Building Systems for Interiors - Case Study Grove at Grand Bay Condominium Association IND 5615 Building Systems for Interiors Prof. Marcia Lopes De Mello FIU—Interior Architecture—Fall 2021 Group #9 Alexandra Cosio - Andreina Bozzelli - Emilia Molina
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TABLE OF CONTENT Chapter #1-2-3….………………………………………………………………………………....314 Environmental Conditions and the Site Design for the Environment Design for Human Health & Safety Chapter #4-5-6…………………………………………………………………………………...1524 Building Forms, structures, and Elements Floor\Ceiling Assemblies Walls and Stairs Windows and Doors Chapter #7-8 ………………………………………………………………………………….....25-41 Acoustic Design Principles Architectural Acoustics Chapter #9-10-11 …………………………………………………………………………….....42-60 Water Supply Systems Waste and Reduce Systems Features and Appliances Chapter #12-13-14 ……………………………………………………………………….……..61-83 Principles of Thermal Comfort Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation, and Moisture Control Heating and Cooling Chapter #15-16-17 ………………………………………………………………………………8495 Electrical Systems Basics Electrical Distribution Lighting Systems
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BUILDING GENERAL INFORMATION
Architects: Bjarke Ingels Group Location: 2669 S Bayshore Dr, Miami, FL 33133 Architect in Charge: Bjarke Ingels, Thomas Christoffersen Design Team Tiago Barros, Jitendra Jain, Brian Foster, Ed Yung, Terrence Chew, Ji-Young Joon, Kasper Hansen, Chris Malcolm, Alana Goldweit, Martin Voelkle, Greg Knobloch, Ho Kyung Lee, Mina Rafiee, Cat Huang, Maureen McGee, Chris Falla, Valerie Lechene Project Leaders: Leon Rost, Ziad Shehab Area: 58,900 m2 Project Year: 2014 Collaborators Nichols Brosch Wurst Wolfe & Associates, Inc. , Esrawe, Desimone, Hngs, Raymond Jungles Client: Terra Group
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CHAPTER #1: Environmental Conditions and the Site Climate Change and Materials The landscaping is designed to maximize the indoor-outdoor living experiences that are unique to the climate of South Florida. The grove is brought into the structure through the use of local materials and finishes that reflect the surroundings. The hurricane-impact glass was installed in the towers as a resiliency element. 30 percent of the building materials are recycled include steel, metal studs, and gypsum board. The comprehensive materials used protect Grove's towers and neighboring parks from the effects of climate change.
Figure 1
Energy Sources
The renewable energy come from the solar panels located in the building where the sun radiation hit the structure.
Figure 2
Energy Consumption by the building
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35% of its power is met from renewable energy sources
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High-efficiency lighting energy
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Passive shading
The passive solar shading is achieved in building with the concrete slabs designed for the cantilever past the perimeter of the apartment floors in order to accommodate deep balconies and to shade the full glazed.
Figure 3 4
CHAPTER #1: Environmental Conditions and the Site SITE CONDITIONS The climate in the site is most of the time hot special in the summer months. In the winter months the temperate goes down a little. The sun hit the building the most at noon, and in the middle has the most radiation. The two towers are twisting at a 38degree angle, this creates more shade in the building and helps to reduce the sun going through the building’s glass. The architects took into consideration the site's weather condition while designing the structure of the building. Figure 4
Building placement The Grove at Grand Bay's two towers adapt to the environment and to one another to provide optimal views from every vantage point. The towers rise from the ground to provide panoramic views of everything from sailboat bays and marinas to the Miami skyline. The buildings' dancing motion provides a new landmark in the neighborhood. Over the parking and amenity areas, a rich profusion of plant life envelopes the area, folding down to provide pedestrian and vehicular access.
The building alignment allows for additional views of the surroundings
Figure 6
By compacting the footprint of the south tower and the north tower is offered a straight view to the ocean.
Figure 5
As the building rise over their neighbors, the view change to both the marina in front and the Miami skyline to the north. The twisting design of the building allow the towers to stand next to each other side by side and to do not block each other’s views.
LAND REUSE The Grove at grand Bay is consider brownfield site. Before the Grand Bay Hotel was built in the same site and demolish after 4 years of been closed for the construction of the grove Bay condominium
Figure 7
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CHAPTER #2: Design for the Environment Building Envelope
Figure 8
Exterior or shell of a building that repels the elements. Enclosed and shelter space, protecting us from wind, rain, sun, among others. By creating twisting towers at a 38 degree angle that rise side-by-side but never cross paths, BIG were able to optimize views, outdoor spaces and the flexibility of the floor plans while allowing the buildings to interact with one another. Height of each floor: 3.65 m Height of last Floor: 6.5 m Thickness of the slab: 27 cm Height of the handrail: 90 cm Depth of Balconies: 5 m
Exterior Walls The building is mainly composite core of concrete and steel internal plates that support vertical and horizontal loads with Thermoglass exterior walls. Technology that uses a transparent nano coating on the glass surface to transform electrical energy into radiant heat.
Roof Figure 9
Horizontal Sheer Force:
Grove at Grand Bay’s landscape architecture was designed by the Miami landscaper Raymond Jungles. The porsche Thermal bridge and its Green Roof provide shade, remove heat from the air, and reduce temperatures of the roof surface and surrounding air.
Since all the columns are rotating in the same direction, additional horizontal thrust from all columns creates a large shear force in the tower cores.
Building Movement: The tower floor plates are cambered rotationally, as much as a half-inch relative to the floor below, for 75% movement due to the building self-weight to compensate for the displacement. This allows the tower to settle back to the design coordinates just before the hat truss reaches design strength.
6 Figure 10
CHAPTER #2: Design for the Environment Heat Flow, Moisture Flow, and Insulation Material, and The Building Envelope
Figure 11
Specialty Spray Systems was contracted by Facchina Construction to apply a ceramic coating to the underside of the concrete floors where they were exposed to the elements. This ceramic covering not only served as a waterproof barrier, but it also acted as a thermal break, keeping the occupied space above cool in the hot Florida sun. Specialty Spray Systems is a full-service Division of 7 contractor specializing in thermal and moisture protection for construction projects. ● ● ●
SCOPE: Application of FG International 4440 Ceramic Insulation to Concrete Structure. Vapor Retarder and Fireproofing Material DURATION: 2 Years and 3 Months BUDGET: $200,000,000
Insulation Materials Applied: Materials applied in order to achieve the desired RValue or NRC rating. Fiberglass: Fiberglass spray-applied insulation is made up of non-combustible inorganic glass fibers and a non-hazardous synthetic emulsion glue. Cellulose: To create a Class A and Class 1 certified material, cellulose fibers are mixed with a natural fire retardant.
Figure 12
Open Cell Foam: Medium density material that can be utilized in exposed settings. Low density foam is typically employed in concealed places. Termocromex: remarkable reformulation that works on CMU, frame/sheathing, tilt wall, poured-in-place concrete, and lightweight blocks/cement. Technoglass (Low-E Glass): It reduces the quantity of UV and infrared light that can flow through glass without sacrificing visible light transmission.
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CHAPTER #2: Design for the Environment Figure 13
Energy Efficiency Design Design that helps regulate the building's temperature, thereby reducing reliance on mechanical HVAC systems to heat or cool the building. The job was to ameliorate the functionality of the building by adding a Solar Panel Systems. Solar panel, or photo-voltaic modules of photo-voltaic cells are mounted in each level with ball joints that collects sunlight to be used as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity.
Sustainable Design: Design supporting the LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) organizations. This pair of towers, won the LEED gold, since it is a low-density project with 98 units topped with dual level penthouses and other amenities.
LEED Certificate: Materials: Florida stone, certified wood, reclaimed topsoil replanted mature trees, low voc paints and finishes. Water: Low-flow fixtures, native vegetation with proper soil depths, high efficiency irrigation Energy: High efficiency lighting, PASSIVE SOLAR SHADING (the use of the sun's energy for the heating and cooling of living spaces by exposure to the sun.) Windows: Clear low E-glass
Figure 14
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CHAPTER #3: Design for Human Health & Safety Maintaining Thermal Equilibrium Whether in the shade of the buildings' twisting facades or inside, residents of the Grove at Grand Bay will fully experience and relish living amid the open air. Here, although the whole building is full of windows and concrete, the materials and technology used in the construction are efficient to keep the building and the rooms at a suitable temperature for living. Miami has a very tropical climate, where heat and rainfall are an important factor to take into consideration to avoid moisture, humidity, too warm temperatures and glare.
Figure 15
Glass Substrates
TECNOGLASS
Glass Heat Treatment
Insulating glass improves the window´s thermal performance by using an air spacer between two or more lites of glass to reduce the heat gain or loss. By using a primary polyisobutylene seal and a secondary silicone seal. The desiccant absorbs any internal moisture in the insulating glass unit.
Coating Silicone Space
Figure 16 1 ½” AAC Block
EXTERIOR CLADDING OF THE BUILDING CONCRETE AND THERMOCROMEX
3” Light Weight Concrete 1 ½” AAC Block 3/8” min. Thermochromex
THERMOCROMEX
Thermocromex offers a thermal resistance factor (Rvalue) that is FIVE TIMES greater than that of stucco. This not only provides insulation for the building envelope, but also offers a significant percentage improvement over baseline energy performance ratings. Figure 17
FITNESS CENTER / SPA
POOLS
GREEN AREAS
Grove at Grand Bay offers highly personalized services and amenities focused on the health of its occupants. 9 This includes a fitness center and spa, which promotes movement and exercise, as well as access to 7 different pools throughout the property for cooling off, which is much needed in Miami. The local vegetation is also a factor in thermal issues, as the plants absorb heat and provide a cooler environment.
CHAPTER #3: Design for Human Health & Safety Visual & Acoustic Comfort One of the biggest challenges facing the building is to have views of the bay for all occupants. For this very reason, each of the units in these unique structures have been designed and positioned to offer unobstructed views of the verdant gardens below, the lush surrounding neighborhoods, the magnificent waters of the bay and the open skies to inspire people with the best of nature every day. In addition, the open floor plan apartments with 12foot-high ceilings offer a spectacle for each room, with another 12-foot-deep balconies, the people who live there have as their focal point the common areas of the property including the outdoor areas such as the organic foliage and the bay.
Figure 18
Figure 20
Acoustical materials and coatings are used throughout the building to prevent exterior sounds from entering the interior. Also, the glass and the positioning of the buildings provide comfort and shade for the occupants to avoid glare while having connection to the outdoors and a view.
Other Human Environmental Requirements The result is windows and doors that are more energy efficient and buildings that are more cost effective. This type of glass can also reduce noise transmission.
“Coconut Grove is a special place with a welldefined soul, so it was important that Grove at Grand Bay respond to its community through a design that was respectful and distinctive” – Architect Bjarke Ingels Figure 19
-High impact glass – The Biscayne aquifer, the main source of water supplies in Miami-Dade County. This is the center from which the building obtains potable water for its occupants and sanitary uses.
reason of the structures’ fanciful twists is to provide both buildings with formidable protection against the area’s famously volatile weather, which combines daily exposure to corrosive and humid salt air with 10 the perpetual summertime threat of multiple hurricanes.
CHAPTER #3: Design for Human Health & Safety Hazardous Materials The 12-foot-high floor-to-ceiling windows and balcony glazing metal framing were hermetically sealed with Duranar coatings, which offer proven seacoast corrosion performance, More than 22 tons of the product were used on the project.. This is based on a 70% polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) formulation. High or repeated exposure to Vinylidene Fluoride can cause headache, dizziness, disorientation, nausea and vomiting.
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Figure 21
This Gold certificate building is exposed to wind and air laden with high salt content, the architect selected materials that meets strict wind design loads, while remaining blemish-free from efflorescence. The source of water-soluble salts varies, from saltladen air to the components in cement and mortar mixes. All the materials used are natural hydraulic lime that does not contains impurities that would be susceptible to efflorescence. Grove at Grand Bay building used three main materials for its construction, and all of them were local: Oolite natural Florida stone, Florida keystone pavers, and concrete. In material resources, the building is awarded with 5 point out of 13, they managed the construction waste material, the use of recycled content, and the use of regional materials. So, it is not hazardous for human health and either for the environment. In indoor environmental quality accordingly materials used, they awarded 7 points out of 12. This includes the use of low-emitting materials in flooring, painting, adhesives, and sealants. Figure 23
Oolite Natural Florida Stone Is a natural quarried stone from south Florida. It can contain coral fossils or shells. It is found close to the surface of the ground and can run as deep as 30 feet.
Florida Keystone Pavers Keystone is ultimately a type of limestone. It is mainly quarried from the Windley Key fossil quarry, Is the highest quality natural stone and 100% sustainable.
Concrete Provide energy efficiency, long-life cycle, lower life11 cycle costs and resilience following natural and manmade disasters.
CHAPTER #3: Design for Human Health & Safety Building Codes and Standards
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GROVE AT GRAND BAY CONDOMINIUM ASSOCIATION, INC.
The condominium passed a strong first test in 2017 with Hurricane Irma, which being in front of the bay, this area is in the heart of hurricane exposure, and it faced winds of 100 mprh. Taking into account materials, structures, and codes; Florida building code minimum standards for the public's health and safety are ensured. HPLP have high wind load ratings and exceeds ASTM D6904: Standard Practices for Resistance to Wind-Driven Rain for Exterior Coating Applied on Masonry Security Information Fire Sprinklers, Fire Alarm, Smoke Detector, Doorman, Elevator Secure, Lobby Secured. ADA Accessibility The condominium has elevators in the social areas for the amenities and also with a private elevator for each room in the building. There is also a variety of ADA compliant rooms providing flexibility for those who need it. Throughout the building the signage is well defined, making it easy to locate emergency exits and access for visitors and residents. LEED GOLD CERTIFICATE Besides its sense of luxury, Grove can claim LEED Gold status. Measures involve reducing the use of potable water for irrigation by almost 80 percent and having heating and cooling systems rely on highefficiency chillers and variablespeed exhaust. At least 30 percent of the materials are recycled or locally sourced. -Water use reduction -Green Power -Enhanced refrigerant mgmt. -Construction waste mgtm -Innovative design
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Some Awards •USGBC – South Florida Region Gala Verde Award – Most Outstanding Green Residential •Interior Design Magazine Best of Year Awards – Best Luxury Condominium •Structural Engineers Association of New York (SEAONY) – Engineers Choice •American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Miami-Dade Awards – Project of the Year, Honorable Mention •American Council of Engineering Companies New York (ACEC NY)– Platinum Award, Structural Systems •Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute (CRSI) Honors Award •National Council of Structural Engineers 12 Associations (NCSEA) Awards – Excellence in Structural Engineering
CHAPTER #1-3 : References Grove at Grand Bay condo sales & RENTALS: Coconut GROVE CONDOS. Miami Luxury Homes. (2019, February 26). Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.miamiluxuryhomes.com/grove-at-grand-bay-condos-coconutgrove/. Condo Black Book, L. L. C. (n.d.). Grove at Grand Bay condos for sale and rent in Coconut Grove - Miami. CondoBlackBook. Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.condoblackbook.com/coconut-grove/grove-atgrand-bay/. Grove at Grandbay. Miami 1. (n.d.). Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.miami1.com/building/grove-atgrandbay#!for-sale. Grove at Grand Bay. David Siddons Group. (n.d.). Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://luxlifemiamiblog.com/condos/grove-at-grand-bay/. Amy Frearson | 17 December 2012 18 comments. (2016, July 4). The Grove at Grand bay by big. Dezeen. Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.dezeen.com/2012/12/17/the-grove-at-grand-bay-by-big/. Grove at Grand BAY GARDEN. Raymond Jungles, Inc. (2020, November 12). Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.raymondjungles.com/project/grove-at-grand-bay/. Rojas, C. (2018, February 21). Grove at Grand Bay / big. ArchDaily. Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.archdaily.com/889344/grove-at-grand-bay-big. Grove at Grand Bay Condos for sale: Re/max paradise. Properties & Paradise. (n.d.). Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.miamipropertiesandparadise.com/miami-luxury/grove-at-grand-bay. The grove at Grand Bay. Architect. (2016, August 17). Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/the-grove-at-grand-bay-1167. Grove at Grand Bay. Miami Condos. (n.d.). Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.miamicondoinvestments.com/grove-at-grand-bay-condos. Grove at Grand Bay by Bjarke Ingels Group completes. designboom. (2016, August 11). Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.designboom.com/architecture/grove-at-grand-bay-miami-bjarke-ingels-group-big-coconutgrove-08-10-2016/. Stephens, S. (2019, November 5). Grove at Grand Bay by Bjarke Ingels Group. Architectural Record RSS. Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/13003-grove-at-grand-bay-by-bjarke-ingelsgroup.
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CHAPTER #1-3 : Figures References Figure 1, 2, & 3: Grove at Grand Bay. Miami Condos. (n.d.). Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.miamicondoinvestments.com/grove-at-grand-bay-condos. Figure 4, 5, 6 & 7: Condo Black Book, L. L. C. (n.d.). Grove at Grand Bay condos for sale and rent in Coconut Grove - Miami. CondoBlackBook. Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.condoblackbook.com/coconut-grove/grove-atgrand-bay/. Figure 8 & 9: Stephens, S. (2019, November 5). Grove at Grand Bay by Bjarke Ingels Group. Architectural Record RSS. Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/13003-grove-at-grand-bay-by-bjarke-ingelsgroup. Figure 10, 11, 12, 13 & 14: Grove at Grand Bay. Miami Condos. (n.d.). Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.miamicondoinvestments.com/grove-at-grand-bay-condos. Figure 15 & 16: Grove at Grand Bay condo sales & RENTALS: Coconut GROVE CONDOS. Miami Luxury Homes. (2019, February 26). Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.miamiluxuryhomes.com/grove-at-grand-bay-condos-coconutgrove/. Figure 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 & 22: Stephens, S. (2019, November 5). Grove at Grand Bay by Bjarke Ingels Group. Architectural Record RSS. Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/13003-grove-at-grand-bay-by-bjarke-ingelsgroup. Figure23, 24, 25 & 26: Grove at Grandbay. Miami 1. (n.d.). Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.miami1.com/building/grove-atgrandbay#!for-sale.
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CHAPTER #4: Building Forms, Structures, and Elements Structural System: Foundation The foundation used is called Slabs-on-grade, also known as floating slab, Concrete slabs that are immediately put on the ground over a prepared surface are referred to as. Crawl space are also part of the foundation and are found of the parking lot.
Building Loads: Post-tensioned slabs are supported by round concrete columns that slant and turn with the structure, with the core resisting the twist's torque. The forced within the structure is diffused by a hat truss at the top of each tower.
Figure 2
Figure 1
Compression, Deflection, and Tensions:
The foremost challenge was to resist torsion generated in the tower core due to the sloping column geometry.
Vertica Supports: Twisted columns that runs along the entire building, from the bottom to the top, are the only consistently vertical structural elements in the building.
Spanning Openings: A “hat truss” was introduced at the roof. The hat truss is comprised of a series of beams cantilevered from the cores and connected to all the columns. The design flood elevation for the entire basement slab is +13.0 NGVD, resulting in a design uplift pressure of 710 pounds per square foot. To save money on excavation and dewatering, multiple-pile podium caps were 15 substituted with a single larger pile with a cap poured monolithically with the basement slab.
CHAPTER #4: Building Forms, Structures, and Elements Shearing Forces: Unaligned forces pushing one section of a body in one direction and another part of the body in the opposite direction are known as shearing forces. Compression forces are created when forces are oriented into each other. Twisting Forces are also found in the structure itself; where tension plays a key roll. The turning or twisting force that causes torsion is called torque.
Grid Frameworks: CSS Grid and CSS Framework allowed developers to create bespoke complex layouts with complete control using only Native CSS properties, rather than relying on frameworks that are limited to simple 12 column grid layouts with default styling rules and limited modification options.
Service Cores: Figure 4
Figure 3
Structural Types: The building is mainly composite core of concrete and steel internal plates that support vertical and horizontal loads with Thermoglass exterior walls.
Masonry Structures: Masonry consists of building structures from single units that are laid and bound together with mortar. Grove at Grand Bay contains Concrete Masonry Units: Portland cement, aggregates, and water are used to make concrete blocks. A concrete masonry unit is another name for it (CMU). This Concrete Masonry Structures are combined with Technoglass windows and big panels to allow natural light in and appreciation of the grove views
Vertical space used for circulation and services. A core allows people to move between the floors of a building and distributes services efficiently to the floors.
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CHAPTER #4: Building Forms, Structures, and Elements Figure 5
Concrete Structures: The magnitude of the combined horizontal shear force from the building self-weight and the hurricane wind loads required conventionally reinforced concrete shear walls to be six feet thick. The main Concrete Structures and joint in together with concrete expansion joint, also Concrete Core known as a control joint. This are a gap that Joint6 allows the concrete to expand and contract in Figure response to changes in temperature. It creates a barrier between the concrete and the rest of the building, allowing movement without producing stress and cracking.
Concrete Expansion
Metal Structures: To accomplish the total wall thickness, internal steel plates with thicknesses of up to 3.75 inches were necessary. In the border element zones, rolled steel sections substituted typical reinforcing steel. The plates go vertically for 15 stories, with typical reinforcing steel running all the way to the roof.
Steel Plates Figure 7
Reasons for Choosing Reinforced Concrete: • •
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To help alleviate congestion, 100ksi reinforcing steel (rebar) was placed in the foundations. To increase sellable space and prevent long-term creep owing to the building's twisting geometry, a composite 30" thick shear wall system was adopted. Concrete with tensile strengths of up to 12,000 psi was used.
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CHAPTER #5: Floor/Ceiling Assemblies, Walls, & Stairs Figure 8
Introduction Thanks to the technological advances in engineering today, builders are looking for ways to maximize spaces both inside and in height. Open floor plan layouts, stair elevators in specific locations, and the use of appropriate materials create visual proportion. The function of the floor in a building "withstand the use intended for a specific space", while the final ceiling designs indicates the maximum height in space. The function of the exterior and interior walls is to complement the vertical support, provide sound control and thermal properties. Finally, the stairs and ramps provide vertical access and circulation through all levels of the building.
Horizontal Structural Units This building has 20 floors of concrete slabs that rotate 3 degrees from slab to slab and each floor has 14 feet of balcony depth of the same material that allows visual and physical interaction with the environment and nature. The floor platforms serve as horizontal forces at each level as axial load components to keep the columns stable. An unconventional slab scheme was proposed consisting of an 8-foot wide, 16 inches thickened slab around the core to allow a 10 inches thick posttensioned slab to span the remaining distance to the perimeter. This provide 12 feet clear floor to ceiling dimensions in the living spaces.
Figure 9
To compensate for rotational displacement, the tower floor plates are rotationally cambered as much as one-half inch relative to the floor below for 75% movement due to the weight of the building itself. This allows the towers to settle back to the coordinate design just before the hat truss reaches design strength. Also, the use of steel plates for strength in the lower levels helped to control the building rotation due to longterm concrete creep. Figure 10
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Figure 11
CHAPTER #5: Floor/Ceiling Assemblies, Walls, & Stairs Wall Systems
Figure 12
One of the biggest challenges in the construction of this building was to find cost-effective solutions that would resist the large torsional forces while at the same time imposing minimal impact on the distribution of space on each floor and room. To achieve an open, spacious, and unobstructed layout, the columns were positioned to match the rhythm of the rotating floors and thanks to the central core composition as well as the sheer walls that border the entire building. The result is 12-foot high ceilings, fully glazed floor-toceiling envelope walls, maximized and uncluttered spaces. In the spaces where columns intersect within each floor, it is possible to see the formation of slightly more angled and angled spaces depending on the construction of interior partitions and the sheer wall corners. These columns were spaced across the perimeter of the building approximately 35 feet from the building and 30 inches in diameter. Figure 13
Figure 14
Stairs & Ramps Since the rotating floor slabs cause slight variations in unit types throughout the building, in order to maintain an efficient vertical distribution and circulation system, the vertical shafts were located adjacent to the central core. This avoided complicated and costly rerouting or distribution of staircases. Each floor has two service staircases wide enough for emergencies divided by an elevator that allows for faster circulation between floors. This connects to a small hallway that leads to the different apartments, 4 units per floor that also have a private elevator that allows direct access from each unit to the social and public part of the building. The building has some handicapped access ramps in the social areas where there are some stairs with different floor levels, such as in the main entrance 19 and lobby, and also with service and freight elevators.
CHAPTER #6: Windows and Doors Introduction The windows and the doors play a big role when comes to the interior design layout of the building. The windows connect the interior with the exterior environment, and they are part of the structural design of the building. The building was specially designed for the users to enjoy the view from their comfort of living room, bathroom, kitchen, and bedroom. The doors control the passage of people, air, heat, light through the different spaces in the building. Figure 14
Windows 12 ft floor to ceiling windows
Figure 15
There is only one type of window in the whole building. The windows are 12 feet that go through floor to ceiling. The design of the windows helps to provide an amazing view and adapts to the Miami climate.
v
The material used on the window is insulting glass panels of coated. The glass is hurricane resistant and helps to control the heat going through interiors. The windows were specially designed by the Technoglass group.
Figure 17
The windows are located around the whole structure proving different views to all the users. On the floor plan, we can observe how every space is design with a window view to the exterior creating a connection with the environment. Figure 16
Location- Kitchen | Bathroom | Living room | Bedroom Figure 18
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CHAPTER #6: Windows and Doors Toplighting and Skylighting A skylight is a roof opening covered with translucent glass or plastic that allows light to enter. A skylight is placed high in a space, light diffuse before reaching the floor level, eliminating glare in the users' visual field. Toplighting is implemented in structures when the view and orientation are complemented by windows on the ground level. Toplighting can be diffused by light reflecting off the ceiling or light sources with a baffles or banners. Do not apply to my project program. Figure 19
Skylight in the rotunda of Figure 20 Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil in Rio de Janeiro. Toplighting in the Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth texas.
Doors The building has different types of doors that we can identify in the floor plan below. We have sliding doors in small spaces for better circulation, we have ADA standards doors on most of the spaces, double doors, emergency access doors, and sliding glass doors to exit the balcony. vc The glass doors are 12 feet high that goes from floor to ceiling. These doors were specially made for the building and are the high-impact door for the hurricane. All the doors in the interior layout that connect the different spaces follow the ADA standards measures.
Conclusion The windows in the building are what connect the interior with the exterior. The building used the windows as the main source of natural lighting and view to the outdoor. The windows v and glass doors are designed for climate in Florida taking into consideration hurricane season. The doors are used for privacy and are assessable for all users.
Figure 21
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CHAPTER #4-5-6 : References Grove at Grand Bay condo sales & RENTALS: Coconut GROVE CONDOS. Miami Luxury Homes. (2019, February 26). Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.miamiluxuryhomes.com/grove-at-grand-bay-condos-coconut-grove/. Condo Black Book, L. L. C. (n.d.). Grove at Grand Bay condos for sale and rent in Coconut Grove - Miami. CondoBlackBook. Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.condoblackbook.com/coconut-grove/grove-at-grand-bay/. Grove at Grandbay. Miami 1. (n.d.). Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.miami1.com/building/grove-at-grandbay#!for-sale. Grove at Grand Bay. David Siddons Group. (n.d.). Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://luxlifemiamiblog.com/condos/grove-at-grand-bay/. Amy Frearson | 17 December 2012 18 comments. (2016, July 4). The Grove at Grand bay by big. Dezeen. Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.dezeen.com/2012/12/17/the-grove-at-grand-bay-by-big/. Grove at Grand BAY GARDEN. Raymond Jungles, Inc. (2020, November 12). Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.raymondjungles.com/project/grove-at-grand-bay/. Rojas, C. (2018, February 21). Grove at Grand Bay / big. ArchDaily. Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.archdaily.com/889344/grove-at-grand-bay-big. Grove at Grand Bay Condos for sale: Re/max paradise. Properties & Paradise. (n.d.). Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.miamipropertiesandparadise.com/miami-luxury/grove-at-grand-bay. The grove at Grand Bay. Architect. (2016, August 17). Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/the-grove-at-grand-bay-1167. Grove at Grand Bay. Miami Condos. (n.d.). Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.miamicondoinvestments.com/grove-at-grand-bay-condos. Grove at Grand Bay by Bjarke Ingels Group completes. designboom. (2016, August 11). Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.designboom.com/architecture/grove-at-grand-bay-miami-bjarke-ingels-group-big-coconut-grove-08-10-201 6/. Stephens, S. (2019, November 5). Grove at Grand Bay by Bjarke Ingels Group. Architectural Record RSS. Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/13003-grove-at-grand-bay-by-bjarke-ingels-group.
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CHAPTER #4-5-6: References Grove at Grand Bay withstands Hurricane Irma with help from PPG Duranar fluoropolymer coatings. PRISM. (2018, November 2). Retrieved September 26, 2021, from https://prismpub.com/grove-at-grand-bay-withstands-hurricane-irma-with-help-from-ppg-duranar-fluoropolymer-coating s/. Insulating glass, thermal performance of Windows. Tecnoglass. (2021, March 5). Retrieved September 26, 2021, from https://www.tecnoglass.com/products/insulating-glass/. 2675 s Bayshore Dr LPHS for sale in Miami - A10996138. propertysearch2020 -. (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2021, from https://vickierealestate.idxbroker.com/idx/details/listing/d016/A10996138/2675-S-Bayshore-Dr-LPHS-Miami-FL-33133? widgetReferer=true. Toplighting • Planlux Lighting Design. Planlux Lighting Design. (2020, July 17). Retrieved September 26, 2021, from https://planlux.net/toplighting/.
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CHAPTER #4-5-6: Figures References Figure 1, 2, & 3: 2675 s Bayshore Dr LPHS for sale in Miami - A10996138. propertysearch2020 -. (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2021, from https://vickierealestate.idxbroker.com/idx/details/listing/d016/A10996138/2675-S-Bayshore-Dr-LPHS-Miami-FL-33133? widgetReferer=true. Figure 4 & 5: Grove at Grand Bay. Miami Condos. (n.d.). Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.miamicondoinvestments.com/grove-at-grand-bay-condos. Figure 6, 7 & 8: Grove at Grand Bay by Bjarke Ingels Group completes. designboom. (2016, August 11). Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.designboom.com/architecture/grove-at-grand-bay-miami-bjarke-ingels-group-big-coconut-grove-08-10-201 6/. Figure 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 & 14: Amy Frearson | 17 December 2012 18 comments. (2016, July 4). The Grove at Grand bay by big. Dezeen. Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.dezeen.com/2012/12/17/the-grove-at-grand-bay-by-big/. Figure 15, 16 & 17: Toplighting • Planlux Lighting Design. Planlux Lighting Design. (2020, July 17). Retrieved September 26, 2021, from https://planlux.net/toplighting/. Figure 18, 19, 20 & 21: Stephens, S. (2019, November 5). Grove at Grand Bay by Bjarke Ingels Group. Architectural Record RSS. Retrieved September 13, 2021, from https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/13003-grove-at-grand-bay-by-bjarke-ingels-group
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CHAPTER #7-8 : Acoustic Design Principles and Architectural Acoustics. Introduction
To maintain the design of a spaces and their particular shapes and forms, it is important to develop an acoustic design where the sound adapts to the architecture and design of the space. Sound is an element that allows us to communicate, know, learn, have fun and many other actions that help us to develop as individuals and at the same time introduce us to a specific society and culture.
Taking in consideration sound propagation, sound sources, and sound paths; an adequate acoustic design is achieved for each different space according to its functionality and activities, controlling building noise and improving the user experience through the correct use of special materials and products.
SPACE #1 Auditorium
SPACE #2 Church
SPACE #3 Theatre
Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center
Holy Spirit Catholic Church
University of Iowa Concert Hall 25
SPACE #1: Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center Auditorium
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Facility Information LOCATION: Baku, Azerbaijan - Heydar Aliyeu Cultural Center ARCHITECT: Zaha Hadid Architects YEAR BUILT: 2007 / 2012 – Opened in 2013 PROGRAM: Auditorium The Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center is considered an emblematic building of fluid architecture, as it establishes a continuous relationship between the surrounding square and the interior of the building. The elaborate undulating formations, or topographical folds of the landscape itself, define a sequence of spaces for cultural and collective events in the city, such as museums, auditoriums, concerts and opera. The center fulfills many functions, including welcoming, hosting and guiding visitors through its various interior levels in a fluid circulation through mega-corridors, ramps and staircases that connect different facilities within a series of undulating volumes and fiberglass. The design and approach of the auditorium can be seen in its more formalist form and its freeform geometry in the form of a swirl, where the shapes of the auditorium seem to metamorphose into an algorithmic sequence of modulations. One of the challenges was how to create acoustic barriers for the space in its functionality while maintaining its organic concept, this was elaborated with the help of acoustic experts including Ikoor, the company that was not only the contractor of this project, but also was responsible for the acoustics and 26 coordination tasks related to the auditorium. The company worked together with Dr. Mehmet Çalışkan from Mezzo Stüdyo Acoustic Consulting, also from Ankara.
SPACE #1: Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center Auditorium Acoustic Concerns One of the main challenges was to maintain the design to which it was set with little room for rationalization and precision in the use of wood to cover the entire space due to the patterns of the product, the expansion and contraction of the material and could affect the acoustic performance of the auditorium. In addition, acoustic insulation was required in the auditorium ceiling as low reverberance is needed for speech to be heard clearly, and for music, which benefits from greater reflection and richer acoustics. The proposed use of this auditorium for opera, concerts and ballet was an additional complication as each of these spaces required a different configuration of both the shell and reflective surfaces. Image 5
Acoustic Design The solution was to build as "shells inside a box", meaning acoustical layer of wooden boxes where the innermost layer was fixed to a steel frame with rubber pad connections on the side of the structure. Then an intermediate layer of acoustic insulation and steel suspension cables.
Figure 6
Thanks to the help of Mezzo Stüdyo, the design and technology of coupled volume space acoustics was developed. This involves two or more spaces shared by a common acoustically transparent surface known as a coupling aperture. This concept is based on “a large main volume containing high levels of sound absorption connected through small sonically transparent apertures to a smaller coupled volume with lower absorption”.
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Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
SPACE #1: Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center Auditorium ‘Invisible’ Audio System As part of the design integration, Renkus-Heinz IC Live arrays were addressed, which is an essential and digitally steerable audio control technology to direct sound from hidden locations to different specific zones of the audience, both for speeches and music.
Image 10
This involves a whole technical design with equipment including a mechanical stage system and an orchestra pit, acoustic towers in front of the speakers, etc. However, they wanted to keep the design as clean and minimalist as possible, as they did not want visibility of any technical products that did not belong to the architecture and design. The solution was to design a system of wooden slots with acoustic fabric that provides 100% audio and sound transmission.
Figure 11
Absortive Materials “Engineering craftsmanship" was used, which involved working with software to precisely construct a shell from horizontal and vertical MDF members. The surface was covered with four layers of 10 mm x 10 mm American white oak slats, which were successively adjusted and shaped until they exactly matched the geometry proposed by Zaha Hadid. 230 cubic meters of American white oak were used as it would perform well in the application at varying temperature and humidity levels, molding with the curvatures of the design, the texture is homogeneous, and the color is suitable for the desired finish, and it has excellent acoustic performance. American white oak Figure 12
-Rockwool: stone wool batt insulation for ceilings for wood and steel frame construction where superior fire resistance and acoustical performance is required. -Cemented fiber board: provide sound insulation between two walls sound absorbing material is inserted and the wall is porous.
Rockwool
Cemented fiber board
Rubber pad
28 - Rubber pad: used as vibration absorbers, rubber has a relatively high shear modulus compared to other materials.
SPACE #1: Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center Auditorium Analysis The first level is where most seats are located. Therefore the sound propagation must be homogeneous and reachable for all users.
On the ground floor, it can be seen how the curved structure arises from the floor of the same material, where the acoustic attenuation is lower.
GROUNG FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR
As going up, the curvatures of the architecture are more visible and the level of acoustic vibration is higher, so it is essential to control it with the wooden casing.
At the top level, appropriate sounds should be isolated, meaning, performances and speeches sound clearly above other sounds in the room.
SECOND FLOOR
THIRD FLOOR
29 SECTION Figure 13
SPACE #1: Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center Auditorium
AUDITORIUM ACOUSTICAL SHELL DETAIL
Figure 14
Conclusions A common problem in auditoriums is sound reverberation, which occurs when sound waves bounce off the surface and accumulate and produce echo and sound transfer distortion. Also, background noises can come in from outside and interfere with what is going on inside the auditorium. To perform a good acoustic design in these places, it is essential to carry out a customized sound analysis according to the activity to be performed, also the correct selection with a specialist of materials and products of absorption, diffusion and soundproofing.
Figure 15
AUDITORIUM ACOUSTICAL DIFFUSER DETAIL
All this generates an adequate design for the activity, be it for a concert, orchestra, 30 ballet, conference, etc.
SPACE #2: Holy Spirit Catholic Church
FACILITY INFORMATION
Figure 16
FACILITY NAME: Holy Spirit Catholic Church LOCATION: 2725 55th St, San Diego, CA 92105 HOUSE OF OPERATION: Opens 5:15AM Mon CONTACT NUMBER: (619) 262-2435 | http://holyspiritsd.org PROGRAM: Religious Temple The Holy Spirit Catholic Church asked for a solution to improve speech intelligibility in their v church's interior. The problem was created by the amount of hard surfaces inside the church, which caused an excessive amount of reverberation time. Sound energy would be reflected rather than absorbed by the hard surfaces. During religious services, the reflected sound energy would build up in the space, effectively concealing the speaker. RNS Acoustics is an acoustical consulting service that offers a variety of acoustical solutions for homes, businesses, places of worship, industrial sites, and more. They collaborate closely with 31 Holy Spirit Catholic Church to design efficient and cost-effective solutions that fulfill their demands.
SPACE #2: Holy Spirit Catholic Church Acoustical Design:
Figure 17
The production of aural environments to fulfill the needs and functions of a space is referred to as room acoustic design. Obtaining a proper reverberation time, improving desired sound reflections, and maintaining or managing loudness levels throughout rooms are some of the methods used. v
Absorptive Material: Sound-absorbing panels are used to lessen reverberation and echo in a space and to reduce background noise. Figure 18
Analysis: The use of sound absorption panels was found to be the most effective method. The panels were created by determining the RT60 of the room and measuring the reverberant time. The amount of absorbent material required to reduce the room's RT60 was calculated using mathematical modeling. After determining the number of panels required to minimize the RT60, the panels were put in positions that preserved the church's v appearance while improving the acoustics. RT60: The time it takes for the sound pressure level to drop by 60 decibels after the sound source has stopped is known as RT60. The time it takes for the loudest noise in a concert hall to drop to background level is measured by RT60. 32
RNS Acoustics acoustical consulting service that made this analysis\study.
SPACE #2: Holy Spirit Catholic Church
Figure 19
ORIGINAL ACCOUSTICS (MEASURING THE EXISTING RT30) v
Figure 20 33
RESULTING FROM ADDING 86 PANELS (48 MORE DOES NOT CHANGE THE RT60)
SPACE #2: Holy Spirit Catholic Church
v Figure 21
THE COMPARISON OF THE PREDICTED AND MEASURED RESULTS WITH 134 PANELS IN THE CHURCH IS SHOWN IN THIS FIGURE ABOVE. AS CAN BE SEEN, THE MEASURED RESULTS ARE VERY CLOSE TO THE PREDICTED RESULTS. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study created by RNS was successful since using the RT60 methods they were able to determine the behavior of the sound and determine that by applying a certain amount of panels on a particular grid, this behavior could be controlled. Image Sources: Image#16: Instilling faith in our community since 1952. Holy Spirit Catholic Church. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2021, from http://holyspiritsd.org/. Image#17,18,19,20,21: Church case study. RNS Acoustics. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2021, 34 from https://www.rnsacoustics.com/church-architectural-case-study.
SPACE #3: The Concert Hall At the Voxman School of Music
Introduction
Figure 22
FACILITY NAME: The Concert Hall at the Voxman School of Music, the University of Iowa.
YEAR COMPLETED: 2016 LOCATION:93 E Burlington St, Iowa City, IA 52240. ARCHITECT: LMN Architects, Seattle ACOUSTIC DESIGNER: JaffeHolden PROGRAM: Educational The 700-seat concert hall of the University of Iowa's new Voxman School of Music is one of Iowa City's premier performing venues, occupying v a significant volume in a 6-story architectural composition. LMN Architects collaborated with acousticians at Jaffe Holden in Norwalk, Conn., and other experts to create a theatroacoustic ceiling, an undulating element of aluminum composite panels.
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SPACE #3: The Concert Hall At the Voxman School of Music Acoustic Concerns The main concern in Concert Hall is how the sound distributes through the space. The reverberation time on the Concert hall can vary depends on the performance on the stage in how load can be but the material used in the space will tell how the sound reflects and absorb. In the case of concert Hall, diffusion occurs when the sound is reflected ceiling surface and reinforcing the sound level in all parts of the room. The diffraction occurs when the sound pass by small openings on ceiling acoustic material. Figure 25 Figure 24
Acoustic Design
The architect used the ceiling design of the Concert Hall to created the acoustic that the space need. The concept of the design was that through ceiling form and pattern the sounds could be spread in an even directly through the space. He analyzes the ceiling design with this diagram that tells how the sound is going to be distributed through vc the space. The black and white diagram tells where the small openings are going be placed for a better acoustic design. The design purpose was to improve the experiences of the users in concert hall by distribute the sound in equal part throughout the space. The architect achieved both a beautiful architectural piece and acoustic design that work on the space. Figure 26
The ceiling is made up of a series of triangular aluminum composite panels that, although seeming symmetrical, are not identical. Each panel, the longest of which is 5 feet on each side, has a side tab that joins it to a set of transverse steel ribs suspended from the room's rafters. A CNC machine v was used to cut the 0.33-inch-thick aluminum composite panels and score the tabs, which were then folded by hand. Each panel was assigned an alphanumeric coordinate to identify its location on the triangular grid of the ceiling. For acoustic isolation, each bolted connection in the system required a neoprene washer.
Figure 27
Figure 28
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SPACE #3: The Concert Hall At the Voxman School of Music
Figure 29
Ceiling details
Figure 30
Absorptive materials Aluminum Panel The material used in the ceiling is aluminum that helps with the reflection of the sound that allows the music to fill the entire space. The walls are covered with wood panels that help to diffuse sound better through the space. The long windows that help the natural light to come inside of the building are made with acoustic glass that helps to isolate the sound of the outdoor.
Wood Panel Acoustic Glass
Figure 32 Figure 31
Conclusion The LMN Architect design Concert Hall achieved the acoustic necessary for the space. The special ceiling design and the absorptive materials allows that the sound of the music to fill the entire space and created a better experience for the users of the space in he Voxman School of Music. 37 Figure 33
CHAPTER #7-8 : References Space #1 Sources - Eydar Aliyev Center, in Bakú, azerbaiyán. ARQA. (2013, November 20). Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://arqa.com/en/architecture/zaha.html. - Hernández, D. (2013, November 14). Heydar Aliyev Center / Zaha Hadid architects. ArchDaily. Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://www.archdaily.com/448774/heydar-aliyevcenter-zaha-hadid-architects?ad_medium=gallery. - Heydar Aliyev Center - baku. Inexhibit. (2021, March 24). Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://www.inexhibit.com/mymuseum/heydar-aliyev-center-baku-azerbaijan-zaha-hadid/. - Heydar Aliyev Center - Zaha Hadid architects. The Plan. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://www.theplan.it/eng/architecture/en-heydar-aliyev-center-zaha-hadid. - Mikodam. (2021, February 19). Heydar Aliyev Centre by mikodam: Manufacturer references. Architonic. Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://www.architonic.com/en/project/mikodamheydar-aliyev-centre/20175753. - Zaha Hadid architects. Heydar Aliyev Centre – Zaha Hadid Architects. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://www.zaha-hadid.com/architecture/heydar-aliyev-centre/.
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CHAPTER #7-8 : References Space #2 Sources: - Acoustical consultants. RNS Acoustics. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://www.rnsacoustics.com/. - Church case study. RNS Acoustics. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://www.rnsacoustics.com/church-architectural-case-study. - Instilling faith in our community since 1952. Holy Spirit Catholic Church. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2021, from http://holyspiritsd.org/. - What are acoustic panels and why do we use them? Sound Zero. (2020, October 11). Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://sound-zero.com/what-are-acoustic-panels-and-whydo-we-use-them/.
Space #3 Sources Theatroacoustic system for University of Iowa concert hall: LMN architects Seattle. LMN Architects. (2020, October 17). Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://lmnarchitects.com/case-study/theatroacoustic-system-concert-hall. LMN Architects - University of Iowa Voxman Music Building. The Plan. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://www.theplan.it/award-2018-education/university-of-iowa-voxman-music-building-2. Volner, I. (2018, April 16). Voxman Music Building at the University of Iowa, by LMN architects. Architect. Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/voxman-music-building-at-the-university-ofiowa_o. Cornachio, J. (2021, June 24). Behind the building: Voxman Music Building by LMN architects. Journal. Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://architizer.com/blog/practice/materials/behind-voxman-music-building/. Tapia, D. (2018, January 14). Voxman Music Building / LMN Architects. ArchDaily. Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://www.archdaily.com/886640/voxman-music-building-lmn-architects. Voxman School of Music. LMN Architects. (2021, October 10). Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://lmnarchitects.com/project/university-of-iowa-voxman-music-building.
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CHAPTER #7-8 : Figures References Figure 1, 2, 3 & 4 - Eydar Aliyev Center, in Bakú, azerbaiyán. ARQA. (2013, November 20). Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://arqa.com/en/architecture/zaha.html. Figure 5 & 6 - Zaha Hadid architects. Heydar Aliyev Centre – Zaha Hadid Architects. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://www.zaha-hadid.com/architecture/heydar-aliyevcentre/. Figure 7, 8 & 9 – İkoor mobilya: Haydar Aliyev center – baku Azerbaijan. koor Mobilya. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://ikoor.com/haydar-aliyev-center-baku-azerbaijan/. Figure 10- İkoor mobilya: Haydar Aliyev center – baku Azerbaijan. koor Mobilya. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://ikoor.com/haydar-aliyev-center-baku-azerbaijan/. Figure 11 & 12- Heydar Aliyev Centre - Azerbaijan. Mikodam Furniture. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://www.mikodam.com/project/haydar-aliyev-center-azerbaijan. Figure 13, 14 & 15- Heydar Aliyev Center - Zaha Hadid architects. The Plan. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://www.theplan.it/eng/architecture/en-heydar-aliyev-center-zahahadid. Figure 16 - Instilling faith in our community since 1952. Holy Spirit Catholic Church. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2021, from http://holyspiritsd.org/. Figure 17,18,19,20 & 21 - Church case study. RNS Acoustics. (n.d.). Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://www.rnsacoustics.com/church-architectural-case-study.
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CHAPTER #7-8 : Figures References Figure 22-23 Voxman School of Music. LMN Architects. (2021, October 10). Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://lmnarchitects.com/project/university-of-iowa-voxman-music-building.
Figure 24,25,26,27- Theatroacoustic system for University of Iowa concert hall: LMN architects Seattle. LMN Architects. (2020, October 17). Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://lmnarchitects.com/case-study/theatroacousticsystem-concert-hall.
Figure 28-29,30 Volner, I. (2018, April 16). Voxman Music Building at the University of Iowa, by LMN architects. Architect. Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/voxman-music-building-atthe-university-of-iowa_o.
Figure 31,32,33-
Tapia, D. (2018, January 14). Voxman Music Building / LMN Architects. ArchDaily. Retrieved October 11, 2021, from https://www.archdaily.com/886640/voxman-music-building-lmn-architects
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CHAPTER #9-10-11: Water Supply Systems, Waste and Reduce Systems and Features and Appliances Introduction Water has been regarded an exploitable and renewable resource since the dawn of civilization, but for even longer, we have been limiting water availability and diminishing natural renewal processes. Designers have integrated energy and water conserving designs in their projects as a result of the current situation: rising shortages of water for drinking, agriculture irrigation, and sanitation. Water efficiency is the systematic management of water resources to avoid waste, overuse, and exploitation. Water efficiency planning aims to "do more with less" while maintaining comfort and performance. Water efficiency planning is a resource management approach that entails analyzing water prices and uses, specifying water-saving solutions, implementing water-saving measures, and verifying savings in order to maximize the cost-effective use of water resources. There are a number of fixtures and appliances that can help you save water. Lowflush or dual-flush toilets, low-flow aerators, low-flow showerheads, Energy Star appliances, and more.
PUBLIC RESTROOM # 1 WOMEN’S RESTROOM Garden Restroom
Figure 1
PUBLIC RESTROOM # 2 MEN’S RESTROOM Ecological Restroom
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PUBLIC RESTROOM # 1 – WOMEN’S RESTROOM
Figure 2 PROJECT NAME: Garden Restroom LOCATION: Hong Kong YEAR: 2017 AREA:100 m² approx. ARCHITECTS: LAAB Architects LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT: James Corner Field Operations SUSTAINABILITY CONSULTANT: Arup MANUFACTURES: Lotte Chemical Imola, Kast, Fenix Interiors, Logan CLIENTS: Leisure and Cultural Services Department, HKSARG; New World Development Company Limited TYPOLOGY:Assembly
Garden Restroom is a public lavatory designed for the Salisbury Garden in Tsim Sha Tsui. This project borrows the architectural language of the surrounding buildings and merges with the natural landscape, providing a dynamic spatial experience for visitors while creating impressive view from the outside architectural elements. The exterior is also reflected in the interior design and architecture in shapes and materials, such as the use of curvilinear shapes creating enclosures with sense of privacy. 43 The garden revitalizes Victoria Harbour waterfront and transforms the area into a place where culture, landscape and art converge, and is ideal for both daily leisure and occasional celebrations.
PUBLIC RESTROOM # 1 – WOMEN’S RESTROOM SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
Being located in Hong Kong, LEED certification is not validated, but the Garden Restrooms has received many awards of recognition in both innovative community design and sustainability including the Japan Good Design Award, the DFA Design for Asia Awards, and the AIA (International Region) Award. The design promotes the integration of nature and brings sunlight that blends with the exterior landscape. Figure 3
Use of materials that have a positive impact on public health and the environment. General materials include concrete, timber wood on walls creating a diagonal pitched roof full of curvatures and organic shapes, alsovallowing space between slats for sunlight to pass through. For the interior of the bathrooms, wood and steel panels were used. Figure 4
Figure 5
Performance-based: The facility does meet the quality performance approach using less energy, this is due to the use of natural light in its entirety to avoid interior lighting during the day. This is thanks to the housing design of the roof and walls that form curvatures that allow the passage of outside light while maintaining privacy. At the same time, the plumbing and equipment selection used are designed to use as little energy and water as possible without affecting occupant comfort. Figure 6
mage 7 Figure 8
Figure 7
Stone-sculpted drinking fountain and a washing basin, the dynamic form also caters to different heights of adults and kids.
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PUBLIC RESTROOM # 1 – WOMEN’S RESTROOM
Women’s Restroom ADA Restroom
Image 9
Figure 10
Natural Light Entrance
Figure 11
Integration of natural elements and sunlight 45 Figure 12
PUBLIC RESTROOM # 1 – WOMEN’S RESTROOM RESTROOM FIXTURES, EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS.
SENSORY LED LIGHTING CUSTOM MIRROR MOSAIC TILE SOUP DISPENSER TOUCHLESS FAUCET INTEGRATED SINK
WOOD SLATS CONCRETE TILE Figure 13
STEEL HOOK
WOOD PANELS
DRAINAGE SYSTEM HIGH EFFICIENT FLUSH SYSTEM STEEL TOILET PAPER DISPENSER
HIGH EFFICIENT TOILET CONCRETE TILE Figure 14
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EFFICIENCY FIXTURES AND INDOOR WATER USE PUBLIC RESTROOM # 1 – WOMEN’S RESTROOM
WATER CONSUMPTION REDUCTION RESTROOM FIXTURES TOUCHLESS FAUCET Touchless faucets help to conserve water and energy. They turn off automatically, which can conserve a significant v amount of water. The touchless faucet has sensors so that you can turn the water on and off with a quick hand motion.
Figure 16
Figure 15
HIGH EFFICIENT TOILET Energy-efficient toilets are intended to eliminate waste by using water velocity rather than water volume. This implies that energy-efficient toilets improve the velocity of zv the water when flushed and consume roughly 1.28 GPF (gallons per flush) as opposed to traditional toilets, which can use between 1.6 and 7 GPF. High-efficiency toilets’ lower water usage by about 20 percent compared to regular toilets, according to the EPA. Figure 17
HIGH EFFICIENT FLUSH SYSTEM Dual flush toilets system have a bigger trapway and a flushing design that forces waste down the drain. Because there is no siphoning zv action, the system uses less water every flush, and the greater diameter trapway allows waste to easily escape the bowl. 47 Figure 18
EFFICIENCY FIXTURES AND INDOOR WATER USE PUBLIC RESTROOM # 1 – WOMEN’S RESTROOM RESTROOM ACCESSORIES AND EQUIPMENT
Figure 19
Figure 20 Figure 20
Figure 21
Figure 22
An integrated sink is one element of a countertop and sinks that provide a modern look where the design integrates the touchless faucet. Touchless soap zv dispensers are located near the sink and help the users to use the right amount of soup. Inside the bathrooms, we have a steel hook and toilet paper dispenser great materials to use.
MATERIALS AND FINISHES The materials used on the project that give a good impact on the environmentzv are concrete tile on the floor, timber wood used on the walls, ceiling, and structure, and wood panels used on the walls.
Figure 23
LIGHTING AND CEILING DESIGN
Figure 24
The ceiling is designed with a wood slab and steel frame that let natural lighting illuminate the space and help incorporate nature to the inside. Above the sink, the design has sensory LED lighting that helps to save energy because only turns on when someone is using the space. zv
Figure 25
48 Figure 24
PUBLIC RESTROOM # 2 – MEN’S RESTROOM
PROJECT NAME: River Miño and Deva in O Valińo – Ecological Restroom
Figure 1
LOCATION: Trado, Spain YEAR: 2018 AREA: 56 m² aprox ARCHITECTS: MOL Arquitectura - Cecilia L. Muiños, Juanjo Otero, Luis Ángel López MANUFACTURES: Finsa, Klein, Lledò, Mediclinics, Saint-Gobain, Gairesa Coatings, Prefabricados Hormitubo S.L TYPOLOGY: ASSEMBLY v This is an ecological restroom structure overlooking the river. It is located on a very popular hiking route for tourists and locals and is also a point of attraction. The main objective was to create a space that complements the natural environment and works with it. It is made of prefabricated reinforced concrete module containers stacked on a polished concrete platform. The exterior is composed of a bioclimatic steel skin. This restroom seeks to be an ecological and sustainable space in all its senses, for its design elements, its materials and its relationship with the environment. The basic premise of the intervention is the integration with nature, and the search for a harmonious relationship, but with a certain contrast 49
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN PUBLIC RESTROOM # 2 – MEN’S RESTROOM SUSTAINABLE DESIGN Materials: For all the construction the best options of proximity and sustainability were selected and used. Everything was made from local materials and supplied by local vendors. The wood is FSC-certified pine. Similarly, the growth on the trellis of the structure allows the vegetation to cover the building itself. Sculptural element – Permeable function v entry of natural light and The folds of the structure allow the its permeability to water and air. All of the materials utilized, including Corten steel, pinewood, and concrete, have been treated with epoxy glue and a water-repellent and anti-graffiti solution. This guarantees that there is no vandalism and that the upkeep is kept to a minimum. Figure 2
Figure 3
50 Figure 4
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN PUBLIC RESTROOM # 2 – MEN’S RESTROOM Support sustainable production and regenerative design practices The skin of the toilet module is permeable and self-supporting, facilitating bioclimatic operation by ensuring natural ventilation and the search for sunshine. The lobby roof's Z-shaped geometry, and the facades', allows for natural rainfall collection and drainage, as well as natural ventilation. A wisteria trellis functions as a vegetal brisoleil to reduce the influence of sunlight in the belvedere region. Figure 5
Promote awareness of responsible design and consumption In addition to using energy-efficient LED luminaires, the lighting system optimizes its operation by utilizing an astronomical clock and a solar cell. The goal was for the entire building's usage to be less than 100 watts. The illumination, in addition tov ensuring the building's usage at night, allows the module to operate as a luminaire, transforming it into a firefly visible from the valley.
Image 1
In regards of plumbing installation, timed mechanisms were used, as well as flow regulation in faucets and toilets. The sanitation network is distinct, linking the toilets to the light water network and the toilets to the fecal network.
Figure 6
Self maintenances The absence of maintenance and the antivandalism feature. The element is designed as modules with a protective shell that is porous yet anti-vandal and does not require maintenance. Designers choose selfsustaining finishes such as Corten steel, autoclaved treated pine wood, and exposed concrete coated with clear epoxy resins that are water resistant and anti-graffiti. 51 Figure 7
PUBLIC RESTROOM # 2 – MEN’S RESTROOM
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
AGGREGATION SCHEME
TRELLIS SUSTAINABLE
BIOCLIMATIC ROOF
PERMEABLE SKIN
52 Figure 12
ANTI-VANDALISM MODULE
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN PUBLIC RESTROOM # 2 – MEN’S RESTROOM
MAN AND WOMEN BATHROOM FACING EACH OTHER
Figure 13
ADA WOMAN BATHROOM
OUTDOOR AREA IN THE BACK Figure 14
ADA MAN BATHROOM
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ENTRANCE
Figure 15
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN PUBLIC RESTROOM # 2 – MEN’S RESTROOM WATER CONSUMPTION REDUCTION RESTROOM FIXTURES
Figure 16
Figure 17
WINDOW
HIGH EFFICIENT TOILET
TOUCHLESS FAUCET FLUSH SYSTEM
CONCRETE SINK
On one side is the public restroom for men and the other side is reserved for women. An interconnecting space between them forms a common lobby and is protected by a bioclimatic roof. v There is also a small waiting area with an intricate trellis at the rear from which one can look out. The trellis is covered with wisteria, creating a sort of mini garden. The organic form of the structure allows it to blend harmoniously into the natural landscape.
54 Figure 18
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN PUBLIC RESTROOM # 2 – MEN’S RESTROOM RESTROOM ACCESSORIES AND EQUIPMENT This bathroom minimized the use of accessories and integrated them as part of the overall structure. -
Grab bars made out of corten steel. Sink Basin made out of exposed concrete Sink made out of corten steel. Toilet made out of inoxidable and permeable steel.
Figure 19
Figure 20
MATERIALS AND FINISHES: Self-sustaining finishes: - Corten Steel - Local autoclaved treated pine wood - Exposed concrete treated with transparent epoxy resins, - Water repellent Aanti-Graffiti Solution.
Figure 21
Figure 22
LIGHTING AND CEILING DESIGN
Figure 23 Figure 24
The main intention always was to integrate natural; light to the bathroom to avoid any use of energy. This is why the creation of minimal and millions of holes in the exterior structure not only provided privacy but they also allowed sun and light to come inside. The envelope is executed by folding Z pieces in the workshop that make up the different facades and the lobby cover also allowing natural light in. The exterior light is sifted, the skin of the building functioning like the foliage of the trees, regulating its entrance. The interior lighting is made with low consumption LED lights, bathing the walls tangentially.
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EFFICIENCY FIXTURES AND INDOOR WATER USE
CONCLUSION In conclusion we can clearly see in these two analyzes the importance of water conservation today; especially accepting and keeping in mind that water is a recyclable resource but not renewable. Water efficiency planning aims to "do more with less" while maintaining comfort and performance. To conserve water, it is important to implement fixtures and v appliances that help this to be done efficiently, designing in conjunction with durable materials and with little or no maintenance in order to maximize the costeffective use of water resources. We can clearly conclude that architects and engineers are concerned about the rising use of fresh, potable water to transport waste, and are employing various techniques such as repurposing sink water for toilet flushing, implementing toilet flushes that require less galons of water to flush properly, integrating touchless faucets that turn on and off automatically to save energy, compostable toilet papers, and more.
PUBLIC RESTROOM # 1 WOMEN’S RESTROOM Garden Restroom
Figure 25
PUBLIC RESTROOM # 2 MEN’S RESTROOM Ecological Restroom
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CHAPTER #9-10-11: References ArchiloversCom. (n.d.). Garden restroom: Laab architects. Archilovers. Retrieved October 20, 2021, from https://www.archilovers.com/projects/246140/garden-restroom.html#info. Contents, W. A. (2018, March 25). TST Salisbury Garden and restroom by Laab Architects and James Corner Field Operations. World Architecture Community. Retrieved October 20, 2021, from https://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-news/cmpem/tst-salisbury-garden-and-restroom-by-laabarchitects-and-james-corner-field-operations.html. Chen, C. (2019, March 24). Garden Restroom / LAAB architects. ArchDaily. Retrieved October 20, 2021, from https://www.archdaily.com/913557/garden-restroom-laab-architects. Garden Restroom. LAAB. (n.d.). Retrieved October 20, 2021, from https://www.laab.pro/? portfolio_page=garden-restroom. Garden Restroom / LAAB architects. eState. (n.d.). Retrieved October 20, 2021, from https://estatemag.io/projects/garden-restroom-laab-architects/. Silva, V. (2020, February 13). Ecological public restrooms in trado / mol Arquitectura. ArchDaily. Retrieved October 20, 2021, from https://www.archdaily.com/933333/ecological-public-toilets-in-trado-molarquitectura. Mitra, S. (2020, February 15). This ecological public restroom is the future of public amenities! Yanko Design. Retrieved October 20, 2021, from https://www.yankodesign.com/2020/02/16/this-ecologicalpublic-restroom-is-the-future-of-public-amenities/. dice, D., Dalma, dice, B., & Bessa. (2020, February 25). Este Baño público ecológico quiere ser el futuro de los servicios públicos al aire libre. EcoInventos. Retrieved October 20, 2021, from https://ecoinventos.com/bano-ecologico-y-sostenible-galicia/.
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CHAPTER #9-10-11: Public Restroom # 1 Figures References Figure 1,4,5,6,8- ArchiloversCom. (n.d.). Garden restroom: Laab architects. Archilovers. Retrieved October 20, 2021, from https://www.archilovers.com/projects/246140/garden-restroom.html#info. Figure 2- Mitra, S. (2020, February 15). This ecological public restroom is the future of public amenities! Yanko Design. Retrieved October 20, 2021, from https://www.yankodesign.com/2020/02/16/this-ecologicalpublic-restroom-is-the-future-of-public-amenities/. Figure 3, 7- Garden Restroom. LAAB. (n.d.). Retrieved October 20, 2021, from https://www.laab.pro/? portfolio_page=garden-restroom. IMAGE 9,10,11,12- Chen, C. (2019, March 24). Garden Restroom / LAAB architects. ArchDaily. Retrieved October 20, 2021, from https://www.archdaily.com/913557/garden-restroom-laab-architects. Figure 13,14,18, 23,24,25- Contents, W. A. (2018, March 25). TST Salisbury Garden and restroom by Laab Architects and James Corner Field Operations. World Architecture Community. Retrieved October 20, 2021, from https://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-news/cmpem/tst-salisbury-garden-and-restroom-by-laabarchitects-and-james-corner-field-operations.html. Figure 15- American Standard 775B105.002 NextGen. Build.com. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2021, from https://www.build.com/product/summary/1276964?uid=3037265&jmtest=gggbav2_3037265&inv2=1&&source=gg-gba-pla_3037265%21c9985097409%21a106468579371%21dc %21ng&gclid=CjwKCAjw5c6LBhBdEiwAP9ejGxL4ZoPE6PYUBNDMQMhXeOdTzyfgAYhyNoz16n3ffGP5kCo8hdYhBoCrcAQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds. Figure 16- -69.8US $ 34% OFF: Electronic Automatic Sensor Touchless Sink Faucet hands free tap motion activated bathroom basin faucets bathroom tools: Basin faucets: - aliexpress. aliexpress.com. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2021, from https://www.aliexpress.com/item/32947241362.html. Figure 17-Duravit 2530090092 me by Starck 1.28/0.8 GPF. Build.com. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2021, from https://www.build.com/product/summary/1666702?uid=3938831&jmtest=gggbav2_3938831&inv2=1&&source=gg-gba-pla_3938831%21c1709211112%21a69367404440%21dc %21ng&gclid=CjwKCAjw5c6LBhBdEiwAP9ejGxDTGLwAlAuZU0agdR4rvnzlFxAkIUHYyNijq_s1kDy8KepGTJfKhoCwRwQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds.
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CHAPTER #9-10-11: Public Restroom # 1 Figures References Figure 19- Rectangular ceramic wall mounted or vessel sink with counter space. TheBathOutlet. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2021, from https://www.thebathoutlet.com/Bathroom-Sinks/product-search/44748? gclid=CjwKCAjw5c6LBhBdEiwAP9ejG_Tl2lH9-oA_ZHKmiTlnxlW9cefPFIwWAq8y_vjN2j9jVJQ9QK2I-hoCDAQAvD_BwE. Figure 20- Tork® automatic foam soap dispenser - stainless steel H-7859. Uline. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2021, from https://www.uline.com/Product/Detail/H-7859/Tork-Bathroom-Systems/Tork-Automatic-FoamSoap-Dispenser-Stainless-Steel?pricode=WA9939&gadtype=pla&id=H7859&gclid=CjwKCAjw5c6LBhBdEiwAP9ejGzAWrRoxIF24PtCHHvEGbvsQjaw_XPXMFBExoZ5ecAuBgCC8 UXMN0RoCDr0QAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds. Figure 21- GATCO 4295 Latitude 2 single Robe Hook. Build.com. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2021, from https://www.build.com/product/summary/529832?uid=1324552&jmtest=gggbav2_1324552&inv2=1&&source=gg-gba-pla_1324552%21c1674295608%21a64838899357%21dc %21ng&gclid=CjwKCAjw5c6LBhBdEiwAP9ejGztsEWWmzsaUKNVQcnPrQCPwRqV8AhABvD1XJWPfesN6r SLB8JGGwxoC_4oQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds. Figure 22- Stainless steel jumbo bath tissue dispenser - single roll H-5113. Uline. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2021, from https://www.uline.com/Product/Detail/H-5113/Toilet-Paper-and-Dispensers/Stainless-SteelJumbo-Bath-Tissue-Dispenser-Single-Roll?pricode=WA9077&gadtype=pla&id=H5113&gclid=CjwKCAjw5c6LBhBdEiwAP9ejG-QcAa8W1Uci-h-4tLiZx79rG0reLFkgOODvVbbRQlrm1hR0kKNOhoC3DcQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds.
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CHAPTER #9-10-11: Public Restroom # 2 Figures References Figure 1,5,7- Mitra, S. (2020, February 15). This ecological public restroom is the future of public amenities! Yanko Design. Retrieved October 20, 2021, from https://www.yankodesign.com/2020/02/16/this-ecologicalpublic-restroom-is-the-future-of-public-amenities/. Figure 2-20,24 - Silva, V. (2020, February 13). Ecological public restrooms in trado / mol Arquitectura. ArchDaily. Retrieved October 20, 2021, from https://www.archdaily.com/933333/ecological-public-toilets-intrado-mol-arquitectura. Figure 21- Delbert, C. (2019, November 4). New kind of concrete cracks much less than the regular stuff. Popular Mechanics. Retrieved October 25, 2021, from https://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/a29688227/strong-new-concrete-crackresistant/. Figure 22- Cor-TEN® steel. A natural beauty. SSAB. (n.d.). Retrieved October 25, 2021, from https://www.ssab.com/brands-and-products/cor-ten. Figure 23- Louno_M, Zocha_K, Zlikovec, Danilovich, A., wmaster890, Ching, K. C., Bibikoff, Zoomstudio, Borchee, Fromzerotohero, RedVector, Parfenova, E., Dmitr1ch, Chengyuzheng, Bartfett, Leonsbox, Darmoroz, N., Babich, A., IrisImages, Scaliger. (n.d.). Pine Wood Pictures, images and stock photos. iStock. Retrieved October 25, 2021, from https://www.istockphoto.com/photos/pine-wood.
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CHAPTER #12-13-14: Passive & Active Design Strategies
PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES ACTIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES Description Passive techniques make use of what nature provides for free in order to maintain buildings pleasant without relying on purchased energy. Passive methods are built into a building's design to work with the site's natural features (such as sun and wind patterns) to offer natural heating and cooling of areas throughout the year.
Description To keep buildings pleasant, active design solutions use purchased energy (such as electricity and natural gas). Mechanical system components such as air conditioning, heat pumps, radiant heating, heat recovery ventilators, and electric lighting are included in these solutions. Solar electric and solar thermal panels, wind turbines, and geothermal energy exchangers are examples of active techniques that generate energy.
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CHAPTER #12-13-14: Passive Design Strategies: Brillhart House
FIGURE 3
PROJECT NAME: Brillhart House LOCATION: 937 NW North River Dr. Miami, FL 33136 YEAR: 2014 AREA: 18,942 sqft ARCHITECTS: Jacob and Melissa Brillhart of Brillhart Architecture TYPOLOGY: Residential MANUFACTURERS: ABS Wood, Bouche Appliances, Casa Cielo, Designer Tops, Flat River Woodworking, Intercontinental Marble,Tidewater Lumber and Moulding LIVING WITHIN THE LANDSCAPE The design and concept of the house is based on a "back to basics" approach, which refers to architecture that is concerned with aesthetic form but also seeks functionality and benefits something. Each design decision was made around four essential questions: "what is necessary", "how can we minimize the impact on the earth", "how will we respect the environment? How will the neighborhood concept be respected? and "what can actually be built?". Aside from carrying a rich architectural heritage, the design was conceived with reference to Florida's vernacular typology, which is not only loaded with cultural significance, but also offers environmental solutions. Brillhart House attempts to maximize space, energy use, materials and construction for environmental friendliness and sustainability. As a result, there is a reduction in construction cost and time, efficiency in 62 energy, water, and cross ventilation, simplicity in assembly, reduction of material waste, and a great sense of living within the landscape.
CHAPTER #12-13-14: Passive Design Strategies: Brillhart House DESIGED TO WITHSTAND GLOBAL WARMING The house is a glass pavilion elevated 5' from the ground situated between two verandas along the front and back. As a modern interpretation of the vernacular concept, the two bedrooms of the house are connected to the living space through a central hallway. The floor plan of the house is relatively compact and rectangular, like a glass box, but deserves a closer look in design as it achieves a sense of order, tranquility and well-being for both viewers and inhabitants. The house has 2 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms and a structure based on steel, glass, and wood used mostly in shutters and a large amount of outdoor spaces in contact with nature.
Figure 1
"There is something to be said for living in a glass house totally surrounded by nature. I can't put my finger on it, but it has an impact on how I feel. It just isn't the same experience as living in a house with traditional punched openings.“ - Melissa Brillhart, Architect
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
Figure 2
Figure 3
The most integrated architectural form in communion with the environment.
Local needs
Local traditions
Local materials
Local patterns of nature
MORE EFFICIENT: Local resources use less energy. Locally sourced products � it doesn't need to travel long distances at great energy transportation costs. HEALTHIER: Harvesting local resources � people see the harm and benefit locally and they protect the resources and people serving. GOOD FOR LOCAL ECONOMY: When materials, labor and design are sourced from within the local area � all the money spent on those services stays within the local economy. CREATES A SENSE OF PLACE: Think of some wonderful towns to visit � Different climates and places influence local construction / architecture / design and lifestyle creating unique spaces. 63
IT'S BEAUTIFUL: Vernacular architecture simply looks better � It fits with local environment by using local materials. Human experience.
CHAPTER #12-13-14: Passive Design Strategies: Brillhart House Figure 7
1. Adaptive Re-use Instead of using concrete for the construction, the architects opted to use a more sustainable structure based on steel, glass and a combination of natural and recycled wood, as well as innovative forms of assembly between them. The design features tropical modernism, which is determined the development of the region. This is characterized by the combination of materials that create comfort to and adapt to the climate of the house, by recycling local materials and also make a difference in the cost of construction and transportation. The design relies on vernacular building materials; and adapts celebrating the natural breezes and body orientation.
Vernacular
Continuous Space
Body Orientation FIGURE 8
2. Heritage Conservation “The house draws from a rich architectural heritage and also considers the atmospheric aspects of space. What was accomplished is an overwhelming sense of order, tranquility and wellbeing.” – Melissa Brillhart, Architect The house is located in one of the five historical districts in Miami. This is considered the second oldest neighborhood in Miami, and is a reflection of the City’s early 20th Century growth. The Brillhart House respectfully takes a place alongside the earlier architecturally significant homes of the neighborhood. Figure 10
BRILLHART HOUSE
Figure 9
937 NW North River Dr. Miami, FL 33136
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CHAPTER #12-13-14: Passive Design Strategies: Brillhart House 3. Site-Optimization The architects wanted a tropical oasis in the city— one that took advantage of a lush lot and minimized any impact on the landscape. The existing vegetation was taken into account and built upon, respecting it and giving it a new life. Also the natural lighting and solar energy system as well as the ventilation and water supply system were thought at the time of designing the house, which seems to be part of the landscape itself by the way it is made. On the other hand, the location of the house is in a very central area of Miami. The airport is 10 minutes away, downtown and the beach 5 minutes away, also known as a residential area with good schools and shopping areas.
Figure 11
4. Passive Solar The utilization of the sun's energy for heating and cooling living spaces is referred to as passive solar design. The construction takes advantage of the inherent qualities of materials and the air formed by exposure to the sun in this way. The usage of wooden folding louvered shutters provides not only privacy/intimacy when desired, but also aids in the cooling and heating of the home. Figure 12 Figure 13
"Shutters along the front facade create an outdoor room with ever changing shadows throughout the day, while also providing privacy and protection against the elements," the Brillharts said. Figure 14
Figure 15
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CHAPTER #12-13-14: Passive Design Strategies: Brillhart House 5. Thermal Mass
Figure 18
To respond to the climate, this house is enveloped in all sides with high insulation glass to keep the inside cool. With today’s advances in thermal qualities of glass and insulation the house was able to use the Tropical modern concepts alongside current Florida Building Code requirements.
FIGURE 16
The interior partitions of the house serve as a shelter not only for privacy, but also as a thermal refuge for the inhabitants. “Today, glass is insulated so you can live in a glass house and not have a huge energy bill. The new technology in glass and insulation makes a building like this doable.” - Jacob Brillhart, Architect
Figure 17 Figure 20
6. Off-Grid
Figure 19
Passive systems, new technologies, and innovative construction techniques. The municipal water supply, sewer, natural gas, electrical power grid, or any other utility service are not used in an Off-Grid structure. Instead, water can be obtained from a well or rainwater on-site and treated with a standard septic system, composting toilets, or a created wetland. Solar photovoltaics and wind turbines are used to generate electricity on-site. Water is source from through a rainwater harvesting system. To achieve this water collection gutters and drains were installed. They do rely on municipal energy, but they applied 66 energy efficiency and energy saving systems such as low voltage toilets flush and LED lighting.
CHAPTER #12-13-14: Passive Design Strategies: Brillhart House 7. Deep Overhangs Integration of folding louvered shutters screen that allowed In the winter, proper window shading allows for maximum solar heat gain while preventing undesirable solar heat gain in the summer. Windows & Glazing: Glass: 9/16” Insulated Glass by ES Windows (manufacturer) Figure 21
8. Natural Cross-Ventilation The project features 100 feet of interrupted glass, and 50 feet spanning the entire length of the front and back of the house with 4 sets of glass doors that allow the house to be completely open if desired. Brillhart House also includes 800 sqft of outdoor space with front and back porches and shutters along the front for privacy, acoustics and protection. The house is located in a very natural, tropical and lush area of landscaping and native plants that allow for very fluid air circulation and optimized ventilation. Figure 22
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Figure 23
CHAPTER #12-13-14: Passive Design Strategies: Brillhart House 9. High Albedo Roofing Roofing materials with a high albedo reflect sunlight and restrict the amount of heat absorbed, reducing unnecessary heating. A light-colored roof can reduce cooling loads, resulting in cheaper cooling costs and a more pleasant indoor environment. High-albedo roofing is more durable and long-lasting than low-albedo roofing and contributes significantly to the reduction of the urban heat island effect. Roofing Material: Built-up roofing: Built up Asphalt Roofing Benefits of the Asphalt Roofing: - Impact-Rated - Versatility - Withstand High Winds - Design Variety - Class A Fire Rating - Color Options - Sound Protection - Cost-Effective Quality - Recyclable - Energy-Efficiency
Figure 24
13. Above-Code Insulation To meet and/or exceed the required R-Values, we included insulation on all six sides of the building and had to design 9/16" thick thermal glass.
Roof Insulation
Figure 25
Since the floor is elevated off the ground by 5 feet, a new floor detail had to be developed that consisted of creating a wood sandwich below and above the rigid insulation layer. To achieve the necessary insulation on the roof, a similar concept was designed in reverse, installing a tapered rigid insulation on the roof with a layer of plywood underneath and a layer of icynine underneath. In this way the thermal and insulating properties are successfully served.
Window Glazing + Wall Insulation
Figure 26
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Figure 27
Floor Insulation
CHAPTER #12-13-14: Passive Design Strategies: Brillhart House 13. Above-Code Insulation . To meet and/or exceed the required R-Values, we included insulation on all six sides of the building and had to design 9/16" thick thermal glass. Since the floor is elevated off the ground by 5 feet, a new floor detail had to be developed that consisted of creating a wood sandwich below and above the rigid insulation layer. To achieve the necessary insulation on the roof, a similar concept was designed in reverse, installing a tapered rigid insulation on the roof with a layer of plywood underneath and a layer of icynine underneath. In this way the thermal and insulating properties are successfully served.
Figure 28
Roof Insulation
Window Glazing + Wall Insulation
Floor Insulation
Figure 29
Figure 30
14. Air-Tightness Thanks to the insulation system developed for this house on all 6 sides (4 walls + ceiling + floor), the natural environmental conditions of the Miami area, such as humidity, strong winds, proximity to the sea (sea salt), and native vegetation, problems of humidity, vaporization, mold, and moisture are avoided. For practical purposes, the house is elevated to meet the required base flood criteria, however, this design feature also provides -Easy access to the undercarriage of the house Figure 31
-The ability for the undercarriage to dry out69quickly, discouraging termite infestation.
CHAPTER #12-13-14: Passive Design Strategies: Brillhart House 15. High-Efficiency Windows
Figure 32
The architects gave rise to a tropical modern school of thought and developed their own regional interpretations of the International Style by drawing on the local landscape, climate and materials to inform their designs. With interior and exterior spaces fused together, the experience is that of a floating tropical refuge. The house is surrounded by glass windows and doors designed and produced to be 9/16" thick to be "a glass box" in the middle of a tropical forest. The thermal glass used is much safer in high winds than the typical ½” glass used in other buildings. It also provides privacy from the street, offers shade, and captures the cooling southeast trade winds. Floorto-ceiling windows spanning the full width of the home in either direction offer expansive views of the landscape beyond, revealing the site’s remarkable depth.
Figure 33
16. Insulated Concrete Forms (ICF) In the architectural experimentation of this project, we looked for an alternative to the use of concrete and concrete, exploring with other insulation systems and materials such as steel, tempered glass and the benefits and properties of wood. Due to assembly issues it was much simpler and reduced construction costs. The house have a series of filters, there are the trees in the forest, then the louvers for privacy, air flow and light – and then the thermal glass that filters the air, the light and the temperature.
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Figure 34
CHAPTER #12-13-14: Passive Design Strategies: Brillhart House 17. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) The air quality within and around buildings and structures is referred to as indoor air quality. IAQ is known to have an impact on building inhabitants' health, comfort, and well-being. Brillhart House landscape helps with the building quality throughout. The use of plants and trees produce oxygen in the environment. The integration of glass also helps with the air quality flow since oxygen comes inside together with sunlight. Indoor air quality (IAQ) is closely linked to one's health and happiness. Humans spend the majority of their time indoors. Breathable air that is free of health-threatening contaminants can contribute to a higher quality of life, a lower risk of respiratory ailments, and a lower risk of developing a variety of chronic diseases.
Figure 35
Figure 37
Figure 36
18. Indoor Materials Figure 38
Figure 39
-Floor-to-ceiling 9/16” glass windows -Variety of woods such as real American cherry interior millwork that adds warmth to the design -Dark bronze hardware and fixtures Figure 40
Figure 41
-Wood ribbed panels on walls and doors -Neutral tones for furniture upholstery and finishes -White paint walls for a neutral, airy and natural look - Oak wood flooring
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CHAPTER #12-13-14: Passive Design Strategies: Brillhart House 19. Permeable Paving Permeable Paving allows for the movement of stormwater through the surface, reducing runoff and filtering out contaminants before they enter the groundwater. Because the property is close to the Miami River, the firm, Brillhart Architecture, elevated the single story 5 feet off the ground to meet flood regulations.
Figure 42
Permeable paving was NOT necessary since underneath THERE Is ENOUGH space for stormwater to move. HOWEVER, Permeable paver were integrated in the front/entrance walkway.
Figure 43
Exterior Cladding Materials : Rainscreen: Ipe Wood: Ipe (Shiplapped) for all siding, fascia, columns Moisture barrier: Peel and stick roofing paper Figure 44
FIGURE 45
Figure 46
20. Rainwater Collection Runoff water from roofs and other horizontal surfaces is collected and reused on the property through Rainwater Collection. Outdoor irrigation and, if communities allow it, toilet flushing are two examples. Installation of gutters and drains have been installed for a rainwater harvesting system ( technology that collects and stores rainwater for human use.) 72
CHAPTER #12-13-14: Active Building- The New School University Center New York
PROJECT NAME:The New School University Center ACTIVE BUILDING STRATEGIES LOCATION: New York City YEAR: 2014 AREA: 375000 ft² ARCHITECTS: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill MANUFACTURERS: Solid State Luminaires LEED CONSULTANT : Buro Happold TYPOLOGY: Institutional
Figure 1
Interactive spaces are dispersed vertically throughout the section to activate all levels of the building. Three distinctive steps thread their way around the structure, offering plenty of opportunity for encounters. This structure generates hives of activity that are visible through enormous glass windows along the exterior. The New School University Center that was completed in 2014, a 16-story building offers the students cutting-edge classrooms, a library-research center, a auditorium, a cafeteria and event café, and a 600-bed student apartment. This project was designed taking in consideration energy efficient and saving. 73
CHAPTER #12-13-14: Active Building- The New School University Center New York 1. Grid-Connected The building has a low impact on the city’s electrical grid. The New School University Center incorporates two major systems. In the summer, an ice storage unit in the lower level helps to keep the building cold, especially during periods of extreme heat when the city's system is most overloaded. The second system, microturbines located on the 17th level, can produce up to 30% of the building's total power demands, lowering the impact on the city's grid even more.
Microturbines system
Figure 2
Ice Storage system Figure 3
2. Net-Positive Cost of Energy The building energy system and design innovations help to reduce the cost of energy in the project. The active design strategies help the building to generate enough energy to pay their utilities each year.
Figure 4
3. Solar-Electrical Power The building do have solar panels or obtain solar energy. The used natural lighting is used to save energy during the day and others sources to produce efficient energy. Through interactive spaces, where flexible and customizable walls let light into the center of the building and clerestory windows send light into internal classrooms, daylight may penetrate nearly to the core of the structure.
74 Figure 5
CHAPTER #12-13-14: Active Building- The New School University Center New York 4. Solar Thermal Energy
To reduce the University's impact on the overburdened New York power grid, a thermal energy storage system was devised to make and store ice at night, reducing the load of the building's daily operations and allowing equipment to be shrunk and right-sized.
Figure 6
5. High Efficiency HVAC system
Networked Energy Management System (INNCOM) a metering device that monitors temperature and lighting levels while people are present and then reduces energy levels when the space is empty. Figure 7
6. High Recovery Ventilation (HRC) and Energy recovery Ventilation (EVR)
Figure 8
A centralized Aircuity demand control ventilation system manages fresh air in all academic spaces to provide ideal indoor air quality while minimizing energy consumption and lowering maintenance and calibration demands. When temperate fresh air is available, moveable windows in some areas link to an Incomm smart monitoring system, which controls air flow. 75
Figure 9
Figure 10
CHAPTER #12-13-14: Active Building- The New School University Center New York 7. In-floor Radiant Heating Radiant Heating do not apply to the project but they have a heat recovery wheels system in the building. The heat wheel alternately turns between entering fresh air and exhaust air. The wheel is fed heat and moisture. When the area is heated, the heat and desired humidity are employed to precondition the entering cold, dry air. The incoming air is pre-cooled and dehumidified in the cooling mode.
Figure 11
8. Building Automation
The building has a BMS systems that control, and report on the building technology systems Access, video surveillance, fire alarms, HVAC control, programmable lighting, and electric power management.
Figure 12
9. High-Efficiency Appliances The building include High-Efficiency fixtures in their spaces that help to reduce the energy consumption, energy cost and create energy-efficient. Some of them are includes:
Figure 13
Figure 14
Refrigerator Toilets Sinks Showers Dishwashers Washing machines
76 Figure 15
Figure 16
CHAPTER #12-13-14: Active Building- The New School University Center New York 10. Greywater Reuse The New School University dedication to environmental care in the water systems planned, which go well beyond code to match with the city's water quality improvement efforts. Plumbing fittings selected throughout the building were intended to consume 31% less potable water than the typical baseline and the leftover wastewater is handled in one of the world's most advanced building-scale blackwater treatment systems. The blackwater system, which collects water from toilets, sinks, showers, dishwashers, and washing machines, cuts potable water use by 74% and sewage discharges by almost 90%, while also providing water for the University Center's washing machines, cooling tower make-up, and green roof irrigation. Figure 17
The green roof reduces the heat-island effect as well as storm-water runoff, absorbing water for the building's gray- and black-water treatment systems.
Figure 18
The green roof itself makes a substantial contribution to the University's environmental initiatives. The University Center is able tovlimit the impact of the 375,000 SF building on the City's overloaded stormwater infrastructure and prevent possible CSO outfalls by collecting 40% of yearly rainfall hitting the site and having a 17,000-gallon stormwater detention tank.
11. Reversible Ceiling Fans On the project reversible do not apply but they have a chillers system to help with the hot air.
v gas to move the Chillers use a refrigerant unwanted heat between the evaporator and the condenser. The chilled water is generated in evaporator and this is sent around the building by a pump to collect the unwanted heat and bring it back to the evaporator to be cooled down
77 Figure 19
CHAPTER #12-13-14: Passive & Active Design Strategies PASSIVE DESIGN
VS
ACTIVE DESIGN
Comparing & Contracting & Conclusion Consider the use of active gadgets in your home, such as air conditioners that cool, furnaces that heat, and lights that turn on for illumination. Solar energy capture might even be considered an active process. When mechanicals are used in the construction, air filtering and water purification become active processes. When we think of passive design techniques, we think of using nature to achieve some of the design goals in residential building, such as positioning the house to take advantage of natural light, particularly southernfacing windows that captures indirect light throughout the day. Shade trees can be incorporated into the design as a passive method to provide relief from the sun as the summer progresses and the heat becomes unbearable.
FIGURE 1
FIGURE 2
ACTIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES
PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES
Considerations
Considerations ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Microclimate Taking into consideration that buildings in humid environments require different passive strategies than buildings in an arid climate Building orientation Positioning the long side of a building in a north-south orientation whenever possible Fenestration orientation Window sizing and configuration to reduce heat loss Shading windows to further minimize heat loss Thermal mass Designing solid walls with thermal qualities
● ●
●
●
Creating big, open roofs or ground areas for photovoltaic panel arrays. Choosing the best installation angle for solar panels. When panels are tilted at an angle equal to the latitude of the sun at that precise place, they produce the most energy. Installing panels on parking structures or covered parking pavilions for buildings with reduced floor plates. Installing an energy dashboard to track and display the performance of the array. The 78 energy dashboard also informs building occupants about how their actions affect
CHAPTER #12-13-14: References Awards. NewSchool of Architecture & Design. (2021, January 20). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://newschoolarch.edu/about/academic-excellence/. Design: Passive vs active. Simplicable. (n.d.). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://simplicable.com/new/passive-design-vs-active-design. Home. Sustainable Strategies DC, LLC. (n.d.). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from http://www.strategiesdc.com/. McManus, D., & Lomholt, I. (2020, November 16). University Center at the New School, NYC - e-architect. e. Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.e-architect.com/new-york/university-center-the-new-school. Passive and active strategies for implementing net-zero ... (n.d.). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Passive-and-active-strategies-for-implementing-net-zero-energybuilding_fig1_321688652. Three innovative examples of active building design ... (n.d.). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.unitedrentals.com/project-uptime/data/three-innovative-examples-active-building-design. University Center - The New School. Architect. (2015, April 27). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.architectmagazine.com/awards/university-center-the-new-school_o. Breezy Brillhart Residence is designed to withstand global warming. Inhabitat Green Design Innovation Architecture Green Building. (n.d.). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://inhabitat.com/breezy-brillhart-residence-is-built-to-withstand-globalwarming/. Brillhart Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://brillhartarchitecture.com/gallery/brillharthouse-3/. Brillhart House in Miami, Florida, 2014 multiple award winner. Inspired Home Ideas. (2017, November 29). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from http://www.inspiredhomeideas.com/stunning-brillhart-house-in-miami-florida-amultiple-2014-award-winner/. Brillhart House references Florida's Vernacular Architecture. designboom. (2016, February 26). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.designboom.com/architecture/jacob-brillhart-architecture-house-miami-florida02-24-2015/. Brillhart House: Brillhart Architecture. Arch2O.com. (2021, May 17). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.arch2o.com/brillhart-house-brillhart-architecture/.
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CHAPTER #12-13-14: References Brillhart House: Tropical refuge by Brillhart Architecture: Wowow, home! Wowow Home Magazine. (2019, May 8). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://wowowhome.com/architecture/brillhart-house-tropical-refuge-by-brillhartarchitecture/. Flamer, K. (2019, June 25). The Brillhart House, Miami's Exotic Marvel, hits market for $2 million. Forbes. Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/keithflamer/2019/06/24/the-brillhart-house-miamis-exoticmarvel-hits-market-for-2-million/?sh=f48560c790c5. Fracalossi, I. (2015, March 2). Brillhart House / Brillhart Architecture. ArchDaily. Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.archdaily.com/603088/brillhart-house-brillhart-architecture. M., K. (2019, September 12). Brillhart home by Brillhart Architecture. Dwell. Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.dwell.com/article/brillhart-home-brillhart-architecture-real-estate-7c334cb5. Vernacular architecture with minimal impact on the Earth: Brillhart House. HomeWorldDesign. (2015, October 31). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://homeworlddesign.com/vernacular-architecture-with-minimal-impact-onthe-earth/. Visual Atelier 8. (2020, May 9). Brillhart House is deeply connected to the landscape in Miami. Visual Atelier 8. Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.visualatelier8.com/architecture/2019/11/13/brillhart-architecturehouse-miami. Welton, J. M., Gillespie, M., Sperry, J., Lorch, D., Ocean Home magazine, & Gale, N. (2018, June 14). A striking glass and wood home on the Miami River. Ocean Home magazine. Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.oceanhomemag.com/outdoor-living/a-striking-glass-and-wood-home-on-the-miami-river/.
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CHAPTER #12-13-14: References University Center – the new school. University Center – The New School | AIA Top Ten. (1970, December 1). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.aiatopten.org/node/442. Princeton Review Verdict: Green to our core. New School News. (2014, June 10). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://blogs.newschool.edu/news/2014/04/princeton-review-verdict-green-to-our-core/. Editors, T. (2013, August 9). Som's University Center at the New School gets its Green Roof. The Architect's Newspaper. Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.archpaper.com/2013/08/soms-university-center-at-the-new-school-getsits-green-roof/. Valenzuela, K. (2014, April 10). The New School University Center / Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. ArchDaily. Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.archdaily.com/494660/the-new-school-university-center-skidmore-owings-andmerrill. University Center – the new school. SOM. (2021, October 12). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.som.com/projects/university-center-the-new-school/. Tetratech. (n.d.). The New School University Center, New York. Tetra Tech. Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.tetratech.com/en/projects/the-new-school-university-center-new-york. McManus, D., & Lomholt, I. (2020, November 16). University Center at the New School, NYC - e-architect. e. Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.e-architect.com/new-york/university-center-the-new-school.
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CHAPTER #12-13-14: Figures References Figure 1, 3, 4 & 5: Breezy Brillhart Residence is designed to withstand global warming. Inhabitat Green Design Innovation Architecture Green Building. (n.d.). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://inhabitat.com/breezy-brillhart-residence-is-built-towithstand-global-warming/. Figure 2: University Center – the new school. University Center – The New School | AIA Top Ten. (1970, December 1). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.aiatopten.org/node/442. Figure 6, 7, 8, 9 & 10: Fracalossi, I. (2015, March 2). Brillhart House / Brillhart Architecture. ArchDaily. Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.archdaily.com/603088/brillhart-house-brillhart-architecture. Figure 11, 12 & 13: Breezy Brillhart Residence is designed to withstand global warming. Inhabitat Green Design Innovation Architecture Green Building. (n.d.). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://inhabitat.com/breezy-brillhart-residence-is-built-towithstand-global-warming/. Figure 14, 15, 16 & 17: Vernacular architecture with minimal impact on the Earth: Brillhart House. HomeWorldDesign. (2015, October 31). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://homeworlddesign.com/vernacular-architecture-with-minimal-impact-on-theearth/. Figure 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 & 24: Breezy Brillhart Residence is designed to withstand global warming. Inhabitat Green Design Innovation Architecture Green Building. (n.d.). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://inhabitat.com/breezy-brillhart-residence-is-built-towithstand-global-warming/. FIGURE 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 & 30: Vernacular architecture with minimal impact on the Earth: Brillhart House. HomeWorldDesign. (2015, October 31). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://homeworlddesign.com/vernacular-architecture-with-minimal-impact-on-theearth/. Figure 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 & 38: Welton, J. M., Gillespie, M., Sperry, J., Lorch, D., Ocean Home magazine, & Gale, N. (2018, June 14). A striking glass and wood home on the Miami River. Ocean Home magazine. Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.oceanhomemag.com/outdoor-living/a-striking-glass-and-wood-home-on-the-miami-river/. Figure 39, 40, 41, 42 & 43, 44, 45 & 46: M., K. (2019, September 12). Brillhart home by Brillhart Architecture. Dwell. Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.dwell.com/article/brillhart-home-brillhart-architecture-real-estate-7c334cb5.
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CHAPTER #12-13-14: Figures References Figure 1: Tetratech. (n.d.). The New School University Center, New York. Tetra Tech. Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.tetratech.com/en/projects/the-new-school-university-center-new-york. Figure 2: Microturbine: Another columbia sustainability first. Microturbine: Another Columbia Sustainability First | Columbia University Facilities. (n.d.). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.facilities.columbia.edu/microturbine-anothercolumbia-sustainability-first. Figure 3: Ice storage system by Calmac. Inhabitat Green Design Innovation Architecture Green Building. (n.d.). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://inhabitat.com/treehugger-reports-from-greenbuild-2009/greenbuild-ice/. Figure 4,5,6,7,12,17,18: University Center – the new school. University Center – The New School | AIA Top Ten. (1970, December 1). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://www.aiatopten.org/node/442 Figure 8,9,10: Walker, Fisk, & Mortensen. (2019, April 11). Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV). SVACH. Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://svach.lbl.gov/demand-controlled-ventilation/. Figure 11: Cubick, R. (2018, August 20). Understanding energy recovery wheels. Uponor Blog. Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://web.uponor.hk/radiant-cooling-blog/understanding-energy-recovery-wheels/. Figure 13,14,15,16: Me by Starck elongated 1.32 GPF & 0.92 GPF dual-flush one-piece toilet in white. Duravit ME by Starck Elongated 1.32 gpf & 0.92 gpf Dual-Flush One-Piece Toilet in White - D4201800. (n.d.). Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://vevano.com/product. Figure 19: Mount, A. (2018, November 1). Difference between an AC and Chiller. Medium. Retrieved November 8, 2021, from https://medium.com/@arcticmountdubai/difference-between-an-ac-and-chiller-8cf4127d7ada.
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CHAPTER #15-16-17: Electrical and Lighting Systems
ELECTRICAL & LIGHTING SYSTEM Introduction Any electrical, mechanical, structural, plumbing, heating, ventilating, air conditioning, sprinkler, life safety, or security systems serving the Building are referred to as Building Systems. The electrical distribution system provides electricity to a building for lighting, heating, and the operation of electrical equipment and appliances. Both the architect and the interior designer are affected by the electrical distribution system design. The placement of electrical equipment within a space has an impact on its function as well as its look. The general form(s) utilized to project light within a building's rooms is referred to as the lighting system. The different forms of lighting systems describe how and where lighting is mounted or installed. In most buildings, lighting has been the largest consumer of electrical energy. Motors for HVAC systems, plumbing pumps, elevators, and most industrial activities are the secondlargest users of electrical energy in commercial buildings.
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Figure 1
CHAPTER #15-16-17: Electrical and Lighting Systems The PGA Tour Global Home
PROJECT NAME: The PGA Tour Global Home LOCATION: Ponte Vedra Beach, FL 32082, United States YEAR: 2021 AREA: 187,000 sqft ARCHITECTS: Foster + Partners LEAD DESIGNER: James Barnes CLIENT: PGA Tour TYPOLOGY: Workplace
Figure 2
LIGHTING ENGINEER: Lumen, Civil CERTIFICATIONS: LED GOLD
Designed with a cohesive lighting design strategy in mind The new PGA Tour headquarters is recognized for its open design with floor-to-ceiling windows filling the interior of the facility with natural light. Foster + Partners architects ensure that natural elements such as light, air and landscaping enhance the well-being and development of the building's occupants, while also improving work performance. Many biophilia principles are integrated into the project with the intention of uniting the exterior with the interior and making the building as energy and water efficient as possible. The lighting design is balanced between natural and artificial lighting taking into account energy consumption and required municipal codes.
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CHAPTER #15-16-17: The PGA Tour Global Home Daylight Analysis Characteristic of Daylight The site was chosen because of the opportunity of bringing natural light and the outdoor landscape to interior space. Direct sunlight is Characterized by very high intensity and constant movement that varies by season, time of day, and location. The location of the site in Florida helps to prove sunlight to the building during the whole year, no matter the season sunlight is always bright with tropical weather. Reflected light is characterized by the light that is reflected from the landscape and the building surrounding it. The amount of nature surrounding the building helps with the reflection of natural light. Skylight is characterized by sunlight scattered by the atmosphere and clouds. The building brings the skylight to interiors with skylines design. Figure 5 Figure 6
Figure 3
Figure 4
Human Factors and Daylight
Figure 7
Figure 8
Nature plays an important part in the design of the building. The design creates an experience throughout the building with the surrounding landscape and natural light. The main goal was to improve staff wellness and quality in the workplace. The offices, conferences room, gym, and café have a view to the outside where natural light illuminates space and bring the outdoors inside. The natural light comes inside through the height-to-ceiling glass windows.
The building is design with five skylights that are 30 by 60 feet in length. The skylights allow natural light to enter the building from every angle. The building has a collaborative atrium that unites the two wings, and floor-to-ceiling windows in both side of the facade.The glazed façades and atrium fill the building with natural light and bring the outdoor indoors.
Figure 9
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Figure 10
Figure 11
CHAPTER #15-16-17: The PGA Tour Global Home Daylight Analysis Daylight Design Process When the building was designed, the architect during daylight design process took in consideration the used of the right material for exterior façade. The glazed used in the is high-performing exterior glass with a safety and security window films Llumar and thermal aluminum storefront windows systems.
Figure 12
The building's façade is designed for transparent, nestled in the green landscape, flooding the structure with natural light and allowing panoramic views of the surrounding area. Figure 13
Figure 14
Daylight Daylight and and Fenestration fenestration
Figure 15
The building design include an overhanging roof that provide shade and avoid heat to come inside the building through the glazed façade. The hanging piece of roof is support by column all around the facade.
Sidelighting The sidelighting do not apply to this project because there is a glass facade all around the building.
Toplighting / Skylights
Figure 16
The toplighting do not apply to this project. The project have five skylights, three internal and two external each measuring 53 feet 10 inches. The skylights improve the natural light inside of the building by illuminate the space above. Figure 17
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CHAPTER #15-16-17: The PGA Tour Global Home Artificial Natural Light Analysis ELECTRIC LIGHTING DESIGN PROCESS
Official Energy Codes begins to take place
Different lighting power densities are established including on/off controls
Figure 18
ASHRAE and IECC set standards for energy consumption Figure 19
The Key Steps in the Design Process: 1. Identify the requirements 2. Determine the method of lighting 3. Select the lighting equipment 4. Calculate the lighting parameters and adjust the design as required 5. Determine the control system 6. Choice of luminair 7. Inspect the installation upon competition Rooftop solar panels will power a portion of the building’s energy needs, while deep roof overhangs mitigate solar heat gain. *16,660 ft2 (1548m) of solar panels
Figure 20
LIGHTING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Design elements featured in the PGA Tour Global Home that moved the development towards its sustainability goals. - Energy reduction for enclosed offices by using occupancy sensors for 50% lighting power and switched receptacles.
Building facade shading via solar panels roof structure
Zoning of light controls based on group tasks
Daylight - response dimming controls
Energy reduction using occupancy sensors
Fire alarms integration into luminaire lights Figure 21
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Occupancy sensors on outdoor pole lighting Figure 22
CHAPTER #15-16-17: The PGA Tour Global Home Artificial Natural Light Analysis ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES An electric light is a light produced by the use of electricity. Electric light sources may be of the incandescent, fluorescent, gas discharge, or LED type. five massive skylights which are about 30 by 60 feet large. The skylights allow natural light to pour into the building at every viewpoint. This skylights also contain LED stripes. four-inch wood planks on the walls and ceilings. Figure 23
Luminaires Applied:
LED Pendant Lights Figure 36
Figure 24
LED Pendants in Exposed Ceilings Figure 26
Figure 27
LED Flat panel Flush mounted
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Figure 25
CHAPTER #15-16-17: The PGA Tour Global Home Artificial Natural Light Analysis LIGHTING DESIGN APPLICATIONS
Figure 28
Lighting design is the process of delivering lighting to spaces. It begins with a conversation with the owner about organizational and user needs. “Lighting” is the application of light to spaces. Lighting, therefore, can impact satisfaction, visibility, task performance, safety, security, sales, mood and atmosphere, aesthetic judgment and social interaction. It also tells a story about the space
Figure 29
Figure 32
Recessed Troffer, Dimmable & Sensorial control - For Bulb
Figure 30
Figure 33
Dome 29-Watt White Integrated LED Pendant
Type Integrated LED Green Product -This item has been designated by the manufacturer as an environmentally preferable product (EPP)
Features acrylic shade in white LED source offers energy efficient and cost savings benefits
Figure 31
Figure 34
Dome 29-Watt White Integrated LED Pendant Features acrylic shade in white This LED source offers energy efficient and cost 90 savings benefits
CHAPTER #15-16-17: Electrical and Lighting Systems ELECTRICAL & LIGHTING SYSTEM Conclusion | Comparing and Contrasting The smallest amount of energy that can be conveyed is light. We'll be talking about visible light in this topic, because visible light is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The term "visible" light refers to light that can be seen with the naked eye. Architectural structures are built on the foundation of lighting. It has the ability to alter the perception of space, shape, and texture of materials, as well as improve their aesthetic qualities. It also plays a vital function in ensuring occupant comfort. The sun, stars, and fire all produce natural light. The intensity of these sources varies depending on the time of day and where they are located. Buildings are frequently built to maximize natural light capture. Artificial light, on the other hand, is created by humans and can come from a variety of sources such as fire, candlelight, gaslight, electric lamps, and so on. In today's world, however, the word 'artificial lighting' refers to lighting produced by electric lamps. The term 'lamp' refers to a light source that typically consists of a light-emitting device enclosed within an exterior container (bulb or tube) that emits visible spectrum radiation. Artificial light is usually simple to modify in order to obtain the desired lighting effect. Light can be directed, focussed, and colored, as well as increased or decreased in intensity. This enables lighting to produce a variety of effects depending on the needs of a location. The sort of artificial light source selected will be determined by the type of space (office, living room, bathroom, etc. ), the quality and type of light required for the space, and the light fitting's energy consumption.
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Figure 35
CHAPTER #15-16-17: References James Parkes | 24 June 2021 Leave a comment. (2021, June 24). Foster + Partners completes headquarters for PGA Tour Golfing Association. Dezeen. Retrieved November 21, 2021, from https://www.dezeen.com/2021/06/24/pga-tour-headquarters-florida-foster-partners/. Foster + Partners completes New Global Home for PGA Tour, immersed in nature and natural light. designcitylab. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2021, from https://designcitylab.com/post/news/foster-partners-completes-newglobal-home-for-pga-tour-immersed-in-nature-and-natural-light. Gallery of PGA tour headquarters / foster + partners - 19. ArchDaily. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2021, from https://www.archdaily.com/964094/pga-tour-headquarters-foster-plus-partners/60da1b87f91c8190d10000cb-pgatour-headquarters-foster-plus-partners-diagram. Hickman, M. (2021, June 24). Foster + Partners reveals a fully complete PGA Tour headquarters near Jacksonville. The Architect's Newspaper. Retrieved November 21, 2021, from https://www.archpaper.com/2021/06/fosterpartners-reveals-fully-complete-pga-tour-headquarters-jacksonville/. Mafi, N. (2018, January 19). Foster + Partners unveils its stunning design of the new PGA tour headquarters. Architectural Digest. Retrieved November 21, 2021, from https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/foster-partnersunveils-design-new-pga-tour-headquarters. The New Global Home of the PGA tour: A workplace truly ... (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2021, from https://www.fosterandpartners.com/news/archive/2021/06/the-new-global-home-of-the-pga-tour-a-workplace-trulyinspired-by-nature/. PGA Tour global home. 11/2021. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2021, from https://www.golfaq.com/pga-tourglobal-home. PGA Tour Headquarters. The Georgetown Company. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2021, from https://georgetownco.com/pga-tour-headquarters. A workplace truly inspired by nature. The New Global Home of the PGA tour by Foster + Partners. A workplace truly inspired by nature. The new Global Home of the PGA TOUR by Foster + Partners | The Strength of Architecture | From 1998. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2021, from https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/a-workplace-trulyinspired-nature-new-global-home-pga-tour-foster-partners. .
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CHAPTER #15-16-17: References Box. (n.d.). Retrieved November 20, 2021, from https://fosterandpartners.app.box.com/s/io0conyvgud0qnuh64svcckuyqm6rgls/folder/45034497953. Foster + Partners completes New Global Home for PGA Tour, immersed in nature and natural light. designcitylab. (n.d.). Retrieved November 20, 2021, from https://designcitylab.com/post/news/foster-partners-completes-new-global-home-forpga-tour-immersed-in-nature-and-natural-light. Global Home of the PGA tour | clark construction. (n.d.). Retrieved November 20, 2021, from https://www.clarkconstruction.com/our-work/projects/global-home-pga-tour. Global Home of the PGA tour. ITSLIQUID. (n.d.). Retrieved November 20, 2021, from https://www.itsliquid.com/globalhomeofthepgatour.html. Global Home of the PGA tour. LOOP Design Awards. (2021, October 2). Retrieved November 20, 2021, from https://www.loopdesignawards.com/project/global-home-of-the-pga-tour/. Hickman, M. (2021, June 24). Foster + Partners reveals a fully complete PGA Tour headquarters near Jacksonville. The Architect's Newspaper. Retrieved November 20, 2021, from https://www.archpaper.com/2021/06/foster-partners-revealsfully-complete-pga-tour-headquarters-jacksonville/. Pintos, P. (2021, June 29). PGA Tour Headquarters / Foster + Partners. ArchDaily. Retrieved November 20, 2021, from https://www.archdaily.com/964094/pga-tour-headquarters-foster-plus-partners. A workplace truly inspired by nature. The New Global Home of the PGA tour by Foster + Partners. A workplace truly inspired by nature. The new Global Home of the PGA TOUR by Foster + Partners | The Strength of Architecture | From 1998. (n.d.). Retrieved November 20, 2021, from https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/a-workplace-truly-inspired-nature-newglobal-home-pga-tour-foster-partners. www.fosterandpartners.com, F. + P. /. (n.d.). Global Home of the PGA tour: Foster + Partners. Offices and Headquarters | Foster + Partners. Retrieved November 20, 2021, from https://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/global-home-of-the-pgatour/. .
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CHAPTER #15-16-17: Figure References Figure 1: Quizizz - the world's most engaging learning platform. Quizizz â The worldâ s most engaging learning platform. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2021, from https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5812013cae5100626256b899/unit-2-lesson-4-quiz. Figure 2, 3 & 4 Foster + Partners completes New Global Home for PGA Tour, immersed in nature and natural light. designcitylab. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2021, from https://designcitylab.com/post/news/foster-partners-completes-newglobal-home-for-pga-tour-immersed-in-nature-and-natural-light. Figure 5,6,7,8,9: PGA Tour global home. 11/2021. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2021, from https://www.golfaq.com/pga-tourglobal-home. Figure 10, 11, 13, 14 & 15: Pintos, P. (2021, June 29). PGA Tour Headquarters / Foster + Partners. ArchDaily. Retrieved November 20, 2021, from https://www.archdaily.com/964094/pga-tour-headquarters-foster-plus-partners. Figure 12 ,16, 17 & 18: A workplace truly inspired by nature. The New Global Home of the PGA tour by Foster + Partners. A workplace truly inspired by nature. The new Global Home of the PGA TOUR by Foster + Partners | The Strength of Architecture | From 1998. (n.d.). Retrieved November 20, 2021, from https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/a-workplace-truly-inspired-nature-new-global-home-pga-tour-foster-partners. Figure 18 - 21 & 22 : Case study: Office building has daylighting, energy-efficient lighting. Consulting - Specifying Engineer. (2021, November 17). Retrieved November 22, 2021, from https://www.csemag.com/articles/case-study-office-buildinghas-daylighting-energy-efficient-lighting/. FIGURE 19 & 20: Box. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2021, from https://fosterandpartners.app.box.com/s/io0conyvgud0qnuh64svcckuyqm6rgls
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CHAPTER #15-16-17: Figure References Figure E 23,24, & 25: www.fosterandpartners.com, F. + P. /. (n.d.). Global Home of the PGA tour: Foster + Partners. Offices and Headquarters | Foster + Partners. Retrieved November 22, 2021, from https://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/global-home-of-the-pga-tour/. Figure 26,27, & 36: Modern lighting, ceiling fans, furniture & home decor. Lumens. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2021, from https://www.lumens.com/. Figure 28: www.fosterandpartners.com, F. + P. /. (n.d.). Global Home of the PGA tour: Foster + Partners. Offices and Headquarters | Foster + Partners. Retrieved November 22, 2021, from https://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/global-home-of-the-pga-tour/. Figure 29, 30, & 31: Modern lighting, ceiling fans, furniture & home decor. Lumens. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2021, from https://www.lumens.com/. Figure 32, 33, & 34: Modern lighting, ceiling fans, furniture & home decor. Lumens. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2021, from https://www.lumens.com/. Figure 35: Quizizz - the world's most engaging learning platform. Quizizz â The worldâ s most engaging learning platform. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2021, from https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5812013cae5100626256b899/unit-2-lesson-4-quiz.
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