1 Comparative Analysis of Sociological Theoretical Frameworks in Urban Sociology Aspect
Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Meaning/Definition
The urban society is an organism with interrelated parts that function to maintain stability. Various household and social institutions contribute to the urban environment's overall equilibrium (Macionis & Parrillo, 2013).
Key Concepts
- Organic analogy Urban society is akin to an organism with interdependent parts (Abrahamson, 2014). Manifest functions are intended, overt consequences of urban structures, while latent functions are unintended or hidden. There is an analysis of both positive and negative aspects of urban life to understand how they contribute to overall stability.
Power struggles, class conflict, and social inequality in urban environments are prevalent. Urban society is characterized by inherent divisions, particularly between social classes, which lead to conflicts over resources and power (Macionis & Parrillo, 2013). - Social stratification The hierarchical division of urban society is based on socioeconomic factors (Abrahamson, 2014). There is a class struggle, as seen in the ongoing battle for resources, particularly among social classes. The unequal distribution of power and control in urban society and its impact on social conflicts.
Symbolic Interactionism Individuals and groups create and interpret symbols and meanings in urban settings. Urban life follows everyday interactions and shared symbols that individuals use to define reality, including language, gestures, and rituals (Macionis & Parrillo, 2013). - Symbolic interaction Symbols and meanings shape social reality (Abrahamson, 2014). - Symbolic meanings as noted in their interactions Labeling and social roles reflect the process by which individuals are categorized and assigned roles based on societal labels and interactions.
2 Notable Thinkers/Scholars & Specific Studies/Works
View of Urban Problems & Solutions
- Herbert Spencer: A key figure in early functionalism, Spencer applied the organic analogy to understand urban society (Stones, 1998). - Emile Durkheim explained mechanical and organic solidarity concepts (Macionis & Parrillo, 2013). - Talcott Parsons: There was the expansion of Durkheim's work and development of structural functionalism, which applied the functionalist perspective to urban sociology (Stones, 1998). - Georg Simmel illustrated the relationship between city characteristics and individual behaviors in urban dynamics (Macionis & Parrillo, 2013). Urban problems are temporary dysfunctions or disruptions in the overall equilibrium. Solutions involve maintaining social cohesion and order. Addressing these problems can help restore stability.
- Karl Marx: The founder of conflict theory, Marx's work laid the foundation for analyzing class struggle in urban environments (Stones, 1998). - Friedrich Engels collaborated with Marx and examined the impact of industrialization and capitalism on urban life (Stones, 1998). - Max Weber: The writings on bureaucracy and the rationalization of urban life contributed to conflict theory (Stones, 1998).
- George Herbert Mead: Known for his work on symbolic interactionism, Mead's theories on the self and social interactions are central to this framework (Stones, 1998). - Erving Goffman researched impression management and face-toface interactions as a fundamental element of symbolic interactionism (Stones, 1998). - Howard Becker: The thinker’s work on labeling theory explores how society attaches labels to individuals and the consequences of such labels (Stones, 1998). - Ferdinand Tönnies brought the concepts of "Gemeinschaft" (community) and "Gesellschaft" (society) and explored the characteristics and differences between traditional communities and modern societies (Macionis & Parrillo, 2013).
Urban problems result from inequality and exploitation in urban society (Macionis & Parrillo, 2013). Conflict theorists argue that solutions require addressing power imbalances, promoting social justice, and
Urban problems arise from misinterpreting symbols and meanings, leading to miscommunication and misunderstandings. Solutions involve improving communication, understanding, and promoting a shared
3
Methodological Approaches to Studying Urban Sociology
Quantitative research methods, surveys, and statistical analysis help examine social structures and functions by gathering data to analyze the functions and dysfunctions of urban institutions (Macionis & Parrillo, 2013).
challenging the status quo. It utilizes qualitative research methods, ethnography, and critical analysis to explore power dynamics and class conflict in urban areas. In-depth case studies and critical examinations of urban disparities are common (Macionis & Parrillo, 2013).
interpretation of symbols. Focuses on qualitative research, participant observation, and content analysis to understand how symbols and meanings shape urban life. Fieldwork is used to observe and analyze the dynamics of everyday interactions (Macionis & Parrillo, 2013).
4 References Abrahamson, M. (2014). Urban Sociology: A Global Introduction. Cambridge University Press. Macionis, J. J, & Parrillo, V. N. (2013). Cities and urban life. Pearson. Stones, R. (1998). Key sociological thinkers. New York University Press.