Qn Using current nursing practice what is the cause of MS .What are the current treatments and how do they work?
The exact cause of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is not fully understood, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. In MS, the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the protective coating of nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord(Grossman et al., 2014, p. 266). This immune system malfunction leads to damage to the myelin sheath, which is like the insulation on electrical wires. As a result, nerve signals cannot travel properly, leading to the symptoms and problems associated with MS(Grossman et al., 2014, p. 411). While the precise trigger for this autoimmune response is unclear, factors such as genetics, viral infections, and low vitamin D levels may contribute to a person’s susceptibility to developing MS(American College of Physicians, 2017).
Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) involves several approaches: Disease-Modifying Therapies (DMTs): These medications play a pivotal role in addressing the underlying immunological dysregulation of MS. DMTs encompass a spectrum of medications, including interferon-beta formulations, monoclonal antibodies (such as, natalizumab, ocrelizumab), and oral agents (such as, fingolimod) (Grossman et al., 2014, p. 503). These drugs primarily work to help slow down the progression of MS by modulating the immune system. They work by reducing inflammation and the activity of immune cells, preventing further damage to the myelin sheath and nerves in the central nervous system(Grossman et al., 2014, p. 504). They can inhibit lymphocyte activation, reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines, and regulate immune cell trafficking across the blood-brain barrier, thus attenuating the frequency and severity of relapses in relapsing forms of MS(American College of Physicians, 2017).
Symptomatic Treatments: These address specific symptoms of MS. Patients with MS commonly
experience a range of symptoms, including spasticity, fatigue, neuropathic pain, and bladder dysfunction(Grossman et al., 2014, p. 503). Symptomatic treatment encompass muscle relaxants (such as, baclofen) or antispasmodics help with muscle stiffness and spasms, while corticosteroids can reduce inflammation during relapses(Grossman et al., 2014, p. 504). Fatigue may be managed with medications such as amantadine,and analgesics for pain management.
Non-pharmacological interventions are integral and may involve physical therapy to enhance mobility, strength and coordination(Grossman et al., 2014, p. 503).Occupational therapy to address activities of daily living,making it easier for patients to manage their day-to-day tasks. Speech therapy for communication difficulties. Lifestyle Modifications: A healthy diet, regular exercise is essential to help keep muscles strong and maintain physical function, and stress management can help manage symptoms and improve overall well-being for people with MS(Grossman et al., 2014, p. 503). Nurses work closely with multidisciplinary teams to ensure comprehensive care and consider the holistic needs of each patient.
Emotional Support: Living with MS can be emotionally challenging. Counseling and support groups can help patients cope with the psychological aspects of the disease. The goal of these treatments is to reduce the frequency of relapses, manage symptoms, and improve the quality of life for individuals with MS(Grossman et al., 2014, p. 503). The precise treatment plan is tailored to each patient’s unique needs, and it is typically managed by a team of healthcare professionals, including neurologists and nurses, to provide comprehensive care.
REFERENCE i)Grossman, S., Porth, C. M., Cornelius, J., Gerard, S. O., Moriber, N., O'Shea, E. R., Wheeler, K., & Bautista, C. (2014). Porth's Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States (9th ed.).
ii)American College of Physicians. (2017). Clinical guidelines for the management of multiple sclerosis.
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5241505/
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