors result from an effort to reduce tension caused by bodily needs such as hunger or thirst.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 74 a= 0 b= 16 c= 11 d= 74 r = .40 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 37. Gwyneth says, “I don’t care much about my grades as long as I’m the most popular girl in the class!” What need is she demonstrating? a) need for achievement Incorrect. Need for achievement is defined as a strong desire to succeed. b) need for affiliation Correct. Need for affiliation is described as a need for friends and popularity. c) need for power d) need for sex Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs. Topic: 9.2 Different Strokes for Different Folks: Psychological Needs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 71 a= 5 b= 71 c= 24 d= 0 r = .18 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 38. The abbreviation nAch stands for __________. a) no achievement Incorrect. This term was not used in the text. b) need for achievement Correct. This unique term was used by McClelland to designate the concept of need for achievement. c) no challenge d) need for change Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs. Topic: 9.2 Different Strokes for Different Folks: Psychological Needs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 39. The need for __________ involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals. a) achievement Correct. The need for achievement involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals. b) power c) motivation Incorrect. The need for achievement involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals. d) emotion Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs. Topic: 9.2 Different Strokes for Different Folks: Psychological Needs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

40. Which statement accurately describes people who are high in the need for achievement? a) They look for careers that pay a lot of money. b) They look for careers and hobbies that allow others to evaluate them. Correct. High achievers need feedback. c) They look for careers that require little education. d) They look for careers that will make them famous. Incorrect. High achievers do not require fame. Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs. Topic: 9.2 Different Strokes for Different Folks: Psychological Needs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 81 a= 13 b= 81 c= 0 d= 5 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 41. Need for achievement is also referred to as __________. a) Ach-ȌȌ Incorrect. This is not the correct term. b) NFA c) nAch Correct. Need for achievement is also referred to as nAch. d) neech Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs. Topic: 9.2 Different Strokes for Different Folks: Psychological Needs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 42. Antoine is an award-winning swimmer. His desire to compete and win is part of his need for __________. a) attention b) affiliation Incorrect. Those with a need for affiliation seek to be liked by others. c) physical activity d) achievement Correct. The need for achievement is the need to reach goals that require skilled performance or competence to be accomplished. Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs. Topic: 9.2 Different Strokes for Different Folks: Psychological Needs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 43. A way to abbreviate need for power is __________. a) nPow Correct. This the correct abbreviation. b) nAch Incorrect. This is need for achievement. c) nEEP d) nAff Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 9.2 Different Strokes for Different Folks: Psychological Needs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 44. Joey values his relationships with others. He wants to be around people, especially when he will be accepted and happy. This is an example of the __________ motive. a) achievement Incorrect. Need for achievement is defined as a strong desire to succeed. b) power c) affiliation Correct. Joey likes to be around others and affiliate with them.. d) contingency Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs. Topic: 9.2 Different Strokes for Different Folks: Psychological Needs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 45. Javier says, “I want to rule the world.” What type of need is he demonstrating? a) need for achievement Incorrect. Need for achievement is defined as a strong desire to succeed. b) need for affiliation c) need for power Correct. The need for power involves the need to control others. d) need for sex Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs. Topic: 9.2 Different Strokes for Different Folks: Psychological Needs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 96 a= 4 b= 0 c= 96 d= 0 r = .19 % correct 95 a= 5 b= 0 c= 95 d= 0 r = .24 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 46. Compared to the others, which psychologist has highlighted the link between achievement motivation and personality factors? a) Steve Duck Incorrect. Steve Duck studies interpersonal relationships. b) Marcello Rinaldi c) Larry Bobo d) Carol Dweck Correct. Dweck proposed that the need for achievement is closely linked to personality factors. Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs. Topic: 9.2 Different Strokes for Different Folks: Psychological Needs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 47. According to Carol Dweck, people with which type of orientation believe that intelligence is fixed, unchanging, and independent?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) internal locus of control Incorrect. People with an internal locus of control see intelligence as changeable. b) decremental c) incidental d) external locus of control Correct. People with an external locus of control focus on things outside themselves and believe they are “helpless” to change their state. Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs. Topic: 9.2 Different Strokes for Different Folks: Psychological Needs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 48. According to Carol Dweck, people with which type of orientation believe intelligence is changeable and can be shaped by experience? a) internal locus of control Correct. People with an internal locus of control see themselves as having control over these qualities. b) decremental c) incidental d) external locus of control Incorrect. People with an external locus of control focus on things outside themselves and believe they are “helpless” to change their state. Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs. Topic: 9.2 Different Strokes for Different Folks: Psychological Needs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 49. Zhang Wei believes that he can learn from his mistakes and that study and perseverance will help him improve his intelligence. According to Dweck, what locus of control does Zhang Wei have? a) internal locus of control Correct. People with an internal locus of control see themselves as having control over what happens in their lives. b) decremental c) incidental d) external locus of control Incorrect. People with an external locus of control focus on things outside themselves and believe they are “helpless” to change their state. Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs. Topic: 9.2 Different Strokes for Different Folks: Psychological Needs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 85 a= 85 b= 0 c= 4 d= 11 r = .19 % correct 89 a= 89 b= 0 c= 0 d= 11 r = .27 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 50. Which statement would be most closely associated with holding an external locus of control? a) “I am the master of my fate.” Incorrect. This would be a statement made by someone with an internal locus of control. b) “The hour is at hand.” c) “Might makes right.” d) “Whatever’s gonna happen is gonna happen.”

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. This statement would reflect surrendering oneself to the ravages of fate. Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs. Topic: 9.2 Different Strokes for Different Folks: Psychological Needs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 51. Compared to the others, which phrase is most likely to motivate a child in an educational setting? a) “Don’t bother; with your record, it’s not going to make much of a difference.” Incorrect. This doesn’t sound very motivating, does it? b) “You were born with a terrific brain; be lucky you’ve got it.” c) “You’re really using some creative thinking there!” Correct. This phrase praises the effort rather than the ability. d) “If you don’t work harder, there’s no chance you’re going to graduate.” Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs. Topic: 9.2 Different Strokes for Different Folks: Psychological Needs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 52. Which of the following statements would be associated the MOST with Carol Dweck’s research on motivation? a) Looking smart is better than being smart. Incorrect. Dweck believed the learning process is more important than looking smart. b) Failure is a good way to learn. Correct. Dweck believed that successful people learn from their mistakes. c) Never fail, no matter what. d) The best way to succeed is to always have the right answer. Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs. Topic: 9.2 Different Strokes for Different Folks: Psychological Needs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 53. A stimulus motive is __________. a) unlearned Correct. A stimulus motive is unlearned. b) learned Incorrect. A stimulus motive is unlearned. c) acquired d) based on behavior Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.3 Identify the key elements of the arousal and incentive approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.3 Arousal and Incentive Approaches Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 54. River is a very active 5-year-old compared to others in his class. He appears to seek a great deal of stimulation and is very playful, curious, and explorative. River’s seemingly unlearned motives, which are likely to increase stimulation, are called __________ motives.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) developmental Incorrect. This is not a term defined by the text in this chapter. b) exploratory c) stimulus Correct. This would be the correct answer based on the example provided, which supports the definition. d) cognitive Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.3 Identify the key elements of the arousal and incentive approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.3 Arousal and Incentive Approaches Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 55. In arousal theory, people are said to have a(n) __________ level of tension. a) ultimate b) lower c) optimal Correct. In arousal theory, people are said to have an optimal level of tension. d) high Incorrect. In arousal theory, people are said to have an optimal level of tension. Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.3 Identify the key elements of the arousal and incentive approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.3 Arousal and Incentive Approaches Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 50 a= 4 b= 21 c= 50 d= 25 r = .43 % correct 72 a= 0 b= 5 c= 72 d= 24 r = .58 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 56. Lara likes to maintain a sense of calm and steady balance in her life. Diego likes stimulation and adventure at all times. Rudy simply goes with the flow and lets events unfold in his life. In each case, Lara, Diego, and Rudy have an optimal level of __________ that works best for them personally. a) internality b) control c) arousal Correct. Although each person’s state of tension is different, that level of arousal is conducive to meeting their needs and motivating their behaviors. d) biological need Incorrect. This term would not apply in this context. Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.3 Identify the key elements of the arousal and incentive approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.3 Arousal and Incentive Approaches Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 57. Lara likes to maintain a sense of calm and steady balance in her life. Diego likes stimulation and adventure at all times. Rudy simply goes with the flow and lets events unfold in his life. Which person would score highest in sensation seeking? a) Lara and Rudy Incorrect. Lara and Rudy probably wouldn’t be very sensation seeking. b) Rudy c) Diego

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. In this group, Diego would be most likely to seek high levels of arousal. d) Diego and Lara Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.3 Identify the key elements of the arousal and incentive approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.3 Arousal and Incentive Approaches Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 58. Things that attract or lure people into action are __________. a) instincts b) incentives Correct. Things that attract or lure people into action are incentives. c) stimuli Incorrect. Not all stimuli attract or lure; in fact, some are quite unpleasant. d) bait Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.3 Identify the key elements of the arousal and incentive approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.3 Arousal and Incentive Approaches Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 96 a=0 b= 96 c= 4 d= 0 r = .19 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 59. Although Tamika just ate a huge meal and feels “stuffed,” the idea of a chocolate sundae is too good to pass up. Which motivational term explains the appeal of the sundae? a) incentive Correct. An incentive is something that lures people into an action, such as ordering a sundae. b) instinctive c) drive reduction Incorrect. There is no drive being reduced, because Tamika is not hungry. d) cognitive dissonance Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.3 Identify the key elements of the arousal and incentive approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.3 Arousal and Incentive Approaches Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 55 a= 55 b= 9 c= 18 d= 17 r = .51 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 60. One interesting thing about incentive approaches is that incentives __________. a) are inherited Incorrect. Incentives are external and not inherited. b) exist inside a narrow collection of internal stimuli c) exist independently of any need or level of arousal Correct. Incentives lure people into action independent of any need or level of arousal. d) only work for adults Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.3 Identify the key elements of the arousal and incentive approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.3 Arousal and Incentive Approaches Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

61. Jell-O used to use the advertising slogan, “There’s always room for Jell-O.” To which theory of motivation is this slogan most relevant? a) optimum level b) incentive Correct. The lure of Jell-O motivates behavior. c) drive reduction Incorrect. There’s not a “Jell-O drive” that needs reducing here. d) sensory fulfillment Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.3 Identify the key elements of the arousal and incentive approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.3 Arousal and Incentive Approaches Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology 62. According to Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which need is higher-order than cognitive needs? a) belongingness needs b) esteem needs c) aesthetic needs Correct. Aesthetic needs refer to a preference for harmony and order and are the second-highest level in Maslow’s pyramid. d) physiological needs Incorrect. Physiological needs speak to our immediate survival, and they are the lowest of the needs on Maslow’s pyramid. Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.4 Describe how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and self-determination theories explain motivation. Topic: 9.4 Humanistic Approaches Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 63. Sara has been experiencing homelessness for 6 months, and struggles daily with finding enough to eat and a dry, safe place to sleep for the night. According to Abraham Maslow, where are Sara’s motives and behaviors focused? a) at the top of the hierarchy of needs b) between the fifth and sixth levels of the hierarchy Incorrect. Progressing this far up the hierarchy isn’t likely at present. c) in the middle of the hierarchy of needs d) at the bottom of the hierarchy of needs Correct. Sara needs to fulfill her basic needs. Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.4 Describe how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and self-determination theories explain motivation. Topic: 9.4 Humanistic Approaches Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 64. According to Abraham Maslow, developing one’s potential to its fullest extent results in __________. a) safety Incorrect. According to Maslow, developing one’s potential to its fullest extent results in self-actualization. b) self-esteem

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) belongingness d) self-actualization Correct. According to Maslow, developing one’s potential to its fullest extent results in self-actualization. Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.4 Describe how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and self-determination theories explain motivation. Topic: 9.4 Humanistic Approaches Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 48 a= 5 b= 33 c= 14 d= 48 r = .71 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 65. On a recent trip to the Salton Sea, Margo was suddenly overcome by a feeling of oneness with the universe and a sense of clarity, in which her true purpose in life was revealed to her and her future goals were made manifest. What happened to Margo? a) She finally understood self-determination theory. b) She realized her need for achievement. Incorrect. This doesn’t seem like the most likely explanation for Margo’s experiences. c) She really enjoyed her picnic lunch. d) She had a peak experience. Correct. She reached a peak in the desert. Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.4 Describe how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and self-determination theories explain motivation. Topic: 9.4 Humanistic Approaches Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 66. Which criticism applies to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs? a) The highest level has never been attained. b) Self-actualization is actually a biological drive. Incorrect. No one has argued that self-actualization is a biological drive. c) The hierarchy does not have any focus on social needs. d) There is a lack of scientific support for the theory. Correct. There is little scientific support for Maslow’s theory. Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.4 Describe how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and self-determination theories explain motivation. Topic: 9.4 Humanistic Approaches Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 67. Self-determination theory (SDT) argues that three needs can explain much of human behavior. These needs are autonomy, competence, and __________. a) relatedness Correct. This is the third component of this theory. b) power Incorrect. The need for power is a hallmark of a different theory of motivation. c) actualization d) cohesiveness Answer: a

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 9.4 Describe how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and self-determination theories explain motivation. Topic: 9.4 Humanistic Approaches Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 68. Which need highlighted in self-determination theory is analogous to the need for affiliation (nAff)? a) competence b) autonomy c) relatedness Correct. Relatedness refers to a need to feel a sense of belonging, intimacy, and security in relationships with others. d) aesthetics Incorrect. Aesthetics are noted near the top of Maslow’s hierarchy, not in self-determination theory. Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.4 Describe how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and self-determination theories explain motivation. Topic: 9.4 Humanistic Approaches Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

69. Aliyah is working against a deadline. She must have a term paper written by 8 A.M. tomorrow. The deadline is an example of a __________. a) stress Incorrect. Stress refers to the psychological and physical responses to a stimulus that alters the body’s equilibrium. b) stressor Correct. A stressor is a stimulus that throws the body’s equilibrium out of balance. c) stress response d) stress reaction Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.5 Define stress and stressors, and describe two methods for coping with stress. Topic: 9.5 Motivation and Stress Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 70. Professor Rhys assigns his class a term paper that is to make up 30 percent of their final grade. The students are given clear guidelines about what is expected in this assignment and are given 2 months to complete the assignment. Because students know that this paper is important, but not the only thing upon which their grades will be based, this assignment would be likely to cause __________. a) frustration Incorrect. Students might indeed feel frustrated at the need for a term paper to be written, but eustress is the best answer. b) distress c) aggression d) eustress Correct. Because this paper is important, it will motivate the students’ best work without becoming destructive to their ability to get the job done. Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.5 Define stress and stressors, and describe two methods for coping with stress. Topic: 9.5 Motivation and Stress

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 71. Which term is used to describe unpredictable, large-scale events that create a great deal of stress and feelings of threat? a) major life changes Incorrect. Major life changes are important personal events that are both positive and negative, such as marriage, job loss, or the loss of a spouse. b) catastrophes Correct. Unpredictable, large-scale events that create a great deal of stress and feelings of threat are called catastrophes. c) hassles d) eustress Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.5 Define stress and stressors, and describe two methods for coping with stress. Topic: 9.5 Motivation and Stress Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 72. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) measures stress related to __________. a) both positive and negative life events Correct. The SRRS measures both positive and negative events associated with stress. b) only negative life events Incorrect. The SRRS measures stress related to both positive and negative events. c) only positive life events d) internal stressors Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.5 Define stress and stressors, and describe two methods for coping with stress. Topic: 9.5 Motivation and Stress Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology . 73. Which major life event on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale has the highest number of life change units? a) divorce Incorrect. Divorce is associated with 75 units, whereas the death of a spouse is associated with 100. b) marriage c) death of a spouse Correct. Death of a spouse is perceived to require the most adjustment. d) damage to the home Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.5 Define stress and stressors, and describe two methods for coping with stress. Topic: 9.5 Motivation and Stress Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 74. Why was the CUSS developed? a) to add more life events to the SRRS Incorrect. The 43 events on the SRRS are the 43 events that are rated; that’s it. b) as a nonverbal way of assessing stress in children under the age of five

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) to provide a more relevant assessment of stressful situations in the lives of college students Correct. Many of the events on the SRRS are not relevant to people of younger ages. d) to specifically measure reactions to positive life events Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.5 Define stress and stressors, and describe two methods for coping with stress. Topic: 9.5 Motivation and Stress Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 75. Desiring to purchase a book and finding that it is out of stock is an example of an __________. a) external frustration Correct. External frustrations come from blockage by an outside source. b) internal conflict c) external conflict d) internal frustration Incorrect. The unavailability of the book is a frustration that is coming from an outside source. Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.5 Define stress and stressors, and describe two methods for coping with stress. Topic: 9.5 Motivation and Stress Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 76. Tariq must decide between two equally good choices for his weekend activity. He can either go fishing with his dad or go to an amusement park with his friends. This is an example of a(n) __________ conflict. a) positive-positive b) approach-avoidance c) avoidance-avoidance Incorrect. An avoidance-avoidance conflict occurs when one must choose between two unattractive options. d) approach-approach Correct. An approach-approach conflict occurs when one must choose between two attractive options. Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.5 Define stress and stressors, and describe two methods for coping with stress. Topic: 9.5 Motivation and Stress Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 77. Tyrese wants to go to law school because he believes being a lawyer will bring him prestige and a good income. However, he is not sure he should attend because he is very concerned about the hard work law school will involve and the money it will cost. Tyrese is faced with a(n) __________ conflict. a) approach-approach b) avoidance-avoidance c) approach-avoidance Correct. Tyrese is faced with one goal—attending law school—with both positive and negative attributes. d) double approach-avoidance Incorrect. In a double approach-avoidance conflict, there are two goals or events, but in Tyrese’s case there is only one—attending law school. Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.5 Define stress and stressors, and describe two methods for coping with stress. Topic: 9.5 Motivation and Stress

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 78. Aarav doesn’t think that his actions will help change his stressful job. Instead, he adopts the “Smile—the world looks brighter when you do!” coping style to deal with his stress. Aarav is using what type of coping style? a) emotion-focused Correct. Emotion-focused coping involves changing your emotional reaction to a stressor. b) problem-focused Incorrect. Problem-focused coping involves changing the environment itself, or the way you interact with your environment. c) decision-focused d) avoidance-focused Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.5 Define stress and stressors, and describe two methods for coping with stress. Topic: 9.5 Motivation and Stress Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 79. Ronin is learning deep-breathing techniques to reduce anxiety about having been robbed at knifepoint. This is an example of __________. a) problem-focused coping Incorrect. Problem-focused coping is aimed at eliminating the stressor. Deep breathing cannot change what happened to Ronin. b) emotion-focused coping Correct. Emotion-focused coping involves changing the way a person emotionally reacts to a stressor. Deep breathing helps Ronin feel less stressed about his bad experience. c) avoidance d) reappraisal Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.5 Define stress and stressors, and describe two methods for coping with stress. Topic: 9.5 Motivation and Stress Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 80. Working a second job to pay off credit card debt is an example of __________. a) problem-focused coping Correct. Problem-focused coping is aimed at reducing the impact of a stressor, as in the case of the example of credit card bills. b) emotion-focused coping Incorrect. Emotion-focused coping involves changing the way a person emotionally reacts to a stressor. c) distraction d) reappraisal Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.5 Define stress and stressors, and describe two methods for coping with stress. Topic: 9.5 Motivation and Stress Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

81. Hormones that are secreted by the pancreas after we begin to eat and control fat levels, proteins, and carbohydrates are called __________ and __________. a) insulin; glucagon Correct. These are the two hormones secreted. b) insulin; serotonin Incorrect. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter and not relevant to this topic. c) glucagon; serotonin d) glucagon; necon Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.6 Identify the physical and social factors that influence hunger. Topic: 9.6 Physiological and Social Components of Hunger Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 58 a= 58 b= 32 c= 11 d= 0 r = .45 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 82. One factor in producing hunger seems to be the increase in __________, which causes blood sugar levels to eventually drop after we eat. a) cholesterol b) lipoproteins c) insulin Correct. Insulin causes blood sugar levels to drop, which causes us to feel hungry. d) glucose Incorrect. Glucose is another name for blood sugar; it decreases in response to the increase in insulin. Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.6 Identify the physical and social factors that influence hunger. Topic: 9.6 Physiological and Social Components of Hunger Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 83. Which hormone reduces appetite and increases the feeling of being full when it is released into the bloodstream? a) polypeptide Y Incorrect. The hormone in question is called leptin. b) insulin c) leptin Correct. Increased levels of leptin are related to an increased feeling of satiation when eating. d) glucose Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.6 Identify the physical and social factors that influence hunger. Topic: 9.6 Physiological and Social Components of Hunger Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 84. The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) may be involved in __________. a) increasing hunger Incorrect. VMH stops the eating response. b) stopping the eating response Correct. The VMH may be involved in stopping the eating response when glucose levels go up. c) processing low fats d) food allergies Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.6 Identify the physical and social factors that influence hunger.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 9.6 Physiological and Social Components of Hunger Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 85. The lateral hypothalamus (LH) may be involved in __________. a) the stoppage of eating Incorrect. The VMH is involved in the stoppage of eating; the LH may do the opposite. b) the onset of eating Correct. The lateral hypothalamus (LH) may be involved in the onset of eating. c) processing fats d) food allergies Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.6 Identify the physical and social factors that influence hunger. Topic: 9.6 Physiological and Social Components of Hunger Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 86. Which of the following is correct concerning the interaction of culture and food? a) American men and women both eat to reduce depression, whereas Japanese men and women eat to reduce anger. b) American women eat when they are depressed, whereas Japanese women eat because of social demands. Correct. These differences were found in a research study looking at cultural differences in eating habits. c) There are no differences in the eating habits of American and Japanese men and women. Incorrect. Research showed differences in American and Japanese women’s eating habits. d) Japanese men eat more than both American men and women. Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.6 Identify the physical and social factors that influence hunger. Topic: 9.6 Physiological and Social Components of Hunger Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 72 a= 5 b= 72 c= 18 d= 4 r = .52 APA Learning Objective: 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 87. Obesity is defined as the condition of being at least __________ percent over the ideal body weight. a) 10 b) 20 Correct. Obesity is defined as the condition of being at least 20 percent over the ideal body weight. c) 40 Incorrect. Obesity is defined as the condition of being at least 20 percent over the ideal body weight. d) 50 Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.7 Recognize some of the factors that contribute to obesity. Topic: 9.7 Obesity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 88. Ajay’s medically ideal weight is 250 pounds. He would be considered to be obese if and when he weighed __________ pounds. a) 275 Incorrect. This weight would put Ajay 10 percent over his ideal weight. Obesity involves being at least 20 percent higher than ideal weight. b) 300

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. The definition of obesity is being 20 percent higher than ideal weight, and 300 pounds is 20 percent higher than 250 pounds. c) 320 d) 330 Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.7 Recognize some of the factors that contribute to obesity. Topic: 9.7 Obesity Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 89. Aria is a 43-year-old woman who has had sexual relationships with both men and women in the past. She is presently dating a 32-year-old woman and wants to marry her partner, despite still being attracted to both men and women. Aria is considered __________ in terms of her sexual orientation. a) asexual Incorrect. Aria wants to marry another woman, but she is also still attracted to men. b) heterosexual c) bisexual Correct. Aria is attracted to both men and women. d) transsexual Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.8 Distinguish among the various sexual orientations, and identify some potential influences on sexual attraction. Topic: 9.8 Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 90. Joaquin has only dated men in the past. He stated that in high school, he began to notice that he was only attracted to men. As a result, he has been in a relationship with a man for the past 5 years and is very happy. Joaquin is considered __________ in terms of his sexual orientation. a) gay Correct. Joaquin is attracted to the same sex only. b) heterosexual c) bisexual Incorrect. Joaquin is not attracted to both men and women. d) transsexual Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.8 Distinguish among the various sexual orientations, and identify some potential influences on sexual attraction. Topic: 9.8 Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 91. According to survey data collected by Alfred Kinsey, what percentage of women reported having bisexual experiences? a) less than 2 percent b) less than 20 percent Correct. According to Kinsey, less than 20 percent of women reported bisexual experiences. c) 42 percent Incorrect. According to Kinsey, less than 20 percent of women reported bisexual experiences.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) more than 50 percent Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.9 Sexual Behavior Topic: 9.9 Explain the motivation for sexual behavior. Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 92. The first large-scale study of human sexual behavior to be done after the Kinsey and the Masters and Johnson reports was conducted by __________. a) Janus and Janus Correct. The Januses conducted the first major study in this area after Kinsey. b) Hite and Rose c) Flanagan and Rostov Incorrect. The Januses conducted the first major study after Kinsey. d) Erickson and Rosenthal Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.9 Sexual Behavior Topic: 9.9 Explain the motivation for sexual behavior. Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 93. Which division of the nervous system is working when we experience emotions? a) nonsympathetic division of the nervous system b) sympathetic division of the nervous system Correct. The sympathetic division of the nervous system is involved in emotions. c) parasympathetic division of the somatic nervous system Incorrect. The sympathetic division of the nervous system is involved in emotions. d) central nervous system Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.10 Describe the three elements of emotion. Topic: 9.10 The Three Elements of Emotion Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 43 a= 5 b= 43 c= 38 d= 14 r = .19 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 94. What brain structure seems to influence emotions such as fear and pleasure? a) thalamus Incorrect. The amygdala is the part of the brain involved in emotional responses. b) pons c) amygdala Correct. The amygdala is the part of the brain involved in emotional responses. d) thyroid gland Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.10 Describe the three elements of emotion. Topic: 9.10 The Three Elements of Emotion Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 95. What did Charles Darwin believe about the origin of emotions? a) They are learned through experience. b) They do not merit scientific consideration.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. Darwin did give scientific consideration to emotions. c) They are a product of evolution. Correct. Darwin believed emotions are a product of evolution. d) They are remnants of our earliest ancestors and, thus, have little relevance today. Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.10 Describe the three elements of emotion. Topic: 9.10 The Three Elements of Emotion Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 96. Researchers have found that the __________ lobes of the brain are more active when we experience positive emotions, whereas the __________ lobes of the brain are more active when we experience negative emotions. a) left frontal; right frontal Correct. These are the correct brain areas. b) right temporal; left parietal Incorrect. It is the frontal lobes, left and right, that have been associated with these emotional experiences. c) right frontal; left occipital d) left temporal; right occipital Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.10 Describe the three elements of emotion. Topic: 9.10 The Three Elements of Emotion Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 97. Paul Ekman and his colleagues gathered abundant evidence demonstrating the universality of at least __________ facial expressions of basic emotions. a) three b) five c) seven Correct. Ekman and his colleagues gathered abundant evidence supporting the universality of at least seven basic facial expressions of emotion. d) nine Incorrect. Ekman and his colleagues gathered abundant evidence supporting the universality of at least seven basic facial expressions of emotion. Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.10 Describe the three elements of emotion. Topic: 9.10 The Three Elements of Emotion Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 98. __________ can vary from culture to culture, and refer to socially acceptable ways of showing emotion in public settings. a) Phonemes Incorrect. This is a term to describe language. b) Facial grids c) Display rules Correct. Display rules guide emotional displays in public and are culturally based. d) Expressional norms Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.10 Describe the three elements of emotion. Topic: 9.10 The Three Elements of Emotion Difficulty Level: Easy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 99. To explain the human universality and variability of emotions, Paul Ekman and his associates __________. a) proposed the concept of “display rules,” which are culturally variable rules for when and how emotions can be expressed Correct. Display rules vary across cultures. b) developed an interobserver system to make sure that observers defined expressions reliably Incorrect. Ekman did not use an interobserver system in this context. c) interviewed participants in four different cultures in order to assess their unexpressed feelings and motivations d) monitored the brain waves of participants to determine which hemisphere had higher activation Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.10 Describe the three elements of emotion. Topic: 9.10 The Three Elements of Emotion Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 57 a= 57 b= 19 c= 14 d= 10 r = .58 % correct 50 a= 50 b= 5 c= 0 d= 45 r = .51 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 100. Which of the following individuals is from a culture that has strict public social display rules? a) Mark, who is American Incorrect. Americans do not have strict display rules. b) Sandrine, who is French c) Miyoki, who is Japanese Correct. The Japanese have strict rules for displaying emotion. d) Jessica, who is Canadian Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.10 Describe the three elements of emotion. Topic: 9.10 The Three Elements of Emotion Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 100 d=0 r = .00 APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 101. Reiko is a high school student in Japan. Her sense of what constitutes a generally positive emotional state is likely to be closely tied to __________ . a) an embarrassing private incident b) pride in an individual achievement c) personal accomplishments Incorrect. Members of this culture probably wouldn’t put individual success at the forefront. d) socially engaged feelings Correct. The collectivist nature of most Asian cultures prompts a sense that friendship and social connectedness inspire positive feelings. Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.10 Describe the three elements of emotion. Topic: 9.10 The Three Elements of Emotion Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 102. Compared to the others, which country provides the BEST example of an individualistic culture? a) China b) United States Correct. The United States is an example of an individualistic culture. c) Japan Incorrect. Many Asian cultures tend to be more collectivistic than individualistic. d) Sri Lanka Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.10 Describe the three elements of emotion. Topic: 9.10 The Three Elements of Emotion Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 103. Which theory states that a stimulus triggers physiological changes that produce emotion? a) Cannon-Bard theory Incorrect. Cannon and Bard suggested that the emotion and the physiological changes occur simultaneously. b) James-Lange theory Correct. James and Lange developed the theory that a stimulus triggers physiological changes that produce emotion. c) Schachter-Singer theory d) common-sense view of emotions Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 67 a= 14 b= 67 c= 19 d= 0 r = .49 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 104. Which sequence of events in emotional responses is characteristic of the James-Lange theory of emotion? a) stimulus Õ emotion Õ physiological changes Incorrect. The idea that the stimulus caused the emotion and the emotion caused the physiological changes is logical, and that is the sequence that most psychologists assumed occurred; however, no one ever formally proposed this sequence as part of an official theory. b) stimulus Õ physiological changes Õ emotion Correct. James and Lange both came up with the idea that physiological changes occurred before the emotion. c) physiological changes Õ stimulus Õ emotion d) stimulus Õ emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous) Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 58 a= 23 b= 58 c= 4 d= 15 r = .43 % correct 63 a= 26 b= 63 c= 3 d= 8 r = .23 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 105. Which statement BEST reflects the James-Lange theory of emotion? a) Our hearts race, we see a monster, we feel fear. b) We see a monster, we feel fear, our hearts race.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. James and Lange theorized that physiological change (the heart racing) causes the emotion (fear), rather than the other way around. c) We see a monster, our hearts race, we feel fear. Correct. James and Lange had the idea that the physiological change (the heart racing) causes the emotion (fear). d) We feel fear, our hearts race, we see the monster. Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 106. Which statement about emotions would have most likely been made by William James? a) When something happens, your body reacts, then you experience an emotion. Correct. William James felt that the arousal of our physiological mechanisms is what leads to the cognitive experience of an emotion. b) If someone points a gun at you, you will experience fear and then you will run. Incorrect. William James would suggest that if a gun were pointed at you, you would start running before you truly experienced fear. c) All emotions arise from the same set of bodily functions. d) It is only after you experience joy that your heart will begin to race. Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 107. Which theory of emotion states that your body reacts before you experience an emotion? a) James-Lange Correct. This is the basic crux of the James-Lange theory. b) Cannon-Bard Incorrect. The Cannon-Bard theory suggests that physiological and cognitive reactions in an emotional moment occur simultaneously. c) cognitive d) Belle-Barrett Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 108. You are walking through a store when you run into a friend whom you have not seen in a long time and whom you miss very much. According to the James-Lange theory, what might happen? a) You experience physiological changes followed by a feeling of happiness. Correct. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion (happiness). b) You feel happiness followed by physiological changes. c) You experience physiological changes and a feeling of happiness simultaneously. Incorrect. Cannon and Bard said the physiological changes and the emotion occur simultaneously. James and Lange had the idea that the physiological changes cause the emotion (happiness).

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) You experience physiological changes and context appraisal followed by a feeling of happiness. Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 109. The __________ theory of emotion proposes that stimuli cause physiological changes in our bodies and emotions result from those physiological changes. a) Cannon-Bard Incorrect. Cannon and Bard said the physiological changes and the emotion occur simultaneously. b) James-Lange Correct. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. c) Schachter-Singer d) cognitive appraisal Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 77 a= 9 b= 77 c= 5 d= 9 r = .34 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 110. Which statement is MOST consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion? a) “I run because I’m afraid.” b) “I’m happy because I laugh.” Correct. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. c) “I’m crying because I’m sad.” Incorrect. Cannon and Bard said the physiological changes and the emotion occur simultaneously. James and Lange proposed that physiological changes cause the emotion. d) “I’m anxious because I perspire.” Answer: b Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 111. Seeing a snake, experiencing increased heart rate and rapid breathing, and then becoming frightened is the sequence of events postulated by the __________ theory. a) Plutchik b) Cannon-Bard Incorrect. Cannon and Bard suggested that the emotion and physiological changes occur simultaneously. c) James-Lange Correct. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. d) Yerkes-Dodson Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 112. One of the problems associated with asthma is that once patients experience difficulty breathing, they often make their symptoms worse by concentrating on them and/or worrying about them. Consequently, many doctors include relaxation exercises as part of a treatment program to prevent patients from making their asthmatic reactions worse. This example of how our awareness of physiological changes can influence or even cause subsequent emotions is MOST supportive of which of the following theories of emotion? a) Plutchik b) Cannon-Bard Incorrect. Cannon and Bard suggested that the emotion and physiological changes occur simultaneously. c) James-Lange Correct. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. d) Yerkes-Dodson Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 113. Which theory of emotion emphasizes the role of the thalamus in emotional experience? a) Plutchik’s Systemic theory b) James-Lange theory Incorrect. James and Lange did not discuss the thalamus. c) Cannon-Bard theory Correct. Cannon and Bard believed the thalamus was involved in emotion. d) Schachter-Singer two-factor theory Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 114. What is the correct sequence of events in emotional response according to the Cannon-Bard theory? a) stimulus Õ emotion Õ physiological changes b) stimulus Õ physiological changes Õ emotion Incorrect. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. c) physiological changes Õ stimulus Õ emotion d) stimulus Õ emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous) Correct. Cannon and Bard suggested that the emotion and physiological changes occur simultaneously. Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 71 a= 6 b= 17 c= 6 d= 71 r = .54

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 115. You are walking in the forest and see a bear. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, what happens next? a) You experience physiological changes followed by fear. Incorrect. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. b) You feel fear followed by physiological changes. c) You experience physiological changes and a feeling of fear simultaneously. Correct. Cannon and Bard suggested that the emotion and physiological changes occur simultaneously. d) You experience physiological changes and context appraisal followed by fear. Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 52 a= 24 b= 10 c= 52 d= 14 r = .46 % correct 63 a= 26 b= 5 c= 63 d= 5 r = .46 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 116. Which theory of emotion states that the experience of emotion occurs simultaneously with biological changes? a) Cannon-Bard theory Correct. Cannon and Bard suggested that the emotion and physiological changes occur simultaneously. b) James-Lange theory Incorrect. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. c) Plutchik theory d) Schachter-Singer theory Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 77 a= 77 b= 18 c= 0 d= 4 r = .33 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 117. Which is the BEST explanation of the Cannon-Bard theory? a) Bodily arousal occurs before emotional response. Incorrect. This is a summary of the James-Lange theory, not the Cannon-Bard theory. b) Emotions arise from learned triggers. c) Emotion is nothing but a reflexive response based on instincts. d) Bodily arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously. Correct. The Cannon-Bard theory suggests that the different aspects of emotion occur at the same time. Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 118. The idea that bodily arousal and the experience of emotion arise in tandem forms the essence of __________ theory of emotional experience. a) the facial feedback b) cognitive

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) the James-Lange Incorrect. The James-Lange theory of emotions suggests that physiological arousal precedes a cognitive experience of an emotion. d) the Cannon-Bard Correct. The Cannon-Bard theory suggests that the different aspects of emotion occur at the same time. Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 119. Seeing a snake, and then simultaneously running away from it and becoming frightened, is the sequence of events postulated by __________ theory. a) Plutchik’s b) the James-Lange Incorrect. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. c) the Cannon-Bard Correct. Cannon and Bard suggested that the emotion and physiological changes occur simultaneously. d) Schachter and Singer’s Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 48 a= 10 b= 24 c= 48 d= 19 r = .51 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 120. The frequent finding that asthmatics often experience shortness of breath concurrently with tremendous anxiety is an example of how emotions and physiological symptoms often occur simultaneously. As such, it supports which of the following theories of emotion? a) Plutchik’s theory b) the James-Lange theory Incorrect. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. c) the Cannon-Bard theory Correct. Cannon and Bard suggested that the emotion and physiological changes occur simultaneously. d) Schachter and Singer’s theory Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 121. Karl Lashley, a prominent neuroscientist, argued that the thalamus would have to be pretty sophisticated to make sense of all the possible emotions and relay them to the proper areas of the cortex and body. Which theory of emotion was Lashley criticizing? a) Plutchik’s theory b) the James-Lange theory Incorrect. James and Lange did not discuss the thalamus.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) the Cannon-Bard theory Correct. Cannon and Bard believed the thalamus was involved in emotions. d) Schachter and Singer’s theory Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 122. Which statement reflects the core idea of the facial feedback hypothesis? a) Men do not express emotion via the face. b) Facial features have no connection with emotion. Incorrect. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, facial features give us clues about emotional states. c) Information from facial muscles intensifies emotional experiences. Correct. The facial muscles provide empirical feedback about emotion. d) When one facial expression occurs, we quickly register its opposite on the face. Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It % correct 96 a= 0 b= 0 c= 96 d= 3 r = .19 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 123. Facial feedback is defined as ________. a) the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the emotion being expressed Correct. Facial feedback hypothesis assumes that the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed. b) a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all of which are shaped by cultural rules Incorrect. Facial feedback hypothesis assumes that the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the emotion being expressed. c) an irrational aspect of our mammalian heritage that no longer has an adaptive function in human behavior d) a set of social and cultural rules that regulates when, how, and where a person may express (or must suppress) emotions Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 124. The process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed is called __________. a) primary emotional processing b) internal emotion work c) facial feedback Correct. The process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed is called facial feedback.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) body language Incorrect. Body language involves the entire body, not just the face. Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 125. Which situation is an example of the facial feedback hypothesis? a) smiling in order to draw a smile from a friend Incorrect. This would be an example of emotional contagion, not the facial feedback hypothesis. b) avoiding eye contact in order to avoid talking to someone c) making yourself smile, then finding that your mood is more positive Correct. The muscles from your smiling face would indicate to your brain that you are feeling happy, and as a result your emotions would start to change to be consistent with that smile. This is the basic premise of the facial feedback hypothesis. d) trying to make eye contact in order to flirt with someone Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 126. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, when Cameron complies with instructions to smile and look happy, it is most likely that __________. a) he will begin to feel annoyed b) he will begin to feel angry c) his positive feelings will increase Correct. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, Cameron’s facial muscles will tell his brain that he is happy, and then he will feel happy. d) his reaction will depend on his age Incorrect. Age has nothing to do with facial feedback. Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 93 a= 7 b= 0 c= 93 d= 0 r = .19 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 127. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, when D’Antwon complies with instructions to look angry, it is most likely that __________. a) he will be amused to be simulating anger b) he will be pleased that he does it so well c) his positive feelings will decrease Correct. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, D’Antwon’s facial muscles will tell his brain that he is angry, and then he will feel angry. d) his reaction will depend on his age

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. Age has nothing to do with facial feedback. Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 128. Which evidence casts doubt on the facial feedback hypothesis? a) A woman with a paralyzed face nonetheless responds emotionally to images designed to elicit emotions. Correct. If her face is paralyzed, it cannot provide feedback to her brain about any expressed emotion….because no emotion is expressed. b) A blind woman responds emotionally to images designed to elicit emotions. c) A woman paralyzed from the waist down nonetheless responds emotionally to images designed to elicit emotions. Incorrect. A woman paralyzed from the waist down would remain capable of sending feedback from her facial expressions. d) A woman with Down syndrome nonetheless responds emotionally to images designed to elicit emotions. Answer: a Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 129. Which theory proposes that emotion is caused by the interaction of generalized physiological arousal and the cognitive labeling of that arousal? a) the James-Lange theory Incorrect. James and Lange focused on the physiological changes themselves, not on the labeling of the emotion. b) activation theory c) cognitive arousal theory (two-factor theory) Correct. Cognitive arousal theory (two-factor theory) maintains that emotion is caused by the interaction of physiological changes and the cognitive labeling of the reason for the physical reaction. d) the Cannon-Bard theory Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.12 Identify the key elements in the cognitive arousal and cognitive-mediational theories of emotion. Topic: 9.12 Cognitive Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 43 a= 14 b= 24 c= 43 d= 19 r = .57 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 130. “I think I’m afraid; therefore, I am afraid.” Which theory of emotion is characterized by this statement? a) the James-Lange theory Incorrect. James and Lange emphasized physical changes, not cognition. b) activation theory c) cognitive arousal theory (two-factor theory) Correct. Thinking is the key element in cognitive arousal theory (two-factor theory). d) the Cannon-Bard theory Answer: c

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 9.12 Identify the key elements in the cognitive arousal and cognitive-mediational theories of emotion. Topic: 9.12 Cognitive Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 62 a= 6 b= 17 c= 62 d= 15 r = .22 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 131. __________ proposed that two things have to happen before emotion occurs: physical arousal and labeling. a) Plutchik b) James and Lange Incorrect. James and Lange believed that the sequence was stimulus, physiological changes, and emotion. c) Cannon and Bard d) Schachter and Singer Correct. Schachter and Singer proposed that both physical arousal and labeling occur before emotion occurs. Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.12 Identify the key elements in the cognitive arousal and cognitive-mediational theories of emotion. Topic: 9.12 Cognitive Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 63 a= 16 b= 11 c= 11 d= 63 r = .39 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 132. Kiersten saw her old boyfriend and her heart began to race. According to cognitive arousal theory (two-factor theory), is she happy to see him or frightened of him? a) She is frightened because her emotional reaction came before her heart began to race. Incorrect. This is a summary of the James-Lange theory, not the cognitive arousal theory. b) You cannot tell because she is not displaying a basic emotion. c) It depends on how she interprets the situation. Correct. The interpretation of an ambiguous stimulus leads to a specific emotional experience. This is the basic premise of the cognitive arousal theory (two-factor theory) of emotions. d) She must be frightened because her heart began to race before she reacted emotionally. Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.12 Identify the key elements in the cognitive arousal and cognitive-mediational theories of emotion. Topic: 9.12 Cognitive Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 133. According to the cognitive arousal theory (two-factor theory) of emotions, appraisal of the situation would come __________ the physical arousal and __________ the experience of emotion. a) before; after Incorrect. Cognitive arousal theory (two-factor theory) suggests that the appraisal of the situation is what causes both the emotion and the arousal. b) after; before c) before; before Correct. Cognitive arousal theory (two-factor theory) suggests that the appraisal of the situation is what causes both the emotion and the arousal. d) after; after Answer: c

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 9.12 Identify the key elements in the cognitive arousal and cognitive-mediational theories of emotion. Topic: 9.12 Cognitive Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 134. You just finished a cup of very strong coffee at a café, which causes your body to have a general feeling of sustained arousal. As you leave the café, you walk past a cemetery where several people are crying at a graveside. According to Schachter and Singer, which of the following would most likely occur? a) You would feel an emotion of happiness despite the scene at the graveside. Incorrect. This seems quite unlikely. b) You would not notice the events that were happening. c) You would feel an emotion of sadness because the context would affect your labeling or arousal. Correct. According to Schachter and Singer, the coffee would arouse you and, then, after witnessing the graveside crying, you would label your emotion as sadness based on that environmental cue. d) Your emotional state would be impossible to predict. Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.12 Identify the key elements in the cognitive arousal and cognitive-mediational theories of emotion. Topic: 9.12 Cognitive Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 135. Schachter and Singer proposed that two things have to happen before emotion occurs: __________ and __________. a) physical arousal; fight or flight Incorrect. Schachter and Singer proposed that physical arousal and labeling occur before emotion occurs. b) cognition; behavior c) physical arousal; labeling Correct. Schachter and Singer proposed that physical arousal and labeling occur before emotion occurs. d) behavior; physical arousal Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.12 Identify the key elements in the cognitive arousal and cognitive-mediational theories of emotion. Topic: 9.12 Cognitive Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It % correct 36 a= 13 b= 36 c= 36 d= 14 r = .31 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 136. Physical arousal has to be interpreted cognitively before it is experienced as a specific emotion, according to __________. a) Plutchik b) the James-Lange theory Incorrect. James and Lange theorized that physiological changes cause the emotion. c) the Cannon-Bard theory d) Schachter and Singer Correct. Schachter and Singer proposed that physical arousal and labeling occur before emotion occurs. Answer: d Learning Objective: 9.12 Identify the key elements in the cognitive arousal and cognitive-mediational theories of emotion. Topic: 9.12 Cognitive Theories of Emotion

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 29 a= 19 b= 33 c= 19 d= 29 r = .60 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 137. Which two terms BEST describe Schachter and Singer’s theory of emotion? a) arousal and physiology Incorrect. Arousal and physiology are basically the same thing. b) behavior and genetics c) arousal and context Correct. In Schachter and Singer’s theory of emotion, first there is arousal, which is followed by contextual labeling. d) nature and nurture Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.12 Identify the key elements in the cognitive arousal and cognitive-mediational theories of emotion. Topic: 9.12 Cognitive Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 68 a= 32 b= 0 c= 68 d= 0 r = .45 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 138. According to cognitive-mediational theory, what is likely to influence an individual’s emotional experience? a) the feedback of others Incorrect. Interpretation is the main factor in cognitive-mediational theory; feedback from others is irrelevant. b) the intensity of the situation c) the interpretation of the environment Correct. Interpretation is the main factor in cognitive-mediational theory. d) the type of physiological reaction that takes place Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.12 Identify the key elements in the cognitive arousal and cognitive-mediational theories of emotion. Topic: 9.12 Cognitive Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 139. According to cognitive-mediational theory, appraisal of the situation would come __________ the physical arousal and __________ the experience of emotion. a) before; after Incorrect. Cognitive-mediational theory suggests that the appraisal of the situation is what causes both the emotion and the arousal. b) after; before c) before; before Correct. Cognitive-mediational theory suggests that the appraisal of the situation is what causes both the emotion and the arousal. d) after; after Answer: c Learning Objective: 9.12 Identify the key elements in the cognitive arousal and cognitive-mediational theories of emotion. Topic: 9.12 Cognitive Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White TRUE OR FALSE 140. A desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment is known as extrinsic motivation. Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 141. Intrinsic motivation is the idea that a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding for some other person. Answer: False Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 142. The English words motivation and emotion come from the Latin root meaning “to move.” Answer: True Learning Objectives: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. ; 9.8 Describe the three elements of emotion. Topics: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation; 9.8 The Three Elements of Emotion Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 143. The instinct approach to motivation proposes that motivations that drive humans are similar to those that drive animals. Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 144. Homeostasis refers to an imbalanced state of need that requires behavior. Answer: False Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 145. Drives are unlearned, species-specific behaviors that are more complex than an eye blink. Answer: False Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 146. Physiologically based drives that are unlearned are called primary drives. Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 147. The need for money is an example of an acquired (secondary) drive. Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 148. Individuals who are high in the need for affiliation care what others think of them and want to be liked. Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs. Topic: 9.2 Different Strokes for Different Folks: Psychological Needs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 149. According to David McClelland, the need for achievement (nAch) supports the idea that humans want to have control over other people to satisfy this physiological need. Answer: False Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs. Topic: 9.2 Different Strokes for Different Folks: Psychological Needs Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 150. People who believe that they have control over aspects of their life have an internal locus of control. Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs. Topic: 9.2 Different Strokes for Different Folks: Psychological Needs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 151. A stimulus motive is learned. Answer: False Learning Objective: 9.3 Identify the key elements of the arousal and incentive approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.3 Arousal and Incentive Approaches Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

152. A sensation seeker is a person who only engages in extreme, potentially life-threatening acts. Answer: False Learning Objective: 9.3 Identify the key elements of the arousal and incentive approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.3 Arousal and Incentive Approaches Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 153. Incentives are things that attract or lure humans into action. Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.3 Identify the key elements of the arousal and incentive approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.3 Arousal and Incentive Approaches Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 154. According to Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy, self-actualization is the need that must be met first. Answer: False Learning Objective: 9.4 Describe how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and self-determination theories explain motivation. Topic: 9.4 Humanistic Approaches Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 155. According to Abraham Maslow’s revised hierarchy, self-actualization is the highest need to which people attend. Answer: False Learning Objective: 9.4 Describe how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and self-determination theories explain motivation. Topic: 9.4 Humanistic Approaches Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 156. A peak experience, according to Maslow, would be a time in an individual’s life when self-actualization is temporarily achieved. Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.4 Describe how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and self-determination theories explain motivation. Topic: 9.4 Humanistic Approaches Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 157. Stress is the process of responding physically, emotionally, cognitively, and behaviorally to events that are perceived to be threatening or challenging. Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.5 Define stress and stressors, and describe two methods for coping with stress. Topic: 9.5 Motivation and Stress Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

158. Seated at his favorite restaurant, Felipe is torn between ordering a French dip sandwich and ordering a bowl of rigatoni. He enjoys both equally and is struggling to make a choice. Felipe is experiencing an avoidance-avoidance conflict. Answer: False Learning Objective: 9.5 Define stress and stressors, and describe two methods for coping with stress. Topic: 9.5 Motivation and Stress Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 159. When we eat, the pancreas releases insulin, which lowers blood sugar and will eventually increase the feeling of hunger. Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.6 Identify the physical and social factors that influence hunger. Topic: 9.6 Physiological and Social Components of Hunger Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 160. Twin studies suggest a genetic component to sexual orientation. Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.8 Distinguish among the various sexual orientations, and identify some potential influences on sexual orientation. Topic: 9.8 Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 161. The brain region that seems to influence positive emotions the most is the cerebellum. Answer: False Learning Objective: 9.10 Describe the three elements of emotion. Topic: 9.10 The Three Elements of Emotion Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 162. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, subcortical brain activity sends signals to arouse the body and signal emotion at the same time. Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 163. Arousal and context are two terms that are associated with Schachter and Singer’s theory of emotion. Answer: True Learning Objective: 9.12 Identify the key elements in the cognitive arousal and cognitive-mediational theories of emotion. Topic: 9.12 Cognitive Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Difficult

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. SHORT ANSWER 164. Explain the instinct approach to motivation. Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 165. According to drive-reduction theory, what are drives and needs? Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 166. List three types of needs proposed by David McClelland. Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs. Topic: 9.2 Different Strokes for Different Folks: Psychological Needs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 167. Explain Carol Dweck’s concept of how locus of control relates to achievement motivation. Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs. Topic: 9.2 Different Strokes for Different Folks: Psychological Needs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 168. What is self-actualization, and how is it related to having a peak experience? Learning Objective: 9.4 Describe how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and self-determination theories explain motivation. Topic: 9.4 Humanistic Approaches Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 169. Describe the differences between the terms distress and eustress. Learning Objective: 9.5 Define stress and stressors, and describe two methods for coping with stress. Topic: 9.5 Motivation and Stress Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 170. Explain the difference between problem-focused and emotion-focused coping, and provide a brief example of each. Learning Objective: 9.5 Define stress and stressors, and describe two methods for coping with stress. Topic: 9.5 Motivation and Stress

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 171. Identify and define two types of conflicts. Give one example of each conflict. Learning Objective: 9.5 Define stress and stressors, and describe two methods for coping with stress. Topic: 9.5 Motivation and Stress Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 172. Describe the action of insulin and glucagon on hunger. Learning Objective: 9.6 Identify the physical and social factors that influence hunger. Topic: 9.6 Physiological and Social Components of Hunger Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 173. Describe the different sexual orientations a person might have. Learning Objective: 9.8 Distinguish among the various sexual orientations, and identify some potential influences on sexual orientation. Topic: 9.8 Sexual Orientation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 174. What were some criticisms of Alfred Kinsey’s survey methodology? Learning Objective: 9.9 Explain the motivation for sexual behavior. Topic: 9.9 Sexual Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 175. List and briefly discuss the three elements of emotion. Learning Objective: 9.10 Describe the three elements of emotion. Topic: 9.10 The Three Elements of Emotion Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 176. What is the facial feedback hypothesis? Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 177. Briefly describe the James-Lange theory of emotion. Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. ESSAY 178. Explain the concepts of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Please provide detailed examples of these concepts from your daily life. Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 179. Explain the basic principles of drive-reduction theory. Be sure to include information about needs, drives, primary drives, acquired (secondary) drives, and homeostasis. Learning Objective: 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Topic: 9.1 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 180. David McClelland proposed that there are three types of needs: need for achievement, need for affiliation, and need for power. Explain McClelland’s research in these areas, and provide detailed real-life examples to support your explanation. Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs. Topic: 9.2 Different Strokes for Different Folks: Psychological Needs Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 181. How do people become high achievers according to Carol Dweck? Be sure to include information about the terms self and locus of control (internal and external), and provide at least two examples of her research supporting these ideas. Learning Objective: 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs. Topic: 9.2 Different Strokes for Different Folks: Psychological Needs Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 182. Use Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory to discuss responses to natural disasters, such as major earthquakes in California or an unexpected winter freeze engulfing Texas. Learning Objective: 9.4 Describe how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and self-determination theories explain motivation. Topic: 9.4 Humanistic Approaches Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 183. Compare and contrast problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping. Is one necessarily better than the other? Can you give an example where either might be useful, stating the specific way in which each coping skill might be employed? Learning Objective: 9.5 Define stress and stressors, and describe two methods for coping with stress. Topic: 9.5 Motivation and Stress Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 184. What are the physiological components involved in hunger? Describe how these components might be influencing you at breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Learning Objective: 9.6 Identify the physical and social factors that influence hunger. Topic: 9.6 Physiological and Social Components of Hunger Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 185. Apply any three theories of emotion to one emotion-related event in your life. Be specific about the event, and make clear connections to the theoretical assumptions. Learning Objective: 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Topic: 9.11 Early Theories of Emotion Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Test Yourself Pick the best answer. 1. Eli enjoys woodcarving. Although none of his teenage friends are interested, he often spends hours creating several different pieces. His enjoyment of the task is all his own, and he rarely shows others his work. Many would call his motivation _______ in nature. a. arousal b. extrinsic c. intrinsic d. instinctual 2. Jasmine often requires her friends’ approval when she buys new outfits. Her need is an example of a(n) _______ drive. a. instinctive b. primary c. acquired (secondary) d. innate 3. The approach to motivation that forced psychologists to consider the value of homeostasis in motivation was the _______ approach. a. incentive b. arousal c. instinct d. drive-reduction 4. Motivational theories such as _______ are physical in terms of their needs, while _______ is based on psychological motives. a. the drive theory, McClelland’s need theory b. the biological theory, the drive theory c. the drive theory, the instinctual theory d. need for power, the drive theory 5. Dodi is always looking for new hobbies. He prefers exciting hobbies that will get him noticed. In his company, Dodi constantly asks for feedback from customers so he can know what he needs to do to be the best. Dodi is high in the need for _______. a. power b. achievement c. affiliation d. attention 6. An important component to Carol Dweck’s theory of motivation is a. one’s view of self. b. an understanding of classical conditioning and its impact on motivation. c. an understanding of emotions. d. the importance of heredity in biological motivations 7. According to the arousal theory, people are typically motivated towards the _______ point of arousal. a. optimal b. easiest c. highest d. quickest 8. According to Maslow, what is meant by a peak experience?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a. the point at which someone must descend back down the hierarchy to address a previous need which is no longer secure b. the point at which someone reaches transcendence c. the point at which someone begins to work through the hierarchy d. that point, even for a moment, when someone reaches a state of self-actualization 9. Jacob believes he is in control of his own destiny. He feels he is secure in the friendships he has with others. However, he still feels the need to master many of the challenges in his own life and career. According to the selfdetermination theory, which stage is Jacob still working to complete? a. affiliation b. competence c. autonomy d. relatedness 10. Leptin is a hormone involved in a. appetite control. b. neurotransmissions. c. digestion of fatty foods. d. metabolism control. 11. The structure in the brain that, when damaged, causes rats to eat and eat and eat is called the a. ventromedial hypothalamus. b. ventromedial pituitary. c. lateral hippocampus. d. lateral hypothalamus. 12. The level of weight the body tries to maintain is called the a. weight metabolic rate. b. weight set point. c. basal metabolic rate. d. basal set point. 13. Studies indicate that women from _______ are more likely to eat because their body tells them they are hungry. a. Hungary b. the United States c. Italy d. Japan 14. Because Dillon’s family has a history of obesity, he has _______ risk of becoming obese compared to people without such a family history. a. the same b. less c. five times the d. double or triple the 15. LeDoux’s work on the physiology involving emotions has focused on what part of the brain? a. hippocampus b. prefrontal cortex c. thalamus d. amygdala 16. Research on facial expressions has taught us that facial expressions are a. inherent to a region and therefore mean different things in different countries. b. learned. c. inherent to a culture and therefore mean different things to different cultures. d. universal.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

17. What is meant by a display rule? a. an understanding of how to hide emotions from others b. an understanding of what behaviors can be expressed when someone is new to a situation c. an understanding of how children are to act in the presence of adults d. an understanding of when and under what conditions emotions and feelings may be displayed within a culture 18. What theory of emotion states that the emotion typically occurs before arousal and behavior? a. James and Lange’s theory b. Schachter and Singer’s theory c. the original, or common-sense, theory d. Cannon and Bard’s theory 19. Which theory of emotion relies heavily on cognition and labeling? a. Cannon and Bard’s theory b. Schachter and Singer’s theory c. James and Lange’s theory d. the original, or common-sense, theory 20. Carolyn is a full-time student and heavily involved in various school and community activities. Constantly on the go, and despite her best intentions, she seems to regularly miss homework, assignment, and paper deadlines. Carolyn might benefit from using a _______ resource to keep up with commitments. a. systematic and external b. free-form and internal c. systematic and mental d. memory-based

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

EXTRA BANK OF QUESTIONS 9: MOTIVATION AND EMOTION ______________________________________________________________________________ 9.1–9.5 Understanding Motivation 9.1 Defining Motivation 1. A need that energizes and directs behavior toward some goal is known as a __________. a. cue b. behavior c. motive d. stimulus Answer c % correct 81 a= 7 b= 5 c= 81 d= 7 r = .24 2. Finn has such powerful sexual needs that he engages in dangerously promiscuous behavior. In this case, Finn’s sexual needs are a(n) __________. a. emotion b. motive c. stimulus d. cue Answer b % correct 78 a= 22 b= 78 c= 0 d= 0 r = .45 3. An example of intrinsic motivation is reading a textbook because you __________. a. want to earn an A on a test b. want to avoid a D or F on a test c. enjoy reading it d. are being paid to read it Answer c % correct 45 a= 25 b= 25 c= 45 d= 5 r = .70

9.2 Early Approaches to Understanding Motivation 4. The concept that a person acts in a certain manner because of an innate predisposition to do so is based on the __________ theory. a. aggression b. drive c. instinct d. incentive Answer c % correct 85 a= 10 b= 0 c= 85 d= 5 r = .21 5. An innate or inborn predisposition to act in a specific way is called a(n) __________. a. instinct b. drive c. incentive d. need Answer a % correct 96 a= 96 b= 0 c= 2 d= 2 r = .21 6. Which of the following best describes the instinct theory of motivation? a. Tension is created within an organism when it has been deprived of something it needs, thus compelling it to satisfy its needs.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b. External cues elicit behavior from an organism. c. Organisms have inborn patterns of behavior and innate desires to perform in a certain manner. d. Organisms have desires to act in specific ways, but these behaviors can be modified by learning. Answer c % correct 77 a= 6 b= 8 c= 77 d= 10 r = .35 7. The major shortcoming of the instinct concept is that __________. a. instincts have never been shown to exist in any species b. the instinct concept is too complex an explanation of most motivated behavior c. asserting the existence of an instinct does not help us to understand the behavior in question d. it is too physiological in theoretical orientation Answer c % correct 78 a= 0 b= 17 c= 78 d= 6 r = .33 8. The concept of __________ replaced the concept of instinct in motivation theory. a. purpose b. optimal level of stimulation c. drive reduction d. homeostasis Answer c % correct 67 a= 11 b= 11 c= 67 d= 11 r = .32 9. The concept that an organism is motivated to act because its body is in a state of need is based on the __________ theory. a. incentive b. affiliation c. drive-reduction d. instinct Answer c % correct 88 a= 10 b= 0 c= 88 d= 2 r = .33 10. A renowned psychologist claims that motivated behaviors result from an effort to reduce tension caused by bodily needs such as hunger or thirst. Her philosophy most closely matches which theory? a. threshold b. trait c. homeostatic d. drive-reduction Answer d % correct 78 a= 3 b= 0 c= 19 d= 78 r = .41 11. Henry hasn’t eaten for four days and is very hungry. A friend offers to take him to lunch or to a new superhero movie that she knows Henry wants to see. The drive-reduction theory of motivation would predict that Henry __________. a. is equally likely to select either option b. will select the lunch c. will select the movie d. will not select either option Answer b % correct 95 a= 5 b= 95 c= 0 d= 0 r = .55 12. Primary drives are __________. a. learned b. unlearned c. cognitive d. socially determined Answer b % correct 85 a= 10 b= 85 c= 5 d= 0

r = .43

13. Drives that are unlearned are called __________ drives. a. primary b. acquired (secondary) c. reflexive

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d. learned Answer a

% correct 90

a= 90 b= 6 c= 4 d= 0

r = .20

14. An example of a primary drive is __________. a. greed b. thirst c. wantonness d. piety Answer b % correct 86 a= 11 b= 86 c= 0 d= 3

r = .34

15. Thirst, sex, and hunger are examples of __________ drives. a. primary b. acquired (secondary) c. internalized d. externalized Answer a % correct 80 a= 80 b= 5 c= 15 d= 0 r = .23 16. The concept of primary drives would explain our need for __________. a. food b. Gucci jeans c. a waterbed d. companionship Answer a % correct 96 a= 96 b= 1 c= 0 d= 3 r = .24 17. The observation that people often seek stimulation and that not all motives are aroused by internal states contradicts the __________ theory of motivation. a. incentive b. drive-reduction c. Gestalt d. cognitive Answer b % correct 40 a= 20 b= 40 c= 10 d= 30 r = .30 18. The process by which the body maintains a balance or equilibrium in its internal environment is called __________. a. neoteny b. autoregulation c. homeostasis d. hypothalamus Answer c % correct 94 a= 3 b= 0 c= 94 d= 3 r = .25 19. Homeostasis refers to __________. a. realizing one’s full potential b. a balanced state in the body’s internal environment c. a state of optimum stimulation either above or below equilibrium d. the mechanism by which unconscious needs are satisfied Answer b % correct 85 a= 5 b= 85 c= 10 d= 0 r = .65 20. The basis of drive-reduction theory is the principle of __________. a. reinforcement b. achievement c. homeostasis d. homeopathy Answer c % correct 38 a= 29 b= 31 c= 38 d= 2 r = .43 21. When you get too warm, you begin to perspire. This is an example of __________.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a. a drive b. homeostasis c. a need d. adjustment Answer b % correct 87

a= 2 b= 87 c= 2 d= 10

r = .26

9.4 Arousal and Incentive Approaches 22. Stimulus motives __________. a. are set in motion by internal stimuli b. deal with information about the environment in general c. function to assure the bare survival of the organism d. depend less on external stimuli than primary drives do Answer a % correct 81 a= 81 b= 6 c= 6 d= 6 r = .27 23. Cody cannot stand being cooped up in the house all day. He is happiest when he is outdoors engaging in some vigorous activity. Cody’s need for activity is a __________. a. primary drive b. primary motive c. stimulus drive d. stimulus motive Answer d % correct 35 a= 16 b= 9 c= 38 d= 35 r = .66 24. __________ are largely innate motives that push us to investigate, and often change, the environment. a. Primary drives b. Stimulus motives c. Secondary motives d. Secondary drives Answer b % correct 65 a= 1 b= 65 c= 25 d= 6 r = .21 25. A(n) __________ is an external stimulus that can motivate behavior even if no drive is initially present. a. homeostatic mechanism b. motor program c. arousal mechanism d. incentive Answer d % correct 81 a= 0 b= 3 c= 17 d= 81 r = .67 9.5 Humanistic Approaches 26. Which motivational theorist is associated with the following assumption: “Before higher-level needs can be addressed or acted on, one’s lower-level needs must be met”? a. Freud b. Maslow c. McClelland d. Harlow Answer b % correct 92 a= 2 b= 92 c= 0 d= 4 r = .33 27. Abraham Maslow theorized that human needs are __________. a. basically identical to those of animals b. arranged in a hierarchy of importance c. destined to conflict with one another at all times d. less important than emotions Answer b % correct 97 a= 3 b= 97 c= 0 d= 0 r = .24

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

28. What is the lowest need in Maslow’s hierarchy? a. physiological b. safety c. achievement d. self-actualization Answer a % correct 52 a= 52 b= 15 c= 17 d= 13

r = .38

29. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must be satisfied first? a. self-actualization b. esteem needs c. physiological needs d. safety needs Answer c % correct 78 a= 3 b= 3 c= 78 d= 17 r = .28 30. Maslow is associated with which of the following notions? a. When the body temperature falls, we are motivated to eat. b. The motive to explore and manipulate is important for individual survival. c. Our motives are organized into a hierarchy. d. Some people are driven by the achievement motive. Answer c % correct 88 a= 0 b= 4 c= 88 d= 6 r = .48 31. For Maslow, the most highly evolved motive is __________. a. esteem b. physiological needs c. intellectual needs d. self-actualization Answer d % correct 81 a= 5 b= 14 c= 0 d= 81 r = .36 32. The correct order of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, from the most primitive to the most complex and human, is __________. a. safety, physiological, belongingness, esteem, self-actualization b. physiological, esteem, self-actualization, safety, belongingness c. physiological, esteem, safety, belongingness, self-actualization d. physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, self-actualization Answer d % correct 78 a= 19 b= 0 c= 3 d= 78 r = .36

9.6–9.7 What, Hungry Again? Why People Eat 9.6 Physiological and Social Components of Hunger 33. What is the most recent conclusion concerning the role of stomach contractions in signaling hunger? a. They have no influence. b. They play a minor role. c. They play a major role. d. They cannot be studied because of lack of technology. Answer b % correct 65 a= 15 b= 65 c= 15 d= 5 r = .37 34. It is believed that the hypothalamus controls __________. a. aggression b. social learning abilities c. long-term mechanisms of body weight d. biological motives Answer c % correct 59 a= 12 b= 3 c= 59 d= 26 r = .21

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

9.8–9.10 Emotion 9.8 The Three Elements of Emotion 35. Who proposed that the human expression of emotion is innate and has survival value? a. William James b. Stanley Schachter c. Charles Darwin d. Emmett Kelly Answer c % correct 81 a= 7 b= 6 c= 81 d= 6 r = .24 36. A careful examination of emotions can be traced back to __________. a. B. F. Skinner b. Charles Darwin c. the Renaissance d. World War I Answer b % correct 68 a= 6 b= 68 c= 12 d= 15 r = .40 37. Affective states accompanied by physiological changes that often influence behavior are called __________. a. motives b. drives c. emotions d. traits Answer c % correct 80 a= 20 b= 0 c= 80 d= 0 r = .20 38. The __________ nervous system influences physiological effects associated with emotions. a. apathetic b. primal c. empathic d. sympathetic Answer d % correct 85 a= 4 b= 2 c= 8 d= 85 r = .52 39. Anger is a(n) __________. a. primary reflex b. emotion c. motive d. social drive Answer b % correct 97 a= 0 b= 97 c= 3 d= 0

r = .20

9.9 Early Theories of Emotion 40. According to the __________ theory, physiological changes and the experience of emotion are simultaneous. a. Schachter and Singer b. Cannon-Bard c. James-Lange d. appraisal Answer b % correct 48 a= 12 b= 48 c= 38 d= 0 r = .49 41. Which theory of emotion includes activation of the thalamus? a. James-Lange theory b. Cannon-Bard theory

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c. Schachter and Singer’s theory d. appraisal theory Answer b % correct 50 a= 30 b= 50 c= 20 d= 0

r = .48

42. According to the __________ theory, the thalamus plays a significant role in one’s emotions. a. James-Lange b. Cannon-Bard c. Schachter-Singer d. cognitive arousal Answer b % correct 52 a= 13 b= 52 c= 6 d= 25 r = .24 43. The __________ theory of emotion places the source of emotions in the thalamus. a. James-Lange b. Cannon-Bard c. activation d. jukebox Answer b % correct 64 a= 22 b= 64 c= 11 d= 3 r = .30 44. Note the following sequence of events: emotional stimulus Õ thalamus Õ simultaneous physiological arousal and emotional experience. This order of occurrences summarizes the __________ theory of emotion. a. James-Lange b. Cannon-Bard c. activation d. jukebox Answer b % correct 53 a= 33 b= 53 c= 11 d= 3 r = .45 45. Emotional experience and arousal occur at the same time due to stimulation of the cerebral cortex, according to __________. a. Schachter and Singer b. James and Lange c. Valins d. Cannon and Bard Answer d % correct 81 a= 3 b= 17 c= 0 d= 81 r = .33 46. Scott tells Tess that he is feeling fine, but Tess doesn’t believe him. What should she focus on to have the BEST chance of identifying any emotions Scott might be hiding? a. his words b. his body posture c. his vocal intonations d. his facial expressions Answer d % correct 63 a= 2 b= 21 c= 12 d= 63 r = .53

9.10 Cognitive Theories of Emotion 47. Which theory maintains that emotion is caused by the interaction of physiological processes and interpretation? a. James-Lange theory b. cognitive arousal theory (two-factor theory) c. activation theory d. Cannon-Bard theory Answer b % correct 53 a= 28 b= 53 c= 3 d= 17 r = .24

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Revel Quizzes The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Psychology: An Exploration, Fifth Edition. End of Module Quiz 9.1-9.5: Understanding Motivation EOM 9.1.1 If a person carries out a behavior to receive an outcome that is separate from the person, this is known as a) extrinsic motivation. b) intrinsic motivation. c) drive-reduction motivation. d) instinctual motivation. Answer: a Consider This: An example of this would be giving a child money for every A received on a report card. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Understanding Motivation EOM 9.1.2 People high in the need for __________ want to be liked by others and are good team players. a) affiliation b) achievement c) power d) emotion Answer: a Consider This: According to psychologist David C. McClelland, human beings have a psychological need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Understanding Motivation EOM 9.1.3 In terms of arousal theory, if individuals are currently bored or underaroused, they are likely to pursue activities to help them _______ their overall level of arousal a) elevate b) decrease c) maintain d) maintain or decrease Answer: a Consider This: People seek to maintain an optimal level of arousal by increasing or decreasing exposure to stimulation. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.3 Identify the key elements of the arousal and incentive approaches to motivation. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Understanding Motivation

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

EOM 9.1.4 In Maslow’s theory, how often do people reach a point of self-actualization? a) Seldom, although there are times in a person’s life when they are self-actualized at least temporarily. b) Most people reach a state of self-actualization before they reach adulthood. c) Most people reach a state of self-actualization as they finish adolescence. d) No one ever reaches the ultimate state. Our motivations express themselves in how we try to attain it. Answer: a Consider This: People move up the pyramid as they go through life, gaining wisdom, but a shift in life’s circumstances can result in a shift down to a lower need. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 9.4 Describe how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and self-determination theories explain motivation. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Understanding Motivation EOM 9.1.5 In Ryan and Deci’s self-determination theory, what is the key to achieving one’s needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness? a) support from others around you b) an instinctual motivation c) a motivation often driven by heredity d) a driving desire not to be a failure Answer: a Consider This: This will foster healthy psychological growth and increase the individual’s intrinsic motivation. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.4 Describe how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and self-determination theories explain motivation. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Understanding Motivation EOM 9.1.6 Studies show that ______________ is the optimal amount of stress that people need to positively promote their health and sense of well-being, which coincides with ____________ theory a) eustress; arousal b) intensity; cognitive consistency c) distress; biological instinct d) eustress; Maslow’s Answer: a Consider This: This kind of stress comes from positive events that still make demands on a person to adapt or change. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.5 Define stress and stressors, and describe two methods for coping with stress. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Understanding Motivation End of Module Quiz 9.6-9.7: What, Hungry Again? Why People Eat EOM 9.3.1 Which of the following is not a hormone that influences eating behavior in humans? a) serotonin

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) leptin c) insulin d) glucagon Answer: a Consider This: Hormones are released by glands, such as the pancreas. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.6 Identify the physical and social factors that influence hunger. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Why People Eat EOM 9.3.2 Ricardo eats a late breakfast at 10:00 a.m., but finds he is hungry at 11:30 a.m., when he typically eats lunch. What best explains his hunger pains only 90 minutes after eating breakfast? a) classical conditioning b) self-actualization c) heredity d) social pressure Answer: a Consider This: The body becomes conditioned to respond with the hunger reflex at certain times of the day. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.6 Identify the physical and social factors that influence hunger. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Why People Eat EOM 9.3.3 In a study examining the influence of culture on individual eating habits, researchers found that women from the United States were more likely to eat in response to ________, whereas women from Japan were more likely to eat in response to ___________. a) emotional cues; hunger signals or social demands b) stress; depression c) being instructed that it was “mealtime”; being told “you will not have another chance to eat today.” d) the smell of fresh food; the sight of fresh food Answer: a Consider This: Collectivistic cultures such as Japan place a high value on social interactions. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.6 Identify the physical and social factors that influence hunger. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Why People Eat EOM 9.3.4 In cultures in which Western lifestyles of eating and exercising have been adopted, obesity rates have _______ over the last 20 years. a) tripled b) doubled c) remained relatively stable d) decreased slightly Answer: a

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Consider This: As cultures become more industrialized and follow Western-culture lifestyles, negative aspects of those lifestyles also increase. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 9.7 Recognize some of the factors that contribute to obesity. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Why People Eat End of Module Quiz 9.8-9.9: Sexual Behavior EOM Q9.4.1 In studies of gay men and women who have identical twins, researchers found that ____ of the identical twins were also gay. a) 52 percent b) 22 percent c) 11 percent d) 48 percent Answer: a Consider This: Genetics are a contributing factor, but twin studies are difficult to conduct without the influence of environment on behavior. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.8 Distinguish among the various sexual orientations, and identify some potential influences on sexual orientation. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Human Sexual Behavior EOM Q9.4.2 Which of the following was a criticism of Kinsey’s research? a) The study had a restricted sample. b) The study was incomplete. c) The study asked poorly worded questions. d) The study was rushed. Answer: a Consider This: The participants were almost exclusively white, middle class, and college educated. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.9 Explain the motivation for sexual behavior. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Human Sexual Behavior EOM Q9.4.3 The largest study of human sexual behavior conducted since the work of Alfred Kinsey began in 1983 and was spearheaded by: a) Janus and Janus b) Alfred Kinsey, Jr. c) Sharf and Titus d) Maron and Butcher Answer: a Consider This: This survey sampled 3,000 people from all 48 mainland states. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.9 Explain the motivation for sexual behavior. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Human Sexual Behavior

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOM Q9.4.4 Robert Trivers’s theory of parental investment states that ____ must invest more time and effort in reproducing, and therefore more likely to ____________. a) women, be more selective about the men they choose for sexual encounters. b) men, be more selective about the women they choose for sexual encounters. c) men, have many sexual encounters with many partners. d) women, have many sexual encounters with many partners. Answer: a Consider This: Males of many species, including humans, do not have to invest a lot of time or effort into impregnating a female. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.9 Explain the motivation for sexual behavior. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Human Sexual Behavior End of Module Quiz 9.10-9.12: Emotion EOM 9.5.1 Which of the following is not one of the three elements of emotion? a) Objective experience b) Physical arousal c) Behavioral reaction d) Subjective experience Answer: a Consider This: Emotion can be defined as the “feeling” aspect of consciousness. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 9.10 Describe the three elements of emotion. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Emotion EOM 9.5.2 The phrase “I’m embarrassed because my face is red” is best explained by which theory of emotion? a) James-Lange b) Cannon-Bard c) Schachter-Singer d) common-sense theory of emotion Answer: a Consider This: This theory believes that physical arousal leads to the labeling of an emotion. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.10 Describe the three elements of emotion. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Emotion EOM 9.5.3 “I believe that emotions and physiological arousal tend to happen simultaneously.” Which theorist would be responsible for making such a statement? a) Walter Cannon or Philip Bard b) William James or Carl Lange c) Stanley Schachter or Jerome Singer

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) Sigmund Freud or Erik Erikson Answer: a Consider This: Part of this theory states that physical changes caused by various emotions aren't distinct enough to allow them to be perceived as different emotions. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Emotion EOM 9.5.4 One day at school, someone collides with you in the hall and knocks you down, causing you to be angry. However, when playing football with friends, if you get knocked down, you do not express anger. What theory best explains how we label each situation and choose the appropriate emotion to show? a) Schachter-Singer b) James-Lange c) Cannon-Bard d) facial feedback Answer: a Consider This: This theory believes that physical arousal and labeling of the arousal based on cues from the surrounding environment have to happen before an emotion occurs. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 9.12 Identify the key elements in the cognitive arousal and cognitive-mediational theories of emotion. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Emotion EOM 9.5.5 In Schachter and Singer’s classic study, participants who received epinephrine and were in the company of the “angry” research confederate interpreted their physiological arousal as __________, whereas those who were exposed to the “happy” confederate interpreted their arousal as __________. a) anger; happiness b) happiness; anger c) happiness; happiness d) anger; anger Answer: a Consider This: This experiment was to test their theory that emotions are determined by an interaction between the physiological state of arousal and the label that a person places on the arousal. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.12 Identify the key elements in the cognitive arousal and cognitive-mediational theories of emotion. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Emotion EOM 9.5.6 Navena smiles wherever she goes. She smiles a lot in the classroom, which in turn prompts her fellow students to smile, making them feel happier too. This effect is best explained by which of the following theories of emotion? a) facial feedback b) James-Lange c) cognitive-mediational d) Schachter-Singer

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Consider This: This theory assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn not only intensifies the emotion but also actually causes the emotion. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Emotion Chapter 9 Quiz: Motivation, Stress, and Emotion EOC Q9.1 Mark enjoys woodcarving. Although none of his teenage friends are interested, he often spends hours creating several different pieces. His enjoyment of the task is all his own, and he rarely shows others his work. Many would call his motivation __________ in nature. a) intrinsic b) extrinsic c) instinctual d) arousal Answer: a Consider This: This is the type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is fun, rewarding, challenging, or satisfying in some internal manner. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Understanding Motivation EOC Q9.2 Kennedie often requires her friends’ approval when she buys new outfits. Her need is an example of a(n) __________ drive. a) acquired (secondary) b) primary c) innate d) instinctive Answer: a Consider This: This type of drive is learned through experience or conditioning. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Understanding Motivation EOC Q9.3 The approach to motivation that forced psychologists to consider the value of homeostasis in motivation was the __________ approach. a) drive-reduction b) arousal c) instinct d) incentive

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Consider This: Homeostasis is the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.1 Define motivation, and discuss the key elements of early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Approaches to Understanding Motivation EOC Q9.4 Motivational theories such as _________________ are physical in terms of their needs, while __________ is based on psychological motives. a) drive theory; McClelland’s need theory b) drive theory; instinctual theory c) biological theory; drive theory d) need for power; drive theory Answer: a Consider This: Although drive-reduction theory works well to explain the actions people take to reduce tension created by needs, it does not explain all human motivation. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Understanding Motivation EOC Q9.5 Thiago is always looking for new hobbies. He prefers exciting hobbies that will get him noticed. In his company, he constantly asks for feedback from customers so he can know what he needs to do to be the best. Thiago is high in the need for __________. a) achievement b) affiliation c) power d) attention Answer: a Consider This: Human beings have a psychological to succeed in attaining goals and require feedback about their performance. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Understanding Motivation EOC Q9.6 An important component to Carol Dweck’s theory of motivation is a) one’s view of self. b) an understanding of classical conditioning and its impact on motivation. c) the importance of heredity in biological motivations d) an understanding of emotions. Answer: a Consider This: This theory states that the beliefs a person holds about his or her own abilities and relationships with others can affect the individual’s perception of the success or failure of his or her actions. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.2 Explain the characteristics of the three types of needs.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Understanding Motivation EOC Q9.7 According to the arousal theory, people are typically motivated towards the __________________ point of arousal. a) optimal b) highest c) easiest d) quickest Answer: a Consider This: Task performances may suffer if the level of arousal is too high or too low. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.3 Identify the key elements of the arousal and incentive approaches to motivation. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Understanding Motivation EOC Q9.8 According to Maslow, what is meant by a peak experience? a) that point, even for a moment, when someone reaches a state of self-actualization b) the point at which someone reaches transcendence c) the point at which someone begins to work through the hierarchy d) the point at which someone must descend back down the hierarchy to address a previous need which is no longer secure Answer: a Consider This: According to Maslow, people strive to make peak experiences happen again and again. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 9.4 Describe how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and self-determination theories explain motivation. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Understanding Motivation EOC Q9.9 Zayden believes he is in control of his own destiny. He feels he is secure in the friendships he has with others. However, he still feels the need to master many of the challenges in his own life and career. According to selfdetermination theory, which stage is Zayden still working to complete? a) competence b) autonomy c) relatedness d) affiliation Answer: a Consider This: In the self-determination theory, there are three inborn and universal needs that help people gain a complete sense of self and whole, healthy relationships with others. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.5 Describe how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and self-determination theories explain motivation. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Approaches to Understanding Motivation EOC Q9.10 Kasun is having trouble with psychology and statistics. He goes to the school’s academic help center for tutoring and spends extra time working on problems at home. Kasun’s method of coping is

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) problem focused. b) emotion focused. c) defensive focused. d) internal. Answer: a Consider This: This method involves trying to eliminate the source of a stress or reducing its impact through your own actions. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.5 Define stress and stressors, and describe two methods for coping with stress. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Coping With Stress EOC Q9.11 Unpredictable, large-scale events that create a great deal of stress and feelings of threat are called a) catastrophes. b) major life events. c) hassles. d) major hassles. Answer: a Consider This: Wars, hurricanes, floods, fires, airplane crashes, and other disasters are examples of this. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.5 Define stress and stressors, and describe two methods for coping with stress. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Stress and Stressors EOC Q9.12 Leptin is a hormone involved in a) appetite control. b) metabolism control. c) digestion of fatty foods. d) neurotransmissions. Answer: a Consider This: Problems with production or detection of this can lead to overeating. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.6 Identify the physical and social factors that influence hunger. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: What, Hungry Again? Why People Eat EOC Q9.13 Studies indicate that women from __________________ are more likely to eat because their body tells them they are hungry. a) Japan b) Hungary c) the United States d) Italy Answer: a Consider This: Cultural factors and gender play a part in determining hunger and eating habits. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.6 Identify the physical and social factors that influence hunger.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: What, Hungry Again? Why People Eat EOC Q9.14 The Kinsey report indicates that more than ____________ as many men had intercourse by age 16 as did women. a) three times b) twice c) four times d) ten times Answer: a Consider This: Men were more likely to report engaging in premarital sex, extramarital sex, and masturbation than were women. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 9.9 Explain the motivation for sexual behavior. Skill: Remember The Facts Topic: Human Sexual Behavior EOC Q9.15 LeDoux’s work on the physiology involving emotions has focused on what part of the brain? a) amygdala b) prefrontal cortex c) hippocampus d) thalamus Answer: a Consider This: This is a complex structure with many different nuclei and subdivisions, whose roles have been investigated primarily through studies of fear conditioning. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.10 Describe the three elements of emotion. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Emotion EOC Q9.16 Research on facial expressions has taught us that facial expressions are a) universal. b) learned. c) inherent to a culture and therefore mean different things to different cultures. d) inherent to a region and therefore mean different things in different countries. Answer: a Consider This: This is true despite the fact that situations that cause emotions may differ from culture to culture. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.10 Describe the three elements of emotion. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Emotion EOC Q9.17 What is meant by a display rule? a) an understanding of when and under what conditions emotions and feelings may be displayed within a culture b) an understanding of what behaviors can be expressed when someone is new to a situation c) an understanding of how children are to act in the presence of adults d) an understanding of how to hide emotions from others

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Answer: a Consider This: Whether an emotion is expressed or displayed depends on the learned rules for displaying emotion. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 9.10 Describe the three elements of emotion. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Emotion EOC Q9.18 What theory of emotion states that the emotion typically occurs before arousal and behavior? a) the original, or common-sense, theory b) Schachter and Singer’s theory c) Cannon and Bard’s theory d) James and Lange’s theory Answer: a Consider This: For example, seeing a snarling dog in one’s path causes the feeling of fear, which stimulates the body to arousal, followed by the behavioral act of running. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.11 Distinguish among the common-sense, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and facial feedback theories of emotion. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Emotion EOC Q9.19 Which theory of emotion relies heavily on cognition and labeling? a) Schachter and Singer’s theory b) the original, or common-sense, theory c) Cannon and Bard’s theory d) James and Lange’s theory Answer: a Consider This: In this theory, a stimulus leads to both bodily arousal and the labeling of that arousal, which leads to the experience and labeling of the emotional reaction. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.12 Identify the key elements in the cognitive arousal and cognitive-mediational theories of emotion. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Emotion EOC Q9.20 Lisa is a fulltime student and heavily involved in various school and community activities. Constantly on the go, an despite best intentions, she seems to regularly miss homework, assignment, and paper deadlines. Lisa might benefit from using a ____________________ resource to keep up with commitments. a) systematic and external b) free-form and internal c) systematic and mental d) memory-based Answer: a Consider This: There are a variety of systems available to help you manage your time, tasks, and commitments. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 9.13 Identify possible barriers, and benefits, to implementing a personal system to manage your time and tasks.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Applying Psychology to Everyday Life: What Is Holding You Back From Keeping Track?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE

Chapter 10

Learning Objectives

Remember the Facts

Understand the Concepts

Introduction 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. 10.3 Identify factors that make obedience more likely.

1, 3, 61 5, 8–12, 17, 24, 180, 182, 184, 207

2 14, 18, 22, 181, 206

29, 30, 34–36, 38, 42–44 51, 53, 55, 56, 58, 60, 187–189, 223 62, 63, 69, 72, 190, 211

10.4 Identify the three components of an attitude and how attitudes are formed. 10.5 Describe how attitudes can be changed. 10.6 Explain how people react when attitudes differ from behavior. 10.7 Describe how people form impressions of others. 10.8 Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others. 10.9 Distinguish between prejudice and discrimination. 10.10 Describe theories of how prejudice is learned and how it can be overcome. 10.11 Identify social and cultural factors that influence stress reactions. 10.12 Identify factors involved in interpersonal attraction. 10.13 Describe the different types of love outlined in Sternberg’s theory. 10.14 Explain how aggressive behavior is determined by biology and learning.

Social Psychology Apply What You Know

Analyze It

4, 6, 7, 15, 16, 19–21, 25–27, 222

13, 23, 183

31–33, 37–41, 44, 46– 49, 185, 186, 208 54, 57

28, 42, 43, 45, 209 52

65–68, 70, 71, 74–76, 225

77, 78, 81, 191, 212 86, 87, 94, 95, 194

79, 80, 85, 192

83, 84, 226

193

88–93, 96, 213, 227

98, 99, 101, 106, 107, 196, 197, 214, 215 108, 109, 112, 119, 121, 199

104, 195

102, 103, 105, 228

100

116, 118, 122, 229

110, 111, 113–115, 117, 120, 123, 198

216

129–131

125, 132

126, 217

136, 139, 140, 144, 146, 148, 149, 201, 202 151

135, 137, 141, 147, 200

124, 127, 128, 133, 134 138, 142, 143, 145, 218, 230

152–155, 161, 203

158–160

157, 162, 163

156

59, 210, 224

150

165, 166, 204, 219

164, 231

167–170

220

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objectives

Remember the Facts

10.15 Identify the factors influencing why people help others. 10.16 Identify everyday examples of group conformity and group identity.

171, 172, 174, 205, 221

Understand the Concepts 173

Apply What You Know 175–179, 232

Analyze It

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Name _____________________________________________________________ Chapter 10 – Quick Quiz 1 1. Social psychology differs from psychology in its focus on __________. a) people’s susceptibility to clever advertising b) our social world influences c) abnormal behavior d) conformity 2. Many people hang up on telemarketers, but others will listen politely to their pitches even if they are not interested in the product. Telemarketers know that anyone who agrees to listen to a pitch is more likely to buy the product, thanks to the __________ phenomenon. a) risky shift c) foot-in-the-door b) polarization d) door-in-the-face 3. Which of the following would result in cognitive dissonance? a) Wearing glasses is dignified; a respected political leader wears glasses. b) Dresses are feminine; Reese Witherspoon wears dresses. c) Pink shirts are considered feminine; Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson wears pink shirts. d) Orange juice is healthy; I love orange juice. 4. Your best friend has been acting rather cool toward you lately. As you try to figure out why, you are engaging in the process called __________. a) attribution c) ascribing values b) causal analysis d) nonverbal communication 5. Discrimination differs from prejudice in that discrimination is __________. a) unjustified c) an attitude b) a behavior d) negative 6. The realistic conflict theory focuses on conflict __________. a) within an in-group c) within an out-group b) between two groups d) between two members of an in-group 7. The classic Robbers Cave study showed that prejudice can be reduced by which of the following? a) mere exposure b) relearning social norms c) cooperating to meet a mutually beneficial goal d) rethinking one’s stereotypes 8. Behavior directed at helping others with no expectation of personal gain is called __________. a) primacy c) altruism b) conformity d) manipulation 9. The __________ effect refers to the finding that people are less likely to aid a person in trouble if there are other people around who are also potential helpers. a) bystander c) subtle aggressive b) sole-witness d) antisocial behavior 10. According to research by Latané and Darley, which person would someone be the most likely to help? a) a person on the side of the road with a flat tire during rush hour b) a person asking for help in a crowded stadium parking lot c) a person falling down coming out of an elevator with only one other person in it d) a student falling off a ladder outside a full classroom

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 10 – Quick Quiz 1 Answer Key 1.

Explanation: Social psychology differs from psychology in its focus on the way we are influenced by others around us and the way we, in turn, influence others. (Topic: 12.1–12.4 Social Influence, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: None, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: The foot-in-the-door phenomenon operates on the principle that after someone has complied with a small request (to listen to the pitch), that person is then more likely to comply with a larger request that follows (buying the product) because she or he wants to behave consistently. (Topic: 10.2 Compliance, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 12.3 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Explanation: Dwayne Johnson is not effeminate so the first statement creates dissonance. (Topic: 10.6 Cognitive Dissonance: When Attitudes and Behavior Clash, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 12.7 Explain how people react when attitudes differ from behavior, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Explanation: You are using the process of attribution to come up with explanations for your friend’s behavior. (Topic: 10.8 Attribution, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 12.9 Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Explanation: Prejudice is an attitude, and discrimination is the behavior that can result from that attitude. (Topic: 10.9 Prejudice and Discrimination, Skill Level: Analyze It, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 12.10 Distinguish between prejudice and discrimination, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Most conflict occurs between different groups. (Topic: 10.10 How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 12.11 Describe theories of how prejudice is learned and how it can be overcome, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: In the Robbers Cave study, two different groups had to work cooperatively in order to solve their common problem. (Topic: 10.10 How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 12.11 Describe theories of how prejudice is learned and how it can be overcome, APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

8. c

Explanation: Altruism refers to helping someone in trouble with no expectation of reward and often without fear for one’s own safety. (Topic: 10.15 Prosocial Behavior, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 12.15 Identify the factors influencing why people help others, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 9. a

Explanation: The bystander effect is the phenomenon that occurs when people don’t help because they think others will do so. (Topic: 10.15 Prosocial Behavior, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 12.15 Identify the factors influencing why people help others, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

10. c

Explanation: Latané and Darley predict that the fewer number of people present, the more likely someone will help. (Topic: 10.15 Prosocial Behavior, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 12.15 Identify the factors influencing why people help others, APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Name _____________________________________________________________ Chapter 10 – Quick Quiz 2 1. It is 1951, and you are required to participate in a perception experiment. You join seven others seated in a room. You are shown a 12-inch test line and must choose the line that matches it in length from a choice of three lines. The experimenter, Solomon Asch, is studying __________. a) bystander apathy c) groupthink b) social loafing d) conformity 2. When members of a group give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation, they are engaging in what social psychologists call __________. a) groupthink c) consumerism b) mass thought d) solidarity think 3. Some have suggested that the results of Stanley Milgram’s obedience study may have been due to the __________ effect. a) reciprocity c) foot-in-the-door b) indebtedness d) returning-a-favor 4. What do we call judgments about people, situations, objects, or ideas? a) cognitions c) attitudes b) stereotypes d) attributions 5. What process describes the use of social influence to cause other people to change their attitudes and behavior? a) enticement c) conversion b) persuasion d) affectance 6. Which term refers to a set of characteristics believed to be shared by all members of a particular group? a) stereotype c) classification b) expectation d) categorization 7. Attributions are __________. a) explanations that account for one’s own behavior and/or the behavior of others b) innate personality traits c) genetic predispositions to behave a certain way d) physical qualities people have such as attractiveness 8. Drew is standing in line at Walmart waiting to pay for his purchases. A man cuts in front of the line and drops his items on the counter. Drew says to his friend, “That man is incredibly rude.” A social psychologist who is within earshot jots down a note so she can use the example in class. What does she write concerning Drew? a) He made a situational attribution. b) He made a dispositional attribution. c) His remark is based on a stereotype. d) His remark is considered a collectivistic remark. 9. What term do psychologists use to describe our liking of other people? a) love c) interpersonal attraction b) appeal d) cognitive dissonance 10. What hormone seems to be associated with aggression? a) testosterone c) MDH b) estrogen d) peptone

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 10 – Quick Quiz 2 Answer Key 1.

Explanation: Asch studied conformity using a 12-inch line. (Topic: 10.1 Conformity, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 12.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others, APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Explanation: When members of a group give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation, they are engaging in groupthink. (Topic: 10.1 Conformity, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 12.2 Explain how our behavior is impacted by the presence of others, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Some thought the participants felt obliged to continue with each level of shock because they had already complied with the previous ones. (Topic: 10.3 Obedience, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 12.4 Identify factors that make obedience more likely, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: Attitudes are responses, or judgments, either positive or negative, toward people, ideas, situations, or objects. (Topic: 10.4 Attitudes, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 12.5 Identify the three components of an attitude and how attitudes are formed, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Persuasion is the use of social influence to cause other people to change their attitudes and behavior. (Topic: 10.5 Attitude Change: The Art of Persuasion, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 12.6 Describe how attitudes can be changed, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: The term stereotype refers to a set of characteristics believed to be shared by all members of a particular group. (Topic: 10.7 Impression Formation, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 12.8 Describe how people form impressions of others, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Attributions are reasons people have to explain the behavior of themselves and others. (Topic: 10.8 Attribution, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 12.9 Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: Drew’s judgment that “the man is rude” is a dispositional attribution, as it assumes the man’s behavior is due to his character. (Topic: 10.8 Attribution, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 12.9 Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others, APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 9.

Explanation: Psychologists use the term interpersonal attraction to describe our liking of other people. (Topic: 10.12 Interpersonal Attraction, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 12.12 Identify factors involved in interpersonal attraction, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

10. a

Explanation: The hormone associated with aggression seems to be testosterone, and it’s the one males have the most of. (Topic: 10.14 Aggression, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 12.14 Explain how aggressive behavior is determined by biology and learning, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Social Psychology

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Social psychology is the scientific study of how a person’s behavior, thoughts, and feelings are influenced by __________. a) cognition b) mental processes c) social groups Correct. Social psychology is the scientific study of how a person’s behavior, thoughts, and feelings are influenced by social groups. d) psychology Incorrect. Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes; social psychology is a subdiscipline that focuses on an individual within the social world. Answer: c Learning Objective: None Topic: 12.1–12.4 Social Influence Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2. Social psychology is specialized in its focus on __________. a) people’s susceptibility to clever advertising b) the influences of the social world in which we exist Correct. Social psychology differs from psychology in general in its focus on the way we are influenced by others around us and the way we, in turn, influence others. c) abnormal behavior d) conformity Incorrect. Conformity is one topic addressed by social psychologists, but social psychology’s main distinction from psychology is its focus on the individual within a social setting. Answer: b Learning Objective: None Topic: 12.1–12.4 Social Influence Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 3. Tonya agrees to spend all day Saturday helping her friend complete her chores, even though she doesn’t want to, has other plans, and doesn’t even like her friend all that much. It’s likely Tonya’s friend used the skillful application of __________ to get her to agree to help. a) conformity b) obedience c) threat Incorrect. There’s no evidence here that Tonya was threatened in some way. d) social influence Correct. Through one tactic or another, Tonya’s friend was able to get her to change her behavior. Answer: d Learning Objective: None Topic: 12.1–12.4 Social Influence

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 4. “This exit is closed; please continue down the hall and use the next exit.” If you continued down the hall to the next exit, would you be conforming? a) Yes. You would be conforming because you were told to do so. Incorrect. Performing an action because you are asked to perform the action is an example of compliance. b) No. Conformity requires that you base your behavior on what other people are doing, not being told to do so. Correct. Conformity requires that you base your behavior on what other people are doing, not being told what to do. c) Yes. Conformity means doing what you are told, or else. d) No. Using the alternate exit is a choice you freely made. Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 5. What was the main task of the Solomon Asch studies? a) selecting paint colors Incorrect. Asch’s studies had nothing to do with paint or choosing colors. b) judging line sizes Correct. Asch asked participants to rate the size of a comparison line to standard lines. c) rating new fashions d) taste-testing new candies Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 97 a= 3 b= 97 c= 0 d= 0 r = .21 % correct 97 a= 3 b= 97 c= 1 d= 0 r = .23 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 6. Danny was a participant in Solomon Asch’s line-judging experiment. When later asked why he agreed with the obviously wrong judgments of the group, Danny replied, “Well, I just wanted to fit in. I didn’t want them to think I was some kind of rebel, rabble-rouser, or renegade. I wanted them to form a good impression of me.” Danny’s responses illustrate conformity due to __________ social influence. a) attenuated Incorrect. This term is usually not used in this context. b) informational c) normative Correct. Danny wants to fit in with the group. d) authoritarian Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

7. Velma was a participant in Solomon Asch’s line-judging experiment. When later asked why she agreed with the obviously wrong judgments of the group, Velma replied, “Well, I figured they must know something I didn’t. I’ve been tired lately so I trusted that the rest of the group must be seeing something I wasn’t seeing.” Velma’s responses illustrate conformity due to __________ social influence. a) inhibited b) normative c) aspirational Incorrect. It’s not clear that Velma aspires to anything in particular here. d) informational Correct. Velma believes the group can provide information that she lacks. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 8. Experiments demonstrating the effects of conformity on behavior were conducted by __________. a) Solomon Asch Correct. Solomon Asch first did experiments showing the effects of conformity on behavior. b) Stanley Milgram Incorrect. Milgram studied obedience. c) Fritz Heider d) Jerome Singer Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 9. Asch’s studies showed that conformity to group pressure occurred just over __________ of the time. a) one fifth b) one third Correct. Asch’s studies showed that overall conformity to group pressure occurred about one third of the time. c) one half Incorrect. Asch’s studies showed that overall conformity to group pressure occurred about one third of the time. d) three fourths Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 10. In Solomon Asch’s study, which factor INCREASED the rate of conformity? a) The task difficulty was increased. b) The confederates were all adults. Incorrect. The factor that increased the rate of conformity was the addition of confederates. c) The number of confederates increased. Correct. The more confederates, the greater was the rate of conformity. d) The participants were given two chances at responding. Answer: c

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 56 a= 26 b= 5 c= 56 d= 13 r = .23 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 11. Asch found that the likelihood of conformity increased with group size until __________ confederates were present. a) three b) four Correct. Asch found that the likelihood of conformity increased with group size until four confederates were present. c) five Incorrect. Asch found that the likelihood of conformity increased with group size until four confederates were present. d) six Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 36 a= 24 b= 36 c= 12 d= 29 r = .28 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 12. Which factor significantly DECREASED the likelihood of conformity in Solomon Asch’s studies? a) The task difficulty was increased. b) The confederates were all adults. Incorrect. The factor that decreased the likelihood of conformity was having one confederate who gave a correct response. c) One confederate gave a correct response. Correct. If even one confederate gave a correct response, the likelihood of conformity decreased. d) The participants were given two chances at responding. Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 13. Subsequent research using the Asch paradigm has found less conformity in the United States than the original study found in the 1950s. The reason for this decrease in conformity may be that __________. a) the nature of people in the 1950s seemed to be more conforming Correct. The culture of the 1950s was more conformist than today’s culture. b) people today are more obedient Incorrect. The decrease in conformity since the 1950s is believed to be due to the change of American culture into one that is less conformist. c) people in the 1950s had less money d) people today watch more television Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

14. Which aspect of culture tends to DECREASE rates of conformity? a) sex-role stereotypes b) low socioeconomic status Incorrect. Low socioeconomic status actually increases conformity. c) lower levels of collectivism Correct. People in individualistic cultures are less likely to conform than are people in collectivistic cultures. d) high levels of societal dependence Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 15. Ernesto has just transferred to a new high school. In the lunchroom he notices that any time someone laughs out loud at a classmate’s joke, all those seated at an adjacent table glare at the laugher and snap their fingers three times. Ernesto’s new friend has just told him a clever story, and although he’s aching to laugh, Ernesto squelches that response. In fact, the next time someone laughs at the next table, Ernesto glares and snaps with the rest of his tablemates. What is driving Ernesto’s behavior in this situation? a) obedience b) normative social influence Correct. Ernesto wants to fit in with the customs of the group. c) social facilitation Incorrect. This is not how the process of social facilitation works. d) compliance Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 16. Nikko has just transferred to a new high school. In his homeroom he notices that he, along with all the other students, is sweating profusely from the stifling heat in the room. Although he’s tempted to simply open a window, he notices that none of the other students are making a similar move, so he sits quietly and conforms to their behavior, figuring they must know something he doesn’t. Moments later the custodian comes in and says, “I’m glad you students called me; if you don’t open these windows just the right way, the pane falls out and the whole thing needs to be replaced.” “Yup, we know,” the students answered in unison. What process has led to Nikko’s conformity in this case? a) informational social influence Correct. Nikko is relying on information that others have. b) normative social influence Incorrect. Nikko is conforming (by not doing anything) based on his assumption that he lacks information about the situation. c) compliance d) obedience Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 17. When members of a group give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation, they are engaging in what social psychologists call __________. a) groupthink Correct. When members of a group give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation, they are engaging in groupthink. b) mass thought Incorrect. Mass thought sounds plausible, but it is not the term social psychologists use. c) consumerism d) solidarity think Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 84 a= 84 b= 10 c= 1 d= 4 r = .33 % correct 92 a= 92 b= 6 c= 0 d= 2 r = .33 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 18. Close, friendly groups usually work well together, but they may face a problem involving an extreme form of conformity called __________. a) fundamental attribution error Incorrect. A fundamental attribution error is what occurs when people overestimate the influence of another person’s internal characteristics on behavior and underestimate the influence of the person’s situation. b) groupthink Correct. Members of a close, friendly group may engage in groupthink (i.e., give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation). c) generational identity d) self-serving bias Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 64 a= 18 b= 64 c= 6 d= 11 r = .46 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 19. Celia Fate is the CEO of a mid-sized corporation. At the start of an important business meeting she asks for recommendations for increasing sales over the next three quarters, then immediately proceeds to tell her staff members the convoluted and risky plan she’s already devised. When she then perfunctorily asks for feedback and other suggestions, all she hears is “Great!,” “Let’s go with it!,” “Sounds wonderful,” “Wouldn’t change a thing,” and “That’s just what I was thinking.” What’s going on in Celia Fate’s boardroom? a) Social impairment is beginning to form. b) Social facilitation has happened. Incorrect. Social facilitation wouldn’t capture the dynamics of this boardroom meeting. c) Social loafing has been avoided. d) Groupthink has occurred. Correct. This is a prototypical case of groupthink. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Moderate

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 20. Which statement is most likely to contribute to groupthink? a) "What do you think?" Incorrect. Groupthink occurs because no one expresses an opinion or dissent. b) "Let's hear some differing opinions." c) “Does this look infected to you?” d) "I'm sure we all agree on this." Correct. This is an unquestioned belief in the group’s moral correctness. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 21. An example of __________ is the decision by NASA to launch the space shuttle Challenger despite the knowledge by a few that a part on the shuttle was known to be unacceptable. a) group polarization b) groupthink Correct. Groupthink occurs when individual group members all make the same decision, even though some individuals may be inclined to go in a different direction. c) social loafing Incorrect. This example does not demonstrate the concept of social loafing. d) social facilitation Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 22. Lee wants to reduce groupthink among her team members. Which of the following should she avoid? a) making sure that group leaders remain impartial b) finding holes in all arguments that go against the group’s desires Correct. This would actually increase groupthink rather than decrease it. c) seeking opinions of people outside of the group d) voting for a choice by secret ballot rather than with a show of hands Incorrect. The chance to vote in secret reduces the groupthink effect, so this would not be a correct answer. Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 23. Which strategy would be effective in reducing the likelihood of groupthink occurring? a) having the group leader state her or his preferences right from the start b) postponing dissenting opinions until after a decision has been made c) bringing outside experts into the group to share opinions and feedback

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. Someone who is not a member of the group succumbing to groupthink would be able to offer a more objective analysis of the group’s proposals. d) reaching a decision in a short and limited amount of time Incorrect. This kind of haste accelerates groupthink tendencies. Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 24. When a group is in the throes of groupthink, __________ occurs when group members prevent others from hearing disruptive but potentially useful outside information. a) stereotyping b) rationalization c) insularity Correct. Some group members take it upon themselves to insulate the others in the group from external sources of information. d) self-deception Incorrect. Although this also occurs during groupthink, it is not characterized by the withholding of information. Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 25. The Omega Corporation finds itself facing a tough decision under a tight deadline. Nonetheless, the key group members feel they cannot fail, and that their decisions will be beyond criticism. Which symptom of groupthink is present in this thinking? a) invulnerability Correct. As soon as the words “we can’t go wrong!” leave someone’s mouth, fate is all but sealed. b) obedience c) stereotyping Incorrect. There’s no evidence of stereotyping at work here. d) social loafing Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 26. Group members may characterize their dissenters as weak, stupid, or unreasonable, which is a huge signal that ___________ is present as a symptom of groupthink. a) insularity Incorrect. This would be more evident if the group shielded itself from external information. b) social facilitation c) stereotyping Correct. Denigrating dissenters is a way of further bolstering a group’s decisions and actions. d) compliance Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 27. Which term does NOT belong with the others, in the context of groupthink? a) invulnerability b) discussion Correct. The lack of open discussion and consideration of reasonable alternatives is a hallmark of groupthink tendencies. c) insularity Incorrect. Groups experiencing groupthink usually feel a sense of insularity. d) pressure Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 28. In what way is compliance different from conformity? a) Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure. Correct. Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure. b) Conformity and compliance are very similar; the distinction depends on whether one is a male or female. c) Conformity involves direct group pressure for change, whereas compliance involves orders or commands. Incorrect. Conformity does not involve direct group pressure. The group pressure is always indirect. d) Compliance involves eliciting reaction on the part of group members, whereas conformity involves subliminal persuasion. Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Topic: 10.2 Compliance Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 29. Behavior that is initiated or changed in response to a request, as opposed to a command or direct order, is an example of __________. a) obedience Incorrect. Obedience is a response to a command or order that comes from an outside source in a position of authority. b) compliance Correct. Compliance is a response to a request. c) conformity d) persuasion Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Topic: 10.2 Compliance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 74 a= 15 b= 74 c= 6 d= 5 r = .18 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 30. __________ is a change of behavior in response to an explicit request. a) Conformity b) Obedience Incorrect. Obedience is a change of behavior in response to a command or direct order. c) Compliance Correct. Compliance is a change of behavior in response to an explicit request. d) Deindividuation Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Topic: 10.2 Compliance Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 59 a= 3 b= 38 c= 59 d= 1 r = .32 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 31. Many people hang up on telemarketers, but others will listen politely to their pitches even if they are not interested in the product. Telemarketers know that anyone who agrees to listen to a pitch is more likely to buy the product, thanks to the __________ phenomenon. a) risky shift b) polarization c) foot-in-the-door Correct. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon operates on the principle that after someone has complied with a small request (to listen to the pitch), that person is then more likely to comply with a larger request that follows (buying the product) because she or he wants to behave consistently. d) door-in-the-face Incorrect. The door-in-the-face phenomenon operates on the principle that after someone has turned down a large request, that person is then more likely to comply with a smaller request that follows because she or he wants to make up for refusing the first request. Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Topic: 10.2 Compliance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 95 a= 1 b= 1 c= 95 d= 2 r = .10 % correct 92 a= 3 b= 4 c= 92 d= 2 r = .23 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 32. After agreeing to Noel’s request to share her lecture notes from history class, Aria now agrees to Noel’s request to share her notes from three other classes. This example illustrates the __________ technique. a) lowball b) foot-in-the-mouth c) door-in-the-face Incorrect. The door-in-the-face phenomenon operates on the principle that after someone has turned down a large request, that person is then more likely to comply with a smaller request that follows because she or he wants to make up for refusing the first request. d) foot-in-the-door Correct. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon operates on the principle that after someone has complied with a small request, that person is then more likely to comply with a larger request that follows because she or he wants to behave consistently. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Topic: 10.2 Compliance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 33. “Can you possibly give me a ride to the airport this Saturday?” your friend Santiago asks. Not thinking that this is a big deal, you agree to do this favor for him. “Oh, that’s great! Thanks so much. And by the way, I forgot that the plane leaves at 8:30 A.M., so I’ll have to be at the airport by 6:30 A.M. Pick me up at 6:00. See you then,” Santiago adds. You are still likely to do the favor for Santiago because you have just been a victim of the __________ technique. a) foot-in-the-door Correct. Once Santiago got you to agree to a relatively small favor, he asked for a larger and larger request. This is the foot-in-the-door technique at play. b) norm of reciprocity Incorrect. In order for the norm of reciprocity to apply, Santiago would have to give you something first and then try to call in the favor by asking for the ride. c) door-in-the-face d) obedience Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Topic: 10.2 Compliance Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 34. What term is used to describe compliance with an initial small request followed by compliance with a larger request? a) risky shift b) foot-in-the-door effect Correct. The foot-in-the-door effect occurs when someone complies with a small request and then with a larger request that follows. c) door-in-the-face effect Incorrect. The door-in-the-face effect occurs when someone complies with a small request after having refused an initial large request. d) polarization phenomenon Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Topic: 10.2 Compliance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 93 a= 1 b= 93 c= 6 d= 1 r = .18 % correct 95 a= 0 b= 95 c= 5 d= 1 r = .17 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 35. The tendency of people to comply with a second, larger request after complying with a small request is called the __________ effect. a) lowball b) door-in-the-face Incorrect. The door-in-the-face effect occurs when someone complies with a small request after having refused an initial large request. c) foot-in-the-door Correct. The tendency of people to comply with a second, larger request after complying with a small request is called the foot-in-the-door effect. d) response cue Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 10.2 Compliance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 90 a= 5 b= 4 c= 90 d= 2 r = .23 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 36. The tendency of people to comply with a second, lesser request after refusing a larger one is called the __________ effect. a) lowball b) door-in-the-face Correct. The tendency of people to comply with a second, lesser request after refusing a larger one is called the door-in-the-face effect. c) foot-in-the-door Incorrect. The tendency of people to comply with a second, larger request after complying with a small one is called the foot-in-the-door effect. d) bait-and-switch Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Topic: 10.2 Compliance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 82 a= 6 b= 82 c= 9 d= 3 r = .42 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 37. “Mommy, mommy, mommy,” your young son asks frantically. “Can we please buy a new PlayStation®4 console with all of the games and the wireless controllers so that we don’t have to sit near the television?” “No,” you reply, “we can’t afford to buy all of that!” Seemingly unperturbed by your rejection, your son comes back with “Then can we just buy one new game for our PlayStation®3?” “Okay, I guess so,” you answer, not realizing that your precocious son has taken a social psychology class and has just used the __________ technique to get what he wants. a) door-in-the-face Correct. Your savvy child knows that by asking for a large request first, he is more likely to get his smaller request approved. b) foot-in-the-door c) that’s-not-all Incorrect. Your child has not offered you an extra incentive before making his own request. Therefore, it is not the that’s-not-all technique. d) lowball Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Topic: 10.2 Compliance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 82 a= 82 b= 14 c= 0 d= 4 r = .47 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 38. Your neighbor, a social worker, asks you if you would volunteer to counsel delinquent youths at a detention center for a year. When you refuse, she asks you if you could supervise the youths during a trip to the zoo. Your neighbor is using the __________ technique. a) lowball b) door-in-the-face Correct. The door-in-the-face effect occurs when someone complies with a small request (the zoo trip) after having refused an initial large request (a year of volunteer work). c) foot-in-the-door

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. The foot-in-the-door effect would occur if you were first asked to supervise the zoo trip and said yes, and then were asked to do a year of volunteer work and said yes. d) bait-and-switch Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Topic: 10.2 Compliance Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 59 a= 14 b= 59 c= 9 d= 18 r = .43 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 39. Claire asks Summer to babysit her daughter for 5 hours each day on both Saturday and Sunday. Once Summer declines, Claire then asks her to babysit for 4 hours on Saturday only, and Summer agrees to do it. This example demonstrates the __________ technique. a) foot-in-the-door Incorrect. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon operates on the principle that after someone has complied with a small request, that person is then more likely to comply with a larger request that follows because she or he wants to behave consistently. b) foot-in-the-mouth c) door-in-the-face Correct. The door-in-the-face phenomenon operates on the principle that after someone has turned down a large request, that person is then more likely to comply with a smaller request that follows because she or he wants to make up for refusing the first request. d) lowball Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Topic: 10.2 Compliance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 40. A dealer persuades a customer to buy a new car by reducing the price to well below that of his competitors. Once the customer has agreed to buy the car, the terms of the sale are shifted by lowering the value of the trade-in and requiring the purchase of expensive extra equipment. Now the car costs well above the current market rate. This is an example of the __________ technique. a) lowball Correct. Lowball occurs when the cost of something increases after the commitment to buy has been made. b) foot-in-the-door Incorrect. The foot-in-the-door effect occurs when you comply with a lesser request before complying with a greater one. c) primacy d) bait-and-switch Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Topic: 10.2 Compliance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 67 a= 67 b= 13 c= 0 d= 19 r = .30 % correct 72 a= 72 b= 3 c= 1 d= 24 r = .29 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 41. Car salespersons are notorious for using the __________ technique, which involves changing terms after an agreement has been made. a) foot-in-the-door Incorrect. While car salespeople may use the foot-in-the-door technique to get you to their lot, their primary method for gaining compliance is the lowball technique. b) foot-in-the-mouth c) door-in-the-face d) lowball Correct. As pointed out by your authors, car salespersons often change the rules of the sale after you sit down to sign the final papers. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Topic: 10.2 Compliance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 42. How does the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion work? a) An initial small request is honored, making it more likely that a later, larger request will also be honored. Correct. This is the mechanism underlying this compliance technique. b) An initial offer is quickly rescinded, then reintroduced in a different format and by a different person. c) An initial offer is agreed to; the offer improves with additional benefits at no cost; the new offer is rejected. d) An initially attractive offer is agreed to; the offer changes for the worse; the revised offer is still honored. Incorrect. This describes the lowball technique of compliance. Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Topic: 10.2 Compliance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 43. Before trying to sell you a widget, I try to sell you a flidget. If you buy the flidget, I am probably a widget salesperson who uses __________ . a) the door-in-the-face technique b) the foot-in-the-door technique Correct. You comply with the first thing, so then you… c) the lowball technique Incorrect. This would not be how the lowball technique works. d) the foot-in-the-face technique Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Topic: 10.2 Compliance Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 44. Why does the foot-in-the-door technique of compliance work? a) Honoring an initial small request creates an internal need to maintain consistency by honoring a subsequent larger request. Correct. A self-perception develops, which is then difficult to dismantle when the second request is made. b) Refusing an initial large request reduces dissonance produced by a later smaller request.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) Refusing an initial small request creates an urge to be “helpful” by complying with a later larger request. d) Honoring an initial small request produces a social stigma that one is gullible and easily persuaded. Incorrect. Gullibility has nothing to do with it. Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Topic: 10.2 Compliance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 45. How does the door-in-the-face technique of persuasion work? a) Two competing offers are made simultaneously, and a person is compelled to choose one. b) An initially attractive offer is agreed to; the offer changes for the worse; the revised offer is still honored. c) An initial small request is honored, making it more likely that a later, larger request will also be honored. Incorrect. This describes the foot-in-the-door technique. d) An initial large request is refused, making it more likely that a later, smaller request will be honored. Correct. Refusing the initial request is like slamming the door in the face of a salesperson. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Topic: 10.2 Compliance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 46. Clancy is asked by his daughter’s third grade teacher if he would be willing to act as a volunteer lunch monitor every day for the upcoming academic year. Clancy politely declines, but the teacher then asks if he would be willing to read to the class three days a week, every other week, for the next six months. Clancy agrees to this task. Which persuasion strategy has the teacher effectively used to gain Clancy’s compliance? a) that’s-not-all b) foot-in-the-door Incorrect. The foot-in-the-door strategy is based on other social psychological principles. c) door-in-the-face Correct. The initial request is outlandish; by comparison, the second request seems not so bad…although it actually is. d) the parent trap Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Topic: 10.2 Compliance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 47. How does the lowball technique of persuasion work? a) An initially attractive offer is agreed to; the offer changes for the worse; the revised offer is still honored. Correct. This is an accurate description of the lowball strategy. b) An initial small request is honored, making it more likely that a later, larger request will also be honored. c) An initial offer is agreed to; the offer improves with additional benefits at no cost; the new offer is rejected. Incorrect. This seems like a good deal, and one that should be accepted rather than rejected! d) Two initial offers are requested side-by-side, and the choice is to identify the one that is a trick. Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 10.2 Compliance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 48. Dr. Sardonicus tells her students that she will give each of them a 20 percent increase in their course grades if they answer 20 consecutive questions correctly on the final exam. After both parties agree to the deal, she mentions that the 20 questions have to be answered during the next 90 seconds. Dr. Sardonicus is apparently using the ___________ technique of compliance. a) fist-to-the-undergraduate Incorrect. This is not a compliance technique, although it sounds like it could be. b) lowball Correct. The initial deal is changed for the worse. c) door-in-the-face d) foot-in-the-door Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Topic: 10.2 Compliance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 49. An archdemon offers Junior fame and fortune in exchange for his mind. After he can see that Junior has committed himself to the exchange, the demon reveals that his supervisor has been forced to raise the price of fame and fortune and that now it will cost Junior his soul as well as his mind. The archdemon is attempting to use __________ . a) the "that's-not-all" technique Incorrect. This is a compliance technique, but not the one described here. b) the door-in-the-face technique c) social facilitation d) the lowball technique Correct. Junior should not agree to the revised deal. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Topic: 10.2 Compliance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 50. Compared to the others, which strategy for gaining compliance is LEAST likely to influence a person residing in a collectivistic culture, such as Japan? a) that’s-not-all technique b) lowball technique Incorrect. This is not the best answer. c) norm of reciprocity d) foot-in-the-door technique Correct. People in collectivistic cultures are not as concerned with being consistent with previous behavior because they are less focused on their inner motivation than are people in individualistic cultures, who are more concerned with their inner motives and consistency. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Topic: 10.2 Compliance

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 51. Stanley Milgram’s study of obedience took on a special significance, given that it was conducted in the wake of __________. a) the September 11, 2001, attacks b) President Trump’s first impeachment Incorrect. This historical event did not have a particular impact on the study of obedience. c) President Kennedy’s assassination d) the atrocities committed by soldiers in Nazi Germany Correct. After the war, many Nazi soldiers tried for war atrocities claimed that they were only “following orders,” and thus were not responsible for their actions. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.3 Identify factors that make obedience more likely. Topic: 10.3 Obedience Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 52. Which statement regarding obedience and/or conformity is CORRECT? a) In obedience, there is a difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request. Correct. Obedience occurs when one individual has some sort of status or authority that allows him or her to compel the actions of a second individual. b) Conformity requires strict adherence to the rules, whereas obedience does not. c) Obedience is an indirect request, whereas conformity is a direct request. d) In conformity, there is a perceived difference in status between the one who conforms and the group. Incorrect. Conformity refers to a person’s decision to alter her or his behavior to be like others when there has been no direct request for such a behavioral change. Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.3 Identify factors that make obedience more likely. Topic: 10.3 Obedience Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 53. Which statement correctly characterizes one aspect of Stanley Milgram’s study of obedience? a) Subjects were shown an ominous-looking shock machine that was marked 0 to 450 volts. Correct. Subjects were shown an ominous-looking shock machine that was marked 0 to 450 volts; they were told it was real. b) Participants in the study were randomly assigned to be “teachers” or “learners.” Incorrect. The assignments were not random—the learner was always a confederate. c) Participants were shocked when they made errors in reciting word pairs. d) A “learner” and the “teacher” sat side by side across from the shock machine. Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.3 Identify factors that make obedience more likely. Topic: 10.3 Obedience Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 54. A social psychologist has been invited to give a community lecture on the importance of Stanley Milgram’s obedience research. He asks a social psychology class for suggested titles. Which title might students suggest as the most appropriate? a) “Obedience and Aggression Are Inborn” Incorrect. Milgram did not find that obedience and aggression are inborn. b) “Do Not Underestimate the Power of Perceived Authority” Correct. Milgram found that more people obeyed than he expected. c) “Training in Ethics Can Overcome the Pull of Obedience” d) “Make a Small Request First and the World Can Be Yours” Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.3 Identify factors that make obedience more likely. Topic: 10.3 Obedience Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 55. Naïve subjects in the Stanley Milgram experiment were given the opportunity to administer shocks to helpless victims. What was the maximum voltage that could be administered in one shock? a) 100 volts Incorrect. The shock box went up to 450 volts. b) 450 volts Correct. The shock box went up to 450 volts. c) 625 volts d) 999 volts Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.3 Identify factors that make obedience more likely. Topic: 10.3 Obedience Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 56. Which statement BEST describes an important finding of Milgram’s classic research? a) Individuals easily conform to group norms. Incorrect. Milgram’s study focused on obedience, not conformity. b) The presence of other people makes aggression more likely. c) People will easily obey an authority figure and do harm to others. Correct. Milgram did find that people will easily obey authority and do harm to others. d) Agreeing to a small request makes it more likely that you will agree to a big request. Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.3 Identify factors that make obedience more likely. Topic: 10.3 Obedience Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 76 a= 12 b= 2 c= 76 d= 10 r = .45 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 57. Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram’s famous study on obedience. How are these 100 people likely to respond? a) The majority would administer the maximum voltage as instructed. Correct. The Milgram experiment has been repeated at various times in the United States and in other countries, and the percentage of participants who went all the way consistently remained between 61 and 66 percent. b) The majority would immediately realize the use of deception and leave. c) Most of the women would refuse to obey, whereas almost all of the men would obey. Incorrect. The Milgram study showed few sex differences.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) Most of the participants would work together to force the experimenter to end the experiment. Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.3 Identify factors that make obedience more likely. Topic: 10.3 Obedience Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 58. Analysis of the participants in Milgram’s obedience study has indicated that which personality trait was highly related to the willingness to be obedient? a) hostility b) submissiveness Incorrect. While one might assume that a person with a submissive nature would be more likely to obey, Milgram’s study did not demonstrate this phenomenon. c) aggressiveness d) No one single personality trait has been found to be associated with high levels of obedience. Correct. No one trait or group of traits has been found to predict obedience in Milgram’s study. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.3 Identify factors that make obedience more likely. Topic: 10.3 Obedience Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 59. Some critics have suggested that the results of Milgram’s obedience study may have been due to the __________ effect. a) reciprocity Incorrect. The situation was not one in which the participant was made to feel that she or he owed anyone anything. b) indebtedness c) foot-in-the-door Correct. Some thought the participants felt obliged to continue with each level of shock because they had already complied with the previous ones. d) returning-a-favor Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.3 Identify factors that make obedience more likely. Topic: 10.3 Obedience Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 44 a= 46 b= 8 c= 44 d= 1 r = .30 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 60. The experimenter in Milgram’s study obtained obedience from “teachers” by requesting relatively small 15-volt increases each time the “learner” provided an incorrect answer. With such small “jumps” each time, the “teachers” felt compelled to comply. Which persuasion technique applies to this situation? a) reciprocal concessions Incorrect. There’s no sense of reciprocating in this situation. b) lowball c) “that’s-not-all” d) foot-in-the-door Correct. The foot-in-the-door compliance technique could explain this behavior. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.3 Identify factors that make obedience more likely. Topic: 10.3 Obedience Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 61. When people try to make sense of the social world around them—interpreting the actions of others, finding causes for behaviors, and forming impressions—they are engaged in the process of __________. a) social cognition Correct. The way we think about others in a social context is a central feature of social cognition. b) attitude change Incorrect. These are not the fundamental hallmarks of attitude change. c) obedience d) social facilitation Answer: a Learning Objective: None Topic: 12.5–12.9 Social Cognition Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 62. A response, either positive or negative, toward a certain person, idea, object, or situation is called __________. a) bystander apathy b) an attitude Correct. Attitude is a response, either positive or negative, toward a certain person, idea, situation, or object. c) groupthink d) conformity Incorrect. Conformity is indirect compliance due to group pressure. Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.4 Identify the three components of an attitude and how attitudes are formed. Topic: 10.4 Attitudes Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 94 a= 3 b= 94 c= 0 d= 3 r = .14 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

63. Attitudes are __________. a) innate b) generally positive Incorrect. Attitudes tend to be both positive and negative. c) learned Correct. Attitudes are learned from experience with the environment. d) unchangeable Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.4 Identify the three components of an attitude and how attitudes are formed. Topic: 10.4 Attitudes Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 90 a= 8 b= 1 c= 90 d= 1 r = .20 % correct 88 a= 11 b= 1 c= 88 d= 0 r = .26 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 64. Which statement represents a cognitive component of an attitude regarding smoking? a) Smoking makes me feel good. b) I choose not to smoke. c) I believe smoking should not be allowed in any restaurants. Correct. Because this is a thought or belief about smoking, it is considered a cognitive component of an attitude. d) I only smoke when I am out at the bar with my friends.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. This would represent a behavioral component. Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.4 Identify the three components of an attitude and how attitudes are formed. Topic: 10.4 Attitudes Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 65. Which situation provides the BEST example of the behavioral component of an attitude? a) Bea feels that recycling is a great concept. b) Barabbas is upset when he hears that a corporation plans to build a polluting factory near his home. c) Bryan struggles to understand the arguments both sides present in a debate over a new manufacturing plant. Incorrect. The fact that Bryan struggles to understand indicates that what he is doing is cognitive. d) Bella writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. Correct. Writing is an action, or behavior. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.4 Identify the three components of an attitude and how attitudes are formed. Topic: 10.4 Attitudes Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 66. Luciana is trying to decide whether to vote for a political candidate. Based on what she has read about him, she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. In fact, she likes him so much that she sent a small donation to his campaign. Luciana’s trust of the candidate represents the __________ component of her attitude toward him. a) affective Correct. Trust is emotional and, therefore, is an affective component of attitude. b) cognitive Incorrect. Trust is emotional and, therefore, is an affective, not a cognitive, component of attitude. c) behavioral d) situational Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.4 Identify the three components of an attitude and how attitudes are formed. Topic: 10.4 Attitudes Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 67. Luciana is trying to decide whether to vote for a political candidate. Based on what she has read about him, she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. In fact, she likes him so much that she sent a small donation to his campaign. Luciana’s sending a donation to the campaign represents the __________ component of her attitude toward him. a) affective b) cognitive Incorrect. Sending a donation is an action and is, therefore, a behavior, not a cognitive, component of attitude. c) behavioral Correct. Since sending a donation is an action, it is a behavior component of attitude. d) situational Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.4 Identify the three components of an attitude and how attitudes are formed.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 10.4 Attitudes Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 68. Luciana is trying to decide whether to vote for a political candidate. Based on what she has read about him, she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. In fact, she likes him so much that she sent a small donation to his campaign. Luciana’s opinion that the candidate is not qualified represents the __________ component of her attitude toward him. a) cognitive Correct. Luciana’s thought process in evaluating the candidate’s qualifications is a cognitive one. b) feeling Incorrect. Luciana’s positive feeling about the candidate is affective, but her evaluation of his qualifications is cognitive. c) intuition d) behavioral Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.4 Identify the three components of an attitude and how attitudes are formed. Topic: 10.4 Attitudes Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 69. How many major components does any attitude have? a) one b) two Incorrect. An attitude has three major components: thinking, behaving, and feeling. c) three Correct. An attitude has three major components: thinking, feeling, and behaving. d) four Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.4 Identify the three components of an attitude and how attitudes are formed. Topic: 10.4 Attitudes Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 70. You want to visit Moldavia, but your attitude about Moldavia is changing as you read the news about the kidnappings that have occurred there. Which component of attitude is being affected? a) affective b) cognitive Correct. You are developing new thoughts as you read facts about Kenya. c) behavior Incorrect. Reading the newspaper is changing your thinking, not your behavior. d) situational Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.4 Identify the three components of an attitude and how attitudes are formed. Topic: 10.4 Attitudes Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

71. If Professor Avila is most interested in studying what you believe about an object or topic, then she is focusing on the __________ component of attitudes. a) behavior b) affective Incorrect. The affective component of an attitude refers to how we feel about the subject of the attitude. c) cognitive Correct. The cognitive component of an attitude refers to what we know or believe about the subject of the attitude. d) informational Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.4 Identify the three components of an attitude and how attitudes are formed. Topic: 10.4 Attitudes Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 72. Your attitudes are most likely to influence specific behaviors when the attitudes are __________. a) only moderately important b) very specific Correct. When attitudes are very specific, they will be most likely to impact behaviors in a consistent way. c) not relevant to the behavior Incorrect. As the text points out, only attitudes that are relevant to a particular behavior will be effective at predicting that action. d) difficult to access from memory Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.4 Identify the three components of an attitude and how attitudes are formed. Topic: 10.4 Attitudes Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 73. Attitude formation is the result of several influences. What they have in common is that they are all forms of __________. a) learning Correct. You learn the components of the attitude you have. b) intuition c) reinforcement Incorrect. Reinforcement is only one part of a learning process. d) conformity Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.4 Identify the three components of an attitude and how attitudes are formed. Topic: 10.4 Attitudes Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 74. “I hate Walt Disney World. Whenever I take the kids there, with all the crowds and the heat, I realize how much I hate that place.” Which method of attitude formation is involved in this example? a) direct contact Correct. The attitude has been formed as a result of direct contact with Walt Disney World. b) direct instruction c) vicarious conditioning d) observational learning Incorrect. The attitude comes from a direct experience, not an observation of someone else’s attitude.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.4 Identify the three components of an attitude and how attitudes are formed. Topic: 10.4 Attitudes Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 75. Jin’s positive attitude toward Japan, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Japanese and describes Japan to her all the time. Which method of attitude formation is involved in this example? a) direct contact b) direct instruction c) interaction with others Correct. The fact that Jin’s mother is Japanese and describes Japan to her all the time indicates that Jin’s attitude is the result of interaction with her mother. d) classical conditioning Incorrect. Classical conditioning occurs when someone learns through repetition to respond in a certain way to a stimulus. Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.4 Identify the three components of an attitude and how attitudes are formed. Topic: 10.4 Attitudes Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 76. Keion’s parents have been talking to him about the negative aspects of drugs ever since he was a youngster. Now that he is a teenager, he knows that some of his friends smoke marijuana. At a party one night, a friend offers Keion a joint. Keion declines the offer, stating that he hates drugs. Which method of attitude formation is involved here? a) direct contact Incorrect. Because Keion has never tried drugs, his attitude is not the result of direct contact. b) direct instruction Correct. Keion’s parents have given him direct instruction about the negative aspects and dangers of drugs, and he has adopted an attitude based on that teaching. c) interaction with others d) vicarious conditioning Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.4 Identify the three components of an attitude and how attitudes are formed. Topic: 10.4 Attitudes Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 77. What process describes the use of social influence to cause other people to change their attitudes and behavior? a) enticement b) persuasion Correct. Persuasion is the use of social influence to cause other people to change their attitudes and behavior. c) conversion Incorrect. Conversion is the actual process of changing. The use of social influence to cause other people to change their attitudes and behavior is persuasion. d) affectance Answer: b

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 10.5 Describe how attitudes can be changed. Topic: 10.5 Attitude Change: The Art of Persuasion Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 65 a= 3 b= 65 c= 23 d= 8 r = .20 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 78. Compared to the others, which communicator would likely be the MOST persuasive? a) an attractive person who is an expert Correct. Attractiveness and expertise have been shown to increase persuasiveness. b) a moderately attractive person who is an expert c) an attractive person who has moderate expertise d) a moderately attractive person who has moderate expertise Incorrect. The more expertise someone has and the more attractive someone is, the more effective she or he can be as a persuader. Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.5 Describe how attitudes can be changed. Topic: 10.5 Attitude Change: The Art of Persuasion Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 79. What is the relationship between expertise and persuasion? a) Expertise has no effect on persuasion. b) Nonexperts tend to be the most persuasive. c) Greater expertise leads to greater persuasion. Correct. Expertise makes the persuader credible. d) Communicators with moderate expertise are the most persuasive. Incorrect. The more expertise, the better the persuader. Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.5 Describe how attitudes can be changed. Topic: 10.5 Attitude Change: The Art of Persuasion Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 80. Expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness all relate to which factor of persuasion? a) channel b) message Incorrect. Attractiveness, expertise, and trustworthiness are aspects of the person trying to persuade, not aspects of the message. c) source Correct. Attractiveness, expertise, and trustworthiness are source characteristic—that is, characteristics of the persuader. d) audience Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.5 Describe how attitudes can be changed. Topic: 10.5 Attitude Change: The Art of Persuasion Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 73 a= 1 b= 14 c= 73 d= 12 r = .39 % correct 77 a= 4 b= 7 c= 77 d= 11 r = .37 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 81. Which quality would make members of a target audience especially easy to persuade? a) highly educated members b) experts in the field c) younger members Correct. A younger target audience seems to be more likely to be easily persuaded. d) older members Incorrect. Older members of an audience seem to be harder to persuade. Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.5 Describe how attitudes can be changed. Topic: 10.5 Attitude Change: The Art of Persuasion Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 82. Central route is to peripheral route as __________. a) careful is to superficial Correct. When central-route processing is used, the listener pays careful attention to the message. When peripheralroute processing is used, superficial aspects of the speaker are attended to. b) superficial is to careful Incorrect. This is the opposite of the correct answer. c) right is to wrong d) error is to correct Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.5 Describe how attitudes can be changed. Topic: 10.5 Attitude Change: The Art of Persuasion Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 83. A local car insurance company advertises its products with television commercials. During those spots, there are flashy lights, attractive dancers wearing skin-tight outfits, and local celebrities talking about how they have that company’s insurance. The advertisement does not, however, mention any of the features, benefits, or costs associated with the product. This company is attempting to earn customers through which path of processing? a) central route Incorrect. Central-route processing involves getting an audience to pay attention to the content of the message rather than the features of the message source. b) tertiary route c) secondary route d) peripheral route Correct. The advertisement is using factors of the message source (dancers, celebrities) to sell the product. This is peripheral-route processing. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.5 Describe how attitudes can be changed. Topic: 10.5 Attitude Change: The Art of Persuasion Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 84. If the president says, “Everything in the war is going as planned. Trust me, I am the president,” he is using which route of the elaboration likelihood model? a) under-route processing b) peripheral-route processing Correct. In peripheral-route processing, one focuses on the source of the message rather than the content. c) central-route processing

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. In central-route processing, one focuses on the content rather than the source. d) classic-route processing Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.5 Describe how attitudes can be changed. Topic: 10.5 Attitude Change: The Art of Persuasion Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 85. The advice to “keep it simple, stupid” suggests that political and other messages should be straightforward so that the audience will understand the content without distractions. This is an example of which type of processing suggested by the elaboration likelihood model? a) under-route processing b) peripheral-route processing Incorrect. In peripheral-route processing, one focuses on the source of the message rather than the content. c) central-route processing Correct. In central-route processing, one focuses on the content rather than the source. d) classic-route processing Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.5 Describe how attitudes can be changed. Topic: 10.5 Attitude Change: The Art of Persuasion Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 86. Which of the following is the correct definition of cognitive dissonance? a) a state of tension that occurs when a person’s behavior does not correspond to her or his attitude Correct. Cognitive dissonance is a state of tension that occurs when a person’s behavior does not correspond to the person’s attitude. b) the tendency for members of a group to avoid taking responsibility for their actions because they assume that others will do so Incorrect. The tendency for members of a group to avoid taking responsibility for their actions because they assume that others will do so is called diffusion of responsibility. c) the tendency for members of a close-knit group to think alike for the sake of harmony and to suppress disagreement d) a belief that a statement is true just because the person has heard it repeated over and over again Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.6 Explain how people react when attitudes differ from behavior. Topic: 10.6 Cognitive Dissonance: When Attitudes and Behavior Clash Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 66 a= 66 b= 14 c= 8 d= 12 r = .45 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 87. A state of tension that occurs when a person’s attitudes do not match the person’s actions is called __________. a) cognitive dissonance Correct. Cognitive dissonance is a state of tension that occurs when a person’s behavior does not correspond to the person’s attitude. b) the validity effect c) the fundamental attribution error Incorrect. A fundamental attribution error occurs when people overestimate the influence of another person’s internal characteristics on behavior and underestimate the influence of the situation. d) routinization

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.6 Explain how people react when attitudes differ from behavior. Topic: 10.6 Cognitive Dissonance: When Attitudes and Behavior Clash Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 79 a= 79 b= 7 c= 16 d= 1 r = .28 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 88. Which situation represents an example of cognitive dissonance? a) You are a lousy cook but you keep trying different recipes. b) You believe that reality TV is for morons but are addicted to The Bachelor and watch every episode. Correct. If you believe that reality TV is for morons, then you must think that you yourself are a moron for watching The Bachelor. Cognitive dissonance occurs when your actions don’t match your attitudes. c) You dislike doing exercise but do it anyway to improve your health. Incorrect. There is no cognitive dissonance in doing exercise even though you don’t like to; you know that you are doing it solely for the health benefit, not for enjoyment. d) You are polite and civil to people you dislike. Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.6 Explain how people react when attitudes differ from behavior. Topic: 10.6 Cognitive Dissonance: When Attitudes and Behavior Clash Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 89. Clarissa didn’t want to attend the lecture on endangered South American snails, anticipating that it would be frightfully boring and a waste of her time. Yet she found herself sitting through the entire three-hour presentation. What can Clarissa do to reduce the feelings of cognitive dissonance between her attitude (“this is a boring subject”) and her behavior (“but I just sat through an entire lecture on this subject”)? a) change her behavior to be in line with her attitude, and somehow take back the three hours she just spent b) maintain her attitude and acknowledge her behavior, and hope the dissonance will reduce on its own Incorrect. This is an unreasonable strategy that is unlikely to be effective. c) change her attitude to be in line with her behavior, and conclude that she likes snails after all Correct. This is the only avenue open to Clarissa to restore consonance. d) deny that she sat through a boring presentation, and also deny that she ever held any attitudes about snails Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.6 Explain how people react when attitudes differ from behavior. Topic: 10.6 Cognitive Dissonance: When Attitudes and Behavior Clash Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 90. Ramirez picks up a pack of cigarettes and reads, “Cigarette smoking is harmful to your health.” Which one of the following statements leads one to believe Ramirez is actually having cognitive dissonance? a) “I’ve been smoking my whole life and I don’t have health problems.” Incorrect. There is no conflict in this statement between what Ramirez is doing and how he thinks. b) “No one I know who smokes is sick.” c) “I know these cigarettes are killing me but I just can’t stop.” Correct. Ramirez is demonstrating in this statement that there is a clear conflict between what he is doing and what he is thinking. d) “That is not true. Cigarettes are not that harmful.” Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.6 Explain how people react when attitudes differ from behavior.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 10.6 Cognitive Dissonance: When Attitudes and Behavior Clash Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 42 a= 42 b= 3 c= 42 d= 13 r = .23 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 91. The “World-Will-End-on-October-10” group got together on October 10 to pray as the world ended. The next day, the world had not ended. The leader of the group said, “Our prayers saved the world.” What process was responsible for the attitude change? a) operant conditioning Incorrect. There was no reinforcement or punishment in effect in this situation. b) cognitive dissonance Correct. The dissonance of the world not ending and their original beliefs created the necessity of reducing the dissonance. Saying that their prayers saved the world served that purpose. c) classical conditioning d) positive reinforcement Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.6 Explain how people react when attitudes differ from behavior. Topic: 10.6 Cognitive Dissonance: When Attitudes and Behavior Clash Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 92. Which situation would produce feelings of cognitive dissonance? a) Mary firmly believes in equal opportunity in the workplace; Mary rigged a job posting to get her cousin hired. Correct. Mary’s attitudes and behavior are at odds. b) Shoshanna values her winning smile; Shoshanna visits the dentist three times a year. c) Rupert loves chocolate ice cream; Rupert also loves taking walks in the summer rain. d) Archie doesn’t like baseball; Archie never goes to baseball games. Incorrect. Archie’s attitudes and behavior are consistent. Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.6 Explain how people react when attitudes differ from behavior. Topic: 10.6 Cognitive Dissonance: When Attitudes and Behavior Clash Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 93. You’ve always disliked a particular coworker who strikes you as dishonest, but he is nice to you and does you favors, so you become friendly with him despite your misgivings. One day you learn that he stole personal items from your desk. You now decide to discontinue the friendship. Your negative attitude toward this coworker is strengthened through __________. a) operant conditioning b) instrumental learning c) classical conditioning Incorrect. Classical conditioning applies to the kind of learning that occurs with involuntary, reflexive behavior; befriending a coworker requires voluntary behavior. d) reduction of cognitive dissonance Correct. Cognitive dissonance occurred due to the conflict between your attitude (i.e., mistrust of this person) and your actions (i.e., being friendly). Once your suspicion about his dishonesty is confirmed and you discontinue acting friendly, there is no longer any cognitive dissonance. Answer: d

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 10.6 Explain how people react when attitudes differ from behavior. Topic: 10.6 Cognitive Dissonance: When Attitudes and Behavior Clash Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 94. In Festinger and Carlsmith’s classic study of cognitive dissonance, participants who were paid $20 for doing a boring task, in contrast to those who were paid $1 for doing the same task, __________. a) liked the task more Incorrect. In fact, those who were paid $1 for the task reported enjoying it more. This was a very important finding in the area of cognitive dissonance. b) liked the task less Correct. Those who were paid $20 for doing the task could justify doing it, even though they disliked it, because of the higher level of pay. c) liked the task equally as much d) were more likely to tell their friends to do the task Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.6 Explain how people react when attitudes differ from behavior. Topic: 10.6 Cognitive Dissonance: When Attitudes and Behavior Clash Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 95. Which of the following was a finding in the classic study of cognitive dissonance conducted by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith in 1959? a) Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $20. Correct. Participants who were paid only $1 experienced cognitive dissonance at thinking that they would lie to someone for only a dollar. Therefore, they must not be lying—the task really was pretty interesting, after all, and fun, too! b) Those who got $20 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $1. Incorrect. Contrary to popular belief, cognitive dissonance was supported. c) Paid groups said the task was less boring than did nonpaid groups. d) Women performed the task for less money than men. Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.6 Explain how people react when attitudes differ from behavior. Topic: 10.6 Cognitive Dissonance: When Attitudes and Behavior Clash Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 96. Moshe hates to dance, but he finds himself two hours into a charity ball organized by his cousin. Which means of reducing cognitive dissonance would be unavailable to Moshe in this situation? a) He can change his attitude and conclude dancing isn’t so bad after all. Incorrect. This seems like the most likely avenue for dissonance reduction. b) He can still dislike dancing, but conclude that he’s getting good exercise. c) He can still dislike dancing, but conclude that he’s helping his cousin have a successful event. d) He can undance the many dances he’s already danced. Correct. Moshe can’t suddenly rescind his already-enacted behavior. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.6 Explain how people react when attitudes differ from behavior. Topic: 10.6 Cognitive Dissonance: When Attitudes and Behavior Clash Difficulty Level: Difficult

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 97. Which statement summarizes the relationship between attitudes and behavior? a) Attitudes can affect behaviors, and behaviors can affect attitudes. Correct. Cognitive dissonance illustrates that behavior change can lead to subsequent attitude change. b) Attitude change must precede behavior change. c) Attitudes affect behaviors, and behaviors then affect behavioral intentions. d) Behavioral intentions are a stronger predictor of attitudes than are attitudes themselves. Incorrect. This wouldn’t make a whole lot of sense. Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.6 Explain how people react when attitudes differ from behavior. Topic: 10.6 Cognitive Dissonance: When Attitudes and Behavior Clash Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 98. What is the term for the process of developing our first knowledge about another person? a) social interaction b) stereotyping Incorrect. Although stereotyping may be a component of impression formation, it is not the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person. c) impression formation Correct. Impression formation is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person. d) interpersonal judgment Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.7 Describe how people form impressions of others. Topic: 10.7 Impression Formation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 99. The primacy effect, as it relates to impression formation, is more commonly known as __________. a) first impression Correct. The primacy effect refers to our very first impression of a person. b) negative attribution c) situational bias d) altruism Incorrect. Altruism, or prosocial behavior, is not directly related to impression formation. Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.7 Describe how people form impressions of others. Topic: 10.7 Impression Formation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 91 a= 91 b= 2 c= 5 d= 3 r = .36 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 100. Which statement concerning social categorization is CORRECT? a) It occurs without conscious awareness. Correct. Social categorization does occur without conscious awareness, which is the reason so many people don’t think they do it. b) It is deliberate and conscious. Incorrect. Social categorization occurs without conscious awareness. c) People who do it tend to be young and naïve.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) It is a relatively new phenomenon. Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.7 Describe how people form impressions of others. Topic: 10.7 Impression Formation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 101. Which term refers to a set of characteristics believed to be shared by all members of a particular group? a) stereotype Correct. The term stereotype refers to a set of characteristics believed to be shared by all members of a particular group. b) expectation Incorrect. Expectation may be a component in stereotyping, but it is only one part of a bigger process. c) classification d) categorization Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.7 Describe how people form impressions of others. Topic: 10.7 Impression Formation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 86 a= 86 b= 3 c= 4 d= 7 r = .36 % correct 83 a= 83 b= 3 c= 5 d= 10 r = .33 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 102. “We” have all different types of personalities and lots of endearing little quirks, whereas “they” all think and act alike. This assumption would be an example of the cognitive schema called __________. a) mindlessness b) a stereotype Correct. Stereotyping helps us to reduce the complexity of our perceptions. c) a fundamental attribution error Incorrect. A fundamental attribution error is what occurs when people overestimate the influence of another person’s internal characteristics on behavior and underestimate the influence of the person’s situation. d) mental set Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.7 Describe how people form impressions of others. Topic: 10.7 Impression Formation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 78 a= 0 b= 78 c= 16 d= 7 r = .19 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 103. James believes that all college professors are irritable, impatient, and uninterested in whether students learn. His belief is an example of __________. a) a consensus b) impressions Incorrect. James has taken his impressions and created a stereotype, or a set of characteristics that he believes are shared by all college professors. c) an attitude d) a stereotype Correct. A stereotype is a set of characteristics believed to be shared by all members of a particular group. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.7 Describe how people form impressions of others. Topic: 10.7 Impression Formation

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 97 a= 0 b= 1 c= 1 d= 97 r = .12 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 104. The belief that every member of a given group must share some common feature—a belief that ignores the individuality of the group members—is called __________. a) an attribution Incorrect. Attribution, which involves explanations for behaviors, is not the best answer. b) a stereotype Correct. The assumption that all members of a particular group must share some common features or attributes is stereotyping. c) discrimination d) social loafing Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.7 Describe how people form impressions of others. Topic: 10.7 Impression Formation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 105. “No, no, no, maybe, no, no, YES, no, maybe, yes, no…..” Tori was using her PearPad to rapidly flip through images on FriendSpace, a social media app. “This one for sure….that one, no chance.” “What are you doing?” asked her friend Jade. “Finding a boyfriend,” Tori replied. “I can tell what kind of person these guys are almost instantaneously.” What research conclusions apply to Tori’s approach to dating? a) People’s first impressions of someone are usually accurate. Incorrect. Not necessarily. Further interaction with and information about a person can change those initial impressions. b) Impression formation is a learned skill, just like other forms of social interaction. c) People swiftly form impressions of others based on minimal information. Correct. Usually, it is physical information, as Tori is examining in this situation. d) People take a long time to form an impression of someone else. Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.7 Describe how people form impressions of others. Topic: 10.7 Impression Formation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 106. Which description BEST defines implicit personality theory? a) the set of assumptions people have about people, their actions, and their personality traits Correct. This is the correct definition of implicit personality theory. b) personal insights c) objective ideas about maladaptive behavior d) unconscious motives for aggressive behavior Incorrect. Implicit personality theory is the set of assumptions people have about people, their actions, and their personality traits. Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.7 Describe how people form impressions of others. Topic: 10.7 Impression Formation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

107. According to research on implicit personality theory, who among the following is most likely to think that personality is a changeable thing? a) Mark, an Irish American born in Kansas b) Yonghang, a Chinese American born in Hong Kong Correct. The work of many researchers strongly suggests that in more interdependent, collectivistic cultures found in China, Hong Kong, Japan, and Korea, people tend to assume that external situational factors are more responsible for the behavior of other people than are internal dispositional factors. c) Tony, an Italian American born in New York d) Shireese, a Black American born in New Jersey Incorrect. American-born individuals do not seem to believe personality is changeable. Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.7 Describe how people form impressions of others. Topic: 10.7 Impression Formation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 108. Attributions are __________. a) explanations that account for one’s own behavior and/or the behavior of others Correct. Attributions are reasons people have to explain the behavior of themselves and others. b) innate personality traits c) genetic predispositions to behave a certain way Incorrect. Attributions are reasons people have to explain the behavior of themselves and others. d) physical qualities people have, such as attractiveness Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.8 Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others. Topic: 10.8 Attribution Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 59 a= 59 b= 14 c= 5 d= 20 r = .41 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 109. Which psychologist originally developed attribution theory? a) John Cacioppo b) James Carlsmith c) Leon Festinger Incorrect. Festinger’s work is associated with cognitive dissonance theory. d) Fritz Heider Correct. Heider is credited with having developed attribution theory Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.8 Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others. Topic: 10.8 Attribution Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 110. Your best friend has been acting rather cool toward you lately. As you try to figure out why, you are engaging in the process called __________. a) attribution Correct. You are coming up with explanations for your friend’s behavior. b) causal analysis Incorrect. Causal analysis is not a term used in social psychology. c) ascribing values

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) nonverbal communication Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.8 Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others. Topic: 10.8 Attribution Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 58 a= 58 b= 38 c= 2 d= 1 r = .48 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 111. A group of Paolo’s friends have been waiting for Paolo for an hour. One says, “He never remembers anything.” Another says, “He’s probably caught in rush hour traffic.” What are these friends doing that might be of interest to a social psychologist? a) They are making attributions. Correct. They are speculating about explanations for Paolo’s behavior. b) They are reducing dissonance levels. c) They are conforming to the group’s norms. d) They are forming initial impressions of Paolo. Incorrect. They are making attributions for Paolo’s behavior. Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.8 Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others. Topic: 10.8 Attribution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 77 a= 77 b= 6 c= 4 d= 13 r = .44 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 112. The study of the judgments people make as to whether someone else’s behavior is due to something about that person or due to the person’s situation is called __________. a) the primacy effect b) cognitive dissonance Incorrect. Cognitive dissonance theory focuses on how people justify their behavior. c) attribution theory Correct. The study of the judgments people make as to whether someone else’s behavior is due to something about that person or due to the person’s situation is called attribution theory. d) stereotyping Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.8 Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others. Topic: 10.8 Attribution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 81 a= 11 b= 2 c= 81 d= 5 r = .33 % correct 70 a= 6 b= 7 c= 70 d=18 r = .41 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 113. “Look, Officer, I didn’t see the stop sign back there because the sun was in my eyes.” The police officer responds, “You were not paying attention.” How would a social psychologist describe this situation? a) Both individuals are making fundamental attribution errors. b) Both individuals are making situational attributions. c) The driver is making a dispositional attribution; the officer is making a situational attribution. Incorrect. The driver attributes his error to something in his situation, that is, the sun, whereas the officer attributes his error to something internal to him, that is, his lack of attention. d) The driver is making a situational attribution; the officer is making a dispositional attribution.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. The driver attributes his error to something in his situation, that is, the sun, whereas the officer attributes his error to something internal to him, that is, his lack of attention. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.8 Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others. Topic: 10.8 Attribution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 114. Which statement is an example of a situational attribution? a) “I did a good job because I’m smart.” b) “I did a good job because the task was easy.” Correct. Recall that a situational attribution places the behavior on events outside of the actor. c) “I did a bad job because I’m inept.” Incorrect. This response would be an example of a dispositional attribution. d) “She did a good job because she’s talented.” Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.8 Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others. Topic: 10.8 Attribution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 115. Hidalgo is standing in line at the grocery store waiting to pay for his purchases. A man cuts in front of the line and drops his items on the counter. Hidalgo says to his friend, “That man is incredibly rude.” A social psychologist who is within earshot jots down a note so she can use the example in class. What does she write concerning Hidalgo? a) He made a situational attribution. Incorrect. A situational attribution would be an assumption that the man had an external reason why he had to cut the line. b) He made a dispositional attribution. Correct. Hidalgo’s judgment that the man is rude is a dispositional attribution, as it assumes his behavior is due to his character. c) His remark is based on a stereotype. d) His remark is considered a collectivistic remark. Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.8 Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others. Topic: 10.8 Attribution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 116. When we make situational attributions, we are identifying the source of an action as something __________. a) external Correct. When we make situational attributions, we are identifying the cause of an action as something “out there” in the environment. b) internal Incorrect. Identifying the cause of an action as something in a person’s disposition is what we do when we make a dispositional attribution. c) that is a biological trait d) with an unconscious motivation Answer: a

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 10.8 Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others. Topic: 10.8 Attribution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 117. You observe someone from your psychology class at the coffee shop get angry and yell at the barista. Which of these attributions illustrates the fundamental attribution error? a) The student is a mean, angry person. Correct. A fundamental attribution error occurs when people overestimate the influence of another person’s internal characteristics on behavior and underestimate the influence of the person’s situation. In this case, it may be an error to assume that the student is mean and angry and overlook the possibility that she or he has a good reason to be angry and/or that she or he had a horrible day. b) The barista is overworked. c) The student has had a bad day. Incorrect. Making a situational attribution is not a fundamental attribution error. d) The barista has had a bad day. Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.8 Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others. Topic: 10.8 Attribution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 118. Which statement is the BEST explanation of the fundamental attribution error? a) We attribute most of what people do to the influence of situations. b) We rely on the first information we receive to make internal attributions. c) We are more likely to attribute another person’s behavior to internal rather than to situational causes. Correct. A fundamental attribution error occurs when people overestimate the influence of another person’s internal characteristics on behavior and underestimate the influence of the person’s situation. d) We tend to attribute our successes to our own efforts and our failures to the shortcomings of others. Incorrect. A fundamental attribution error occurs when people overestimate the influence of another person’s internal characteristics on behavior and underestimate the influence of the person’s situation. Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.8 Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others. Topic: 10.8 Attribution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 119. What do social psychologists call the tendency to rely on internal characteristics for explanations of the behavior of others and to ignore the influence of the situation? a) availability heuristic b) augmenting principle c) self-fulfilling prophecy Incorrect. A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when you believe others’ expectations about you and live up to them. d) fundamental attribution error Correct. A fundamental attribution error occurs when people overestimate the influence of another person’s internal characteristics on behavior and underestimate the influence of the person’s situation. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.8 Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others. Topic: 10.8 Attribution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 120. While watching Jeopardy!, your roommate says, “Alex Trebek knows all the answers. He must be a genius.” You tell your roommate she probably would not have said that if she had attended class the day the instructor discussed the topic of __________. a) social facilitation b) stereotyping illusions c) internal attribution biases Incorrect. Internal attribution bias is not a term used in social psychology. d) fundamental attribution errors Correct. Your roommate attributed something that is situational (Trebek gets the answers ahead of time) to an internal characteristic (genius). Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.8 Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others. Topic: 10.8 Attribution Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 121. Which statement is CORRECT concerning cross-cultural research on the fundamental attribution error? a) The fundamental attribution error appears to be universal. Incorrect. There do seem to be differences in the way cultures make attributions. b) Most cultures attribute behavior to dispositional causes. c) Eastern cultures such as Japan seem to make more situational attributions than Western cultures such as the United States. Correct. There seems to be a tendency for Eastern cultures to make situational rather than dispositional attributions. d) Western cultures seem to make more situational attributions than Eastern cultures. Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.8 Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others. Topic: 10.8 Attribution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 122. Which statement is more likely to be TRUE concerning attributions made by Americans versus those made by people born and raised in Japan? a) They both tend to make situational cause errors. b) They both tend to make dispositional cause errors. Incorrect. Americans are more likely than Japanese people to erroneously attribute behavior to disposition. c) Americans are more likely to make the fundamental attribution error than are Japanese people. Correct. People from cultures that are individualistic, such as the American culture, are more likely to make the fundamental attribution error than are people from cultures that are collectivistic, such as the Japanese culture. d) Japanese people are more likely to make dispositional errors, whereas Americans are more likely to make situational errors. Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.8 Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others. Topic: 10.8 Attribution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 123. Compared to the others, which person is most likely to commit the fundamental attribution error? a) Maggie, a 24-year-old White woman Incorrect. Younger people tend to be less likely to make internal attributions, according to research. b) Jude, an 18-year-old White man c) Anut, a 46-year-old Pakistani woman d) Mona, a 72-year-old Hawaiian woman Correct. Research suggests that older adults show a stronger bias toward internal causes than do younger people. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.8 Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others. Topic: 10.8 Attribution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 124. The Plain-Bellied Sneeches and the Star-Bellied Sneeches have a history of intergroup conflict. The PlainBellied Sneeches claim that plain bellies are the true and perfect form of Sneechdom, whereas the Star-Bellied Sneeches claim the same thing about stars on bellies. The Plain-Bellied Sneeches treat members of their own group preferentially, considering them to be an __________. The Star-Bellied Sneeches treat members of their own group preferentially, considering them to be an __________ . a) ingroup; ingroup Correct. Both groups think their group is the ingroup. b) ingroup; outgroup c) outgroup; ingroup d) outgroup; outgroup Incorrect. Think through this example carefully. Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.9 Distinguish between prejudice and discrimination. Topic: 10.9 Prejudice and Discrimination Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels. 125. Prejudice is a(n) __________, whereas discrimination is a(n) __________. a) dislike; hatred Incorrect. Prejudice is a thought process, whereas discrimination is an action against a person or group that is often motivated by prejudice. b) hatred; dislike c) behavior; attitude d) attitude; behavior Correct. Prejudice is a thought process, whereas discrimination is an action against a person or group. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.9 Distinguish between prejudice and discrimination. Topic: 10.9 Prejudice and Discrimination Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 89 a=5 b= 3 c= 4 d= 89 r = .43 % correct 89 a= 2 b= 4 c= 5 d= 89 r = .43 APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels. 126. Prejudice is to discrimination as __________. a) attitude is to behavior Correct. A prejudice is a type of attitude, while discrimination refers to specific actions.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) behavior is to attitude Incorrect. This is the opposite of the correct answer. c) neutral is to negative d) stereotype is to feeling Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.9 Distinguish between prejudice and discrimination. Topic: 10.9 Prejudice and Discrimination Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels. 127. Efrem operates a small nightclub that specializes in soul music and features up-and-coming Black singing groups. He actively discourages White couples from coming in and always gives them the worst seats if they insist on being admitted. Efrem’s behavior is BEST described as an example of __________. a) prejudice Incorrect. Prejudice is an attitude, not a behavior. b) ambiguity c) discrimination Correct. Discrimination is the behavior that can result from a prejudicial attitude. d) oppression Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.9 Distinguish between prejudice and discrimination. Topic: 10.9 Prejudice and Discrimination Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 88 a= 12 b= 0 c= 88 d= 0 r = .37 APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels. 128. A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans. The loan officer’s belief is an example of __________. His refusal to grant them loans is an example of __________. a) discrimination; prejudice Incorrect. Prejudice is an unsupported, often negative belief about all people in a particular group, whereas discrimination is an action taken that is based on this belief. b) stereotyping; attribution c) attribution; stereotyping d) prejudice; discrimination Correct. Prejudice is an unsupported, often negative belief about all people in a particular group, whereas discrimination is an action taken that is based on this belief. In this case, the action is the refusal to grant loans. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.9 Distinguish between prejudice and discrimination. Topic: 10.9 Prejudice and Discrimination Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 89 a= 4 b= 7 c= 1 d= 89 r = .28 APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels. 129. A social group of people with whom a person does not identify is a(n) __________. a) pariah b) in-group Incorrect. An in-group is a social group viewed as friends who are worthy of respect; “us.” c) threat-group

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) out-group Correct. Social groups with whom a person does not identify are out-groups; these groups are often thought of as “them.” Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.9 Distinguish between prejudice and discrimination. Topic: 10.9 Prejudice and Discrimination Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 69 a= 3 b= 3 c= 25 d= 69 r = .44 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 130. The social group viewed as the one with which a person identifies is called a(n) __________. a) pariah b) in-group Correct. The social group with which a person identifies is an in-group. c) threat-group d) out-group Incorrect. An out-group is a social group with which one does not identify. Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.9 Distinguish between prejudice and discrimination. Topic: 10.9 Prejudice and Discrimination Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 131. What term do social psychologists use for the process of making people in an out-group responsible for the problems of people in the in-group? a) groupthink b) pariah formation Incorrect. The term social psychologists use for the process of making people in an out-group responsible for the problems of people in the in-group is scapegoating. c) deindividuation d) scapegoating Correct. The term social psychologists use for the process of making a people in an out-group responsible for the problems of people in the in-group is scapegoating. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.9 Distinguish between prejudice and discrimination. Topic: 10.9 Prejudice and Discrimination Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 132. Scapegoats are usually the group of people with the __________. a) most annoying customs Incorrect. Groups can get away with having annoying customs as long as they have power. b) most unusual appearance c) most money d) least power Correct. Groups with the least power are typically used as scapegoats. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.9 Distinguish between prejudice and discrimination. Topic: 10.9 Prejudice and Discrimination Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 93 a= 1 b= 4 c= 3 d= 93 r = .21

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White % correct 90 a= 0 b= 5 c= 5 d= 90 r = .31 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 133. Which social psychology theory BEST explains the fact that the majority of the riots that took place following the trial of the police officers accused of beating Rodney King did not take place in White neighborhoods, but rather in the neighborhoods of Asian Americans and Asians who had recently immigrated to the United States? a) scapegoating Correct. Scapegoating is a term that refers to targeting one person or group of people for the release of frustrations. b) social diffusion c) the bystander effect d) prejudice Incorrect. Prejudice may have been a factor in this phenomenon, but scapegoating is the best answer. Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.9 Distinguish between prejudice and discrimination. Topic: 10.9 Prejudice and Discrimination Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 134. A recent candidate for mayor of a major city wanted to win the election by focusing the voters’ anger at bad economic conditions onto Mexican Americans. “They are the reason why you don’t have any opportunities,” he tells the crowds, “and I will make sure that no more of them are allowed in this city if you elect me mayor!” This despicable campaign strategy makes use of the concept of __________. a) scapegoating Correct. Scapegoating is a term that refers to targeting one person or group of people for the release of frustrations. b) social diffusion c) the bystander effect d) social comparison Incorrect. Social comparison is the comparison of oneself to others in ways that raise one’s self-esteem. Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.9 Distinguish between prejudice and discrimination. Topic: 10.9 Prejudice and Discrimination Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 135. Prejudice can be formed just like any other attitude can be formed—through direct instruction, modeling, and other learning influences—according to __________ theory. a) realistic conflict Incorrect. This theory suggests that prejudice comes from competition for scarce resources. b) equal status c) participant observation d) social cognitive Correct. This is the essence of social cognitive theory—that cognitive processes involved in learning form prejudice, just like other attitudes. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.10 Describe theories of how prejudice is learned and how it can be overcome. Topic: 10.10 How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels. 136. Realistic conflict theory proposes that prejudice arises from __________. a) learned behavior

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. This theory suggests that prejudice comes from competition for scarce resources. b) competition over scarce resources Correct. Good housing, schools, and jobs would be examples of the scarce resources that lead to prejudice, according to the realistic conflict theory. c) social categorization d) self-fulfilling prophecies Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.10 Describe theories of how prejudice is learned and how it can be overcome. Topic: 10.10 How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels. 137. Realistic conflict theory focuses on conflict __________. a) within an in-group Incorrect. Most conflict occurs between different groups. b) between two groups Correct. Most conflict occurs between different groups. c) within an out-group d) between two members of an in-group Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.10 Describe theories of how prejudice is learned and how it can be overcome. Topic: 10.10 How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 138. According to the realistic conflict perspective on prejudice and discrimination, majority group members and minority group members __________ . a) compete for status, power, or other scarce resources Correct. Limited resources lead to feelings of prejudice and discrimination. b) have a well-documented history of conflict that justifies feelings of hostility between the two groups c) negotiate for power and status in a “check-and-balance” type of system Incorrect. This is not a facet of this theory. d) have achieved equal status in their dealings with one another Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.10 Describe theories of how prejudice is learned and how it can be overcome. Topic: 10.10 How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 139. What was the grade level of the students with whom Jane Elliott performed her famous blue eye/brown eye demonstration? a) kindergarten Incorrect. The project was conducted with children in the second grade. b) first grade c) second grade Correct. The second-grade students spent two days learning about the dangers of racism, prejudice, and discrimination. d) third grade Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.10 Describe theories of how prejudice is learned and how it can be overcome. Topic: 10.10 How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 140. Which historical event prompted Jane Elliott to begin the blue eye/brown eye project with her elementary school students? a) the Vietnam War b) the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Correct. Jane Elliott wanted to teach her children about racism, prejudice, and discrimination in the aftermath of the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. c) the assassination of President John F. Kennedy d) the assassination of John Lennon Incorrect. The shooting of John Lennon was not related to Jane Elliott’s project with her students. Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.10 Describe theories of how prejudice is learned and how it can be overcome. Topic: 10.10 How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 141. According to social identity theory, individuals view their own group favorably so as to __________. a) create prejudice toward members of the other group b) think of themselves more favorably Correct. One of the values of an in-group is that it helps people think of themselves more favorably. c) promote their out-group Incorrect. In this theory, one would promote the in-group, not the out-group. d) expand the boundaries of social categorization Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.10 Describe theories of how prejudice is learned and how it can be overcome. Topic: 10.10 How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 142. Social comparison occurs when __________. a) someone asks you to give them directions b) two people order food in a restaurant Incorrect. Social comparison involves comparing oneself to another to improve one’s own self-esteem. Ordering food does not create this comparison; a beauty contest is a more accurate example. c) two people enter a beauty contest Correct. A beauty contest would be a good example of a situation in which people compare themselves to others. d) playing solitaire Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.10 Describe theories of how prejudice is learned and how it can be overcome. Topic: 10.10 How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 143. Which of the following statements supports the idea of social identity? a) “My name is Dan and I play the trumpet.” Incorrect. Playing the trumpet does not tell us about Dan’s social identity and group. b) “My name is Mario and I like tuna fish.” c) “My name is Antonio and I belong to the best fraternity on campus.”

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. Antonio is expressing social identity and being a part of an in-group. d) “I am Sam and I own a car.” Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.10 Describe theories of how prejudice is learned and how it can be overcome. Topic: 10.10 How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 144. The part of a person’s self-concept that is based on her or his identification with a particular social group in society is called __________. a) the fundamental attribution error b) self-serving bias c) ethnocentrism Incorrect. Ethnocentrism is an overidentification with people who share one’s ethnic background or nationality to the exclusion of others. d) social identity Correct. Social identity is the part of a person’s self-concept that is based on her or his identification with a nation, culture, or ethnic group, or with gender or other roles in society. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.10 Describe theories of how prejudice is learned and how it can be overcome. Topic: 10.10 How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 145. Ricardo thinks he will fail his upcoming Introductory Psychology exam, and therefore he studies for it haphazardly and very little. As a result, he gets the lowest grade in the class. “See?” he says, to no one in particular. “I knew it would happen, and it did.” What can explain Ricardo’s behavior and outcomes? a) The exam was too difficult; there was no way anyone could expect to do well. Incorrect. There is no reason to suspect this is true. b) A self-fulfilling prophecy; he didn’t expect to do well, didn’t study, and therefore didn’t do well. Correct. Ricardo is showing all the hallmarks of a self-fulfilling prophecy. c) He was a member of an outgroup when he should have been a member of the ingroup. d) He was not seen as having equal status in the class as other students; he needed equal status contact. Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.10 Describe theories of how prejudice is learned and how it can be overcome. Topic: 10.10 How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 146. When the expectations of one person bring about the expected behavior in another person, the expectation has become a(n) __________. a) attribution Incorrect. An attribution is an explanation a person comes up with about the motivations behind someone else’s behavior. b) response characteristic c) self-fulfilling prophecy Correct. When the expectations of one person bring about the expected behavior in another person, the expectation has become a self-fulfilling prophecy. d) primary drive Answer: c

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 10.10 Describe theories of how prejudice is learned and how it can be overcome. Topic: 10.10 How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 51 a= 20 b= 25 c= 51 d= 3 r = .50 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 147. Stereotype threat involves anxiety and self-consciousness that negatively affect performance and is related to the phenomenon known as a(n) __________. a) attribution b) response characteristic Incorrect. Stereotype threat occurs when you believe the stereotype about your group. c) primary drive d) self-fulfilling prophecy Correct. People worry that they may bring about a self-fulfilling prophecy by behaving in ways that confirm the stereotype about their group. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.10 Describe theories of how prejudice is learned and how it can be overcome. Topic: 10.10 How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 148. The Robbers Cave experiment showed that __________ reduces us–them hostility. a) playing athletic games such as football and baseball Incorrect. Playing athletic games tends to increase us–them hostility. b) watching movies together and experiencing similar quiet interactions c) engaging in mutually exciting activities such as tug-of-war d) interdependence in solving crises together Correct. The Robbers Cave experiment showed that interdependence in solving crises together reduces us–them hostility. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.10 Describe theories of how prejudice is learned and how it can be overcome. Topic: 10.10 How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 149. How does the jigsaw classroom operate? a) Students compete to win a top award. b) Students are each given a piece of information that must be shared to solve a problem. Correct. In the jigsaw classroom, students are each given a piece of information that must be shared to solve a problem. c) Students are told that one student holds the key to solving a problem and they must find out who it is. Incorrect. In the jigsaw classroom, students are each given a piece of information that must be shared to solve a problem. d) Students are all given separate puzzles to solve. Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.10 Describe theories of how prejudice is learned and how it can be overcome. Topic: 10.10 How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. Learning Objective: 10.11 Identify social and cultural factors that influence stress reactions.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 10.11 Social and Cultural Factors in Stress 150. Matias moved from Argentina to France. He chose not to learn to speak and write French, continues to maintain his old culture’s styles of dress and customs, and lives in a neighborhood where only people from Argentina live. Matias has used which method of entering the majority culture? a) integration b) assimilation Incorrect. Assimilation occurs when a person completely gives up his or her old cultural identity and completely adopts the majority culture’s ways. c) separation Correct. Separation occurs when a person tries to maintain his or her original cultural identity. d) marginalization Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.11 Identify social and cultural factors that influence stress reactions. Topic: 10.11 Social and Cultural Factors in Stress Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 151. Which of the following is one of the ways in which religion helps people reduce or cope with stress? a) Religion can provide a strong social-support system. Correct. Membership in a religious organization assists in not feeling alone with one’s struggles. b) Religion includes rituals that get people to dwell on their failings. c) Most religions promote psychological defense mechanisms. d) Religion isolates people from those who are different. Incorrect. Isolation from people who are different is not a means of reducing stress. Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.11 Identify social and cultural factors that influence stress reactions. Topic: 10.11 Social and Cultural Factors in Stress Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 152. What term do psychologists use to describe our liking or having the desire for a relationship with another person? a) love Incorrect. This is a strong emotional affection for another person. b) appeal c) interpersonal attraction Correct. Psychologists use the term interpersonal attraction to describe our liking of other people. d) cognitive dissonance Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.12 Identify factors involved in interpersonal attraction. Topic: 10.12 Interpersonal Attraction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 86 a= 1 b= 10 c= 86 d= 3 r = .23 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 153. We tend to __________ attractive people more than we do less attractive people. a) like Correct. Social psychologists have found that we tend to like attractive people more than we like unattractive people. b) dislike

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. Social psychologists have found that we tend to like attractive people more than we like unattractive people. c) ignore d) envy Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.12 Identify factors involved in interpersonal attraction. Topic: 10.12 Interpersonal Attraction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 94 a= 94 b= 6 c= 0 d= 0 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 154. How are proximity to others and attraction correlated? a) not correlated b) positively correlated Correct. We tend to like those who are nearby. c) negatively correlated Incorrect. We tend to like those who are nearby. d) inversely correlated Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.12 Identify factors involved in interpersonal attraction. Topic: 10.12 Interpersonal Attraction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 84 a= 5 b= 84 c= 4 d= 8 r = .24 % correct 77 a= 8 b= 77 c= 5 d= 8 r = .22 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy. 155. What term do psychologists use for how physically close two people are to each other? a) similarity Incorrect. Similarity has to do with how people are alike. The term psychologists use for how close people live to each other is proximity. b) proximity Correct. Proximity means physical nearness. c) propinquity d) complementarity Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.12 Identify factors involved in interpersonal attraction. Topic: 10.12 Interpersonal Attraction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 156. The mere exposure effect would predict that __________ . a) English speakers should prefer the letter "E" to the letter "X” Correct. English speakers encounter E a lot more often than they encounter X. b) people will like a photo of their own face more than they will like a mirror image of their face Incorrect. Compare what you see in a mirror to what you see in a photograph. c) one instance of public exposure is enough to ruin a relationship for good d) people can tell if they have seen a stimulus even if they can't tell how much they like the stimulus Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.12 Identify factors involved in interpersonal attraction. Topic: 10.12 Interpersonal Attraction Difficulty Level: Moderate

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 157. “I adore the girl next door.” This phrase refers to what rule of attraction? a) saturation effect b) proximity Correct. Proximity refers to being near someone else. c) birds-of-a-feather effect Incorrect. This refers to similarity, not proximity. d) foot-in-the-door effect Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.12 Identify factors involved in interpersonal attraction. Topic: 10.12 Interpersonal Attraction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 85 a= 15 b= 85 c= 0 d= 0 r = .45 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 158. “Out of sight, out of mind” is a cliché that is consistent with which principle of interpersonal attraction? a) physical attractiveness Incorrect. This cliché is not related to the concept of physical attractiveness. b) similarity c) proximity Correct. The proximity rule states that we tend to like people who are physically close to us, so one who is away, or out of sight, may lose favor in our eyes. d) reciprocal liking Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.12 Identify factors involved in interpersonal attraction. Topic: 10.12 Interpersonal Attraction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 86 a= 6 b= 3 c= 86 d= 5 r = .21 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 159. The cliché “familiarity breeds contempt” contradicts which principle of interpersonal attraction? a) reciprocal liking b) physical attractiveness Incorrect. This cliché is unrelated to the topic of physical attractiveness. c) similarity d) proximity Correct. The proximity theory states that we are most attracted to people who are close to us, not that being close causes us to dislike each other. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.12 Identify factors involved in interpersonal attraction. Topic: 10.12 Interpersonal Attraction Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 160. “Birds of a feather” is a phrase that refers to __________. a) similarity

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. “Birds of a feather” refers to similarity, as birds with the same kinds of feathers are likely to be of the same species. b) reinforcement c) self-disclosure Incorrect. “Birds of a feather” refers to similarity, as birds with the same kinds of feathers are likely to be of the same species. d) emotional expression Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.12 Identify factors involved in interpersonal attraction. Topic: 10.12 Interpersonal Attraction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 89 a= 89 b= 4 c= 2 d= 4 r = .35 % correct 89 a= 89 b= 3 c= 3 d= 5 r = .28 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 161. When opposites attract, it is said that they have __________ characteristics. a) proximal Incorrect. Proximity means nearness. b) complementary Correct. Things that “complement” each other tend to be opposites. c) rewarding d) reciprocal Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.12 Identify factors involved in interpersonal attraction. Topic: 10.12 Interpersonal Attraction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 88 a= 4 b= 88 c= 3 d= 6 r = .22 % correct 80 a= 2 b= 80 c= 1 d= 17 r = .24 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 162. Which of the following scenarios illustrates the power of complementary traits? a) An outgoing woman marries a reserved man. Correct. Dominance and submissiveness are opposite qualities. b) A girl marries the boy next door. Incorrect. Marrying the person next door illustrates the power of proximity, not complementary traits. c) Two tennis players become good friends. d) A girl and a boy who both like jogging fall in love. Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.12 Identify factors involved in interpersonal attraction. Topic: 10.12 Interpersonal Attraction Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 163. Which of the following examples illustrates the principle of attraction called reciprocity of liking? a) Britt likes Julio because he is so different from her. b) Casey loves Coco because she lives next door to her. Incorrect. Liking someone who lives close to you is the proximity rule. c) Tameka likes Raphael because he already likes her. Correct. Reciprocity of liking means that we like those who like us.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) Winston likes Rupert because he is rich. Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.12 Identify factors involved in interpersonal attraction. Topic: 10.12 Interpersonal Attraction Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 164. Edgar and Esther have been married for almost 50 years. Through it all, they have remained committed to each other and have been as close as two people can be. Over the years, the passion has waned but they still stayed together. Sternberg would call this type of love __________. a) consummate Incorrect. Consummate love has intimacy, commitment, AND passion. b) romantic c) intimate d) companionate Correct. Companionate love has the components of intimacy and commitment but not passion. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.13 Describe the different types of love outlined in Sternberg’s theory. Topic: 10.13 Love Is a Triangle—Robert Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 165. Which type of love is defined as having only intimacy and commitment? a) seduction b) empty love Incorrect. In empty love, there is only commitment, no intimacy. c) infatuation d) companionate love Correct. Companionate love has commitment and intimacy but no passion. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.13 Describe the different types of love outlined in Sternberg’s theory. Topic: 10.13 Love Is a Triangle—Robert Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 166. In Sternberg’s triangular theory of love, which type of love contains the elements found at each of the three corners of the triangle? a) consummate love Correct. Consummate, or “ultimate,” love contains intimacy, passion, and commitment. b) companionate love Incorrect. Companionate love has commitment and intimacy but no passion. c) romantic love d) sustained love Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.13 Describe the different types of love outlined in Sternberg’s theory. Topic: 10.13 Love Is a Triangle—Robert Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 167. A hormone associated with aggression seems to be __________. a) testosterone Correct. The hormone associated with aggression seems to be testosterone, and it’s the one males have the most of. b) estrogen Incorrect. Estrogen, the hormone found in higher amounts among females, is not associated with aggression. c) MDH d) peptone Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.14 Explain how aggressive behavior is determined by biology and learning. Topic: 10.14 Aggression Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 168. In Phil Zimbardo’s prison study, male college students agreed to participate in a 2-week experiment to discover what would happen when they took on the roles of prisoners and guards. After the prisoners staged a revolt, the researchers found that __________. a) the guards became more aggressive Correct. After the prisoners staged a revolt, the researchers found that the guards became more aggressive, and the study had to be stopped. b) all of the guards decided to quit the experiment c) the guards tried to be “tough but fair” d) the experimenters had everyone switch roles Incorrect. The participants never switched roles. Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.14 Explain how aggressive behavior is determined by biology and learning. Topic: 10.14 Aggression Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 99 a= 99 b= 0 c= 1 d= 0 r = .15 % correct 95 a= 95 b= 2 c= 3 d= 1 r = .23 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 169. What actual event could have been predicted based on the results of Zimbardo’s classic prisoner study at Stanford University? a) the prison break at Attica prison in New York Incorrect. The impact of social roles was not as evident in the prison break. b) the events in Waco, Texas, in which followers of a cult were killed by government agents c) the events at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq Correct. These events seem to mirror Zimbardo’s examination of social roles. d) the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.14 Explain how aggressive behavior is determined by biology and learning. Topic: 10.14 Aggression Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 82 a= 8 b= 8 c= 82 d= 2 r = .45 % correct 75 a= 13 b= 11 c= 75 d= 2 r = .39 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 170. One conclusion of much of the research on media and violence is that __________. a) TV causes violence b) aggressive children tend to watch violent TV more than nonaggressive children Correct. This makes sense because there is a predisposition to be aggressive.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) TV tends to make nonaggressive children become aggressive Incorrect. This popular misconception has been proven unreliable many times. d) violent TV programs are responsible for over 75 percent of aggression among children Answer: b Learning Objective: 10.14 Explain how aggressive behavior is determined by biology and learning. Topic: 10.14 Aggression Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 57 a= 2 b= 57 c= 32 d= 9 r = .34 APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 171. In March 1964, Kitty Genovese was the victim of a brutal assault that led to her death in the entryway of her apartment complex. Newspaper reports at that time indicated that out of the 38 people who observed the attack happening, __________ called the police to request assistance. a) zero Correct. No one helped Kitty Genovese, although the benefits of history and hindsight have added complexity to the original account of this case. b) four c) 10 Incorrect. No one helped Kitty Genovese, or so it seemed, based on a New York Times article. d) 38 Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.15 Identify the factors influencing why people help others. Topic: 10.15 Prosocial Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 172. What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, with no anticipation of reward? a) altruism Correct. Altruism is defined as helping others for no personal benefit. b) collectivism c) interdependence d) humanitarianism Incorrect. Humanitarianism means almost the same thing as altruism, but it is not the term social psychologists use for the helping behavior described by the term altruism. Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.15 Identify the factors influencing why people help others. Topic: 10.15 Prosocial Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 79 a= 79 b= 1 c= 0 d= 20 r = .45 % correct 84 a= 84 b= 1 c= 2 d= 13 r = .52 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 173. The Kitty Genovese case provides a strong demonstration of __________. a) social loafing Incorrect. Social loafing is what occurs when someone slacks off on a task to let others carry the workload. b) group polarization c) the bystander effect Correct. The bystander effect is the phenomenon that occurs when people don’t help because they think others will do so. d) obedience to authority Answer: c

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 10.15 Identify the factors influencing why people help others. Topic: 10.15 Prosocial Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 174. What term do psychologists use for the phenomenon that occurs when people are less likely to aid a person in trouble if there are other people around who are also potential helpers? a) bystander effect Correct. The bystander effect is the phenomenon that occurs when people don’t help because they think others will do so. b) sole-witness effect c) subtle aggressive effect d) antisocial behavior effect Incorrect. There is no such term as antisocial behavior effect in social psychology. Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.15 Identify the factors influencing why people help others. Topic: 10.15 Prosocial Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 99 a= 99 b= 1 c= 0 d= 0 r = .20 % correct 97 a= 97 b= 2 c= 1 d= 0 r = .27 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 175. A car crash woke Malcolm from his afternoon nap. When he looked out his apartment window, he saw several people milling around two smashed cars. He decided not to dial 911 because he assumed someone had already called. Malcolm’s reaction is an example of __________. a) the bystander effect Correct. The bystander effect is the phenomenon that occurs when people don’t help because they think others will do so. b) pluralistic compliance c) obedience to authority d) conformity to social norms Incorrect. Conformity to social norms does not explain Malcolm’s inaction, as it would be considered normal to call for help. Answer: a Learning Objective: 10.15 Identify the factors influencing why people help others. Topic: 10.15 Prosocial Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 95 a= 95 b= 2 c= 0 d= 3 r = .23 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 176. In a crowded mall parking lot, dozens of people hear a female voice yell, “He’s killing me!” Yet no one calls the police. What is the reason for the lack of action, according to Darley and Latané? a) People are too busy to respond. b) Most people “do not want to become involved.” Incorrect. According to Latané and Darley, very few people say they do not want to become involved. c) The fight-or-flight response is not activated when others are in danger. d) Diffusion of responsibility is the reason most people do not respond. Correct. Diffusion of responsibility is what happens when each person thinks someone else will take responsibility (e.g., call for help). Answer: d

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 10.15 Identify the factors influencing why people help others. Topic: 10.15 Prosocial Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 94 a= 0 b= 6 c= 0 d= 94 r = .31 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 177. According to the research of Bibb Latané and John M. Darley, which of the following people would someone be the MOST likely to help? a) a person on the side of the road with a flat tire during rush hour b) a person asking for help in a crowded stadium parking lot c) a person falling down coming out of an elevator with only one other person in it Correct. Latané and Darley predict that the fewer number of people present, the more likely someone will help. d) a student falling off a ladder outside a full classroom Incorrect. Latané and Darley predict that the fewer number of people present, the more likely someone will help. The full classroom would lower the chance of someone helping. Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.15 Identify the factors influencing why people help others. Topic: 10.15 Prosocial Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 178. Compared to the others, which person would be the LEAST likely to help, according to Darley and Latané’s research on prosocial behavior? a) Grace, who sees that her next-door-neighbor Evan’s car is on fire b) Phoebe, who while walking alone sees a young boy with his arm caught in a sewer drainpipe c) Cara, who is in a bad mood and sees a car flip over in the middle of a crowded intersection Correct. Bad mood and crowds lower the chances that someone will help. d) Lottie, who is a nurse and sees a man having a heart attack in his car in a deserted parking lot Incorrect. Being alone, as well as noticing the event and having the skills to help, would increase the likelihood of helping. Answer: c Learning Objective: 10.15 Identify the factors influencing why people help others. Topic: 10.15 Prosocial Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 179. According to John Darley and Bibb Latané’s decision-making steps when helping in an emergency, which step comes first? a) assuming personal responsibility b) interpreting the situation as an emergency c) taking action Incorrect. This is the last step in the decision process. d) noticing what is happening Correct. This is the first step in the decision process. Answer: d Learning Objective: 10.15 Identify the factors influencing why people help others. Topic: 10.15 Prosocial Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. TRUE OR FALSE 180. Giving in to pressure to change your behavior and thoughts to be like others is called obedience. Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 181. Collectivistic cultures seem to be more conducive to conformity than individualistic cultures. Answer: True Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 182. Research has found a substantial difference in the tendency of men and women to show conformity, with women being far more likely to demonstrate conformity in all situations. Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 183. Invulnerability, rationalization, and insularity are three symptoms of groupthink. Answer: True Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 184. The door-in-the-face technique works because a person commits to an initial attractive offer, even though the offer later changes for the worse. Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Topic: 10.2 Compliance Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 185. You receive a call at home from a telemarketer who wants you to listen to a pitch for aluminum siding. If you agree to listen, you are more likely to buy siding, thereby illustrating the foot-in-the-door technique. Answer: True Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Topic: 10.2 Compliance

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 186. A common strategy for gaining compliance used by car salespeople is the door-in-the-face technique. Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Topic: 10.2 Compliance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 187. The participants in Stanley Milgram’s obedience study played the role of “teacher” in the experiment. Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.3 Identify factors that make obedience more likely. Topic: 10.3 Obedience Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 188. The purpose of Milgram’s study of obedience was to find out how many people would obey an authority figure when directly ordered to violate their own ethical standards. Answer: True Learning Objective: 10.3 Identify factors that make obedience more likely. Topic: 10.3 Obedience Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 189. Upon review of their participation in Milgram’s obedience study, 84 percent of the participants reported that they regretted having been involved. In addition, they felt their discovery that they were, in fact, cruel people had caused lasting damage to their self-esteem. Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.3 Identify factors that make obedience more likely. Topic: 10.3 Obedience Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 190. Any attitude has four major components. Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.4 Identify the three components of an attitude and how attitudes are formed. Topic: 10.4 Attitudes Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 191. Research indicates that we are more easily influenced by an attractive speaker than by an unattractive speaker. Answer: True Learning Objective: 10.5 Describe how attitudes can be changed. Topic: 10.5 Attitude Change: The Art of Persuasion Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 192. The greater the level of fear in a message, the more effective it will be in changing attitudes. Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.5 Describe how attitudes can be changed. Topic: 10.5 Attitude Change: The Art of Persuasion Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 193. One technique that people may use to reduce cognitive dissonance is changing their conflicting behaviors to match their attitudes. Answer: True Learning Objective: 10.6 Explain how people react when attitudes differ from behavior. Topic: 10.6 Cognitive Dissonance: When Attitudes and Behavior Clash Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 194. Festinger and Carlsmith reported that research participants who received $1 for performing a boring task said it was more interesting than those who got $20 for doing the same task. Answer: True Learning Objective: 10.6 Explain how people react when attitudes differ from behavior. Topic: 10.6 Cognitive Dissonance: When Attitudes and Behavior Clash Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 195. Social categorization occurs without conscious awareness. Answer: True Learning Objective: 10.7 Describe how people form impressions of others. Topic: 10.7 Impression Formation Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 196. Stereotypes assume that members of the same group must have distinct differences between them. Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.7 Describe how people form impressions of others. Topic: 10.7 Impression Formation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 197. Because of the way that they invariably lead to discrimination, stereotypes are always negative. Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.7 Describe how people form impressions of others. Topic: 10.7 Impression Formation Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 198. Mauricio is standing in line at the grocery store waiting to pay for his purchases. A man cuts in front of the line and drops his items on the counter. Mauricio says, “That man is incredibly rude.” Mauricio just made a situational attribution. Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.8 Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others. Topic: 10.8 Attribution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 199. People from collectivistic cultures are more likely to make attributions based on dispositional factors than are people in more individualistic cultures. Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.8 Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others. Topic: 10.8 Attribution Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 200. The basis of realistic conflict theory is that arguments that occur over genuine problems lead to more violence than arguments that occur over petty or irrelevant issues. Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.10 Describe theories of how prejudice is learned and how it can be overcome. Topic: 10.10 How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 201. The Robbers Cave experiment showed that playing athletic games, such as football and baseball, reduces us– them hostility. Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.10 Describe theories of how prejudice is learned and how it can be overcome. Topic: 10.10 How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 202. Acculturative stress results from the need to change and adapt a person’s ways to the majority culture. Answer: True Learning Objective: 10.10 Describe theories of how prejudice is learned and how it can be overcome. Topic: 10.10 How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 203. Research supports the idea that we tend to be most attracted to people who are our opposites instead of people to whom we are very similar. Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.12 Identify factors involved in interpersonal attraction. Topic: 10.12 Interpersonal Attraction Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

204. According to Robert Sternberg, consummate love requires only passion and intimacy. Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.13 Describe the different types of love outlined in Sternberg’s theory. Topic: 10.13 Love Is a Triangle—Robert Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 205. According to research conducted by John M. Darley and Bibb Latané, the main factor causing people to refrain from helping is not wanting to get involved. Answer: False Learning Objective: 10.15 Identify the factors influencing why people help others. Topic: 10.15 Prosocial Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. SHORT ANSWER 206. List three factors that are related to an increased tendency to conform. Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 207. What is groupthink? Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 208. Give an example of how you might use the foot-in-the-door technique to borrow $20 from a friend. Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Topic: 10.2 Compliance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 209. What is the difference between compliance and obedience? Learning Objective: 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Topic: 10.2 Compliance Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 210. Provide two ethical concerns that a critic might cite about Milgram’s obedience experiment. Learning Objective: 10.3 Identify factors that make obedience more likely. Topic: 10.3 Obedience Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice. 211. Describe the three components of an attitude. Learning Objective: 10.4 Identify the three components of an attitude and how attitudes are formed. Topic: 10.4 Attitudes Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 212. What factors influence the effectiveness of an attempt to persuade? Learning Objective: 10.5 Describe how attitudes can be changed. Topic: 10.5 Attitude Change: The Art of Persuasion Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 213. Give an example of what happens when a person’s attitude does not match her or his behavior. Learning Objective: 10.6 Explain how people react when attitudes differ from behavior. Topic: 10.6 Cognitive Dissonance: When Attitudes and Behavior Clash Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 214. Briefly describe social categorization. Learning Objective: 10.7 Describe how people form impressions of others. Topic: 10.7 Impression Formation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 215. What is a stereotype? Learning Objective: 10.7 Describe how people form impressions of others. Topic: 10.7 Impression Formation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 216. What is the difference between a situational and a dispositional attribution? Learning Objective: 10.8 Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others. Topic: 10.8 Attribution Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 217. What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination? Learning Objective: 10.9 Distinguish between prejudice and discrimination. Topic: 10.9 Prejudice and Discrimination Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 218. List four ways in which a person might choose to interact with a majority culture.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 10.11 Identify social and cultural factors that influence stress reactions. Topic: 10.11 Social and Cultural Factors in Stress Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels. 219. List and define Robert Sternberg’s components of love. Learning Objective: 10.13 Describe the different types of love outlined in Sternberg’s theory. Topic: 10.13 Love Is a Triangle—Robert Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 220. Give one reason why televised violence may cause a child to be aggressive. Learning Objective: 10.14 Explain how aggressive behavior is determined by biology and learning. Topic: 10.14 Aggression Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 221. Define altruism and provide an example. Learning Objective: 10.15 Identify the factors influencing why people help others. Topic: 10.15 Prosocial Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. ESSAY 222. Some people may argue that the findings of the Solomon Asch experiment are not terribly valuable because conformity is being assessed on a relatively innocuous task (i.e., choosing line sizes). What kind of situation might you use to test conformity that would address this criticism? Can you think of a way to test conformity in the real world in a way that would be useful, ethical, and impactful? Learning Objective: 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Topic: 10.1 Conformity Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research; 3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice. 223. The obedience study conducted by Stanley Milgram has become world famous. More than 1,000 people at several American universities went through replications of the study. In addition, researchers in other countries, such as Spain and the Netherlands, have used Milgram’s procedures. Explain in detail the procedures that Milgram used in his study, and then discuss his results. What conclusions did Milgram reach? How have critics reacted to his research? Learning Objective: 10.3 Identify factors that make obedience more likely. Topic: 10.3 Obedience Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 224. Discuss the ethical dilemmas that resulted from Stanley Milgram’s obedience research. Do you think that the ends justified the means in this case? Does the fact that nobody was really physically shocked make a difference? What if you wanted to conduct a replication of the experiment but wanted to actually administer shocks? Do you think that the findings would change regarding the obedience of the participants? Learning Objective: 10.3 Identify factors that make obedience more likely. Topic: 10.3 Obedience Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research; 3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice. 225. Consider the way that most children feel about eating spinach. Unless the child is very unusual, you will probably not get a favorable reaction when you put a plate of spinach in front of that youngster. Discuss the child’s responses from all three of the components of an attitude. Do you think a child’s attitude would change if she or he were served spinach immediately following a viewing of the movie Popeye? Learning Objective: 10.4 Identify the three components of an attitude and how attitudes are formed. Topic: 10.4 Attitudes Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 226. How do advertisers use the principles of persuasion such as source, message, audience, and medium characteristics? Select a television commercial and use it to examine the components of persuasion. Learning Objective: 10.5 Describe how attitudes can be changed. Topic: 10.5 Attitude Change: The Art of Persuasion Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 227. It is a safe assumption that most people who smoke know that it is not good for their health. Using the principle of cognitive dissonance, describe three examples of several things that smokers might do to reduce their dissonance, making sure to include at least one example from each of the three possible actions. Learning Objective: 10.6 Explain how people react when attitudes differ from behavior. Topic: 10.6 Cognitive Dissonance: When Attitudes and Behavior Clash Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 228. Do you hold any stereotypes? If so, are they positive or negative assumptions about a group of people? Where do you think your stereotypes came from, and what factors may be involved in maintaining these beliefs? Learning Objective: 10.7 Describe how people form impressions of others. Topic: 10.7 Impression Formation Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 229. According to attribution theory, the explanations we create for our behavior and the behavior of others generally fall into two categories. Describe these two categories. In your essay, discuss key concepts in attribution theory, such as the fundamental attribution error. Learning Objective: 10.8 Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 10.8 Attribution Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 230. If you had young children who were attending Jane Elliott’s class in the second grade, would you want them to take part in her blue eye-brown eye project? Why or why not? Do you think parents should have the right to prevent their children from going through such an experience? Is the pain that the children may experience worth the lessons they may learn from the project? Learning Objective: 10.10 Describe theories of how prejudice is learned and how it can be overcome. Topic: 10.10 How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice. 231. Using Sternberg’s triangular theory of love, describe two relationships in your life (e.g., your parents, your friendships, or your current romantic relationship) and discuss how these relationships fit into one or more of Sternberg’s forms of love. Learning Objective: 10.13 Describe the different types of love outlined in Sternberg’s theory. Topic: 10.13 Love Is a Triangle—Robert Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 232. If you saw someone on the side of the road with a flat tire, would you help that person? What factors would influence whether you would help or not? Include terminology discussed in the Darley and Latané study discussed in your text. Learning Objective: 10.15 Identify the factors influencing why people help others. Topic: 10.15 Prosocial Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Test Yourself Pick the best answer. 1. Saul admits that he conforms so as to be liked by others. This is known as a. compliance. b. obedience. c. informational social influence. d. normative social influence. 2. According to the text, in which of the following has groupthink been known to occur? a. using selfie sticks b. the fall of communism c. mass suicides by cults d. the sinking of the Titanic 3. Many businesses now require their employees to work in teams, believing that a group of four to five employees will accomplish more than four to five individuals working alone. This is an example of what concept? a. social facilitation b. social impairment c. social loafing d. social laziness 4. Maria was approached by her neighbor, who asked her to adopt three kittens that were abandoned by their mother. While Maria refused to take in three kittens, she did agree to adopt just one. What compliance technique did her neighbor use on Maria? a. foot-in-the-door b. door-in-the-face c. lowball d. double foot-in-the-door 5. Which of the following people would probably NOT be a prime candidate for membership in a cult? a. Lewis, who is mad at the world, especially his parents b. Leticia, who is open to new ideas and wants world peace and harmony among people c. Lauren, who is under a lot of stress and dissatisfied with her life d. Lawrence, who has only a high school diploma but tends to be independent and happy with his life 6. Follow-up studies to Stanley Milgram’s research have suggested that a teacher’s willingness to deliver potentially lethal shocks may be more a product of _________ than of obedience. a. conformity b. compliance c. social identity d. deindividuation 7. The public-service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation? a. direct contact b. direct instruction c. vicarious conditioning d. observational learning 8. Researchers have found that a _________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective, particularly when it is combined with _________.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a. maximum, information about how to prevent the fearful consequences b. minimum, threats c. moderate, threats d. moderate, information about how to prevent the fearful consequences 9. Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting-goods store. The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. Sandy was using ________ processing. a. central-route b. peripheral-route c. cognitive-route d. visual-route 10. If Tenille was experiencing a sense of cognitive dissonance between her attitude and behavior, which of the following would help her reduce that uncomfortable sensation? a. thinking constantly about the mismatch b. maintaining her existing attitude c. discussing the inconsistency with others d. changing her behavior 11. Gerard goes to a job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn T-shirt, and sandals. His hair is uncombed, and he hasn’t shaved in a few days. Obviously, Gerard knows nothing about a. cognitive dissonance. b. attitude formation. c. impression formation. d. groupthink. 12. If behavior is assumed to be caused by external characteristics, this is known as a. a situational cause. b. a dispositional cause. c. a fundamental attribution error. d. actor–observer bias. 13. Thomas likes to “hang with the guys.” These people with whom Thomas identifies most strongly are called a(n) a. referent group. b. in-group. c. out-group. d. “them” group. 14. The “Robbers Cave” experiment showed the value of _________ in combating prejudice. a. “jigsaw classrooms” b. equal-status contact c. stereotyping vulnerability d. subordinate goals 15. Vivian and Steve met at work. At first they were just friends, but over time, they found themselves falling in love—or, as Vivian tells her friends, “Steve just grew on me!” According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for their attraction is a. mere exposure. b. personal attractiveness. c. fate. d. reciprocity of liking 16. According to Sternberg, a couple whose love is based on intimacy and passion but who are not yet committed to a long-term relationship are in the form of love called _________ love. a. companionate

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b. romantic c. affectionate d. consummate 17. The concept that aggression results from a social role is based on what psychological theory? a. humanistic b. learning c. psychoanalytical d. cognitive 18. Which of the following chemicals seems to be the most involved in aggression? a. testosterone b. endorphins c. norepinephrine d. oxytocin 19. To which two processes do some social psychologists attribute the phenomenon of people not helping someone they do not know? a. bystander effect and altruism b. aggression and diffusion of responsibility c. altruism and diffusion of responsibility d. bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility 20. JB knows that he can help people simply by dialing 9-1-1 on his cell phone if an emergency arises. At which step in the decision process for helping would JB be? a. noticing b. taking action c. taking responsibility d. planning a course of action

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

EXTRA BANK OF QUESTIONS 12: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY ______________________________________________________________________________ 12.1–12.4 Social Influence 12.1 Conformity 1. Giving in to indirect pressure to change your behavior and thoughts is called __________. a. conformity b. compliance c. obedience d. persuasion Answer a % correct 78 a= 78 b= 15 c= 2 d= 5 r = .20 2. To conform is to yield to __________. a. social norms b. cognitive dissonance c. secondary processes d. response cues Answer a % correct 93 a= 93 b= 4 c= 1 d= 1

r = .32

3. Behavior that occurs when we change our actions or attitudes because of real or imagined group pressures is called __________. a. cooperation b. coercion c. obedience d. conformity Answer d % correct 98 a= 1 b= 1 c= 1 d= 98 r = .33 4. Changing one’s behavior in response to real or perceived social pressures is referred to as __________ by social psychologists. a. compliance b. conformity c. influence d. obedience Answer b % correct 71 a= 15 b= 71 c= 7 d= 7 r = .32 5. Which of the following is an example of conformity? a. A soldier shoots enemy women and children on orders from his commanding officer. b. A policeman beats a prisoner to force a confession on orders of his commanding officer. c. Passengers move to the back of the bus as soon as the driver tells them to. d. Stan has thrown away all of his old ties and bought new ones to “be in style.” Answer d % correct 88 a= 3 b= 1 c= 7 d= 88 r = .34 6. Even though she thought it was silly, Rose wore pink and green ribbons in her hair as her friends did. This is an example of __________. a. a group role b. a group norm c. conformity d. obedience

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer c

% correct 94

a= 1 b= 4 c= 94 d= 1

r = .22

7. The technique used for studying conformity was developed by __________. a. Festinger b. Asch c. Lewin d. Thorndike Answer b % correct 71 a= 13 b= 71 c= 4 d= 11 r = .23 8. Experiments showing the effects of group pressure on conformity were conducted by __________. a. Asch b. Luchens c. Milgram d. Singer Answer a % correct 71 a= 71 b= 7 c= 9 d= 13 r = .32 9. Asch (1951) used __________ to study informational conformity. a. the “autokinetic effect” b. the latency of response c. social loafing in a tug-of-war group d. line lengths Answer d % correct 65 a= 16 b= 11 c= 8 d= 65 r = .51 10. In Asch’s research study on conformity, he found that participants conformed to group behavior __________. a. only on difficult tasks b. at least one third of the time c. only if they knew the individuals in the group d. more than half of the time Answer b % correct 49 a= 4 b= 49 c= 1 d= 46 r = .46 11. Normative social influence is based on a group’s power because of __________. a. informational value b. goal achievement c. wanting to be accepted d. social stability Answer c % correct 75 a= 8 b= 5 c= 75 d= 12 r = .26 12. Informational social influence is motivated by the desire to be __________. a. fun b. correct c. approved by the social group d. in touch with your social environment Answer b % correct 49 a= 0 b= 49 c= 44 d= 7 r = .36 13. Conformity tends to be higher when a task is __________. a. easy b. ambiguous c. clearly defined d. illegal Answer b % correct 57 a= 19 b= 57 c= 20 d= 4 r = .37

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 12.2 Group Behavior 14. When a group exerts such strong pressure to conform that it prevents people from expressing critical ideas, the group is suffering from __________. a. groupthink b. polarization c. risky shift d. deindividuation Answer a % correct 73 a= 73 b= 9 c= 1 d= 17 r = .40 15. A very cohesive group, insulated from outside opinion, with a respected leader must make a decision quickly. As they deliberate, this group should be especially aware of the phenomenon called __________. a. deindividuation b. social facilitation c. groupthink d. group polarization Answer c % correct 68 a= 5 b= 9 c= 68 d= 17 r = .37 16. Failure to critically evaluate ideas when the primary concern is for reaching agreement is called __________. a. group polarization b. social comparison c. groupthink d. deindividuation Answer c % correct 77 a= 12 b= 8 c= 77 d= 4 r = .51 17. Which of the following is the major problem associated with groupthink? a. There is no leadership during the decision-making process. b. Group polarization occurs. c. Risky shift occurs. d. No critical evaluation occurs. Answer d % correct 64 a= 14 b= 17 c= 5 d= 64 r = .47 18. Which of the following conditions is conducive to creating a groupthink effect? a. the illusion of disagreement b. a weak leader c. failing to critically evaluate ideas d. members who do not like each other Answer c % correct 68 a= 12 b= 17 c= 68 d= 3 r = .50 19. The factor most likely to determine whether groupthink becomes a problem for a group is group __________. a. size b. status c. intellect d. cohesiveness Answer d % correct 68 a= 25 b= 6 c= 1 d= 68 r = .34 20. Groupthink can be avoided by __________. a. having a strong leader b. inviting outsiders to give their opinions c. striving for a consensus among members d. having bright, well-informed members Answer b % correct 68 a= 17 b= 68 c= 9 d= 5

r = .45

21. __________ is the tendency to exert less effort when working on a group task if individuals’ contributions will not be evaluated.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a. Social facilitation b. The goof-off phenomenon c. Social idleness d. Social loafing Answer d % correct 86

a= 9 b= 0 c= 5 d= 86

r = .37

22. __________ may result when a person performs in a group in which her or his contribution is not easily observable. a. Groupthink b. Social inhibition c. Deindividuation d. Social loafing Answer d % correct 67 a= 1 b= 9 c= 23 d= 67 r = .40 23. When the presence of others enhances one’s performance of a task, we call this effect the __________ phenomenon. a. social facilitation b. law-of-numbers c. spectator d. self-presentation Answer a % correct 77 a= 77 b= 0 c= 6 d= 17 r = .24 24. Najeeb really doesn’t feel like riding the stationary bicycle today, but he doesn’t want the people around him to think he is a slacker. If he decides to continue exercising, what concept might explain his actions? a. social productivity b. social loafing c. social facilitation d. social idleness Answer c % correct 68 a= 24 b= 1 c= 68 d= 8 r = .40 25. One effect of deindividuation that may contribute to mob violence is __________. a. group depolarization b. abdicating personal responsibility c. unjustified negative attitudes toward certain individuals d. social loafing Answer b % correct 61 a= 15 b= 61 c= 18 d= 7 r = .45

12.3 Compliance 26. Getting a person to make a small commitment in order to get that person to make a larger commitment later is known as the __________. a. door-in-the-face technique b. foot-in-the-door technique c. sleeper effect method d. supersales technique Answer b % correct 81 a= 5 b= 81 c= 10 d= 5 r = .30 27. The __________ technique may work because, compared to the large first request, the second request seems reasonable. a. foot-in-the-door b. face-in-the-door c. door-in-the-face d. guilt by association Answer c % correct 81 a= 19 b= 0 c= 81 d= 0 r = .60

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

28. According to the door-in-the-face technique, people will go along with a smaller request after they have refused a larger request because __________. a. they feel guilty b. of the primacy effect c. they feel threatened d. they do not want to be cheated Answer a % correct 90 a= 90 b= 10 c= 0 d= 0 r = .27 29. Guilt may play an important role in getting people to make a commitment using the __________ approach. a. door-in-the-face b. foot-in-the-door c. sleeper effect d. supersales Answer a % correct 77 a= 77 b= 23 c= 0 d= 0 r = .22 30. Car salesmen often encourage a test drive. Perhaps they know about __________. a. the door-in-the-face approach b. Leon Festinger c. the foot-in-the-door approach d. making large requests first Answer c % correct 72 a= 28 b= 0 c= 72 d= 0 r = .69

12.4 Obedience 31. Following orders is referred to as __________ by social psychologists. a. compliance b. conformity c. influence d. obedience Answer d % correct 57 a= 27 b= 16 c= 0 d= 57 r = .21 32. Following the direct orders of someone in a position of higher authority is called __________. a. compliance b. conformity c. obedience d. consent Answer c % correct 74 a= 18 b= 8 c= 74 d= 1 r = .20 33. Following direct and explicit orders of a person in authority is called __________. a. groupthink b. obedience c. prejudice d. deindividualization Answer b % correct 97 a= 1 b= 97 c= 0 d= 2 r = .26 34. Which of the following is an example of obedience, as defined by social psychologists? a. A soldier shoots enemy women and children on orders from his commanding officer. b. People clean their own table in a restaurant that has a sign reading, “Help keep costs down and clean off your table.” c. Passengers move to the back of the bus as soon as the driver tells them to. d. Stan has thrown away all of his old ties and bought new ones to “be in style.” Answer a % correct 46 a= 46 b= 14 c= 13 d= 27 r = .24

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

35. Milgram is known for his research in __________. a. prejudice b. groupthink c. obedience d. deindividualization Answer c % correct 95 a= 0 b= 1 c= 95 d= 4

r = .26

36. What did Milgram study? a. the authoritarian personality b. bystander apathy c. the effects of watching violence on television d. obedience to authority Answer d % correct 95 a= 4 b= 1 c= 0 d= 95

r = .26

37. The person who conducted the most well-known research on obedience is __________. a. Asch b. Milgram c. Luchens d. Kelley Answer b % correct 87 a= 9 b= 87 c= 2 d= 2 r = .22 38. __________ found that normal people in normal times will often follow orders to hurt innocent people. a. Solomon Asch b. Kurt Lewin c. Carolyn Sherif d. Stanley Milgram Answer d % correct 73 a= 17 b= 2 c= 8 d= 73 r = .43 39. Milgram’s study on obedience has been criticized on the basis of __________. a. methodological weaknesses b. inability to replicate it c. lack of real-life application d. ethics Answer d % correct 87 a= 3 b= 1 c= 9 d= 87 r = .36 40. The Milgram obedience study has been criticized on the basis of which of the following? a. validity b. ethics c. reliability d. applicability Answer b % correct 67 a= 7 b= 67 c= 13 d= 12 r = .32 41. In the famous Milgram experiment on obedience, who received a shock? a. the “learner” b. no one c. the confederate d. the subject Answer b % correct 66 a= 21 b= 66 c= 5 d= 8 r = .37 42. In the Milgram experiment on obedience, the __________ was a confederate of the experimenter. a. subject b. female subject c. learner

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d. normal person Answer c % correct 62

a= 34 b= 1 c= 62 d= 3

r = .39

43. In the Milgram experiment on obedience, the dependent variable was the __________. a. learner’s incorrect responses b. intensity of shock delivered c. learner’s screams of pain d. number of mistakes made by the learner Answer b % correct 54 a= 21 b= 54 c= 18 d= 7 r = .36 44. What percentage of subjects in Milgram’s experiment on obedience actually completed the shock series? a. less than 1 percent b. between 5 percent and 10 percent c. about 65 percent d. about 90 percent Answer c % correct 72 a= 1 b= 6 c= 72 d= 20 r = .44

12.5–12.9 Social Cognition 12.5 Attitudes 45. Learned, relatively enduring feelings about people, objects, situations, or ideas are called __________. a. norms b. opinions c. attitudes d. emotions Answer c % correct 95 a= 5 b= 0 c =95 d= 0 r = .34 46. Lincoln thinks that drug use is bad, but he has friends who use illicit drugs and he sometimes gets high himself. Socializing with drug users and using drugs himself illustrate which component of attitude? a. evaluation b. behavior c. belief d. moral Answer b % correct 81 a= 5 b= 81 c= 5 d= 10 r = .21 12.7 Cognitive Dissonance: When Attitudes and Behavior Clash 47. What theory was advanced by Festinger? a. balance b. cognitive heuristic c. cognitive dissonance d. confirmation bias Answer c % correct 73 a= 1 b= 8 c= 73 d= 18

r = .28

48. According to Festinger, the feeling of discomfort that results from the realization that our beliefs and our behaviors are discrepant is called __________. a. attribution b. balance theory c. cognitive dissonance d. confirmation bias Answer c % correct 83 a= 4 b= 4 c= 83 d= 9 r = .36

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

49. The theory of __________ attempts to explain what happens when people behave in ways that are contrary to their beliefs or attitudes. a. social comparison b. cognitive dissonance c. opponent processes d. social exchange Answer b % correct 79 a= 14 b= 79 c= 4 d= 3 r = .23 50. Even though Juliet thought it was wrong to take from others, she didn’t want to be rejected by her peers, so she began shoplifting along with them. Juliet probably experienced __________ when she stole. a. the fundamental attribution error b. reactance c. central route change d. cognitive dissonance Answer d % correct 60 a= 10 b= 30 c= 0 d= 60 r = .46 12.8 Impression Formation 51. In the realm of person perception, the phenomenon called __________ is most closely associated with “first impressions.” a. construct accessibility b. the recency effect c. the primacy effect d. situationalism Answer c % correct 93 a= 0 b= 6 c= 93 d= 1 r = .25 52. The extent to which the first information we receive about someone influences our impression of that person more than later information is called __________. a. the phi phenomenon b. the halo effect c. attribution theory d. the primacy effect Answer d % correct 85 a= 0 b= 12 c= 3 d= 85 r = .20 53. Over-simplified generalizations about the characteristics of a group are called __________. a. prejudices b. stereotypes c. biases d. discrimination Answer b % correct 83 a= 9 b= 83 c= 6 d= 3 r = .29 54. __________ puts people into categories, with each category having its own set of characteristics. a. Stereotyping b. Prejudice c. Discrimination d. Bias Answer a % correct 94 a= 94 b= 5 c= 0 d= 1 r = .31 55. Which of the following phenomena usually involves an excessively negative, overgeneralized assumption about a socially defined category of people? a. self-fulfilling prophecy b. confirmation bias c. attitude

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d. stereotype Answer d % correct 87

a= 3 b= 4 c= 6 d= 87

r = .25

56. The notion that “mental patients are dangerous” is an example of a(n) __________. a. self-fulfilling prophecy b. confirmation bias c. attitude d. stereotype Answer d % correct 91 a= 7 b= 0 c= 2 d= 91 r = .22

12.9 Attribution 57. What is the process of explaining why a particular person acted in a certain manner? a. attribution b. causality analysis c. ascribing d. stereotyping Answer a % correct 70 a= 70 b= 15 c= 10 d= 3 r = .44 58. Which theory addresses the question of how people make judgments about the causes of behavior? a. exchange theory b. social learning theory c. attribution theory d. social influence theory Answer c % correct 44 a= 1 b= 31 c= 44 d= 23 r = .22 59. Inferring characteristics of people based on their observable behavior is called __________. a. social psychology b. attribution c. attitudes d. personality psychology Answer b % correct 80 a= 10 b= 80 c= 0 d= 10 r = .71 60. The tendency to base attributions solely on internal factors without considering the situation is called __________. a. projection b. behavioral relevance c. fundamental attribution error d. hedonic relevance Answer c % correct 79 a= 6 b= 14 c= 79 d= 1 r = .29 61. The fundamental attribution error refers to people’s tendency to __________. a. ignore situational causes of behavior and favor internal explanations b. ignore internal causes of behavior and favor external explanations c. deal with someone else’s behavior without trying to figure out what made him or her behave that way d. go along with the majority opinion in deciding what caused an event rather than reasoning it out for themselves Answer a % correct 47 a= 47 b= 30 c= 10 d= 13 r = .49 62. The tendency to give too much emphasis to personal factors when accounting for other people’s actions is called __________. a. the primacy effect b. defensive attribution c. the fundamental attribution error d. the just-world hypothesis

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer c

% correct 85

a= 4 b= 11 c= 85 d= 0

r = .36

12.10–12.15 Social Interaction 12.10 Prejudice and Discrimination 63. Prejudice differs from discrimination in that prejudice is __________. a. unjustified b. a behavior c. an attitude d. negative Answer c % correct 86 a= 4 b= 8 c= 86 d= 2 r = .22 64. Discrimination differs from prejudice in that discrimination is __________. a. unjustified b. a behavior c. an attitude d. negative Answer b % correct 68 a= 8 b= 68 c= 14 d= 8 r = .31 65. Which of the following is a negative, often aggressive behavior aimed at the target of prejudice? a. stereotype b. bias c. discrimination d. reactance Answer c % correct 89 a= 5 b= 4 c= 89 d= 2 r = .28 66. Any group of people who feel a sense of solidarity and exclusivity in relation to nonmembers is a(n) __________. a. in-group b. dominance hierarchy c. out-group d. support group Answer a % correct 77 a= 77 b= 4 c= 13 d= 6 r = .42 67. According to the scapegoat theory, prejudice and discrimination are a result of __________. a. frustration b. religion c. imitation d. reinforcement Answer a % correct 64 a= 64 b= 5 c= 19 d= 13 r = .30

12.11 How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice 68. According to research, prejudice is reduced when people must __________. a. come into contact with one another b. change their attitudes and behaviors c. cooperate with one another to achieve a goal d. live together Answer c % correct 88 a= 7 b= 4 c= 88 d= 2 r = .33 69. Stereotypes can easily become the basis for __________. a. primary drives

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b. negating the primacy effect c. self-fulfilling prophecies d. the development of unifying traits Answer c % correct 88 a= 4 b= 4 c= 88 d= 4

r = .26

12.12 Interpersonal Attraction 70. Studies on similarity and interpersonal attraction have found that __________. a. the more similar two people are, the stronger the attraction between them, up to a point b. similarity appears to be unrelated to attraction c. complementarity is a more powerful influence on attraction than similarity d. the more similar two people are, the weaker the attraction between them, due to boredom Answer a % correct 85 a= 85 b= 5 c= 9 d= 1 r = .20 71. How are proximity to others and the establishment of friendships related? a. not related b. inversely correlated c. negatively correlated d. positively correlated Answer d % correct 82 a= 3 b= 15 c= 1 d= 82 r = .33 72. The adage “Birds of a feather flock together” pertains most directly to the __________ factor in interpersonal attraction. a. propinquity b. numerosity c. similarity d. reciprocity Answer c % correct 95 a= 2 b= 1 c= 95 d= 1 r = .20

12.15 Prosocial Behavior 73. The term __________ refers to the tendency to help others who are in need even when there is not likely to be a reward for helping. a. bystander mitigation b. altruism c. empathy d. sympathetic collusion Answer b % correct 74 a= 11 b= 74 c= 9 d= 6 r = .42 74. Behavior directed at helping others with no expectation of personal gain is called __________ behavior. a. primacy b. conformity c. altruistic d. manipulative Answer c % correct 90 a= 9 b= 0 c= 90 d= 1 r = .32 75. The most important situational variable in altruism is the __________. a. weather b. time of day c. presence of other people d. ambiguity of the situation Answer c % correct 66 a= 1 b= 0 c= 66 d= 33 r = .20

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

76. According to research, the larger the group, the __________. a. safer you are b. more likely you are to receive help c. more likely you are to give assistance d. less likely you are to give or receive help Answer d % correct 93 a= 2 b= 2 c= 4 d= 93 r = .41 77. According to research, __________. a. a person will get more help in a crowd b. there is safety in numbers c. the fewer people present, the greater chance of receiving help d. people are not altruistic Answer c % correct 95 a= 0 b= 5 c= 95 d= 0 r = .38 78. A major reason why people won’t help when there are many bystanders is because __________. a. of diffusion of responsibility b. people are egoistic c. people like to see others hurt d. people are not altruistic Answer a % correct 91 a= 91 b= 2 c= 1 d= 6 r = .40 79. If a person sees a victim in dire need, but doesn’t know how to help, that person will most likely __________. a. stay with the victim b. do nothing c. go for help d. attempt to offer first aid Answer b % correct 66 a= 5 b= 66 c= 27 d= 3 r = .29

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Revel Quizzes The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Psychology: An Exploration, Fifth Edition. End of Module Quiz 10.1-10.3: Social Influence EOM 10.1.1 In Asch’s study, conformity decreased when a) at least one confederate agreed with the participant. b) at least four confederates were present. c) the participant was a male. d) the participant had high self-esteem. Answer: a Consider This: Conformity increased with each new confederate until there were four confederates; more than that did not increase the participants’ tendency to conform. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Social Influence EOM 10.1.2 Which of the following would not be effective in minimizing groupthink? a) Caroline wants her team to openly vote by a show of hands either for or against her business plan. b) Karen openly invites input from all team members and even those outside her team. c) Annina reminds her team that everyone will be held responsible for the ultimate decision of her group. d) Juanita works hard to remain impartial to all ideas no matter what they are. Answer: a Consider This: Groupthink occurs when people within a group feel it is more important to maintain the group’s cohesiveness than to consider the facts realistically. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Social Influence EOM 10.1.3 Conner needs just $20 more to go out with his friends. He asks his mother for $50, but she tells him he can have $30 instead. In the end, Conner ended up with $10 more than he originally planned. What technique did Connor use? a) door-in-the-face technique b) foot-in-the-door technique c) lowball technique d) planned obedience Answer: a Consider This: In this method, a larger request is usually refused. This is followed by a second smaller and more reasonable request that often gets compliance. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Social Influence

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOM 10.1.4 According to reports of Stanley Milgram’s original studies, the most often cited statistic is that ___________ percent of “teachers” will deliver shocks up to the point of being lethal. a) 65 b) less than 30 c) 40 d) 80 Answer: a Consider This: None of the people Milgram surveyed believed that any participant would go all the way to the highest voltage. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 10.3 Identify factors that make obedience more likely. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Social Influence End of Module Quiz 10.4-10.8: Social Cognition EOM 10.3.1 Which of the following represents the affective component of an attitude? a) “I love to go to the clubs—it makes me so happy!” b) “Tonight, we’re going to that new club downtown.” c) “It is interesting to watch people when I’m out at a club.” d) “I’m going to wear a new outfit to the club tonight.” Answer: a Consider This: Affect is used in psychology to mean “emotions” or “feelings.” Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 10.4 Identify the three components of an attitude and how attitudes are formed. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Social Cognition EOM 10.3.2 Ariana hates snakes, even though she has never been bitten or been close to one. She developed her feelings by seeing how scared her mother was when she came across them in the garden or even when watching a movie or television show in which there was a snake. Ariana’s attitude toward snakes was most likely acquired through a) vicarious conditioning. b) direct contact. c) direct instruction. d) interaction with others. Answer: a Consider This: This occurs when actions are learned through the observation of other people’s actions and reactions to various objects, people, or situations. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 10.4 Identify the three components of an attitude and how attitudes are formed. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Social Cognition EOM 10.3.3 One of your friends tells you, “I didn’t like the environmental-awareness presentation today. First of all, it was too long, not to mention the person that gave it was drinking out of a polystyrene cup and drove away in a huge SUV.” What kind of processing might your friend be using? a) peripheral-route processing

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) central-route processing c) cognitive-route processing d) visual-route processing Answer: a Consider This: This is a style of information processing that relies on cues outside of the message content itself. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 10.5 Describe how attitudes can be changed. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Social Cognition EOM 10.3.4 Kohanna thinks that everyone who smiles must always be happy, and those people who are quiet must be naturally shy. Such assumptions are the basis for a) implicit personality theory. b) cognitive dissonance. c) attribution theory. d) attitudes. Answer: a Consider This: This involves a set of assumptions that people have about how different types of people, personality traits, and actions are all related and form in childhood. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 10.7 Describe how people form impressions of others. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Social Cognition EOM 10.3.5 Caleb almost always shows up late for work. His friends attribute this to Caleb’s laziness. This is an example of a __________ cause. a) dispositional b) situational c) dispensational d) superficial Answer: a Consider This: In this case, a person’s internal personality characteristics are seen as the cause of observed behavior. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 10.8 Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Social Cognition EOM 10.3.6 How might someone who unknowingly is committing the fundamental attribution error explain Stanley Milgram’s obedience study? a) Subjects in that study must have been the kind of people that like to hurt others. b) Subjects in that study were highly influenced by the power of Milgram and his team. c) Subjects in that study desired a high degree of positive reinforcement. d) Subjects in that study wanted to be part of Milgram’s group. Answer: a Consider This: This is the tendency for people observing someone else’s actions to overestimate the influence of that person’s internal characteristics on behavior and underestimate the influence of the situation. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 10.8 Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others. Skill: Understand the Concepts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: Social Cognition End of Module Quiz 10.9-10.15: Social Interaction EOM 10.4.1 Prejudice is about ____________, while discrimination is about ____________. a) attitudes; behavior b) beliefs; perceptions c) perceptions; beliefs d) behavior; attitudes Answer: a Consider This: Although laws can be made to minimize discrimination, it is not possible to have laws against holding certain prejudices. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 10.9 Distinguish between prejudice and discrimination. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Social Interaction EOM 10.4.2 Jewell and Amie became friends while taking an evening class at the local community college. Jewell was later horrified to find out that Amie was actually a teacher at the college. Subsequently, Jewell stopped talking with Amie, thus ending their friendship. What theory of prejudice and discrimination might this be an example of? a) in-group/out-group theory b) stereotype vulnerability theory c) realistic conflict theory d) social cognitive theory Answer: a Consider This: In-group/out-group theory suggests we sometimes view groups as “us” versus “them.” Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 10.10 Describe theories of how prejudice is learned and how it can be overcome. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Social Interaction EOM 10.4.3 Joaquin moved from Nicaragua to the United States. He learned to speak and write in English, changed his last names so that it would sound more “American,” and no longer maintains any of his old culture’s styles of dress or customs. Joaquin has used which method of entering the majority? a) assimilation b) integration c) separation d) marginalization Answer: a Consider This: In this kind of adaptation to a new culture, the person gives up the old cultural identity and adopts the majority culture’s ways. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 10.11 Identify social and cultural factors that influence stress reactions. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Social Interaction EOM 10.4.4 According to Robert Sternberg’s three components of love, which component addresses the physical aspects? a) passion b) intimacy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) commitment d) concern Answer: a Consider This: This refers to the emotional and sexual arousal a person feels toward the other person. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 10.13 Describe the different types of love outlined in Sternberg’s theory. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Social Interaction EOM 10.4.5 When people are unable to reach a goal, frustration may result, which can ultimately turn into a) aggression. b) pain. c) confusion. d) depression. Answer: a Consider This: Loud noises, excessive heat, the irritation of someone else’s cigarette smoke, and even awful smells can lead people to act out. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 10.14 Explain how aggressive behavior is determined by biology and learning. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Social Interaction EOM 10.4.6 Which of the following scenarios probably will NOT result in the bystander effect? a) You come across someone lying on a walking path while you are walking alone at your local nature center. b) You come across someone lying on a busy sidewalk in a large city. c) You see someone pass out at a concert. d) You drive past an automobile accident where a crowd has gathered. Answer: a Consider This: This refers to the finding that the likelihood of a bystander to help someone in trouble decreases as the number of bystanders increases. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 10.15 Identify the factors influencing why people help others. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Social Interaction Chapter 10 Quiz: Social Psychology EOC Q10.1 Saul admits that he conforms so as to be liked by others. This is known as a) normative social influence. b) compliance. c) obedience. d) informational social influence. Answer: a Consider This: With this, we use the behavior and attitudes of other people as our “measuring stick” of what is “normal.” Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Social Influence

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

EOC Q10.2 In which of the following could groupthink have been a factor? a) the sinking of the Titanic b) using selfie sticks c) the fall of communism d) mass suicides by cults Answer: a Consider This: Groupthink occurs when people within a group feel it is more important to maintain the group’s cohesiveness than to consider the facts realistically. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 10.1 Identify factors that influence people or groups to conform to the actions of others. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Social Influence EOC Q10.3 Maria was approached by her neighbor, who asked her to adopt three kittens that were abandoned by their mother. While Maria refused to take in three kittens, she did agree to adopt just one. What compliance technique did her neighbor use on Maria? a) door-in-the-face b) foot-in-the-door c) lowball d) double foot-in-the-door Answer: a Consider This: In this method, a large request is usually refused. This is followed by a second smaller and more reasonable request that often gets compliance. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 10.2 Compare and contrast three compliance techniques. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Social Influence EOC Q10.4 Follow-up studies to Stanley Milgram’s research have suggested that a “teacher’s” willingness to deliver potentially lethal shocks may be more a product of _______________ than of obedience. a) social identity b) conformity c) compliance d) deindividuation Answer: a Consider This: The participants identified themselves more in line with the experimenter than the learner and acted in a way that demonstrated their commitment to the larger scientific process rather than to the ordinary community. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 10.3 Identify factors that make obedience more likely. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Social Influence EOC Q10.5 The public-service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation? a) direct instruction b) direct contact c) vicarious conditioning d) observational learning

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Answer: a Consider This: Attitude formation is the result of a number of different influences, but they are all forms of learning. LO 10.4 Identify the three components of an attitude and how attitudes are formed. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 10.4 Identify the three components of an attitude and how attitudes are formed. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Social Cognition EOC Q10.6 Researchers have found that a ____________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective, particularly when it is combined with ____________. a) moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences b) maximum; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences c) minimum; threats d) moderate; threats Answer: a Consider This: This technique seems particularly effective among women. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 10.5 Describe how attitudes can be changed. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Social Cognition EOC Q10.7 Nadja was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting-goods store. The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Nadja listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. Nadja was using ____________ processing. a) central-route b) peripheral-route c) cognitive-route d) visual-route Answer: a Consider This: In this type of processing, people attend to the content of the message. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 10.5 Describe how attitudes can be changed. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Apply What You Know EOC Q10.8 If Tenille was experiencing a sense of cognitive dissonance between her attitude and behavior, which of the following would help her reduce that uncomfortable sensation? a) changing her behavior b) thinking constantly about the mismatch c) maintaining her existing attitude d) discussing the inconsistency with others Answer: a Consider This: The motivation is to change something so that the unpleasant feelings and tension are reduced or eliminated. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 10.6 Explain how people react when attitudes differ from behavior. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Social Psychology

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOC Q10.9 Geraldo goes to a job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn T-shirt, and sandals. His hair is uncombed, and he hasn’t shaved in a few days. Obviously, Geraldo knows nothing about a) impression formation. b) cognitive dissonance. c) attitude formation. d) groupthink. Answer: a Consider This: This is the forming of the first knowledge a person has about another person. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 10.7 Describe how people form impressions of others. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Social Cognition EOC Q10.10 If behavior is assumed to be caused by external characteristics, this is known as a) a situational cause. b) a dispositional cause. c) a fundamental attribution error. d) actor–observer bias. Answer: a Consider This: For example, if John is late, his lateness might be explained by heavy traffic or car problems. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 10.8 Describe the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Social Cognition EOC Q10.11 Thomas likes to “hang with the guys.” These people with whom Thomas identifies most strongly with are called a(n) a) in-group. b) referent group. c) out-group. d) “them” group. Answer: a Consider This: The formation of this begins in childhood and continues as children become adults. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 10.9 Distinguish between prejudice and discrimination. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Social Interaction EOC Q10.12 The “Robbers Cave” experiment showed the value of ____________ in combating prejudice. a) equal-status contact b) “jigsaw classrooms” c) subordinate goals d) stereotyping vulnerability Answer: a Consider This: This occurs when groups are in the same situation, with neither group holding power over the other. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 10.10 Describe theories of how prejudice is learned and how it can be overcome. Skill: Remember the Facts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: Social Interaction EOC Q10.13 Huong has moved from China to the United States. While she dresses and acts like her American friends, she still has retained much of her cultural heritage and attends traditional Chinese dance classes on the weekends. This is an example of a) integration. b) assimilation. c) separation. d) marginalization. Answer: a Consider This: The best answer involves a “joining” of two different cultures. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 10.10 Describe theories of how prejudice is learned and how it can be overcome. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Social Influence EOC Q10.14 Which of the following people may have the greatest ability to cope with stress? a) Mary, a very religious person who is involved in her community b) Carrie, who works hard but doesn’t have any apparent hobbies c) Jeri, who has few friends and whose family lives far away from her d) Larry, who is highly driven to succeed. Answer: a Consider This: Research finds that the correct answer offers many different mechanisms for reducing and dealing with the stresses of life. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 10.11 Identify social and cultural factors that influence stress reactions. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: How People Learn and Overcome Prejudice EOC Q10.15 Vivian and Steve met at work. At first they were just friends, but over time, they found themselves falling in love— or, as Vivian tells her friends, “Steve just grew on me!” According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for their attraction is a) mere exposure. b) personal attractiveness. c) fate. d) reciprocity of liking Answer: a Consider This: The more people experience something, the more they tend to like it. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 10.12 Identify factors involved in interpersonal attraction. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Interpersonal Attraction EOC Q10.16 According to Sternberg, a couple whose love is based on intimacy and passion but who are not yet committed to a long-term relationship are in the form of love called ____________ love. a) romantic b) companionate c) affectionate d) consummate

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Answer: a Consider This: This is often the basis for a more lasting relationship. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 10.13 Describe the different types of love outlined in Sternberg’s theory. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Social Interaction EOC Q10.17 The concept that aggression results from a social role is based on what psychological theory? a) learning b) humanistic c) psychoanalytical d) cognitive Answer: a Consider This: A social role is the pattern of behavior that is expected of a person who is in a particular social position. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 10.14 Explain how aggressive behavior is determined by biology and learning. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Social Interaction EOC Q10.18 Which of the following chemicals seems to be the most involved in aggression? a) testosterone b) endorphins c) norepinephrine d) oxytocin Answer: a Consider This: This hormone seems to influence aggressive behaviors. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 10.14 Explain how aggressive behavior is determined by biology and learning. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Social Interaction EOC Q10.19 To which two processes do some social psychologists attribute the phenomenon of people not helping someone they do not know? a) bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility b) bystander effect and altruism c) aggression and diffusion of responsibility d) altruism and diffusion of responsibility Answer: a Consider This: In one of these processes, a person fails to take responsibility for either action or inaction because of the presence of other people, who are seen to share the responsibility. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 10.15 Identify the factors influencing why people help others. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Social Interaction EOC Q10.20 JB knows that he can help people simply by dialing 9-1-1 on his cell phone if an emergency arises. Which point in the decision process for helping would JB be at?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) planning a course of action b) noticing c) taking action d) taking responsibility Answer: a Consider This: This involves deciding how to help and what skills might be needed. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 10.15 Identify the factors influencing why people help others. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Social Interaction

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE

Chapter 11

Learning Objectives

Remember the Facts

11.1 Define the term personality and identify several traditional perspectives in the study of personality. 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. 11.3 Distinguish among the five psychosexual stages of personality development. 11.4 Describe how the neoFreudians modified Freud’s theory. 11.5 Evaluate the influence of Freudian theory on modern personality theories. 11.6 Compare and contrast the learning theories of Bandura and Rotter. 11.7 Evaluate the strengths and limitations of the behavioral and social cognitive learning views of personality. 11.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality. 11.9 Evaluate the strengths and limitations of the humanistic view of personality. 11.10 Describe early attempts to use traits to conceptualize personality. 11.11 Identify the five trait dimensions of the five-factor model of personality. 11.12 Evaluate the strengths and limitations of the trait view of personality.

Theories of Personality Understand the Concepts

Apply What You Know

Analyze It

1, 3

217

2, 5

9–11, 14, 16–18, 20, 23, 28, 36– 38, 40, 45, 48, 54, 204, 205 56–61, 64, 67– 72, 77–79, 187, 188 81–85, 87–89, 91, 190, 207

6, 8, 19, 24, 29, 30, 39, 41, 42, 49, 184, 185

12, 13, 15, 21, 22, 25– 27, 34, 35, 43, 44, 47, 50–53, 217

7, 31–33, 46

62, 63, 65, 66, 73, 75, 186, 206

55, 76, 80

192

93–95

191, 208, 219

100, 101, 104, 193, 194

96–98, 209

99, 102, 103, 105–107, 217

210

90, 220

86, 189, 218

108

110, 114, 119, 195, 196, 211

109, 112, 121, 122, 220

115, 116–118, 120, 217

124

126–129, 131, 133, 197, 212

111, 113 123

125

134, 136

130, 132 135, 137, 138, 140, 141, 198, 217

142, 213

139 221

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Learning Objectives 11.13 Explain how twin studies and adoption studies are used in the field of behavioral genetics. 11.14 Evaluate the role of neuroscience in the investigation of biological bases of personality. 11.15 Summarize current research on the heritability and neuroscience of personality. 11.16 Summarize Lazarus’s cognitive appraisal approach to stress. 11.17 Explain how personality types and attitudes can influence people’s reaction to stress. 11.18 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews, behavioral assessments, and personality inventories to measure personality. 11.19 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using projective personality tests. 11.20 Identify ways in which you informally assess the personality of others.

Remember the Facts

Understand the Concepts

143–145, 199

Apply What You Know

Analyze It

217

146

147

149, 150, 152, 153

200, 214

151

148

154, 155 201, 215

156–158

159, 160, 162, 165, 167, 168, 170, 171

161, 163, 164, 166, 169, 223

172, 173, 178, 179, 182, 183, 203

175, 216

174, 176, 177, 180, 181

222

202

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Name _____________________________________________________________ Chapter 11 – Quick Quiz 1 1. When one thinks of “value judgment” in relation to moral or ethical behavior, one is thinking about __________. a) soul c) temperament b) character d) conscience 2. What is Freud’s term for the primitive side of personality that is motivated primarily by biological drives? a) id c) superego b) ego d) preconscious 3. Jung believed that there are two levels to the unconscious mind, the personal and the __________. a) collective c) anima b) animus d) preconscious 4. You are about to undergo delicate brain surgery that requires great skill on the part of the surgeon. As the surgical team wheels you into the operating room, you hope the surgeon has a high level of __________. a) ego c) self-efficacy b) extraversion d) superego 5. Which of the following do Abraham Maslow’s and Carl Rogers’s theories have in common? a) They are both stage theories. b) They focus on unconscious motivation. c) They both fit in the learning/cognitive perspective. d) They believe that each human being is free to choose her or his own destiny. 6. What did Raymond Cattell call the underlying traits that direct surface traits? a) source traits c) background traits b) secondary traits d) subordinate traits 7. Adoption studies focusing on the heritability of traits have __________. a) disputed the findings of twin studies b) been attacked for ethical reasons c) confirmed what twin studies have shown d) shown that twin studies have methods that need to be reexamined 8. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be associated with a collectivistic culture? a) duty c) respect for elders b) order d) equality 9. Probably the BIGGEST problem with personality assessments by behaviorists is the __________. a) observer effect c) experimenter bias b) subject bias d) test bias 10. While taking the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Michael notices that it contains certain questions that are asked several times in different ways. He asks his daughter, who is a graduate student in psychology, why that is. What is his daughter likely to say? a) Truly psychotic individuals expect to find “strange” items on tests. b) Those items contain hidden content that is not apparent to normal people. c) Some items are used to determine if test takers are trying to “fake” the test. d) The MMPI includes some experimental items used in developing future versions of the test.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 11 – Quick Quiz 1 Answer Key 1.

Explanation: Character is value judgments of a person’s moral and ethical behavior, and it is part of but different from personality. (Topic: 11.Topic: 11.1 Theories of Personality, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 13.1 Define the term personality and identify several traditional perspectives in the study of personality, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Explanation: The id is the primitive, biological side of personality. (Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 13.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: Jung believed that there are two levels to the unconscious mind, the personal and the collective. (Topic: 11.4 The Neo-Freudians, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 13.4 Describe how the neo-Freudians modified Freud’s theory, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: Self-efficacy refers to one’s perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance and is related to confidence. (Topic: 11.6 Learning Theories, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 13.6 Compare and contrast the learning theories of Bandura and Rotter, APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

5. d

Explanation: Both Maslow and Rogers believed in the concept of innate human freedom. (Topic: 11.8 Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective, Skill Level: Analyze It, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 13.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

6. a

Explanation: According to Cattell, source traits underlie surface traits. (Topic: 11.10 Allport and Cattell: Early Attempts to List and Describe Traits, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 13.10 Describe early attempts to use traits to conceptualize personality, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

7. c

Explanation: Adoption studies focusing on the heritability of traits report findings similar to those of twin studies. (Topic: 11.13 The Biology of Personality: Behavioral Genetics, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 13.13 Explain how twin studies and adoption studies are used in the field of behavioral genetics, APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 8. d

Explanation: Equality is associated with an individualistic culture, not a collectivistic culture. (Topic: 11.15 Current Thoughts on the Heritability and Neuroscience of Personality, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 13.15 Summarize current research on the heritability and neuroscience of personality, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.)

9. a

Explanation: A person’s behavior is affected by being watched. (Topic: 11.18 Interviews, Behavioral Assessments, and Personality Inventories, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 13.16 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews, behavioral assessments, and personality inventories to measure personality, APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.)

10. c

Explanation: Repeating a certain question in different ways helps testers check for valid answers. (Topic: 11.18 Interviews, Behavioral Assessments, and Personality Inventories, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 13.16 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews, behavioral assessments, and personality inventories to measure personality, APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Name _____________________________________________________________ Chapter 11 – Quick Quiz 2 1. Freud believed that the __________ was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality, and this theory was a shock to people in the Victorian era in which Freud lived. a) id c) manifest awareness b) preconscious mind d) unconscious mind 2. In Sigmund Freud’s theory, the __________ operates according to the pleasure principle. a) id c) thanatos b) ego d) superego 3. The age at which a baby was weaned would have most impact on the __________ stage. a) oral c) phallic b) anal d) genital 4. Your teacher organizes a debate on Freudian theory. You are assigned to be on the anti-Freud side and therefore must point out problems in the theory. Which of the following will be at the top of your list? a) Children do not have sexual motives. b) Psychodynamic concepts are difficult to test. c) Defense mechanisms actually increase anxiety. d) Psychoanalytic therapy is effective for treating psychotics only. 5. The __________ perspective is called the “third force” in personality theory. a) psychoanalytic c) cognitive b) behaviorist d) humanistic 6. Carl Rogers believed that people question themselves and experience negative effects on their selfconcept when they receive __________. a) conditional esteem c) conditional positive regard b) unconditional esteem d) unconditional positive regard 7. Which of the following is CORRECT concerning cross-cultural studies on trait theories? a) No evidence has been found to support these theories. b) Research in this area is too new to report any findings. c) Evidence for the five trait dimensions has been found in several cultures. d) Most cultural research methods are too vague to be validated. 8. According to Hofstede’s dimensions of cultural personality, cultures that are __________ are assertive and competitive. a) collectivistic c) high in power distance b) masculine d) high in uncertainty avoidance 9. A person’s responses to a projective test are thought to reflect __________. a) current events c) maladaptive patterns of behavior b) daydreaming themes d) unconscious thoughts and feelings 10. As part of an application for a job, Emilio is asked to complete some psychological tests including one in which he responds true or false to items such as “I feel sad most of the time” and “I had a good childhood.” What type of psychological test is Emilio taking? a) a behavioral log c) a projective test b) the TAT d) an inventory

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 11 – Quick Quiz 2 Answer Key 1.

Explanation: Freud believed that the unconscious mind determined virtually everything about our behaviors and personality. (Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 13.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: The pleasure principle is the operative principle for the id. (Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 13.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: The need for oral gratification will be affected by weaning from breastfeeding. (Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 13.3 Distinguish among the five psychosexual stages of personality development, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: Lack of testability is the main problem with Freud’s theory. (Topic: 11.5 Current Thoughts on Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 13.5 Evaluate the influence of Freudian theory on modern personality theories, APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Explanation: Humanistic theory is called the third force in personality theory; the first two are psychoanalytic theory and behaviorist theory. (Topic: 11.8 Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 13.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: Conditional positive regard creates feelings of inadequacy in the person who does not live up to the expectations set for him or her. (Topic: 11.8 Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 13.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: Research shows more than 56 cultures with the five trait dimensions. (Topic: 11.12 Current Thoughts on the Trait Perspective, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 13.12 Evaluate the strengths and limitations of the trait view of personality, APA Learning Objectives: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 8.

Explanation: Masculine cultures are assertive and competitive. (Topic: 11.15 Current Thoughts on the Heritability and Neuroscience of Personality, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 13.15 Summarize current research on the heritability and neuroscience of personality, APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.)

Explanation: Projective tests use ambiguous stimuli in the hope that the subject will project unconscious thoughts and feelings onto them. (Topic: 11.19 Projective Tests, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 13.17 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using projective personality tests, APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.)

10. d

Explanation: Personality inventories typically ask a series of short questions. (Topic: 11.18 Interviews, Behavioral Assessments, and Personality Inventories, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 13.16 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews, behavioral assessments, and personality inventories to measure personality, APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Theories of Personality

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave is called __________. a) personality Correct. The unique way each individual thinks, acts, and feels is called personality. b) nurture c) a trait Incorrect. A trait is only one particular aspect of personality. d) nature Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.1 Define the term personality and identify several traditional perspectives in the study of personality. Topic: 11.1 Theories of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 96 a= 96 b= 0 c= 4 d= 0 r = .19 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 2. Which statement accurately describes the relationship between temperament and personality? a) Temperament and personality are the exact same thing. Incorrect. Temperament refers to that which is determined before birth, whereas personality is influenced by both biology (before birth) and environment (after birth). b) Personality, which we are born with, is the basis upon which one’s temperament is built. c) Temperament, which we are born with, is a vital part of personality. Correct. Temperament is biologically determined before birth and forms the basis of our larger personality. d) Temperament refers to negative personal characteristics, whereas personality refers to positive personal characteristics. Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.1 Define the term personality and identify several traditional perspectives in the study of personality. Topic: 11.1 Theories of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 3. Judgments we make about the moral or ethical behavior of another person refer to that person’s __________ a) soul b) character Correct. Character refers to judgments made about a person’s morals or ethical behavior. c) temperament Incorrect. Temperament refers to enduring qualities a person has from birth. d) conscience Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.1 Define the term personality and identify several traditional perspectives in the study of personality.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 11.1 Theories of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 4. Compared to the others, which perspective on personality is most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious mind? a) trait Incorrect. The trait approach examines personality characteristics is relation to one another. b) humanistic c) psychodynamic Correct. The psychodynamic perspective accords a central role to unconscious processes. d) idiographic Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.1 Define the term personality and identify several traditional perspectives in the study of personality. Topic: 11.1 Theories of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 5. Compared to the others, which perspective on personality is most likely to focus on conscious experiences and personal choices in shaping personality? a) behavioral b) psychodynamic Incorrect. The psychodynamic perspective places a premium on hidden, unconscious forces. c) humanistic Correct. The humanists emphasized these characteristics. d) nomothetic Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.1 Define the term personality and identify several traditional perspectives in the study of personality. Topic: 11.1 Theories of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 6. Sigmund Freud proposed that his patients’ disorders resulted most often from psychological conflicts related to __________. a) sex Correct. Freud proposed that his patients’ disorders resulted most often from psychological conflicts related to sex. b) denial Incorrect. Freud proposed that his patients’ disorders resulted most often from psychological conflicts related to sex. c) marriage d) depression Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 7. Freud’s structure of the mind is often compared to __________ . a) a thermostat, with a faulty mechanism impairing self-regulation b) a computer, with mechanistic inputs, analysis, and outputs Incorrect. Freud wouldn’t have known anything about a modern digital computer during his times. c) a factory, with constant levels of production across all shifts d) an iceberg, with some parts accessible but most parts hidden Correct. The iceberg model is well-known in this context. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 8. Freud believed that the __________ was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality, and this theory was a shock to people in the Victorian era in which Freud lived. a) id Incorrect. The id was one part of Freud’s theory of the components of personality, but not the most important factor in determining our behaviors. b) preconscious mind c) manifest awareness d) unconscious mind Correct. Freud believed that the unconscious mind determined virtually everything about our behaviors and personality. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 9. According to Freud, ideas, thoughts, and feelings of which we are currently aware are in the __________ mind. a) unconscious b) preconscious Incorrect. For Freud, ideas, thoughts, and feelings of which we are currently aware are in the conscious mind. c) collective unconscious d) conscious Correct. The conscious level of the mind consists of thoughts and feelings that one is aware of at any given moment. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 72 a= 17 b= 4 c= 6 d= 72 r = .43 % correct 77 a= 18 b= 3 c= 3 d= 77 r = .41 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 10. According to Freud, material that we are not currently aware of but that can be easily recalled is in the __________ mind. a) unconscious Incorrect. Thoughts at the unconscious level are not easily recalled.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) preconscious Correct. The preconscious level of consciousness consists of thoughts and feelings that can be easily brought into immediate awareness. c) collective unconscious d) conscious Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 11. According to Freud, thoughts and feelings that are well below the surface of awareness and cannot normally be recalled are in the __________ mind. a) unconscious Correct. For Freud, thoughts and feelings that are well below the surface of awareness and cannot normally be recalled are in the unconscious mind. b) preconscious c) collective unconscious Incorrect. Collective unconscious is a term developed by Jung. d) conscious Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 59 a= 59 b= 8 c= 15 d= 18 r = .28 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 12. According to Sigmund Freud, the three levels of awareness are __________ . a) id, ego, superego Incorrect. These are three components of personality, according to Freud. b) pleasure principle, libido, reality principle c) oral awareness, genital awareness, latency d) preconscious, conscious, unconscious Correct. These were the three levels of consciousness proposed by Freud. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 13. Hamid was completing a job application and was required to disclose his home address, social security number, and email address. According to Freud, this kind of general information in our memory that can be easily recalled is stored in the __________ mind. a) unconscious b) subconscious c) preconscious Correct. The information that we are not immediately aware of, but that we can bring into our awareness with minimal effort, is stored in the preconscious mind. d) conscious Incorrect. The conscious level consists of what is on a person’s mind at any given moment; Hamid was probably not thinking about this general information until he was asked for it.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 14. Freud believed the mind had __________ level(s). a) one b) two c) three Correct. For Freud, the mind is divided into three levels: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. d) four Incorrect. For Freud, the mind is divided into three levels: conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 15. Many have compared Freud’s concept of the mind to an iceberg. If that were the case, and you were standing on the deck of a ship in Alaska, what part of the mind would you see above the water? a) ego Correct. The ego is the part of the mind that is conscious and in view. b) anima c) id Incorrect. The id is well below the surface. d) preconscious Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 16. Freud named the most primitive part of the personality the id, which is a Latin word that means __________. a) “sex” Incorrect. Although sexual drive plays a large role in Freud’s theory, the term “id” means “it” in Latin. b) “pleasure” c) “I” d) “it” Correct. “Id” means “it” in Latin. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 17. What is Freud’s term for the primitive side of personality that is motivated primarily by biological drives?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) id Correct. The id is the primitive, biological side of personality. b) ego Incorrect. The ego is the reality-based side of personality concerned with avoiding negative consequences. c) superego d) preconscious Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 18. Sam and Ella were reviewing their notes for Introductory Psychology. “Let’s see…operates on the pleasure principle, seeks immediate gratification, pays no attention to societal expectations, untamed passions…that sounds just like our friend Reggie!” Sam remarked. “Yup,” agreed Ella. “He’s nothing but pure __________.” a) Electra Incorrect. The Electra complex is the female variant of the Oedipus complex. b) iceberg c) id Correct. Reggie is showing all the hallmarks that define the id, according to Freud. d) ego Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 19. “If it feels good, do it” BEST describes which part of the personality? a) the id Correct. Freud used the term id to describe the primitive side of personality. b) the ego Incorrect. Freud used the term ego for the aspect of personality that makes rational decisions and solves conflicts. c) the superego d) the preconscious Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 20. In Sigmund Freud’s theory, the __________ operates according to the pleasure principle. a) id Correct. The pleasure principle is the operative principle for the id. b) ego Incorrect. The ego operates on the reality principle. c) thanatos d) superego Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 77 a= 77 b= 15 c= 2 d= 6 r = .67 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 21. Max is an executive with a large financial firm. Anytime his investments do poorly, he throws temper tantrums and breaks things. Then he starts barking orders at his secretary. Which personality structure would Freud say is exerting control? a) the id Correct. The id operates on the pleasure principle and is concerned only with gratification of needs. It has no regard for right or wrong. b) the superego Incorrect. The superego is thought to operate on the morality principle, which is our internalization of societal standards of right and wrong. It is what makes us behave with appropriate manners and makes us feel guilty if we do something wrong. c) the ego d) the preconscious Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 22. You are quite hungry but don’t have any money. If you were described as “all id and only id,” what would you do? a) Distract yourself with images of food. b) Steal a hot dog from the vendor on the corner. Correct. Someone who is all id would have no ability to delay gratification and would do what she or he felt was needed without regard for rules or standards of right and wrong. c) Run all the way home to get something to eat as soon as possible. Incorrect. Someone who is all id would have no ability to delay gratification. Waiting to get home is a delay of gratification. d) Volunteer in a soup kitchen in the hope that they might repay you with food. Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 23. The pleasure principle is associated with which element of Freud’s personality theory? a) the id Correct. The id is associated with the pleasure principle. b) the ego Incorrect. The ego is associated with the reality principle. c) the superego d) the preconscious Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White % correct 83 a= 83 b= 13 c= 3 d= 3 r = .16 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 24. For Freud, the only personality structure present at birth is the __________. a) id Correct. The id is the only personality structure present at birth. b) ego Incorrect. The ego is not present at birth; it develops later. c) superego d) preconscious Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 96 a= 96 b= 2 c= 0 d= 2 r = .29 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 25. Ernie effused, “Man, I’m all ego! I do what I want whenever I want to.” Igor intoned, “Me, I’m pure id. I know right from wrong, and I always tread the moral path.” Simon shrieked, “I am the definition of superego. Straight and steady through the world, trying to be sensible about it all.” Despite their best intentions, these three Freudian fellows are a bit mixed up. Can you assign the correct attributes to each person? a) Ernie is id, Igor is superego, Simon is ego. Correct. This is the correct designation for each person. b) Ernie is superego, Igor is ego, Simon is id. c) Ernie is ego, Igor is id, Simon is superego. Incorrect. This isn’t quite right; take another look. d) Ernie is ego, Igor is superego, Simon is id Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 26. Kat becomes furious when her favorite hockey player is intentionally hurt by an opponent. According to Freud’s model of the mind, Kat’s id would unconsciously say: a) “Thou shalt not kill!” b) “I’m going to tear this program in half!” c) “What, me angry? I never get angry!” Incorrect. Denying one’s anger would be a defense mechanism practiced by the ego, not the id. d) “I’m so angry I could kill that player!” Correct. The id is amoral and puts no controls on urges and desires. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 27. An angel, a demon, and a human walk into a bar. The angel says, “I’d like to buy a round for the house; it’s the right thing to do.” The human says, “I’d like that too, but realistically, we can’t afford it.” The

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White demon, meanwhile, has already chugged down a fifth of bourbon and sabotaged the jukebox. Although there’s no punchline to this joke, there are parallels to Freud’s view of the organization of the mind. Can you correctly identify those parallels? a) The demon operates like the superego, the human operates like the ego, the angel operates like the id. b) The demon operates like the id, the human operates like the ego, the angel operates like the superego. Correct. …what else would an angel, demon, and human do? c) The demon operates like the ego, the human operates like the superego, the angel operates like the id. Incorrect. Read the set-up again.. d) The demon operates like the superego, the human operates like the id, the angel operates like the ego. Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 28. What is Freud’s term for the executive of the personality that has a realistic plan for obtaining gratification of an individual’s desires? a) id b) ego Correct. The ego is in charge of reality and decisions. c) superego Incorrect. The superego is the part of the personality that acts as a moral center. d) preconscious Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 29. According to Freud, rationality, logical thinking, and reasoning are controlled by the __________. a) pleasure principle b) ego Correct. The ego is in charge of rationality and logic. c) superego Incorrect. The superego is the part of the personality that acts as a moral center. d) animus Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 30. The __________ controls the satisfaction of the id’s drives in a socially acceptable manner. a) personal unconscious b) ego Correct. The ego makes the decisions. c) superego

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. The superego is the part of the personality that acts as a moral center. d) persona Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 31. A personality that consisted of only the ego and the id would be completely __________. a) illogical b) selfless c) rational Incorrect. The ego is rational but the id is not. d) amoral Correct. A personality that consisted of only the ego and the id would have no superego to dictate what is right or wrong. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 32. In Freud’s theory, the id is to fun as the superego is to __________. a) guilt Correct. Freud believed that the superego causes us to feel guilty when we do the wrong thing. b) pride c) rules Incorrect. While the superego does guide behaviors based on rules, the outcome of our behaviors caused by the superego is guilt. d) freedom Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 33. The job of the __________ is to find practical ways for the __________ to get its pleasure needs met without offending the morality of the __________. a) id; ego; superego b) ego; id; superego Correct. The ego mediates the pleasure needs of the id with the moral needs of the superego. c) ego; superego; id Incorrect. The ego mediates the pleasure needs of the id with the moral needs of the superego. d) superego; id; ego Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 34. Kumiko is studying for her political science test. Her boyfriend, Ian, asks if she can go to a concert with him. She would love to go but she knows she has to study for the test in order to pass the class. What part of Kumiko’s personality will tell her to stay home and study because passing the class is necessary for her to graduate? a) her ego, because it is the moral conscience of her personality Incorrect. The superego is the moral conscience; therefore, it is this part that will make Kumiko stay home and study. b) her id, because studying is what she really wants to do c) her libido, because she knows Ian will love her more if she studies d) her superego, because it is this part of the personality that is the moral conscience Correct. The superego is the moral conscience; therefore, it is this part that will make Kumiko stay home and study. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 81 a= 17 b= 2 c= 0 d= 81 r = .38 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 35. As you are preparing for your phlebotomy exam, you notice two of your classmates in the library. After chatting with them, you discover they are planning to use a cheat sheet during tomorrow's exam. What part of your personality would cause you to feel ashamed or guilty if you also cheated on the exam? a) the actual self b) the id Incorrect. The id would not care about being good, or obeying rules. It would only be concerned with doing whatever it needed to do to pass the exam, which includes cheating. c) the superego Correct. Freud believed that the superego represents our conscience, which makes us feel guilty when we engage in immoral behaviors d) the Electra complex Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 36. According to Freud, the second part of the personality is the ego, which gets its name from the Latin word for __________. a) “right” b) “pride” Incorrect. While the term “ego” is commonly used to refer to one’s pride or sense of self, this is a misuse of the word from Freud’s original theory. c) “I” Correct. Ego comes from the Latin word for “I.” d) “self” Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

37. An individual operating on the reality principle seeks __________. a) immediate gratification b) perfect accomplishments c) to reveal unconscious motivations Incorrect. Unconscious motivations are revealed only through therapy. d) rational means for obtaining gratification Correct. The ego, which operates on the reality principle, seeks rational means for obtaining gratification. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 87 a= 5 b= 3 c= 5 d= 87 r = .54 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 38. The ego operates according to which principle? a) the guilt/pride principle b) the reality principle Correct. The ego operates according to the reality principle. c) the pleasure principle Incorrect. The id, not the ego, operates on the pleasure principle. d) the reflex principle Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 74 a= 9 b= 74 c= 13 d= 4 r = .27 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 39. According to Freud, the reality principle is the way in which __________. a) the ego tries to delay satisfying the id’s desires until it can do so safely and successfully Correct. The ego tries to avoid negative consequences that might result from the unrestricted pursuit of pleasure. b) the id tries to obtain gratification and avoid pain Incorrect. The id works on the pleasure principle, not the reality principle. c) the ego ideal establishes standards of what one would like to be d) young children instinctively seek self-actualization Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 40. Which element in Freud’s personality theory contains the conscience? a) the id b) the ego Incorrect. The ego has no conscience, just a need to reduce anxiety. c) the superego Correct. The superego contains the conscience. d) the preconscious Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 41. According to Freud, when does the superego develop? a) at birth b) during infancy Incorrect. The superego develops during the preschool years. c) during the preschool years Correct. The superego develops during the preschool years. d) during adolescence Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 42. For Freud, the moral guardian of personality is the __________. a) id b) superego Correct. The superego is the moral voice. c) ego Incorrect. The ego is a mediator, not a moral voice. d) libido Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 85 a= 2 b= 85 c= 8 d= 5 r = .31 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 43. Aiden is sick of writing papers and studying for tests, but he knows he needs a college degree if he wants to be successful in his chosen career. So every morning Aiden gives himself a dressing down—in essence, yelling at himself—to make himself get out of bed and go to classes, and every evening he does the same thing to get himself to do his work. According to Freud, which personality structure is in control here? a) the id Incorrect. The id operates on the pleasure principle and is concerned only with gratification of needs. It has no regard for right or wrong. b) the ego c) the unconscious d) the superego Correct. The superego is thought to operate on the morality principle, which is our internalization of societal standards of right and wrong. It is what makes us behave with appropriate manners and makes us feel guilty if we do something wrong. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

44. Cassidy took home some printer paper from the office. Later, she felt guilty for stealing it, so she brought some paper to work to replace what she took. Freud would suggest that Cassidy’s __________ was influencing her motives and behavior. a) id Incorrect. The id operates on the pleasure principle and is concerned only with gratification of needs. It has no regard for right or wrong. b) unconscious mind c) ego d) superego Correct. The superego is thought to operate on the morality principle, which is our internalization of societal standards of right and wrong. It is what makes us behave with appropriate manners and makes us feel guilty if we do something wrong. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 45. From what Latin phrase is the term superego derived? a) “without morals” Incorrect. The superego is concerned with obeying rules and morals, not acting without them. b) “above the rules” c) “beyond me” d) “over the self” Correct. Superego means “over the self” in Latin. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 46. According to psychodynamic theory, how does the superego operate in the structure of mind? a) The superego negates the ego’s desires and then “blames” the id for those actions. b) The superego is largely absent in the structure of the mind, not developing until a person’s 40s. Incorrect. This would be rather late in life to develop a conscience. c) The superego forces the ego to consider socially acceptable forms of behavior. Correct. This describes the functions of the superego. d) The superego provides the ego with a “list” of better or worse behaviors to choose from. Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 47. Trista has had a bad day at school. Even though she spent three days working on it, she forgot to bring her math homework to class. Rushing back to her car to get it, she was late to class, and the teacher embarrassed her. She looked forward to a treat at lunch, but splattered soft serve ice cream all over her new shirt. By the time she got back to her house, Trista simply curled up in a fetal position and slowly rocked back and forth. Which defense mechanism was Trista using at the end of her bad day? a) regression

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. Trista was acting in a manner more consistent with a younger period of life. b) repression Incorrect. Trista can readily acknowledge all the bad things that happened to her. c) projection d) denial Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 48. What was Sigmund Freud’s term for the unconscious efforts by the ego to deny or distort reality for the purpose of protecting itself when conflict becomes too intense? a) false cognitions b) coping techniques Incorrect. Freud did not use the term coping techniques. c) disordered thinking d) psychological defense mechanisms Correct. Freud used the term defense mechanisms to refer to unconscious efforts by the ego to deny or distort reality for the purpose of protecting itself when conflict becomes too intense. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 49. According to Freud, what is the result of conflict between the id and the superego? a) libido b) depression Incorrect. Anxiety is the result of conflict between the id and the superego. c) psychosis d) anxiety Correct. Anxiety is the result of conflict between the id and the superego. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 0 d= 100 r = .00 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 50. Though 10 years out of high school, Freddie is still scarred and bothered by the bullying he experienced at the hand of Roddy. If the defense mechanism of reaction formation were being utilized, what would Freddie say to Roddy when he unexpectedly saw Roddy at the local grocery store? a) “Meet me in the parking lot; I’ve got a special surprise for you. Tell me, are you much of a bleeder?” b) “Hey there, Roddy. Good to see you. How are you these days?” Correct. Freddie would actually love to berate Roddy and probably smack him a good one, but he does the opposite. c) “After all of these years, I finally get a chance to tell you what an arrogant jerk you are, Roddy!” Incorrect. This would be a reasonable response, and one not squelched by a defense mechanism.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

d) “Pardon me, but can you move so I can reach the milk?” Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 51. Bascom has just had a heated argument with his coworker, and for a split-second feels the urge to punch him in the chest. Instead, Bascom takes an early lunch and works out with his boxing gloves in the gym. Which defense mechanism would Freud say is operating in this situation? a) identification Incorrect. Bascom isn’t identifying with anyone or anything in this situation. b) displacement Correct. Bascom is displacing his anger onto another, less-threatening, object. c) rationalization d) reaction formation Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 52. Xavier has a lot of aggressive energy, and sometimes he has troubling thoughts about violently hurting people. He finds that when he plays in his death metal band, Putrid Rhinoceros Corpse, his urges go away and the audience praises his music. Freud would propose that Xavier is using the defense mechanism of __________ to deal with his unacceptable impulses. a) repression b) sublimation Correct. He has found a socially acceptable outlet for his unacceptable desires. c) projection d) rationalization Incorrect. Xavier is not really rationalizing anything about his behavior. Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 53. According to Freud’s psychodynamic theory, which defense mechanism involves attributing an unconsciously experienced impulse or feeling to someone else? a) repression b) reaction formation c) denial Incorrect. This is not how denial works.. d) projection Correct. Those feelings are projected onto someone else. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 54. When anxiety-provoking memories are prevented from reaching conscious awareness, such as not remembering lying to parents, it is called __________. a) denial b) sublimation Incorrect. Sublimation occurs when unacceptable thoughts are expressed in a socially appropriate way. c) repression Correct. Repression refers to the pushing of threatening or negative thoughts, urges, or memories into our unconscious so that they can be “ignored.” d) regression Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 55. When Freud referred to the sexual drive of babies and young children, he was really referring to the fact that __________. a) sexual orientation is established from birth b) children focus on their bodies to give them physical pleasure Correct. When Freud used the word “sexual” in reference to children, he was really referring to the concept of physical pleasure. c) children need to be taught about sexual morality from a very early age Incorrect. While this may have been the thinking of the era, it is not what Freud was referencing in his theory. d) children have genitals that distinguish them as male or female from birth Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 56. Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual stages focus on several parts of the body, identified as __________ zones. a) focal b) erogenous Correct. Freud’s psychosexual stages focus on several parts of the body, identified as erogenous zones. c) pleasure Incorrect. The term pleasure zones appears to mean the same thing as erogenous zones, but it is not the term Freud used. d) unconscious Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 57. What did Sigmund Freud believe could happen if our needs were delayed at a particular psychosexual stage? a) We could become fixated at that stage. Correct. Fixation occurs when needs are not met. b) We would revert to our biological predispositions. Incorrect. Reversion to biological predispositions would be a type of regression, which is not what Freud believed would happen when needs were delayed at a particular psychosexual stage. c) We would be more capable of overcoming the obstacle in adulthood. d) We could become overly dependent on the superego for future guidance. Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 74 a= 74 b= 14 c= 8 d= 3 r = .51 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 58. According to Freud’s theory of personality development, there are __________ stages through which each person must pass. a) three b) five Correct. The five stages are the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages. c) seven d) eight Incorrect. Neo-Freudian Erik Erikson proposed an eight-stage model, but Freud’s theory had five stages. Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 59. What is the correct sequence of Freud’s psychosexual stages? a) latency, anal, oral, genital, phallic b) oral, genital, latency, phallic, anal Incorrect. The sequence of Freud’s psychosexual stages is oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital. c) anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital d) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital Correct. The sequence of Freud’s psychosexual stages is oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 91 a= 4 b= 0 c= 4 d= 91 r = .48 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 60. According to Freud, what is the dominant source of erogenous pleasure during the first 18 months of life? a) the genitals b) the mouth Correct. According to Freud, during the first 18 months of life, the dominant source of sensual pleasure is the mouth. c) the hands d) the anus

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. According to Freud, during the first 18 months of life, the dominant source of sensual pleasure is the mouth. The anus is the focus of children age 18 months to 3 years. Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 61. According to Freud, personality develops through a series of psychosexual stages. During infancy, the psychosexual stage is called the __________ stage. a) latency b) oral Correct. The psychosexual stage of infancy is the oral stage. c) anal Incorrect. The anal stage occurs during toddlerhood. d) phallic Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 62. The age at which a baby was weaned would have the most impact on the __________ stage. a) oral Correct. The need for oral gratification will be affected by weaning from breast feeding. b) anal Incorrect. This is the toilet training time. c) phallic d) genital Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 91 a= 91 b= 6 c= 2 d= 0 r = .43 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 63. Nazir plays the trumpet, is on the debate team, bites his nails, and chews gum. Freud might say that Nazir was fixated in the __________ stage. a) oral Correct. Nazir’s whole life is focused on doing things with his mouth. b) anal Incorrect. Because Nazir seems to choose to do only things that involve using his mouth, Freud would say he is fixated in the oral stage. c) phallic d) genital Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

64. Rosita is 2½ years old and grappling with toilet training. Assuming she will eventually get the hang of it, what stage of psychosexual development is Rosita in? a) oral b) anal Correct. The current focus of pleasure for Rosita, at this age, is the anus, according to Freud. c) latency d) genital Incorrect. Rosita has not yet entered the genital stage of psychosexual development. Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 65. If an adult characteristically acted in a way that was rigidly organized and compulsively neat, Freud would argue that the person had become fixated at a specific psychosexual stage of development and was now __________ . a) genital expulsive Incorrect. It’s not clear what this term would mean. b) anal retentive Correct. This would fit Freud’s conception of fixation at that psychosexual stage. c) phallicly regressed d) latently challenged Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 66. Jackson is extremely uptight and compulsively neat and orderly. According to Freudian theory, he became fixated at the __________ stage of psychosexual development. a) oral b) anal Correct. Freud believed that people who are uptight and compulsively neat are fixated in the anal stage. c) latency d) genital Incorrect. These characteristics are indicative of anal, not genital, fixation. Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 77 a= 2 b= 77 c= 19 d= 2 r = .73 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 67. According to Freud and his followers, what is the most significant event that occurs during the anal stage of psychosexual development? a) The child is toilet trained. Correct. Toilet training is the most significant event that occurs during the anal stage. b) The child discovers her or his genitals.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. The child discovers her or his genitals in the phallic stage, not the anal stage. c) The child develops sexual feelings toward the parent of the other sex. d) The child has nightmares that reflect the development of sexual feelings. Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 68. Sigmund Freud proposed that little boys’ fears that their fathers may retaliate against them for forbidden sexual and aggressive impulses may lead to __________. a) penis envy Incorrect. Freud believed girls, not boys, had penis envy. b) penis anxiety c) castration phobia d) castration anxiety Correct. Freud believed boys were afraid of being castrated. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 69. According to Freud, a boy’s sexual attachment to his mother and jealousy of his father is called __________. a) the Oedipus complex Correct. The Oedipus complex involves affection for the opposite-sex parent and jealousy toward the samesex parent. b) the Electra complex Incorrect. The Electra complex, named by Jung, involves a girl’s attachment to her father and jealousy of her mother in the female version of the Oedipus complex. c) transference d) countertransference Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 70. In which Freudian stage must boys resolve the Oedipus complex? a) the genital stage Incorrect. The genital stage comes later than the phallic stage, in which boys must resolve the Oedipus complex. b) the oral stage c) the phallic stage Correct. Boys must resolve the Oedipus complex in the phallic stage. d) the anal stage Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Easy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 71. The Freudian stage during which girls must resolve the Electra complex is the __________ stage. a) genital Incorrect. The genital stage comes later than the phallic stage, during which girls must resolve the Electra complex. b) oral c) phallic Correct. Girls must resolve the Electra complex during the phallic stage, according to Freud. d) anal Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 72. According to Freud, in the _________ stage, children develop a marked attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and become jealous of the same-sex parent. a) anal b) genital Incorrect. The genital stage comes later than the phallic stage, in which children develop a marked attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and become jealous of the same-sex parent. c) oral d) phallic Correct. Children in the phallic stage develop a marked attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and become jealous of the same-sex parent. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 79 a= 6 b= 11 c= 4 d= 79 r = .25 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 73. Four-year-old Atticus squeezes between his mommy and daddy as they sit together on the couch. He cuddles with Mommy and pushes Daddy away. This illustrates which Freudian concept? a) superego Incorrect. The superego is the moral voice inside a person’s head. b) Oedipus complex Correct. The Oedipus complex involves affection for the opposite-sex parent and jealousy toward the samesex parent. c) sublimation d) regression Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 98 a= 0 b= 98 c= 2 d= 0 r = .19 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 74. Zoltan is a compulsive masturbator. According to Freud, fixation during which psychosexual stage of development led to this outcome? a) genital b) latency Incorrect. Fixation at this stage would not likely lead to this behavior. c) phallic Correct. This behavior would be consistent with this stage of psychosexual development. d) oral Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 75. Katia is an 8-year-old girl who is having a birthday party. According to Freud, given that Katia is in the latency period, whom would you expect to be at her party? a) mostly girls Correct. Children in the latency stage stick with members of the same sex and avoid those of the opposite sex. b) mostly boys Incorrect. Children in the latency stage tend to stay away from members of the opposite sex. c) mostly male parents who look like her father d) mostly parents Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 76. How old would a person likely be who was experiencing a period of sexual calm, with no particular focus on any erogenous zone, according to Freud’s theory of psychosexual development? a) 3 years old b) 10 years old Correct. At this age a child would be in the latency stage of psychosexual development. c) 18 years old d) 42 years old Incorrect. A person this age would have passed through Freud’s psychosexual stages already. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 77. In which psychosexual stage do sexual interests reawaken and become stronger? a) anal b) latency Incorrect. Sexuality is dormant during the latency stage. c) genital Correct. Sexual interest awakens during the genital stage. d) phallic

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 83 a= 0 b= 7 c= 83 d= 10 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 78. Which of Freud’s psychosexual stages is marked by successful formation of mature sexual relationships? a) oral b) anal c) phallic Incorrect. The phallic stage, which occurs in toddlerhood, is marked by an immature desire to possess the opposite-sex parent, referred to as the Oedipus or Electra complex. d) genital Correct. According to Freud, the genital stage, which emerges at puberty, marks the emergence of adultoriented sexual interest and the start of the process of forming adult sexual relationships. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 79. Which of the Freudian stages of personality development begins around puberty? a) oral b) anal Incorrect. The anal stage is usually regarded as occurring between the ages of 18 months and 3 years. c) phallic d) genital Correct. The last of Freud’s stages is the genital stage, which marks the beginning of the transition to physical adulthood starting with puberty. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 80. Conchita wanted to remember the correct order of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development, so she challenged herself with a grocery game. She remembered Phallic (Peaches), Anal (Apples), Oral (Oranges), Genital (Grapes), and Latency (Lemons). Which fruit-based shopping list has the stages in the correct order? a) peaches, lemons, grapes, oranges, apples Incorrect. Nope; a few of these are out of order. b) oranges, grapes, lemons, peaches, apples c) oranges, apples, peaches, lemons, grapes Correct. This would make for a correctly constructed fruit salad. d) lemons, grapes, oranges, apples, peaches Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 81. Which term was applied to psychoanalysts who broke away from a strict interpretation of Freud’s theory, and developed theories of their own that were based on Freud’s initial work? a) retro-Freudians b) nouveau-Freudians c) neo-Freudians Correct. Neo-Freudian was the term given to this group of individuals, which included such people as Jung, Horney, Adler, and Erikson. d) anti-Freudians Incorrect. While many in the field of psychology may, in fact, feel that they are “anti-Freud,” this was not a formal distinction. Neo-Freudian is the correct term. Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.4 Describe how the neo-Freudians modified Freud’s theory. Topic: 11.4 The Neo-Freudians Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 82. Carl Jung believed that there were two levels to the unconscious mind, the personal and the __________. a) collective Correct. Jung believed that there were two levels to the unconscious mind, the personal and the collective. b) animus Incorrect. Animus is a term for one of Jung’s archetypes. c) anima d) preconscious Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.4 Describe how the neo-Freudians modified Freud’s theory. Topic: 11.4 The Neo-Freudians Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 95 a= 95 b= 2 c= 0 d= 3 r = .37 % correct 93 a= 93 b= 3 c= 0 d= 3 r = .43 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 83. What was Carl Jung’s term for the part of our personality that Freud referred to as the unconscious? a) personal unconscious Correct. The personal unconscious of Jung’s theory was analogous to Freud’s unconscious. b) archetype c) collective unconscious d) animus Incorrect. The animus was Jung’s term for the masculine side of humanity. Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.4 Describe how the neo-Freudians modified Freud’s theory. Topic: 11.4 The Neo-Freudians Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 84. The neo-Freudian Carl Jung suggested the existence of a collective unconscious that contains images shared by all people, called __________. a) schemas b) paradigms c) archetypes

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. Jung suggested the existence of a collective unconscious that contains images shared by all people, called archetypes. d) prototypes Incorrect. Prototypes sounds similar to archetypes but is not the term Jung used. Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.4 Describe how the neo-Freudians modified Freud’s theory. Topic: 11.4 The Neo-Freudians Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 85. According to Jung, the memories and behavior patterns inherited from past generations are part of the __________. a) persona b) personal unconscious Incorrect. According to Jung, the personal unconscious contains each person’s own repressed thoughts, undeveloped ideas, and forgotten experiences. c) alter-ego d) collective unconscious Correct. According to Jung, the memories and behavior patterns inherited from past generations are part of the collective unconscious. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.4 Describe how the neo-Freudians modified Freud’s theory. Topic: 11.4 The Neo-Freudians Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 74 a= 17 b= 6 c= 2 d= 74 r = .68 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 86. In what way were Alfred Adler’s views consistent with Freud’s original psychodynamic theory? a) Freud gave Adler his official “blessing” as the neo-Freudians broke away from traditional psychoanalysis. Incorrect. Freud wasn’t too cool with the neo-Freudians taking his ideas and modifying them. b) Both agreed that the collective unconscious was the primary element driving personality development. c) Adler agreed that a factory was the best metaphor for understanding the structure of the mind. d) Adler agreed with Freud that childhood was an important time for personality development. Correct. On this point Adler and Freud agreed. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.4 Describe how the neo-Freudians modified Freud’s theory. Topic: 11.4 The Neo-Freudians Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 87. Which neo-Freudian viewed personality disturbances as resulting from the feelings of inferiority that all people share? a) Carl Jung Incorrect. Jung focused on archetypes in the collective unconscious. b) Alfred Adler Correct. Adler viewed personality disturbances as the consequence of feelings of inferiority. c) Carl Rogers d) Karen Horney Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.4 Describe how the neo-Freudians modified Freud’s theory.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 11.4 The Neo-Freudians Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 88. Which defense mechanism figured prominently in the theory of Alfred Adler? a) repression Incorrect. Freud, not Adler, focused on repression. b) compensation Correct. Adler focused on compensation, as it is a defense mechanism used to overcome feelings of inferiority. c) depression d) rationalization Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.4 Describe how the neo-Freudians modified Freud’s theory. Topic: 11.4 The Neo-Freudians Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 73 a= 20 b= 73 c= 0 d= 7 r = .34 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 89. According to Karen Horney, men had __________ envy. a) penis b) breast Incorrect. Horney believed men had “womb envy” and had to compensate for their lack of child-bearing ability. c) womb Correct. Horney believed men had “womb envy” and had to compensate for their lack of child-bearing ability. d) vagina Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.4 Describe how the neo-Freudians modified Freud’s theory. Topic: 11.4 The Neo-Freudians Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 70 a= 0 b= 18 c= 70 d= 22 r = .43 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 90. After their daughter Dominique was born, Hondo felt unusual jealousy toward his wife Bethany. He watched longingly as Bethany nurtured Dominique, soothed her cries, and breast-fed her, all the while wishing he could adopt those roles. What might Hondo be experiencing, according to neo-Freudian thinker Karen Horney? a) repression envy Incorrect. This is not a term used by Horney or any other psychodynamic theorist. b) womb envy Correct. Horney introduced this idea to the already crowded pantheon of psychodynamic terms. c) genital envy d) reaction formation Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.4 Describe how the neo-Freudians modified Freud’s theory. Topic: 11.4 The Neo-Freudians Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 91. Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized social relationships as the key to understanding personality?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) Carl Jung b) Alfred Adler Incorrect. Adler viewed personality disturbances as resulting from the feelings of inferiority that all people share. c) Carl Rogers d) Erik Erikson Correct. Erikson believed social relationships were the key to understanding personality. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.4 Describe how the neo-Freudians modified Freud’s theory. Topic: 11.4 The Neo-Freudians Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 92. What was the basis for Freud’s development of his theory of the Oedipus complex? a) He did not believe that the stories his female patients told about having been sexually abused by their fathers and other family members were real memories. Correct. He felt that these memories were unconscious fantasies that were the basis for the Oedipus complex. b) He felt that we were biologically pre-wired to go through this conflict at certain ages, regardless of our surroundings or experiences. c) He felt that women, by definition, were born neurotic, and the Oedipus complex gave value to that belief. d) He observed that all women were unconsciously angry at their own children, and he developed the theory of the Oedipus complex as a result. Incorrect. Freud’s concept of the Oedipus complex had nothing to do with mothers being angry at their children. Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.5 Evaluate the influence of Freudian theory on modern personality theories. Topic: 11.5 Current Thoughts on Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 93. Your professor organizes a debate on Freudian theory. You are assigned to be on the anti-Freud side and therefore must point out problems in the theory. Which criticism will be at the top of your list? a) Children do not have sexual motives. b) Psychodynamic concepts are difficult to test. Correct. Lack of testability is the main problem with Freud’s theory. c) Defense mechanisms actually increase anxiety. Incorrect. Defense mechanisms reduce anxiety. d) Psychoanalytic therapy is effective for treating psychotics only. Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.5 Evaluate the influence of Freudian theory on modern personality theories. Topic: 11.5 Current Thoughts on Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 94. Your professor organizes a debate on Freudian theory. You are assigned to be on the anti-Freud side and therefore must point out problems in the theory. Which criticism would be a reasonable argument for you to make? a) Parents have little influence on their children’s motives. b) Freud’s interpretations of what his patients told him were ambiguous.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. The ambiguity of his interpretations of what his patients told him is a problem with Freud’s theory. c) Defense mechanisms actually increase anxiety. Incorrect. Defense mechanisms reduce anxiety and are accepted by many. d) Psychoanalytic therapy is effective for treating psychotics only. Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.5 Evaluate the influence of Freudian theory on modern personality theories. Topic: 11.5 Current Thoughts on Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 95. You are reading an article that critiques Sigmund Freud’s philosophy. Which title would be most appropriate? a) “Sex Is More Influential Than We Think” b) “Never Use the Dreams of Sexually Frustrated Rich Women as a Basis for a Theory” Correct. Many of Freud’s clients were wealthy, sexually frustrated women. c) “The Id Really Does Exist!” Incorrect. This notion agrees with Freud and does not critique his theory. d) “Sometimes a Cigar Is Just a Cigar” Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.5 Evaluate the influence of Freudian theory on modern personality theories. Topic: 11.5 Current Thoughts on Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 96. For behaviorists, personality is conceptualized as a set of learned responses or __________. a) traits b) conditions c) stimuli Incorrect. Stimuli are elements that cause a response or reaction. d) habits Correct. According to behaviorists, habits are learned responses. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.6 Compare and contrast the learning theories of Bandura and Rotter. Topic: 11.6 Learning Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 97. The __________ view of personality has its basis in the theories of learning, and it focuses on the effects of the environment on one’s behavior. a) psychodynamic b) humanistic c) trait Incorrect. Trait theories do not attend to the origins or the causes of personality differences, but rather describe those differences. d) behaviorist Correct. Behaviorism focuses on the influences of learning and the environment. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.6 Compare and contrast the learning theories of Bandura and Rotter. Topic: 11.6 Learning Theories

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 98. John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner believed that personality is the result of __________. a) operant conditioning and vicarious learning b) conditioning and reinforcement Correct. These learning theorists believed everything a person or animal does is a response to some stimulus that has been either conditioned or reinforced in some way. c) observational learning and classical conditioning Incorrect. These learning theorists believed everything a person or animal does is a response to some stimulus that has been either conditioned or reinforced in some way. d) behavioral reinforcement Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.6 Compare and contrast the learning theories of Bandura and Rotter. Topic: 11.6 Learning Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 99. Dr. Sardonicus argues that personality results from the dynamic interplay of social norms, environmental cues, and individual beliefs, thoughts, and perceptions. Which approach to personality does Dr. Sardonicus endorse? a) psychodynamic Incorrect. Psychodynamic theorists would not emphasize these points. b) social cognitive Correct. This is the crux of reciprocal determinism. c) humanistic d) trait Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.6 Compare and contrast the learning theories of Bandura and Rotter. Topic: 11.6 Learning Theories Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 100. What is Albert Bandura’s term for the relationship among the three factors that influence personality? a) feedback loops b) learned responses Incorrect. This was not the term that Bandura used in his theory of personality. c) reciprocal determinism Correct. Bandura called the relationship among the three factors that influence personality reciprocal determinism. d) external expectancies Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.6 Compare and contrast the learning theories of Bandura and Rotter. Topic: 11.6 Learning Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 101. Albert Bandura’s notion that people are affected by their environment, but can also influence that environment, is known as __________. a) self-efficacy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. Self-efficacy refers to one’s perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance. b) locus of control c) phenomenology d) reciprocal determinism Correct. Reciprocal determinism is Bandura’s theory of how different factors interact to form the personality. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.6 Compare and contrast the learning theories of Bandura and Rotter. Topic: 11.6 Learning Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 102. A baseball player’s son is quite talented; he has received lots of awards over the years. When he gets up to bat, he expects to get a hit, and when he is in the field, he expects to make every catch. According to Bandura, what characteristic does this young man seem to have? a) self-regard b) self-centeredness c) self-efficacy Correct. Self-efficacy refers to one’s perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance. d) self-actualization Incorrect. Self-actualization has to do with self-fulfillment and reaching one’s full potential. Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.6 Compare and contrast the learning theories of Bandura and Rotter. Topic: 11.6 Learning Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 77 a= 5 b= 5 c= 77 d= 13 r = .15 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 103. You are about to undergo delicate brain surgery that requires great skill on the part of the surgeon. As the surgical team wheels you into the operating room, you hope the surgeon has a high level of __________. a) ego b) extraversion Incorrect. Extraversion is not a quality that is associated with competence. c) self-efficacy Correct. Self-efficacy refers to one’s perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance, and is related to confidence. d) superego Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.6 Compare and contrast the learning theories of Bandura and Rotter. Topic: 11.6 Learning Theories Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 104. According to Albert Bandura, a person’s expectancy about her or his skills and ability to accomplish a goal is known as __________. a) self-efficacy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. Self-efficacy refers to one’s perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance. b) locus of control c) phenomenology d) reciprocal determinism Incorrect. Reciprocal determinism is Bandura’s term for the relationship among the three factors that determine behavior. Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.6 Compare and contrast the learning theories of Bandura and Rotter. Topic: 11.6 Learning Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 83 a= 83 b= 17 c= 0 d= 0 r = .26 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 105. Akilah just graduated from high school; she is trying out for the soccer team at the college she will attend in the fall. She knows that it will be more competitive than her high school team, but she believes in her ability to succeed and plans to practice all summer. Bandura would say that Akilah might have an edge over some competitors simply because she has __________. a) high self-efficacy Correct. High self-efficacy refers to a person who has a strong sense of belief in her or his own skills and abilities. b) self-actualization c) set aside the time to practice d) an external locus of control Incorrect. Those who believe that the course of their lives is beyond their control have an external locus of control. Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.6 Compare and contrast the learning theories of Bandura and Rotter. Topic: 11.6 Learning Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 106. Enyo refuses to wear a seatbelt when he drives his car or even when he is a passenger. “If it’s my time to die, it’s my time to die,” he claims, “and there’s nothing I can do to change that.” What does Enyo’s perception indicate? a) the collective unconscious b) an external locus of control Correct. Someone with an external locus of control would be likely to hold such ideas. c) an internal locus of control Incorrect. These statements would not be consistent with having an internal locus of control.. d) projection Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.6 Compare and contrast the learning theories of Bandura and Rotter. Topic: 11.6 Learning Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 107. Three friends have never tried diving before. Ari looks up at the high-dive board far above the swimming pool and says, “I think I can.” Wing looks at the same board and says, “I’m sure I can’t.” Bashir looks at the board and says, “I don’t know if I can.” Who climbs the ladder and gives the high-dive board a try?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) Ari Correct. Ari would be predicted to enact the behavior both because of her feelings of self-efficacy and because of her internal locus of control. b) Wing Incorrect. Wing seems the least likely to try. c) Both Wing and Bashir d) Both Ari and Wing Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.6 Compare and contrast the learning theories of Bandura and Rotter. Topic: 11.6 Learning Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 108. Which conclusion summarizes one of the main differences between the psychoanalytic view and the social cognitive view? a) The social cognitive view allows for testing, whereas the psychoanalytic view does not. Correct. It is much easier to test social cognitive theories. b) The mind is more important to the psychoanalyst than to the cognitivist. Incorrect. The mind is important in both theories. c) The psychoanalytic view requires feedback from clients, and the social cognitive view does not. d) The social cognitive view is more abstract than the psychoanalytic view. Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.7 Evaluate the strengths and limitations of the behavioral and social cognitive learning views of personality. Topic: 11.7 Current Thoughts on the Behavioral and Social Cognitive Learning Views Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 109. Which theory of personality was a direct reaction against both the psychoanalytic and behaviorist perspectives? a) humanistic perspective Correct. The humanists focused on the individuality and personal freedom of each human being, in reaction to the limiting nature of the other two models. b) trait perspective c) projective perspective d) inventory perspective Incorrect. Inventory is a type of personality assessment, not a perspective of personality study. Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality. Topic: 11.8 Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 110. The __________ perspective is called the “third force” in personality theory. a) psychoanalytic b) behaviorist Incorrect. Behaviorist theory is the second force. c) cognitive d) humanistic Correct. Humanistic theory is called the third force in personality theory; the first two are psychoanalytic theory and behaviorist theory.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality. Topic: 11.8 Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 111. Which attributes do Abraham Maslow’s and Carl Rogers’s theories have in common? a) They are both stage theories. b) They focus on unconscious motivation. Incorrect. Neither Maslow nor Rogers discussed the unconscious. c) They believe that each human being is free to choose her or his own destiny. Correct. Both Maslow and Rogers believed in the concept of innate human freedom. d) They both fit in the learning/cognitive perspective. Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality. Topic: 11.8 Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It % correct 48 a= 4 b= 44 c= 48 d= 3 r = .43 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 112. Which description is likely to fit the quality of self-actualization? a) shy, silent, and humorless b) real self close to ideal self Correct. Having a real self that comes close to matching the ideal self is necessary for self-actualization. c) ideal self dominating real self Incorrect. If the ideal self dominates, negative feelings will result; the goal is for the ideal self to be something that is not impossible for the real self to become. d) superego dominating id Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality. Topic: 11.8 Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 113. According to Carl Rogers, anxiety and neurotic behaviors occur when __________. a) a person has low self-esteem b) there is matching between the real self and the ideal self Incorrect. Congruence between the real self and ideal self is a good thing. c) there is a mismatch between the real self and the ideal self Correct. According to Rogers, the real self and the ideal self must be in harmony with each other in order to prevent psychological problems and troublesome behaviors. d) the individual receives too much unconditional positive regard Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality. Topic: 11.8 Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It % correct 78 a= 4 b= 19 c= 78 d= 0 r = .34 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 114. In Carl Rogers’s theory, which term refers to our perception of our abilities, traits, and characteristics? a) personality

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) self-regard c) self-esteem Incorrect. Self-esteem has more to do with one’s sense of worth. d) self-concept Correct. In Carl Rogers’s theory, the image that we have of ourselves, including abilities, behaviors, and characteristics, is known as the self-concept. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality. Topic: 11.8 Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 57 a= 18 b= 18 c= 7 d= 57 r = .32 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 115. When Casey headed off to college, her father took a moment to remind her of a few facts: “Remember that I’ll always love you, no matter what. You’ll make mistakes and you’ll need some help along the way, but I’ll always look out for you. I don’t care what major you pursue—education, social work, English literature—I’ll still care about you and value you for who you are.” What is Casey’s father expressing toward her? a) conditions of worth b) acknowledgment of her peak experiences Incorrect. This is not being conveyed in this conversation. c) unconditional positive regard Correct. Casey’s father loves her as much as any one person can love any one other person! d) his unconscious fears and desires Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality. Topic: 11.8 Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 116. Piotr wants to demonstrate unconditional positive regard for his son. What tactic should Piotr take? a) Remain indifferent to his son’s goals and desires, so that his son can pursue his own life-path. b) Provide a network of other people to his son—friends and relatives—so that they can share their judgments. c) Praise his son for his successes, but ignore his son’s failures. Incorrect. This would not meet the goal of providing unconditional positive regard. d) Act in an accepting and empathic way that values his son in all his triumphs and shortcomings. Correct. This sounds pretty unconditional. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality. Topic: 11.8 Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 117. Bartholomew proclaimed, “Hey man, I’m living my best life! If I were any happier, I would be twins. I am who I am, and who I am is exactly who I want to be!” Bartholomew appears to have __________ . a) rejected the need for unconditional positive regard b) found his collective unconscious c) brought his real self in line with his ideal self Correct. This alignment leads to congruence, happiness, and acceptance. d) applied conditional positive regard to himself

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. Bartholomew sounds about as unconditional as can be. Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality. Topic: 11.8 Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 118. Penelope willfully broke her brother’s favorite toy and made no attempt to conceal her actions. How would Carl Rogers apply unconditional positive regard to this situation? a) He would praise Penelope’s behavior as an authentic expression of her desires. b) He would plumb Penelope’s depths to discover her unconscious urges to perform such behaviors. c) He would value Penelope as a human being, but acknowledge the unacceptability of Penelope’s behavior. Correct. Love the sinner, hate the sin. d) He would treat Penelope and her actions with respect and kindness. Incorrect. These are not actions that should be reinforced, respected, or valued. Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality. Topic: 11.8 Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 119. When you accept someone—faults and all—regardless of whether or not you like the individual or approve of her or his lifestyle, Rogers suggests that you are exhibiting __________. a) restraint b) unconditional positive regard Correct. Unconditional positive regard is Rogers’s term for acceptance that is given without limits or requirements. c) self-editing d) genuineness Incorrect. Genuineness is a salient part of Rogers’s person-centered therapy concept, but it is not referenced in this question. Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality. Topic: 11.8 Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 120. Konstantin is lamenting to his friend, “I’ve got to make an A in Molecular Biology. If I don’t get a top grade, I’ll be a failure to myself and a disgrace to my parents! They won’t love me unless I make an A, and they shouldn’t; I won’t love myself unless I make an A!!” According to Carl Rogers, what is Konstantin focusing on? a) self-discrepancy b) the reality of his ideal self Incorrect. The ideal self is not usually a reality; that’s why it’s an ideal. c) an avenue toward self-actualization d) conditional positive regard Correct. There are conditions of worth flying all about in this example. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 11.8 Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 121. According to Rogers, people brought up with unconditional positive regard __________. a) tend to be vain and narcissistic b) are unlikely to be fully functioning Incorrect. Rogers believed unconditional positive regard is what people need to be fully functioning. c) feel valued regardless of their attitudes and behaviors Correct. Rogers believed that people brought up with unconditional positive regard know they are loved for who they are, not for what they do. d) live lives directed toward what others want and value Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality. Topic: 11.8 Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 122. Compared to the others, which person is MOST likely to become a fully functioning person, according to Rogers? a) someone with a strongly developed superego b) someone with an extraverted personality c) someone brought up with conditional positive regard Incorrect. Rogers believed that someone brought up with conditional positive regard was not likely to become a fully functioning person. d) someone brought up with unconditional positive regard Correct. Rogers believed that someone brought up with unconditional positive regard was most likely to become a fully functioning person. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality. Topic: 11.8 Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 123. Which attribute do humanistic and psychoanalytic theories have in common? a) They are both testable. b) They are both difficult to test empirically. Correct. There is no empirical basis for testing humanistic or psychoanalytic theories. c) They both rely on stages. Incorrect. There are no stages in humanistic theory. d) They both base much of their theory on early stressful events. Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.9 Evaluate the strengths and limitations of the humanistic view of personality. Topic: 11.9 Current Thoughts on the Humanistic View of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 124. Which statement is a criticism that one might legitimately make about the humanistic perspective of personality?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) It relies far too much on the influence of environments. b) It spends way too much time looking at unconscious determinants of behaviors. Incorrect. This might be a valid criticism of the psychodynamic model of personality. c) It paints too rosy a picture of humanity, ignoring negative aspects of human nature. Correct. Some argue that humanism does not pay adequate attention to unpleasant or negative human qualities. d) Its concept of womb envy cannot be empirically validated. Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.9 Evaluate the strengths and limitations of the humanistic view of personality. Topic: 11.9 Current Thoughts on the Humanistic View of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 125. Which goal of psychology would be MOST relevant in the trait perspective? a) description Correct. Traits are descriptive features. b) explanation Incorrect. Traits are aspects of a personality; they do not explain anything. c) maintenance d) control Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.10 Describe early attempts to use traits to conceptualize personality. Topic: 11.10 Allport and Cattell: Early Attempts to List and Describe Traits Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 126. As an early trait approach to understanding personality, Gordon Allport and Henry Odbert identified all the possible words in an English dictionary that could be used to describe someone’s personality. That list resulted in approximately __________ words. a) 18,000 Correct. These researchers identified 18,000 trait words. b) 32,000 c) 57,000 d) 106,000 Incorrect. The English vocabulary doesn’t have that many nuances of trait terms. Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.10 Describe early attempts to use traits to conceptualize personality. Topic: 11.10 Allport and Cattell: Early Attempts to List and Describe Traits Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 127. A relatively consistent characteristic that exists across situations is called __________. a) a personality trait Correct. This is the correct definition of a personal trait. b) interactionism c) situationism d) personality structure Incorrect. One’s personality structure is made up of several consistent characteristics called traits. Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.10 Describe early attempts to use traits to conceptualize personality. Topic: 11.10 Allport and Cattell: Early Attempts to List and Describe Traits Difficulty Level: Easy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 128. Gordon Allport thought that traits were __________. a) like stages b) wired into the nervous system Correct. Allport thought traits were wired into the nervous system. c) learned Incorrect. Allport thought traits were not learned, but rather, were wired into the nervous system. d) the result of cognitive modeling Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.10 Describe early attempts to use traits to conceptualize personality. Topic: 11.10 Allport and Cattell: Early Attempts to List and Describe Traits Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 37 a= 13 b= 37 c= 30 d= 20 r = .28 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 129. What did Raymond Cattell call the traits that underlie surface traits? a) source traits Correct. According to Cattell, source traits underlie surface traits. b) secondary traits Incorrect. Cattell did not use the term secondary traits. c) background traits d) subordinate traits Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.10 Describe early attempts to use traits to conceptualize personality. Topic: 11.10 Allport and Cattell: Early Attempts to List and Describe Traits Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 130. Aloysius wants to understand personality traits, so he makes a long list from memory: Pleasant, cordial, genial, affable, good-natured, congenial… “Oh,” Cynthia remarked upon looking at his list. “You’re describing agreeableness.” What level of analysis is Cynthia applying to this trait approach to personality? a) Cynthia is focusing on surface traits. b) Cynthia is focusing on source traits. Correct. Cynthia is looking at the underlying trait that would encompass all these others. c) Cynthia is adopting a psychoanalytic perspective. d) Cynthia is focusing on uncommon traits. Incorrect. There is nothing especially uncommon about these traits. Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.10 Describe early attempts to use traits to conceptualize personality. Topic: 11.10 Allport and Cattell: Early Attempts to List and Describe Traits Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 131. Raymond Cattell originally proposed that there are __________ personality source traits. a) five b) eight Incorrect. This is half of the correct number, which is 16 traits. c) 11 d) 16

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. Cattell proposed 16 traits, which is why his assessment tool is called the 16PF. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.10 Describe early attempts to use traits to conceptualize personality. Topic: 11.10 Allport and Cattell: Early Attempts to List and Describe Traits Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 132. Bruno is described by his coworkers and family members as being friendly, outgoing, and warm. These characteristics reflect an underlying dimension of extraversion. According to Raymond Cattell’s trait theory, friendliness and warmth would be __________, whereas extraversion would be __________ . a) temporary states; an enduring mood b) traits; a state c) surface traits; a source trait Correct. Cattell made this distinction in his theorizing. d) secondary traits; a surface trait Incorrect. These are not the correct designations for these traits. Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.10 Describe early attempts to use traits to conceptualize personality. Topic: 11.10 Allport and Cattell: Early Attempts to List and Describe Traits Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 133. Personality trait theorist Raymond Cattell used the statistical technique called __________. a) factor features Incorrect. Cattell used a factor analysis, which sounds similar but is not the same. b) t test c) pf analysis d) factor analysis Correct. Cattell used factor analysis to group his many traits. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.10 Describe early attempts to use traits to conceptualize personality. Topic: 11.10 Allport and Cattell: Early Attempts to List and Describe Traits Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 68 a= 9 b= 6 c= 17 d= 68 r = .32 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy. 134. What are the Big Five personality traits? a) conscientiousness, openness, agreeableness, extraversion, dominance b) openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism Correct. These are the five traits of the Big Five model. c) sensation seeking, conscientiousness, openness, agreeableness, dominance Incorrect. Neither sensation seeking nor dominance are among the Big Five personality traits. d) neuroticism, psychoticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.11 Identify the five trait dimensions of the five-factor model of personality. Topic: 11.11 Modern Trait Theories: The Big Five Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

135. Nadja is compassionate, trusting, and helpful to others. Her friends seek her out for advice, knowing she’ll provide a sympathetic ear and a caring perspective. On which of the Big Five personality dimensions is Nadja most likely to score at the high end? a) sympathy Incorrect. This is not one of the Big Five trait dimensions. b) agreeableness Correct. These are facets of agreeableness. c) conscientiousness d) openness Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.11 Identify the five trait dimensions of the five-factor model of personality. Topic: 11.11 Modern Trait Theories: The Big Five Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 136. Which acronym would help you remember the Big Five traits? a) START b) BEGIN Incorrect. The Big Five traits are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism, which form the acronym OCEAN. c) DUNES d) OCEAN Correct. The Big Five traits are openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism, which form the acronym OCEAN. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.11 Identify the five trait dimensions of the five-factor model of personality. Topic: 11.11 Modern Trait Theories: The Big Five Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 137. Jazmyn has been described as creative, imaginative, curious, artistic, and nonconforming. She is likely to obtain an elevated score on a questionnaire designed to measure __________. a) extraversion b) agreeableness c) conscientiousness Incorrect. Conscientiousness refers to a person’s degree of organization and motivation, not to creativity. d) openness Correct. Openness scores reflect imaginative and creative people. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.11 Identify the five trait dimensions of the five-factor model of personality. Topic: 11.11 Modern Trait Theories: The Big Five Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 138. Zeke is from a small, Midwestern town and attends college in the city. He has never eaten sushi, but a group of friends is going out to a sushi restaurant, and they ask Zeke to come along. Zeke is excited at the prospect of trying something new for the first time. Researchers adopting the Big Five model would conclude that he ranks high on which of the five factors? a) openness

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. People who are adventurous and willing to try new things would score high on openness. b) neuroticism c) conscientiousness d) extraversion Incorrect. One facet of being a competitor might be extraversion, but in this example openness is the best answer. Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.11 Identify the five trait dimensions of the five-factor model of personality. Topic: 11.11 Modern Trait Theories: The Big Five Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 139. “Shy” and “reserved” would fall within the _________ factor of the five-factor model. a) extraversion b) neuroticism c) openness Incorrect. An individual high on the openness trait would be described with the following terms—fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas, and value. d) extraversion Correct. These would define the low end of this dimension. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.11 Identify the five trait dimensions of the five-factor model of personality. Topic: 11.11 Modern Trait Theories: The Big Five Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 140. Tristan is friendly, talkative, loves to tell jokes at parties, and is perceived by others as trusting and helpful. On which two of the Big Five traits would you expect Tristan to obtain high scores? a) agreeableness and extraversion Correct. Tristan’s trusting and helpful attitude would score high for agreeableness; his friendliness and joke-telling at parties indicate he would score high for extraversion. b) extraversion and conscientiousness Incorrect. There is no indication that Tristan is especially conscientious (i.e., organized or motivated). c) neuroticism and openness d) openness and conscientiousness Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.11 Identify the five trait dimensions of the five-factor model of personality. Topic: 11.11 Modern Trait Theories: The Big Five Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 141. Lao went on vacation for a week with her family. Prior to leaving, she asked her neighbor to house sit for her to make sure her home and belongings stayed safe. While she was away, the neighbor had a party at Lao’s house. By the end of the night, some of Lao’s belongings were ruined and the police eventually came to break up the get-together. The behavior of Lao’s neighbor could be best described by the _________ factor of the Big Five model. a) conscientiousness Correct. Remember, these are dimensions, and in this case the neighbor falls at the low end of the conscientiousness dimension.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) agreeableness Incorrect. The neighbor’s actions are not very agreeable, at least not to Lao. c) sociability d) openness to experience Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.11 Identify the five trait dimensions of the five-factor model of personality. Topic: 11.11 Modern Trait Theories: The Big Five Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 142. Which statement is CORRECT concerning cross-cultural studies on trait theories? a) No evidence has been found to support these theories. b) Research in this area is too new to report any findings. Incorrect. Research includes more than 56 cultures with the five trait dimensions. c) Evidence for these five trait dimensions has been found in several cultures. Correct. Research includes more than 56 cultures with the five trait dimensions. d) Most cultural research methods are too vague to be validated. Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.12 Evaluate the strengths and limitations of the trait view of personality. Topic: 11.12 Current Thoughts on the Trait Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 143. Which field is devoted to understanding how much of an individual’s personality is due to inherited traits? a) behavioral genetics Correct. The field of behavioral genetics focuses on inherited aspects of behavior. b) genetic microbiology Incorrect. Genetic microbiology focuses on underlying microbes in biology, not behavior. c) genomanalysis d) geometric heredity Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.13 Explain how twin studies and adoption studies are used in the field of behavioral genetics. Topic: 11.13 The Biology of Personality: Behavioral Genetics Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 144. Monozygotic twins are __________, whereas dizygotic twins are __________. a) the result of mitosis; the result of meiosis Incorrect. The type of twins that is born has nothing to do with the difference between mitosis and meiosis. b) fraternal; identical c) always the same gender; always the opposite genders d) identical; fraternal Correct. Identical twins form from one zygote, whereas fraternal twins are the result of two zygotes. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.13 Explain how twin studies and adoption studies are used in the field of behavioral genetics. Topic: 11.13 The Biology of Personality: Behavioral Genetics Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 145. What major conclusion about personality traits emerged from the Minnesota twin study? a) Identical twins are more similar than any other type of sibling. Correct. Identical twins, who share the same genes, are more similar in personality than are any other type of siblings. b) Siblings reared apart were much more similar than identical twins. c) Fraternal twins reared together were much more similar than identical twins. Incorrect. Identical twins, who share the same genes, are more similar in personality than are any other type of siblings. d) Personality scores for twins were not related in either case. Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.13 Explain how twin studies and adoption studies are used in the field of behavioral genetics. Topic: 11.13 The Biology of Personality: Behavioral Genetics Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy. 146. Extraversion has been associated with a higher volume in the __________ . a) medulla Incorrect. This brain region is unlikely to contribute much to personality. b) fissure of Rolando c) medial orbitofrontal cortex Correct. This brain region is associated with extraversion. d) posterior dorsal parietal lobe Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.14 Evaluate the role of neuroscience in the investigation of biological bases of personality. Topic: 11.14 The Biology of Personality: Neuroscience Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy. 147. Which of the Big Five traits shows the least correspondence to identifiable brain regions? a) openness Correct. Unlike the other four, this dimension shows scattered and mixed results. b) extraversion c) conscientiousness Incorrect. Conscientiousness is associated with the left lateral prefrontal cortex. d) agreeableness Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.14 Evaluate the role of neuroscience in the investigation of biological bases of personality. Topic: 11.14 The Biology of Personality: Neuroscience Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy. 148. Rondo stands a solid 6’ 5”. His dad, Roland, is 6’ 4”. His mother, Rochelle, is 6’ 0”, his brother Roger is 6’ 2”, and his other brother Ignacio stands 6’ 3”. In this family, which conclusion is accurate?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) The heritability of height is strong. Correct. If you understand this, you understand how to interpret heritability and neuroscience evidence related to personality. b) Genetics has no effect on height. c) Environmental conditions directly influence height over generations. d) Genetics accounts for 100% of variations in height. Incorrect. These people also share environmental conditions, most likely. Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.15 Summarize current research on the heritability and neuroscience of personality. Topic: 11.15 Current Thoughts on the Heritability and Neuroscience of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 149. The percentage of observable traits that is associated with variations in genetics is called __________ . a) heritability Correct. This is the definition of heritability. b) behavioral genetics Incorrect. This is the name of an overall field of study. c) virtuality d) specificity Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.15 Summarize current research on the heritability and neuroscience of personality. Topic: 11.15 Current Thoughts on the Heritability and Neuroscience of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 150. Which attribute is LEAST likely to be associated with a collectivistic culture? a) duty Incorrect. This is a quality associated with a collectivistic culture. b) order c) respect for elders d) equality Correct. Equality is associated with an individualistic culture, not a collectivistic culture. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.15 Summarize current research on the heritability and neuroscience of personality. Topic: 11.15 Current Thoughts on the Heritability and Neuroscience of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 151. Lin is Chinese American. She is very loyal to her family. Her sister lives with her, and she mails money back to China to her father and younger brother. Lin’s way of life is typical of someone who comes from a culture that is __________. a) collectivistic Correct. A collectivistic culture is one in which family ties and obligations are very strong. b) low in power distance Incorrect. Power distance has to do with the distribution of power in a society. The example of Lin has to do with the strength of family bonds, not power distribution.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) feminine d) low in uncertainty avoidance Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.15 Summarize current research on the heritability and neuroscience of personality. Topic: 11.15 Current Thoughts on the Heritability and Neuroscience of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 152. Which country is considered to be an individualistic culture? a) Japan Incorrect. Japan is a collectivistic culture. b) Qatar c) Mexico d) Great Britain Correct. Great Britain is an individualistic culture. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.15 Summarize current research on the heritability and neuroscience of personality. Topic: 11.15 Current Thoughts on the Heritability and Neuroscience of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 153. Using Geert Hofstede’s terms, how would you describe a cultural personality in which the majority of the members of the culture accept that power is in the hands of the few? a) individualistic b) high in power distance Correct. A culture in which the majority of the members of the culture accept that power is in the hands of the few is said to be high in power distance. c) masculine d) low in power distance Incorrect. A culture low in power distance is one in which the majority of the members of the culture expect power to be widely distributed. Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.15 Summarize current research on the heritability and neuroscience of personality. Topic: 11.15 Current Thoughts on the Heritability and Neuroscience of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 154. Jordan just received a traffic ticket but decided it is not worth being upset about. Jordan just made a __________. a) primary appraisal Correct. A primary appraisal involves evaluating the level of stress or threat in a situation. In this case, Jordan decided the ticket was not very important. b) secondary appraisal Incorrect. A secondary appraisal involves estimating the resources available for coping with a stressor. c) stress-related decision d) hassle-related decision Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.16 Summarize Lazarus’s cognitive appraisal approach to stress. Topic: 11.16 Cognitive Factors in Stress

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 155. Imagine that you have just flunked a class. You evaluate this situation and decide that flunking a class is stressful and important enough to be upset about. Next, you decide to repeat the class in summer school. You have made __________. a) a primary appraisal only Incorrect. You have made both a primary appraisal (the decision that flunking the class is important) and a secondary appraisal (to deal with it by repeating the class). b) both a primary and a secondary appraisal Correct. You have made both a primary appraisal (the decision that flunking the class is important) and a secondary appraisal (to deal with it by repeating the class). c) a stress-related decision d) a hassle-related decision Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.16 Summarize Lazarus’s cognitive appraisal approach to stress. Topic: 11.16 Cognitive Factors in Stress Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology 156. Chester is visiting the bank to deposit some money. As he completes the deposit slip, the ink in the pen suddenly runs dry. “You’ve gotta be *#!@&#! kidding me with this!!” he screams, to no one in particular. “Don’t waste my *#@&!$ time!! Somebody get me a pen that works!!!” What personality type is Chester exhibiting? a) Type A Correct. Chester is showing most of the hallmarks of the Type A personality. b) Type B c) Type C d) Type D Incorrect. These behaviors do not best represent the Type D personality. Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.17 Explain how personality types and attitudes can influence people’s reaction to stress. Topic: 11.17 Personality Factors in Stress Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology 157. Ingo is visiting the bank to deposit some money. As he completes the deposit slip, the ink in the pen suddenly runs dry. “Huh,” he says, to no one in particular. “No ink. We all reach the end sometime. Circle of life. Hakuna matata, baby.” What personality type is Ingo exhibiting? a) Type A b) Type B Correct. Ingo is showing most of the hallmarks of the Type B personality. c) Type C Incorrect. These behaviors do not best represent the Type C personality. d) Type D Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.17 Explain how personality types and attitudes can influence people’s reaction to stress. Topic: 11.17 Personality Factors in Stress Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 158. Vernon is visiting the bank to deposit some money. As he completes the deposit slip, the ink in the pen suddenly runs dry. Vernon feels an odd combination of anger, sadness, and worry. “Why has this happened now?! I don’t need another setback in my life. I’m not going to be able to complete this transaction! This is yet another failure in a failed life,” he sullenly mutters to himself. What personality type is Vernon exhibiting? a) Type A b) Type B Incorrect. These behaviors do not best represent the Type B personality. c) Type C d) Type D Correct. Vernon is showing most of the hallmarks of the Type D personality. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.17 Explain how personality types and attitudes can influence people’s reaction to stress. Topic: 11.17 Personality Factors in Stress Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology 159. Personality assessments conducted by behaviorists sometimes make use of __________. a) projective tests b) introspective tests c) reports by friends Incorrect. Reports by friends are of little value to behaviorists. d) rating scales and frequency counts Correct. Rating scales and frequency counts are often used by behaviorists when they assess personality. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.18 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews, behavioral assessments, and personality inventories to measure personality. Topic: 11.18 Interviews, Behavioral Assessments, and Personality Inventories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 160. Interviews in which the interviewer asks questions about any material that comes up and asks followup questions whenever appropriate are known as __________ interviews. a) unstructured Correct. Interviews in which the interviewer asks questions about any material that comes up and asks follow-up questions whenever appropriate are known as unstructured interviews. b) structured Incorrect. Interviews in which the interviewer asks questions about any material that comes up and asks follow-up questions whenever appropriate are known as unstructured interviews. c) global d) wide-focus Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.18 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews, behavioral assessments, and personality inventories to measure personality. Topic: 11.18 Interviews, Behavioral Assessments, and Personality Inventories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 89 a= 89 b= 6 c= 2 d= 2 r = .24 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 161. Sigmund Freud’s refusal to believe his patients who said they were sexually molested as children is an example of __________. a) the horn effect b) unconscious motives Incorrect. This had nothing to with Freud’s refusal to believe the patients’ reports. c) interviewer bias Correct. Freud chose to interpret these reports as fantasy rather than reality so that his theory would be justified. d) the halo effect Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.18 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews, behavioral assessments, and personality inventories to measure personality. Topic: 11.18 Interviews, Behavioral Assessments, and Personality Inventories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 162. The tendency to form a favorable or unfavorable impression of someone at the first meeting is called the __________. a) bias effect Incorrect. The halo effect is a type of bias, but it specifically addresses the bias that results from first impressions. b) interview bias c) halo effect Correct. Our first impressions of someone can cause us to interpret future information that we receive from them with a positive or negative bias. d) subject bias effect Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.18 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews, behavioral assessments, and personality inventories to measure personality. Topic: 11.18 Interviews, Behavioral Assessments, and Personality Inventories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 163. If you are completing a paper-and-pencil test that requires you to read statements and respond “true” or “false” to indicate whether or not the statements apply to you, then you are likely taking a(n) __________. a) observational measure b) TAT Incorrect. The TAT, or Thematic Apperception Test, is a form of a projective test. c) projective test d) personality inventory Correct. Personality inventories require you to answer questions like this in a paper-and-pencil type format. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.18 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews, behavioral assessments, and personality inventories to measure personality. Topic: 11.18 Interviews, Behavioral Assessments, and Personality Inventories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

164. As part of an application for a job, Antwan is asked to complete some psychological tests, including one in which he responds “true” or “false” to items such as “I feel sad most of the time” and “I had a good childhood.” What type of psychological test is Antwan taking? a) a behavioral log b) the TAT Incorrect. The TAT is a projective test. c) a projective test d) an inventory Correct. Personality inventories typically ask a series of short questions. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.18 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews, behavioral assessments, and personality inventories to measure personality. Topic: 11.18 Interviews, Behavioral Assessments, and Personality Inventories Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 57 a= 7 b= 22 c= 13 d= 57 r = .52 APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 165. Someone interested in an inventory that might be helpful in making a career choice should try __________. a) the TAT b) a Rorschach test c) the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Correct. The Myers-Briggs test is often used for career choice assessment. d) the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Incorrect. The MMPI is more likely to be used for assessing abnormal behavior and personality dysfunction rather than career choice. Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.18 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews, behavioral assessments, and personality inventories to measure personality. Topic: 11.18 Interviews, Behavioral Assessments, and Personality Inventories Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 30 a= 11 b= 8 c= 30 d= 52 r = .26 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research; 5.1 Apply psychological content and skills to career goals. 166. As part of the initial screening for possible employment, a nuclear power company administers a psychological test that yields scores on tendencies toward depression and schizophrenia. What is the name of this psychological test? a) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) b) Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Incorrect. The Myers-Briggs test does not focus on abnormal behaviors. c) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) d) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Correct. The MMPI tests for abnormal behavior patterns. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.18 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews, behavioral assessments, and personality inventories to measure personality. Topic: 11.18 Interviews, Behavioral Assessments, and Personality Inventories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 167. Which is the most commonly used personality inventory? a) MMPI-2-RF Correct. The MMPI-2-RF is used more often than any other inventory. b) MBTI Incorrect. The MMPI-2-RF is used more often than any other inventory. c) TAT d) CPI Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.18 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews, behavioral assessments, and personality inventories to measure personality. Topic: 11.18 Interviews, Behavioral Assessments, and Personality Inventories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 85 a= 85 b= 8 c= 2 d= 5 r = .47 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 168. What is one purpose of the validity scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)? a) to assess levels of current stressors b) to check the appropriateness of a particular diagnosis Incorrect. The MMPI assesses, but it does not diagnose. c) to detect the tendencies of test takers to present themselves in a favorable light Correct. The MMPI is one of the few tests that checks whether test takers are trying to present themselves in a favorable light. d) to distinguish items that incorrectly diagnose from those that correctly diagnose an individual Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.18 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews, behavioral assessments, and personality inventories to measure personality. Topic: 11.18 Interviews, Behavioral Assessments, and Personality Inventories Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 169. While taking the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Jennifer notices that it contains certain questions that are asked several times in different ways. She asks her son Sean, a graduate student in psychology, why that is. What is Sean likely to say? a) Truly psychotic individuals expect to find “strange” items on tests. b) Those items contain hidden content that is not apparent to normal people. Incorrect. Repeating a question will help check for valid answers. c) Some items are used to determine if test takers are trying to “fake” the test. Correct. Repeating a certain question in different ways helps testers check for valid answers. d) The MMPI contains a number of experimental items that are used in developing future versions of the test. Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.18 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews, behavioral assessments, and personality inventories to measure personality. Topic: 11.18 Interviews, Behavioral Assessments, and Personality Inventories Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 68 a= 0 b= 15 c= 68 d= 17 r = .36

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White % correct 52 a= 12 b= 19 c= 52 d= 18 r = .19 APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 170. Problems with behavioral assessments can include the __________ (when a person’s behavior is affected by being watched). a) observer effect Correct. Observer effect refers to a person’s behavior being affected by being watched. b) subject bias Incorrect. Subject bias is not a big problem in personality assessments by behaviorists. c) experimenter bias d) observer bias Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.18 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews, behavioral assessments, and personality inventories to measure personality. Topic: 11.18 Interviews, Behavioral Assessments, and Personality Inventories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 171. What is the main advantage of personality inventories over projective tests and interviews? a) Inventories are standardized. Correct. Standardization is a positive aspect of inventories. b) Interviews are standardized. c) Interviews have higher validity. Incorrect. Interviews are varied and often lack validity. d) There are no major differences. Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.18 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews, behavioral assessments, and personality inventories to measure personality. Topic: 11.18 Interviews, Behavioral Assessments, and Personality Inventories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 172. Which personality assessment strategy requires people to respond to unstructured or ambiguous stimuli? a) dynamic b) projective Correct. A projective test is one in which a person is shown a series of ambiguous pictures or inkblots and is asked to describe what she or he perceives. c) objective Incorrect. Objective tests are structured and ask straightforward questions. d) predictive Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.19 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using projective personality tests. Topic: 11.19 Projective Tests Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 85 a= 2 b= 85 c= 13 d= 0 r = .26 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 173. Projective tests make use of __________ stimuli.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) objective b) paper-and-pencil c) three-dimensional Incorrect. The projective tests do not all use three-dimensional stimuli, though some do. d) ambiguous Correct. A person’s interpretation of this ambiguity is thought to reflect her or his unconscious processes. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.19 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using projective personality tests. Topic: 11.19 Projective Tests Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 174. Otto completed the Rorschach test as part of his AP Psychology class. He described one inkblot as being “full of fury…I see a clenched fist in the upper left corner…and there’s a blurry image of a scowling troll, beating a unicorn with a candy cane.” In order to interpret Otto’s responses, what is the test administrator likely to do? a) ask Otto to redraw the inkblot, clarifying where the specific images are and adding any other elements he thinks are relevant to the stimulus Incorrect. This would seem like an unlikely way to proceed. b) compare Otto’s responses to the inkblot with his responses to at least four self-report inventories of personality c) use a scoring system based on the frequency of similar responses and themes generated by other test-takers in the general population Correct. This is the scoring strategy applied to this assessment procedure. d) examine the same image herself, a week later, and see how many details she can recall from Otto’s description, and how many details she disagrees with Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.19 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using projective personality tests. Topic: 11.19 Projective Tests Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 175. A person’s responses to a projective test are thought to reflect __________. a) current events b) daydreaming themes c) maladaptive patterns of behavior Incorrect. Many responses to projective tests are not maladaptive at all. d) unconscious thoughts and feelings Correct. Projective tests use ambiguous stimuli in the hope that the subject will project unconscious thoughts and feelings onto them. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.19 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using projective personality tests. Topic: 11.19 Projective Tests Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 70 a= 0 b= 4 c= 22 d= 70 r = .21 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 176. When Aimee looks at some modern artwork at the museum, she often thinks she sees human figures or faces and likes to make up stories about them. When she tells the stories to her friend, her friend says

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White that the stories reflect Aimee’s unconscious thoughts. In psychological terms, what Aimee does is most similar to __________. a) classical conditioning b) a projective test Correct. Projective tests use ambiguous stimuli in the hope that the subject will project unconscious thoughts and feelings onto them. c) behavior sampling d) an objective test Incorrect. Objective tests ask straightforward questions that do not require the subject to make up stories. Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.19 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using projective personality tests. Topic: 11.19 Projective Tests Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 177. Zaahir has devised a test in which people look at clouds and talk about what they see. What type of test would psychologists call this? a) a dynamic test b) a projective test Correct. A projective test is one in which a person is shown a series of ambiguous pictures or inkblots and is asked to describe what she or he perceives; clouds can be perceived as looking like various objects or figures. c) an objective test Incorrect. Objective tests are structured and do not ask for any creativity. d) a predictive test Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.19 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using projective personality tests. Topic: 11.19 Projective Tests Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 77 a= 4 b= 77 c= 19 d= 0 r = .19 APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 178. Which measurement device is a projective test? a) MMPI-2-RF Incorrect. This is an example of a personality inventory. b) 16PF c) NEO-PI-3 d) Rorschach Correct. This is commonly referred to as the inkblot test. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.19 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using projective personality tests. Topic: 11.19 Projective Tests Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 179. Which personality test relies on the interpretation of inkblots to understand personality? a) MMPI-2-RF b) 16PF c) TAT

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. The TAT is a projective test in which a person sees a series of ambiguous pictures and is asked to make up a story. d) Rorschach Correct. The Rorschach test is a projective test focusing on the interpretation of inkblots. Answer: d Learning Objective: 11.19 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using projective personality tests. Topic: 11.19 Projective Tests Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 90 a= 2 b= 0 c= 8 d= 90 r = .19 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 180. Ursula described one of the images in the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) this way: “The man looks very afraid, as though he knows something bad is about to happen. He’s certain he’ll be arrested and put in jail, where he’ll be abused by the guards and by his cellmate.” What would a psychodynamic theorist say is the source of the fear and anxiety in this story? a) the content of the picture Ursula is describing Incorrect. The content of projective tests doesn’t suggest anything one way or the other. b) Ursula’s unconscious worries and fears Correct. Ursula is projecting her worries onto the ambiguous image. c) suggestions made by the test administrator d) Ursula’s actual life experiences Answer: b Learning Objective: 11.19 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using projective personality tests. Topic: 11.19 Projective Tests Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 181. Sydney went to see a psychologist, who showed her several detailed black and white pictures and asked her to explain what was going on in them. Which test was the psychologist using? a) TAT Correct. The Thematic Apperception Test involves telling a story related to a series of cards with an ambiguous scene on them. b) MMPI-2-RF Incorrect. The MMPI-2-RF is a personality inventory that uses a pencil-and-paper format. The correct answer to this question is the TAT. c) Cattell’s 16PF d) NEO-PI-3 Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.19 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using projective personality tests. Topic: 11.19 Projective Tests Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 182. Which of the following is one criticism of projective tests? a) They are inappropriate for use with children. Incorrect. There are several projective tests used with children. b) They are too simple in their administration and scoring. c) They have low validity and reliability. Correct. Projective tests have low validity and reliability because there is so much interpretation involved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) They fail to take into account differences in the testing environments. Answer: c Learning Objective: 11.19 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using projective personality tests. Topic: 11.19 Projective Tests Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 67 a= 0 b= 5 c= 67 d= 28 r = .28 APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 183. Which statement is a claim often made by critics of projective testing? a) The interpretation of projective tests is too subjective. Correct. The interpretation of projective tests is subjective, which is a legitimate criticism. b) These tests are effective in predicting job performance. c) People try to answer questions in ways that make them look better than they are. Incorrect. The fact that people try to answer questions in ways that make them look better is a criticism of personality inventories, not projective tests. d) These tests create anxiety in those being tested. Answer: a Learning Objective: 11.19 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using projective personality tests. Topic: 11.19 Projective Tests Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. TRUE OR FALSE 184. Sigmund Freud proposed that his patients’ disorders resulted most often from psychological conflicts related to sex. Answer: True Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 185. The id operates according to the reality principle. Answer: False Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 186. Calvin is extremely uptight and compulsively neat and orderly. According to psychodynamic theory, he became fixated at the oral stage of psychosexual development. Answer: False Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 187. According to Freud, the stage during which children develop a marked attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and become jealous of the same-sex parent is the phallic stage.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: True Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 188. According to Freud, girls have to go through the Oedipus complex, but boys do not. Answer: False Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 189. Carl Jung’s idea of the collective unconscious and Sigmund Freud’s idea of the unconscious are very similar. Answer: False Learning Objective: 11.4 Describe how the neo-Freudians modified Freud’s theory. Topic: 11.4 The Neo-Freudians Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 190. Karen Horney viewed personality disturbances as resulting from the basic anxiety all people share. Answer: True Learning Objective: 11.4 Describe how the neo-Freudians modified Freud’s theory. Topic: 11.4 The Neo-Freudians Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 191. Freud’s psychodynamic theory has been completely disregarded since the advent of new technology that has allowed us to understand the brain differently. Answer: False Learning Objective: 11.5 Evaluate the influence of Freudian theory on modern personality theories. Topic: 11.5 Current Thoughts on Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 192. Freud’s theories about how early childhood experiences impact personality later in life came from his direct observation of children in his clinical practice. Answer: False Learning Objective: 11.5 Evaluate the influence of Freudian theory on modern personality theories. Topic: 11.5 Current Thoughts on Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 193. Albert Bandura called the relationship of the three factors that influence personality psychic determinism. Answer: False Learning Objective: 11.6 Compare and contrast the learning theories of Bandura and Rotter. Topic: 11.6 Learning Theories

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 194. Self-efficacy refers to the ability of a person to give unconditional positive regard to another person. Answer: False Learning Objective: 11.6 Compare and contrast the learning theories of Bandura and Rotter. Topic: 11.6 Learning Theories Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 195. According to Carl Rogers, a person whose real self and ideal self are close has a better chance of reaching self-actualization. Answer: True Learning Objective: 11.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality. Topic: 11.8 Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 196. According to Rogers, one’s perception of whom one should be or would like to be is called the real self. Answer: False Learning Objective: 11.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality. Topic: 11.8 Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 197. Gordon Allport thought traits were wired into the brain, even though he provided no evidence of this. Answer: True Learning Objective: 11.10 Describe early attempts to use traits to conceptualize personality. Topic: 11.10 Allport and Cattell: Early Attempts to List and Describe Traits Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 198. A great way to remember the Big Five personality traits is with the acronym THEME. Answer: False Learning Objective: 11.11 Identify the five trait dimensions of the five-factor model of personality. Topic: 11.11 Modern Trait Theories: The Big Five Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 199. The Minnesota twin studies have determined, as a result of years of research, that personality is entirely genetic and is NOT influenced by our surroundings or environment. Answer: False Learning Objective: 11.13 Explain how twin studies and adoption studies are used in the field of behavioral genetics. Topic: 11.13 The Biology of Personality: Behavioral Genetics Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 200. The Yerkes-Dodson law describes the relationship between power distance and severity of acculturative stress. Answer: False Learning Objective: 11.16 Summarize Lazarus’s cognitive appraisal approach to stress. Topic: 11.16 Cognitive Factors in Stress Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 201. Psychologists have identified Type A, B, F, H, and Y personality types and documented each type’s relationship to the experience of stressful events. Answer: False Learning Objective: 11.17 Explain how personality types and attitudes can influence people’s reaction to stress. Topic: 11.17 Personality Factors in Stress Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 202. Projective tests such as the Rorschach inkblot test have a distinct advantage over other personality assessments because of their high validity and reliability. Answer: False Learning Objective: 11.19 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using projective personality tests. Topic: 11.19 Projective Tests Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. 203. The MMPI-2-RF and the TAT are both well-known projective tests. Answer: False Learning Objective: 11.19 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using projective personality tests. Topic: 11.19 Projective Tests Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

SHORT ANSWER

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

204. Briefly discuss Freud’s idea of the unconscious. Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 205. Define id, ego, and superego. Learning Objective: 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Topic: 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 206. Describe an adult who is fixated at the oral stage. Learning Objective: 11.3 Distinguish among Freud’s five psychosexual stages of personality development. Topic: 11.3 Stages of Personality Development Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 207. What did Carl Jung mean by the collective unconscious? Learning Objective: 11.4 Describe how the neo-Freudians modified Freud’s theory. Topic: 11.4 The Neo-Freudians Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 208. Discuss one major difference between modern psychoanalytic theory and Freud’s initial views of psychoanalysis. Learning Objective: 11.5 Evaluate the influence of Freudian theory on modern personality theories. Topic: 11.5 Current Thoughts on Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 209. Briefly discuss how behaviorists explain personality. Learning Objective: 11.6 Compare and contrast the learning theories of Bandura and Rotter. Topic: 11.6 Learning Theories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 210. Discuss the major similarity between the personality theories of Albert Bandura and Julian Rotter. Learning Objective: 11.6 Compare and contrast the learning theories of Bandura and Rotter. Topic: 11.6 Learning Theories Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 211. What did Carl Rogers mean by unconditional positive regard? Learning Objective: 11.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 11.8 Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 212. What is a trait? Learning Objective: 11.10 Describe early attempts to use traits to conceptualize personality. Topic: 11.10 Allport and Cattell: Early Attempts to List and Describe Traits Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 213. Define the term “trait–situation interaction,” and provide two examples of how this might operate in daily life. Learning Objective: 11.12 Evaluate the strengths and limitations of the trait view of personality. Topic: 11.12 Current Thoughts on the Trait Perspective Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 214. Briefly describe some differences between an individualistic culture and a collectivistic culture. Learning Objective: 11.15 Summarize current research on the heritability and neuroscience of personality. Topic: 11.15 Current Thoughts on the Heritability and Neuroscience of Personality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 215. List and explain the three qualities that make up a hardy personality. Learning Objective: 11.17 Explain how personality types and attitudes can influence people’s reaction to stress. Topic: 11.17 Personality Factors in Stress Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 216. Describe one projective test, and list its advantages and disadvantages. Learning Objective: 11.19 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using projective personality tests. Topic: 11.19 Projective Tests Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research. ESSAY 217. Using any two of the different perspectives on personality, discuss your own personality. What are your positive and not-so-positive attributes? Have you ever wondered how you became the person you are? What do you think contributes to the personality you have developed? Are there ways you’d like to change your personality? Do you think those changes are possible? Learning Objectives: 11.1 Define the term personality and identify several traditional perspectives in the study of personality; 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud; 11.6 Compare and contrast the learning theories of Bandura and Rotter; 11.8 Describe how humanists such as

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Carl Rogers explain personality; 11.11 Identify the five trait dimensions of the five-factor model of personality; 11.13 Explain how twin studies and adoption studies are used in the field of behavioral genetics. Topics: 11.1 Theories of Personality; 11.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality; 11.6 Learning Theories; 11.8 Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective; 11.11 Modern Trait Theories: The Big Five; 11.13 The Biology of Personality: Behavioral Genetics Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 218. What is the main disagreement between the theories of Sigmund Freud and Karen Horney? How are their theories alike? Which do you agree with, if either, and why? Learning Objective: 11.4 Describe how the neo-Freudians modified Freud’s theory. Topic: 11.4 The Neo-Freudians Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 219. Why does Freudian theory garner so much criticism? What are some positive qualities of Freud’s theory that might describe behavior in the twenty-first century? Learning Objective: 11.5 Evaluate the influence of Freudian theory on modern personality theories. Topic: 11.5 Current Thoughts on Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy. 220. Explain why humanism is the “third force” in psychology by comparing its core principles to those of the other “two forces” it was intended to supplement. How does each of the three perspectives involved view the origins and development of personality? Learning Objectives: 11.4 Describe how the neo-Freudians modified Freud’s theory; 11.6 Compare and contrast the learning theories of Bandura and Rotter; 11.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality. Topics: 11.4 The Neo-Freudians; 11.8 Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 221. What are the pros and cons of trait theories of personality? Learning Objective: 11.12 Evaluate the strengths and limitations of the trait view of personality. Topic: 11.12 Current Thoughts on the Trait Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy. 222. Do you think that a person has to have only one personality style (A, B, or C), or can people have facets of more than one style at different times? If you think this is possible, what has to happen to bring out qualities of a different personality style in one individual? Give an example of a time when you acted in a way that was not consistent with your own personality style. Learning Objective: 11.17 Explain how personality types and attitudes can influence people’s reaction to stress. Topic: 11.17 Personality Factors in Stress Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 223. If you had to take a personality assessment, which type (projective, interview, inventory) would you prefer? Would you want to be assessed by more than one approach? What are the benefits and drawbacks of the approaches you selected? Learning Objective: 11.18 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews, behavioral assessments, and personality inventories to measure personality. Topic: 11.18 Interviews, Behavioral Assessments, and Personality Inventories Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Test Yourself Pick the best answer. 1. If you are describing characteristics of your child such as irritability or adaptability, psychologists would say you are not describing her or his personality but rather her or his _______. a. character b. consciousness c. mood d. temperament 2. According to Freud, the _______ works off of the pleasure principle, while the ________ is often perceived as the executive director of your personality. a. id, ego b. ego, superego c. superego, id d. superego, ego 3. You are shocked to hear that two of your coworkers who seemingly hated one another are now getting married. According to Freud, what defense mechanism best explains their prior behavior? a. projection b. reaction formation c. repression d. regression 4. Four-year-old Brandon has watched his father as he has mowed the lawn. This year, Brandon has asked for a lawn mower of his own for his birthday. Freud would say that Brandon is beginning the process of _______ as a way of resolving his Oedipal conflict. a. identification b. compensation c. sublimation d. denial 5. Your professor explains how all females have an inner masculine side that adds to their personality. This concept is known as a(n) a. anima. b. animus. c. shadow d. source trait. 6. According to Adler, the defense mechanism of ________ is important in our personality development, as we attempt to overcome feelings of inferiority. a. compensation b. denial c. sublimation d. identification 7. Karen Horney’s study of one’s personality focused on a. anxiety during childhood. b. biological changes during adolescence. c. trait-based characteristics that were present in infancy. d. environmental influences through adulthood. 8. Ginger believes that fate will help her find the right man with whom to live her life. According to Rotter,

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White she has a(n) ________. a. external locus of control b. internal locus of control c. strong self-efficacy d. perceived sense of control 9. Letty works hard at her job because she believes it will increase her chances for a promotion. According to Julian Rotter’s theory, her effort is an example of what he calls ________. a. reinforcement value b. expectancy c. archetypes d. latency stage 10. What is a primary advantage of the social-cognitive view of personality over the psychodynamic view? a. The social cognitive view tries to explain how people become the people they are. b. The social cognitive view stresses the importance of early childhood in personality development. c. The social cognitive view is fully able to explain all the complexities of human behavior. d. The social cognitive view has concepts that can be tested scientifically. 11. Which perspective of psychology focuses on the role of each person’s conscious life experiences and choices in personality development? a. trait b. behavior c. humanistic d. psychodynamic 12. An old motto of the U.S. Army was, “Be all you can be.” This concept fits well with Carl Rogers’s theory of _______. a. self-actualizing tendency b. empathy c. unconditional positive regard d. the real versus the ideal self 13. According to Rogers, a mismatch between the real and ideal self a. can result in anxiety and neurotic behavior. b. typically motivates individuals to close the gap. c. causes people to better understand their unconscious motives. d. causes an increase in unconditional positive regard. 14. Dr. Hill is constantly late for meetings. She often arrives to her classes 5 to 10 minutes late and leaves students waiting at her door during office hours for up to 30 minutes. Using the five-factor model, which dimension would show a very low score for Dr. Hill? a. self-sufficiency b. openness c. agreeableness d. conscientiousness 15. To explain an individual’s personality, trait theorists would look to a. early childhood emotional traumas. b. the kind of love, warmth, and affection given to the person by her or his parents. c. the early experiences of rewards and punishments for certain behavior. d. the constellation of personality characteristics possessed by the person. 16. Personality neuroscience is an emerging field offering evidence of a possible relationship between various aspects of personality and

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a. brain structure and function. b. the structure and function of individual neurons. c. skull shape and size. d. neuroticism. 17. Studies of the hereditability of personality traits have found a. little evidence to support the belief that personality can be passed on by genetics. b. evidence to support the belief that personality can be passed on by genetics but only in highly developed countries. c. strong evidence to support the belief that some personality traits can be passed on by genetics. d. strong evidence that personality is passed on exclusively by genetics. 18. Which type of assessment would be the most reliable? a. subjective test b. projective test c. personality inventory d. observational study 19. The ________ is based on the five-factor model, while ________ is based on the work of Raymond Cattell. a. NEO-PI-3, 16PF b. MBTI, NEO-PI-3 c. MMPI-2-RF, MBTI d. 16PF, MMPI-2-RF 20. As examples of what might be required as parts of specific projective tests, the ________ asks clients to look at a picture and tell a story while the ________ asks clients to report everything they see in an ambiguous figure. a. Rorschach, Thematic Apperception Test b. MMPI-2-RF, Thematic Apperception Test c. MMPI-2-RF, NEO-PI-3 d. Thematic Apperception Test, Rorschach

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

EXTRA BANK OF QUESTIONS 13: THEORIES OF PERSONALITY ________________________________________________________________________ 13.1 Theories of Personality 1. The pattern of characteristic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persists over time and situations and distinguishes one person from another is called __________. a. a trait b. an emotional profile c. personality d. the primary process Answer c % correct 59 a= 38 b= 3 c= 59 d= 0 r = .20 2. The pattern of characteristic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persists over time and situations and distinguishes one person from another is called __________. a. a trait b. a habit c. personality d. learning Answer c % correct 83 a= 16 b= 0 c= 83 d= 0 r = .22

13.2–13.5 Psychodynamic Perspectives 13.2 Freud’s Conception of Personality 3. Which aspect of the mind held the greatest fascination for Freud? a. the preconscious mind b. the conscious area c. suppressions d. the unconscious Answer d % correct 86 a= 14 b= 0 c= 0 d= 86 r = .26 4. Which structure of personality houses one’s instincts, according to Freud? a. ego-ideal b. ego c. id d. superego Answer c % correct 79 a= 3 b= 17 c= 79 d= 0 r = .24 5. According to Freud, the part of personality that seeks to avoid pain is the __________. a. id b. ego c. superego d. ego-ideal Answer a % correct 43 a= 43 b= 24 c= 33 d= 0 r = .36 6. Which of the following is an accurate statement about the id? a. It is in close contact with bodily needs. b. It follows the reality principle.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c. It houses the conscience. d. It drives us to live up to our ideals. Answer a % correct 67 a= 67 b= 0 c= 14 d= 19

r = .33

7. According to psychoanalytic theory, the __________ is the most basic personality system. a. preconscious b. ego c. id d. superego Answer c % correct 69 a= 10 b= 18 c= 69 d= 3 r = .39 8. What did Freud call the part of the personality that learns that we will be happier if we postpone gratification? a. id b. ego c. authentic self d. superego Answer b % correct 56 a= 13 b= 56 c= 5 d= 26 r = .46 9. What did Freud call the part of the personality that begins to develop at about age 5? a. id b. ego c. authentic self d. superego Answer d % correct 49 a= 8 b= 41 c= 3 d= 49 r = .20 10. Which of the following Freudian concepts motivates us to better ourselves and live up to our ideals? a. id b. ego c. reality principle d. superego Answer d % correct 67 a= 14 b= 5 c= 14 d= 67 r = .35 11. The superego is the part of the personality that represents the __________. a. pleasure principle b. reality principle c. thanatos d. conscience Answer d % correct 62 a= 8 b= 31 c= 0 d= 62 r = .52 12. Steve seems to be constantly condemning himself for being bad and “sinful.” In psychoanalytic terms, we would say that Steve has an overdeveloped __________. a. libido b. id c. ego d. superego Answer d % correct 55 a= 0 b= 23 c= 23 d= 55 r = .47 13. The pleasure principle is to the reality principle as the __________ is to the __________. a. ego; id b. id; ego c. ego; superego d. id; superego Answer b % correct 62 a= 7 b= 62 c= 14 d= 17 r = .44

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

14. Pleasure principle is to __________ as reality principle is to __________. a. id; superego b. superego; id c. id; ego d. ego; id Answer c % correct 60 a= 20 b= 10 c= 60 d= 10 r = .21 15. The id is the part of the personality that operates according to the __________. a. pleasure principle b. superego c. rules of reality d. past experiences of the individual Answer a % correct 91 a= 91 b= 0 c= 9 d= 0 r = .52 16. The part of the personality that operates on the reality principle is the __________. a. superego b. ego c. id d. eros Answer b % correct 82 a= 9 b= 82 c= 9 d= 0 r = .50 17. Tiffany has a desire to eat a steak with a baked potato smothered with butter and sour cream. One component of her personality tells her that, because she is overweight, she should fast instead of eating the meal and direct her efforts to ending world hunger. Another component suggests that it would be better to eat a salad and a bran muffin, then run 2 miles. The fasting suggestion most likely was made by which component of personality? a. id b. ego c. superego d. oral Answer c % correct 33 a= 5 b= 62 c= 33 d= 0 r = .65 18. Six-year-old Rafaela sees her younger brother approaching with the new toy he received for his birthday. Rafaela suddenly decides she wants the toy, so she pushes her brother to the ground, grabs his toy, and rushes into the next room to play with it. During this situation, the part of Rafaela’s personality that is most likely in control is her __________. a. conscious b. superego c. ego d. id Answer d % correct 85 a= 0 b= 8 c= 8 d= 85 r = .48 19. Jeremy dreamed that he was in a train that entered a tunnel. If a psychologist believed that the dream expressed Jeremy’s unconscious sexual desires, the psychologist would likely be a __________. a. humanist b. learning theorist c. personologist d. psychoanalyst Answer d % correct 97 a= 0 b= 0 c= 3 d= 97 r = .25 20. Lizzy is an angry, hostile woman. At work and in her personal life, she is described as an energetic gogetter because she is a workaholic and does a great deal of volunteer work for abused children and women. Lizzy’s behavior may be an example of which defense mechanism?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a. sublimation b. displacement c. reaction formation d. projection Answer a % correct 34

a= 34 b= 10 c= 41 d= 14

r = .24

21. Bethany is a morally rigorous person who demands that her daughter remain a virgin until she is married. Bethany cannot remember her own premarital sexual encounters. Which defense mechanism would likely account for this memory lapse? a. rationalization b. denial c. repression d. projection Answer c % correct 76 a= 3 b= 21 c= 76 d= 0 r = .24 22. “I didn’t get the job even though I was the most qualified applicant because the company has to hire a minority worker.” This statement MOST illustrates which defense mechanism? a. rationalization b. denial c. repression d. projection Answer a % correct 87 a= 87 b= 3 c= 3 d= 8 r = .37 23. A college professor continually implies that his students are intellectually inferior. Which of the following defense mechanisms is this professor likely using? a. projection b. denial c. reaction formation d. sublimation Answer a % correct 49 a= 49 b= 15 c= 23 d= 13 r = .24 24. If a person becomes a Catholic priest or nun because of latent homosexual desires, her or his occupational choice might represent which defense mechanism? a. sublimation b. displacement c. reaction formation d. projection Answer a % correct 26 a= 26 b= 18 c= 46 d= 10 r = .22 25. Sara was upset by her boss, so she goes home and beats her children, who in turn kick the dog. This example illustrates the concept of __________. a. displacement b. undoing c. projection d. reaction formation Answer a % correct 69 a= 69 b= 0 c= 14 d= 17 r = .23 26. Picasso’s paintings often contained exaggerated sexual symbolism. This way of expressing a basic impulse in a socially praiseworthy fashion illustrates the use of __________. a. displacement b. sublimation c. projection d. reaction formation Answer b % correct 76 a= 7 b= 76 c= 7 d= 10 r = .23

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

13.3 Stages of Personality Development 27. Which of the following gives the stages of development outlined by Freud in the order in which they occur? a. anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital b. anal, latency, oral, phallic, genital c. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital d. oral, anal, latency, phallic, genital Answer c % correct 90 a= 0 b= 0 c= 90 d= 10 r = .32 28. An orally fixated person would most likely __________. a. be an only child b. dislike her or his father c. be a sloppy dresser d. eat and smoke a great deal Answer d % correct 95 a= 5 b= 0 c= 0 d= 95 r = .20 29. The process of toilet training occurs during the __________ stage. a. phallic b. oral c. anal d. genital Answer c % correct 95 a= 0 b= 0 c= 95 d= 5 r = .55 30. The Oedipus and Electra complexes occur during the __________ stage. a. anal b. phallic c. oral d. latency Answer b % correct 86 a= 7 b= 86 c= 3 d= 3 r = .39 31. Identifying with one’s opposite-sex parent occurs in which psychosexual stage? a. oral b. anal c. phallic d. genital Answer c % correct 87 a= 0 b= 0 c= 87 d= 13 r = .53 32. The stage of personality development that lasts from about age 6 until puberty is known as the __________ stage. a. phallic b. anal c. genital d. latency Answer d % correct 79 a= 10 b= 0 c= 10 d= 79 r = .32 33. The latency period lasts from around __________ years of age. a. 1–3 b. 3–6 c. 6–12 d. 12–18 Answer c % correct 73 a= 5 b= 5 c= 73 d= 18 r = .50

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 34. According to Tom’s psychoanalyst, he was traumatized during the anal stage of his psychosexual development, which accounts for Tom’s tightwad habits. Which of the following would be Freud’s term for Tom’s behavior? a. anal retentive b. anal expulsive c. parsimonious d. serendipitous Answer a % correct 95 a= 95 b= 5 c= 0 d= 0 r = .25

13.4 The Neo-Freudians 35. Individual memory is to preconscious as ancestral memory is to __________. a. unconscious b. personal unconscious c. ego d. collective unconscious Answer d % correct 76 a= 10 b= 14 c= 0 d= 76 r = .47 36. According to Jung, our repressed thoughts, undeveloped ideas, and forgotten experiences are contained in the __________. a. persona b. archetype c. personal unconscious d. collective unconscious Answer c % correct 61 a= 11 b= 11 c= 61 d= 16 r = .31 37. Adler believed that people often are motivated by __________. a. feelings of inferiority b. sexual instincts c. their locus of control d. traumatic events during childhood Answer a % correct 76 a= 76 b= 0 c= 14 d= 10 r = .20

13.5 Current Thoughts on Freud and the Psychodynamic Perspective 38. Which of the following is the most criticized and least empirically supported of Freud’s ideas? a. superego b. ego c. latency period d. Oedipus and Electra complexes Answer d % correct 95 a= 0 b= 5 c= 0 d= 95 r = .21 39. Freud developed his theory of personality on the basis of __________. a. carefully controlled experiments b. systematic observations of children c. cross-cultural investigations d. case studies of patients Answer d % correct 95 a= 0 b= 5 c= 0 d= 95 r = .30

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 13.8–13.9 The Third Force: Humanism and Personality 13.8 Carl Rogers and the Humanistic Perspective 40. __________ theory emphasizes that humans are positively motivated and progress toward higher levels of functioning. a. Humanistic b. Psychoanalytic c. Social learning d. Trait Answer a % correct 89 a= 89 b= 5 c= 6 d= 0 r = .44 41. Which of the following believed that humans have a natural motivation to reach their highest potential? a. Maslow b. Skinner c. Adler d. Jung Answer a % correct 48 a= 48 b= 3 c= 41 d= 7 r = .45 42. According to Carl Rogers, all people have a need for __________. a. superiority b. sex and aggression c. positive regard d. anxiety reduction Answer c % correct 90 a= 7 b= 0 c= 90 d= 3 r = .39 43. The most famous humanistic psychologist was __________. a. Rogers b. Skinner c. Maslow d. Adler Answer a % correct 50 a= 50 b= 14 c= 27 d= 9 r = .38 44. The push toward fulfillment of our inborn capacities and potentialities is what Rogers called the __________. a. primary process b. compensatory process c. self-actualizing tendency d. need for achievement Answer c % correct 52 a= 28 b= 3 c= 52 d= 17 r = .44 45. Unconditional positive regard is most important to __________. a. Freud b. Jung c. Maslow d. Rogers Answer d % correct 64 a= 0 b= 14 c= 23 d= 64 r = .27

13.16–13.17 Assessment of Personality 13.16 Interviews, Behavioral Assessments, and Personality Inventories 46. To assess personality, behaviorists prefer __________.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a. direct observation b. interviews c. objective tests d. projective tests Answer a % correct 73

a= 73 b= 14 c= 9 d= 5

r = .43

47. When later questions are developed “on the spot” based on a respondent’s previous answers, the researcher is using which method? a. behavioral assessment b. unstructured interview c. structured interview d. projective technique Answer b % correct 60 a= 20 b= 60 c= 0 d= 20 r = .26 48. The most widely used objective personality test is the __________. a. MMPI-2-RF b. EPQ c. 16PF d. TAT Answer a % correct 82 a= 82 b= 5 c= 5 d= 9 r = .42 49. Jared goes to a psychologist because he is continually depressed. When he gets to the psychologist’s office, he realizes that while he wants to end his depression, it will take him far too long to tell the doctor his life story. The psychologist senses Jared’s reluctance and decides to administer an objective test to reveal Jared’s attitudes and feelings. Which of the following tests is the doctor most likely to administer? a. MMPI-2-RF b. TAT c. 16PF d. Rorschach Answer a % correct 56 a= 56 b= 17 c= 11 d= 17 r = .35 50. Why was the MMPI originally developed? a. to identify people with psychological disorders b. to identify malingerers from people with true conversion disorders c. to identify applicants with the most potential for managerial positions d. to select applicants for the OSS who could make the best agents and spies Answer a % correct 72 a= 72 b= 8 c= 18 d= 3 r = .28 51. Which of the following is an objective test that describes personality and can be used to help diagnose emotional problems? a. MMPI-2-RF b. CPI c. Rorschach d. TAT Answer a % correct 86 a= 86 b= 3 c= 7 d= 3 r = .31

13.19 Projective Tests 52. Which of the following tests has a respondent construct a story about a picture? a. MMPI-2-RF b. CPI c. Rorschach d. TAT

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer d

% correct 83

a= 3 b= 0 c= 14 d= 83

r = .56

53. Which personality tests rely on the interpretation of inkblots to understand personality? a. MMPI-2-RF b. TAT c. 16PF d. Rorschach Answer d % correct 86 a= 0 b= 9 c= 5 d= 86 r = .53 54. When a test actually measures what it is supposed to measure, the test has __________. a. reliability b. discriminative power c. statistical power d. validity Answer d % correct 86 a= 14 b= 0 c= 0 d= 86 r = .36 55. Consistency of measurement is indicative of the __________ of a test. a. validity b. difficulty c. reliability d. power Answer c % correct 83 a= 17 b= 0 c= 83 d= 0 r = .34

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Revel Quizzes The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Psychology: An Exploration, Fifth Edition. End of Module Quiz 11.2-11.5: Psychodynamic Perspectives EOM 11.2.1 If you are asked to describe your best friends by explaining how they act, typically feel, and what they think about, you would be describing their a) personality. b) temperament. c) character. d) mood. Answer: a Consider This: This is an area of psychology in which there are several ways to explain the characteristic behavior of human beings. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 11.1 Define the term personality and identify several traditional perspectives in the study of personality. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Psychodynamic Perspectives EOM 11.2.2 According to Freud, the ___________________ mind was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality. a) unconscious b) preconscious c) conscious d) conscience Answer: a Consider This: Freud believed that even when a person makes a determined effort to bring a memory out of this part of the mind, it will not appear directly. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Psychodynamic Perspectives EOM 11.2.3 According to Freud, which part of the personality is totally buried within each individual? a) id b) ego c) superego d) conscience Answer: a Consider This: This part of the personality exists at birth and contains all of the basic biological drives. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOM 11.2.4 The awakening of sexual curiosity and interest in the genitals is the beginning of what Freud termed the a) phallic stage. b) anal stage c) oral stage. d) latency stage. Answer: a Consider This: This stage occurs when a child is around 3 to 6 years old. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 13.1 Distinguish among the five psychosexual stages of personality development. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Psychodynamic Perspectives EOM 11.2.5 Many of Malik’s friends like to dress up on Halloween as devils, vampires, and zombies. According to Carl Jung’s theory, what archetype is being expressed? a) shadow b) anima c) animus d) persona Answer: a Consider This: Jung thought this was the dark side of personality. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 11.4 Describe how the neo-Freudians modified Freud’s theory. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Psychodynamic Perspectives EOM 11.2.6 Which neo-Freudian believed personality was mostly a product of dealing with anxieties during childhood? a) Karen Horney b) Erik Erikson c) Carl Jung d) Alfred Adler Answer: a Consider This: Some children try to deal with their anxiety by moving toward people, becoming dependent and clingy. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 11.4 Describe how the neo-Freudians modified Freud’s theory. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Psychodynamic Perspectives End of Module Quiz: 11.6-11.7 The Behavioral and Social Cognitive View of Personality EOM 11.3.1 According to behavioral theory, personality primarily consists of a) learned responses. b) unconscious forces. c) biologically driven traits. d) personal choices. Answer: a Consider This: According to this theory, everything a person does is a response to some environmental stimulus that has been reinforced or strengthened by a reward in some way.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 11.6 Compare and contrast the learning theories of Bandura and Rotter. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Behavioral and Social Cognitive View of Personality EOM 11.3.2 Albert Bandura considers ____________________ as a person’s expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance. a) self-efficacy b) self-image c) self-esteem d) self-awareness Answer: a Consider This: People’s sense of this can be high or low, depending on what has happened in similar circumstances in the past, what other people tell them about their competence, and their own assessment of their abilities. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 11.6 Compare and contrast the learning theories of Bandura and Rotter. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The Behavioral and Social Cognitive View of Personality EOM 11.3.3 You have walked in late to class, and your psychology professor is explaining how one personality theorist sees personality as a relatively stable set of potential responses to various situations. You know immediately that your professor is talking about the theories of a) Julian Rotter. b) B. F. Skinner. c) Albert Bandura. d) John Watson. Answer: a Consider This: His theory was based on a basic principle of motivation derived from Thorndike’s law of effect: People are motivated to seek reinforcement and avoid punishment. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 11.6 Compare and contrast the learning theories of Bandura and Rotter. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The Behavioral and Social Cognitive View of Personality EOM 11.3.4 Kim appreciates compliments about her new photography business but really values constructive criticism, as she can then address particular issues. According to Julian Rotter, Kim has a(n) a) internal locus of control. b) real self. c) strong self-concept. d) external locus of control. Answer: a Consider This: People with this assume that their own actions and decisions directly affect the consequences they experience. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 11.6 Compare and contrast the learning theories of Bandura and Rotter. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The Behavioral and Social Cognitive View of Personality

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White End of Module Quiz 11.8-11.9: The Third Force: Humanism and Personality EOM 11.4.1 In Rogers’s viewpoint, what is the striving to fulfill innate capacities and needs called? a) self-actualizing tendency b) functioning fully c) real self d) self-concept Answer: a Consider This: Rogers believed that human beings strive to become everything that their genetic potential will allow them to become. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 11.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Third Force: Humanism and Personality EOM 11.4.2 What did Carl Rogers mean by the term “fully functioning person”? a) Someone who is experiencing a match between his or her real and ideal self and who is also trusting of their innermost intuitions and urges. b) Someone who is working to discover his or her real self. c) Someone who is working to discover his or her ideal self. d) Someone who has discovered his or her self-efficacy. Answer: a Consider This: Rogers believed that fully functioning people are in touch with their own feelings and abilities. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 11.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The Third Force: Humanism and Personality EOM 11.4.3 Which of the following statements concerning the self-concept is false? a) It is formed based solely on what a person believes about himself or herself. b) It is based on what people are told by others. c) It is a reflection of the sense of self in the words and actions of others. d) It is an important tool in human self-actualization. Answer: a Consider This: The self-concept is the development of an image of oneself. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 11.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The Third Force: Humanism and Personality EOM 11.4.4 Mia's parents told her that they expected her to become a doctor, like her father and grandfather before her. They told her that if she chose any other career, they would no longer support her or respect her choice. According to Rogers, Mia's parents were giving her a) conditional positive regard. b) unconditional positive regard. c) unconditional negative regard. d) conditional negative regard.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Consider This: This is love, affection, respect, and warmth that depend, or seem to depend, on doing what people want. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 11.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The Third Force: Humanism and Personality End of Module Quiz: 11.10-11.12: Trait Theories: Who Are You? EOM 11.5.1 Trait theories are less concerned with ________________________ and more concerned with ______________________. a) changing personality; predicting personality b) describing personality; explaining personality development c) predicting personality; changing personality d) predicting behavior; changing personality Answer: a Consider This: Trait theories attempt to describe personality in terms of a person’s traits, or consistent, enduring ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 11.10 Describe early attempts to use traits to conceptualize personality. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Trait Theories: Who Are You? EOM 11.5.2 A colleague at work is asked to describe you to the new manager. Most likely, the traits they will use in their description are examples of a) surface traits. b) common traits. c) cardinal traits. d) source traits. Answer: a Consider This: These are the personality characteristics easily seen by other people. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 11.10 Describe early attempts to use traits to conceptualize personality. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Trait Theories: Who Are You? EOM 11.5.3 Cattell’s research and use of factor analysis essentially scaled down many, many different ways of describing aspects of personality into __________ source traits. a) 16 b) 10 c) 5 d) 2 Answer: a Consider This: These are seen as continuums, in which there are two opposite traits at each end with a range of possible degrees for each trait measurable along the dimension. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 11.10 Describe early attempts to use traits to conceptualize personality. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Trait Theories: Who Are You?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOM 11.5.4 In the Big Five theory of personality, “E” stands for a) extraversion. b) empathy. c) energy. d) external. Answer: a Consider This: This is a term first used by Carl Jung, who believed that all people could be divided into two personality types. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 11.11 Identify the five trait dimensions of the five-factor model of personality. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Trait Theories: Who Are You? End of Module Quiz: 11.13-11.15: Personality: Genetics, Neuroscience, and Culture EOM 11.6.1 What is a major shortcoming in the field of behavioral genetics in terms of their studies on human personality traits? a) Behavioral geneticists are unable to conduct controlled research studies on human subjects. b) Behavioral geneticists are unable to scientifically validate anything. c) Behavioral geneticists are unable to conduct studies on animals, only on humans. d) Behavioral geneticists conduct their studies by looking at single individuals over a long period of time, thus slowing the rate at which they can gather data. Answer: a Consider This: Behavioral geneticists must fall back on the accidental “experiments” of nature and opportunity, studies of twins and adopted persons. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 11.13 Explain how twin studies and adoption studies are used in the field of behavioral genetics. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Personality: Genetics, Neuroscience, and Culture EOM 11.6.2 Which of the following traits or characteristics were NOT found to be more similar in identical twins when compared to fraternal twins in the Minnesota twin study? a) tendency to divorce b) intelligence c) leadership d) empathy Answer: a Consider This: These trait similarities hold even if the twins are raised in separate environments. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 11.13 Explain how twin studies and adoption studies are used in the field of behavioral genetics. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Personality: Genetics, Neuroscience, and Culture EOM 11.6.3 Personality neuroscience is based on the premise that persistent variations in dimensional aspects of personality must be based on _____________ patterns of functioning in the brain. a) consistent b) variable

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) infrequent d) random Answer: a Consider This: Persistent individual differences are believed to be based on consistency of brain function. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 11.14 Evaluate the role of neuroscience in the investigation of biological bases of personality. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Personality: Genetics, Neuroscience, and Culture EOM 11.6.4 What, if anything, have adoption studies taught us regarding the relationship between heredity and personality? a) Adoption studies have confirmed that personality can be strongly influenced by genetics. b) Adoption studies are a new area of study and have yet to offer any information on the effects of heredity on personality. c) Adoption studies have not supported many behavioral genetics studies, thus questioning the idea that personality can be influenced by genetics. d) Adoption studies have resulted in conflicting findings, with some strongly supporting the influence of heredity on personality while others suggest that heredity has no influence whatsoever. Answer: a Consider This: Studying unrelated people who are raised in the same environment can help investigators discover the influence of environment. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 11.15 Summarize current research on the heritability and neuroscience of personality. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Personality: Genetics, Neuroscience, and Culture EOM 11.6.5 Several studies have found nearly a _________ percent rate of heritability across several cultures with respect to the five-factor model of personality. a) 50 b) 20 c) 30 d) 40 Answer: a Consider This: Heritability is how much some trait within a population can be attributed to genetic influences and the extent to which individual genetic variation impacts differences in observed behavior. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 11.15 Summarize current research on the heritability and neuroscience of personality. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Personality: Genetics, Neuroscience, and Culture End of Module Quiz 11.16–11.17 The Influence of Personality: Dealing with Stress and Life Challenges EOM Q11.7.1 Which of the following questions would be most immediately addressed by conducting what Richard Lazarus refers to as a primary appraisal? a) “How big of a deal is this problem?” b) “Do I know where to go in the library to research the paper that I have to write?” c) “Will school be canceled tomorrow?” d) “Do I need to go grocery shopping?”

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Answer: a Consider This: Primary appraisal involves estimating the severity of a stressor. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 11.16 Summarize Lazarus’s cognitive appraisal approach to stress. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Cognitive Factors in Stress EOM Q11.7.2 According to Richard Lazarus, when someone asks themselves, “How can I deal with this potentially harmful stressor?” the individual is focused on a __________ appraisal. a) primary b) secondary c) tertiary d) minimal Answer: a Consider This: Resources might include social support, money, time, energy, ability, or any number of potential resources, depending on the threat. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 11.16 Summarize Lazarus’s cognitive appraisal approach to stress. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Cognitive Factors in Stress EOM Q11.7.3 Tee rushes to an appointment, arriving 20 minutes early, while Stephan arrives with only minutes to spare. Slightly annoyed when Tee points this out, Stephan replies very casually, “Hey, I’m here.” We might assume Tee has more of a __________ personality, while Stephan is more __________. a) Type A; Type B b) Type A; Type C c) Type B; Type C d) Type C; Type A Answer: a Consider This: Type A hate to wate time while Type B are more easygoing. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 11.17 Explain how personality types and attitudes can influence people’s reaction to stress. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Personality Factors in Stress EOM Q11.7.4 Kamal has been very upset with her boss for the past few days because she was reprimanded for something that was not her fault. Kamal’s boyfriend keeps encouraging her to talk to her boss about the problem, but Kamal always has difficulty expressing negative emotions and thus keeps them stuffed inside. Kamal appears to have a _____________ personality. a) Type C b) Type A c) Type B d) Hardy Answer: a Consider This: Type C find it difficult to express negative emotions. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 11.17 Explain how personality types and attitudes can influence people’s reaction to stress. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Personality Factors in Stress

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

End of Module Quiz: 11.18-11.19: Assessment of Personality EOM 11.8.1 Which of the following is an example of a halo effect? a) Ander unknowingly tends to rate his new client’s behavior slightly higher during testing after noticing the client is wearing a class ring from his own alma mater. b) Amandine always seems to like the last person she interviews for a job because she remembers the most about them. c) Kylian tends to distrust all instructors, regardless if they are new or if he has had them for multiple classes. d) Marta provided her diagnosis only after conducting her own assessment and compiling information from two of her professional colleagues. Answer: a Consider This: This is a tendency to form a favorable or unfavorable impression of someone at the first meeting. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 11.18 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews, behavioral assessments, and personality inventories to measure personality. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Assessment of Personality EOM 11.8.2 Frequency counts and rating scales are especially helpful in assessing a) observable behaviors. b) internal thought processes. c) self-efficacy. d) personal values. Answer: a Consider This: Educators make use of both rating scales and frequency counts to diagnose problems such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 11.18 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews, behavioral assessments, and personality inventories to measure personality. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Assessment of Personality EOM 11.8.3 Which of the following personality assessments might be best suited for objectively identifying abnormal patterns of behavior or thinking? a) MMPI-2-RF b) personal interview c) MBTI d) TAT Answer: a Consider This: The current questionnaire consists of 338 statements such as “I am often very tense,” and the person taking the test must answer “true,” “false,” or “cannot say.” Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 11.18 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews, behavioral assessments, and personality inventories to measure personality. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Assessment of Personality

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

EOM 11.8.4 What is the function of a validity scale? a) to determine whether a person is giving an accurate response b) to determine how a subject really feels c) to help better explain the results of a personality test d) to offer a diagnosis of abnormal behavior plus a positive therapeutic treatment Answer: a Consider This: Responses to certain items on the test will indicate if people are trying to make themselves look better or worse than they are. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 11.18 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews, behavioral assessments, and personality inventories to measure personality. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Assessment of Personality Chapter 11 Quiz: Theories of Personality EOC Q11.1 If you are describing characteristics of your children such as irritability or adaptability, psychologists would say you are not describing their personality but rather their a) temperament. b) character. c) consciousness. d) mood. Answer: a Consider This: This is the biologically innate and enduring characteristics with which each person is born. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Psychodynamic Perspectives EOC Q11.2 According to Freud, the ___________________ works off of the pleasure principle, while the ___________________ is often perceived as the executive director of your personality. a) id; ego b) ego; superego c) superego; id d) superego; ego Answer: a Consider This: The first and most primitive part of the personality, present in the infant, is the id. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Psychodynamic Perspectives EOC Q11.3 You are shocked to hear that two of your coworkers who seemingly hated one another are now getting married. According to Freud, what defense mechanism best explains their prior behavior? a) reaction formation b) projection c) repression

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) regression Answer: a Consider This: This involves forming an emotional reaction or attitude that is the opposite of one’s threatening or unacceptable actual thoughts. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 11.2 Explain how the mind and personality are structured, according to Freud. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Psychodynamic Perspectives EOC Q11.4 Four-year-old Dante has watched his father as he has mowed the lawn. This year, Dante has asked for a lawn mower of his own for his birthday. Freud would say that Dante is beginning the process of _________ as a way of resolving his Oedipal conflict. a) identification b) compensation c) sublimation d) denial Answer: a Consider This: This involves trying to become like someone else to deal with one’s anxiety. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 11.3 Distinguish among the five psychosexual stages of personality development. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Psychodynamic Perspectives EOC Q11.5 Your professor explains how all females have an inner masculine side that adds to their personality. This concept is known as a(n) a) animus. b) anima. c) shadow d) source trait. Answer: a Consider This: This is one of the main archetypes, or collective, universal human memories. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 11.5 Describe how the neo-Freudians modified Freud’s theory. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Psychodynamic Perspectives EOC Q11.6 According to Adler, the defense mechanism of ________ is important in our personality development, as we attempt to overcome feelings of inferiority. a) compensation b) denial c) sublimation d) identification Answer: a Consider this: The best answer would involve developing skill or ability in one area to make up for an absence of skill or ability in another. Think of it as a psychological balancing act. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 11.5 Describe how the neo-Freudians modified Freud’s theory. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Psychodynamic Perspectives

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

EOC Q11.7 Karen Horney’s study of one’s personality focused on a) anxiety during childhood. b) biological changes during adolescence. c) trait-based characteristics that were present in infancy. d) environmental influences through adulthood. Answer: a Consider This: She believed that men felt the need to compensate for their lack of child-bearing ability by striving for success in other areas. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 11.5 Describe how the neo-Freudians modified Freud’s theory. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Psychodynamic Perspectives EOC Q11.8 Elise believes that fate will help her find the right man with whom to live her life. According to Rotter, she has a(n) a) external locus of control. b) internal locus of control. c) strong self-efficacy. d) perceived sense of control. Answer: a Consider This: People who assume that their lives are controlled by outside forces have this. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 11.6 Compare and contrast the learning theories of Bandura and Rotter. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The Behavioral and Social Cognitive View of Personality EOC Q11.9 Rosario works hard at her job because she believes it will increase her chances for a promotion. According to Julian Rotter’s theory, her effort is an example of what he calls a) expectancy. b) reinforcement value. c) archetypes. d) latency stage. Answer: a Consider This: This refers to a person’s subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 11.6 Compare and contrast the learning theories of Bandura and Rotter. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: The Behavioral and Social Cognitive View of Personality EOC Q11.10 What is a primary advantage of the social-cognitive view of personality over the psychodynamic view? a) The social cognitive view has concepts that can be tested scientifically. b) The social cognitive view tries to explain how people become the people they are. c) The social cognitive view stresses the importance of early childhood in personality development. d) The social cognitive view is fully able to explain all the complexities of human behavior. Answer: a

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Consider This: The social cognitive view of personality includes social and mental processes and their influence on behavior. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 11.7 Evaluate the strengths and limitations of the behavioral and social cognitive learning views of personality. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Behavioral and Social Cognitive View of Personality EOC Q11.11 Which perspective of psychology focuses on the role of each person’s conscious life experiences and choices in personality development? a) humanistic b) trait c) behavior d) psychodynamic Answer: a Consider This: This theory states that human beings are always striving to fulfill their innate capacities and capabilities and to become everything that their genetic potential will allow them to become. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 11.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Third Force: Humanism and Personality EOC Q11.12 An old motto of the U.S. Army was, “Be all you can be.” This concept fits well with Carl Rogers’s theory of a) self-actualizing tendency. b) empathy. c) unconditional positive regard. d) the real versus the ideal self. Answer: a Consider This: An important tool in this is the development of an image of oneself, or the self-concept. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 11.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: The Third Force: Humanism and Personality EOC Q11.13 According to Rogers, a mismatch between the real and ideal self a) can result in anxiety and neurotic behavior. b) typically motivates individuals to close the gap. c) causes one to better understand their unconscious motives. d) causes an increase in unconditional positive regard. Answer: a Consider This: Rogers believed that when the real self and the ideal self are very close or similar to each other, people feel competent and capable. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 11.8 Describe how humanists such as Carl Rogers explain personality. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: The Third Force: Humanism and Personality EOC Q11.14

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Dr. Lang is constantly late for meetings. She often arrives to her classes 5 to 10 minutes late and leaves students waiting at her door during office hours for up to 30 minutes. Using the five-factor model, which dimension would show a very low score for Dr. Lang? a) conscientiousness b) self-sufficiency c) openness d) agreeableness Answer: a Consider This: This refers to a person’s organization and motivation. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 11.11 Identify the five trait dimensions of the five-factor model of personality. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Trait Theories: Who Are You? EOC Q11.15 To explain an individual’s personality, trait theorists would look to a) the constellation of personality characteristics possessed by the person. b) early childhood emotional traumas. c) the kind of love, warmth, and affection given to the person by their parents. d) the early experiences of rewards and punishments for certain behavior. Answer: a Consider This: Modern trait theorists may use the Big Five model to explain personality. LO 11.11 Identify the five trait dimensions of the five-factor model of personality. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 11.11 Identify the five trait dimensions of the five-factor model of personality. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Trait Theories: Who Are You? EOC Q11.16 Personality neuroscience is an emerging field offering evidence of a possible relationship between various aspects of personality and a) brain structure and function. b) the structure and function of individual neurons. c) skull shape and size. d) neuroticism. Answer: a Consider This: The Big Five dimensions of personality have been identified using structural MRI. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 11.14 Evaluate the role of personality neuroscience in the investigation of biological bases of personality. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Personality: Genetics, Neuroscience, and Culture EOC Q11.17 Studies of the hereditability of personality traits have found a) strong evidence to support some personality traits can be passed on by genetics. b) little evidence to support the belief that personality can be passed on by genetics. c) evidence to support the belief that personality can be passed on by genetics but only in highly developed countries. d) strong evidence that personality is passed on exclusively by genetics. Answer: a

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Consider This: Heritability refers to how much some trait within a population can be attributed to genetic influences and the extent to which individual genetic variation impacts differences in observed behavior. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 11.15 Summarize current research on the heritability and neuroscience of personality. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Personality: Genetics, Neuroscience, and Culture EOC Q11.18 Which type of assessment would be the most reliable? a) personality inventory b) subjective test c) projective test d) observational study Answer: a Consider This: The standard nature of the questions and the lack of open-ended answers make these assessments far more objective. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 11.16 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews, behavioral assessments, and personality inventories to measure personality. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Assessment of Personality EOC Q11.19 The _________ is based on the five-factor model, while ____________ is based on the work of Raymond Cattell. a) NEO-PI-3; 16PF b) MBTI; NEO-PI-3 c) MMPI-2-RF; MBTI d) 16PF; MMPI-2-RF Answer: a Consider This: Using a statistical technique that looks for groupings and commonalities in numerical data called factor analysis, Cattell identified 16 source traits. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 11.16 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using interviews, behavioral assessments, and personality inventories to measure personality. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Assessment of Personality EOC Q11.20 As examples of what might be required as parts of specific projective tests, the _______________ asks clients to look at a picture and tell a story while the ____________ asks clients to report everything they see in an ambiguous figure. a) Thematic Apperception Test; Rorschach b) Rorschach; Thematic Apperception Test c) MMPI-2-RF; Thematic Apperception Test d) MMPI-2-RF; NEO-PI-3 Answer: a Consider This: The story developed by the client is interpreted by the psychoanalyst, who looks for revealing statements and projection of the client’s own problems onto the people in the pictures. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 11.17 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of using projective personality tests. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Assessment of Personality

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE

Chapter 12

Learning Objectives

Remember the Facts

Understand the Concepts

Apply What You Know

12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders. 12.3 Describe how psychological disorders are diagnosed and classified. 12.4 Describe different mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders. 12.5 Compare and contrast potential explanations for depression and other mood disorders. 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms.

1, 3, 4, 7–9, 12, 13, 16, 18, 22, 23, 25, 168, 183

10, 11, 15, 26, 170, 195

2, 6, 14, 17, 19–21, 24

5, 169

27, 30, 33, 35, 38, 42, 43, 173, 185 44–47, 49–53, 174, 186

29, 31, 37, 171, 172

28, 32, 34, 36, 39, 40

41, 184

54–57, 59–62, 65, 70, 175, 187

196

66, 68, 69

71–73, 75, 76, 78, 80, 82, 85, 86, 89, 91, 93, 94, 97, 176, 188, 189, 197 98, 99, 101, 105, 109, 110, 178

81, 177

119, 120 121, 124, 126, 127, 129, 179, 191

12.7 Describe obsessivecompulsive disorder and stress-related disorders. 12.8 Identify potential causes of anxiety, trauma, and stress disorders. 12.9 Differentiate among dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative identity disorder. 12.10 Summarize explanations for dissociative disorders. 12.11 Identify the symptoms and risk factors associated with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and bingeeating disorder.

Psychological Disorders Analyze It

48 63, 64

74, 77, 79, 83, 88, 90, 92, 95, 96

84, 87

100, 103, 104, 106– 108

102, 190, 198

111, 113

112, 114–117

118

199

122, 123, 125, 128

200

130, 199

131

132

134, 135

192

133, 136–138

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objectives 12.12 Describe types of sexual dysfunction and explain how they may develop. 12.13 Classify different types of personality disorders. 12.14 Identify potential causes of personality disorders. 12.15 Distinguish between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. 12.16 Evaluate the biological and environmental influences on schizophrenia. 12.17 Identify some ways to overcome test anxiety.

Remember the Facts

Understand the Concepts

Apply What You Know

Analyze It

139, 140

141, 144, 180, 193

142, 143, 145–147 148

149, 152, 155, 157, 158, 160, 163, 181, 194 166

150, 162

151, 153, 154, 156, 159, 161

165, 182

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Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Name _____________________________________________________________ Chapter 12 – Quick Quiz 1 1. You are a contestant on Jeopardy!, and it is your turn. You say to the host, “I’ll take Ancient Explanations of Mental Illness for $100.” The answer is, “His was the first recorded attempt to explain abnormal behavior as due to some biological process.” The smile on your face reveals the confidence you have as you say, __________. a) “Who is Sigmund Freud?” c) “Who is Carl Rogers?” b) “Who is Hippocrates?” d) “Who is John Watson?” 2. Any behavior that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life is considered __________. a) deviant c) rare b) uncomfortable d) maladaptive 3. According to the behaviorists, disordered behavior is a result of __________. a) repressed thoughts and memories that try to resurface b) a set of learned responses c) illogical thinking patterns d) chemical imbalances and brain damage 4. What is the primary purpose of the DSM? a) to help psychologists assess only normal behavior b) to keep the number of diagnostic categories of mental disorders to a minimum c) to help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders d) to describe the causes of common physiological disorders 5. Severe depression that comes on suddenly and is too severe for circumstances or seems to have no external cause is called __________. a) dysthymia c) hypomania b) bipolar disorder d) major depressive disorder 6. Which of the following is an anxiety disorder? a) bipolar disorder b) conversion disorder

c) phobic disorder d) schizophrenia

7. A disorder in which intruding thoughts that occur again and again are followed by repetitive, ritualistic behavior meant to lower the anxiety caused by the thoughts is called __________ disorder. a) obsessive-compulsive c) posttraumatic stress b) delusional d) passive-aggressive 8. In which disorder does a person seem to experience at least two or more distinct personalities existing in one body? a) schizophrenia c) depersonalization b) panic disorder d) dissociative identity disorder 9. Dylan shows a pattern of instability in his relationships, self-image, and feelings. As such, he most likely has __________ personality disorder. a) antisocial c) dependent b) borderline d) avoidant 10. What is the BEST way to describe the positive symptoms of schizophrenia? a) clearly identifiable symptoms c) an excess or distortion of normal functions b) a decrease in normal functioning d) symptoms that psychologists are certain are occurring

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 12 – Quick Quiz 1 Answer Key 1. b

Explanation: Hippocrates’s theory of mental illness was the first recorded attempt to explain abnormal behavior as due to some biological process. (Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

2. d

Explanation: Behavior is considered maladaptive if it does not allow a person to function or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life. (Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

3. b

Explanation: The behaviorists believe disordered behavior is a result of a set of learned responses. (Topic: 12.2 Models of Abnormality, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

4. c

Explanation: The DSM helps psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders. (Topic: 12.3 Diagnosing and Classifying Disorders, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy Learning Objective: 12.3 Describe how psychological disorders are diagnosed and classified, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

5. d

Explanation: Major depressive disorder is severe and sometimes comes on suddenly. (Topic: 12.4 Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorders, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 12.4 Describe different disorders of mood, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

6. c

Explanation: Phobic disorder is an anxiety disorder. (Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

7. a

Explanation: Obsessive-compulsive disorder is one in which intruding thoughts occur again and again and are followed by repetitive, ritualistic behavior meant to lower the anxiety caused by the thoughts. (Topic: 12.7 Other Disorders Related to Anxiety, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 12.7 Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder and stress-related disorders, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

8. d

Explanation: People with dissociative personality disorder show signs of having at least two distinct personalities. (Topic: 12.9 Types of Dissociative Disorders, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 12.9 Differentiate among dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative identity disorder, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 9. b

Explanation: These are several of the symptoms of borderline personality disorder. (Topic: 12.13 Categories of Personality Disorders, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 12.13 Classify different types of personality disorders, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

10. c

Explanation: Positive symptoms are the result of an excess or distortion of normal functions. (Topic: 12.15 Symptoms of Schizophrenia, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 12.15 Distinguish between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Name _____________________________________________________________ Chapter 12 – Quick Quiz 2 1. Emma is experiencing severe anxiety. Her psychiatrist attributes her disorder to a chemical imbalance. Her psychiatrist is using the __________ of abnormality. a) psychoanalysis c) biological model b) intrapersonal model d) behavioral model 2. Dr. Nguyen is a psychologist who is currently evaluating a new client. Dr. Nguyen would most likely refer to the __________ to assist her in diagnosing her client’s psychological disorder. a) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders b) Physicians’ Desk Reference c) Textbook of Psychological Disorders d) Textbook of Physiological Disorders 3. Priya is extremely confident and feels that lately she needs very little sleep. In addition, she reports that her thoughts seem to be going fast—similar to watching three television shows at once. Priya most likely is experiencing a __________. a) manic episode c) loss of mental control b) dysthymic episode d) psychotic break 4. Which of the following culture-bound disorders is most commonly seen in Latin America? a) amok c) anorexia nervosa b) koro d) ataque de nervios 5. According to the biological perspective, a person with phobia has elevated activation in which part of the brain? a) hippocampus c) hypothalamus b) amygdala d) corpus callosum 6. Which of the following perspectives claims that shaping may play a big role in the development of some cases of dissociative identity disorder? a) behavioral c) biological b) humanistic d) psychoanalytic 7. As a serious dancer, Jacinda watches what she eats. She knows that she is underweight, but fears that if she starts eating more, she will become obese. In addition to a preoccupation with food, she has also stopped menstruating. Jacinda’s behaviors suggest that she might be suffering from __________. a) bulimia nervosa c) anorexia nervosa b) compulsive exercise d) phobic disorder 8. People with __________ disorders have an excessively rigid, maladaptive pattern of behavior and ways of relating to others. a) personality c) affective b) somatoform d) schizophrenic 9. Derek is admitted to a mental institution because he hears voices talking to him that no one else can hear, and he sees demons attacking him, though no one else can see anything near him. Derek’s symptoms are known as __________. a) delusions c) obsessions b) hallucinations d) compulsions 10. Liam has increased levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in his frontal lobe areas. Which disorder might he be at risk of experiencing? a) antisocial personality disorder c) schizophrenia b) agoraphobia d) dissociative fugue

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 12 – Quick Quiz 2 Answer Key 1.

Explanation: The biological model proposes that psychological disorders have physiological causes. (Topic: 12.2 Models of Abnormality, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders, APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Explanation: The DSM helps psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders. (Topic: 12.3 Diagnosing and Classifying Disorders, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 12.3 Describe how psychological disorders are diagnosed and classified, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Explanation: Enhanced self-esteem and energy and a decreased need for sleep are classic symptoms of a manic episode. (Topic: 12.4 Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorders, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 12.4 Describe different disorders of mood, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Explanation: Ataque de nervios, which means “attack of nerves” in English, is seen as a form of an anxiety disorder in Latin American countries. (Topic: 12.8 Causes of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress Disorders, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 12.8 Identify potential causes of anxiety, trauma, and stress disorders, APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.)

Explanation: Structural neuroimaging has found the amygdala to be more active in people who are phobic when shown a picture of their phobic trigger. (Topic: 12.8 Causes of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress Disorders, Skill Level: Analyze It, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 12.8 Identify potential causes of anxiety, trauma, and stress disorders, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: Behavioral psychologists emphasize shaping through positive and negative reinforcement as a factor in the development of some cases of dissociative identity disorder. (Topic: 12.10 Causes of Dissociative Disorders, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 12.10 Summarize explanations for dissociative disorders, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

7. c

Explanation: These are several symptoms of anorexia nervosa. (Topic: 12.11 Eating Disorders, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 12.11 Identify the symptoms and risk factors associated with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

8. a

Explanation: People with personality disorders have a rigid and maladaptive pattern of behavior. (Topic: 12.13 Categories of Personality Disorders, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 12.13 Classify different types of personality disorders, APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 9. b

Explanation: When one experiences false perceptions, such as seeing demons or hearing voices, one is having hallucinations. (Topic: 12.15 Symptoms of Schizophrenia, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 12.15 Distinguish between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

10. c

Explanation: Schizophrenia is associated with an imbalance of dopamine. (Topic: 12.16 Causes of Schizophrenia, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 12.16 Evaluate the biological and environmental influences on schizophrenia, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Psychological Disorders

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which specialization of psychology is concerned with the study of abnormal behavior and psychological dysfunction? a) health psychology b) psychopathology Correct. Psychopathology is the study of abnormal behavior and psychological dysfunction. c) psychobiology Incorrect. Psychobiology is concerned with the biological basis of behavior. d) developmental psychology Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 83 a= 4 b= 83 c= 4 d= 9 r = .21 % correct 73 a= 5 b= 73 c= 11 d= 11 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 2. Marissa is a graduate student in psychology at the local university. She is interested in one day specializing in the study of abnormal behavior and psychological dysfunctions. What area of psychology should Marissa focus on in school? a) health psychology b) psychopathology Correct. Psychopathology is the study of abnormal behavior. c) psychobiology Incorrect. Psychobiology is concerned with the biological basis of behavior. d) developmental psychology Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 85 a= 0 b= 85 c= 15 d= 0 r = .23 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 3. Archaeologists have found skulls from as long ago as 3000 B.C.E. that bear evidence of an ancient surgical technique in which holes were cut into the skulls of live individuals in an attempt to release demons from the possessed victim. This process is called __________. a) trephining Correct. The process of cutting holes into the skull of a living person is called trephining. b) drilling c) humoring d) exorcism Incorrect. Exorcism is a religious ritual common in the Middle Ages that did not involve cutting holes in the skull. Answer: a

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 4. Today, trephining is done to __________. a) relieve pressure in the lower back b) release demons from the possessed victim Incorrect. Trephining was used to release demons in ancient times. c) relieve pressure of fluids on the brain Correct. Trephining is done to relieve pressure of fluids on the brain. d) facilitate exorcisms Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 92 a= 5 b= 1 c= 92 d= 2 r = .39 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 5. Spirit possession as a cause of abnormal behavior was a popular explanation during __________ . a) the Age of Enlightenment Incorrect. “Enlightened” and “demons” don’t seem to go together, do they? b) the Middle Ages Correct. Exorcism was therefore the prescribed cure. c) 1960s d) the Gilded Age Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 6. You are a contestant on Jeopardy!, and it is your turn. You say to the host, “I’ll take Ancient Explanations of Mental Illness for $100.” The answer is, “His was the first recorded attempt to explain abnormal behavior as due to some biological process.” The smile on your face reveals the confidence you have as you say, __________. a) “Who is Sigmund Freud?” Incorrect. Hippocrates’s theory of mental illness was the first recorded attempt to explain abnormal behavior as due to some biological process. Freud developed a theory of personality called psychoanalysis. b) “Who is Hippocrates?” Correct. Hippocrates’s theory of mental illness was the first recorded attempt to explain abnormal behavior as due to some biological process. c) “Who is Carl Rogers?” d) “Who is John Watson?” Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 47 a= 27 b= 47 c= 13 d= 13 r = .35 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 7. Hippocrates maintained that mental illness was __________. a) caused by supernatural forces b) only in the mind of the beholder c) curable through exorcism Incorrect. The treatment of choice during the Middle Ages was exorcism. Hippocrates was a physician during the ancient Greek period. d) caused by imbalances of vital body fluids Correct. Hippocrates believed mental illness was caused by imbalances of vital body fluids. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 55 a= 16 b= 24 c= 6 d= 55 r = .41 % correct 51 a= 26 b= 16 c= 6 d= 51 r = .45 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 8. What term did Hippocrates use to describe the body’s vital fluids that were believed to be the foundation of healthy or abnormal psychological functioning? a) flora Incorrect. This was not the correct term. b) potations c) spirits d) humors Correct. The four humors were believed to balance healthy psychological functions. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 9. For those people in the Middle Ages who believed abnormal behavior resulted from spirit possession, the treatment of choice was __________. a) herbal cures b) “magic” potions c) exorcism Correct. The treatment of choice during the Middle Ages was exorcism. d) trephining Incorrect. There is no evidence that trephining, a treatment used in ancient times, was used during the Middle Ages. Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 80 a= 5 b= 8 c= 80 d= 6 r = .25 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 10. Ancient Greeks believed imbalances in __________ caused abnormality, while people living during the Middle Ages believed it was caused by __________. However, present-day psychologists often view psychological disorders from a __________ model. a) evil; water; biopsychosocial b) behavior; evil; ecological c) bile; exposure; psychodynamic Incorrect. These are not the correct causes that were attributed to mental disorders at these times.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) bodily fluids; the devil; medical Correct. This answer gives the best summary of the beliefs of the various eras. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 11. During the Renaissance, abnormal behavior was believed to result from __________. a) witchcraft Correct. The previous eras’ belief in demonic possession gave way to the belief in witchcraft during the Renaissance. b) demonic possession c) disease organisms d) body fluid imbalance Incorrect. Hippocrates believed body fluid imbalances caused mental illness. Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 87 a= 87 b= 1 c= 1 d= 10 r = .19 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 12. What was the most likely outcome for a person who was mentally ill and accused of being a witch during the Renaissance? a) death Correct. Some estimates suggest that as many as ten thousand mentally ill individuals were killed after being accused of being witches. b) exile from society c) treatment d) exorcism Incorrect. Exorcism was more often practiced in the Middle Ages, when the mentally ill were thought to be possessed by demonic spirits. Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 13. Which criterion represents one aspect of defining abnormal behavior? a) behavior that is rare Correct. Behavior that is rare is the statistical definition of abnormal behavior. b) behavior that is consistent with the norms of society c) behavior that does not create distress d) behavior that is adaptive Incorrect. Adaptive behavior is considered normal. Maladaptive behavior is considered abnormal. Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

14. As part of a fraternity initiation ritual, Rudolph is instructed to interrupt a school basketball game by running on the court naked while singing the nursery rhyme “Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star.” If Rudolph complies with this ritual, his behavior would BEST illustrate __________. a) psychosis Incorrect. Rudolph’s behavior would not be psychotic. Stupid, but definitely not psychotic! b) distress c) disability d) social norm deviance Correct. If Rudolph complies with the ritual (which we might hope he does not!), his behavior would surely be statistically deviant. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 15. What is the primary difficulty with applying the criterion of “social norm deviance” to define abnormal behavior? a) Norms are difficult to enumerate. b) Cultures accept and view all behaviors as normal. c) Behavior that is considered disordered in one culture may be acceptable in another. Correct. Behavior that is considered disordered in one culture may be acceptable in another. d) Norms do not guide behavior except in rare instances. Incorrect. Most people do allow social norms to guide much of their behavior. Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 96 a= 0 b= 4 c= 96 d= 0 r = .17 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 16. Which term refers to a way to define abnormality by comparing an individual’s behavior to the norms or standards of the society in which she or he lives? a) social discomfort b) social mores c) social context Incorrect. Social norm deviance is a means of defining abnormality based on the standards of society. d) social norm deviance Correct. Social norm deviance is a definition of abnormality based on the standards of society. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 72 a= 2 b= 4 c= 23 d= 72 r = .21 % correct 64 a= 6 b= 0 c= 27 d= 64 r = .20 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 17. Nicolaj is a man who the local high school students all think of as eccentric. Each day he stands on the sidewalk near campus, smiling at people as they walk by, and he is known for his ever-present greeting of “WooWooWOO!” In fact, the students at this campus have come to refer to him as “Woo Woo Nic.” Nobody knows if he has a home or if he is destitute, but Nicolaj never asks for anything. Which of the criteria of mental illness might Nicolaj satisfy? a) maladaptiveness Incorrect. There doesn’t seem to be anything especially maladaptive about what Nic is doing. b) social deviance Correct. The behavior is unusual, given the social situations, but that’s about it. c) inability to function normally d) insanity Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 18. The social or environmental setting of a person’s behavior is referred to as __________. a) the situational context Correct. The situational context is defined as the social setting of a person’s behavior. b) the historical context Incorrect. The historical context is the time in history in which a person lived. c) the cohort effect d) societal norms Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 19. Travis reports “I’ve got some bad ideas in my head…I just wanna go out and….really….really do something. All the animals come out at night; sick, venal. I am a man who will not take it anymore! Here is a man who stood up against the scum, the dogs, the filth! Here is someone who stood up!!” Which aspect of abnormality is Travis exhibiting? a) deviance b) danger Correct. From his words and attitudes, Travis gives the appearance of someone who is a danger to himself or to others. c) dysfunction Incorrect. He’s not all that dysfunctional; he’s speaking clearly and communicating well. d) depression Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 20. Shin Mei reports feelings of pain, anguish, and suffering from the bleak, depressing thoughts that characterize her daily routine. Which criterion of diagnosing abnormality is Shin Mei experiencing? a) subjective discomfort Correct. She is experiencing personal discomfort.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) disengagement c) deviance Incorrect. The ideas and reactions aren’t that deviant; most people in those circumstances would respond the same way. d) danger Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 21. Which situation is an example of subjective discomfort? a) hearing voices that no one else can hear Incorrect. This indicates psychosis, which may or may not bring with it subjective discomfort. b) worrying about everything most of the time Correct. A pervasive sense of worry would indicate subjective discomfort. c) feeling that you’re better than everyone else d) deciding that rules are for suckers and that you don’t have to obey them as long as you don’t get caught Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 22. One sign of abnormality is when a person engages in behavior that creates a great deal of emotional distress or __________. a) subjective discomfort Correct. Subjective discomfort is a sign of abnormality and is defined as the emotional distress a person experiences due to her or his behavior. b) social deviance c) statistical rarity Incorrect. Although a behavior may be defined as rare by the statistical definition, it may not cause distress or subjective discomfort. d) situational anxiety Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 73 a= 73 b= 15 c= 11 d= 1 r = .32 % correct 65 a= 65 b= 25 c= 9 d= 1 r = .39 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 23. Any behavior that does not allow a person to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life is considered __________. a) deviant b) uncomfortable Incorrect. Inability to function or adapt to stress may not be uncomfortable to the person who is having this experience. c) rare d) maladaptive

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. Behavior is considered maladaptive if it does not allow a person to function or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 91 a= 6 b= 1 c= 2 d= 91 r = .28 % correct 91 a= 3 b= 3 c= 3 d= 91 r = .28 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 24. Ramon, a graduate student, has difficulty talking to groups. Unfortunately, he has chosen a career in which he must speak to large groups of people. The night before a presentation, he tosses and turns, and the resulting lack of sleep makes the situation worse. When he makes a presentation, he often becomes confused and stumbles over his words. As a result, he feels worthless and miserable. Which two criteria of abnormal behavior are most useful in analyzing this case? a) inability to function normally and statistical rarity Incorrect. Ramon’s discomfort with speaking in front of groups is not necessarily rare. b) subjective discomfort and inability to function normally Correct. Because Ramon has chosen a career that requires him to speak to large groups of people, his behavior is considered abnormal due to the great deal of emotional distress he is experiencing. This is impacting his ability to function normally in his workplace. c) statistical rarity and deviance from social norms d) deviance from social norms and subjective discomfort Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 25. Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes harm to others, or harms their ability to function in daily life is called __________. a) a psychological disorder Correct. A psychological disorder is defined as any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes harm to others, or harms their ability to function in daily life. b) humors c) stress syndrome d) adaptive behavior Incorrect. A psychological disorder is defined as any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes harm to others, or harms their ability to function in daily life. Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 96 a= 96 b= 2 c= 2 d= 0 r = .17 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 26. Which statement is accurate regarding the term insanity? a) It is a defense that is attempted in at least 40 percent of all criminal cases. b) It is no longer used in the mental health or criminal justice fields. c) It is a legal, not a psychological, term. Correct. This term is used in the criminal justice system to determine if a person is responsible for a crime.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) It can only be applied by a licensed psychologist. Incorrect. The term is a legal concept, not a psychological one. Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 27. The __________ model of mental illness explains that disorders such as anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia are caused by chemical imbalances, genetic problems, brain damage or dysfunction, or some combination of those causes. a) biological Correct. The biological model proposes that psychological disorders have physiological causes. b) psychodynamic Incorrect. The psychodynamic model proposes that disordered behaviors are a result of unconscious issues. c) naturalistic d) cognitive-behavioral Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders. Topic: 12.2 Models of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 83 a= 83 b= 12 c= 1 d= 3 r = .32 % correct 91 a= 91 b= 6 c= 1 d= 2 r = .33 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 28. Alyson is experiencing severe anxiety. Her psychiatrist attributes her disorder to a chemical imbalance. Her psychiatrist is using the __________ model of abnormality. a) psychoanalytic Incorrect. The psychoanalytic model proposes that disordered behaviors are a result of repressed thoughts, experiences, and memories. b) intrapersonal c) biological Correct. The biological model proposes that psychological disorders have physiological causes. d) behavioral Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders. Topic: 12.2 Models of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 91 a= 5 b= 1 c= 91 d= 2 r = .34 % correct 96 a= 2 b= 0 c= 96 d= 3 r = .44 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 29. The biological model views psychological disorders as resulting from __________. a) distorted thought patterns b) repressed memories Incorrect. The psychoanalytic models view repressed memories as a cause of psychological disorders. c) underlying behavioral issues d) physiological causes Correct. The biological model proposes that psychological disorders are a result of physiological causes. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 12.2 Models of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 75 a= 8 b= 5 c= 12 d= 75 r = .44 % correct 81 a= 7 b= 6 c= 7 d= 81 r = .56 % correct 73 a= 10 b= 8 c= 8 d= 73 r = .51 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 30. The psychodynamic model of abnormal behavior is based on the work of __________. a) Freud Correct. Freud’s psychoanalytic school of thought gave rise to the psychodynamic model. b) Perls c) Rogers d) Skinner Incorrect. Skinner was a behaviorist, not a psychodynamic theorist. Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders. Topic: 12.2 Models of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 90 a= 90 b= 2 c= 6 d= 2 r = .41 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 31. The psychodynamic model holds that abnormal behavior is the result of __________. a) learning b) repressed thoughts, memories, and concerns Correct. The psychodynamic model places a lot of emphasis on the unconscious. c) biology Incorrect. This is not the emphasis of the psychodynamic model. d) biochemical imbalances Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders. Topic: 12.2 Models of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 32. Skippy’s wife suggests that he talk to a doctor because of his inability to cope with criticism. The doctor suggests that Skippy’s problem represents the expression of a repressed, unresolved, internal conflict buried in his unconscious mind that has its roots in Skippy’s childhood. This view is typical of which of the following models of abnormality? a) biological Incorrect. The interpretation has nothing to do with biological mechanisms. b) behavioral c) cognitive d) psychodynamic Correct. Everything about this interpretation is consistent with a psychodynamic approach. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders. Topic: 12.2 Models of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 33. Based on the behavioral perspective, disordered behavior is a result of __________. a) repressed thoughts and memories that try to resurface b) a set of learned responses Correct. The behaviorists believe disordered behavior is a result of a set of learned responses. c) illogical thinking patterns Incorrect. Illogical thinking patterns are the focus in cognitive psychology. d) chemical imbalances and brain damage Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders. Topic: 12.2 Models of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 70 a= 12 b= 70 c=4 d= 14 r = .33 % correct 83 a= 11 b= 83 c= 4 d= 3 r = .43 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 34. Aisha is afraid of cats because, when she was a little girl, a cat scared her by jumping out of her closet and onto her face. As a result of this experience, Aisha learned to be afraid of cats. Which model of abnormality offers the BEST explanation of Aisha’s fear? a) cognitive b) behavioral Correct. Behaviorists believe disordered behavior is a result of a set of learned responses, as in the case of Aisha’s fear of cats. c) sociocultural d) psychoanalytic Incorrect. Aisha’s fear is learned rather than the result of repressed thoughts or memories. Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders. Topic: 12.2 Models of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 57 a= 25 b= 57 c= 1 d= 17 r = .46 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 35. Which model of abnormality explains abnormal behavior as the result of a set of learned responses? a) psychoanalytic b) cognitive Incorrect. Cognitive psychologists believe disordered behavior is the result of illogical thinking patterns. c) behavioral Correct. Behaviorists believe disordered behavior is the result of learned responses. d) biological Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders. Topic: 12.2 Models of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 71 a= 5 b= 21 c= 71 d= 2 r = .47 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 36. A behavioral therapist is working with a depressed client. Which cause is the most likely focus of this therapist’s intervention? a) learned behaviors of depression Correct. Behaviorists believe disordered behavior is a result of a set of learned responses. b) unusual levels of neurotransmitters

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) negative interpretations of life events Incorrect. Interpretations involve thought, which is the focus of cognitive psychology. Behaviorists focus on learned behavior. d) a superego that is too harsh and strict Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders. Topic: 12.2 Models of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 37. According to the cognitive perspective, disordered behavior is the result of __________. a) repressed thoughts and memories that try to resurface b) a set of learned responses Incorrect. Behaviorists focus on learned responses. Cognitive psychologists focus on thinking patterns. c) illogical thinking patterns Correct. Cognitive psychologists focus on thinking patterns. d) chemical imbalances and brain damage Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders. Topic: 12.2 Models of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 38. Which model of abnormality views abnormal behavior as the result of illogical thinking? a) psychoanalytic b) cognitive Correct. Cognitive psychologists believe disordered behavior is the result of illogical thinking patterns. c) behavioral Incorrect. Behaviorists believe disordered behavior is the result of learned responses. Cognitive psychologists believe disordered behavior is the result of illogical thinking patterns. d) biological Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders. Topic: 12.2 Models of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 86 a= 8 b= 86 c= 5 d= 2 r = .54 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 39. A cognitive therapist is working with a depressed client. Which cause is the likely focus of this therapist’s intervention? a) learned behaviors of depression Incorrect. Behaviorists believe disordered behavior is the result of learned responses. Cognitive psychologists believe disordered behavior is the result of thought processes, such as negative interpretations of life events. b) unusual levels of neurotransmitters c) distorted interpretations of life events Correct. Cognitive psychologists believe disordered behavior is the result of distorted thought processes, such as negative interpretations of life events. d) a superego that is too harsh and strict Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders. Topic: 12.2 Models of Abnormality

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 86 a= 4 b= 3 c= 86 d= 6 r = .21 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 40. Roy’s family embraces a cultural tradition of appearing naked from the waist down in public while wearing a ceremonial hat fashioned from tissue paper for five days following the death of a family member. When Roy’s uncle Ivanhoe died, Roy and his family dutifully enacted their funerary rites. How should this behavior best be characterized? a) The behavior is unusual, but it is in keeping with cultural or religious practices. Correct. The sociocultural context of a behavior must be taken into account when making a diagnosis. b) The behavior is within the bounds of 37% of cultural standards, and 37% is the established minimum. c) The behavior is abnormal because it violates acceptable cultural standards. Incorrect. …except that it doesn’t, in Roy’s cultural traditions. d) The behavior is abnormal because it causes significant distress to Roy. Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders. Topic: 12.2 Models of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 41. Some Asian cultures view mental illness as a(n) __________. a) shameful thing that hurts the marriage chances of other family members Correct. Mental illness is viewed by some Asian cultures as shameful. b) normal thing that does not affect the marriage chances of other family members c) imbalance in bodily fluids Incorrect. Hippocrates, a physician during the ancient Greek period, viewed mental illness as an imbalance of bodily fluids. Some Asian cultures view mental illness as shameful. d) culture-bound syndrome Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders. Topic: 12.2 Models of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 42. What do psychologists call disorders that are found only in particular cultures? a) restricted syndromes b) naturalistic syndromes c) sociocultural disorders Incorrect. Disorders that are found only in particular cultures are known as cultural syndromes. d) cultural syndromes Correct. Disorders that are found only in particular cultures are known as cultural syndromes. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders. Topic: 12.2 Models of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 43. Which model of abnormality holds that physical, mental, and cultural factors are intertwined and that they must all be considered when dealing with psychological disorders? a) the eclectic model Incorrect. Eclecticism is a term that is more appropriate for a discussion of psychotherapy rather than psychopathology. b) the biopsychosocial model Correct. The biopsychosocial model considers the input of multiple factors in the diagnosis of a mental illness. c) the psychophysiological model d) the Gestalt model Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders. Topic: 12.2 Models of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 34 a= 24 b= 34 c= 17 d= 24 r = .31 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 44. The __________ is used to help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders. a) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) Correct. The DSM helps psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders. b) Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) Incorrect. The Physicians’ Desk Reference is used by medical professionals to diagnose physiological problems. c) Textbook of Psychiatric Problems (TOPP) d) Handbook of Disorders, Abnormality, and Deviance (HDAD) Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.3 Describe how psychological disorders are diagnosed and classified. Topic: 12.3 Diagnosing and Classifying Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 45. DSM stands for __________. a) Diagrammatic and Statistical Manual Incorrect. This is close, but it is “diagnostic,” not “diagrammatic.” b) Deviance and Sadism Manual c) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Correct. This is the correct expansion of “DSM.” d) Developmental Sickness Model Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.3 Describe how psychological disorders are diagnosed and classified. Topic: 12.3 Diagnosing and Classifying Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 46. Approximately how many diagnosable disorders are listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5)? a) 45 b) 127 c) 250 Correct. DSM-5 describes about 250 disorders. d) 319 Incorrect. This would be a lot of disorders, although 250 also seems like a lot.. Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.3 Describe how psychological disorders are diagnosed and classified.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 12.3 Diagnosing and Classifying Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 47. The primary purpose of the DSM is to __________. a) help psychologists assess only normal behavior b) keep the number of diagnostic categories of mental disorders to a minimum Incorrect. The primary purpose of the DSM is to help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders. c) help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders Correct. The DSM helps psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders. d) describe the causes of common physiological disorders Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.3 Describe how psychological disorders are diagnosed and classified. Topic: 12.3 Diagnosing and Classifying Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 94 a= 2 b= 2 c= 94 d= 2 r = .23 % correct 96 a= 2 b= 2 c= 96 d= 0 r = .19 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 48. Dr. Sanchez is a psychologist who is currently evaluating a new client. Dr. Sanchez would most likely refer to the __________ to assist in diagnosing the client’s psychological disorder. a) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Correct. The DSM helps psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders. b) Physicians’ Desk Reference Incorrect. The Physicians’ Desk Reference is used by medical professionals to diagnose physiological problems. c) Textbook of Psychological Disorders d) Textbook of Physiological Disorders Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.3 Describe how psychological disorders are diagnosed and classified. Topic: 12.3 Diagnosing and Classifying Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 92 a= 92 b= 0 c= 7 d= 1 r = .41 % correct 88 a= 88 b= 1 c= 9 d= 2 r = .44 % correct 92 a= 92 b= 2 c= 5 d= 0 r = .38 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 49. Which statement is TRUE about the DSM-5? a) It describes symptoms and includes a checklist of specific criteria for diagnosis. Correct. The DSM-5 provides symptoms and a checklist of specific criteria that must be met for diagnosis of a disorder. b) It lists information regarding symptoms, but does not include a checklist of criteria that must be met for diagnosis. c) It is used to diagnose medical conditions that may have an impact on mental health. Incorrect. The DSM-V is used to diagnose mental disorders, not medical conditions. d) It is used to diagnose all kinds of medical conditions. Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.3 Describe how psychological disorders are diagnosed and classified. Topic: 12.3 Diagnosing and Classifying Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White % correct 56 a= 56 b= 24 c= 18 d= 2 r = .17 % correct 55 a= 55 b= 13 c= 25 d= 7 r = .23 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 50. In any given year, approximately __________ percent of adults over the age of 18 suffers from a mental disorder. a) 12–15 Incorrect. About 26–32 percent of adults over the age of 18 suffer from a mental disorder. b) 26–32 Correct. About 26–32 percent of adults over the age of 18 suffer from a mental disorder. c) 33–38 d) 43–46 Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.3 Describe how psychological disorders are diagnosed and classified. Topic: 12.3 Diagnosing and Classifying Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 51. The worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in a given year is __________ . a) 40 percent b) 20 percent Correct. This is the worldwide figure. c) 10 percent d) 3 percent Incorrect. This would be a mentally healthy world if this were true. Still 3 percent of 7 billion is 210 million people. Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.3 Describe how psychological disorders are diagnosed and classified. Topic: 12.3 Diagnosing and Classifying Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 52. Which disorder is the most frequently diagnosed anxiety disorder in the United States? a) specific phobia Correct. Specific phobias are diagnosed more than any other anxiety disorder each year. b) social anxiety disorder c) posttraumatic stress disorder d) obsessive-compulsive disorder Incorrect. Of these four listed anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder is diagnosed with the least frequency in a given year. Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.3 Describe how psychological disorders are diagnosed and classified. Topic: 12.3 Diagnosing and Classifying Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 53. The tendency of those studying psychopathology to start seeing themselves as suffering from the illnesses being discussed is known as __________. a) accurate self-assessment Incorrect. Although we all may have some occasional behaviors that resemble the symptoms of a mental disorder, it does not indicate the presence of real psychopathology in each student. b) unnecessary worrying c) psychopathological transference

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) psychology student’s syndrome Correct. This happens when one starts to study illnesses and tends to self-diagnose. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.3 Describe how psychological disorders are diagnosed and classified. Topic: 12.3 Diagnosing and Classifying Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 54. Disorders characterized by disturbances in emotion are known as __________ disorders. a) conversion b) somatoform Incorrect. Somatoform disorders take the form of bodily ailments that have no physical cause. c) mood Correct. Mood disorders are characterized by disturbances in emotion. d) dissociative Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.4 Describe different mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders. Topic: 12.4 Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 94 a= 1 b= 1 c= 94 d= 3 r = .20 % correct 95 a= 3 b= 2 c= 95 d= 1 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 55. The term affect is used by psychologists to refer to __________. a) thought Incorrect. Affect refers to emotion. b) emotion Correct. Affect refers to emotion. c) behavior d) intuition Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.4 Describe different mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders. Topic: 12.4 Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 60 a= 7 b= 60 c= 31 d= 1 r = .37 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 56. Severe depression that comes on suddenly and seems to have no external cause or is too severe for current circumstances is called __________. a) dysthymia Incorrect. Dysthymia is a mild form of depression. b) bipolar disorder c) hypomania d) major depressive disorder Correct. Major depression is severe and sometimes often comes on suddenly. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.4 Describe different mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders. Topic: 12.4 Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorders

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 57. Which set of circumstances is a characteristic of major depressive disorder? a) depressed mood that comes and goes frequently b) little or no pleasure in any activities Correct. Many who are depressed lose a desire to do the things that they once enjoyed doing. c) heightened interest in sexual activity Incorrect. In most cases of depression, there is a reduction in sexual interest. d) an enhanced sense of creativity Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.4 Describe different mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders. Topic: 12.4 Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 58. Belinda lost her mother in a tragic auto accident last week. She has experienced sadness, tearfulness, and problems sleeping since the accident. She also has no desire to go out with her friends for the time being. Belinda likely __________ a) has major depressive disorder b) is in a delusional state c) will develop a psychotic depression Incorrect. This is unlikely given the information provided here. d) is showing a normal reaction to the death of a loved one Correct. This is a normal reaction to this event. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.4 Describe different mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders. Topic: 12.4 Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 59. Which conclusion is TRUE regarding gender differences in the diagnosis of depression? a) Gender differences are nonexistent in college students and single adults. Correct. When single adults and college students are studied, there are no gender differences in the diagnosis of depression. b) Gender differences get larger as adults get older. c) Gender differences in childhood tend to reverse themselves in adulthood. d) Women are always diagnosed with depression more than men, regardless of occupation. Incorrect. Although women tend to have an overall higher diagnosis of depression when compared to men, this is not true in every case, particularly when other sociocultural factors are taken into consideration. Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.4 Describe different mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders. Topic: 12.4 Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 60. Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) seems to be related to __________. a) low levels of thyroxine b) low levels of sunlight Correct. SAD is related to low levels of sunlight in winter months. c) high levels of thyroxine d) high levels of sunlight Incorrect. SAD is related to low levels of sunlight in winter months. Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.4 Describe different mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders. Topic: 12.4 Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 61. __________ disorder is a mood disorder that is caused by the body’s reaction to low levels of light present in the winter months. a) Panic b) Bipolar c) Dysthymic Incorrect. Dysthymic disorder is not seasonal. d) Seasonal affective Correct. Seasonal affective disorder occurs primarily during the winter months. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.4 Describe different mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders. Topic: 12.4 Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 94 a= 0 b= 0 c= 6 d= 94 r = .21 % correct 90 a= 0 b= 1 c= 9 d= 90 r = .30 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 62. A person who suffers from bipolar disorder alternates between periods of __________. a) anxiety and mania b) depression and manic episodes Correct. Bipolar disorder is characterized by depression and manic episodes. c) mania and schizophrenia Incorrect. Bipolar disorder is characterized by mania and depression, not schizophrenia. d) depression and schizophrenia Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.4 Describe different mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders. Topic: 12.4 Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 63. Meaghan is extremely confident and feels that lately she needs very little sleep. In addition, she reports that her thoughts seem to be going fast—similar to watching three television shows at once. Meaghan most likely is experiencing a __________. a) manic episode Correct. Enhanced self-esteem and energy and a decreased need for sleep are classic symptoms of a manic episode. b) dysthymic episode c) loss of mental control

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) psychotic break Incorrect. There is nothing in this question that indicates the presence of psychosis in Meaghan. Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.4 Describe different mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders. Topic: 12.4 Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 64. Gustavo has been told by his family physician that his changes in behavior are caused by “hypomanic episodes” and that he has also been experiencing “major depressive episodes.” At the physician’s urging, Gustavo visits a clinical psychologist who confirms the pattern: “At least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode.” What diagnosis will the clinician apply to Gustavo’s condition? a) bipolar II disorder Correct. These are the criteria for this diagnosis. b) hypnothermia Incorrect. This diagnosis would not be made. c) persistent depressive disorder d) bipolar I disorder Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.4 Describe different mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders. Topic: 12.4 Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 65. What symptoms of bipolar disorder also are present in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? a) irrational thinking Incorrect. Irrational thinking is a symptom of bipolar disorder, but it is not present in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. b) mania c) excessive movement and concentration difficulties Correct. These are symptoms of both bipolar and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. d) depression Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.4 Describe different mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders. Topic: 12.4 Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 66. The link between depression and learned helplessness would be consistent with a __________ explanation of disordered mood. a) psychiatric b) behavioral Correct. Behaviorists would highlight this association. c) psychodynamic Incorrect. This perspective would not highlight this link. d) sociocultural Answer: b

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 12.5 Compare and contrast potential explanations for depression and other mood disorders. Topic: 12.5 Causes of Mood Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 67. Which statement presents a biological explanation for mood disorders? a) They are a result of learned helplessness. b) They are a result of anger turned inward on oneself. c) They are a result of distortions in thinking. Incorrect. The social-cognitive perspective, not the biological perspective, focuses on distortions in thinking. d) They are a result of an imbalance of brain chemicals. Correct. The biological explanation emphasizes an imbalance of brain chemicals. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.5 Compare and contrast potential explanations for depression and other mood disorders. Topic: 12.5 Causes of Mood Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 68. Which neurotransmitters are MOST important in the development of mood disorders? a) GABA, endorphins, and serotonin b) acetylcholine, serotonin, and GABA c) dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine Correct. Dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine all play a role in the development of mood disorders. d) norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and serotonin Incorrect. Acetylcholine does not play a role in the development of mood disorders. Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.5 Compare and contrast potential explanations for depression and other mood disorders. Topic: 12.5 Causes of Mood Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 52 a= 15 b= 23 c= 52 d= 11 r = .22 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology 69. Compared to the others, which neurotransmitter contributes the LEAST to the development of mood disorder symptoms? a) serotonin b) endorphins Correct. Endorphins play a role in the body’s ability to reduce physical pain. They are not involved in mood disorders. c) dopamine Incorrect. While dopamine is also believed to be largely responsible for the development of schizophrenia, it has also been linked to mood disorders. d) norepinephrine Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.5 Compare and contrast potential explanations for depression and other mood disorders. Topic: 12.5 Causes of Mood Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 70. What is the defining feature necessary for a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder? a) the presence of severe depression b) experiencing a series of manic episodes in rapid succession

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. This is not a defining characteristic of this diagnosis. c) experiencing at least one manic episode Correct. This element must be present for this diagnosis to be made. d) thoughts of suicide Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.4 Describe different mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders. Topic: 12.4 Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 71. Recent global estimates indicate that approximately __________ percent of the worldwide population experienced an anxiety disorder in the past year. a) 4 Correct. Recent figures for 2015 indicated that 3.6 percent of the world population reported this occurrence. b) 6 c) 7 d) 9 Incorrect. The percentage was not this high. Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 72. Excessive or unrealistic fearfulness and worry are characteristic of __________. a) mood disorders Incorrect. Mood disorders are disturbances in emotions from intense sadness and despair to extreme happiness and elation. b) dissociative neurosis c) anxiety disorders Correct. Excessive or unrealistic fearfulness and anxiety are characteristic of anxiety disorders. d) amnesia Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 90 a= 3 b= 5 c= 90 d= 2 r = .51 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 73. Which statement is TRUE about anxiety? a) It is never considered realistic or normal. b) Some anxiety is realistic when its source is understandable. Correct. This statement is true because some types of anxiety are normal. c) It always manifests itself as a disorder. d) It is unusual for a mentally healthy person to experience anxiety. Incorrect. This statement is false because some anxiety is normal and is experienced by mentally healthy people. Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White % correct 91 a= 2 b= 91 c= 4 d= 2 r = .18 % correct 86 a= 6 b= 86 c= 6 d= 2 r = .22 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 74. Sebastian has a great job, is well educated, and has a loving family. Despite these positive aspects of his life, he experiences anxiety every day. When asked by his therapist the reason for his anxiety, he says, “I don’t know why. I don’t have any reason to feel anxious, yet I worry all the time.” The therapist describes Sebastian as having __________ anxiety. a) free-floating Correct. Free-floating anxiety is anxiety that is unrelated to any specific, known source. b) normal c) healthy d) restricted Incorrect. Because Sebastian’s anxiety has no particular cause or focus, it is considered free-floating anxiety. Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 70 a= 70 b= 4 c= 7 d= 19 r = .31 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 75. Free-floating anxiety refers to anxiety that is __________. a) related to a specific event b) unrelated to any specific, known source Correct. The definition of free-floating anxiety is anxiety that is unrelated to any specific, known source. c) related to a realistic source Incorrect. Free-floating anxiety is unrelated to any realistic, known source. d) related to a specific object Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 97 a= 2 b= 97 c= 1 d= 0 r = .22 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 76. Which diagnosis is an anxiety disorder? a) bipolar disorder Incorrect. Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder. b) conversion disorder c) a phobia Correct. A phobia is an anxiety disorder. d) schizophrenia Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 76 a= 8 b= 8 c= 76 d= 7 r = .36 % correct 86 a= 4 b= 8 c= 86 d= 2 r = .34 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 77. Ty has such an intense fear of flying insects that he hardly ever goes outside his house during the summer

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White months. Ty is probably suffering from a __________. a) somatoform disorder b) conversion reaction Incorrect. A person having a conversion reaction suffers specific symptoms related to the somatic nervous system, such as blindness, paralysis, deafness, or numbness of certain body parts, none of which have real physical causes. c) personality disorder d) phobia Correct. Ty is experiencing an irrational, persistent fear of a particular thing. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 97 a= 3 b= 0 c= 0 d= 97 r = .03 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 78. An irrational, persistent fear of something is called a(n) __________. a) mania Incorrect. Mania is having the quality of excessive excitement, energy, or elation, not an irrational, persistent fear of something. b) obsession c) phobia Correct. An irrational, persistent fear of something is called a phobia. d) compulsion Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 79. Stefanie has an irrational fear of flying in airplanes. She is probably suffering from a(n) __________. a) mania b) obsession Incorrect. An obsession is a disorder in which intruding thoughts that cause anxiety never go away. Stefanie is experiencing an irrational fear of a particular thing. c) compulsion d) phobia Correct. Stefanie is experiencing an irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 97 a= 2 b= 0 c= 1 d= 97 r = .27 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 80. An anxiety disorder that involves a fear of interacting with others or being in a social situation is called __________. a) agoraphobia b) social anxiety disorder Correct. Social anxiety disorder involves a fear of interacting with others or being in a social situation. c) a specific phobia

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. A specific phobia involves a fear of a specific object or situation, such as dogs or going to the dentist. Fear of social interaction is not considered a specific phobia but rather a social phobia. d) generalized anxiety disorder Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 81. Fear of public speaking and stage fright are both examples of __________ phobias. a) specific Incorrect. A specific phobia involves a fear of a specific object or situation, such as dogs or going to the dentist. Fear of embarrassment in front of others is not considered a specific phobia, but rather a social anxiety disorder. b) social Correct. Fear of public speaking and stage fright are examples of phobias that involve a social situation. c) complex d) interactive Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 77 a= 19 b= 77 c= 0 d= 4 r = .21 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 82. People who have __________ are afraid of being evaluated in some negative way by others, so they tend to avoid situations that can be embarrassing. a) agoraphobia b) social anxiety disorder Correct. People who have social anxiety disorder tend to avoid situations that can be embarrassing. c) a specific phobia Incorrect. People who have social anxiety disorder tend to avoid situations that can be embarrassing. Specific phobias involve a fear of a specific object or situation, such as dogs or going to the dentist. d) an interactive phobia Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 73 a= 17 b= 73 c= 2 d= 8 r = .29 % correct 69 a= 20 b= 69 c= 3 d= 9 r = .20 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 83. Winona refuses to use public restrooms, but not for hygienic reasons. She is afraid she will slip on a puddle of water, expel flatulence loudly and unexpectedly, or get toilet tissue stuck to her shoe, only to be embarrassed and humiliated in front of others. What diagnosis would most likely apply to Winona? a) a specific phobia Incorrect. There is no evidence that Winona is experiencing a specific phobia. b) social anxiety disorder Correct. These fears would be consistent with social anxiety disorder. c) schizophrenia d) a mood disorder

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 84. Which of the anxiety disorders is related to a history of shyness in childhood? a) generalized anxiety disorder Incorrect. There is no known relationship between being shy in childhood and developing this disorder. b) panic disorder c) social anxiety disorder Correct. People with social anxiety disorder are anxious and fearful of interacting with others or being in social settings, symptoms that are distinctly related to early life shyness. d) obsessive-compulsive disorder Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It % correct 84 a= 13 b= 2 c= 84 d= 2 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 85. Fears of snakes, thunderstorms, darkness, and water are classified as __________ phobias. a) specific Correct. Specific phobias are irrational fears of particular objects or situations. b) social Incorrect. A social phobia is a fear of certain social situations, not a fear of a particular object or situation. c) primary d) innate Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 86 a= 86 b= 3 c= 7 d= 3 r = .18 % correct 86 a= 86 b= 1 c= 9 d= 4 r = .34 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 86. An irrational fear of some object or specific situation is called __________. a) agoraphobia b) a social phobia Incorrect. Because a social phobia is a fear of a type of situation, this answer makes sense; however, specific phobia is the best answer because it includes the fear of objects. c) a specific phobia Correct. An irrational fear of some object or specific situation is called a specific phobia. d) an interactive phobia Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 88 a= 10 b= 1 c= 88 d= 2 r = .32

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 87. What is the main difference between generalized anxiety disorder and phobic disorder? a) Phobic disorder is linked to specific triggers, while generalized anxiety disorder is not linked to a specific trigger. Correct. With a phobia, the sufferer knows exactly what they are afraid of, whereas with generalized anxiety disorder, the trigger of the tension and worry is not clear. b) Generalized anxiety disorder is linked to a specific trigger, while phobic disorder is not linked to a specific trigger. c) Generalized anxiety disorder is more common in women, and phobic disorder is more common in men. Incorrect. This statement regarding the gender differences between phobias and generalized anxiety disorder is not accurate. d) Generalized anxiety disorder is more common in adults, while phobic disorder is more common in children. Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 88. Which occupation would be especially difficult to discharge for a person who suffers from acrophobia? a) cashier b) baseball umpire Incorrect. A person who has acrophobia, or fear of heights, would not have any difficulty being a baseball umpire, because that job is conducted on the ground. Someone with social phobia would have difficulty being a baseball umpire. c) window washer for a tall building Correct. Someone who has acrophobia, or fear of heights, would have difficulty washing windows because the job would involve being high up, which would cause the person tremendous anxiety. d) emergency room nurse Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 89. Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible if something should go wrong is called __________. a) agoraphobia Correct. Agoraphobia is fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible. b) a social phobia Incorrect. People who have a social phobia tend to avoid situations that can be embarrassing. c) a specific phobia d) trypanophobia Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 60 a= 60 b= 6 c= 23 d= 11 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 90. Elisabeth has a fear of being kept in a small, enclosed space. This anxiety disorder is classified as a(n) __________ , and more precisely as __________ . a) free-floating anxiety disorder; chronophobia b) specific phobia; hematophobia c) specific phobia; claustrophobia Correct. These are the correct designations. d) panic disorder; acrophobia Incorrect. Both the category and specific designation are incorrect. Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 91. Which term is used to describe a sudden onset of extreme panic, with various symptoms including racing heart, rapid breathing, and sweating? a) phobia Incorrect. A phobia is an irrational fear of a particular thing or situation. b) compulsion c) panic attack Correct. A panic attack is a sudden onset of extreme panic with physical symptoms. d) affective disorder Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 98 a= 0 b= 2 c= 98 d= 0 r = .31 % correct 95 a= 2 b= 2 c= 95 d= 0 r = .27 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 92. Becky was the successful manager of a busy flower shop when she began to have panic attacks. At first she only had them while out with her friends, so she stopped going out with her friends. Then she began having them in her car, so she stopped driving and had her sister drive her to work every day. Eventually, though, Becky began having panic attacks while at work. Because the fear and anxiety were so overwhelming, she stopped going to work and eventually got fired. Over the last month, Becky has been unable to leave her house because of the intense fear that another panic attack will surface. Becky likely suffers from __________ . a) conversion disorder b) panic disorder with agoraphobia Correct. Features of both disorders are clearly present, with one disorder feeding the other. c) a specific phobia Incorrect. There doesn’t seem to be a specific focus here. d) dissociative identity disorder Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 93. Although each panic attack is different, the average panic attack peaks in about __________ minutes. a) 3–5

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) 10–15 Correct. Though some attacks are shorter and others are longer, the average panic attack peaks within 10 to 15 minutes. c) 30 d) 60–90 Incorrect. It would be unusual for a panic attack to last for an hour or more. Most attacks last 10–15 minutes. Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 94. An anxiety disorder characterized by frequent panic attacks that affect the person’s ability to function in day-today living is called __________ disorder. a) panic Correct. Panic disorder is characterized by frequent panic attacks. b) obsessive-compulsive c) generalized anxiety Incorrect. Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive worry, not by frequent panic attacks. d) phobic Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 65 a= 65 b= 7 c= 25 d= 4 r = .21 % correct 68 a= 68 b= 11 c= 20 d= 1 r = .23 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 95. Bo is sitting quietly with friends, enjoying a movie night and some popcorn. Out of the blue he feels his chest tighten, his heart begin to race, and an intense feeling of terror. As his friends leave their chairs to help him, they see he is covered in sweat and taking short, shallow breaths. What is Bo experiencing? a) generalized anxiety b) panic disorder Incorrect. This is an attack, and not yet a disorder. c) a panic attack Correct. These are the symptoms of a panic attack. d) agoraphobia Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 96. Bo has been avoiding his friends and declining their invitations to movie night ever since he experienced three panic attacks over a span of three months. The dread that he might have another panic attack and embarrass himself in front of his friends has left him eating popcorn by himself. What is Bo experiencing? a) bipolar I disorder Incorrect. There is nothing in Bo’s behavior to suggest this diagnosis. b) a specific phobia c) panic disorder Correct. His attacks have led to his anxiety about his attacks, and hence, a panic disorder.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) generalized anxiety Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 97. A disorder in which excessive anxiety and worry occur more days than not for at least 6 months is called __________ disorder. a) panic b) obsessive-compulsive Incorrect. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterized by intruding thoughts and ritualistic behavior. c) generalized anxiety Correct. Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive worry and anxiety that occur more days than not for at least 6 months. d) phobic Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 98. A disorder in which intruding thoughts that occur again and again are followed by repetitive, ritualistic behavior meant to lower the anxiety caused by the thoughts is called __________ disorder. a) obsessive-compulsive Correct. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is one in which intruding thoughts occur again and again and are followed by repetitive, ritualistic behavior meant to lower the anxiety caused by the thoughts. b) delusional c) posttraumatic stress Incorrect. Posttraumatic stress disorder is a persisting anxiety in the wake of a terrifying event. d) passive-aggressive Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.7 Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder and stress-related disorders. Topic: 12.7 Other Disorders Related to Anxiety Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 99. Intruding thoughts that occur again and again are called __________. Repetitive, ritualistic behaviors are called __________. a) intrusions; impulses b) obsessions; compulsions Correct. Obsessions are recurring thoughts, and compulsions are ritualistic behaviors. c) impulses; intrusions d) compulsions; obsessions Incorrect. Compulsions are ritualistic behaviors, and obsessions are recurring thoughts. Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.7 Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder and stress-related disorders. Topic: 12.7 Other Disorders Related to Anxiety Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 63 a= 0 b= 63 c= 12 d= 26 r = .52

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 100. Jinhai is suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder. If he tries to stop his compulsive behaviors, he is likely to experience __________. a) severe depression Incorrect. Jinhai is likely to experience anxiety. Compulsions lower the anxiety caused by obsessive thoughts. b) severe anxiety Correct. The compulsions lower the anxiety caused by the obsessive thoughts. c) amnesia d) hypochondriasis Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.7 Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder and stress-related disorders. Topic: 12.7 Other Disorders Related to Anxiety Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 96 a= 1 b= 96 c= 0 d= 3 r = .30 % correct 94 a= 3 b= 94 c= 1 d= 3 r = .21 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 101. __________ is a repetitive behavior or mental act that an individual feels compelled to perform in response to an obsession. a) Bulimia nervosa b) An obsession Incorrect. An obsession is an intrusive thought, not an action. c) A compulsion Correct. This is the correct definition of a compulsion. d) Rumination Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.7 Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder and stress-related disorders. Topic: 12.7 Other Disorders Related to Anxiety Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 102. Obsession is to compulsion as __________. a) thought is to behavior Correct. An obsession is an intrusive thought. A compulsion is a ritualistic behavior. b) behavior is to thought Incorrect. This is the opposite of the correct answer. c) response is to stimulus d) repetitive is to constant Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.7 Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder and stress-related disorders. Topic: 12.7 Other Disorders Related to Anxiety Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 103. Sholanda has a 6-year-old son who attends school near their house. She has terrible thoughts that he will be abducted while at school. Though she tries not to think about these images, she cannot seem to control it. She has found that if she drives around the school three times in a row, the disturbing thoughts and images of her son being abducted seem to go away. Which statement is most likely true regarding this scenario? a) Sholanda’s obsessions consist of intrusive, terrifying thoughts that her son might be kidnapped from school.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. Obsessions = thoughts. b) Sholanda has panic disorder. Incorrect. She’s not particularly panicked; in fact, she seems rather calm when driving around the school. c) The thoughts that her son may be abducted can be considered hallucinations. d) Sholanda’s compulsions are the agonizing thoughts about her son being abducted. Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.7 Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder and stress-related disorders. Topic: 12.7 Other Disorders Related to Anxiety Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 104. Sholanda has a 6-year-old son who attends school near their house. She has terrible thoughts that he will be abducted while at school. Though she tries not to think about these images, she cannot seem to control it. She has found that if she drives around the school three times in a row, the disturbing thoughts and images of her son being abducted seem to go away. Unfortunately, she finds herself doing this for about three hours every school day. Which term characterizes her behavior of driving around the school? a) agoraphobia b) panic attack c) generalized anxiety disorder Incorrect. Her anxieties are quite focused. d) compulsion Correct. Compulsions = actions. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.7 Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder and stress-related disorders. Topic: 12.7 Other Disorders Related to Anxiety Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 105. A disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, nightmares, poor sleep, reliving the event, and concentration problems, lasting for more than 1 month, is called __________. a) acute stress disorder Incorrect. Acute stress disorder is temporary, lasting less than 1 month. b) external locus of control c) catastrophic stress d) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Correct. Posttraumatic stress disorder results from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, nightmares, poor sleep, reliving the event, and concentration problems, lasting for more than 1 month. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.7 Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder and stress-related disorders. Topic: 12.7 Other Disorders Related to Anxiety Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 93 a= 5 b= 0 c= 2 d= 93 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 106. Deshaun, a war veteran, has experienced nightmares, flashbacks, and anxiety attacks for the past 3 years. Deshaun is most likely suffering from __________. a) acute stress disorder Incorrect. Acute stress disorder is temporary, lasting less than 1 month. b) external locus of control c) catastrophic stress

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Correct. Nightmares, flashbacks, and anxiety attacks that continue for more than a month after a trauma indicate that a person is suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.7 Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder and stress-related disorders. Topic: 12.7 Other Disorders Related to Anxiety Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 107. Tara’s house was flooded in a hurricane. Upon losing her home, she had nightmares, disturbed sleep, and anxiety that lasted about 2 weeks. Tara most likely suffered from __________. a) acute stress disorder Correct. Acute stress disorder is temporary, lasting less than 1 month. b) external locus of control c) catastrophic stress d) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Incorrect. Posttraumatic stress disorder would be the diagnosis if symptoms persisted for more than 1 month. Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.7 Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder and stress-related disorders. Topic: 12.7 Other Disorders Related to Anxiety Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 108. After returning from the Iraq war, Pietro was plagued by nightmares of the attacks. In addition, he avoided anything associated with the war and was hypervigilant for danger. He has been home for nearly 6 months, but these symptoms continue. Pietro might have __________ disorder. a) acute stress Incorrect. Acute stress disorder is only diagnosed for 1 month after a traumatic experience. b) a mood c) obsessive-compulsive d) posttraumatic stress Correct. These are some of the symptoms of PTSD. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.7 Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder and stress-related disorders. Topic: 12.7 Other Disorders Related to Anxiety Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 109. Which attribute is a symptom of both acute stress disorder (ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? a) persistent reliving of the event Correct. This often takes the form of nightmares, illusions, or flashbacks. b) an obsessive need to be close to anything associated with the trauma c) decreased arousal Incorrect. In fact, increased arousal is a symptom of these disorders. d) symptoms of a manic episode Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.7 Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder and stress-related disorders. Topic: 12.7 Other Disorders Related to Anxiety Difficulty Level: Easy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 110. Ashok has developed a phobia of caterpillars, based on numerous childhood incidents when his brothers would zip him into a sleeping bag with live caterpillars, or place caterpillars in his hair during family picnics or at soccer matches. Which view of psychopathology offers the best explanation for the development of Ashok’s phobia? a) cognitive b) biological Incorrect. No biological mechanisms are implicated here. c) behavioral Correct. Ashok has learned to be afraid of caterpillars, and justifiably so. d) psychodynamic Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.8 Identify potential causes of anxiety, trauma, and stress disorders. Topic: 12.8 Causes of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 111. The psychodynamic model views anxiety as __________. a) a danger signal that repressed conflicts are threatening to surface Correct. The psychodynamic model focuses on repressed conflicts, thoughts, and memories in the unconscious. b) a learned reaction c) the result of illogical, irrational thought processes Incorrect. The cognitive perspective focuses on thought processes. d) linked to an imbalance in several neurotransmitters in the nervous system Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.8 Identify potential causes of anxiety, trauma, and stress disorders. Topic: 12.8 Causes of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 46 a= 46 b= 23 c= 23 d= 6 r = .50 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 112. Dr. Nwoambi is treating a patient who has a fear of knives. He believes his patient’s fear is a kind of displacement, in which the phobic object is a symbol of whatever his patient has buried deep inside her unconscious mind. Dr. Nwoambi’s view is consistent with that of __________. a) behaviorists b) cognitive psychologists Incorrect. Cognitive psychologists focus on thought processes. Dr. Nwoambi’s view is consistent with that of the psychodynamic model because of his focus on the unconscious. c) the psychodynamic model Correct. Dr. Nwoambi’s view is consistent with that of the psychodynamic model because of his focus on the unconscious. d) the biological perspective Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.8 Identify potential causes of anxiety, trauma, and stress disorders. Topic: 12.8 Causes of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 73 a= 6 b= 19 c= 73 d= 1 r = .44 % correct 66 a= 5 b= 29 c= 66 d= 0 r = .44 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 113. The behavioral perspective views anxiety as __________. a) a danger signal that repressed conflicts are threatening to surface Incorrect. The psychodynamic model focuses on the unconscious. b) a learned reaction Correct. Behaviorists view anxiety as a learned behavioral reaction. c) the result of illogical, irrational thought processes d) linked to an imbalance in several neurotransmitters in the nervous system Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.8 Identify potential causes of anxiety, trauma, and stress disorders. Topic: 12.8 Causes of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 48 a= 15 b= 48 c= 31 d= 6 r = .41 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 114. Maura has an anxiety disorder. She is currently seeing a therapist who believes that anxiety disorders are a result of distorted, irrational thought processes. Maura is probably seeking treatment from a __________. a) behavioral psychologist Incorrect. Behaviorists view anxiety disorders as a result of learning. b) cognitive psychologist Correct. Cognitive psychologists view anxiety disorders as a result of distorted thought processes. c) psychoanalyst d) psychologist with a biological perspective Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.8 Identify potential causes of anxiety, trauma, and stress disorders. Topic: 12.8 Causes of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 115. Keiko has a tendency to disregard the compliments that people give her about her work, and she fails to realize her own skills and talents. Beck would say that Keiko engages in __________. a) overgeneralization Incorrect. A person who makes everything seem worse than it is in reality is engaging in magnification. b) minimization Correct. A person who gives little emphasis to her or his positive events or traits is minimizing. c) all-or-nothing thinking d) magnification Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.8 Identify potential causes of anxiety, trauma, and stress disorders. Topic: 12.8 Causes of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 116. “Oh my gosh,” Tessa exclaims as she leaves her psychology exam. “I just KNOW that I got number 116 wrong! I just know that I’m going to fail this class.” According to a cognitive psychologist, Tessa is engaging in which distorted thought processes? a) all-or-nothing thinking Correct. All-or-nothing thinking occurs when a person believes that anything less than perfection represents failure. b) magnification c) overgeneralization d) minimization

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. Minimization is when a person assesses a situation with too little importance or emphasis. Tessa is engaging in all-or-nothing thinking. Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.8 Identify potential causes of anxiety, trauma, and stress disorders. Topic: 12.8 Causes of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 117. Eloise has a tendency to form the worst interpretation for any event. When asked to purchase a raffle ticket, she thinks about the taxes she’d have to pay on the prize money. When asked on a date, she assumes she’ll spill ceviche on her dress and embarrass herself. When she gets upset, she’s certain an aneurysm will pop open in her brain and instantly kill her. All of this worry and concern has led to the development of anxiety and depression. Which view of psychopathology best characterizes Eloise’s behavior? a) sociocultural Incorrect. The social and cultural setting seem to have little to do with her troubles. b) biological c) psychodynamic d) cognitive Correct. Eloise’s imagination, perception, and thought processes—her cognitive activity—is making her a wreck. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.8 Identify potential causes of anxiety, trauma, and stress disorders. Topic: 12.8 Causes of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 118. According to the biological perspective, a person with a phobia has elevated activation in which part of the brain? a) amygdala Correct. Structural neuroimaging has found the amygdala to be more active in people who are phobic when shown a picture of their phobic trigger. b) hippocampus Incorrect. The hippocampus is not specifically involved in phobic responses. c) hypothalamus d) corpus callosum Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.8 Identify potential causes of anxiety, trauma, and stress disorders. Topic: 12.8 Causes of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 119. Which culture-bound disorder is most commonly seen in Latin America? a) ataque de nervios Correct. This condition, which means “attack of nerves” in English, is seen as a form of an anxiety disorder in Latin American countries. b) koro Incorrect. Koro, or the fear of shrinking genitals, is not a Latin American affliction. c) mal da mer d) arezow doost Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.8 Identify potential causes of anxiety, trauma, and stress disorders.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 12.8 Causes of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 120. The disorder or culture-bound syndrome in which men fear that their penis is shrinking is primarily found in which setting? a) Louisiana Incorrect. The disorder in which men fear that their penis is shrinking is called koro and is primarily found in China. b) Great Britain c) Sri Lanka d) China Correct. This disorder is called koro and is primarily found in China. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.8 Identify potential causes of anxiety, trauma, and stress disorders. Topic: 12.8 Causes of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 121. Disorders in which there is a break in conscious awareness, memory, the sense of identity, or some combination are called __________. a) paraphilias b) anxiety disorders c) somatoform disorders Incorrect. Somatoform disorders take the form of bodily ailments that have no physical cause. d) dissociative disorders Correct. Dissociative disorders are characterized by a break in conscious awareness, memory, the sense of identity, or some combination of symptoms. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.9 Differentiate among dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative identity disorder. Topic: 12.9 Types of Dissociative Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 90 a= 8 b= 1 c= 2 d= 90 r = .44 % correct 90 a= 0 b= 1 c= 9 d= 90 r = .41 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 122. Saeed’s psychiatrist notes that Saeed is experiencing a disruption of the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, and identity. Therefore, Saeed most likely has a(n) __________ disorder. a) schizophrenic Incorrect. Schizophrenia is a disruption in contact with reality, not in one’s consciousness. b) adjustment c) dissociative Correct. Dissociative disorders would be defined by these symptoms. d) impulse-control Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.9 Differentiate among dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative identity disorder. Topic: 12.9 Types of Dissociative Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 123. After being passed up for a promotion and then getting into a heated argument with his son, a man disappears. He shows up 2 weeks later in another town with no memory of who he is or how he got there. He appears to be suffering from __________. a) paraphilia b) schizophrenia c) a somatoform disorder Incorrect. Somatoform disorders take the form of bodily ailments that have no physical cause. d) a dissociative disorder Correct. Dissociative disorders are characterized by a break in conscious awareness, memory, sense of identity, or some combination of symptoms. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.9 Differentiate among dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative identity disorder. Topic: 12.9 Types of Dissociative Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 87 a= 4 b= 7 c= 3 d= 87 r = .37 % correct 93 a= 3 b= 2 c= 2 d= 93 r = .36 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 124. A dissociative disorder characterized by a partial or complete loss of memory for personal information that is usually associated with a stressful or emotionally traumatic experience is known as __________. a) dissociative identity disorder b) depersonalization disorder c) dissociative amnesia Correct. Dissociative amnesia is a loss of memory of personal information and is usually associated with a stressful experience. d) dissociative fugue Incorrect. Dissociative fugue involves leaving home and loss of memory of personal information. Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.9 Differentiate among dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative identity disorder. Topic: 12.9 Types of Dissociative Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 69 a= 13 b= 9 c= 69 d= 8 r = .21 % correct 77 a= 14 b= 4 c= 77 d= 5 r = .20 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 125. Walt looked around and suddenly realized he was in the middle of a grocery store rather than in his apartment. He had no idea how he got there, no recollection of the past several hours, and no real certainty about who he was. What diagnosis would apply to Walt’s circumstances? a) schizophrenia b) dissociative fugue Correct. Walt has “run away,” which is a rough translation of “fugue.” c) distension with escape Incorrect. This is not a diagnosis made by mental health professionals. d) dissociative identity disorder Answer: b

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 12.9 Differentiate among dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative identity disorder. Topic: 12.9 Types of Dissociative Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 126. A dissociative state that involves sudden travel from home, sometimes taking on a new identity in the new place, and amnesia regarding the trip and one’s actual personal information is called __________. a) dissociative identity disorder b) dissociative amnesia Incorrect. Dissociative amnesia does not cause one to leave home and take on a new identity. c) depersonalization disorder d) dissociative fugue Correct. Dissociative fugue entails leaving home and loss of memory about the trip and even one’s personal information. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.9 Differentiate among dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative identity disorder. Topic: 12.9 Types of Dissociative Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 57 a= 22 b= 19 c= 3 d= 57 r = .56 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 127. In which disorder does a person seem to experience at least two or more distinct personalities existing in one body? a) schizophrenia Incorrect. People with schizophrenia do not experience multiple personalities. b) panic disorder c) depersonalization d) dissociative identity disorder Correct. People with dissociative identity disorder show signs of having at least two distinct personalities. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.9 Differentiate among dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative identity disorder. Topic: 12.9 Types of Dissociative Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 128. Gillian seeks treatment to learn how to relax. When her therapist hypnotizes her, her voice deepens and someone claiming his name is “Thongor” begins to speak. During therapy, 23 separate entities—each with its own name, personal style, and memories—emerge. Gillian appears to be suffering from __________ disorder. a) depersonalization Incorrect. Depersonalization disorder involves feeling disconnected from oneself but does not involve different personalities with different names. b) dissociative identity Correct. Dissociative identity disorder, once known as multiple personality disorder, involves two or more separate personalities living within one body. c) conversion d) schizoid personality Answer: b

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 12.9 Differentiate among dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative identity disorder. Topic: 12.9 Types of Dissociative Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 129. What is the name of the culture-bound syndrome that involves a period of increased agitation and violence? a) taijin-kyofu-sho b) ghost sickness Incorrect. The correct culture-bound syndrome is called amok. c) amok Correct. This is the correct culture-bound syndrome. d) susto Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.9 Differentiate among dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative identity disorder. Topic: 12.9 Types of Dissociative Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 130. Which psychological perspective claims that shaping may play a big role in the development of some cases of dissociative identity disorder? a) behavioral Correct. Behavioral psychologists emphasize shaping through positive and negative reinforcement as a factor in the development of some cases of dissociative identity disorder. b) humanistic c) biological d) psychoanalytic Incorrect. Psychoanalytic theory sees repression as a large element that contributes to dissociative identity disorder. Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.10 Summarize explanations for dissociative disorders. Topic: 12.10 Causes of Dissociative Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 131. Robbie seeks therapy after having recurrent episodes of feeling “detached from himself” for several months, but he has not lost his self-awareness or memory. He notes that he feels like a robot, disconnected from his movements and actions. Robbie is most likely suffering from __________. a) dissociative fugue Incorrect. A person experiencing dissociative fugue experiences a loss of memory. b) conversion disorder c) dissociative identity disorder d) depersonalization/derealization disorder Correct. Depersonalization/derealization disorder involves feeling detached from oneself. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.10 Summarize explanations for dissociative disorders. Topic: 12.10 Causes of Dissociative Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 132. Which line of evidence suggests the social-cognitive model of dissociative identity disorder (DID) is incomplete? a) DID has been diagnosed almost exclusively within the United States. b) Severe, chronic childhood trauma is present in the histories of almost all people diagnosed with DID. Correct. The prevalence of these events needs to be addressed. c) Therapist intervention, in the form of harmful prompting and cuing, is seen in the majority of DID cases. Incorrect. This argument would support the sociocognitive model. d) There are no functional brain differences across personalities within the same person diagnosed with DID. Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.10 Summarize explanations for dissociative disorders. Topic: 12.10 Causes of Dissociative Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 133. People who are attempting to become extremely thin by refusing to eat suffer from __________. a) bulimia nervosa Incorrect. People with bulimia eat, but then force themselves to vomit. b) obesity phobia c) anorexia nervosa Correct. People who are attempting to become extremely thin by refusing to eat suffer from anorexia nervosa. d) dissociation Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.11 Identify the symptoms and risk factors associated with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Topic: 12.11 Eating Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 95 a= 5 b= 0 c= 95 d= 0 r = .20 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 134. Taylor has a body mass index (BMI) of 16.2. She would be categorized as __________ . a) anorexic Correct. A BMI less than 18.5 meets the diagnostic criterion for anorexia. b) obese Incorrect. The opposite would be true. c) normal weight d) underweight Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.11 Identify the symptoms and risk factors associated with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Topic: 12.11 Eating Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 135. Lola is slightly overweight. Ritualistically, she often consumes large amounts of food in a short period of time, but then takes laxatives to void herself of the intake. Which eating disorder would apply to Lola’s circumstances? a) bulimia nervosa

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. The purging part characterizes the disorder as bulimia. b) binge-eating disorder Incorrect. This usually occurs without purging. c) purification disorder d) purging disorder Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.11 Identify the symptoms and risk factors associated with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Topic: 12.11 Eating Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 136. An eating disorder characterized by eating binges followed by compensatory behaviors such as self-induced vomiting is called __________. a) anorexia nervosa Incorrect. Anorexics do not binge; they abstain from eating. b) bulimia nervosa Correct. Bulimics binge and then vomit. c) hormone undersecretion d) leptin reduction Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.11 Identify the symptoms and risk factors associated with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Topic: 12.11 Eating Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 137. Research examining the causes of eating disorders has found that genetic components account for approximately __________ percent of the risk for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. a) 10–20 b) 20–40 Incorrect. This estimate is too low. c) 40–60 Correct. This is the correct estimate. d) 70–80 Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.11 Identify the symptoms and risk factors associated with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Topic: 12.11 Eating Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 138. Which statement is CORRECT concerning the cultural components of eating disorders? a) Anorexia and bulimia are only found in Western, high-socioeconomic cultures. b) African American women rarely, if ever, suffer from eating disorders. Incorrect. Recent research demonstrates that African American women are among a growing population of sufferers. c) Eating disorders are found in both Western and non-Western cultures. Correct. The only differences appear to be in the rates. d) Chinese women never report suffering from anorexia. Answer: c

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 12.11 Identify the symptoms and risk factors associated with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Topic: 12.11 Eating Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 83 a= 12 b= 4 c= 83 d= 0 r = .18 APA Learning Objectives: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 139. A sexual __________ is a problem with sexual functioning, or the actual physical workings of the sex act. a) dysfunction Correct. A sexual dysfunction is a problem with the actual physical workings of the sex act. b) malapropism Incorrect. Malapropism is a term referring to the misuse of words and is not a sexual dysfunction. c) deviation d) shortcoming Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.12 Describe types of sexual dysfunction and explain how they may develop. Topic: 12.12 Sexual Dysfunctions and Problems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 140. Physical sources of sexual problems are referred to as __________. a) lateral dysfunctions Incorrect. The term lateral dysfunctions does not appear in your text. b) organic factors Correct. Physical sources of sexual problems are referred to as organic factors. c) hormonal deficit dysfunctions d) cellular erectile difficulties Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.12 Describe types of sexual dysfunction and explain how they may develop. Topic: 12.12 Sexual Dysfunctions and Problems Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 141. People with __________ disorders have an excessively rigid, maladaptive pattern of behavior and ways of relating to others. a) personality Correct. People with personality disorders have a rigid and maladaptive pattern of behavior. b) somatoform c) affective d) schizophrenic Incorrect. People with schizophrenia suffer from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations, and are unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality. Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.13 Classify different types of personality disorders. Topic: 12.13 Categories of Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 77 a= 77 b= 2 c= 8 d= 12 r = .26 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 142. Paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders comprise a diagnostic category (“Category A”) in

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White which __________ behavior is a defining feature. a) dramatic Incorrect. This behavior is associated with Category B. b) indefinable c) fearful d) odd or eccentric Correct. This group is sometimes referred to as “the weird.” Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.13 Classify different types of personality disorders. Topic: 12.13 Categories of Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 58 a= 20 b= 3 c= 20 d= 58 r = .55 % correct 63 a= 23 b= 4 c= 12 d= 63 r = .51 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 143. Which person would be diagnosed with a personality disorder whose primary symptom type involves dramatic, erratic, or emotional behaviors? a) Caden, who has been diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder b) Marco, who has been diagnosed with dependent personality disorder Incorrect. The primary symptoms of this diagnosis are anxiety and fearfulness. c) Helene, who has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder d) Richard, who has been diagnosed with histrionic personality disorder Correct. Histrionic personality disorder is one of the Cluster B disorders marked by these symptoms. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.13 Classify different types of personality disorders. Topic: 12.13 Categories of Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 144. Avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders comprise a diagnostic category (“Category C”) in which __________ behavior is a defining feature. a) odd or peculiar b) erratic Incorrect. This behavior is associated with Category A. c) anxious and fearful Correct. This group is sometimes referred to as “the worried.” d) paranoid Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.13 Classify different types of personality disorders. Topic: 12.13 Categories of Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 145. Compared to the others, which person would be most likely to receive a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder? a) Jamaal, who works as a long-distance truck driver so that he doesn’t have to interact with people any more than necessary b) Monet, who cannot make a decision without first knowing what her boyfriend thinks is best Incorrect. Monet might be best diagnosed with dependent personality disorder, if she has other symptoms of that illness.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) Jared, who enjoys stealing cars and going for joy rides around his neighborhood Correct. Antisocial personality disorder is marked by a disregard for the rules of society and the rights of others. d) Lizette, who has a history of multiple suicide attempts Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.13 Classify different types of personality disorders. Topic: 12.13 Categories of Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 146. Caitlin is impulsive, has an unstable sense of self, and is intensely fearful of abandonment. She wants to have close relationships, but her emotions are often inappropriate and excessive with a pattern of self-destructiveness, chronic loneliness, and disruptive anger. Caitlin is suffering from __________ personality disorder. a) antisocial Incorrect. People with antisocial personality disorder lack morals and a conscience and often behave in an impulsive manner without regard for the consequences of their behavior. b) avoidant c) dependent d) borderline Correct. Caitlin’s symptoms point to borderline personality disorder. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.13 Classify different types of personality disorders. Topic: 12.13 Categories of Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 147. Kristofer shows a pattern of instability in his relationships, self-image, and feelings. As such, he most likely has __________ personality disorder. a) antisocial b) borderline Correct. These are several of the symptoms of borderline personality disorder. c) dependent d) avoidant Incorrect. Nothing in this question indicates the presence of avoidant personality disorder. Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.13 Classify different types of personality disorders. Topic: 12.13 Categories of Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 148. Which statement represents the cognitive-behavioral theorist’s view of personality disorders? a) They are due to an inadequate resolution of the Oedipus complex. Incorrect. Psychoanalysts, not cognitive-behavioral theorists, believe personality disorders are due to an inadequate resolution of the Oedipus complex. b) They are a type of learned behavior. Correct. Cognitive-behavioral theorists believe that the behavior displayed by people with personality disorders is learned through reinforcement, shaping, and modeling. c) They have physiological causes. d) They are due to disturbances in family relationships. Answer: b

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 12.14 Identify potential causes of personality disorders. Topic: 12.14 Causes of Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 149. A person who is suffering from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations and who is unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality would likely be diagnosed with __________. a) schizophrenia Correct. Disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, hallucinations, and an inability to distinguish between fantasy and reality are all symptoms of schizophrenia. b) bipolar disorder Incorrect. Bipolar disorder is characterized by mood swings between depression and mania and does not involve hallucinations or inability to distinguish between fantasy and reality. c) a dissociative disorder d) passive-aggressive personality Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.15 Distinguish between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Topic: 12.15 Symptoms of Schizophrenia Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 95 a= 95 b= 2 c= 2 d= 0 r = .19 % correct 95 a= 95 b= 1 c= 4 d= 0 r = .20 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 150. Which conclusion is an accurate statement regarding schizophrenia? a) It is the same thing as split personality. Incorrect. This is a very common misconception regarding this illness. b) It is the same thing as multiple personality disorder. c) It is the same thing as dissociative identity disorder. d) It is a long-lasting psychotic disorder. Correct. The hallmark of schizophrenia is psychosis, or loss of contact with reality. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.15 Distinguish between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Topic: 12.15 Symptoms of Schizophrenia Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 151. A patient in a psychiatric hospital exhibits disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations. This person is probably suffering from __________. a) schizophrenia Correct. Disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations are all symptoms of schizophrenia. b) bipolar disorder Incorrect. Bipolar disorder is characterized by mood swings between depression and mania and does not involve hallucinations. c) a dissociative disorder d) passive-aggressive personality Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.15 Distinguish between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Topic: 12.15 Symptoms of Schizophrenia Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 96 a= 96 b= 2 c= 2 d= 0 r = .24 % correct 96 a= 96 b= 0 c= 4 d= 0 r = .34

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 152. False beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness are known as __________. a) delusions Correct. Delusions are false beliefs. b) hallucinations Incorrect. Hallucinations are false sensory perceptions; delusions are false beliefs. c) obsessions d) compulsions Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.15 Distinguish between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Topic: 12.15 Symptoms of Schizophrenia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 67 a= 67 b= 32 c= 0 d= 1 r = .31 % correct 72 a= 72 b= 24 c= 0 d= 3 r = .36 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 153. Claude has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. He reports hearing voices that command him to apprehend Betty Crocker. Furthermore, he believes that Betty Crocker has been systematically introducing cyanide into the baking products that only he buys, in an effort to slowly poison Claude and keep him from attaining his rightful position as leader of Xhgrdax. The voices Claude hears are __________ and the plots Claude believes are __________ . a) delusions; delusions b) hallucinations; delusions Correct. Hallucinations are false perceptions; delusion are false beliefs. c) delusions; hallucinations d) negative symptoms; positive symptoms Incorrect. These would both be positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.15 Distinguish between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Topic: 12.15 Symptoms of Schizophrenia Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 154. Melissa has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. She believes that she is a powerful person who can save the world. Melissa is experiencing delusions of __________. a) persecution b) grandeur Correct. Delusions of grandeur are false beliefs in which people are convinced that they are powerful enough to save the world. c) reference Incorrect. Delusions of reference are false beliefs in which people are convinced that other people, television characters, and even books are specifically talking to them. d) influence Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.15 Distinguish between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Topic: 12.15 Symptoms of Schizophrenia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 78 a= 8 b= 78 c= 11 d= 4 r = .19 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Describe applications of psychology. 155. Delusions of __________ are false beliefs held by people who are convinced that others are trying to hurt them in some way. a) persecution Correct. Delusions of persecution are false beliefs in which people are convinced that others are trying to hurt them in some way. b) grandeur c) reference Incorrect. Delusions of reference are false beliefs in which people are convinced that other people, television characters, and even books are talking to them. d) influence Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.15 Distinguish between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Topic: 12.15 Symptoms of Schizophrenia Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 80 a= 80 b= 14 c= 3 d= 3 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 156. The television talks to Evelyn. It tells her the police are out to get her. Evelyn actually hears these voices, even though they are really a figment of her own mind. Because Evelyn has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, she is most likely experiencing a(n) __________. a) delusion Incorrect. The fact that Evelyn actually hears the TV talking to her indicates a hallucination. b) flat affect c) evolution d) hallucination Correct. Having a sensory experience without a real stimulus is a hallucination. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.15 Distinguish between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Topic: 12.15 Symptoms of Schizophrenia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 157. False sensory perceptions that often take the form of hearing voices are called __________. a) delusions Incorrect. Delusions are false beliefs; hallucinations are false sensory perceptions. b) hallucinations Correct. Hallucinations are false sensory perceptions. c) obsessions d) compulsions Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.15 Distinguish between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Topic: 12.15 Symptoms of Schizophrenia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 78 a= 22 b= 78 c= 0 d= 0 r = .40 % correct 78 a= 22 b= 78 c= 0 d= 0 r = .37 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 158. Of the five known human sensory systems, which type of hallucination is the most common? a) visual

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) tactile c) gustatory Incorrect. Tasting things that are not there is a possible yet rare form of hallucination. d) auditory Correct. Hearing voices is the most common form of hallucination, followed by visual hallucinations. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.15 Distinguish between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Topic: 12.15 Symptoms of Schizophrenia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 71 a= 26 b= 2 c= 2 d= 71 r = .34 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 159. Edward is admitted to a psychiatric hospital because he hears voices talking to him that no one else can hear, and he sees demons attacking him, though no one else can see anything near him. Edward’s symptoms are known as __________. a) delusions Incorrect. Delusions are false beliefs, not false sensory perceptions such as those that Edward is experiencing. b) hallucinations Correct. When one experiences false perceptions, such as seeing demons or hearing voices, one is having hallucinations. c) obsessions d) compulsions Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.15 Distinguish between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Topic: 12.15 Symptoms of Schizophrenia Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 85 a= 15 b= 85 c= 0 d= 0 r = .54 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 160. Which condition is characterized by a person showing little or no emotion? a) hallucinations b) delusions c) inappropriate affect Incorrect. Inappropriate affect is a condition in which a person shows emotion that does not match the situation. d) flat affect Correct. A flat affect is a lack of emotional responsiveness. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.15 Distinguish between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Topic: 12.15 Symptoms of Schizophrenia Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 161. A hospital patient is diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia because she is having both delusions and hallucinations. What type of symptoms are these? a) atypical symptoms b) positive symptoms Correct. Delusions and hallucinations are considered positive symptoms because they are the result of an excess or distortion of normal function. c) negative symptoms Incorrect. Negative symptoms are the result of a decrease in function. Delusions and hallucinations are considered positive symptoms because they are the result of an excess or distortion of normal function.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) a mix of positive and negative symptoms Answer: b Learning Objective: 12.15 Distinguish between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Topic: 12.15 Symptoms of Schizophrenia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 63 a= 11 b= 63 c= 16 d= 9 r = .58 APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 162. Which summary is the BEST way to describe the positive symptoms of schizophrenia? a) clearly identifiable symptoms b) a decrease in normal functioning Incorrect. Decreases in functioning are negative symptoms. c) an excess or distortion of normal functions Correct. Positive symptoms are the result of an excess or distortion of normal functions. d) symptoms that psychologists are certain are occurring Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.15 Distinguish between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Topic: 12.15 Symptoms of Schizophrenia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 66 a= 20 b= 11 c= 66 d= 3 r = .42 % correct 76 a= 13 b= 3 c= 76 d= 8 r = .40 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 163. Which pair consists of negative symptoms of schizophrenia? a) poor attention and flat affect Correct. Poor attention and flat affect are negative symptoms because they are the result of a decrease in function. b) blunted affect and delusions c) abolition and hallucinations d) delusions and hallucinations Incorrect. Delusions and hallucinations are considered positive symptoms because they are the result of an excess or distortion of normal function. Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.15 Distinguish between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Topic: 12.15 Symptoms of Schizophrenia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 61 a= 61 b= 5 c= 1 d= 33 r = .34 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 164. Dominic has increased levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in his frontal lobe areas. Which disorder might he be at risk of experiencing? a) antisocial personality disorder b) agoraphobia Incorrect. Schizophrenia is associated with an imbalance of dopamine. c) schizophrenia Correct. Schizophrenia is associated with an imbalance of dopamine. d) dissociative fugue Answer: c Learning Objective: 12.16 Evaluate the biological and environmental influences on schizophrenia. Topic: 12.16 Causes of Schizophrenia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 165. Which statement might someone adopting a biological perspective make about schizophrenia? a) It is a severe breakdown of the ego as a result of a disturbed relationship between mother and child. b) Its symptoms are shaped by the processes of reinforcement and extinction. Incorrect. The behavioral perspective, not the biological perspective, focuses on learning processes, such as reinforcement and extinction. c) Its symptoms, such as irrational beliefs, are a severe form of illogical thinking. d) It is caused by genetics, chemical influences, and brain structural defects. Correct. Someone with a biological perspective focuses on physiological causes. Answer: d Learning Objective: 12.16 Evaluate the biological and environmental influences on schizophrenia. Topic: 12.16 Causes of Schizophrenia Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 166. Approximately __________ out of every 1,000 people worldwide will develop schizophrenia at some point during their lives. a) 7–8 Correct. This is the correct estimate of the incidence of schizophrenia. b) 12–15 c) 25–30 d) 100–110 Incorrect. This estimate is more than 10 times higher than the true incidence of schizophrenia. Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.16 Evaluate the biological and environmental influences on schizophrenia. Topic: 12.16 Causes of Schizophrenia Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 167. What does the stress-vulnerability model of the origins of schizophrenia propose? a) People who are genetically predisposed to schizophrenia will only develop the disorder if they are exposed to environmental or emotional stress during a critical period of development. Correct. This is what this explanation proposes. b) People who are genetically predisposed to schizophrenia will develop schizophrenia because of their genetic predisposition. Incorrect. This is not how this model explains the development of schizophrenia. c) Gene-environment correlations are a larger determining factor in the development of schizophrenia than are gene-environment interactions. d) Environmental factors contribute 60 percent to the development of schizophrenia, and genetic factors contribute 40 percent. Answer: a Learning Objective: 12.16 Evaluate the biological and environmental influences on schizophrenia. Topic: 12.16 Causes of Schizophrenia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. TRUE OR FALSE 168. The ritual of cutting holes in the skull of a person with the symptoms of a mental disorder is a part of traditional exorcism.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: False Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 169. Though his ideas were proposed over 2,000 years ago, current medical research has found that Hippocrates’s theories regarding the relationship between the “four humors” and mental disturbance were correct. Answer: False Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 170. One clear sign of abnormality is when the behavior the person engages in creates a great deal of subjective discomfort. Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 171. The psychodynamic model views abnormal behavior as resulting from illogical thinking patterns. Answer: False Learning Objective: 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders. Topic: 12.2 Models of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 172. Behaviorists believe that abnormal behaviors are the result of the process of learning, including classical and operant conditioning. Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders. Topic: 12.2 Models of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 173. The model of psychological abnormality that combines the influences of all of the other models in varying amounts is called the omnilogical model. Answer: False Learning Objective: 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders. Topic: 12.2 Models of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 174. The DSM-5 describes disorders in terms of symptoms and specific criteria that must be met in order for diagnoses to be made.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.3 Describe how psychological disorders are diagnosed and classified. Topic: 12.3 Diagnosing and Classifying Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 175. When a person suffers from bipolar disorder, she or he experiences mood swings that can range from severe depression to manic episodes. Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.4 Describe different mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders. Topic: 12.4 Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 176. A phobia is a type of mood disorder. Answer: False Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 177. It is only when panic attacks become so frequent that they affect a person’s ability to function in daily living that the person is said to have a panic disorder. Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 178. A repetitive, ritualistic behavior that helps to reduce anxiety is called an obsession. Answer: False Learning Objective: 12.7 Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder and stress-related disorders. Topic: 12.7 Other Disorders Related to Anxiety Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 179. Dissociative disorders involve a break in consciousness, memory, or a person’s sense of identity. Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.9 Differentiate among dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative identity disorder. Topic: 12.9 Types of Dissociative Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 180. A person diagnosed with a personality disorder has an excessively rigid, maladaptive pattern of behavior and ways of relating to others.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.13 Classify different types of personality disorders. Topic: 12.13 Categories of Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 181. Delusions are false sensory perceptions, such as hearing voices that do not really exist. Answer: False Learning Objective: 12.15 Distinguish between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Topic: 12.15 Symptoms of Schizophrenia Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 182. Biological explanations of schizophrenia include genetics, chemical influences, and brain structural defects. Answer: True Learning Objective: 12.16 Evaluate the biological and environmental influences on schizophrenia. Topic: 12.16 Causes of Schizophrenia Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. SHORT ANSWER 183. Define the term maladaptive as it relates to understanding abnormal behavior. Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 184. How does the biological model explain the causes of psychological disorders? Learning Objective: 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders. Topic: 12.2 Models of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 185. Define the term cultural relativity. Learning Objective: 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders. Topic: 12.2 Models of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 186. What is the DSM-5? Learning Objective: 12.3 Describe how psychological disorders are diagnosed and classified. Topic: 12.3 Diagnosing and Classifying Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 187. What are the symptoms of major depressive disorder?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 12.4 Describe different mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders. Topic: 12.4 Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 188. What characterizes specific phobias? Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 189. What are some ways in which a panic attack resembles a heart attack? Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 190. What is the difference between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder? Learning Objective: 12.7 Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder and stress-related disorders. Topic: 12.7 Other Disorders Related to Anxiety Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 191. What are the characteristic elements of dissociative identity disorder? Learning Objective: 12.9 Differentiate among dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative identity disorder. Topic: 12.9 Types of Dissociative Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 192. What is the primary difference between bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder? Learning Objective: 12.11 Identify the symptoms and risk factors associated with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Topic: 12.11 Eating Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 193. What are the characteristic elements of antisocial personality disorder? Learning Objective: 12.13 Classify different types of personality disorders. Topic: 12.13 Categories of Personality Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 194. What does a delusion of reference mean? Learning Objective: 12.15 Distinguish between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Topic: 12.15 Symptoms of Schizophrenia Difficulty Level: Difficult

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. ESSAY 195. Explain four considerations that contribute to defining abnormal behavior in the field of psychology. Learning Objective: 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Topic: 12.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 196. Distinguish between depression and bipolar disorder. How are they similar? How are they different? Learning Objective: 12.4 Describe different mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders. Topic: 12.4 Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorders Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 197. Describe two anxiety disorders, and list the most relevant symptoms of the disorders that you choose. Describe the viewpoints of two different psychological models on the cause of those disorders. Learning Objective: 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Topic: 12.6 Anxiety Disorders Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 198. What is acute stress disorder (ASD)? Give examples of at least four symptoms shared by ASD and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). What characterizes the stressful event and the reaction of someone experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder? Do you think that ASD and PTSD represent real psychiatric problems, or are they just a way to pathologize normal stress responses? Support your position with examples. Learning Objective: 12.7 Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder and stress-related disorders. Topic: 12.7 Other Disorders Related to Anxiety Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 199. What are dissociative disorders? Explain dissociative identity disorder. What do you think is the BEST explanation for how such a disorder develops? Learning Objectives: 14.9 Differentiate among dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative identity disorder; 14.10 Summarize explanations for dissociative disorders. Topics: 14.9 Types of Dissociative Disorders; 14.10 Causes of Dissociative Disorders Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 200. Can you think of any legal or logistical problems that might be associated with an individual experiencing an extended case of dissociative fugue? How would you attempt to resolve those problems if you were an authority or mental health professional dealing with such clients? Learning Objective: 12.9 Differentiate among dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative identity disorder. Topic: 12.9 Types of Dissociative Disorders

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Test Yourself Pick the best answer. 1. What was the most likely reason that someone would perform an exorcism? a. to relieve fluid pressure on the brain b. to look into the brain to see what was wrong c. to release evil spirits d. to restore balance to the body’s humors 2. In 1972, a jet carrying a rugby team from Peru crashed high in the snow-covered Andes Mountains. Many of the players survived for more than 2 months by eating the remains of those who died. Psychologists justified their cannibalism because that was the only way they could have survived so long without food. By what definition might their behavior best be classified? a. statistical b. subjective discomfort c. maladaptive d. situational context 3. Which of the following is an example of cultural relativity? a. Dr. Han believes that the voices his patient is hearing stem from a biological instead of a psychological cause. b. While Dr. Howard believes that hypnosis is the best way to understand all disorders, his approach is not shared by his colleagues. c. While Dr. Gambon knows that his patient, Aki, believes her anxiety has a biological explanation, in learning more about her family of origin, he suspects it has a psychological cause. d. Dr. Roland uses a behavioral approach to treat all his clients who are younger than age 10. 4. How many axes does the DSM-5 use to aid mental health professionals in making a diagnosis? a. one b. two c. four d. five 5. Which type of depression is the most common type of mood disorder? a. bipolar disorder b. mania c. seasonal affective disorder d. major depressive disorder 6. Behavioral theorists link depression to _______, whereas social cognitive theorists point to _______. a. distortions in thinking, learned helplessness b. biological abnormalities, distortions in thinking c. unconscious forces, learned helplessness d. learned helplessness, distortions in thinking 7. Trypanophobia, also known as a fear of receiving an injection, is an example of _______. a. obsession b. social phobia c. anxiety attack d. specific phobia 8. Sienna hates to go to restaurants for fear that she will be seated in the far back of the restaurant and be unable to get out in case of an emergency. This may be a symptom of _______.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a. social phobia b. specific phobia c. agoraphobia d. claustrophobia 9. Ria experienced a sudden attack of intense fear when she was boarding a plane with her friends to fly to Mexico for spring break. Ria’s heart raced, she became dizzy, and she was certain she would die in a plane crash if she boarded the plane. Subsequently she did not go on her trip, and the plane arrived safely in Mexico 3 hours later. Ria experienced _______. a. a depressive episode b. a panic attack c. panic disorder d. agoraphobia 10. Dr. Kirby has been meeting with 9-year-old Loren, whose family lost everything in a tornado. In her initial visit, Loren was diagnosed with acute stress disorder. During a 2-month follow-up with Dr. Kirby, Loren is still exhibiting many of the same symptoms. What should Dr. Kirby do? a. Dr. Kirby will revise Loren’s diagnosis from ASD to posttraumatic stress disorder. b. Dr. Kirby will revise Loren’s diagnosis from ASD to generalized anxiety disorder. c. Dr. Kirby will continue treatment for acute stress disorder for at least 6 months. d. Dr. Kirby should tell Loren she is cured so as to speed her recovery. 11. Survivors of natural disasters like Hurricane Michael in 2018 may experience higher incidences of _______. a. bipolar disorder b. posttraumatic stress disorder c. personality disorders d. schizophrenia 12. Calvin is terribly worried that his college education was wasted when he doesn’t get his dream job. Furthermore, Calvin believes he ruined his future when he did poorly in his job interview. Calvin explains, “I had to ace the interview. It had to be perfect, and it wasn’t!” How might a cognitive-behavioral psychologist classify this distorted thought process? a. magnification b. overgeneralization c. minimization d. all-or-nothing thinking 13. Dissociative amnesia is different from retrograde amnesia because a. dissociative amnesia is typically psychological in origin. b. retrograde amnesia has been shown to not actually exist. c. dissociative amnesia is caused by a physical blow to the head. d. retrograde amnesia is caused by psychological trauma. 14. Individuals with bulimia often rationalize that because they have had a single treat, their diet is ruined and therefore they might as well go ahead and eat excessively. Such irrational thinking is an example of the cognitive distortion known as _______. a. overgeneralization b. all-or-nothing thinking c. magnification d. minimization 15. Binge-eating disorder is different from bulimia in that individuals with binge-eating disorder _______. a. typically eat much smaller portions before purging the food b. do not typically purge the food they eat c. only purge their food after several binge sessions d. often resort to anorexic methods to rid themselves of the food they have eaten

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

16. Sexual dysfunctions and problems can be caused by _______. a. organic factors only b. organic and sociocultural factors only c. organic, psychological, and sociocultural factors d. hereditary factors primarily 17. At most times, Kristi appears to be a fairly pessimistic person. It seems no matter the circumstance, someone always does her wrong. Even during otherwise seemingly kind gestures, she “just knows” the other person must have some hidden agenda. She can tell you, in explicit detail, about every perceived trespass or wrongdoing going back to, at least, middle school. What personality disorder best describes Kristi’s thinking and behavior? a. paranoid personality disorder b. borderline personality disorder c. schizotypal personality disorder d. antisocial personality disorder 18. On your first call as a paramedic, you enter the house of a man who has covered his walls and ceiling in aluminum foil to keep the government from spying on him and stealing his ideas. This is an example of a(n) _______ delusion. a. persecution b. reference c. influence d. grandeur 19. Rodney has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. He rarely smiles and often shows little emotion in any situation. Psychologists refer to this characteristic as _______. a. flat affect b. catatonia c. positive symptoms d. negative symptoms 20. Dysfunction in what neurotransmitter system was first believed to be the cause of schizophrenia? a. GABA b. serotonin c. epinephrine d. dopamine

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

EXTRA BANK OF QUESTIONS 14: PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS ______________________________________________________________________________ 14.1–14.3 What Is Abnormality? 14.1 Changing Conceptions of Abnormality 1. During the Middle Ages, bizarre behavior was commonly explained as due to __________ factors. a. behavioral b. biomedical c. sociological d. supernatural Answer d % correct 95 a= 2 b= 0 c= 2 d= 95 r = .21 2. During the Middle Ages, abnormal behavior was frequently attributed to __________. a. unconscious processes b. unbalanced bodily processes c. social upheaval d. demon possession Answer d % correct 83 a= 6 b= 4 c= 7 d= 83 r = .22 3. The __________ approach to psychological disorders explains mental illness in much the same way that we today explain physical illnesses. a. mystical b. medical c. learning d. systems Answer b % correct 87 a= 2 b= 87 c= 8 d= 2 r = .43

14.2 Models of Abnormality 4. The behavioral model suggests that abnormal behavior is the result of __________. a. learning b. biology c. unconscious conflicts d. biochemical imbalances Answer a % correct 61 a= 61 b= 2 c= 31 d= 6 r = .42 5. The behavioral approach to psychological disorders suggests that __________. a. abnormal behavior is learned just like normal behaviors b. what is learned cannot be unlearned c. abnormal behavior is a product of hereditary predisposition d. successful treatment of abnormal behavior is based on identifying its original cause Answer a % correct 76 a= 76 b= 1 c= 4 d= 18 r = .49 6. The __________ approach to explaining psychological disorders stresses that events during childhood can lead to unresolved conflicts that manifest themselves as abnormal behavior. a. mythical b. medical

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c. learning d. psychoanalytic Answer d % correct 90

a= 0 b= 1 c= 9 d= 90

r = .22

7. The __________ approach to psychological disorders stresses that events occurring in childhood can lead to unresolved conflicts. a. learning b. developmental c. psychoanalytic d. medical Answer c % correct 54 a= 4 b= 43 c= 54 d= 0 r = .42 8. The psychoanalytic approach to psychological disorders stresses the importance of __________. a. stimulus-response patterns b. present settings c. unresolved conflicts resulting from early childhood d. psychopathological systems Answer c % correct 82 a= 7 b= 8 c= 82 d= 3 r = .47 9. The psychoanalytic approach to psychological disorders was developed by __________. a. Szasz b. Maslow c. Skinner d. Freud Answer d % correct 92 a= 1 b= 4 c= 3 d= 92 r = .32 10. The __________ approach to psychological disorders was developed by Sigmund Freud. a. psychoanalytic b. learning c. cognitive d. systems Answer a % correct 93 a= 93 b= 1 c= 5 d= 1 r = .24 11. Thinking in a self-defeating, illogical, and unrealistic manner causes abnormal behavior, according to the __________ model. a. humanistic b. systems c. psychoanalytic d. cognitive Answer d % correct 58 a= 14 b= 4 c= 25 d= 58 r = .39 12. According to the cognitive model of psychological disorders, maladaptive behavior is produced by __________. a. learning b. a malfunction in sensory input c. physical problems d. irrational beliefs or attitudes Answer d % correct 58 a= 28 b= 13 c= 2 d= 58 r = .23 13. The biological model holds that abnormal behavior is related to __________. a. hereditary factors b. learning c. unconscious conflicts d. cognitive processes Answer a % correct 82 a= 82 b= 4 c= 9 d= 5 r = .30

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

14. Iris’s strange behavior has led her daughter, Beth, to consider institutionalizing her. Iris’s mother and grandmother were both institutionalized in their lifetimes, and Beth has already sought psychiatric help. Iris’s strange behavior BEST fits the __________ model of abnormality. a. psychoanalytic b. biological c. intrapersonal d. behavioral Answer b % correct 95 a= 2 b= 95 c= 0 d= 3 r = .21 15. Joaquin’s wife suggests that he talk to a doctor because of his inability to cope with criticism. The doctor suggests that Joaquin’s problem represents an unresolved internal conflict that has its roots in Joaquin’s childhood. This view is typical of the __________ model of abnormality. a. biological b. cognitive c. behavioral d. psychoanalytic Answer d % correct 69 a= 4 b= 10 c= 17 d= 69 r = .32 16. Joaquin’s wife suggests that he talk to a doctor because of his crippling fear of heights. The doctor suggests that Joaquin’s phobia is a learned disorder that can be unlearned with proper treatment. This view is typical of the __________ model of abnormality. a. biological b. cognitive c. behavioral d. psychoanalytic Answer c % correct 57 a= 0 b= 28 c= 57 d= 15 r = .22 17. Joaquin’s mother suggests that he talk to a doctor because of his crippling feelings of inferiority. The doctor suggests that Joaquin’s problem stems from internal processes such as unrealistic expectancies and negative thinking. This view is typical of the __________ model of abnormality. a. biological b. cognitive c. behavioral d. psychoanalytic Answer b % correct 79 a= 3 b= 79 c= 7 d= 11 r = .23

14.4–14.5 Disorders of Mood: The Effect of Affect 14.4 Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorders 18. Disorders characterized by disturbances in a person’s prolonged emotional state are known as __________ disorders. a. mood b. dissociative c. somatoform d. conversion Answer a % correct 88 a= 88 b= 7 c= 5 d= 0 r = .33 19. An episode of intense sadness that may last for several months is called __________. a. bipolar disorder b. hypomania c. major depressive disorder

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d. dysthymia Answer c % correct 93

a= 3 b= 0 c= 93 d= 3

r = .27

20. A mood disorder that includes both depression and mania is known as __________ disorder. a. bipolar b. dual process c. histrionic d. obsessive-compulsive Answer a % correct 98 a= 98 b= 1 c= 0 d= 1 r = .34 21. Which of the following is a mood disorder? a. obsessive-compulsive disorder b. dissociative identity disorder c. narcissistic personality disorder d. bipolar disorder Answer d % correct 76 a= 7 b= 8 c= 10 d= 76

r = .44

22. Abnormally high energy level, distractibility, excessive excitement, and an inability to sit still or remain inactive are MOST associated with which of the following disorders? a. schizophrenia b. mania c. depression d. bipolar Answer b % correct 89 a= 2 b= 89 c= 1 d= 8 r = .28 23. Last month, Stacia was giddy, impulsive, and talkative; this month, she is sad, silent, and almost motionless. What is the most likely diagnosis in this case? a. severe depression b. anxiety disorder c. somatoform disorder d. bipolar disorder Answer d % correct 85 a= 11 b= 2 c= 1 d= 85 r = .34 24. Jack’s behavior appears normal, then he becomes depressed and hyperactivity follows. He would likely be diagnosed as having which disorder? a. mania b. schizophrenia c. bipolar disorder d. depressive disorder Answer c % correct 80 a= 7 b= 8 c= 80 d= 5 r = .33 25. The term __________ refers to the tendency of some individuals to reliably become depressed during the winter months. a. seasonal affective disorder b. cold weather blues c. Christmas depression syndrome d. short-day affective disorder Answer a % correct 94 a= 94 b= 0 c= 1 d= 5 r = .20

14.5 Causes of Disordered Mood 26. Biological theorists note that there is strong evidence that __________ play an important role in depression. a. secondary motives b. environmental cues

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c. primary drives d. genetic factors Answer d % correct 76

a= 1 b= 22 c= 1 d= 76

r = .21

14.6–14.8 Disorders of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress: What, Me Worry? 14.6 Anxiety Disorders 27. Anxiety disorders are twice as common in __________ as in __________. a. males; females b. females; males c. adolescents; young adults d. male adolescents; female adolescents Answer b % correct 87 a= 6 b= 87 c= 5 d= 2 r = .46 28. Feeling fearful but not knowing why is characteristic of __________. a. phobias b. anxiety disorders c. dissociative neurosis d. amnesia Answer b % correct 59 a= 22 b= 59 c= 18 d= 1 r = .22 29. An intense, paralyzing fear of a specific object, person, situation, or thing in the absence of any real danger is a __________. a. panic disorder b. phobia c. conversion reaction d. compulsive disorder Answer b % correct 87 a= 13 b= 87 c= 0 d= 0 r = .28 30. Harrison has an intense, irrational fear of being in public places. He is probably suffering from __________. a. conversion reaction b. learned helplessness c. paranoia d. agoraphobia Answer d % correct 82 a= 8 b= 7 c= 2 d= 82 r = .33 31. Your aunt prefers to stay in her home and avoid public places and social situations. She might be diagnosed with __________. a. agoraphobia b. ailurophobia c. cynophobia d. specific phobia Answer a % correct 63 a= 63 b= 5 c= 3 d= 26 r = .33 32. Someone with “stage fright” might have a(n) __________ phobia. a. particular b. environmental c. specific d. social Answer d % correct 76 a= 3 b= 1 c= 19 d= 76 r = .20 33. A person who is constantly “on edge” and always apprehensive most likely suffers from __________ disorder.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a. phobic b. panic c. obsessive-compulsive d. generalized anxiety Answer d % correct 75

a= 1 b= 15 c= 9 d= 75

r = .35

34. Anderson is in a constant state of dread. He has trouble sleeping, feels tense, and cannot concentrate. Anderson would likely be diagnosed with which anxiety disorder? a. phobia b. generalized anxiety disorder c. panic disorder d. obsessive-compulsive disorder Answer b % correct 89 a= 2 b= 89 c= 8 d= 1 r = .33 35. Sudden, paralyzing episodes of fear describes which type of anxiety disorder? a. phobia b. generalized anxiety disorder c. panic disorder d. obsessive-compulsive disorder Answer c % correct 79 a= 16 b= 4 c= 79 d= 1 r = .41 36. Rosa is sitting at her desk in her office one day when she is, without warning, overcome by feelings of intense fear, losing control of herself. Her terror is so great that all she can do is sit at her desk shaking and crying. Nothing she was doing at the time would seem to have caused such an episode. Rosa’s symptoms most resemble __________. a. a phobia b. posttraumatic stress disorder c. a panic attack d. affective disorder Answer c % correct 75 a= 3 b= 13 c= 75 d= 9 r = .44 37. Jessica often experiences episodes during which her heart rate suddenly accelerates by more than 50 beats per minute despite encountering no emergency. Jessica likely suffers from __________. a. obsessive-compulsive disorder b. generalized anxiety disorder c. acrophobia d. panic disorder Answer d % correct 88 a= 0 b= 11 c= 1 d= 88 r = .23 38. The clearest examples of anxiety disorders are __________. a. compulsions b. phobias c. panic attacks d. obsessions Answer c % correct 65 a= 6 b= 26 c= 65 d= 2 r = .20

14.7 Other Disorders Related to Anxiety 39. A recurring irrational thought that cannot be controlled or banished from one’s mind is called a(n) __________. a. phobia b. obsession c. hypnagogic image d. compulsion Answer b % correct 92 a= 1 b= 92 c= 6 d= 2 r = .32

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

40. Thoughts that repeatedly intrude into consciousness against one’s will are called __________. a. compulsions b. loose associations c. neologisms d. obsessions Answer d % correct 84 a= 12 b= 2 c= 2 d= 84 r = .37 41. Involuntary ideas that keep recurring despite the person’s efforts to stop them are called __________. a. compulsions b. obsessions c. impulses d. panic attacks Answer b % correct 68 a= 21 b= 68 c= 8 d= 3 r = .35 42. A(n) __________ is an irrational behavior that you cannot control. a. compulsion b. obsession c. regression d. depression Answer a % correct 88 a= 88 b= 11 c= 0 d= 1 r = .27 43. Acts that “must be done” are called __________. a. compulsions b. obsessions c. motor impulses d. preservative impulses Answer a % correct 83 a= 83 b= 11 c= 5 d= 1

r = .24

44. A repetitive, ritualistic behavior that a person feels driven to perform is called a(n) __________. a. compulsion b. obsession c. impulse d. delusion Answer a % correct 83 a= 83 b= 11 c= 3 d= 2 r = .25 45. Ritualistic behavior is associated with which of the following disorders? a. generalized anxiety disorder b. obsessive-compulsive disorder c. somatoform disorder d. conversion disorder Answer b % correct 73 a= 6 b= 73 c= 14 d= 7 r = .45 46. In obsessive-compulsive disorder, the __________ is the thought and the __________ is the action carried out in reaction to the thought. a. compulsion; obsession b. obsession; compulsion c. compulsion; panic d. obsession; anxiety Answer b % correct 98 a= 0 b= 98 c= 1 d= 1 r = .38 47. While Stefano is sitting at his desk at work, an image of harming his young son pops into his mind. Each time this occurs, he touches all four corners of his desk in a particular order. Stefano probably suffers from __________. a. generalized anxiety disorder b. agoraphobia

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c. obsessive-compulsive disorder d. panic disorder Answer c % correct 85 a= 7 b= 7 c= 85 d= 1

r = .44

48. Monica vacuums the carpet in her living room 15 times a day because she is afraid of germs. It is likely that she is suffering from which of the following disorders? a. obsessive-compulsive disorder b. conversion disorder c. PTSD d. somatoform disorder Answer a % correct 95 a= 95 b= 2 c= 1 d= 1 r = .32 49. A severe anxiety reaction that takes place immediately, or very soon, after an extremely stressful event is known as __________ disorder. a. posttraumatic stress b. generalized anxiety c. panic d. acute stress Answer d % correct 74 a= 9 b= 13 c= 4 d= 74 r = .20 50. Destruction of one’s home or community would be MOST likely to result in which of the following? a. PTSD b. a phobia c. a panic disorder d. an obsession Answer a % correct 76 a= 76 b= 0 c= 18 d= 6 r = .30 51. Reexperiencing a traumatic event long after the event occurred is associated with __________ disorder. a. generalized anxiety b. panic c. phobic d. posttraumatic stress Answer d % correct 88 a= 3 b= 4 c= 6 d= 88 r = .30

14.8 Causes of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress Disorders 52. Most psychoanalytic theorists believe that anxiety disorders are the result of __________. a. unconscious conflict b. learned helplessness c. lack of reinforcement d. primary drives Answer a % correct 55 a= 55 b= 20 c= 18 d= 7 r = .35 53. A young boy is attacked by a large dog. He is now terribly afraid of all large dogs. His phobia of dogs is BEST explained by __________ theory. a. behavior b. psychoanalytic c. psychobiological d. humanistic Answer a % correct 49 a= 49 b= 41 c= 1 d= 9 r = .34

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 14.9–14.10 Dissociative Disorders: Altered Identities 14.9 Types of Dissociative Disorders 54. The police found a woman wandering through the university area of a small town. The woman was disheveled and seemed to be in a daze. When the police asked the woman for her name, she seemed bewildered. A search of missing persons reports revealed that she had been reported missing 4 months earlier in a city hundreds of miles away. The woman is most likely suffering from which of the following disorders? a. dissociative identity disorder b. schizophrenia c. generalized anxiety disorder d. dissociative fugue Answer d % correct 66 a= 25 b= 7 c= 1 d= 66 r = .41 55. Found in a dazed condition at the local shopping center, “John Doe” could not remember who he was or where he came from. After an investigation, authorities discovered that he lived more than 2,000 miles away. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? a. organic amnesia b. dissociative fugue c. dissociative identity disorder d. disorganized schizophrenia Answer b % correct 71 a= 25 b= 71 c= 1 d= 3 r = .51 56. The famous story of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde best illustrates which disorder? a. depression b. dissociative disorder c. phobic disorder d. sexual dysfunction Answer b % correct 91 a= 2 b= 91 c= 5 d= 2 r = .23 57. A person who loses her or his memory and wanders away from home may be experiencing __________. a. dissociative fugue b. generalized anxiety c. depression d. dissociative identity disorder Answer a % correct 92 a= 92 b= 4 c= 1 d= 3 r = .30 58. The condition in which someone forgets her or his identity and takes on a new identity in a new location is classified as __________. a. dissociative amnesia b. dissociative fugue c. catatonic schizophrenia d. paranoid schizophrenia Answer b % correct 75 a= 20 b= 75 c= 4 d= 1 r = .29 59. Disorders in which part of a person’s personality is separated from the rest and the person can't reassemble the pieces are known as __________ disorders. a. affective b. somatoform c. dissociative d. schizophrenic Answer c % correct 78 a= 4 b= 3 c= 78 d= 15 r = .23

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 14.13–14.14 Personality Disorders: I’m Okay, It’s Everyone Else Who’s Weird 14.13 Categories of Personality Disorders 60. A personality disorder characterized by marked instability in self-image, mood, and interpersonal relationships is ________ personality disorder. a. histrionic b. antisocial c. narcissistic d. borderline Answer d % correct 46 a= 12 b= 36 c= 4 d= 46 r = .41 61 Which of the following BEST describes the antisocial personality? a. low intelligence b. lack of remorse or guilt c. depression d. paranoid schizophrenic tendencies Answer b % correct 64 a= 0 b= 64 c= 16 d= 20 r = .57

14.15–14.16 Schizophrenia: Altered Reality 14.15 Symptoms of Schizophrenia 62. A patient in a mental hospital exhibits disordered thinking, perceptual abnormalities, unusual emotions, and suspiciousness. This person is probably suffering from __________. a. schizophrenia b. bipolar disorder c. passive-aggressive personality d. a dissociative disorder Answer a % correct 86 a= 86 b= 2 c= 3 d= 9 r = .35 63. What are the two major categories of the symptoms of schizophrenia? a. acute and chronic b. negative and positive c. affect and ambivalence d. primary and secondary Answer b % correct 69 a= 21 b= 69 c= 2 d= 8 r = .46 64. Delusions and hallucinations are associated with __________. a. somatoform disorders b. mania c. conversion hysteria d. schizophrenia Answer d % correct 94 a= 5 b= 1 c= 0 d= 94 r = .26 65. False beliefs about reality with no factual basis are known as __________. a. delusions b. obsessions c. hallucinations d. compulsions Answer a % correct 92 a= 92 b= 1 c= 6 d= 1 r = .37

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 66. Samuel was admitted to a mental institution because he claimed he was the king of an alien race that would soon return to earth to dominate mankind. He claimed to be in constant communication with these aliens and to be helping to plan for their return. His symptoms are known as __________. a. delusions b. obsessions c. hallucinations d. compulsions Answer a % correct 88 a= 88 b= 0 c= 12 d= 0 r = .36 67. The belief that you are a special agent for the Intergalactic Supernova is an example of a __________. a. loose association b. neologism c. delusion d. negative symptom Answer c % correct 94 a= 3 b= 1 c= 94 d= 2 r = .19 68. During an interview, a patient says he has frequently seen a hand come out of the bathroom sink to grab a bar of soap. The psychologist who is conducting the interview most likely writes that the patient presents evidence of __________. a. delusions b. loose associations c. negative symptoms d. hallucinations Answer d % correct 98 a= 2 b= 0 c= 0 d= 98 r = .14 69. Claudia smells smoke when there is no fire. This is an example of __________. a. a delusion b. a hallucination c. paranoia d. olfactory inhibition Answer b % correct 52 a= 31 b= 52 c= 15 d= 2 r = .42 70. Ana-Maria talks to her pet elephant, which no one else can see. Ana-Maria is having a __________. a. hallucination b. delusion c. clang association d. neologism Answer a % correct 87 a= 87 b= 11 c= 2 d= 0 r = .27 14.16 Causes of Schizophrenia 71. Excessive amounts of dopamine in the brain have been proposed as a cause of __________. a. schizophrenia b. manic depression c. antisocial personality d. paraphilia Answer a % correct 87 a= 87 b= 9 c= 1 d= 2 r = .32 72. The substance known as __________ has been implicated in the development of schizophrenic symptoms. a. melatonin b. norepinephrine c. serotonin d. dopamine Answer d % correct 75 a= 2 b= 16 c= 7 d= 75 r = .35

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

73. Of the following, which would provide the strongest evidence for a genetic component to schizophrenia? a. a higher concordance rate for fraternal twins than for other siblings b. a higher concordance rate for fraternal twins than for identical twins c. a high concordance rate among identical twins raised apart d. a high concordance rate among the general population Answer c % correct 78 a= 11 b= 4 c= 78 d= 6 r = .44

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Revel Quizzes The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Psychology: An Exploration, Fifth Edition. End of Module Quiz 12.1-12.3: What Is Abnormality? EOM 12.1.1 How would the Greek physician Hippocrates have typically dealt with someone suffering from mental illness? a) He would focus on correcting the imbalance of bodily fluids, or humors. b) He would have made a hole in the patient’s skull to release the pressure, a process known today as trephining. c) He would have someone conduct the religious ritual known as an exorcism. d) He would have tried to understand the person’s unconscious and the forces at work there. Answer: a Consider This: Although he was not correct, his was the first recorded attempt to explain abnormal thinking or behavior as due to some biological process. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: What Is Abnormality? EOM 12.1.2 Tami has just been fired from her new job for consistently arriving 2 hours late for work. Tami tries to explain that she must often drive back home to ensure that all the doors are locked and that no appliances have been left on. Tami’s condition is abnormal from the __________ definition. a) maladaptive b) social deviance c) subjective discomfort d) situational context Answer: a Consider This: This is thinking or behavior that does not allow a person to function normally. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: What Is Abnormality? EOM 12.1.3 In the United States, “insanity” is a term typically used by a) the legal system. b) psychologists c) psychiatrists d) the social work system. Answer: a Consider This: It is used to argue that people who are mentally ill and have committed a crime should not be held responsible for their actions because they were unable to understand the difference between right and wrong at the time of the offense. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: What Is Abnormality?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOM 12.1.4 D’Wane became widowed after nearly 40 years of marriage. He has convinced himself that no one will ever love him again. His irrational thinking has caused him to suffer from depression, and he rarely leaves his house. What perspective might best explain his behavior? a) cognitive b) psychodynamic c) behavioral d) biological Answer: a Consider This: This sees maladaptive functioning as resulting from illogical thinking patterns. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: What Is Abnormality? EOM 12.1.5 Which of the following concepts is not specifically associated with the DSM-5 examination of culture-related disorders? a) cultural binding b) cultural syndrome c) cultural idioms of distress d) cultural explanations or perceived cause Answer: a Consider This: We need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which the person with a disorder was nurtured to be able to correctly diagnose and treat the disorder. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: What Is Abnormality? End of Module Quiz 12.4-12.5: Disorders of Mood: The Effect of Affect EOM 12.2.1 Javier finds himself feeling depressed most of the day. He is constantly tired, yet he sleeps very little. He has feelings of worthlessness that have come on suddenly and seemingly have no basis in reality. What might Javier be diagnosed with? a) major depressive disorder b) acute depressive disorder c) seasonal affective disorder d) bipolar disorder Answer: a Consider This: Some people who have this may have thoughts of death or suicide, including suicide attempts. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.4 Describe different mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Disorders of Mood: The Effect of Affect EOM 12.2.2 Studies have suggested the increased rates of major depressive disorder in women may have a basis in __________ a) gender roles, social factors, and emotional processing. b) hormonal differences. c) biological differences. d) heredity.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Answer: a Consider This: Major depressive disorder is 1.5 to 3 times more likely in women than it is in men. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.4 Describe different mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Disorders of Mood: The Effect of Affect EOM 12.2.3 What disorder seems to hold an association with bipolar disorder? a) ADHD b) persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) c) Cyclothymia d) Phobic disorder Answer: a Consider This: Confusion between the two disorders arises because excessive movement and an inability to concentrate are symptoms of both disorders. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 12.4 Describe different mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Disorders of Mood: The Effect of Affect EOM 12.2.4 Biological explanations of disordered mood have focused on the effects of several different brain chemicals, and medications used to treat these disorders are designed to work on these various neurotransmitter systems. Which of the following is not one of the chemicals that has been implicated in mood disorders? a) melatonin b) serotonin c) dopamine d) norepinephrine Answer: a Consider This: Drugs used to treat depression and mania typically affect the levels of three neurotransmitters, either alone or in combination. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.5 Compare and contrast behavioral, social cognitive, and biological explanations for depression and other mood disorders. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Disorders of Mood: The Effect of Affect End of Module Quiz 12.6-12.8: Disorders of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress: What, Me Worry? EOM 12.3.1 Who is most likely to be diagnosed with a phobic disorder? a) Jennifer, who is morbidly afraid of snakes and refuses to even look at a picture of a snake b) Brianne, who is afraid of snakes after nearly being bitten while running c) Calista, who is fearful of snakes after watching a documentary on poisonous snakes found in her region d) Both Calista and Jennifer’s behavior would qualify as a phobic disorder. Answer: a Consider This: A phobia is an irrational, persistent fear of an object or a situation or specific social interactions. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Skill: Apply What You Know

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: Disorders of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress: What, Me Worry? EOM 12.3.2 Mina has recently given birth to her first child. She mentions that her partner often goes into their baby’s bedroom to check if the baby is still breathing. Would this qualify as an obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)? a) As long as her partner is not compelled to check on her baby and does not suffer from severe anxiety if unable to do so, then this is not an OCD. b) If her partner continues to carry out this behavior for more than 1 or 2 days, this would qualify as an OCD. c) If Mina and her partner both carry out this behavior, then it would qualify as an OCD. d) If her partner enjoys frequently checking to see that the baby is breathing, then this would qualify as an OCD. Answer: a Consider This: OCD is a disorder in which intruding thoughts that occur again and again are followed by some repetitive, ritualistic behavior or mental acts. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.7 Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder and stress-related disorders. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Disorders of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress: What, Me Worry? EOM 12.3.3 Selma took part in the April 2013 Boston Marathon, where two bombs were detonated near the finish line, killing three spectators. For approximately 2 weeks after the marathon, Selma was unable to sleep or concentrate and often found herself reliving the moment she heard the bombs explode. What disorder might Selma be diagnosed with? a) acute stress disorder b) posttraumatic stress disorder c) phobic disorder d) panic disorder Answer: a Consider This: The symptoms of this often occur immediately after the traumatic event and include anxiety, sleep disturbances, problems in concentration, and moments in which people seem to “relive” the event in dreams and flashbacks for as long as 1 month following the event. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.7 Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder and stress-related disorders. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Disorders of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress: What, Me Worry? EOM 12.3.4 Hector has just received an exam grade in his psychology class. He earned a score of 89 percent, which is a B. All of his work during the semester thus far has earned A’s, and he is very upset about the exam score. "This is the worst thing that could have happened," he groans to his best friend, Julian, who just rolls his eyes. A cognitive psychologist would suggest that Hector is employing the cognitive distortion called _______. a) magnification b) all-or-nothing thinking c) overgeneralization d) minimization Answer: a Consider This: This is the tendency to “make mountains out of molehills” by interpreting situations as being far worse than they actually are. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.8 Identify potential causes of anxiety, trauma, and stress disorders. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Disorders of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress: What, Me Worry?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White End of Module Quiz 12.9-12.10: Dissociative Disorders: Altered Identities EOM 12.4.1 What is the major difference between dissociative amnesia and retrograde amnesia? a) Individuals with retrograde amnesia often suffer from some form of physical brain trauma. b) Individuals with dissociative amnesia often have a history of memory loss that seems to be hereditary. c) Individuals with dissociative amnesia have prior damage to the brain, which in turn causes memory loss. d) Individuals with retrograde amnesia patients often have suffered from painful psychological trauma. Answer: a Consider This: In dissociative amnesia, the individual cannot remember personal information such as one’s own name or specific personal events. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 12.9 Differentiate among dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative identity disorder. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Dissociative Disorders: Altered Identities EOM 12.4.2 Ezekiel wakes up on a cot in a homeless shelter in another town. He doesn’t know where he is or how he got there, and he’s confused when people say he has been calling himself Mark. This is most likely an episode of dissociative a) amnesia with fugue. b) amnesia. c) identity disorder. d) multiple personality. Answer: a Consider This: Episodes like this usually take place after an emotional trauma and are, in general, more common in times of disasters or war. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 12.9 Differentiate among dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative identity disorder. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Dissociative Disorders: Altered Identities EOM 12.4.3 Dr. Spiegelman believes that Akeelah’s dissociation disorder may be due to her apparent enhanced ability to think about things other than those associated with her traumatic childhood. What psychological perspective is Dr. Spiegelman applying? a) cognitive/behavioral perspective b) psychodynamic perspective c) biological perspective d) evolutionary perspective Answer: a Consider This: This perspective states that people may feel guilt, shame, or anxiety when thinking about disturbing experiences or thoughts and therefore start to avoid thinking about them. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 12.10 Summarize explanations for dissociative disorders. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Dissociative Disorders: Altered Identities

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOM 12.4.4 Dissociative symptoms and features can be found in many different cultures. For example, in Southeast Asian and Pacific Islander cultures, people sometimes experience a trancelike state called ___________ that is associated with increased agitation and violent tendencies. a) amok b) “TKS” c) koro d) susto Answer: a Consider This: Despite their occurrence, in some cultures dissociative symptoms are not always perceived as a source of stress or a problem. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 12.9 Differentiate among dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative identity disorder. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Dissociative Disorders: Altered Identities End of Module Quiz 12.11-12.12: Eating Disorders and Sexual Dysfunction EOM 12.5.1 Robin has been diagnosed with anorexia nervosa. Which of the following may accurately describe Robin? a) All of these are likely accurate descriptions of Robin. b) Robin is young and female. c) Robin has a greatly distorted body image. d) Robin has a significantly low body weight. Answer: a Consider This: Anorexia is a condition in which a person (typically young and female) reduces eating to the point that their body weight is significantly low, or less than minimally expected. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 12.11 Identify the symptoms and risk factors associated with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Eating Disorders and Sexual Dysfunction EOM 12.5.2 Which of the following characteristics best describes differences between bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa? a) Individuals with bulimia may have a normal body weight, whereas those with anorexia tend to be severely under their expected body weight. b) Individuals with anorexia do not have as severe health risks as individuals with bulimia have. c) Individuals with anorexia have been known to binge like those with bulimia on occasion. d) Anorexia tends to occur in early adulthood, while bulimia often starts in early adolescence. Answer: a Consider This: Bulimia is a condition in which a person develops a cycle of “binging” and then using inappropriate methods for avoiding weight gain. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.11 Identify the symptoms and risk factors associated with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Eating Disorders and Sexual Dysfunction

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOM 12.5.3 Researchers believe that 40 to 60 percent of the risk for anorexia, bulimia, and binge-eating disorder is due to a) genetic factors. b) hormonal factors. c) environmental factors. d) psychological factors. Answer: a Consider This: Increased sensitivity to food and its reward value may play a role in bulimia and binge-eating disorder, while fear and anxiety may become associated with food in anorexia nervosa. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 12.11 Identify the symptoms and risk factors associated with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Eating Disorders and Sexual Dysfunction EOM 12.5.4 What is a major cause of sexual dysfunction? a) Stress b) Paraphilias c) Heredity d) Economic status Answer: a Consider This: Sociocultural influences on sexual attitudes and behavior may lead to sexual dysfunction. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.12 Describe types of sexual dysfunction and explain how they may develop. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Eating Disorders and Sexual Dysfunction EOM 12.5.5 Surveys suggest that about _________ percent of women and _________ percent of men have at least one sexual dysfunction. a) 10; 25 b) 40 to 45; 20 to 30 c) 10 to 20; 30 to 40 d) 80; 50 Answer: a Consider This: These rates increase as people age. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 12.12 Describe types of sexual dysfunction and explain how they may develop. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Eating Disorders and Sexual Dysfunction End of Module Quiz 12.13-12.14: Personality Disorders: I'm Okay, It's Everyone Else Who's Weird EOM 12.6.1 Which of the following is not an accurate portrayal of antisocial personality disorder? a) Most people with this disorder are female. b) Most people with this disorder are male. c) People with this disorder suffer little or no guilt for their criminal acts. d) People with this disorder are consistently irresponsible and don’t keep commitments.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Consider This: People with ASPD may habitually break the law, disobey rules, tell lies, and use other people without worrying about their rights or feelings. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.13 Classify different types of personality disorders. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Personality Disorders: I’m Okay, It’s Everyone Else Who’s Weird EOM 12.6.2 What is the most prominent feature of paranoid personality disorder that makes it sometimes difficult for individuals with this disorder to establish close and long-lasting relationships? a) Ever-present distrust and suspiciousness of others b) Extreme fluctuations in mood c) Overreliance on support from other people d) Difficulties with interpreting social cues Answer: a Consider This: Individuals with paranoid personality disorder demonstrate a pervasive preoccupation with the trustworthiness and loyalty of others. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.13 Classify different types of personality disorders. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Personality Disorders: I’m Okay, It’s Everyone Else Who’s Weird EOM 12.6.3 Ava has a difficult time making decisions, often relying on her mother to tell her what, when, and how to do things. This stems solely from Ava’s difficulty making decisions and acting independently, not from her mother. Assuming this pattern characterizes many areas of her life, what might best represent Ava’s pattern of thoughts and behavior? a) Dependent personality disorder b) Narcissistic personality disorder c) Antisocial personality disorder. d) Borderline personality disorder Answer: a Consider This: Individuals with dependent personalities are often passive and rely on others to make decisions for them. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.13 Classify different types of personality disorders. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Personality Disorders: I’m Okay, It’s Everyone Else Who’s Weird EOM 12.6.4 Due to the types and degree of emotions often experienced by people with borderline personality disorder, their personal relationships are often characterized by __________. a) intense emotions, impulsivity, and relative instability b) periods of domestic bliss c) long-term stability d) long periods of boredom Answer: a Consider This: People with borderline personality disorder tend to have close personal and romantic relationships marked by extreme swings from idealization to demonization. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.13 Classify different types of personality disorders. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Personality Disorders: I’m Okay, It’s Everyone Else Who’s Weird

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White End of Module Quiz 12.15-12.16: Schizophrenia: Altered Reality EOM 12.7.1 Chuck believes that characters in a popular science fiction show are secretly sending him messages. This would be an example of a delusion of a) reference b) persecution c) influence d) grandeur Answer: a Consider This: With this, people believe that other people, television characters, and even books are specifically talking to them. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.15 Distinguish between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Schizophrenia: Altered Reality EOM 12.7.2 Question: Dr. Iyer has several patients with schizophrenia who appear to exhibit excessive or distorted characteristics in relation to what one might consider normal functioning. Specific symptoms include varied hallucinations and multiple delusions. According to the DSM-5, these are referred to as a) positive symptoms. b) flat affect. c) negative symptoms. d) catatonia. Answer: a Consider This: According to the American Psychiatric Association, at least two or more specific symptoms must be present frequently for at least 1 month to diagnose schizophrenia. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.15 Distinguish between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Schizophrenia: Altered Reality EOM 12.7.3 Ricardo has suffered from schizophrenia for many years and now resides in a group treatment facility. One day a nurse approaches him and quietly tells him that his sister, who has been fighting cancer for many months, died that morning. Ricardo has no appreciable facial reaction, and in a very monotone voice says, “okay.” The nurse is not surprised by Ricardo’s lack of response to the awful news, because she knows that _________ is one symptom often seen in those suffering from schizophrenia. a) flat affect b) clang associations c) echolalia d) perseveration Answer: a Consider This: This is a condition in which a person shows little or no emotion. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 12.15 Distinguish between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Schizophrenia: Altered Reality

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOM 12.7.4 Neuroimaging studies examining potential causes of schizophrenia have discovered that an area of the brain called the ________ appears to have significantly less myelin coating on the axons of its neurons in people with schizophrenia compared to those without the condition. a) cingulum bundle b) striate nuclei c) putamen d) lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus Answer: a Consider This: This makes these areas of the brain less efficient in sending neural messages to other cells, resulting in decreased memory and decision-making ability. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 12.16 Evaluate the biological and environmental influences on schizophrenia. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Schizophrenia: Altered Reality Chapter 12 Quiz: Psychological Disorders EOC Q12.1 What was the most likely reason someone would perform an exorcism? a) to release evil spirits b) to relieve fluid pressure on the brain c) to look into the brain to see what was wrong d) to restore balance to the body’s humors Answer: a Consider This: Exorcism was a formal religious ritual. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: What Is Abnormality? EOC Q12.2 In 1972, a jet carrying a rugby team from Peru crashed high in the snow-covered Andes Mountains. Many of the players survived for more than 2 months by eating the remains of those who died. Psychologists justified their cannibalism because that was the only way they could have survived so long without food. By what definition might their behavior best be classified? a) situational context b) Statistical c) subjective discomfort d) Maladaptive Answer: a Consider This: This refers to the fact that the social or environmental setting of a person’s behavior can also make a difference in how behavior or thinking is labeled. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.1 Explain how our definition of abnormal behavior and thinking has changed over time. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: What Is Abnormality? EOC Q12.3 Which of the following is an example of cultural relativity? a) While Dr. Gambon knows that his patient, Aki, believes her anxiety has a biological explanation, in learning more about her family of origin, he suspects it has a psychological cause. b) Dr. Dickson believes that the voices his patient is hearing stem from a biological instead of a psychological cause.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) While Dr. Mydland believes that hypnosis is the best way to understand all disorders, colleagues in the psychology department do not share this belief. d) Dr. Robinson uses a behavioral approach to treat all clients who are younger than age 10. Answer: a Consider This: This refers to the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which a person with a disorder was nurtured to be able to correctly diagnose and treat the disorder. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 12.2 Identify models used to explain psychological disorders. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: What Is Abnormality? EOC Q12.4 How many axes does the DSM-5 use to aid mental health professionals in making a diagnosis? a) one b) two c) four d) five Answer: a Consider This: This also includes provisions for noting significant and relevant facts about the individual. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 12.3 Describe how psychological disorders are diagnosed and classified. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: What Is Abnormality? EOC Q12.5 Which type of depression is the most common type of mood disorder? a) major depressive disorder b) bipolar disorder c) mania d) seasonal affective disorder Answer: a Consider This: This disorder is 1.5 to 3 times more likely in women than it is in men, even across various cultures. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.4 Describe different mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorders. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Disorders of Mood: The Effect of Affect EOC Q12.6 Behavioral theorists link depression to ___________________, whereas social cognitive theorists point to ___________________. a) learned helplessness; distortions in thinking b) distortions in thinking; learned helplessness c) biological abnormalities; distortions in thinking d) unconscious forces; learned helplessness Answer: a Consider This: In the social cognitive view, depressed people continually have negative, self-defeating thoughts about themselves, which depresses them further in a downward spiral of despair. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: 12.5 Compare and contrast behavioral, social cognitive, and biological explanations for depression and other mood disorders. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Disorders of Mood: The Effect of Affect

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOC Q12.7 Trypanophobia, also known as a fear of receiving an injection, is an example of a) specific phobia. b) obsession. c) social phobia. d) anxiety attack. Answer: a Consider This: This is an irrational fear of some object or specific situation. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Disorders of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress: What, Me Worry? EOC Q12.8 Askuwheteau hates to go to restaurants for fear that he will be seated in the far back of the restaurant and be unable to get out in case of an emergency. This may be a symptom of a) agoraphobia. b) social phobia. c) specific phobia. d) claustrophobia. Answer: a Consider This: This is the fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible if something should go wrong. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Disorders of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress: What, Me Worry? EOC Q12.9 Shika experienced a sudden attack of intense fear when she was boarding a plane with her friends to fly to France for spring break. Shika’s heart raced, she became dizzy, and she was certain she would die in a plane crash if she boarded the plane. Subsequently she did not go on her trip, and the plane and her friends arrived safely in France 12 1/2 hours later. Shika experienced a) a panic attack. b) a depressive episode. c) panic disorder. d) agoraphobia. Answer: a Consider This: Psychologically, the person experiencing this is in a state of terror, thinking that death is happening, and many people may feel a need to escape. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.6 Identify different types of anxiety disorders and their symptoms. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Disorders of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress: What, Me Worry? EOC Q12.10 Dr. Snipes has been meeting with 9-year-old Annie, whose family lost everything in a house fire. In her initial visit, Annie was diagnosed with acute stress disorder. During a 2-month follow-up with, Annie is still exhibiting many of the same symptoms. What should Dr. Snipes do? a) Dr. Snipes will revise Annie’s diagnosis from ASD to posttraumatic stress disorder. b) Dr. Snipes will revise Annie’s diagnosis from ASD to generalized anxiety disorder. c) Dr. Snipes will continue treatment for acute stress disorder for at least 6 months. d) Dr. Snipes should tell Annie she is cured so as to speed her recovery.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Consider This: When the symptoms associated with ASD last for more than 1 month, the disorder is then called something else. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 12.7 Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder and stress-related disorders. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Disorders of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress: What, Me Worry? EOC Q12.11 Survivors of natural disasters like hurricanes may experience higher incidences of a) posttraumatic stress disorder. b) bipolar disorder. c) personality disorders. d) schizophrenia. Answer: a Consider This: The symptoms of this include anxiety, dissociative symptoms, recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, and problems in concentration. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.8 Identify potential causes of anxiety, trauma, and stress disorders. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Disorders of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress: What, Me Worry? EOC Q12.12 Trevor is terribly worried that his college education was wasted when he doesn’t get his dream job. Furthermore, Trevor believes he ruined his future when he did poorly in his job interview. Trevor explains, “I had to ace the interview. It had to be perfect, and it wasn’t!” How might a cognitive-behavioral psychologist classify this distorted thought process? a) all-or-nothing thinking b) magnification c) overgeneralization d) minimization Answer: a Consider This: With this, a person believes that his or her performance must be perfect or the result will be a total failure. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 12.8 Identify potential causes of anxiety, trauma, and stress disorders. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Disorders of Anxiety, Trauma, and Stress: What, Me Worry? EOC Q12.13 Dissociative amnesia is different from retrograde amnesia because a) dissociative amnesia is typically psychological in origin. b) retrograde amnesia has been shown to not actually exist. c) dissociative amnesia is caused by a physical blow to the head. d) retrograde amnesia is caused by psychological trauma. Answer: a Consider This: The reported memory loss of dissociative amnesia is usually associated with a stressful or emotionally traumatic experience, such as rape or childhood abuse. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.9 Differentiate among dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative identity disorder. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Dissociative Disorders: Altered Identities

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOC Q14.14 Individuals with bulimia often rationalize that since they have had a single treat, their diet is ruined and therefore they might as well go ahead and eat excessively. Such irrational thinking is an example of the cognitive distortion known as a) all-or-nothing thinking. b) overgeneralization. c) magnification. d) minimization. Answer: a Consider This: With this, a person believes that his or her behavior must be perfect or the result will be a total failure. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 12.11 Identify the symptoms and risk factors associated with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Eating Disorders and Sexual Dysfunction EOC Q12.15 Binge-eating disorder is different from bulimia in that individuals with binge-eating disorder a) do not typically purge the food they eat. b) typically eat much smaller portions before purging the food. c) only purge their food after several binge sessions. d) often resort to anorexic methods to rid themselves of the food they have eaten. Answer: a Consider This: Like bulimia, binge-eating disorder involves uncontrolled binge eating. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.11 Identify the symptoms and risk factors associated with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Eating Disorders and Sexual Dysfunction EOC Q12.16 Sexual dysfunctions and problems can be caused by a) organic, psychological, and sociocultural factors. b) organic factors. c) organic and sociocultural factors. d) hereditary factors primarily. Answer: a Consider This: Sexual dysfunctions are problems with sexual functioning, or with the actual physical workings of the sex act. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.12 Describe types of sexual dysfunction and explain how they may develop. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Eating Disorders and Sexual Dysfunction EOC Q12.17 At most times, Amaya appears to a fairly pessimistic person. It seems no matter the circumstance, someone always does her wrong. Even during otherwise seemingly kind gestures, she “just knows” the other person must have some hidden agenda. She can tell you, in explicit detail, about every perceived trespass or wrongdoing, going back to at least middle school. What personality disorder best describes Amaya’s thinking and behavior? a) paranoid personality disorder b) borderline personality disorder c) schizotypal personality disorder

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) antisocial personality disorder Answer: a Consider This: People diagnosed with this disorder are not the easiest to get along with due to their ever-present suspicion and distrust of others and tendency to hold grudges. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.13 Classify different types of personality disorders. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Personality Disorders: I’m Okay, It’s Everyone Else Who’s Weird EOC Q12.18 On your first call as a paramedic, you enter the house of a man who has covered his walls and ceiling in aluminum foil to keep the government from spying on him and stealing his ideas. This is an example of a __________ delusion. a) persecution b) reference c) influence d) grandeur Answer: a Consider This: With this, people believe that others are trying to hurt them in some way. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.15 Distinguish between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Schizophrenia: Altered Reality EOC Q12.19 David has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. He rarely smiles and often shows little emotion in any situation. Psychologists refer to this characteristic as a) flat affect. b) catatonia. c) positive symptoms. d) negative symptoms. Answer: a Consider This: Another feature of schizophrenia can involve excessive and/or inappropriate emotions. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.15 Distinguish between the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Schizophrenia: Altered Reality EOC Q12.20 Dysfunction in what neurotransmitter system was first believed to be the cause of schizophrenia? a) dopamine b) GABA c) serotonin d) epinephrine Answer: a Consider This: This was first suspected when amphetamine users began to show schizophrenia-like psychotic symptoms. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 12.16 Evaluate the biological and environmental influences on schizophrenia. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Schizophrenia: Altered Reality

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

TOTAL ASSESSMENT GUIDE

Chapter 13

Learning Objectives

Remember the Facts

Introduction 13.1 Describe how the treatment of psychological disorders has changed throughout history. 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today. 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as personcentered therapy and Gestalt therapy. 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. 13.6 Compare and contrast different forms of group therapy. 13.7 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of group therapy. 13.8 Summarize the research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy. 13.9 Identify factors that influence the effectiveness of therapy. 13.10 Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders.

Psychological Therapies 132, 146, 159, 160 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 187, 204

Understand the Concepts

Apply What You Know

Analyze It

1, 4, 7, 9, 11

13, 20, 22–25, 188, 205, 214

12, 17, 18, 32

14–16, 19, 21, 26–31, 33–35

43–45, 48, 51, 52, 54, 58

39–41, 42, 47, 53, 55, 56, 189, 206, 215

46, 49, 50, 57, 61

36–38, 59, 60

66, 67, 69, 74, 76, 78, 80, 83, 84, 88–91, 95, 97, 100, 102, 190–192, 207, 216 106, 109, 111, 117, 123, 194

62–64, 68, 72

65, 70, 73, 75, 79, 81, 82, 85–87, 92–94, 96, 98, 101, 103, 217

71, 77, 99, 104, 105

107, 113, 115, 120, 124, 125, 193, 208, 209

108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 119, 126, 127, 131, 210

121, 122, 128– 130, 218

133, 138, 140

136, 137, 139

134, 135, 141

219

195

144

142, 143, 145, 211, 219

148–151 152–155, 157, 158, 197, 220

147, 196 212

162, 163, 166, 170–173, 199, 213, 221

156

198

161, 164, 165, 167– 169, 174, 176

175

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objectives 13.11 Explain how electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery are used to treat psychological disorders. 13.12 Identify some of the newer technologies being used to treat psychological disorders. 13.13 Describe how regular physical exercise and spending time in nature may benefit mental health. 13.14 Describe strategies for reducing stigma associated with mental illness or seeking help for a psychological disorder.

Remember the Facts 177, 178, 182, 183, 185, 200– 203

Understand the Concepts 181

Apply What You Know

Analyze It

179, 180, 184

186

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Name _____________________________________________________________ Chapter 13 – Quick Quiz 1 1. Therapies aimed mainly at understanding one’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are referred to as __________ therapies. a) action c) biomedical b) insight d) relationship 2. According to Sigmund Freud, the __________ of the dream refers to the client’s memory of the things, people, and events in the dream. a) manifest content c) latent content b) free association d) resistance 3. Carl Rogers’s person-centered approach is considered __________ because the client actually does all the real work, with the therapist merely acting as a sounding board. a) directive c) behavioral b) nondirective d) cognitive 4. The use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behaviors is called __________. a) behavior modification c) reflection b) empty chair technique d) selective thinking 5. Lorenzo, who has a drug addiction problem, is MOST likely to be successfully treated by __________. a) psychoanalysis c) behavior therapy b) family therapy d) Gestalt therapy 6. __________ therapies have had considerable success in treating many types of disorders, including depression, stress disorders, eating disorders, anxiety disorders, and even some types of schizophrenia. a) Humanistic c) Biomedical b) Psychoanalytic d) Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral 7. A goal of family therapy is to __________. a) change the needs of individual family members b) improve family communication and interaction c) identify and treat the person in the family who is the source of the majority of the family’s problems d) teach family members to remain neutral on sensitive issues 8. The most important aspect of successful psychotherapy is the __________ between client and therapist. a) therapeutic alliance c) mindfulness b) transference d) authenticity 9. Lily sees a professional once a month to manage the medication she is taking to help alleviate the symptoms of her anxiety disorder. The type of therapy Lily is undergoing is called __________. a) psychotherapy c) physical therapy b) psychopharmacology d) electroconvulsive shock therapy 10. Bilateral anterior cingulotomy has been performed in cases of __________ that have not responded to other therapy techniques. a) antisocial personality disorder c) schizophrenia b) major depressive disorder d) panic disorder

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 13 – Quick Quiz 1 Answer Key 1.

Explanation: Insight therapy emphasizes understanding one’s motives and actions. (Topic: 13.1 Treatment of Psychological Disorders: Past to Present, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe how the treatment of psychological disorders has changed throughout history, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: Manifest content refers to the client’s memory of the things, people, and events in the dream. (Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: The therapist acts primarily as a sounding board, while the client directs the conversation. (Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err is Human, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: Behavior modification includes learning techniques that help in modifying behaviors. (Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Explanation: Behavior therapies have had considerable success in treating addictions. (Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior, APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

6. d

Explanation: Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies have had considerable success in treating depression, stress disorders, eating disorders, anxiety disorders, and some types of schizophrenia. (Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing, Skill Level: Analyze It, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

7. b

Explanation: The goal of family therapy is to improve interaction among family members. (Topic: 13.6 Types of Group Therapies, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 13.6 Compare and contrast different forms of group therapy, APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

8. a

Explanation: It is the relationship between client and therapist that is key to effective therapy. (Topic: 13.9 Characteristics of Effective Therapy, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 13.9 Identify factors that influence the effectiveness of therapy, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 9. b

Explanation: Psychopharmacology uses medical procedures and medications. (Topic: 13.10 Psychopharmacology, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 13.10 Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

10. b

Explanation: Bilateral anterior cingulotomy has been performed in cases of major depressive disorder. (Topic: 13.11 ECT and Psychosurgery, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 13.11 Explain how electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery are used to treat psychological disorders, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Name _____________________________________________________________ Chapter 13 – Quick Quiz 2 1. Modern psychoanalysts differ from traditional Freudian psychoanalysts in that they focus on the __________ as a motivating force of behavior, and they favor __________ their clients. a) id; face-to-face discussions with b) ego; face-to-face discussions with c) id; sitting behind and passively listening to d) ego; sitting behind and passively listening to 2. Gestalt therapy is considered __________ because the therapist leads the client through a number of planned exercises as well as confronts the client’s statements. a) directive c) behavioral b) nondirective d) cognitive 3. Which term refers to the process of learning through the observation and imitation of others? a) modeling c) voyeurism b) free association d) flooding 4. Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing is primarily used for the treatment of __________. a) schizophrenia c) depression b) posttraumatic stress disorder d) bipolar disorder 5. Which therapy depends on identifying and changing distorted thinking and unrealistic beliefs? a) person-centered therapy c) behavior therapy b) psychoanalytic therapy d) cognitive therapy 6. Rational emotive therapy is a type of __________ therapy. a) insight c) psychoanalytic b) cognitive-behavioral d) humanistic 7. An advantage to group therapy is that groups __________. a) are a source of social and emotional support b) allow countertransference to occur c) bestow unconditional approval on group members d) allow an extremely shy person to feel more comfortable speaking up 8. Which of the following is a barrier to effective therapy when the cultural backgrounds of the client and therapist are different? a) age c) language b) gender d) clothing 9. Jonah takes antipsychotic drugs to control the symptoms of schizophrenia. After taking the drug for some time, he begins exhibiting repetitive, involuntary jerks and movements of his face, lips, and legs. Jonah is showing signs of __________. a) savant syndrome c) a clozapine overdose b) tardive dyskinesia d) neuroleptic malignant syndrome 10. Medication, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery are all types of __________ therapies. a) cognitive c) biomedical b) behavior d) psychoanalytic

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Chapter 13 – Quick Quiz 2 Answer Key 1. b

Explanation: Modern psychoanalysts focus on the ego and prefer face-to-face discussions. (Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

2. a

Explanation: The Gestalt therapist is directive by confronting the client and leading the client through planned exercises. (Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err is Human, Skill Level: Understand the Concepts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

3. a

Explanation: Modeling is defined as the process of learning through the observation and imitation of others. (Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

4. b

Explanation: EMDR is primarily used for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. (Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

5. d

Explanation: Cognitive therapy focuses on identifying and changing distorted thinking and unrealistic beliefs. (Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

6. b

Explanation: Rational emotive therapy is a type of cognitive-behavioral therapy. (Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing, Skill Level: Analyze It, Difficulty Level: Difficult, Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitivebehavioral therapies, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

7. a

Explanation: Group therapy provides social and emotional support from people who have similar problems. (Topic: 13.7 Evaluation of Group Therapy, Skill Level: Analyze It, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 13.7 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of group therapy, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

8. c

Explanation: One barrier can be difficulties in understanding what both the client and therapist are saying. (Topic: 13.9 Characteristics of Effective Therapy, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: 13.9 Identify factors that influence the effectiveness of therapy, APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 9. b

Explanation: Tardive dyskinesia, a syndrome characterized by repetitive, involuntary jerks and movements of the face, lips, and legs, is caused by long-term treatment with antipsychotic medications. (Topic: 13.10 Psychopharmacology, Skill Level: Apply What You Know, Difficulty Level: Moderate, Learning Objective: 13.10 Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders, APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.)

10. c

Explanation: Medication, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery are all types of biomedical therapies. (Topic: 13.10–15.12 Biomedical Therapies, Skill Level: Remember the Facts, Difficulty Level: Easy, Learning Objective: None, APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.)

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Psychological Therapies

MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. You are a contestant on Jeopardy!, and it’s your turn. You say, “I’ll take History of Therapies for $100.” The answer is, “He began the movement for humane treatment of the mentally ill.” The smile on your face reveals the confidence you have as you say, __________. a) “Who was Sigmund Freud?” Incorrect. Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis; he did not found the movement for humane treatment of the mentally ill. b) “Who was Carl Rogers?” c) “Who was Philippe Pinel?” Correct. In France, Pinel began the movement for humane treatment of the mentally ill in 1793. d) “Who was Abraham Maslow?” Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe how the treatment of psychological disorders has changed throughout history. Topic: 13.1 Treatment of Psychological Disorders: Past to Present Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 2. “Bedlam” has entered the common language as a popular nickname for which asylum? a) Prince Bertram Royal Academy in Denmark Incorrect. Bedlam does not refer to this institution. b) Bethlehem Royal Hospital in England Correct. This is the origin of that word. c) Holy Bethnal Indigent Home in Massachusetts d) Lancaster County Lying-In Hospital in Wales Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe how the treatment of psychological disorders has changed throughout history. Topic: 13.1 Treatment of Psychological Disorders: Past to Present Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 3. The kind of therapy that involves talking things out with a professional is called __________. a) psychotherapy Correct. Psychotherapy involves talking things out with a professional. b) biomedical therapy Incorrect. Biomedical therapy uses medical procedures and medications. c) physical therapy d) electroconvulsive therapy Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe how the treatment of psychological disorders has changed throughout history. Topic: 13.1 Treatment of Psychological Disorders: Past to Present Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 99 a= 99 b= 0 c= 1 d= 0 r = .14

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White % correct 99 a= 99 b= 0 c= 1 d= 0 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 4. Beppo is interviewing a therapist to determine if she has the training and orientation suited to addressing his problems. When asked what kind of therapy she practices, she replies, “I draw ideas and techniques from a variety of approaches.” What kind of therapy does the therapist practice? a) eclectic psychotherapy Correct. The therapist takes the best of many approaches. b) action therapy Incorrect. The therapist’s goals seem broader than this. c) psychodynamic therapy d) behavioral therapy Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe how the treatment of psychological disorders has changed throughout history. Topic: 13.1 Treatment of Psychological Disorders: Past to Present Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 5. Therapies aimed mainly at understanding one’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are referred to as __________. a) action therapies Incorrect. Action therapy emphasizes changing behavior. b) insight therapies Correct. Insight therapy emphasizes understanding one’s motives and actions. c) biomedical therapies d) relationship therapies Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe how the treatment of psychological disorders has changed throughout history. Topic: 13.1 Treatment of Psychological Disorders: Past to Present Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 6. The major goal of insight therapies is to give people __________. a) feedback from their biologically controlled responses b) help in understanding perceptual processes Incorrect. Insight therapies emphasize understanding one’s motives and actions. c) basic training in observational learning and practice d) a clearer understanding of their feelings, motivations, and actions Correct. Insight therapies emphasize understanding one’s motives and actions. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe how the treatment of psychological disorders has changed throughout history. Topic: 13.1 Treatment of Psychological Disorders: Past to Present Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 95 a= 2 b= 3 c= 0 d= 95 r = .37 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 7. Camila is interested in helping her client get a clearer understanding of his motives and actions. She is most likely to be a(n) __________ therapist. a) action Incorrect. Action therapy emphasizes changing behavior. b) insight Correct. Insight therapy emphasizes understanding one’s motives and actions.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) biomedical d) relationship Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe how the treatment of psychological disorders has changed throughout history. Topic: 13.1 Treatment of Psychological Disorders: Past to Present Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 8. Therapies directed at directly changing disordered or inappropriate behavior are referred to as __________ therapies. a) action Correct. Action therapy emphasizes changing behavior. b) insight Incorrect. Insight therapy emphasizes understanding one’s motives and actions. c) biomedical d) relationship Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe how the treatment of psychological disorders has changed throughout history. Topic: 13.1 Treatment of Psychological Disorders: Past to Present Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 9. Dr. Watanabe is interested in helping his client change his maladaptive behavior. Dr. Watanabe is most likely to be a(n) __________ therapist. a) action Correct. Action therapy emphasizes changing behavior. b) insight Incorrect. Insight therapy emphasizes understanding one’s motives and actions. c) biomedical d) relationship Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe how the treatment of psychological disorders has changed throughout history. Topic: 13.1 Treatment of Psychological Disorders: Past to Present Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 10. The kind of therapy that uses biological treatments such as medication, surgical methods, and electrical shock treatments to bring about changes in the person’s disordered behavior is called __________. a) psychotherapy Incorrect. Psychotherapy involves talking things out with a professional. b) biomedical therapy Correct. Biomedical therapy uses medical procedures and medications. c) physical therapy d) electroconvulsive therapy Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe how the treatment of psychological disorders has changed throughout history. Topic: 13.1 Treatment of Psychological Disorders: Past to Present Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

11. Tiana sees a professional once a month to manage the medication she is taking to help alleviate the symptoms of her anxiety disorder. The type of therapy Tiana is undergoing is called __________. a) psychotherapy Incorrect. Psychotherapy involves talking things out with a professional. b) biomedical therapy Correct. Biomedical therapy uses medical procedures and medications. c) physical therapy d) electroconvulsive therapy Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe how the treatment of psychological disorders has changed throughout history. Topic: 13.1 Treatment of Psychological Disorders: Past to Present Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 12. __________ is a type of insight-oriented therapy. a) Cognitive-behavioral treatment b) Psychopharmacology c) Transference Incorrect. The analysis of transference is a technique of psychoanalysis, not its own type of therapy. d) Psychoanalysis Correct. The goal of psychoanalysis is to gain insight into the conflicts in one’s own unconscious. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today. Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 13. Psychoanalysis is a therapy technique designed by __________. a) Alfred Adler b) Carl Rogers Incorrect. Rogers developed person-centered therapy. c) Fritz Perls d) Sigmund Freud Correct. Freud was the founder of the therapy technique of psychoanalysis. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today. Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 83 a= 3 b= 6 c= 8 d= 83 r = .40 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 14. Dr. Navarro uses a form of therapy that emphasizes revealing his clients’ unconscious conflicts, urges, and desires, which he believes are the cause of his clients’ disordered emotions and behavior. Dr. Navarro is most likely using __________. a) behavior therapy Incorrect. Behavior therapy emphasizes changing learned behavior, not revealing unconscious issues. b) psychoanalysis

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. Psychoanalysis emphasizes unconscious conflicts, urges, and desires. c) Gestalt therapy d) systematic desensitization Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today. Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 68 a= 9 b= 68 c= 21 d= 2 r = .31 % correct 52 a= 4 b= 52 c= 30 d= 14 r = .23 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 15. Marcella is interviewing a therapist to determine if he has the training and orientation suited to addressing her problems. When asked which type of therapy he practices, the therapist replies, “I require my patients to meet with me several times a week, usually for a period of several years. It’s the only method that can root out the underlying unconscious conflicts that are the cause of mental disorders.” What kind of therapy does the therapist practice? a) humanistic therapy b) cognitive therapy c) Freudian psychoanalysis Correct. The therapist is addressing the main hallmarks of the psychoanalytic approach. d) biomedical therapy Incorrect. There is no indication here of a biomedical approach. Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today. Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 16. A client lies on a couch with the therapist sitting out of sight behind him. The therapist gets to know the client’s problems through free association, resistance, and transference. This example illustrates __________ therapy. a) psychoanalytic Correct. Psychoanalysis utilizes free association and transference. b) behavior c) person-centered Incorrect. Person-centered therapy does not utilize free association or transference. d) rational emotive behavior Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today. Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 17. __________ formed a large part of Freud’s psychoanalytic method. a) Reflection b) Empathy c) Dream interpretation Correct. Freud believed repressed material surfaced in dreams.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) Unconditional positive regard Incorrect. Unconditional positive regard is an attribute of Carl Rogers’s theory, not Freud’s. Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today. Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 85 a= 9 b= 6 c= 85 d= 1 r = .37 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 18. Which element is a key component of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis? a) cognition b) empathy c) dream interpretation Correct. Freud believed repressed material surfaced in dreams. d) unconditional positive regard Incorrect. Unconditional positive regard is an attribute of Carl Rogers’s theory, not Freud’s. Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today. Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 19. Archer is currently undergoing psychoanalysis. His therapist asks him to keep a journal by his bed and write down his dreams immediately upon awakening. Archer brings his journal to therapy and discusses his dreams with his therapist. Archer’s therapist is attempting to accomplish which outcome? a) uncover repressed material Correct. Freud believed repressed material surfaced in dreams. b) facilitate positive transference Incorrect. Positive transference refers to the client’s transfer of positive feelings about her or his parents onto the therapist. c) create resistance within the client d) facilitate unconditional positive regard Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today. Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 20. According to Sigmund Freud, the __________ of the dream refers to the actual dream and its events. a) manifest content Correct. Manifest content refers to the client’s memory of the things, people, and events in the dream. b) free association c) latent content Incorrect. Latent content refers to the underlying meaning of the dream. d) resistance Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White today. Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 69 a= 69 b= 6 c= 25 d= 0 r = .39 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 21. According to Sigmund Freud, when you awaken in the morning and remember a dream, you recall the dream’s __________. a) latent content Incorrect. Latent content refers to the underlying or hidden meaning of the dream, not the actual content of the dream. b) deep meaning c) surface meaning d) manifest content Correct. Manifest content refers to the client’s memory of the things, people, and events in the dream. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today. Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 43 a= 35 b= 1 c= 21 d= 43 r = .41 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 22. Horatio has engaged the services of a psychoanalytic therapist who is helping Horatio to uncover the hidden conflicts that have affected his current mental health. The therapist asks Horatio to narrate whatever comes into his conscious awareness, uncensored and unedited, as he lies quietly on a couch. Which analytic technique is the therapist using? a) free association Correct. This is how free association works. b) transference Incorrect. The process of transference refers to a different aspect of the psychoanalytic interaction. c) repression d) dream analysis Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today. Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 23. As Horatio works with his psychoanalyst to address his psychological problems, he speaks freely about his relationships with his mother, sister, and brother, but either changes the subject or becomes evasive whenever the topic of his father is raised. What would a therapist practicing psychoanalysis call this? a) reluctance Incorrect. This is what you or I might call it, but it is not the term used by psychoanalysts. b) regression c) resistance Correct. Horatio is resistant to discuss some topics with his therapist. d) transference Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White today. Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 24. The psychoanalytic client who lets her or his thoughts flow without interruption or fear of negative criticism from her therapist is using __________. a) dream interpretation b) positive transference Incorrect. Positive transference refers to the client’s transfer of positive feelings about her or his parents onto the therapist. c) regression d) free association Correct. Free association occurs when the client talks freely about anything that comes to mind. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today. Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 81 a= 1 b= 15 c= 2 d= 81 r = .34 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 25. Free association is a technique used in __________ therapy. a) psychoanalytic Correct. Free association is a technique used in psychoanalysis. b) rational emotive c) person-centered Incorrect. Free association is a technique used in psychoanalysis, not in person-centered therapy. d) Gestalt Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today. Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 66 a= 66 b= 5 c= 14 d= 16 r = .50 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 26. Marcel is 21 years old and has never gone on a date. His parents are concerned and take him to see a therapist. The therapist tells Marcel to lie down on the couch and relax. The therapist sits behind Marcel and asks him to say whatever comes into his head. Marcel eventually talks about his fear of women, which leads him to think about his early experiences with women: his mother, her friends, his teachers, and so on. Marcel is using __________. a) counterconditioning Incorrect. Marcel is using free association, where he is encouraged to talk about anything that comes to mind; counterconditioning is a technique used to replace an old conditioned response with a new one. b) pole-shifting c) free association Correct. Free association occurs when the client talks freely about anything that comes to mind. d) the empty chair technique Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today. Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 92 a= 1 b= 1 c= 92 d= 6 r = .42 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 27. As Maya begins to reveal more and more of her innermost thoughts and feelings to her psychodynamic therapist, she begins to feel good about him, as well as accepted by him. She develops a sense of trust, particularly because he does not criticize her. What process is occurring? a) unconditional positive regard Incorrect. Unconditional positive regard is a concept from Rogers’s client-centered therapy, not Freud’s psychoanalysis. b) insight c) rationalization d) transference Correct. Transference refers to the client’s important relationships in her or his life being “transferred” onto the therapist. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today. Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 28. Adam starts to worry about telling his therapist about his drinking. He is afraid that the therapist will get mad at him as his mother used to. Adam has started relating to his therapist as he related to his mother. Adam is experiencing __________. a) transference Correct. Transference refers to the client’s important relationships in her or his life being “transferred” onto the therapist. b) countertransference c) catharsis d) resistance Incorrect. Resistance refers to active efforts by a client to block the forward movement of the psychotherapy. Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today. Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 29. As Zsa Zsa progressed through her psychoanalytic therapy, she began to resent her therapist’s efforts to make suggestions or offer guidelines for issues to explore. “Thanks Mom, that’s really helpful!” Zsa Zsa snapped at her therapist during one session. What would a therapist practicing psychoanalysis call this? a) transference Correct. Zsa Zsa likely has some unresolved feelings toward her mother. b) manifest content Incorrect. This is an aspect of dream analysis.. c) latency d) repression Answer: a

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today. Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 30. Which situation correctly describes the process of transference in psychoanalytic therapy? a) Janine is usually quite organized and conscientious in her daily affairs, but she has forgotten to keep her last three appointments with her psychoanalyst. b) Freddie talks freely to his therapist about many matters in his current life and childhood, but he refuses to discuss anything that happened during his time at the Tommy’s Holiday Camp for Boys. c) Margo’s mother was very domineering during her childhood. During therapy Margo is afraid to bring up some subjects so that her therapist won’t tell her what to do and correct her behavior. Correct. Margo’s mother’s characteristics are unconsciously transferred to the therapist. d) After many months of psychoanalytic therapy, Lili realized that the recurrence of images of flowers, tunnels, and pomegranates in her dreams were symbols for her vagina. Incorrect. Lili is gaining insight into her dreams. Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today. Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 31. Stephanie had been working with her psychoanalyst for several months, plumbing the unconscious origins of her sexual dysfunctions. After a particularly successful session marked by increasing insight, Stephanie said, “This has been so helpful. I can’t thank you enough, Daddy, er, I mean Doctor.” What would a therapist practicing Freudian psychoanalysis call this? a) insight b) reactance c) transference Correct. This is a classic example of transference. d) regression Incorrect. This refers to an ego-defense mechanism. Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today. Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 32. Modern psychoanalysts differ from traditional Freudian psychoanalysts in that they focus on the __________ as a motivating force of behavior, and they favor __________ their clients. a) id; face-to-face discussions with Incorrect. Modern psychoanalysts focus on the ego. b) ego; face-to-face discussions with Correct. Modern psychoanalysts focus on the ego and prefer face-to-face discussions. c) id; sitting behind and passively listening to d) ego; sitting behind and passively listening to

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today. Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 33. Compared to the others, which person would be considered a good candidate for psychoanalysis? a) Mariah, who is extremely withdrawn b) Kaleem, who has been diagnosed with a severe psychotic disorder Incorrect. People with severe psychotic disorders are less apt to benefit from psychoanalysis. c) Pasha, who is unable to verbally express her thoughts and feelings d) Aaron, who has been diagnosed with anxiety Correct. People who have anxiety disorders often benefit from psychoanalysis. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today. Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 34. Compared to the others, which person would be LEAST likely to benefit from psychoanalysis? a) Mariah, who has a somatoform disorder b) Kaleem, who has been diagnosed with a severe psychotic disorder Correct. People with severe psychotic disorders are less likely to benefit from psychoanalysis than are people who suffer from somatoform or anxiety disorders. c) Pasha, who has panic attacks d) Aaron, who has been diagnosed with anxiety Incorrect. People who have anxiety disorders often benefit from psychoanalysis. Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today. Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 65 a= 25 b= 65 c= 4 d= 7 r = .31 % correct 71 a= 18 b= 71 c= 4 d= 8 r = .27 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 35. Malcolm’s therapist is using interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT). What would be the goal of Malcolm’s therapy sessions? a) to help Malcolm understand how his moods and behaviors are impacted by his relationships Correct. The goal of interpersonal therapy is to understand the interplay among one’s moods, behaviors, and relationships. b) to uncover Malcolm’s unconscious anxiety and motives Incorrect. This statement would be applicable to psychoanalysis or psychodynamic therapy. c) to assist Malcolm in the process of self-actualization d) to address the bad thoughts that Malcolm is experiencing and replace them with good thoughts Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 36. Psychodynamic and person-centered therapies are very different therapeutic approaches. Which statement summarizes a major difference between the two therapies? a) Psychodynamic therapy focuses on revealing unconscious conflicts and desires, whereas person-centered therapy focuses on the potential to change behavior. Correct. Psychodynamic therapy focuses on revealing unconscious conflicts and desires, whereas person-centered therapy focuses on the potential to change behavior. b) Psychodynamic therapy is based on Rogers’s work, whereas person-centered therapy is based on Freud’s work. c) Psychodynamic therapy uses empathy, whereas person-centered therapy uses interpretation. Incorrect. This is a backwards statement, because person-centered therapy uses empathy, whereas psychodynamic therapy uses interpretation. d) Psychodynamic therapy is short-term therapy, whereas person-centered therapy is long-term therapy. Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 37. Which statement would most likely be said by a humanistic therapist? a) “All people have the potential to grow and become their best selves.” Correct. This is a cheery and comforting thought. b) “Fixing the symptoms means fixing the problem.” c) “Unconscious conflicts are at the root of all psychological problems.” Incorrect. This sounds more like something a Freudian would say. d) “Humanity being what it is, war and hatred will always be present.” Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 38. Which statement would most likely be said by a humanistic therapist? a) “I will identify your psychological problems and tell you how to address them.” b) “I’m not here to fix you, but I’ll gladly help you learn how to fix yourself.” Correct. Humanists practice a non-directive form of therapy. c) “I don’t think there’s any hope for you.” Incorrect. This doesn’t sound very supportive coming from a therapist. d) “Let me tell you the ways that you can be happy.” Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

39. Which attribute is a key component of Rogers’s person-centered therapy? a) cognition b) resistance c) dream interpretation Incorrect. Dream interpretation is a key component of Freud’s therapy, not Rogers’s. d) unconditional positive regard Correct. Unconditional positive regard is a key component of Carl Rogers’s perspective. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 77 a= 12 b= 1 c= 10 d= 77 r = .55 % correct 69 a= 20 b= 8 c= 2 d= 69 r = .52 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 40. Which concept does humanistic therapy emphasize? a) the unconscious b) individual choices Correct. Humanistic therapy emphasizes the importance of the choices made by individuals and the potential to change one’s behavior. c) errant thought processes Incorrect. Errant thought processes would be a focus of cognitive therapy. d) the empty-chair technique Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 41. What did Carl Rogers view as a cause of most personal difficulties? a) reinforcement of maladaptive behavior patterns b) unrealistic modes of thought employed by many people c) mismatch between an individual’s ideal self and real self Correct. Rogers believed the closer the match between a person’s ideal and real selves, the happier the person. d) unresolved unconscious conflicts occurring between the id and superego Incorrect. Freud, not Rogers, viewed unresolved unconscious conflicts between the id and superego as the cause of personal problems. Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 42. Which type of therapy emphasizes the importance of an authentic and empathetic therapist? a) psychoanalytic therapy Incorrect. These are the main emphases of person-centered therapy. b) person-centered therapy Correct. These are the major emphases of person-centered therapy.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) cognitive-behavioral therapy d) cognitive therapy Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 43. According to Carl Rogers, the __________ is how people see their actual traits and abilities. a) ideal self Incorrect. Ideal self is Rogers’s term for the person someone thinks she or he should be. b) real self Correct. Real self is Rogers’s term for the person someone thinks she or he actually is. c) ego d) id Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 44. According to Carl Rogers, the __________ is how people think they should be. a) ideal self Correct. Ideal self is Rogers’s term for the person someone thinks she or he should be. b) real self Incorrect. Real self is Rogers’s term for the person someone thinks she or he actually is. c) ego d) id Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 45. What is a primary goal of the therapist in person-centered therapy? a) to facilitate transference b) to eliminate the client’s undesirable behaviors c) to provide unconditional positive regard Correct. The primary goal of the therapist in person-centered therapy is to provide unconditional positive regard. d) to help the client become more aware of her or his own feelings Incorrect. Helping clients become more aware of their feelings is the primary goal of Gestalt therapists, not personcentered therapists. Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 57 a= 1 b= 5 c= 57 d= 37 r = .41

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 46. Kadija’s therapist listens to her without interruption or judgment. She creates a warm, accepting, and uncritical atmosphere. Kadija’s therapist is demonstrating __________. a) reflection b) genuineness Incorrect. Genuineness is honesty and authenticity. c) unconditional positive regard Correct. Warmth and respect without conditions attached are key components of unconditional positive regard. d) nondirective countertransference Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 81 a= 3 b= 0 c= 81 d= 16 r = .32 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 47. Carl Rogers’s person-centered approach is considered __________ because the client actually does all the real work, with the therapist merely acting as a sounding board. a) directive Incorrect. The person-centered approach is nondirective in that the therapist allows the client to direct the conversation. b) nondirective Correct. The therapist acts primarily as a sounding board, while the client directs the conversation. c) behavioral d) cognitive Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 73 a= 17 b= 73 c= 3 d= 5 r = .33 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 48. “If I don’t get an A in Chemistry, I’ll never finish college!” Mitch whined to his therapist. “That can really be upsetting; most people would be upset by that experience, and that’s a natural feeling to have,” replied his therapist. “If I don’t finish college, my girlfriend will dump me and I’ll never get a job!” continued Mitch. “It would be disappointing to miss a significant goal in your life; I can understand how that must make you feel,” Mitch’s therapist said soothingly. Which component of person-centered therapy is Mitch’s therapist conveying? a) unconditional positive regard b) transference Incorrect. This is a psychoanalytic concept. c) motivational interviewing d) empathy Correct. The therapist is validating Mitch’s feelings and empathizing with them. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 49. Imagine that Sigmund Freud goes to Carl Rogers for therapy. Freud’s major complaint is depression due to distress over the lack of positive response to his theories. Which response is Rogers most likely to say during their session? a) “You seem troubled by the reaction to your work.” Correct. In restating Freud’s complaint rather than interpreting the statement, Rogers uses his technique called reflection, which involves repeating whatever the client says using slightly different words. b) “Let’s focus on your relationship with your father.” c) “Why do you think that everyone must appreciate your work?” Incorrect. Asking someone to analyze their own thought process is an approach a cognitive therapist would use, not one that Rogers would use. d) “Say the first thing that comes to your mind; don’t censor anything, because I want to know what is truly on your mind.” Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 50. Dr. Ahmad listens to Aaliyah’s statements and then restates what he feels is Aaliyah’s message and describes her emotions. What type of therapy is Dr. Ahmad practicing? a) behavior therapy b) cognitive therapy c) psychoanalytic therapy Incorrect. Reflection, or restating what the client says, is not an approach typically used by psychoanalysts. d) person-centered therapy Correct. Person-centered therapists restate what their clients say. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 51. The person-centered therapist has to be able to acknowledge and understand what the client is feeling and experiencing. This process is referred to as __________. a) conditions of worth b) empathy Correct. Empathy is defined as acknowledging and understanding the client’s feelings and experiences. c) catharsis d) unconditional positive regard Incorrect. Unconditional positive regard is defined as having respect and affection for the client regardless of what the client may say or do.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 89 a= 0 b= 89 c= 0 d= 11 r = .19 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 52. The person-centered therapist must show a genuine, open, and honest response to the client. This is called __________. a) empathy b) resistance c) authenticity Correct. Showing a genuine, open, and honest response to the client is referred to as authenticity. d) unconditional positive regard Incorrect. Unconditional positive regard is defined as having respect and affection for the client regardless of what the client may say or do. Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 41 a= 18 b= 0 c= 41 d= 41 r = .41 % correct 46 a= 30 b= 2 c= 46 d= 24 r = .34 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 53. Expressing empathy, developing discrepancy between a client’s present behaviors and values, rolling with resistance, and supporting a client’s self-efficacy were the four original pillars of __________. a) motivational interviewing Correct. These are the major foundations of motivational interviewing. b) rational emotive behavior therapy Incorrect. These are the major foundations of motivational interviewing. c) person-centered therapy d) contingency contracting Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 54. Gestalt therapy was developed based on the work of __________. a) Sid Caesar b) Joseph Wolpe c) Carl Rogers Incorrect. Rogers was the founder of person-centered therapy. Fritz Perls founded Gestalt. d) Fritz Perls Correct. Fritz Perls was the founder of Gestalt therapy. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 55. Gestalt therapy is considered __________, often confronting clients about the statements they have made. Instead of simply reflecting back clients’ statements, a Gestalt therapist uses a number of planned experiences to help clients become more aware of their own feelings. a) directive Correct. The Gestalt therapist is directive by confronting the client and leading the client through planned exercises. b) nondirective Incorrect. The Gestalt therapist is directive by confronting the client and leading the client through planned exercises. c) behavioral d) cognitive Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 89 a= 89 b= 1 c= 7 d= 2 r = .19 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 56. What is a major goal of the Gestalt therapist? a) to facilitate transference b) to eliminate the client’s undesirable behaviors c) to provide unconditional positive regard Incorrect. Providing unconditional positive regard is the primary goal of person-centered therapy, not Gestalt. d) to help clients become more aware of their own feelings Correct. A major goal of Gestalt therapists is to help clients become more aware of their feelings. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 69 a= 5 b= 20 c= 6 d= 69 r = .29 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 57. Your friend tells you that he sees a Gestalt therapist. You ask him to describe what might happen in one of his therapy sessions. Which reply is his most likely answer? a) “I am asked by the therapist to relax and meditate.” b) “During the session, I sometimes talk to an empty chair.” Correct. Gestalt therapists sometimes ask clients to talk to an empty chair as a way of finishing unfinished business. c) “The therapist asks me to describe the details of the dreams I have had recently.” Incorrect. Psychoanalysts, not Gestalt therapists, focus on dreams. d) “The therapist evaluates the factual basis of my statements to identify logical inconsistencies.” Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 39 a= 10 b= 39 c= 18 d= 34 r = .20

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 58. __________ therapies have been used not only to treat mental disorders but also to help people make career choices, deal with workplace problems, and counsel married couples. a) Humanistic Correct. Humanistic therapies have been used in a wide variety of ways, including career and marriage counseling. b) Psychoanalytic Incorrect. Psychoanalytic therapies are primarily used to treat nonpsychotic adjustment disorders, not for career or marriage counseling. c) Biomedical d) Biological Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 59. Which outcome is an advantage of person-centered therapy? a) Clients do not need to be verbal. b) There is too much empirical research about it. c) It is one of the best approaches for treating serious disorders. Incorrect. Although person-centered therapy is used to treat minor disorders, it is not recommended for serious ones. d) The therapist has a lower risk of having her or his words misinterpreted by the client. Correct. The therapist does not run the risk of having her or his words misinterpreted by the client because the therapist uses reflection as the main means of communication. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 60. Which limitation applies to humanistic therapies? a) Clients do not need to be verbal. b) They are not based in experimental research. Correct. Humanistic therapies are not based in experimental research. c) They cannot be used in a variety of contexts. d) The therapist runs the risk of having her or his words misinterpreted by the client. Incorrect. The humanistic therapist does not run the risk of having her or his words misinterpreted by the client because the therapist uses reflection as the main means of communication. Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 61. Compared to the others, which person would be considered a good candidate for humanistic therapy? a) Mariah, who is extremely withdrawn b) Kaleem, who has been diagnosed with a severe psychotic disorder Incorrect. People with severe psychotic disorders are less apt to benefit from humanistic therapy. c) Pasha, who is unable to verbally express her thoughts and feelings d) Aaron, who is seeking a career change Correct. Humanistic therapy is often used for people seeking a career change. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 62. What do behavior therapists see as the cause of abnormal or undesirable behaviors? a) learning Correct. Behavior therapists see learning as the cause of abnormal or undesirable behaviors. b) unconscious conflicts c) distortions in thinking Incorrect. Cognitive therapists see distortions in thinking as the cause of abnormal behaviors. d) discrepancy between the real self and ideal self Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 59 a= 59 b= 16 c= 16 d= 9 r = .59 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 63. Which type of therapy is based on various learning principles? a) behavior therapy Correct. Behavioral therapists believe that abnormal behaviors are learned and can be unlearned. b) cognitive-behavioral therapy Incorrect. Cognitive-behavioral therapists focus largely on basic irrational assumptions as the underlying cause of problems. c) psychoanalysis d) person-centered therapy Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 64. Therapeutic approaches that are based on the belief that all normal and abnormal behavior is learned are __________ therapies. a) traditional psychodynamic b) behavior Correct. Behavior therapies believe all behavior is learned. c) short-term psychodynamic d) cognitive

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. Cognitive therapists see distorted thinking as the cause of abnormal behaviors. Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 49 a= 9 b= 49 c= 4 d= 38 r = .24 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 65. What is a basic assumption held by behavior therapists? a) Behaviors that have been learned can be “unlearned.” Correct. And if not unlearned, then at least new, better, or different learning can take place. b) The therapist must demonstrate genuineness with a client. c) Behavior problems are manifestations of deeper internal conflicts. d) Unconditional positive regard is the basis for effective therapy. Incorrect. This is a driving principle for humanistic psychologists. Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 66. The use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behaviors is called __________. a) applied behavior analysis Correct. Applied behavior analysis includes learning techniques that help in modifying behaviors. b) the empty-chair technique c) reflection d) selective thinking Incorrect. Selective thinking is a type of cognitive distortion, not a type of treatment. Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 100 a= 100 b= 0 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 67. Which therapy is based on the principles of classical conditioning? a) systematic desensitization Correct. Systematic desensitization is based on counterconditioning, which is a form of classical conditioning. b) contingency contract c) token economy d) reinforcement Incorrect. Reinforcement is based on the principles of operant conditioning. Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 43 a= 43 b= 1 c= 14 d= 41 r = .51 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 68. What is the primary goal of systematic desensitization? a) to relax body muscles Incorrect. Progressive relaxation is a part of systematic desensitization, but it is not the actual goal. b) to address the causes of one’s fears c) to relax a phobic person in the presence of a feared object or situation Correct. By using the principles of classical conditioning, the person’s fear is reduced and relieved. d) to understand what an individual is thinking when faced with a feared object or situation Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 69. Which method of treating phobias involves progressive relaxation and exposure to the feared object? a) extinction Incorrect. Extinction involves the removal of a reinforcer to reduce the frequency of a particular response. b) punishment c) token economy d) systematic desensitization Correct. Systematic desensitization involves progressive relaxation and exposure to the feared object. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 97 a= 2 b= 0 c= 1 d= 97 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 70. Whitney has an intense fear of snakes. Which element would be lowest on Whitney’s fear hierarchy? a) observing a snake in a zoo enclosure b) holding a garter snake in her hands Incorrect. This would likely be at the top of Whitney’s fears. c) looking at a photograph of a snake Correct. Compared to the other options, this would be the least fearful stimulus. d) handling a rubber snake from a novelty shop. Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 71. Which sequence describes the correct process of systematic desensitization?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) A therapist constructs a fear hierarchy for a client and provides written tips for how to relax; the client then practices these techniques at home between therapy sessions. Incorrect. This wouldn’t involve much commitment by the therapist, would it? b) A client confronts her or his most-feared event in vivo, then practices relaxation techniques after exposure has taken place; with a therapist’s help, the client then works down from there to a resting state. c) A therapist instructs a client in relaxation techniques, usually in an office setting; the therapist and client then encounter a feared object while the therapist coaches the client to remember the previous relaxed state. d) A therapist directs a client to start exposure at the bottom of a fear hierarchy while simultaneously relaxing; the client moves up one step at a time both with and without the therapist. Correct. This is what makes it systematic. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 72. Which behavior therapy technique is commonly used to treat anxieties or fears? a) interpretation Incorrect. This is part of psychodynamic therapy, not a behavioral approach. b) free association c) dream analysis d) exposure Correct. Techniques like flooding and systematic desensitization are exposure techniques. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 73. Casey had a fear of roller coasters. She decided to address that fear by riding the baby coasters at the local carnival, then moved up to the single-loops at the theme park, then she gradually moved all the way up to riding the MegaTwisting NeckBreaker. Now when she visits an amusement park, she’s always first in line at the roller coasters. What type of classical conditioning therapy did Casey unwittingly use to address her fear? a) contingency management b) aversive conditioning c) exposure therapy Correct. Increased exposure to a feared stimulus coupled with a competing emotion (fun and excitement) led to the formation of a new learned association. d) behavioral activation Incorrect. Casey’s behavior doesn’t best reflect behavioral activation. Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 74. A technique for treating phobias and other stress disorders in which the person is suddenly exposed to the fear-

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White provoking situation or object in an intense way and is prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response is called __________. a) systematic desensitization Incorrect. Systematic desensitization involves gradually exposing the client to the feared object while using relaxation techniques to reduce anxiety, not exposing a client to the feared object in a sudden manner. b) flooding Correct. Flooding exposes the client to the feared object or situation in a sudden and intense way. c) paradoxical intent d) aversion therapy Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 75. Dino is afraid of snakes. In an effort to help him overcome his fear, Dino’s therapist has him enter a room where there are dozens of snakes and has him hold them. Dino is not permitted to leave the room until the therapy session is completed. Which technique is Dino’s therapist using? a) systematic desensitization Incorrect. Systematic desensitization gradually exposes the client to the feared object. b) flooding Correct. Flooding exposes the client to the feared object or situation in a sudden and intense way. c) paradoxical intent d) aversion therapy Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 76. Due to virtual reality technology that involves having the client wear a headset that can project realistic anxietyprovoking images, therapists can now conduct __________ therapies in their offices. a) free association Incorrect. Free association occurs when the client discusses anything that comes to mind and does not make use of virtual reality technology, whereas flooding can be conducted with the use of computer technology. b) transference c) exposure Correct. Therapists can use the images to expose clients to things they fear in a variety of ways. d) unconditional positive regard Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 77. How does virtual reality exposure differ from traditional systematic desensitization? a) Computer simulations are used to provide exposure to the anxiety-producing stimulus. Correct. Sometimes this is easier to enact with a client.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) Virtual reality relies on ipso fatso exposure rather than in vivo exposure to a feared stimulus. Incorrect. This is not the case. c) Virtual reality exposure only uses in vivo exposure to a feared stimulus. d) Virtual reality exposure does not involve relaxation. Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 78. Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing is primarily used for the treatment of __________. a) schizophrenia b) posttraumatic stress disorder Correct. EMDR is primarily used for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. c) depression d) bipolar disorder Incorrect. EMDR is primarily used for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 68 a= 20 b= 68 c= 7 d= 6 r = .34 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 79. Summer is living with posttraumatic stress disorder. During her therapy session, her therapist asks her to move her eyes rapidly back and forth while thinking of a disturbing memory. Summer’s therapist is using __________. a) eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing Correct. EMDR is a form of therapy in which the client is directed to move her or his eyes rapidly back and forth while thinking of a disturbing memory. b) systematic desensitization Incorrect. Systematic desensitization gradually exposes the client to the feared object while using relaxation techniques to reduce anxiety. c) eye-memory therapy d) eye therapy Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 69 a= 69 b= 15 c= 14 d= 2 r = .46 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 80. The form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior is called __________. a) token economy b) operant conditioning Incorrect. The pairing of an undesirable behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior is a form of classical, not operant, conditioning. c) aversion therapy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. Aversion therapy pairs an undesirable behavior with an unpleasant, or aversive, stimulus. d) participant modeling Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 78 a= 0 b= 21 c= 78 d= 1 r = .34 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 81. Which technique would be MOST appropriate for reduction of smoking? a) flooding b) systematic desensitization c) aversion therapy Correct. Aversion therapy is the most appropriate for treating overeating or smoking. d) token economy Incorrect. A token economy involves awarding tokens for good behavior that can be traded for desired things or privileges to reinforce behavior. Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 82. Every time Leo opens his cigarette case or uses his lighter, he gets a painful electric shock. Leo’s friends and family have been asked not to give him any cigarettes or light any cigarettes for him, so he must use his own lighter if he wants to smoke. Eventually, Leo loses his desire to smoke, thanks to __________. a) negative transference b) behavioral contracting c) systematic desensitization Incorrect. Systematic desensitization involves progressive relaxation and making a list of fears, not associating a behavior with an electric shock. d) aversion conditioning Correct. Leo learns to associate a behavior, smoking, with an unpleasant stimulus, the electric shock. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 74 a= 8 b= 11 c= 8 d= 74 r = .19 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 83. Which outcome is an advantage of using operant conditioning in treating undesirable behaviors? a) The results are usually quickly obtained. Correct. Operant conditioning provides rapid change in behavior in comparison to other therapies. b) Clients can get an understanding of the underlying cause of the problem. Incorrect. Operant conditioning is not concerned with the cause of the problems; rather, it is concerned with changing behavior. c) Unconscious urges are revealed.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) Clients can change distorted thought patterns that affect behavior. Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 84. The process of learning through the observation and imitation of others is called __________. a) modeling Correct. Modeling is defined as the process of learning through the observation and imitation of others. b) free association c) voyeurism d) flooding Incorrect. Flooding is the process of exposing the client to the feared object or situation in a sudden and intense way. Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 96 a= 96 b= 1 c= 1 d= 1 r = .22 % correct 97 a= 97 b= 1 c= 2 d= 0 r = .20 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 85. Omar has learned to seek attention by engaging in inappropriate behaviors, namely by watching his brother receive attention for hitting and biting and then imitating his behavior. Omar has learned to seek attention by engaging in inappropriate behaviors by using which strategy? a) reinforcement b) token economy Incorrect. Omar is not being provided with tokens that can be traded in for special privileges or treats. c) modeling Correct. Omar is modeling his brother’s behavior through observing and imitating him. d) extinction Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 98 a= 1 b= 1 c= 98 d= 0 r = .30 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 86. Rory is afraid of cats. To help her overcome her fear, her mother calmly pets and strokes a cat while Rory is watching. Her mother encourages her to imitate her behavior. Rory’s mother is using __________. a) reinforcement Incorrect. Rory’s mother is using modeling, not rewarding her behavior. b) token economy c) modeling Correct. Rory’s mother is encouraging her to imitate the behavior she is modeling. d) extinction

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 95 a= 2 b= 0 c= 95 d= 3 r = .23 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 87. Mando has poor social skills, which are interfering with his ability to make friends at school. His therapist demonstrates correct and appropriate social skills for him and then encourages Mando to mimic them. The learning of social skills eventually occurs and is all a result of Mando watching his therapist and then practicing the new skills with him. This technique is referred to as __________ . a) flooding Incorrect. This is not how flooding works. b) aversion therapy c) participant modeling Correct. Mando learned what to do through observation. d) the token economy Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 88. The strengthening of a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence or removing an unpleasant stimulus is called __________. a) reinforcement Correct. Reinforcement entails the strengthening of a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence or removing an unpleasant stimulus. b) modeling c) punishment d) extinction Incorrect. Extinction involves reducing the frequency of a response through the removal of a reinforcer. Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 91 a= 91 b= 3 c= 3 d= 4 r = .24 % correct 90 a= 90 b= 3 c= 2 d= 5 r = .29 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 89. __________ strengthens a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence. a) Positive reinforcement Correct. Positive reinforcement strengthens a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence. b) Punishment c) Negative reinforcement Incorrect. Negative reinforcement strengthens a response by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus. d) Extinction

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 90. __________ strengthens a response by following it with the removal of an unpleasant stimulus. a) Positive reinforcement Incorrect. Positive reinforcement strengthens a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence. b) Punishment c) Negative reinforcement Correct. Negative reinforcement strengthens a response by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus. d) Extinction Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 69 a= 21 b= 2 c= 69 d= 8 r = .40 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 91. Which technique is a therapy based on the principles of operant conditioning? a) systematic desensitization Incorrect. Systematic desensitization is based on the principles of classical conditioning. b) flooding c) aversion therapy d) token economy Correct. Token economy, which involves awarding tokens for good behavior that can be traded for desired things or privileges to reinforce behavior, is based on the principles of operant conditioning. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 54 a= 17 b= 3 c= 24 d= 54 r = .33 % correct 42 a= 25 b= 18 c= 15 d= 42 r = .36 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 92. Lester is a resident of a psychiatric facility and has been having trouble with anger management. Each time he sits quietly in the day room for 30 minutes without causing trouble, he earns one voucher that can be applied to purchases in the facility’s store. Lester has learned that sitting quietly gets him the means to acquire items that he wants. What kind of behavior therapy is being practiced in this situation? a) participant modeling technique b) flooding Incorrect. This technique wouldn’t apply in this situation. c) group extinction procedure d) token economy Correct. The vouchers act as tokens that can be exchanged for desired goods. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 93. Yael, a 29-year-old smoker, has a head injury and lives in a group home with four other men. They have staff members who are with them 24 hours per day to help them with everyday tasks. Yael often displays aggressive or otherwise inappropriate behaviors as a result of his brain injury. For this reason, the staff members have been trained by the agency psychologist to give him a coupon every time Yael shows an appropriate behavior. When he saves up eight coupons, Yael is rewarded with a cigarette. Which technique is being used with Yael? a) unconditional positive regard b) empty chair Incorrect. This is a Gestalt technique that doesn’t apply in this situation. c) healing circle d) token economy Correct. Yael is being reinforced for showing appropriate behavior. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 94. Every time Brooklyn cleans her room properly and makes the bed, she receives a marble. When she accumulates 100 marbles, she can get the new video game she wants. What type of behavioral program are Brooklyn’s parents using? a) modeling b) negative reinforcement Incorrect. Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus as a way to reinforce good behavior. c) token economy Correct. Marbles are being used as tokens that can then be traded in for a desired object—the video game. d) systematic desensitization Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 95 a= 0 b= 3 c= 95 d= 2 r = .48 % correct 97 a= 1 b= 2 c= 97 d= 0 r = .38 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 95. Chiquita has a great deal of difficulty controlling her impulses. She lashes out at other children on the playground and spreads rumors about the teachers and fellow students. Each time Chiquita exhibits an undesirable behavior (such as taunting another child), she is immediately removed from the situation for a time-out period. Which behavior therapy technique is being applied in this situation? a) EMDR b) flooding

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect. This is not how flooding works. c) extinction Correct. Time-out is a form of extinction therapy. d) modeling Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 96. A client at a psychiatric hospital is rewarded for improved grooming habits with coupons he can exchange for special foods or weekend passes. This technique is known as __________. a) modeling b) negative reinforcement Incorrect. Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus as a way to reinforce good behavior. c) a token economy Correct. The coupons are tokens that can be traded in for desired objects or privileges. d) systematic desensitization Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 97. A __________ is a method of reinforcement that uses a formal written agreement in which the goals for behavioral change, reinforcements, and penalties are clearly stated. a) contingency contract Correct. A contingency contract is a formal agreement regarding rules of behavior and the consequences of failing to follow them. b) transactional analysis c) reciprocal inhibition d) token economy Incorrect. A token economy involves awarding tokens for good behavior that can be traded for desired items or privileges. Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 98. Dalton goes to a therapist for help in losing weight. He and his therapist develop a written agreement identifying weekly step-by-step methods for Dalton to use in order to reach his weight goal. The plan specifies rewards for reaching weekly goals and penalties for not achieving them. Dalton’s therapist is using which therapeutic method? a) classical conditioning b) desensitization c) a contingency contract Correct. A contingency contract is a formal agreement regarding rules of behavior and the consequences of failing

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White to follow them. d) a token economy Incorrect. A token economy involves awarding tokens for good behavior that can be traded for desired items or privileges. Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 99. Which statement is TRUE regarding contingency contracts when used effectively with children? a) They must emphasize consistency in the use of reinforcements and punishments. Correct. This statement is true because, when implementing contingency contracts, the rules are in writing; therefore, there is no room for reinterpretation. b) They are flexible and are regularly subject to change on an as-needed basis. Incorrect. This statement is false because for a contingency contract to be effective, it needs to be consistent. c) Parents can back down on a promised privilege. d) Children can change the rules as needed, at any time. Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 100. Which technique removes a reinforcer to reduce the frequency of a behavior? a) extinction Correct. Extinction involves the removal of a reinforcer to reduce the frequency of a behavior. b) positive reinforcement c) negative reinforcement Incorrect. Negative reinforcement strengthens a response by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus. d) systematic desensitization Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 101. A parent wishes to stop her young son from throwing temper tantrums. You suggest she use extinction and advise her to __________. a) spank her son whenever he throws a tantrum b) physically restrain her son when he throws a tantrum c) give her son a gold star and a hug whenever he is calm Incorrect. Giving a child something positive is reinforcement, not extinction. d) ignore the tantrums and pay attention to her son only when he is calm Correct. Extinction involves the removal of a reinforcer (her attention) to reduce the frequency of a behavior (tantrums). Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 74 a= 15 b= 7 c= 4 d= 74 r = .23 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 102. __________ therapies have had considerable success in treating bed-wetting, overeating, drug addictions, and phobic reactions. a) Behavior Correct. Behavior therapies have had considerable success in treating bedwetting, overeating, drug addictions, and phobic reactions. b) Psychoanalytic c) Biomedical d) Humanistic Incorrect. Humanistic therapies are successful in treating mental disorders, helping people make career choices and deal with workplace problems, and as a form of marriage counseling. Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 63 a= 63 b= 21 c= 5 d= 11 r = .30 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 103. Emily, who has a drug addiction problem, is MOST likely to be successfully treated by which type of therapy? a) psychoanalysis Incorrect. Psychoanalysis does not have as good a record in treating addictions as do behavior therapies. b) psychosurgery c) behavior therapy Correct. Behavior therapies have had considerable success in treating addictions. d) Gestalt therapy Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 104. Which outcome is an advantage of behavior therapy? a) It is very effective in treating serious psychological disorders. Incorrect. Serious disorders do not respond well overall to behavior therapies. b) It treats the underlying cause of the problem. c) It is a relatively quick and efficient way to reduce symptoms. Correct. Behavior therapy is a relatively quick and efficient way to reduce symptoms. d) The therapist decides which of the client’s thoughts are rational and which are irrational. Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 105. Which criticism applies to behavior therapy? a) It focuses on the underlying cause of behavior and not the symptoms. b) Therapy typically lasts for several years and is very expensive. c) It focuses too much on the past. Incorrect. Behavior therapy focuses on the present. d) Some of its treatment benefits do not generalize to other settings. Correct. Some behavioral paradigms are not simple to establish or continually implement, and steps have to be taken so adaptive behaviors can be maintained and generalized to other situations, such as the family and the individual’s culture. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 106. Therapy that depends on identifying and changing distorted thinking and unrealistic beliefs is __________ therapy. a) cognitive Correct. Cognitive therapy focuses on identifying and changing distorted thinking and unrealistic beliefs. b) psychoanalytic c) behavior Incorrect. Behavior therapy focuses on behavior, not thinking. d) person-centered Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 67 a= 67 b= 24 c= 9 d= 0 r = .55 % correct 77 a= 77 b= 17 c= 5 d= 1 r = .53 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 107. Beck’s cognitive therapy is particularly effective in the treatment of __________. a) anxiety disorders b) somatoform disorders c) schizophrenia Incorrect. Beck’s cognitive therapy is especially effective in treating distortions related to depression, not schizophrenia. d) depression Correct. Beck’s cognitive therapy is especially effective in treating distortions related to depression. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 33 a= 8 b= 11 c= 44 d= 33 r = .22 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

108. Dr. Engel, a therapist, states, “I promote rational thinking to alleviate distressing feelings and behaviors.” Dr. Engel is probably a __________ therapist. a) person-centered b) psychodynamic Incorrect. If Dr. Engel focused on things like the unconscious motives that drive behaviors, then she might be considered a psychodynamic therapist. c) behavior d) cognitive Correct. Dr. Engel is focusing on the relationship between one’s cognitions and their psychological experiences. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 109. Which outcome is an advantage of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies over typical insight therapy? a) less expensive Correct. Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies are less expensive than the typical insight therapy because they are comparatively short-term therapies. b) more expensive Incorrect. Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies are generally less expensive than typical insight therapy. c) in-depth learning based on childhood experiences d) no element of potential bias Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 110. Which of these clients is the most likely candidate for Aaron T. Beck’s form of cognitive therapy? a) Antonio, who has been diagnosed with mania Incorrect. Beck’s cognitive therapy is especially effective in treating distortions related to depression, not mania. b) Sadie, who has been diagnosed with depression Correct. Beck’s cognitive therapy is especially effective in treating distortions related to depression. c) Robert, who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia d) Virginia, who has been diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 111. Which behavior is one of the cognitive distortions proposed by Aaron Beck? a) selective thinking Correct. In selective thinking, the person focuses only on one aspect of a situation, leaving out other relevant facts that might make things seem less negative. b) low frustration tolerance Incorrect. This may be a significant problem for many, particularly children, but it is not a part of Beck’s theory. c) hostility and rage

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) self-downing Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 112. Which arbitrary inference represents a negative or biased cognition about the self? a) “The universe is random.” Incorrect. This would be a statement about the universe at large. b) “I’m useless.” Correct. This seems like an arbitrary and generalized statement to make about oneself. c) “The world is full of hate.” d) “People are indifferent to one another.” Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 113. Which thought represents magnification? a) “I’m useless.” b) “Things are never going to get better.” Correct. Maybe things are bad now, but that doesn’t mean they always will be. c) “My successes are unearned.” Incorrect. This sounds like minimization. d) “I am unlovable.” Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 114. Ben’s wife, Lauren, asks him if he wants some help cutting the grass and weeding the garden. He declines the offer and feels “blue” for the rest of the day because he keeps thinking, “Lauren thinks I am getting older and losing my physical abilities.” What type of cognitive distortion is involved here? a) minimization b) overgeneralization Incorrect. Overgeneralization occurs when one draws a sweeping conclusion based on one incident and then assumes the conclusion applies to areas of life that have nothing to do with the incident. c) selective abstraction d) arbitrary inference Correct. Ben jumps to a conclusion as to the reason for Lauren’s offer without evidence that he is correct. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 115. Given that cognitive therapy focuses on changing thoughts rather than gaining deep insights into their causes, this kind of therapy is primarily an __________ therapy. a) arbitrary inference Incorrect. Arbitrary inference involves jumping to a conclusion as to the reason something happened. b) action Correct. Clients learn to recognize thoughts that are distorted and negative and replace them with more positive, helpful thoughts. c) exposure d) aversion Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 48 a= 18 b= 48 c= 18 d= 15 r = .22 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 116. Hajara’s teenage son fails his mathematics exam due to lack of studying. She immediately assumes that it is her fault. Hajara is engaging in __________. a) arbitrary inference b) selective thinking Incorrect. Selective thinking occurs when someone focuses on only one negative aspect of a situation, ignoring more positive aspects. c) personalization Correct. Hajara is personalizing, or taking responsibility for, something that is not her fault—her son’s behavior. d) minimization Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 117. __________ therapy focuses on the present and assumes that people observe the world and the people around them, make assumptions and inferences based on these observations, and then decide how to respond. a) Person-centered b) Cognitive-behavioral Correct. Cognitive-behavioral therapy focuses on the present and assumes that people make assumptions based on their observations. c) Behavior Incorrect. Behavior therapy focuses on actual, overt behavior. d) Gestalt Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 53 a= 16 b= 53 c= 13 d= 18 r = .19 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 118. A therapist challenges what she sees as her client’s irrational and self-defeating thoughts. Her goal is to help her client change these thoughts into more rational, helpful, positive thoughts. In addition, she wants to help her client develop strategies that can be used to cope with future problems. She is probably a __________ therapist. a) cognitive-behavioral

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Correct. Cognitive-behavioral therapists are concerned with helping clients change their irrational thoughts into more rational and positive thoughts. b) person-centered Incorrect. Person-centered therapists do not challenge their clients. c) psychoanalytic d) Gestalt Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 56 a= 56 b= 17 c= 5 d= 22 r = .35 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 119. Which statement would a cognitive-behavioral therapist be most likely to make? a) “We all need to get along with one another to help change the world for the better.” b) “The interplay of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors needs to be considered in treating disorders.” Correct. Notice that both cognition and behavior are emphasized. c) “Childhood experiences determine current psychological difficulties.” d) “Fulfilling one’s personal potential is the ultimate goal of therapy.” Incorrect. This was said by a humanist. Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 120. Which approach assumes that disorders come from illogical, irrational cognitions, and that changing the thinking patterns to more rational, logical ones will relieve the symptoms of the disorder? a) cognitive-behavioral therapy Correct. Cognitive-behavioral therapists are concerned with helping clients change their irrational thoughts to more rational and positive thoughts. b) person-centered therapy Incorrect. A person-centered therapist believes disorders come from a mismatch between the ideal self and the real self and a lack of unconditional positive regard. c) psychoanalytic therapy d) Gestalt therapy Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 76 a= 76 b= 6 c= 7 d= 10 r = .26 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 121. Which therapeutic interventions are types of cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT)? a) psychoanalysis and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) b) flooding and active listening Incorrect. These represent different theoretical models. c) rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) and Beck’s cognitive therapy (CT) Correct. Both approaches stem from the same theoretical outlook. d) Gestalt therapy and primal scream therapy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 122. Rational emotive behavior therapy is a type of __________ therapy. a) insight Incorrect. Rational emotive behavior therapy is a type of cognitive-behavioral therapy, which aims to help clients change their thinking and behavior, not an insight therapy, which aims to help clients understand their motives and feelings. b) cognitive-behavioral Correct. Rational emotive behavior therapy is a type of cognitive-behavioral therapy. c) psychoanalytic d) humanistic Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It % correct 35 a= 28 b= 35 c= 11 d= 26 r = .30 % correct 50 a= 28 b= 50 c= 9 d= 13 r = .25 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 123. __________ is credited with developing rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT). a) Sigmund Freud b) Aaron Beck Incorrect. REBT was developed by Ellis. c) Albert Ellis Correct. Ellis developed REBT. d) Alfred Neuman Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 124. Rational emotive behavior therapy presumes that the ultimate cause for distressing feelings or symptoms is due to __________. a) an unhappy childhood Incorrect. This would be an explanation from psychoanalysis, not rational emotive behavior therapy. b) dysfunctional behavioral patterns c) irrational beliefs Correct. The goal of rational emotive behavior therapy is to identify and then challenge these unhealthy beliefs. d) one’s negative feelings about life Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 125. In which form of therapy does the therapist take a directive role, challenging clients when they make “my way or nothing” statements? a) psychoanalysis b) behavior therapy Incorrect. Behavior therapy focuses on changing behavior through the use of conditioning techniques, not by challenging clients’ statements. c) person-centered therapy d) rational emotive behavior therapy Correct. Rational emotive behavior therapists are directive and challenge their clients’ belief systems. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 126. Sigmund Freud arrives for a therapy session with Albert Ellis. Freud’s main complaint is depression; it seems that Freud’s writings have not received the kind of response he had hoped for and expected. Which remark is Ellis most likely to say during the therapy session? a) “Let’s explore your dreams in search of the real reason for your depression.” b) “You are upset about the reaction that your work has been receiving.” Incorrect. Reflection is the type of response Rogers, not Ellis, would provide. c) “I want to do some tests to find the neurological cause of your distress.” d) “Why do you expect all your work to be well received, and what difference does it make if some people don’t like your ideas?” Correct. Rational emotive behavior therapists challenge their clients’ belief systems. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 127. “If I don’t get into a good college, I’ll never be able to get a good job!” wailed Doug to his therapist. “Think about that,” challenged his therapist. “Is that really what will happen, or are you just catastrophizing?” “But…but…if I don’t get into a good college, my parents will hate me and my girlfriend will dump me!” protested Doug. “Not getting into a good college doesn’t rob you of all the fine qualities you have that make people love you,” snapped his therapist. “Not getting into a good college means you didn’t get into a good college; it’s not the end of the world and it doesn’t mean the sky will fall down on you. C’mon, shake yourself out of it and start thinking clearly!” What kind of therapy does Doug’s therapist seem to be practicing? a) humanistic therapy b) systematic desensitization Incorrect. There’s nothing all that systematic at work here. c) psychoanalysis d) rational-emotive behavior therapy Correct. This confrontational style is a hallmark of REBT. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 128. __________ therapies have had considerable success in treating many types of disorders, including depression, stress disorders, anxiety disorders, and even some types of schizophrenia. a) Humanistic Incorrect. Humanistic therapies are not recommended for serious psychological disorders such as schizophrenia. b) Psychoanalytic c) Biomedical d) Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral Correct. Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies have had considerable success in treating depression, stress disorders, anxiety disorders, and some types of schizophrenia. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 129. Which criticism applies to cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies? a) They are too expensive. b) Therapy typically lasts for several years. c) They focus too much on the past. Incorrect. Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies focus on the present and are symptom-oriented. d) They treat the symptom, not the cause of the problem. Correct. Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies focus on symptoms. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It % correct 54 a= 6 b= 32 c= 8 d= 54 r = .21 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 130. Which outcome is an advantage of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies? a) Clients do not need to be verbal. b) They treat the underlying cause of the problem. c) They are less expensive and short-term than typical insight therapies. Correct. Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies are relatively inexpensive and are short-term. d) The therapist decides which of the client’s beliefs are rational and which are irrational. Incorrect. The fact that the therapist decides which of the client’s beliefs are irrational is a criticism, not an advantage, of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 131. Jake wants to see a therapist because he feels he has negative thoughts and would like to change his way of thinking. Because he is on a limited budget, he would like to choose a type of therapy that is relatively short-term and inexpensive. Which therapy would best meet Jake’s needs? a) psychoanalysis Incorrect. Psychoanalysis lasts several years, is an insight therapy rather than an action therapy, and is expensive. b) biomedical therapy c) cognitive-behavioral therapy Correct. Cognitive-behavioral therapy focuses on changing irrational thinking and is generally shorter and less expensive than the other forms of therapy.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) person-centered therapy Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 132. A type of therapy in which clients meet regularly in a group setting and discuss problems under the guidance of a single therapist is called __________ therapy. a) social Incorrect. Group therapy is a type of therapy in which a group of clients meets together with a specific therapist. b) informal c) group Correct. Group therapy is a type of therapy in which a group of clients meets together with a specific therapist. d) Gestalt Answer: c Learning Objective: None Topic: 13.6–15.7 Group Therapies: Not Just for the Shy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 96 a= 1 b=1 c= 96 d= 2 r = .19 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 133. Family counseling is a form of __________ therapy. a) organic b) group Correct. Family counseling is a form of group therapy that focuses on the family unit. c) self-help Incorrect. Self-help groups are not facilitated by a counselor. d) informal Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.6 Compare and contrast different forms of group therapy. Topic: 13.6 Types of Group Therapies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 97 a= 0 b= 97 c= 2 d= 1 r = .22 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 134. Willis attends a weekly session designed to help people with social anxiety disorder. During the session a therapist guides discussion and solicits narratives from all the people present. What kind of therapy is Willis pursuing? a) group therapy Correct. Willis is discussing his concerns in a group setting, moderated by a therapist. b) self-help Incorrect. This would occur if Willis bought a book or watched a video presentation on his own. c) drug therapy d) psychoanalysis

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.6 Compare and contrast different forms of group therapy. Topic: 13.6 Types of Group Therapies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 135. Trinity has been seeing a therapist because she cannot adjust to her new husband’s children from a previous marriage. Although she dearly loves her husband, she feels awkward and embarrassed in front of the children. The therapist suggests that Trinity bring her husband and his children with her to the next session so the therapist can see them interact. Trinity is probably seeing a __________. a) behavior therapist b) psychoanalyst c) Gestalt therapist Incorrect. Family therapists treat the whole family. d) family therapist Correct. Family therapists are interested in treating the whole family. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.6 Compare and contrast different forms of group therapy. Topic: 13.6 Types of Group Therapies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know % correct 95 a= 4 b= 1 c= 1 d= 95 r = .20 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 136. A goal of family therapy is to __________. a) change the needs of individual family members b) improve family communication and interaction Correct. The goal of family therapy is to improve interaction among family members. c) identify and treat the person in the family who is the source of the majority of the family’s problems Incorrect. In family therapy, no one person is seen as the problem. d) teach family members to remain neutral on sensitive issues Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.6 Compare and contrast different forms of group therapy. Topic: 13.6 Types of Group Therapies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 95 a= 0 b= 95 c= 5 d= 0 r = .07 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 137. Most family therapists who work with couples concentrate on __________. a) exploring the marital partners’ childhoods to understand the source of the current conflicts b) desensitizing techniques to help the marital partners become more tolerant of each other c) changing the behavior of the person in the marriage who is the source of the couple’s problems Incorrect. In family therapy, no one person is seen as the problem. d) improving the couple’s patterns of communication so they can find better ways of solving their problems Correct. The goal of family therapy is to improve interactions and communication between people. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.6 Compare and contrast different forms of group therapy. Topic: 13.6 Types of Group Therapies Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

138. A group composed of people who have similar problems and who meet together without a therapist or counselor for the purpose of discussion, problem solving, and social and emotional support is called a(n) __________ group. a) family therapy Incorrect. Family therapy is facilitated by a therapist. b) individual therapy c) self-help Correct. Self-help groups provide social and emotional support without the guidance of a counselor. d) systematic desensitization Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.6 Compare and contrast different forms of group therapy. Topic: 13.6 Types of Group Therapies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 139. Alcoholics Anonymous is a particularly well-known __________ group. a) psychoanalytic therapy b) desensitization c) self-help Correct. Alcoholics Anonymous is run by the people experiencing the problem, not by a therapist. d) structured behavior therapy Incorrect. Alcoholics Anonymous is a self-help group. Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.6 Compare and contrast different forms of group therapy. Topic: 13.6 Types of Group Therapies Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 76 a= 3 b= 1 c= 76 d= 19 r = .33 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 140. Which characteristic is an advantage of self-help groups? a) They provide access to needed medications. b) They are free. Correct. Self-help groups are free. c) They are facilitated by an experienced therapist who is familiar with the group members’ problems. Incorrect. Self-help groups are not led by therapists but by individuals who are experiencing the problem. d) They are facilitated by a person who is not familiar with the members’ problems. Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.6 Compare and contrast different forms of group therapy. Topic: 13.6 Types of Group Therapies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 141. Vanessa is a divorced mother who attends meetings with peers who share the same problems and stressful situations. There is no professional facilitating these meetings. What type of sessions is Vanessa attending? a) individual therapy b) family therapy Incorrect. Family therapy is led by professionals. c) self-help group Correct. Self-help groups are not facilitated by professionals but by individuals who are experiencing the problem. d) assertiveness training

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.6 Compare and contrast different forms of group therapy. Topic: 13.6 Types of Group Therapies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 142. An advantage to group therapy is that groups __________. a) are a source of social and emotional support Correct. Group therapy provides social and emotional support from people who have similar problems. b) allow countertransference to occur c) bestow unconditional approval on group members d) allow an extremely shy person to feel more comfortable speaking up Incorrect. An extremely shy person is not likely to do as well in group therapy. Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.7 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of group therapy. Topic: 13.7 Evaluation of Group Therapy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 143. Which outcome is a disadvantage of group therapy? a) The therapist is the only person to whom secrets are revealed. Incorrect. In group therapy, secrets are revealed to the entire group. b) It allows the therapist to see how the client interacts with others. c) It often allows group members to help one another learn new social skills. d) The client must share the therapist’s time. Correct. During group therapy, the therapist must give time to all members. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.7 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of group therapy. Topic: 13.7 Evaluation of Group Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 144. Which person might benefit the MOST from a group therapy environment? a) Alfonso, who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia b) Miklos, who is socially withdrawn and interpersonally awkward c) Jasmine, who is uncomfortable in social settings Incorrect. Group therapy is not as helpful to those who are uncomfortable in social settings. d) Elena, who is very sociable and articulate Correct. People who are sociable seem to find self-help groups beneficial. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.7 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of group therapy. Topic: 13.7 Evaluation of Group Therapy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 145. An advantage of group therapy is that it can __________. a) provide help to individuals who may be unable to afford individual psychotherapy Correct. Group therapy can provide help to those who may be unable to afford individual psychotherapy. b) be helpful to individuals who are uncomfortable in social situations

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) only be used alone and not in combination with any other form of therapy Incorrect. Group therapy can be used in combination with other therapies. d) be helpful to those who have difficulty speaking in public Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.7 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of group therapy. Topic: 13.7 Evaluation of Group Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 146. Which psychologist conducted one of the earliest studies examining the effectiveness of psychotherapy? a) Fritz Perls Incorrect. Perls is responsible for formulating Gestalt therapy. b) Hans Eysenck Correct. Eysenck was unconvinced that psychotherapy was any better than the passage of time at helping people reduce symptoms. c) Robert Sternberg d) Raymond Cattell Answer: b Learning Objective: None Topic: 13.8–15.9 Does Psychotherapy Really Work? Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 147. What overall conclusion do most researchers reach regarding the effectiveness of psychotherapy? a) Humanistic therapy is more effective than behavior therapy. Incorrect. Some therapies may be more effective for some disorders, but none so in a blanket, global fashion. b) Some kind of therapy is better than no therapy at all. Correct. Something is better than nothing in this regard. c) Therapy is not effective in the majority of cases. d) EMDR is superior to both REBT and CBT. Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.8 Summarize the research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy. Topic: 13.8 Studies of Effectiveness Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 148. Many psychological professionals today take a(n) __________ view of psychotherapy, in which they combine techniques from different theoretical models. a) group treatment b) humanistic c) eclectic Correct. The current trend in the field is to take an eclectic perspective. d) behavioral Incorrect. The current trend in the field is to take an eclectic perspective and use different approaches for different clients. Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.8 Summarize the research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy. Topic: 13.8 Studies of Effectiveness Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

149. Researchers have found that about __________ percent of people who are current or past clients of psychotherapy felt that psychotherapy has helped them. a) 10–20 b) 30–50 c) 55–65 Incorrect. Seventy-five to 90 percent of people reported that psychotherapy has helped them. d) 75–90 Correct. Seventy-five to 90 percent of people reported that psychotherapy has helped them. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.8 Summarize the research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy. Topic: 13.8 Studies of Effectiveness Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy. 150. According to the Consumer Reports survey, which statement regarding therapy is accurate? a) Individual psychotherapy works best for every type of disorder. b) The longer a person stays in therapy, the greater the improvement. Correct. The Consumer Reports survey found that the longer a person stays in therapy, the greater the improvement. c) Overall psychotherapy without drugs is not as effective as psychotherapy with drugs. Incorrect. The Consumer Reports survey did not find that psychotherapy without drugs is less effective than psychotherapy with drugs. d) Group therapy is more effective than individual therapy in treating a wide range of disorders. Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.8 Summarize the research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy. Topic: 13.8 Studies of Effectiveness Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy. 151. Studies on the effectiveness of psychotherapy have found that __________. a) cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy is the most effective treatment for every problem b) all psychotherapies can be used to treat any problem Incorrect. Studies have found that no one psychotherapy worked for every type of problem. c) Gestalt psychotherapy is the most effective treatment for any problem d) no one psychotherapy worked for every type of problem Correct. Studies have found that no one type of psychotherapy has worked for every type of problem. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.8 Summarize the research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy. Topic: 13.8 Studies of Effectiveness Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 78 a= 0 b= 14 c= 8 d= 78 r = .45 APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy. 152. The most important aspect of successful psychotherapy is the __________ between client and therapist. a) therapeutic alliance Correct. It is the relationship between client and therapist that is key to effective therapy. b) transference Incorrect. Transference is the psychoanalytic term for the client’s transfer of feelings about her or his parents onto the therapist.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) mindfulness d) authenticity Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.9 Identify factors that influence the effectiveness of therapy. Topic: 13.9 Characteristics of Effective Therapy Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 37 a= 37 b= 55 c= 2 d= 6 r = .25 % correct 33 a= 33 b= 37 c= 8 d= 19 r = .42 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 153. __________-based treatment, which is also called empirically supported treatment, includes techniques that have been found to be effective at producing desirable changes during controlled research studies. a) Indiographic b) Science Incorrect. The best answer refers to the use of science in helping to uncover the best techniques, but this is not the best answer. c) Evidence Correct. The practice of psychotherapy is moving more toward the use of evidence-based treatment in recent years. d) Nomothetic Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.9 Identify factors that influence the effectiveness of therapy. Topic: 13.9 Characteristics of Effective Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 154. Which designation is one of several general terms used to refer to psychotherapy provided on the Internet? a) cybertherapy Correct. Cybertherapy is a relatively new phenomenon, and the advantages and disadvantages are still being researched. b) participant modeling Incorrect. The correct term for this sort of therapy is cybertherapy. c) virtual reality d) in vivo exposure Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.9 Identify factors that influence the effectiveness of therapy. Topic: 13.9 Characteristics of Effective Therapy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 155. Which recent approach shows promise in identifying brain changes that might be associated with therapeutic outcomes? a) CCTV b) neuroimaging Correct. This work is still in its infancy. c) psychoanalysis Incorrect. Psychoanalysis is not a recent approach. d) EMDR

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.9 Identify factors that influence the effectiveness of therapy. Topic: 13.9 Characteristics of Effective Therapy Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 156. Tuân is an Asian man who is in the process of selecting a therapist. Which therapist is Tuân most likely to select? a) Blair, a White female therapist b) Lin, an Asian female therapist Incorrect. Research shows that male Asian clients seem to prefer a male therapist. c) James, an African American male therapist Correct. Research shows that male Asian clients seem to prefer a male therapist. d) Alex and Leni, male and female co-therapists Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.9 Identify factors that influence the effectiveness of therapy. Topic: 13.9 Characteristics of Effective Therapy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry 157. Which element can be a barrier to effective therapy when the cultural backgrounds of the client and therapist are different? a) language Correct. One barrier can be difficulties in understanding what both the client and therapist are saying. b) gender Incorrect. Language is a barrier when the cultural backgrounds of the client and therapist are different. c) age d) clothing Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.9 Identify factors that influence the effectiveness of therapy. Topic: 13.9 Characteristics of Effective Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 158. In the United States, facial expressions of emotion (such as a smile or a frown) are expected and seen as culturally appropriate. In some Chinese and Japanese individuals, however, such expressions are to be restrained. This demonstrates the importance of __________ in a therapeutic relationship. a) language Incorrect. Language is a barrier when the cultural backgrounds of the client and therapist are different, but it is not referred to in this question. b) gender c) age d) communication style Correct. It is not always what one says that communicates important information to another.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.9 Identify factors that influence the effectiveness of therapy. Topic: 13.9 Characteristics of Effective Therapy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 159. Medication, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery are all types of __________ therapies. a) cognitive Incorrect. Medication, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery are all types of biomedical therapies. b) behavior c) biomedical Correct. Medication, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery are all types of biomedical therapies. d) psychoanalytic Answer: c Learning Objective: None Topic: 13.10–15.12 Biomedical Therapies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 90 a= 2 b= 2 c= 90 d= 7 r = .45 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 160. __________ are specifically trained to use biomedical therapies. a) Family therapists b) Psychiatrists Correct. Psychiatrists are trained in biomedical therapies. c) Counselors Incorrect. Counselors are not trained in biomedical therapies. d) Social workers Answer: b Learning Objective: None Topic: 13.10–15.12 Biomedical Therapies Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 94 a= 2 b= 94 c= 1 d= 3 r = .27 % correct 97 a= 0 b= 97 c= 1 d= 2 r = .25 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 161. Ralphie reports hearing voices that command him to commit evil acts, and believes that he is an avenging angel sent to Earth to right mighty wrongs. Which drug therapy would be appropriate for treating Ralphie’s symptoms? a) anti-anxiety drugs Incorrect. These would probably be of limited use in helping Ralphie’s main symptoms. b) antipsychotic drugs Correct. Ralphie would benefit from antipsychotic drugs. c) lithium d) mood-stabilizing drugs Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.10 Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.10 Psychopharmacology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 162. Antipsychotic drugs treat symptoms such as __________. a) hopelessness, sadness, and suicide ideations Incorrect. Antidepressant drugs, not antipsychotic drugs, treat feelings of hopelessness, sadness, and suicide ideations. b) excessive worry, repetitive thoughts, and compulsive behavior c) hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior Correct. Antipsychotic drugs treat hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior. d) manipulation, lying, and cheating Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.10 Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.10 Psychopharmacology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 84 a= 10 b= 4 c= 84 d= 1 r = .33 % correct 86 a= 9 b= 2 c= 86 d= 2 r = .36 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 163. In general, antipsychotic drugs work by __________. a) inhibiting the reuptake process of serotonin Incorrect. Antidepressant drugs called SSRIs work by inhibiting the reuptake process of serotonin. b) increasing the amount of acetylcholine in the brain c) blocking dopamine receptors in the brain Correct. Antipsychotic drugs work by blocking certain dopamine receptors in the brain. d) inhibiting the function of the hypothalamus Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.10 Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.10 Psychopharmacology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 48 a= 26 b= 8 c= 48 d= 18 r = .28 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 164. Kostas takes antipsychotic drugs to control the symptoms of schizophrenia. After taking the drug for some time, he begins exhibiting repetitive, involuntary jerks and movements of his face, lips, and legs. Kostas is showing signs of __________. a) savant syndrome b) tardive dyskinesia Correct. Symptoms of tardive dyskinesia include repetitive, involuntary jerks and movements of the face, lips, and legs. c) a clozapine overdose Incorrect. Kostas is exhibiting symptoms of tardive dyskinesia. d) neuroleptic malignant syndrome Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.10 Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.10 Psychopharmacology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 165. You are a psychiatrist who specializes in treating schizophrenia. Pierce is experiencing the negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia, including withdrawal, apathy, and reduced communication. Which medication are you likely to prescribe to treat Pierce? a) atypical antipsychotics Correct. Atypical antipsychotics are effective in treating the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b) benzodiazepines Incorrect. Benzodiazepines are used in the treatment of anxiety. c) lithium d) monoamine oxidase inhibitors Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.10 Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.10 Psychopharmacology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 166. What type of drugs are the traditional antianxiety drugs, or minor tranquilizers, such as Valium? a) tricyclics b) lithium family c) chlorpromazines Incorrect. Chlorpromazine is an antipsychotic drug, not an antianxiety drug. d) benzodiazepines Correct. The traditional antianxiety drugs, such as Valium, are benzodiazepines. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.10 Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.10 Psychopharmacology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 167. Kwabena reports feeling nervous, jittery, and worried most of each day, most days of the week. This longstanding pattern of tension and nervousness was diagnosed and confirmed by a mental health professional. Which drug therapy would be appropriate for treating Kwabena’s symptoms? a) anti-anxiety drugs Correct. Some anti-anxiety medication would help. b) mood-stabilizing drugs Incorrect. This might be more useful for treating depressive symptoms. c) anti-agitation drugs d) antipsychotic drugs Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.10 Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.10 Psychopharmacology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 168. Dashiell has been under a physician’s care for treatment of bipolar disorder. Dashiell’s doctor is most likely to prescribe which medication to treat Dashiell’s disorder? a) Ritalin b) tricyclics Incorrect. Tricyclics are used to treat depression. c) lithium Correct. Lithium is used in treating bipolar disorder. d) Prozac

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.10 Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.10 Psychopharmacology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 169. Lorena takes lithium to control symptoms of her mental disorder. Lorena has most likely been diagnosed with __________. a) schizophrenia Incorrect. Lithium is used to treat bipolar disorder. b) bipolar disorder Correct. Lithium is used to treat bipolar disorder. c) social phobia d) generalized anxiety disorder Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.10 Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.10 Psychopharmacology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 170. Which type of medication is used to treat manic episodes? a) anticonvulsant Correct. Anticonvulsant drugs are also used to treat mania. b) antianxiety Incorrect. Antianxiety drugs are used to treat anxiety. c) Ativan d) antitypical Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.10 Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.10 Psychopharmacology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 171. Which drug is used to treat depression? a) Valium Incorrect. Valium is used to treat anxiety. b) Prozac Correct. Prozac is used to treat depression. c) Ritalin d) lithium Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.10 Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.10 Psychopharmacology Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 83 a= 11 b= 83 c= 2 d= 4 r = .35 % correct 88 a= 5 b= 88 c= 2 d= 4 r = .25 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 172. What are two of the major classes of antidepressant drugs?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) benzodiazepines and lithium b) MAO inhibitors and tricyclics Correct. MAO inhibitors and tricyclics are two major classes of antidepressant drugs. c) benzodiazepines and tricyclics Incorrect. Benzodiazepines are antianxiety drugs. d) benzodiazepines and MAOIs Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.10 Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.10 Psychopharmacology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 40 a= 19 b= 40 c= 24 d= 16 r = .41 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 173. Some drugs that combat depression work by __________. a) increasing the amount of serotonin in the brain Correct. Tricyclic antidepressants increase the activity of serotonin in the brain. b) blocking dopamine receptors in the brain Incorrect. Antipsychotic drugs, not antidepressant drugs, block dopamine receptors. c) inhibiting the function of the medulla and the pons d) increasing the amount of acetylcholine in the brain Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.10 Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.10 Psychopharmacology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 70 a= 70 b= 15 c= 7 d= 7 r = .30 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 174. Which pairing of symptoms and medication is correct? a) Forsythe has been hearing voices that don’t actually exist; a mental health professional prescribed barbiturates. b) Bettina has been feeling sad and withdrawn for months; a mental health professional prescribed an SSRI. Correct. This pairing is correct. c) Reuben has been depressed for a few days; a mental health professional prescribed chlorpromazine. d) Ethel has been hearing voices that don’t actually exist; a mental health professional prescribed benzodiazepines. Incorrect. This pairing of symptoms and treatment would not be effective. Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.10 Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.10 Psychopharmacology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 175. What is one of the main advantages of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as compared to similar drugs? a) They have fewer side effects. Correct. SSRIs have fewer side effects than other categories of antidepressant drugs. b) They only need to be taken weekly, not daily. c) They affect several different neurotransmitters. Incorrect. SSRIs affect only serotonin reuptake. d) They work immediately.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.10 Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.10 Psychopharmacology Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 176. Tim has been suffering from depression for years, and his physician has recently prescribed a new type of medication for these symptoms. The medication is effective and has immediate antidepressant benefits, in addition to reducing Tim’s thoughts about suicide. Each dose provides benefits that can last from a few days up to a week. This medication, called __________, is actually an anesthetic. a) acetylsalicylic acid b) aspartame c) tetracycline Incorrect. This is a commonly prescribed antibiotic. d) ketamine Correct. Ketamine, also called Special K, has been abused as a recreational drug, but it has been discovered to have important antidepressant effects. Answer: d Learning Objective: 13.10 Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.10 Psychopharmacology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 177. A treatment for severe depression in which an electric shock is delivered to the patient, resulting in a seizure of the body and the release of a flood of neurotransmitters in the brain, is called __________. a) prefrontal lobotomy Incorrect. Prefrontal lobotomies are a form of psychosurgery. b) electroconvulsive therapy Correct. Electroconvulsive therapy involves electric shock and is used to treat severe depression that is not responsive to psychotherapy and medication. c) trephining d) relaxation training and meditation Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.11 Explain how electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery are used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.11 ECT and Psychosurgery Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 178. For which disorder was electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) originally developed as a treatment? a) panic disorder b) schizophrenia Correct. ECT was originally designed to induce seizures in people with schizophrenia. c) bipolar disorder Incorrect. ECT was originally designed to induce seizures in people with schizophrenia. d) cyclothymia Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.11 Explain how electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery are used to treat psychological

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White disorders. Topic: 13.11 ECT and Psychosurgery Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 179. Karina is diagnosed with severe depression. Her psychiatrist has prescribed many medications and psychotherapy, none of which have helped to alleviate her depression. Karina’s psychiatrist is now recommending __________. a) prefrontal lobotomy Incorrect. Prefrontal lobotomies are no longer conducted. b) electroconvulsive therapy Correct. ECT is used to treat severe depression that is not responsive to psychotherapy and medication. c) trephining d) relaxation training and meditation Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.11 Explain how electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery are used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.11 ECT and Psychosurgery Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 180. Miranda was recently treated with electroconvulsive therapy. She is most likely experiencing which psychological disorder? a) a personality disorder Incorrect. ECT is not used for the treatment of personality disorders. b) dissociative identity disorder c) severe depression Correct. Severe, and sometimes psychotic, depression is treated with electroconvulsive therapy when other forms of treatment have proven ineffective. d) anxiety disorder Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.11 Explain how electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery are used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.11 ECT and Psychosurgery Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 181. Why does the administration of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) often cause memory loss? a) It disrupts the process of consolidation. Correct. ECT disrupts the process of consolidation and prevents the formation of long-term memories. b) It increases the speed of information processing. c) It destroys the brain areas responsible for memory storage. Incorrect. ECT disrupts the process of consolidation and prevents the formation of long-term memories. d) It causes a release of stress hormones that initiate a process of repression. Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.11 Explain how electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery are used to treat psychological

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White disorders. Topic: 13.11 ECT and Psychosurgery Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts % correct 31 a= 31 b= 4 c= 41 d= 24 r = .35 APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 182. Which definition of psychosurgery is correct? a) information given to a patient about a surgical procedure before the surgery in order to prevent anxiety b) surgery that is performed on brain tissue to relieve or control severe psychological disorders Correct. Psychosurgery is defined as surgery that is performed on brain tissue to relieve or control severe psychological disorders. c) surgery that severs the spinal cord of the patient Incorrect. One would never want to sever the spinal cord. Psychosurgery is performed on brain tissue. d) a procedure in which a brief current of electricity is used to trigger a seizure that typically lasts 1 minute, causing the body to convulse Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.11 Explain how electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery are used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.11 ECT and Psychosurgery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts % correct 70 a= 4 b= 70 c= 26 d= 0 r = .33 APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 183. Which medical procedure disconnects the frontal lobe from the rest of the brain? a) deep brain stimulation Incorrect. This does not entail surgery. b) bilateral anterior capsulotomy c) prefrontal lobotomy Correct. This describes a prefrontal lobotomy. d) cingulotomy Answer: c Learning Objective: 13.11 Explain how electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery are used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.11 ECT and Psychosurgery Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 184. A patient scheduled to have an operation called a bilateral anterior cingulotomy may have which diagnosis? a) panic disorder b) obsessive-compulsive disorder Correct. Bilateral anterior cingulotomies are occasionally performed on people with a diagnosis of obsessivecompulsive disorder. c) schizophrenia Incorrect. Bilateral anterior cingulotomies are performed on people with a diagnosis of major depressive or obsessive-compulsive disorder, not schizophrenia. d) antisocial personality disorder Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.11 Explain how electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery are used to treat psychological

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White disorders. Topic: 13.11 ECT and Psychosurgery Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 185. Bilateral anterior cingulotomy has been performed in cases of __________ that have not responded to other therapy techniques. a) antisocial personality disorder b) major depressive disorder Correct. Bilateral anterior cingulotomy has been performed in cases of major depressive disorder. c) schizophrenia Incorrect. Bilateral anterior cingulotomy has been performed in cases of major depressive disorder, not schizophrenia. d) panic disorder Answer: b Learning Objective: 13.11 Explain how electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery are used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.11 ECT and Psychosurgery Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 186. Which statement provides a reason why deep brain stimulation (DBS) would not be used before techniques such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)? a) DBS is an invasive technique, whereas tDCS and rTMS are not. Correct. DBS is used when other, less-invasive techniques have proven unsuccessful. b) DBS requires the use of major tranquilizers, which are also called barbiturates. c) DBS is more highly associated with extrapyramidal side effects such as tardive dyskinesia. Incorrect. DBS is not associated with these side effects. d) DBS has an unacceptable risk of creating lobotomy-like symptoms. Answer: a Learning Objective: 13.12 Identify some of the newer technologies being used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.12 Emerging Techniques Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. TRUE OR FALSE 187. Psychotherapy involves talking things out with a professional. Answer: True Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe how the treatment of psychological disorders has changed throughout history. Topic: 13.1 Treatment of Psychological Disorders: Past to Present Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 188. Free association occurs during psychoanalysis, when the client is encouraged to talk about anything that comes to mind. Answer: True Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today. Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 189. The primary goal of the person-centered therapist is to facilitate transference. Answer: False Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 190. Systematic desensitization is a therapy method used in treating phobias that involves progressive relaxation and exposure to the feared object. Answer: True Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 191. Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is used primarily to treat posttraumatic stress disorder. Answer: True Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 192. A contingency contract is a formal written agreement in which the goals of behavioral change, reinforcements, and penalties are clearly stated. Answer: True Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 193. In rational emotive behavior therapy, the therapist takes a directive role, challenging clients when they make “my way or nothing” statements. Answer: True Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 194. Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies have had considerable success in treating many types of disorders, including depression, stress disorders, anxiety disorders, and even some types of schizophrenia.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: True Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 195. A disadvantage of group therapy is that it can only be used alone and not in combination with any other form of therapy. Answer: False Learning Objective: 13.7 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of group therapy. Topic: 13.7 Evaluation of Group Therapy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 196. Most psychological professionals today adopt a psychoanalytic view of psychotherapy. Answer: False Learning Objective: 13.8 Summarize the research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy. Topic: 13.8 Studies of Effectiveness Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 197. Telepsychology refers to the use of email, phone, text, interactive videoconferencing, the Internet, or similar types of technology to provide psychological services. Answer: True Learning Objective: 13.9 Identify factors that influence the effectiveness of therapy. Topic: 13.9 Characteristics of Effective Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 198. Language can be a barrier to providing effective psychotherapy, particularly when the cultural backgrounds of the client and therapist are different. Answer: True Learning Objective: 13.9 Identify factors that influence the effectiveness of therapy. Topic: 13.9 Characteristics of Effective Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry. 199. Lithium is used to treat bipolar disorder and episodes of mania, even though it is not clear exactly why it is effective in affecting mood. Answer: True Learning Objective: 13.10 Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.10 Psychopharmacology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. 200. Electroconvulsive therapy is still used to treat severe depression. Answer: True

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Learning Objective: 13.11 Explain how electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery are used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.11 ECT and Psychosurgery Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 201. Electroconvulsive therapy causes memory loss because it disrupts the process of consolidation and prevents the formation of long-term memories. Answer: True Learning Objective: 13.11 Explain how electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery are used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.11 ECT and Psychosurgery Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 202. ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) has no effect on memory. Answer: False Learning Objective: 13.11 Explain how electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery are used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.11 ECT and Psychosurgery Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 203. The most common form of psychosurgery practiced today is the prefrontal lobotomy. Answer: False Learning Objective: 13.11 Explain how electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery are used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.11 ECT and Psychosurgery Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. SHORT ANSWER 204. Define psychotherapy and biomedical therapy, and explain the differences between them. Learning Objective: 13.1 Describe how the treatment of psychological disorders has changed throughout history. Topic: 13.1 Treatment of Psychological Disorders: Past to Present Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 205. Define transference and resistance as proposed by Sigmund Freud. Explain the therapeutic purpose of these two concepts. Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today. Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 206. List and define two key elements that Carl Rogers believed to be necessary in any successful client–therapist relationship. Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 207. Define the behavior therapy technique called flooding. Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 208. Provide examples of two different cognitive distortions and how they might affect a person seeking therapy. Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 209. List the three basic goals of any cognitive-behavioral therapy. Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 210. Tucker is convinced that his term paper just isn’t good enough, and so it would be better to take an incomplete for his History of the Middle Ages course. His therapist, who practices REBT, suggests that he try a different approach. What might Tucker end up doing as a result? Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 211. What are two advantages and two disadvantages of group therapy? Learning Objective: 13.7 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of group therapy. Topic: 13.7 Evaluation of Group Therapy Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 212. Describe the concept of the therapeutic alliance in successful therapy. Learning Objective: 13.9 Identify factors that influence the effectiveness of therapy. Topic: 13.9 Characteristics of Effective Therapy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

213. List the physical side effects associated with antidepressant drugs. Learning Objective: 13.10 Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.10 Psychopharmacology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology. ESSAY 214. Describe the process of psychoanalysis. Include information about its theoretical background, how it seeks to help people, its key concepts, and an evaluation of its effectiveness as a therapy. Learning Objective: 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today. Topic: 13.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 215. Describe person-centered therapy. Include information about its theoretical background, how it seeks to help people, its key concepts, and three basic elements necessary in a successful client–therapist relationship. Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Topic: 13.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err Is Human Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 216. Describe the three-step process used in systematic desensitization. Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 217. You are a licensed therapist treating a client who is afraid of elevators. What behavioral technique or combination of behavioral techniques might you use to treat such a person? Explain and defend your choices. Learning Objective: 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Topic: 13.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objectives: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains; 1.3 Describe applications of psychology. 218. Describe one type of cognitive therapy. Include information about its theoretical background, how it seeks to help people, and its key concepts. What are some advantages and disadvantages of this type of therapy? Learning Objective: 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Topic: 13.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

219. When and why might group therapy be more useful than individual psychotherapy? What are the advantages and disadvantages of group therapy? Describe two types of group therapy. Learning Objectives: 15.6 Compare and contrast different forms of group therapy; 15.7 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of group therapy. Topics: 15.6 Types of Group Therapies; 15.7 Evaluation of Group Therapy Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Analyze It APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains. 220. Although psychotherapy is usually accomplished by the client or clients speaking face-to-face with the therapist, a relatively new type of therapy is available to people who have access to various forms of telecommunication technology. Identify what this type of therapy is called, and explain how it works. Do you think this type of therapy is a good idea? Explain and defend your position. Learning Objective: 13.9 Identify factors that influence the effectiveness of therapy. Topic: 13.9 Characteristics of Effective Therapy Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objectives: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology; 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena. 221. Describe three of the four major categories of drugs used to treat psychological disorders, giving a brief explanation for how each type of drug works. Learning Objective: 13.10 Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders. Topic: 13.10 Psychopharmacology Difficulty Level: Difficult Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Test Yourself Pick the best answer. 1. Angel is going to a therapist to gain a better understanding of why he has self-destructive relationships with all his friends. This type of therapy is known as _______ therapy. a. insight b. action c. behavioral d. biomedical 2. The hidden meaning of a dream is the _______ content, according to Freud. a. repressed b. latent c. manifest d. sexual 3. Through the use of _______, person-centered therapists convey they are trying to understand the experience of the person with whom they are working. a. reflection b. unconditional positive regard c. empathy d. authenticity 4. What differentiates motivational interviewing from person-centered therapy? a. Motivational interviewing has specific goals of reducing ambivalence about change and increasing intrinsic motivation to bring changes about, whereas traditional person-centered therapy does not. b. Motivational interviewing focuses on unconscious motives, whereas traditional person-centered therapy focuses on the self. c. Motivational interviewing allows the client to talk about anything she or he wishes, whereas traditional personcentered therapy is more direct. d. Motivational interviewing is a behavioral therapeutic technique, whereas person-centered therapy is a biomedical therapy. 5. Which of the following clients would probably get the least benefit from a humanistic therapy? a. Colin, who is bright but confused about self-image b. Cole, who is very talkative and open in discussing feelings c. Colleen, who enjoys exploring the inner workings of the mind d. Cody, who has a difficult time putting thoughts and feelings into words in a logical manner 6. To overcome her fear of balloons, because of the loud sound they might suddenly make should they pop, Nicole must sit in a room filled with balloons while the therapist pops each one. After a while, Nicole realizes that her fear is unjustified and even begins to pop balloons herself. This technique is known as _______. a. systematic desensitization b. aversion therapy c. flooding d. extinction 7. John’s son Cade was afraid of dogs. John took Cade to a therapist to help him overcome his fear but was surprised when the therapist brought a dog into the room. At first Cade was asked to watch from across the room as the therapist showed him how to approach and pet the dog and not grab its tail. Eventually, Cade was asked to come over and mimic the behavior he had observed. After just a few sessions, Cade was no longer fearful of dogs. What technique did the therapist use with Cade?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a. virtual exposure b. aversion therapy c. flooding d. participant modeling 8. Yvonne sat down with her daughter, Angela, and together wrote out a list of things that Angela was expected to do each day and the rewards she would get if she accomplished them, as well as the penalties she would face if she did not do them. This is most like which technique? a. token economy b. time-out c. extinction d. contingency contracting 9. For both children and adults, and for many undesirable behaviors, the use of _______ or some form of “time-out” can be quite effective. a. arbitrary inference b. extinction c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement 10. Dewayne gets a text message from his girlfriend saying that she will have to work overtime tonight. Dewayne immediately assumes his girlfriend is seeing someone else at work. Beck would say that Dewayne has engaged in what type of distorted thinking? a. arbitrary inference b. selective thinking c. overgeneralization d. personalization 11. Mason’s wife comes home angry from her job, and he immediately assumes that he has done something wrong. Such irrational thinking is an example of _______. a. personalization b. overgeneralization c. arbitrary inference d. selective thinking 12. Taylor tends to blow negative events out of proportion to their importance (magnification) while ignoring relevant positive events (minimization). What therapeutic technique may work best to help Taylor? a. rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) b. group therapy c. virtual therapy d. bilateral anterior cingulotomy 13. Which therapy style requires the therapist to actively confront a client’s irrational beliefs? a. person-centered b. frontal lobotomy c. rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) d. cognitive restructuring 14. Family therapy is a form of group therapy in which _______. a. nonprofessionals lead a selected group of family members with similar concerns b. the entire family participates, as no one person is seen as the problem c. family members meet to single out the individual who is causing problems in the family dynamic d. psychology professionals treat their own family members 15. Both therapists and clients play significant roles in therapy. In order for psychotherapy to be the most effective, _______.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a. the therapist must be empathetic, and provide a protected setting for clients to reveal their feelings and private thoughts b. the therapist should maintain physical and emotional distance from the client, who should only say what she or he thinks the therapist wants to hear. c. both clients and therapists should avoid openness and warmth in their relationship. d. therapists should choose one style of therapy and apply it to every one of their clients. 16. With regard to treatment of psychological disorders, many psychological professionals believe medications work best in combination with a. electroconvulsive therapy. b. psychotherapy c. psychosurgery d. deep brain stimulation. 17. Typical antipsychotic drugs work by blocking what neurotransmitter? a. norepinephrine b. serotonin c. dopamine d. epinephrine 18. As part of the medical treatment trial she is participating in for severe and suicidal depression, Aldina was given _______, which is being investigated due to its seemingly immediate, although short-term, effects. a. ketamine b. lithium c. valproic acid d. paroxetine 19. In bilateral anterior cingulotomy, _______. a. the front of the brain is cut away from the back b. a thin wire electrode is used to destroy a small area of brain tissue c. an electric shock is used to stimulate certain areas of the brain d. a drug is injected into the brain to destroy a large area of brain tissue 20. In the context of positive mental health, which of the following are general strategies highlighted in the text? a. eating what you can, when you can, and sleeping 7 to 8 hours a night b. spending most of your time indoors and working as much as possible c. practicing yoga and eating a high-fiber diet d. caring for your mind and body by getting enough sleep and exercising on a regular basis, preferably outdoors

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

EXTRA BANK OF QUESTIONS 15: PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES ______________________________________________________________________________ 15.2–15.3 Insight Therapies: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Approaches 15.2 Psychotherapy Begins: Freud’s Psychoanalysis 1. A therapist is interested in interpreting dreams and in having clients relate their thoughts without modifying them. This therapist is most likely to be a __________. a. client-centered therapist b. psychoanalyst c. cognitive therapist d. behavior therapist Answer b % correct 86 a= 4 b= 86 c= 9 d= 1 r = .35 2. Psychoanalysis was a therapy technique designed by __________. a. Fritz Perls b. Sigmund Freud c. Carl Rogers d. Alfred Adler Answer b % correct 91 a= 2 b= 91 c= 2 d= 3 r = .32 3. Sigmund Freud believed that many psychological problems resulted from __________. a. feelings and emotions repressed during childhood b. organic disturbances, such as brain tumors c. poor social interactions d. failure to “find oneself” during adolescence Answer a % correct 96 a= 96 b= 0 c= 1 d= 3 r = .23 4. The belief that anxiety results from feelings and emotions repressed during childhood was proposed by __________. a. Perls b. Moniz c. Pinel d. Freud Answer d % correct 88 a= 5 b= 5 c= 3 d= 88 r = .32 5. The overall goal of psychoanalysis is to __________. a. make the unconscious conscious b. promote fulfillment of the person’s potential c. remove symptoms as quickly as possible d. correct faulty thinking and perception Answer a % correct 71 a= 71 b= 4 c= 1 d= 24

r = .38

6. Of the following, which type of therapist would be more interested in a client’s past rather than her or his current situation? a. psychoanalytic therapist b. rational-emotive therapist c. behavioral therapist d. Gestalt therapist Answer a % correct 77 a= 77 b= 3 c= 15 d= 5 r = .33

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

7. What technique is used when clients are asked to relate thoughts, feelings, or images without modifying them? a. hypnosis b. primary analysis c. dream analysis d. free association Answer d % correct 79 a= 1 b= 12 c= 9 d= 79 r = .44 8. In the psychoanalytic technique of __________, the client is encouraged to say whatever thoughts come to mind, regardless of their order or appropriateness. a. abreaction b. cathexis c. free association d. transference Answer c % correct 95 a= 1 b= 1 c= 95 d= 3 r = .28 9. What is the process by which a client projects feelings about other individuals onto the psychoanalyst? a. resistance b. reactance c. countertransference d. transference Answer d % correct 85 a= 2 b= 7 c= 7 d= 85 r = .36 10. Frances is in therapy because she is very frightened of her father and feels tongue-tied around him. After a few months, she begins to feel frightened of her therapist also. According to Freud, this example illustrates __________. a. latency b. interpretation c. transference d. sublimation Answer c % correct 90 a= 6 b= 1 c= 90 d= 3 r = .52 11. A student finds himself hating a professor because the latter reminds him of his abusive father. In psychoanalytic terms, the student is exhibiting __________. a. abreaction b. transference c. resistance d. cathexis Answer b % correct 96 a= 0 b= 96 c= 1 d= 3 r = .22 12. When using __________, the psychoanalyst points out connections and associations the client may not have known to exist in her or his personality. a. abreaction b. empathy c. unconditional positive regard d. interpretation Answer d % correct 85 a= 3 b= 6 c= 6 d= 85 r = .27

15.3 Humanistic Therapy: To Err is Human 13. Which of the following approaches is based on the premise that people naturally strive to reach their potential and lead a fulfilling life? a. psychoanalytic b. behavioral

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c. humanistic d. biomedical Answer c % correct 86

a= 3 b= 11 c= 86 d= 0

r = .23

14. A humanistic psychologist would most likely agree that anxiety __________. a. occurs when we try so hard to live up to others’ expectations that we lose touch with our own desires and feelings b. results from feelings and emotions repressed during childhood c. results from unconscious desires d. results from irrational thoughts Answer a % correct 78 a= 78 b= 10 c= 6 d= 6 r = .38 15. An essential element of person-centered therapy is __________. a. a nonthreatening atmosphere b. free association c. detailed exploration of the client’s childhood d. properly timed and worded interpretations Answer a % correct 61 a= 61 b= 34 c= 1 d= 4 r = .26 16. Person-centered therapy has its roots in __________. a. humanistic psychology b. the medical model c. psychoanalysis d. the cognitive model Answer a % correct 74 a= 74 b= 2 c= 19 d= 4

r = .27

17. What is the primary goal of person-centered therapy? a. to eliminate the client’s undesirable behaviors b. to help clients develop insight into their behaviors c. to provide a caring and accepting environment d. to develop realistic modes of thinking Answer c % correct 29 a= 18 b= 46 c= 29 d= 7

r = .22

18. Person-centered therapy was founded by __________. a. Rogers b. Wolpe c. Adler d. Jung Answer a % correct 62 a= 62 b= 19 c= 17 d= 2

r = .46

19. The term “unconditional positive regard” is associated with __________. a. Fritz Perls b. Sigmund Freud c. Carl Rogers d. B. F. Skinner Answer c % correct 83 a= 12 b= 3 c= 83 d= 2 r = .54 20. Gestalt therapy is an outgrowth of the work of __________. a. Wolpe b. Rogers c. Perls d. Lazarus Answer c % correct 46 a= 24 b= 25 c= 46 d= 4 r = .37 21. Which of the following is a leading figure in Gestalt therapy?

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a. Fritz Perls b. Max Wertheimer c. Rollo May d. Albert Ellis Answer a % correct 80

a= 80 b= 11 c= 2 d= 7

r = .48

22. In Gestalt therapy, the focus is on __________. a. changing overt behavior b. becoming more aware of the self c. resolving repressed conflicts d. fulfilling personal potential Answer b % correct 53 a= 25 b= 53 c= 16 d= 6

r = .28

15.4–15.5 Action Therapies: Behavior Therapies and Cognitive Therapies 15.4 Behavior Therapies: Learning One’s Way to Better Behavior 23. __________ therapy assumes that problem behaviors are learned and, as such, can be unlearned. a. Behavior b. Group c. Gestalt d. Person-centered Answer a % correct 70 a= 70 b= 6 c= 20 d= 4 r = .23 24. What approach to therapy utilizes the principles of classical and operant conditioning? a. behavior therapy b. cognitive therapy c. humanistic therapy d. psychoanalytic therapy Answer a % correct 73 a= 73 b= 19 c= 3 d= 5 r = .45 25. Which therapeutic approach is MOST concerned about changing the problem behavior? a. behavior therapy b. cognitive therapy c. humanistic therapy d. psychoanalytic therapy Answer a % correct 67 a= 67 b= 9 c= 9 d= 14 r = .23 26. What do behavior therapists see as the cause of maladaptive behaviors? a. learning b. distortions in thinking c. unconscious conflicts d. discrepancy between the real self and ideal self Answer a % correct 55 a= 55 b= 22 c= 7 d= 16 r = .45 27. Which method of treating phobias involves progressive relaxation and exposure to the feared object (either actual or imagined)? a. extinction b. systematic desensitization c. punishment d. token economy Answer b % correct 98 a= 2 b= 98 c= 0 d= 0 r = .26

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 28. A technique that assumes it is impossible to be relaxed and anxious at the same time is __________. a. systematic desensitization b. overgeneralization c. conditioning d. free association Answer a % correct 82 a= 82 b= 4 c= 3 d= 11 r = .35 29. The method that gradually reduces a client’s fears is called __________. a. operant conditioning b. free association c. systematic desensitization d. reciprocal inhibition Answer c % correct 84 a= 11 b= 2 c= 84 d= 3 r = .42 30. Systematic desensitization is especially useful as a treatment for __________. a. panic disorders b. schizophrenia c. depression d. phobias Answer d % correct 85 a= 8 b= 5 c= 2 d= 85 r = .32 31. Arranging anxiety-provoking situations in a hierarchy would be characteristic of __________. a. behavioral contracting b. operant conditioning c. aversion therapy d. systematic desensitization Answer d % correct 74 a= 7 b= 12 c= 6 d= 74 r = .39 32. Kiyoshi seeks professional help for his fear of spiders. In stages, his therapist shows him pictures, videos, and models of spiders, then a real dead spider, a small live spider in a jar, several live spiders in a jar, and finally a live spider loose in the room. At each stage, he makes sure that Kiyoshi is fully relaxed. This technique is known as __________. a. free association b. systematic desensitization c. aversion therapy d. transactional therapy Answer b % correct 76 a= 2 b= 76 c= 9 d= 13 r = .24 33. Marlowe and Reilly are newlyweds. They see a therapist because Marlowe is afraid of sexual intercourse. The therapist asks Marlowe exactly which acts make her anxious, constructs a hierarchy of those threatening acts, teaches her to relax, and asks her to imagine each threatening scene in the hierarchy and use the relaxation technique to reduce her anxiety as she imagines each scene from the bottom to the top of her hierarchy. What technique is the therapist using? a. systematic desensitization b. behavioral contracting c. free association d. positive regard Answer a % correct 70 a= 70 b= 14 c= 3 d= 13 r = .40 34. Making someone who is afraid of snakes handle dozens of snakes in an effort to get him to overcome his fear is called __________. a. systematic desensitization b. aversion therapy c. flooding d. paradoxical intent

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer c

% correct 86

a= 9 b= 4 c= 86 d= 0

r = .37

35. In __________ therapy, the client must learn an association between the target behavior and an unpleasant stimulus. Thus, the person receives unpleasant consequences for the undesired behavior. a. Gestalt b. group c. aversion d. rational emotive behavior Answer c % correct 75 a= 9 b= 0 c= 75 d= 16 r = .40 36. In __________, an unpleasant stimulus is paired with a particular behavior in order to make that behavior less likely to occur. a. aversion therapy b. token economies c. reward training d. biofeedback Answer a % correct 91 a= 91 b= 4 c= 2 d= 4 r = .25 37. In which of the following therapies might a therapist use real physical pain to change behavior? a. operant conditioning b. aversion therapy c. psychoanalysis d. systematic desensitization Answer b % correct 76 a= 9 b= 76 c= 4 d= 10 r = .37 38. Aversion therapy belongs in the category of __________. a. Gestalt therapy b. psychoanalysis c. classical conditioning therapies d. operant conditioning therapies Answer c % correct 45 a= 10 b= 15 c= 45 d= 29 r = .35 39. During a case conference, a therapist says his recommendation is to use a technique based on classical conditioning that associates the client’s drinking with an unpleasant stimulus. You recognize that the recommended treatment is __________. a. modeling b. extinction c. aversion therapy d. systematic desensitization Answer c % correct 87 a= 2 b= 5 c= 87 d= 5 r = .37 40. Priya’s mother painted Priya’s nails with an unpleasant-tasting salve in an attempt to stop her from biting her nails. This example illustrates __________. a. aversive conditioning b. systematic desensitization c. biofeedback d. modeling Answer a % correct 95 a= 95 b= 5 c= 0 d= 1 r = .25 41. Michael is 22 years old and still gets too many cavities from eating too many sweets. Michael’s dentist trains him to think of the pain of having his teeth drilled each time he reaches for a piece of candy. The dentist is using __________ to curb Michael’s excess eating of sweets. a. negative transference b. systematic desensitization c. behavioral contracting

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d. aversive conditioning Answer d % correct 77

a= 18 b= 3 c= 2 d= 77

r = .30

42. Which technique uses reinforcement to change behavior? a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. aversion therapy d. systematic desensitization Answer a % correct 62 a= 62 b= 30 c= 5 d= 8 r = .34 43. Albert Bandura used __________ techniques to reduce a wide range of phobic behaviors. a. token economy b. rationalization c. modeling d. group therapy Answer c % correct 56 a= 11 b= 23 c= 56 d= 10 r = .39 44. Operant conditioning can be used in classrooms, hospitals, prisons, and industry by giving individuals exchangeable rewards for performing appropriate actions. This illustrates which of the following? a. classical conditioning b. bartering c. a token economy d. bribery Answer c % correct 85 a= 12 b= 2 c= 85 d= 0 r = .41 45. The “token economy” is most closely associated with the __________ approach to treatment. a. operant conditioning b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. rational emotive behavior Answer a % correct 56 a= 56 b= 6 c= 16 d= 20 r = .35 46. After Greg is expelled from school for missing too many classes, he seeks help from a therapist. The therapist develops a contract that specifies that if Greg attends all his classes, he will be allowed certain privileges at home; but if he cuts classes, he will be subject to certain penalties. Greg’s therapist is probably a __________ therapist. a. behavior b. psychoanalytic c. person-centered d. rational emotive behavior Answer a % correct 74 a= 74 b= 2 c= 4 d= 20 r = .30

15.5 Cognitive Therapies: Thinking Is Believing 47. Psychotherapies that emphasize changing clients’ perceptions of their life situations as a way of modifying their behavior are called __________ therapies. a. behavior b. person-centered c. cognitive d. Gestalt Answer c % correct 35 a= 40 b= 8 c= 35 d= 16 r = .29 48. Cognitive models of therapy tend to focus on __________. a. corrective emotional experiences

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White b. changing thinking processes c. removing symptoms d. fulfilling one’s potential Answer b % correct 90 a= 2 b= 90 c= 6 d= 2

r = .22

49. Cognitive therapy is particularly effective in the treatment of __________. a. anxiety disorders b. schizophrenia c. somatoform disorders d. depression Answer d % correct 89 a= 3 b= 1 c= 7 d= 89 r = .26 50. Albert Ellis is best known as a __________ therapist. a. Gestalt b. rational emotive behavior c. family d. group Answer b % correct 55 a= 24 b= 55 c= 3 d= 18

r = .33

51. The originator of rational emotive behavior therapy is __________. a. Bandura b. Perls c. Rogers d. Ellis Answer d % correct 51 a= 10 b= 24 c= 15 d= 51 r = .39

15.6–15.7 Group Therapies: Not Just for the Shy 15.6 Types of Group Therapies 52. Cheyenne’s therapist wants her to bring her parents and siblings to counseling sessions with her. Cheyenne is likely going through __________. a. social skills training b. family therapy c. assertiveness training d. person-centered therapy Answer b % correct 93 a= 0 b= 93 c= 0 d= 7 r = .26 53. When problems exist between parents and children, their problems are usually BEST handled by __________. a. psychoanalysis b. family therapy c. operant conditioning d. individual therapy Answer b % correct 96 a= 0 b= 96 c= 2 d= 2 r = .34 54. A type of psychotherapy in which people meet regularly to interact and help one another achieve insight into their feelings and behavior is __________ therapy. a. virtual b. group c. Gestalt d. response Answer b % correct 98 a= 0 b= 98 c= 1 d= 1 r = .30

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 55. An important advantage of group therapy is that __________. a. group members serve as therapists b. clients learn that others have problems similar to their own c. much more serious problems can be discussed than in individual therapy d. only one participant has to speak each session Answer b % correct 90 a= 8 b= 90 c= 0 d= 2 r = .27

15.10–15.12 Biomedical Therapies 15.10 Psychopharmacology 56. How do most antipsychotic drugs seem to work? a. reduce the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine b. cause more excitatory neurons to fire c. prevent serotonin and norepinephrine from being broken down d. block the activity of dopamine Answer d % correct 50 a= 33 b= 2 c= 15 d= 50 r = .34 57. Virtually all antipsychotic drugs work by __________. a. increasing the amount of serotonin in the brain b. blocking dopamine receptors in the brain c. increasing the amount of acetylcholine in the brain d. inhibiting the function of the hypothalamus Answer b % correct 59 a= 25 b= 59 c= 4 d= 10 r = .38 58. Lithium is a naturally occurring __________. a. drug b. enzyme c. salt d. plant Answer c % correct 61 a= 28 b= 9 c= 61 d= 1

r = .37

59. The biomedical therapy most commonly used today is __________. a. electroconvulsive therapy b. psychopharmacology c. psychosurgery d. trephination Answer b % correct 91 a= 5 b= 91 c= 4 d= 0 r = .34 60. Tardive dyskinesia is a side effect of __________. a. barbiturate use b. psychosurgery c. ECT d. antipsychotic drugs Answer d % correct 86 a= 3 b= 7 c= 4 d= 86

r = .45

15.11 ECT and Psychosurgery 61. Electroconvulsive therapy is used to alleviate __________. a. anxiety b. schizophrenia c. somatoform disorders

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d. severe depression Answer d % correct 66

a= 9 b= 13 c= 11 d= 66

r = .54

62. Electroconvulsive therapy often is accompanied by __________. a. a total mental breakdown during the first week following application b. tardive dyskinesia c. temporary visual hallucinations d. a memory loss of unpredictable length Answer d % correct 88 a= 5 b= 4 c= 3 d= 88 r = .29 63. The procedure known as __________ is one type of psychosurgery. a. gastroplasty b. transaxial tomography c. audiography d. prefrontal lobotomy Answer d % correct 94 a= 2 b= 5 c= 0 d= 94 r = .24 64. A procedure that severs the connections of the prefrontal cortex to other areas of the brain is __________. a. limbic curettage b. trephining c. ECT d. prefrontal lobotomy Answer d % correct 71 a= 15 b= 6 c= 8 d= 71 r = .22 65. A technique known as prefrontal lobotomy __________, a. earned a Nobel prize for Ugo Cerletti b. caused many patients to cease displaying emotional reactions c. is widely used today for a wide range of disorders d. was often used in conjunction with electroconvulsive therapy Answer b % correct 58 a= 32 b= 58 c= 1 d= 8 r = .28 66. Which of the following treatments is LEAST likely to be used today? a. drug therapy b. prefrontal lobotomy c. ECT d. behavior therapy Answer b % correct 92 a= 2 b= 92 c= 6 d= 0 r = .20 67. Which of the following treatments is MOST likely to be used today? a. drug therapy b. prefrontal lobotomy c. ECT d. in vitro therapy Answer a % correct 91 a= 91 b= 1 c= 4 d= 5 r = .28

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Revel Quizzes The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Psychology: An Exploration, Fifth Edition. End of Module Quiz 13.1: Treatment of Psychological Disorders: Past to Present EOM 13.1.1 One of the first therapists to begin a movement toward the humane treatment of patients was a) Philippe Pinel. b) Robert Fleury. c) Sigmund Freud. d) Josef Breuer. Answer: a Consider This: He finalized his theory of moral treatment while working with patients at La Bicêtre Asylum in Paris, France. LO 13.1 Describe how the treatment of psychological disorders has changed throughout history. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 13.1 Describe how the treatment of psychological disorders has changed throughout history. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Treatment of Psychological Disorders: Past to Present EOM 13.1.2 Psychotherapies that attempt to increase the understanding of a client’s motives are known as __________ therapies. a) insight b) action c) biomedical d) psychoanalytic Answer: a Consider This: The goal of this psychotherapy is to help both mentally healthy and psychologically disordered persons understand themselves better. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 13.1 Describe how the treatment of psychological disorders has changed throughout history. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Treatment of Psychological Disorders: Past to Present EOM 13.1.3 Benjie has decided to seek psychotherapy for some personal difficulties he has been having. While on the telephone with one possible clinician, he asks her to describe the kind of treatment approach she uses with clients. “I don’t limit myself to a single theory or approach,” the therapist answers. “Instead I operate in a(n) _________ fashion, integrating various treatment approaches based on the specific needs of each client.” a) eclectic b) transdiagnostic c) supratheoretical d) atheoretical Answer: a Consider This: Just as there is no one single “cause” of a disorder, different psychological treatments are often used in tandem or combined with biomedical interventions. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 13.1 Describe how the treatment of psychological disorders has changed throughout history. Skill: Remember the Facts

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: Treatment of Psychological Disorders: Past to Present EOM 13.1.4 Which of the following is not one of the main types of therapy noted by your text that helps people improve their overall functioning? a) Regressive therapy b) Action therapy c) Biomedical therapy d) Insight therapy Answer: a Consider This: There are two categories of approaches to therapy. One is based primarily in psychological theory and techniques, and the other uses medical interventions to bring the symptoms under control. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 13.1 Describe how the treatment of psychological disorders has changed throughout history. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Treatment of Psychological Disorders: Past to Present End of Module Quiz 13.2-13.3: Insight Therapies: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Approaches EOM 13.2.1 Although the term may apply to many therapies, “transference” is typically associated with ____________ therapies. a) psychodynamic b) behavioral c) humanistic d) biomedical Answer: a Consider This: Transference occurs when the therapist becomes a symbol of a parental authority figure from the past. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Insight Therapies: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Approaches EOM 13.2.2 Motivational interviewing is an alternative therapy to what therapeutic approach? a) person-centered therapy b) psychodynamic therapy c) Gestalt therapy d) group therapy Answer: a Consider This: Motivational interviewing has specific goals to reduce ambivalence about change and to increase intrinsic motivation to bring that change about. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Insight Therapies: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Approaches

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOM 13.2.3 Dr. Begay is directive in his approach with clients. He pays close attention to body language and often focuses on a client’s denied past. What type of therapeutic approach is Dr. Begay using? a) Gestalt approach b) humanistic approach c) group approach d) behavioral approach Answer: a Consider This: This type of approach believes that everything is conscious but that it is possible for some people to simply refuse to “own up” to having certain feelings or to deal with past issues. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Insight Therapies: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Approaches EOM 13.2.4 In which of the following cases would a humanistic approach probably be least effective as the first choice of treatment? a) Teresa, a corporate executive who suffers from marked delusions and active auditory hallucinations b) Jessica, a professional musician who feels worthless and suffers from moderate depression c) Keira, a university professor who has feelings of inadequacy d) Gabrielle, a homemaker who is experiencing relationship issues in her marriage Answer: a Consider This: For this type of therapy, people must be intelligent, verbal, and able to express their thoughts, feelings, and experiences in a logical manner. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Insight Therapies: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Approaches End of Module Quiz 13.4-13.5: Action Therapies: Behavior Therapies and Cognitive Therapies EOM 13.3.1 Behavior-based therapies are ____________ based, while psychodynamic and humanistic therapies are ____________ based. a) action; insight b) insight; action c) rationale; medically d) medically; action Answer: a Consider This: In some therapies, one goal is to promote understanding, while in behavior therapies, the goal is to change behavior through the use of learning techniques. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Action Therapies: Behavior Therapies and Cognitive Therapies

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

EOM 13.3.2 Dr. Chakrabarty works with clients to help them learn deep relaxation. Next, she has them list their fears from least to most anxiety provoking. Finally, she slowly exposes her clients to each of their fears and assists them in gaining control of their anxiety. Her approach is best known as a) systematic desensitization. b) therapy. c) flooding. d) fear therapy. Answer: a Consider This: By pairing the fear object with a new relaxation response that is incompatible with the emotions and physical arousal associated with fear, the person’s fear is reduced and relieved. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Action Therapies: Behavior Therapies and Cognitive Therapies EOM 13.3.3 Dr. LeMay uses exposure-based therapies to treat many of her patients. Client A is actually confronted with the situation that causes her anxiety, while Client B is asked to think about and visualize the frightening situation. Client A’s treatment method would be described as ____________, while client B’s treatment method is ____________. a) in vivo; imaginal b) virtual; in vivo c) imaginal; virtual d) systematic; in vivo Answer: a Consider This: Exposure methods can introduce the feared stimulus directly, or introduce the feared stimulus through mental imagery. Difficulty: Difficult Objective: LO 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Action Therapies: Behavior Therapies and Cognitive Therapies EOM 13.3.4 Which of the following therapies has been successful across multiple settings in the establishment of desirable behaviors and modification of problem behaviors? a) token economies b) aversion therapy c) systematic desensitization d) flooding Answer: a Consider This: In this type of therapy, objects can be traded for food, candy, treats, or special privileges. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Action Therapies: Behavior Therapies and Cognitive Therapies

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOM 13.3.5 Rowena’s therapist tells her that she is applying arbitrary inference to her thinking, which ultimately is causing her to be depressed. Which of the following is an example of arbitrary inference? a) Rowena tends to jump to conclusions with little or no evidence to support her beliefs. b) Rowena maximizes the bad things she experiences while minimizing the good aspects of life. c) Rowena focuses strictly on a single negative event while ignoring less negative aspects. d) Rowena tends to overgeneralize a single bad event and assume all things about her life are failing. Answer: a Consider This: This is one of the more common distortions in thought that can create negative feelings and unrealistic beliefs in people. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Action Therapies: Behavior Therapies and Cognitive Therapies End of Module Quiz 13.6-13.7: Group Therapies: Not Just for the Shy EOM 13.4.1 Which of the following may be an effective option for some concerns if there isn’t a therapist available in your local community? a) self-help group b) family therapy c) group therapy d) psychodynamic therapy Answer: a Consider This: These groups are usually formed around a particular problem. LO 13.6 Compare and contrast different forms of group therapy. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 13.6 Compare and contrast different forms of group therapy. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Group Therapies: Not Just for the Shy EOM 13.4.2 Mary and John, along with their children Sam and Dean, are all seeing a psychologist to help work through some difficulties that have been occurring in their home. From time to time, their therapist opts to work with one of them instead of all four at once. This group of individuals is receiving ________ therapy. a) family b) group c) self-help group d) psychodynamic Answer: a Consider This: This therapy focuses on the family as a whole unit or system of interacting “parts.” Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 13.6 Compare and contrast different forms of group therapy. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Group Therapies: Not Just for the Shy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOM 13.4.3 Jo runs a weekly meeting of Alcoholics Anonymous, and several dozen members come every week. In addition, each week some new members show up to see what the group is all about, and some members who were there the previous week do not return. Which of the following is most likely true about Jo? a) Jo has likely experienced some problems with alcohol in her past and is probably not a professional therapist. b) Jo is probably a licensed psychologist. c) Jo is probably a licensed psychiatrist. d) Jo has probably never experienced a substance-related problem herself. Answer: a Consider This: The advantages of these types of self-help groups are that they are free and provide the social and emotional support that a group session can provide. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 13.6 Compare and contrast different forms of group therapy. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Group Therapies: Not Just for the Shy EOM 13.4.4 Which of the following is not a noted advantage of group psychotherapy? a) Group therapy is appropriate for anyone, so it is more “available” to those with personal struggles. b) Group therapy is less expensive than individual psychotherapy. c) Group therapy offers social support from people facing similar challenges. d) Group therapy offers emotional support from people facing similar challenges. Answer: a Consider This: Group therapy is only effective if it is long term and is more effective when used to promote skilled social interactions. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 13.7 Identify the advantages and disadvantages of group therapy. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Group Therapies: Not Just for the Shy End of Module Quiz 13.8-13.9: Does Psychotherapy Really Work? EOM 13.5.1 Dr. Johnson is trying to establish what is known as a therapeutic alliance with her clients. What specifically should she do to accomplish this goal? a) She should be more empathetic and caring when working with her clients. b) She should work to better understand the disorder that she is treating. c) She should be more confrontational in her approach so as to make clients aware of their difficulties. d) She should openly consult with others on all cases to ensure quality therapeutic treatment. Answer: a Consider This: The therapeutic alliance refers to the relationship between the client and the therapist. LO 13.9 Identify factors that influence the effectiveness of therapy. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 13.9 Identify factors that influence the effectiveness of therapy. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Does Psychotherapy Really Work? EOM 13.5.2 Research shows that African American clients prefer a therapist ____________ while Asian men prefer a ___________ therapist. a) of the opposite sex; male b) of the same sex; female

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White c) of the same culture; Hispanic d) who is female; White Answer: a Consider This: White, middle-class men and women seem to prefer a female therapist. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 13.9 Identify factors that influence the effectiveness of therapy. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Does Psychotherapy Really Work? EOM 13.5.3 What do studies show about the overall effectiveness of telepsychology? a) Telepsychology can be effective for people who otherwise might be unable to get to a therapist. b) It is a fad, and studies indicate that telepsychology is relatively ineffective. c) Studies indicate that many clients who use online chat as part of their telepsychology often stop showing up after 1 or 2 sessions. d) There currently are not enough studies to indicate whether telepsychology is or is not effective. Answer: a Consider This: Just as with face-to-face interventions, clients need to make sure the online therapist has appropriate training and credentials in psychotherapy. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 13.9 Identify factors that influence the effectiveness of therapy. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Does Psychotherapy Really Work? EOM 13.5.4 _________ refers to techniques or interventions that have produced desired outcomes, or therapeutic change in controlled studies. a) Evidence-based treatment b) Client-friendly treatment c) Insurance-approved treatment c) Clinically valid treatment Answer: a Consider This: Some examples of this are exposure therapies, cognitive–behavioral, and cognitive processing for PTSD. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 13.9 Identify factors that influence the effectiveness of therapy. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Does Psychotherapy Really Work? End of Module Quiz 13.10-13.12: Biomedical Therapies EOM 13.7.1 Why are antidepressants taking the place of many antianxiety drugs in the treatment of anxiety disorders? a) Antianxiety drugs may be addictive and have more side effects. b) Antidepressants are more cost effective. c) Antianxiety drugs are becoming less effective. d) Antianxiety drugs are actually no longer available. Answer: a Consider This: Although antidepressants take from 3 to 5 weeks to show any effect, they are more increasingly prescribed to treat anxiety. Difficulty: Easy

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Objective: LO 13.10 Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Biomedical Therapies EOM 13.7.2 Prolonged use of antipsychotic medication can lead to a side effect called ________, which is characterized by involuntary facial and tongue movements (e.g., grimacing, constant chewing), or repetitive involuntary jerks or dance-like movements of the arms and legs. a) tardive dyskinesia b) agranulocytosis c) synesthesia d) neuromalignant disorder Answer: a Consider This: Because antipsychotic medications block more pathways in the dopamine system than are involved in psychosis, with prolonged use they tend to cause problems. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 13.10 Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Biomedical Therapies EOM 13.7.3 Today’s electroconvulsive shock therapy is often quite useful in the treatment of a) severe depression. b) dissociative identity disorder. c) schizophrenia d) mild anxiety. Answer: a Consider This: Modern ECT involves the delivery of an electric shock, typically to one side of a person’s head, resulting in a seizure or convulsion of the body and the release of a flood of neurotransmitters in the brain. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 13.11 Explain how electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery are used to treat psychological disorders. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Biomedical Therapies EOM 13.7.4 A new therapeutic technique known as deep brain stimulation (DBS) is showing promise in the treatment of a) anorexia nervosa where other treatments have failed. b) phobias. c) personality disorders. d) mania. Answer: a Consider This: There is some evidence that DBS may also improve some neuropsychological functions in depressed individuals. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 13.12 Identify some of the newer technologies being used to treat psychological disorders. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Biomedical Therapies

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White End of Module Quiz 13.13: Fostering Resiliency EOM 13.8.1 What are some basic proactive strategies for taking care of your mental and physical health? a) Get enough sleep, exercise on a regular basis, and eat a healthy diet. b) Conserve energy by camping out on the couch and soothe stress by bingeing on comfort foods and Netflix. c) Sleep when you can during the week and longer on the weekends, and eat what is fast and convenient. d) Work as hard and as fast as you can throughout the school term and recuperate during breaks. Answer: a Consider This: Most adults need 8–9 hours of sleep a night, a healthy diet, and regular exercise to perform at their best. Difficulty: Easy Objective: 13.13 Describe how regular physical exercise and spending time in nature may benefit mental health. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Fostering Resiliency EOM 13.8.2 Dana and Riley have stressful lives and are trying to get it all done. They don’t like to exercise, and both have hectic schedules. They are starting to feel physically and mentally fatigued all the time. They both want to create downtime and start a fitness routine. Based on the information in this section, what might they choose to do if they want to maximize their efforts? a) Find or create opportunities to take breaks or exercise outdoors; do so together if it will help them keep their commitments. b) Find a secluded, windowless room in which to take 16-minute breaks every six hours they are on campus and take a 3-hour, once-a-week, ballroom dance fitness class on Saturdays. c) Join a competitive midnight Wii Bowling league. d) Have a goal of an hour and a half of high-intensity indoor aerobics every weekday and create downtime by playing Fortnite all weekend. Answer: a Consider This: Beyond general health, there appear to be additional benefits to overall well-being by exercising in a natural setting. Difficulty: Easy Objective: 13.13 Describe how regular physical exercise and spending time in nature may benefit mental health. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Fostering Resiliency Chapter 13 Quiz: Psychological Therapies EOC Q13.1 Sky is going to a therapist to gain a better understanding of why she has self-destructive relationships with all her friends. This type of therapy is known as ____________ therapy. a) insight b) action c) behavioral d) biomedical Answer: a Consider This: This type of therapy is aimed mainly at understanding one’s motives and actions. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 13.1 Describe how the treatment of psychological disorders has changed throughout history. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Treatment of Psychological Disorders: Past to Present

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOC Q13.2 The hidden meaning of a dream is the ____________ content, according to Freud. a) latent b) repressed c) manifest d) sexual Answer: a Consider This: If this part of a dream was correctly interpreted, Freud believed, it would reveal the unconscious conflicts that were creating the nervous disorder. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 13.2 Describe the basic elements of Freud’s psychoanalysis and psychodynamic approaches today. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Insight Therapies: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Approaches EOC Q13.3 Through the use of ____________, a person-centered therapist conveys they are trying to understand the experience of the person they are working with. a) empathy and reflection b) reflection and shaping c) unconditional positive regard d) authenticity Answer: a Consider This: This involves listening carefully and closely to what individuals are saying and trying to convey those feelings back to the individual. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Insight Therapies: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Approaches EOC Q13.4 What differentiates motivational interviewing from person-centered therapy? a) Motivational interviewing has specific goals of reducing ambivalence about change and increasing intrinsic motivation to bring changes about, while traditional person-centered therapy does not. b) Motivational interviewing focuses on unconscious motives, while traditional person-centered therapy focuses on the self. c) Motivational interviewing allows the client to talk about anything they wish, while traditional person-centered therapy is more direct. d) Motivational interviewing is a behavioral therapeutic technique, while person-centered therapy is a biomedical therapy. Answer: a Consider This: Although motivational interviewing was originally developed and validated as effective for addictive disorders, it has also been useful in the treatment of anxiety and mood disorders. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Insight Therapies: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Approaches

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOC Q13.5 Which of the following clients would probably get the least benefit from a humanistic therapy? a) Jase, who has a hard time putting thoughts and feelings into words in a logical manner b) Jaxon, who is bright but confused about self-image c) Jaylen, who is very talkative and open in discussing feelings d) Jordan, who enjoys exploring the inner workings of the mind Answer: a Consider This: Humanistic therapies have some of the same drawbacks as Freudian psychoanalysis and other forms of modern psychodynamic therapy. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 13.3 Identify the basic elements of the humanistic therapies known as person-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Insight Therapies: Psychodynamic and Humanistic Approaches EOC Q13.6 To overcome her fear of balloons, because of the loud sound they might suddenly make should they pop, Kani must sit in a room filled with balloons while the therapist pops each one. After a while, Kani realizes that her fear is unjustified and even begins to pop balloons herself. This technique is known as a) flooding b) systematic desensitization. c) aversion therapy. d) extinction Answer: a Consider This: This is done under very controlled conditions and produces extinction of the conditioned fear response by preventing an escape or avoidance response. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Action Therapies: Behavior Therapies and Cognitive Therapies EOC Q13.7 Jozsef’s son Fredek was afraid of dogs. Jozsef took Fredek to a therapist to help him overcome his fear but was surprised when the therapist brought a dog into the room. At first Fredek was asked to watch from across the room as the therapist showed him how to approach and pet the dog and not grab its tail. Eventually, Fredek was asked to come over and mimic the behavior he had observed. After just a few sessions, Fredek was no longer fearful of dogs. What technique did the therapist use with Fredek? a) participant modeling b) virtual exposure c) aversion therapy d) flooding Answer: a Consider This: The use of this type of therapy is based on the work of Albert Bandura, which states that a person with specific fears can watch someone else confront those fears to overcome them. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Action Therapies: Behavior Therapies and Cognitive Therapies

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOC Q13.8 Yara sat down with her daughter, Caterina, and together wrote out a list of things that Caterina was expected to do each day and the rewards she would get if she accomplished them, as well as the penalties she would face if she did not do them. This is most like which technique? a) contingency contracting b) token economy c) time-out d) extinction Answer: a Consider This: Because the stated tasks, penalties, and reinforcements are clearly stated and consistent, both parties are always aware of the consequences of acting or failing to act within specifications. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Skill: Apply What You Know Topic: Action Therapies: Behavior Therapies and Cognitive Therapies EOC Q13.9 For both children and adults, and for many undesirable behaviors, the use of ___________ or some form of “timeout” can be quite effective. a) extinction b) arbitrary inference c) positive reinforcement d) negative reinforcement Answer: a Consider This: This involves the removal of a reinforcer to reduce the frequency of a particular response. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 13.4 Explain how behavior therapists use classical and operant conditioning to treat disordered behavior. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Action Therapies: Behavior Therapies and Cognitive Therapies EOC Q13.10 Brodric gets a text message from his partner saying that they will have to work overtime tonight. Brodric immediately assumes his partner is seeing someone else at work. Beck would say that Brodric has engaged in what type of distorted thinking? a) arbitrary inference b) selective thinking c) overgeneralization d) personalization Answer: a Consider This: This refers to “jumping to conclusions” without any evidence. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Action Therapies: Behavior Therapies and Cognitive Therapies

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOC Q13.11 Charon’s wife comes home angry from her job, and he immediately assumes that he has done something wrong. Such irrational thinking is an example of a) personalization b) overgeneralization c) arbitrary inference. d) selective thinking. Answer: a Consider This: With this, an individual takes responsibility or blame for events that are not really connected to the individual. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Action Therapies: Behavior Therapies and Cognitive Therapies EOC Q13.12 Blair tends to blow negative events out of proportion to their importance (magnification) while ignoring relevant positive events (minimization). What therapeutic technique may work best to help Blair? a) rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) b) group therapy c) virtual therapy d) bilateral anterior cingulotomy Answer: a Consider This: This is a type of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Skill: Understand the Concepts Topic: Action Therapies: Behavior Therapies and Cognitive Therapies EOC Q13.13 Which therapy style requires the therapist to actively confront a client’s irrational beliefs? a) rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) b) person-centered c) frontal lobotomy d) cognitive restructuring Answer: a Consider This: With this, clients are taught a way to challenge their own irrational beliefs with more rational, helpful statements. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 13.5 Summarize the goals and basic elements of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Action Therapies: Behavior Therapies and Cognitive Therapies EOC Q13.14 Family therapy is a form of group therapy in which a) the entire family participates, as no one person is seen as the problem. b) nonprofessionals lead a selected group of family members with similar concerns. c) family members meet to single out the individual that is causing problems in the family dynamic. d) psychology professionals treat their own family members.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Answer: a Consider This: The therapist may meet with one or more family members individually at times, but the real work in opening the lines of communication among family members is accomplished in the group setting. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 13.6 Compare and contrast different forms of group therapy. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Group Therapies: Not Just for the Shy EOC Q13.15 Both therapists and clients play significant roles in therapy. In order for psychotherapy to be the most effective, __________. a) the therapist must be empathetic, and provide a protected setting for clients to reveal their feelings and private thoughts b) the therapist should maintain physical and emotional distance from the client, who should only say what they think the therapist wants to hear. c) both clients and therapists should avoid openness and warmth in their relationship. d) therapists should choose one style of therapy and apply it to every one of their clients. Answer: a Consider This: The therapeutic relationship should be caring, warm, and accepting and be characterized by empathy, mutual respect, and understanding. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: 13.9 Identify factors that influence the effectiveness of therapy. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Characteristics of Effective Therapy EOC Q13.16 With regard to treatment of psychological disorders, many psychological professionals believe medications work best in combination with a) psychotherapy b) electroconvulsive therapy. c) psychosurgery d) deep brain stimulation. Answer: a Consider This: Biomedical therapy often eliminates or alleviates the symptoms of a disorder, while this addresses issues associated with the disorder. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 13.10 Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Biomedical Therapies EOC Q13.17 Typical antipsychotic drugs work by blocking what neurotransmitter? a) dopamine b) norepinephrine c) serotonin d) epinephrine Answer: a Consider This: Typical antipsychotic drugs work by blocking certain receptors of this neurotransmitter in the brain, thereby reducing its effect in synaptic transmission. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 13.10 Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Biomedical Therapies

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White EOC Q13.18 As part of the medical treatment trial she is participating in for severe and suicidal depression, Aggi was given __________________, which is being investigated due to its seemingly immediate, although short-term, effects. a) ketamine b) lithium c) valproic acid d) paroxetine Answer: a Consider This: In addition to rapid effects, it appears to also reverse some of the neuronal effects of chronic stress. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 13.10 Categorize types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Biomedical Therapies EOC Q13.19 In bilateral anterior cingulotomy, a) a thin wire electrode is used to destroy a small area of brain tissue. b) the front of the brain is cut away from the back. c) an electric shock is used to stimulate certain areas of the brain. d) a drug is injected into the brain to destroy a large area of brain tissue. Answer: a Consider This: This process is called lesioning. Difficulty: Moderate Objective: LO 13.11 Explain how electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery are used to treat psychological disorders. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Biomedical Therapies EOC Q13.20 In the context of positive mental health, which of the following are general strategies highlighted in the text? a) Caring for your mind and body by getting enough sleep and exercising on a regular basis, preferably outdoors. b) Eating what you can, when you can, and sleeping 7-8 hours a night. c) Spending most of your time indoors and working as much as possible. d) Practicing yoga and eating a high-fiber diet. Answer: a Consider This: Most adults need 8–9 hours of sleep a night, a healthy diet, and regular exercise to perform at their best. Difficulty: Easy Objective: LO 13.13 Describe how regular physical exercise and spending time in nature may benefit mental health. Skill: Remember the Facts Topic: Fostering Resiliency

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Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White

Psychology in Action MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Garrett restates the textbook in his own words in his notes after every section in order to improve his understanding of the material. Garrett is using which study method? a) verbal Correct: Verbal study methods include restating information in your own words. b) visual Incorrect: This study method does not include the restatement of information in one’s own words. c) auditory d) action Answer: a Learning Objective: PIA.1 Identify four methods of studying. Topic: PIA.1 Study Skills Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 2. Which of the following is an example of a visual study method? a) rewriting material from memory Incorrect: While this study method can be effective, it is not a verbal study method. b) making charts and diagrams Correct: Visual study methods typically involve the use of pictures or images. c) using a musical rhythm d) sitting near the front of the class Answer: b Learning Objective: PIA.1 Identify four methods of studying. Topic: PIA.1 Study Skills Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 3. Physical activity is most commonly associated with which method of studying? a) verbal Incorrect: Not all memory techniques involve a lot of physical activity. b) memorization c) listening d) action Correct: Action study methods involve using motion or constructing an object as a way of studying. Answer: d Learning Objective: PIA.1 Identify four methods of studying. Topic: PIA.1 Study Skills Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 4. One method for fighting procrastination recommended by the text is to a) write longer term paper projects in one sitting. Incorrect: This is not an effective method for avoiding procrastination. b) postpone play time until your work is complete. c) break big tasks down into smaller tasks. Correct: Dividing bigger tasks into smaller ones makes them more manageable and more likely to be completed. 1 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) avoid mapping out your tasks on a daily basis. Answer: c Incorrect: This is not an effective method for avoiding procrastination. Learning Objective: PIA.2 Describe some strategies for time and task management. Topic: PIA.2 Managing Time and Tasks Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 5. Most research supports which of the following statements? a) The human mind is not effectively equipped to multitask. Correct: Most research confirms that people overestimate their ability to multitask. b) Multitasking is a skill that can be refined with practice. Incorrect: Most research actually indicates the opposite. c) People are good at estimating their multitasking ability. d) Heavy multitaskers have better memorization skills. Answer: a Learning Objective: PIA.2 Describe some strategies for time and task management. Topic: PIA.2 Managing Time and Tasks Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 6. According to the Getting Things Done method, the first stage of time management is to a) define what action you can take. Incorrect: This step comes later in the Getting Things Done method. b) complete weekly reviews of projects. c) organize information into categories. d) capture everything getting your attention. Correct: Capturing anything and everything getting your attention in written or digital form is the first step in the Getting Things Done method. Answer: d Learning Objective: PIA.2 Describe some strategies for time and task management. Topic: PIA.2 Managing Time and Tasks Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 7. Miranda starts work every morning by responding to emails from the night before. She sets herself a reminder to periodically check her email every two hours to keep up with new work requests. Miranda is employing which of the following techniques? a) identifying next action steps Incorrect: While this is an effective organizational technique, it does not match this example. b) completing weekly reviews c) organizing information by contexts Correct: Organizing work by context, such as by email, is an effective technique for getting tasks accomplished. d) scheduling work chronologically Answer: c Learning Objective: PIA.2 Describe some strategies for time and task management. Topic: PIA.2 Managing Time and Tasks Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 8. The “S” in the SQ3R method stands for 2 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White a) situation. Incorrect: The first step in the SQ3R method involves getting to know the features of a text before reading it. b) survey. Correct: The SQ3R method recommends surveying a text before you read it. c) simple. d) short. Answer: b Learning Objective: PIA.3 Describe how to read a textbook so that you get the most out of your reading efforts. Topic: PIA.3 Reading the Text: Textbooks Are Not Meatloaf Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 9. Highlighting a text while you read it a) requires significant mental effort. Incorrect: Highlighting usually involves minimal effort for minimal reward. b) has been proven to significantly improve retention. c) works better on paper than it does electronically. d) is not as effective as actively taking notes. Correct: Writing notes helps improve processing and retention. Answer: d Learning Objective: PIA.3 Describe how to read a textbook so that you get the most out of your reading efforts. Topic: PIA.3 Reading the Text: Textbooks Are Not Meatloaf Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 10. Curtis takes a practice quiz after reading a chapter in his textbook. Curtis is engaging in which studying method? a) reading Incorrect: This part of the SQ3R method does not involve taking a practice quiz. b) recalling Correct: A practice quiz is a form of recalling or reviewing material. c) reciting d) questioning Answer: b Learning Objective: PIA.3 Describe how to read a textbook so that you get the most out of your reading efforts. Topic: PIA.3 Reading the Text: Textbooks Are Not Meatloaf Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 11. Recent research suggests that which parts of the SQ3R method are the most important? a) survey and question Incorrect: Research suggests that the later parts of the SQ3R method are the most important. b) survey and review c) question, read, and recite d) read, recite, and review Correct: Research suggests that the 3Rs helped improve learning and retention compared to other methods. Answer: d Learning Objective: PIA.3 Describe how to read a textbook so that you get the most out of your reading efforts. Topic: PIA.3 Reading the Text: Textbooks Are Not Meatloaf Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 3 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White 12. Typically, the PowerPoint slides that accompany a lecture a) contain all of the information a student would need. Incorrect: PowerPoints are not a substitute for active note taking and listening. b) are usually a series of talking points to guide the lecture. Correct: PowerPoint slides are usually meant to organize the lecture and keep the instructor on track. c) repeat the information found in the readings and textbook. d) can be a substitute for taking notes or listening to the lecture. Answer: b Learning Objective: PIA.4 Identify the best methods for taking notes and listening in class. Topic: PIA.4 Getting the Most Out of Lectures Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 13. Active listening involves a) focusing on note taking rather than listening for meaning. Incorrect: This is not part of the art of active listening. b) asking your friend questions during a lecture about the material. c) using how the speaker looks to determine their credibility. d) maintaining eye contact with the speaker as much as possible. Correct: Active listening also involves sitting in a place where you can easily see and hear the speaker. Answer: d Learning Objective: PIA.4 Identify the best methods for taking notes and listening in class. Topic: PIA.4 Getting the Most Out of Lectures Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 14. The text suggests which method for helping you to take notes during a lecture? a) trying to write down everything that is said Incorrect: This is not considered to be an effective listening technique. b) focusing on the visual aids that are used c) asking your instructor if you can use a recorder Correct: By recording the lecture, you can focus on active listening and then listen to the material later to take notes. d) waiting until after the lecture to record notes Answer: c Learning Objective: PIA.4 Identify the best methods for taking notes and listening in class. Topic: PIA.4 Getting the Most Out of Lectures Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 15. Spacing out study sessions to avoid cramming last minute for an exam is called a) distributed practice. Correct: Distributed practice involves breaking up study sessions over time as opposed to waiting until the last minute. b) massed practice. Incorrect: This is not considered to be an effective studying technique. c) active practice. d) applied practice. Answer: a Learning Objective: PIA.5 Studying for Exams: Cramming Is Not an Option Topic: PIA.5 Describe how to approach studying for exams. Difficulty Level: Easy 4 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 16. Dr. Smith is considering adding an item to her midterm exam where students must compare John Dewey and Jean Piaget. This is an example of what kind of question? a) factual Incorrect: A comparison of two prominent psychologists involves a deeper analysis, which requires more thinking than other question types. b) applied c) conceptual Correct: Conceptual questions come in many types, including comparing people to demonstrate understanding their similarities and differences. d) reference Answer: c Learning Objective: PIA.5 Studying for Exams: Cramming Is Not an Option Topic: PIA.5 Describe how to approach studying for exams. Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 17. Finals week is approaching. Nicolas is trying to get a full night’s sleep in the week before exams and is making it a point to eat a healthy breakfast every morning. Nicolas is attending to his a) social needs. Incorrect: While all of these needs are important, proper sleep and nutrition are not classified as this type of need. b) safety needs. c) physical needs. Correct: Maintaining a proper sleep schedule and a healthy diet help satisfy Nicolas’s physical needs. d) emotional needs. Answer: c Learning Objective: PIA.5 Studying for Exams: Cramming Is Not an Option Topic: PIA.5 Describe how to approach studying for exams. Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 18. The text recommends which of the following strategies when taking a test? a) skipping a question if an answer is not clear and returning to it later Correct: Returning to difficult questions later in the exam is considered an effective test-taking strategy. b) making sure all questions are answered and then reviewing all answers Incorrect: Attempting all of the questions may help boost your confidence, lower anxiety, and give you memory cues for more difficult questions. c) tackling the hardest questions first d) answering all test questions in order Answer: a Learning Objective: PIA.5 Studying for Exams: Cramming Is Not an Option Topic: PIA.5 Describe how to approach studying for exams. Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 19. A mnemonic is generally used to improve a) behavior. Incorrect: A mnemonic is a strategy or technique that anyone can learn and use. b) stress. c) analysis. 5 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) memory. Correct: Mnemonics are memory techniques designed to help improve retention of information. Answer: d Learning Objective: PIA.6 Explain how using mnemonics can help you improve your memory for facts and concepts. Topic: PIA.6 Improving Your Memory Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 20. Coleysia is studying for her biology taxonomy exam. She creates a story of a king ruling her classroom with her family in it to remember that kingdom is larger than class, and class is larger than family. This is a method known as a) loci. Incorrect: Coleysia is trying to connect information in a way that is meaningful to her. b) verbal organization. c) linking. Correct: The linking method allows a learner to memorize information by making a list that is linked in some way. d) peg-words. Answer: c Learning Objective: PIA.6 Explain how using mnemonics can help you improve your memory for facts and concepts. Topic: PIA.6 Improving Your Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 21. Remember the notes on a treble clef using a phrase like “Every Good Boy Does Fine” is an example of which learning method? a) peg-word method Incorrect: While this is an effective memorization technique, this example is a different type of technique. b) method of loci c) rhythmic method d) verbal organization method Correct: Verbal mnemonics include acronyms or making sentences where the first letter of every word stands for a concept. Answer: d Learning Objective: PIA.6 Explain how using mnemonics can help you improve your memory for facts and concepts. Topic: PIA.6 Improving Your Memory Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 22. Kimberli is trying to memorize the order of main points for her speech. The first point is about the economy, so she imagines a stack of money in the entry way of her house. Kimberli is using what memory technique? a) method of loci Correct: The method of loci involves “placing” items mentally in a location the learner is familiar with. b) rhythmic organization Incorrect: Using mental maps of places is not a part of this learning technique. c) peg words d) linking Answer: a Learning Objective: PIA.6 Explain how using mnemonics can help you improve your memory for facts and concepts. Topic: PIA.6 Improving Your Memory 6 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 23. According to the text, what is the most common mistake students make when selecting a topic for a paper? a) seeking the approval of the professor Incorrect: This is not a common mistake students make when choosing a topic. b) selecting a topic from a provided list c) choosing topics that are too broad Correct: Topics that are too broad make it more difficult to narrowly construct a solid paper. A narrower focus allows students to focus on details. d) taking too many notes before choosing Answer: c Learning Objective: PIA.7 Describe the key steps in writing papers for college. Topic: PIA.7 Writing Papers Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 24. APA style helps a student a) cite references in a paper. Correct: The American Psychological Association (APA) provides standard procedures for citing research in written work. b) organize notes while researching. Incorrect: The American Psychological Association (APA) does not have a standard way to do this task. c) write an outline for a paper. d) organize revisions while drafting. Answer: a Learning Objective: PIA.7 Describe the key steps in writing papers for college. Topic: PIA.7 Writing Papers Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 25. In the paper writing process, what does it mean to “let it sit”? a) You should write an outline before you write a paper. Incorrect: While this is sound advice for paper writing, it is not part of the process of letting it sit. b) You should cite sources when writing your first draft. c) You should take notes on sources while conducting research. d) You should come back to the paper after a few days for revisions. Correct: Letting a paper sit involves taking some time off from the paper so you can read your work from a fresh perspective. Answer: d Learning Objective: PIA.7 Describe the key steps in writing papers for college. Topic: PIA.7 Writing Papers Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 26. Marco has written an outline for his psychology paper. The next step in the paper writing process is to a) write a first draft. Correct: With an outline in hand, Marco is ready to write his first draft. b) decide on the thesis. Incorrect: This step should be completed before outlining. c) do the research. 7 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White d) take notes. Answer: a Learning Objective: PIA.7 Describe the key steps in writing papers for college. Topic: PIA.7 Writing Papers Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 27. Copying someone else’s ideas or exact words and presenting them as your own is an example of a) writing. Incorrect: This is an expected part of the learning process. b) plagiarism. Correct: Plagiarism leads people to question your honesty and your integrity. c) studying. d) memorization. Answer: b Learning Objective: PIA.8 Identify some of the key ethical considerations you’ll face as a student. Topic: PIA.8 Your Ethical Responsibility as a Student Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 28. Ethan is writing a paper on memory. One way Ethan can avoid plagiarism is by a) asking his friend for ideas for a thesis statement. Incorrect: This is an unethical practice in writing and researching. b) reading an internet encyclopedia about his topic. c) using his notes to write his ideas in his own words. Correct: The text recommends this as an effective way to conduct research without plagiarizing. d) presenting quotes from his textbook without citations. Answer: c Learning Objective: PIA.8 Identify some of the key ethical considerations you’ll face as a student. Topic: PIA.8 Your Ethical Responsibility as a Student Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 29. According to a 2012 survey, what proportion of students admitted to cheating on an exam at least once? a) around one in ten Incorrect: Many people underestimate how common cheating actually is. b) roughly a fourth c) just under a third d) more than half Correct: Cheating is more common than many people realize. Answer: d Learning Objective: PIA.8 Identify some of the key ethical considerations you’ll face as a student. Topic: PIA.8 Your Ethical Responsibility as a Student Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 30. Research suggests that students usually do not report classmates who are cheating unless a) there is a cost for remaining silent. Correct: Students are more likely to report cheating if they feel like they will be impacted by the behavior, such as getting a lower grade. b) they are legally required to do so. 8 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Incorrect: Students are more likely to report cheating when they feel like they have a vested interest in doing so. c) they do not know each other as friends. d) there is a way to report anonymously. Answer: a Learning Objective: PIA.8 Identify some of the key ethical considerations you’ll face as a student. Topic: PIA.8 Your Ethical Responsibility as a Student Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Outcome: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White TRUE OR FALSE 1. Making flash cards with pictures or diagrams is an auditory way of studying. Answer: False Learning Objective: PIA.1 Identify four methods of studying. Topic: PIA.1 Study Skills Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 2. The human mind is designed to multitask effectively. Answer: False Learning Objective: PIA.2 Describe some strategies for time and task management. Topic: PIA.2 Managing Time and Tasks Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 3. Before reading a chapter in a textbook, F.P. Robinson recommends surveying the chapter to help form a framework of the material in your head. Answer: True Learning Objective: PIA.3 Describe how to read a textbook so that you get the most out of your reading efforts. Topic: PIA.3 Reading the Text: Textbooks Are Not Meatloaf Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 4. In the SQ3R reading method, the last step is to recite the information. Answer: False Learning Objective: PIA.3 Describe how to read a textbook so that you get the most out of your reading efforts. Topic: PIA.3 Reading the Text: Textbooks Are Not Meatloaf Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 5. Active listeners ask questions when they do not understand something. Answer: True Learning Objective: PIA.4 Identify the best methods for taking notes and listening in class. Topic: PIA.4 Getting the Most Out of Lectures Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 6. Memorization is the best way to prepare for a test that will mostly ask applied questions. Answer: False Learning Objective: PIA.5 Describe how to approach studying for exams. Topic: PIA.5 Studying for Exams: Cramming Is Not an Option Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 7. Not getting enough sleep is bad for the learning process. Answer: True Learning Objective: PIA.5 Describe how to approach studying for exams. 10 Copyright © 2022, 2018, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology: An Exploration 5e/Ciccarelli/White Topic: PIA.5 Studying for Exams: Cramming Is Not an Option Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 8. The method of loci involves picturing information in a physical location familiar to the learner. Answer: True Learning Objective: PIA.6 Improving Your Memory Topic: PIA.6 Explain how using mnemonics can help you improve your memory for facts and concepts. Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Remember the Facts APA Learning Objective: 5.2 Exhibit self-efficacy and self-regulation. 9. The text recommends that when writing a paper, the writer should write the first draft before deciding on a thesis statement. Answer: False Learning Objective: PIA.7 Describe the key steps in writing papers for college. Topic: PIA.7 Writing Papers Difficulty Level: Easy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts APA Learning Objective: 5.3 Refine project-management skills. 10. Copying your friend’s paper and submitting it as part of your own project without citing them is a form of plagiarism. Answer: True Learning Objective: PIA.8 Identify some of the key ethical considerations you’ll face as a student. Topic: PIA.8 Your Ethical Responsibility as a Student Difficulty Level: Moderate Skill Level: Apply What You Know APA Learning Objective: 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels.