Software livre, cultura hacker e ecossistema da colaboração.

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração •

• Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

Software livre, cultura hacker e ecossistema da colaboração Anderson Fernandes de Alencar Murilo Bansi Machado Rafael Evangelista Sergio Amadeu da Silveira Vicente Macedo de Aguiar (Org)

Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Biblioteca Prof. José Geraldo Vieira

S664 Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração / organização Vicente Macedo de Aguiar ; ilustrações Murilo Machado. -- São Paulo: Momento Editorial, 2009.

Vários autores.

ISBN 978-85-62080-03-6 1. Ciência da computação 2. Software livre 3. Cultura hacker 4. Ecossistema da colaboração I. Aguiar, Vicente Macedo de II. Machado, Murilo CDD 005.1

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração •

Conteúdo licenciado pela Creative Atribuição-Compartilhamento pela Licença 2.5 Brasil Commons. Essa licença permite copiar, distribuir, exibir e criar obras derivadas sobre esta obra.

As novas obras devem conter menção aos autores nos créditos, porém as obras derivadas precisam ser licenciadas sob os mesmos termos dessa licença.

Software livre, cultura hacker e ecossistema da colaboração Revisão Karina Bersan Rocha Diagramação Murilo Bansi Machado Capa Aurélio A. Heckert

Anderson Fernandes de Alencar Murilo Bansi Machado Rafael Evangelista Sergio Amadeu da Silveira Vicente Macedo de Aguiar (Org)

Momento Editorial 2009

• Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

“Se você tem uma maçã e eu tenho uma maçã, e nós trocamos as maçãs, então você e eu ainda teremos uma maçã. Mas se você tem uma idéia e eu tenho uma idéia, e nós trocamos essas idéias, então cada um de nós terá duas idéias” George Bernard Shaw

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração •

SumĂĄrio

7

Introdução Vicente Macedo de Aguiar $ JrQHVH GR IHQ{PHQR GRV VRIWZDUHV OLYUHV ƒ 2V KDFNHUV

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Distros e comunidades: a dinâmica interna de Debian, Fedora, Slackware e Ubuntu Murilo Bansi Machado %UHYH KLVWyULFR H FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV JHUDLV GDV GLVWULEXLo}HV ƒ 'LQkPLFD LQWHUQD GDV GLVWULEXLo}HV ƒ %DUUHLUD GH HQWUDGD H SURFHVVR GH UHFUXWDPHQWR GH QRYRV FRODERUDGRUHV ƒ 2 SRUWD YR] GDV FRPXQLGDGHV ƒ $ FRPXQLFDomR LQWHUQD H H[WHUQD ƒ +LHUDUTXLDV H UHODo}HV GH SRGHU ƒ 2 SHVR GR WUDEDOKR EUDVLOHLUR IUHQWH j FRPXQLGDGH LQWHUQDFLRQDO ƒ 2 WHPSR GHGLFDGR j FRODERUDomR ƒ 2 FRQFHLWR GH ³OLEHUGDGH´ VRE D yWLFD GH DOJXPDV FRPXQLGDGHV

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• Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

151

A tecnologia na obra de Ă lvaro Vieira Pinto e Paulo Freire Anderson Fernandes de Alencar ĂˆOYDUR 9LHLUD 3LQWR XP ROKDU UHĂ€H[LYR H ULJRURVR Ć’ 2 FRQFHLWR GH WpFQLFD H WHFQRORJLD Ć’ $V GLYHUVDV DWLWXGHV IUHQWH j WHFQRORJLD Ć’ $ GHSHQGrQFLD DXWRQRPLD WHFQROyJLFD H D WHFQRORJLD FRPR SDWULP{QLR GD KXPDQLGDGH Ć’ 3DXOR )UHLUH XP ROKDU RWLPLVWD FXULRVR H FUtWLFR Ć’ 3RU XPD SUi[LV WHFQROyJLFD Ć’ $ WHFQRORJLD D VHUYLoR GH TXH LQWHUHVVHV" Ć’ (P GHIHVD GH XPD FRQFHSomR GH LQIRLQFOXVmR Ć’ &RQVLGHUDo}HV ÂżQDLV 3DXOR )UHLUH H R movimento do software livre

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Mobilização colaborativa, cultura hacker e a teoria da propriedade imaterial Sergio Amadeu da Silveira 8PD EUHYH LQWURGXomR j TXHVWmR GD SURSULHGDGH H GD OLEHUGDGH ƒ 2 PRGHOR GH SURSULHGDGH GH EHQV WDQJtYHLV H R PRQRSyOLR GR VRIWZDUH ƒ &HQiULRV GR FRQIURQWR HQWUH IRUoDV GR FRPSDUWLOKDPHQWR H GR EORTXHLR GR FRQKHFLPHQWR WHFQROyJLFR ƒ (OHPHQWRV SDUD XPD WHRULD GD SURSULHGDGH GH EHQV QmR HVFDVVRV ƒ &RPXQLGDGHV WHFQROyJLFDV PRYLPHQWRV VyFLR WpFQLFRV H HVIHUD S~EOLFD ƒ 3ROtWLFD SyV FDSLWDOLVWD GRV EHQV DQWL ULYDLV"

271

Debates e discussĂľes interativas

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração •

Introdução

A civilização do sĂŠculo XXI estĂĄ cada vez mais conectada. As tecnologias da informação, a exemplo da Internet, estĂŁo se tornando uma espĂŠcie de “tecido digitalâ€? do cotidiano da vida humana. Assim, cada vez mais a rede mundial GH FRPSXWDGRUHV VH DÂżUPD FRPR D EDVH WHFQROyJLFD SDUD D FRQVWLWXLomR GH DJUXSDPHQWRV H RUJDQL]Do}HV VRFLDLV TXH DFDEDP SRU LPSDFWDU GLUHWDPHQWH D dinâmica econĂ´mica, polĂ­tica e cultural do mundo moderno. Esse contexto atual de UHODo}HV HQWUH WHFQRORJLD H SURGXomR VRFLDO DFDED HQWmR VH WRUQDQGR XP FDPSR IpUWLO SDUD HVWXGRV H SHVTXLVDV FLHQWtÂżFDV 0XLWRV VmR RV WUDEDOKRV DFDGrPLFRV TXH VH GHEUXoDP VREUH R WHPD SDUD WHQWDU FRPSUHHQGHU HVVD UHDOLGDGH GH LQWHQVDV transformaçþes que anunciam atĂŠ mesmo a superação da era industrial por uma ÂłLQIRUPDFLRQDO´ HP TXH LPSHUD D HFRQRPLD GRV EHQV GLJLWDOL]DGRV

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• Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração •

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10 โ ข Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboraรงรฃo

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 11

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³6y XPD UHGH GH FHQWHQDV GH PLOKDUHV GH FpUHEURV WUDEDOKDQGR FRRSHUDWLYDPHQWH FRP GLYLVmR GR WUDEDOKR HVSRQWkQHD H FRRUGHQDomR PDOHiYHO PDV H¿FLHQWH SRGHULD OHYDU D FDER D WDUHID H[WUDRUGLQiULD GH criar um sistema operacional capaz de lidar com a complexidade de computadores cada vez mais potentes interagindo por meio da Internet� &DVWHOOV S

(QTXDQWR LVVR QD PHVPD GpFDGD GH D PXOWLQDFLRQDO Microsoft co­ PHUFLDOL]RX H GLIXQGLX FRP D IRUoD GH XP PHUFDGR VHP FRQFRUUrQFLD XP VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO SURSULHWiULR LVWR p FRP R FyGLJR IRQWH IHFKDGR PHVPR VHQGR considerado tecnologicamente inferior. No entanto, pelo fato de ter uma interface DSDUrQFLD DPLJiYHO H GH IiFLO PDQXVHLR SDUD XVXiULRV ÂżQDLV R VLVWHPD IHFKDGR GD 0LFURVRIW DWHQGHX D XPD GHPDQGD FDGD YH] PDLV FUHVFHQWH GH XVXiULRV FRPXQV GH FRPSXWDGRUHV &RPR DOWHUQDWLYD D HVVH FRQWH[WR VXUJH HQWmR R VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO *18 /LQX[ TXH VH GHVHQYROYH D SDUWLU GR WUDEDOKR GH 5LFKDUG 6WDOOPDQ PDV FRP XP PpWRGR GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR PDLV VXEYHUVLYR TXH R SUySULR 3URMHWR *18 GHVFREHUWR PHLR TXH SRU DFDVR SHOR HQWmR HVWXGDQWH GD 8QLYHUVLGDGGH GH +HOVLQNL GD )LQOkQGLD /LQXV 7RUYDOGV Copyleft p XPD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD DWULEXtGD D GHWHUPLQDGDV REUDV SXEOLFDGDV VRE OLFHQoDV OLYUHV FRPR D *3/ *HQHUDO 3XEOLF /LFHQVH RX DOJXPDV OLFHQoDV GD &UHDWLYH &RPPRQV Âą TXH REULJDP TXH RXWURV GLVWULEXDP REUDV GHULYDGDV VRPHQWH VRE XPD OLFHQoD OLYUH LGrQWLFD D TXH UHJH D REUD RULJLQiULD 1D SUiWLFD LVVR VLJQLÂżFD TXH FDVR XPD HPSUHVD GHVHQYROYD XP VRIWZDUH XVDQGR SHGDoRV GH FyGLJRV GH XP RXWUR VLVWHPD OLYUH TXH DGRWD D *3/ HVVH VRIWZDUH GHULYDGR REUD GHULYDGD REULJDWRULDPHQWH WHP TXH XVDU WDPEpP D *3/ FRPR OLFHQoD 6H XP VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO p GHVFULWR FRPR XP FRQMXQWR GH SURJUDPDV H ÂłSDFRWHV´ TXH ID]HP XP FRPSXWDGRU funcionar, o kernel ĂŠ o mais importante “pacoteâ€? desse sistema. Isto porque o kernel realiza todas as operaçþes mais EiVLFDV SHUPLWLQGR TXH XP XVXiULR GH FRPSXWDGRU H[HFXWH RXWURV SURJUDPDV (OH p PXLWDV YH]HV GHVFULWR FRPR R “sistema nervosoâ€? de um sistema operacional para computadores, dada a sua complexidade e funcionalidade.

12 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

(P R HQWmR XQLYHUVLWiULR /LQXV 7RUYDOGV TXH KDYLD DGTXLULGR R VHX SUL PHLUR FRPSXWDGRU SHVVRDO XP 3& GD ,QWHO TXLV XWLOL]i OR FRP XP VLVWHPD RSH UDFLRQDO 81,; 1R HQWDQWR FRPR QmR WLQKD UHFXUVRV ¿QDQFHLURV SDUD WHU DFHVVR D HVVD WHFQRORJLD GHGLFRX VHX WUDEDOKR GH FRQFOXVmR GH FXUVR FRPR HVWXGDQWH GH FLrQ FLD GD FRPSXWDomR SDUD GHVHQYROYHU VHX SUySULR .HUQHO 3DUD HPSUHHQGHU WDO ID oDQKD HOH WRPRX FRPR UHIHUrQFLD R SUySULR .HUQHO GR 81,; SDUD PiTXLQDV H XWLOL]RX R FRPSLODGRU *&& SDUD OLQJXDJHP C. Ao terminar sua primeira versão, ele D GHQRPLQRX GH ³)UHL[´ ¹ PDV VHJXQGR &DVWHOOV R DGPLQLVWUDGRU GR VHUYLGRU TXH HOH XWLOL]DYD HP KRPHQDJHP DR SUySULR FULDGRU GHQRPLQRX R GH /LQX[ 'HYLGR jV GL ¿FXOGDGH HQFRQWUDGDV DR ORQJR GR VHX ³SURMHWR ¿QDO GH FXUVR´ /LQXV GLYXOJRX R Fy GLJR IRQWH GR .HUQHO QXP Newsgroup4 na Internet, em agosto de 1991, pedindo então ajuda e cooperação de outros programadores no desenvolvimento desse VRIWZDUH OLYUH

&RPR UHVXOWDGR GHVVD LQLFLDWLYD /LQXV DFDERX REWHQGR XPD H[WUDRUGLQiULD FRODERUDomR YLQGD GH WRGRV RV FDQWRV GR SODQHWD TXH GH DOJXPD IRUPD WLQKDP DFHVVR j UHGH 6HJXQGR 5D\PRQG QR LQtFLR GR SURMHWR /LQX[ SRU YROWD GH QmR HUD HVWUDQKR XPD QRYD YHUVmR GR .HUQHO VHU ODQoDGD PDLV GH XPD YH] SRU GLD $VVLP ³GLYXOJDo}HV UiSLGDV DPSOD FRRSHUDomR H WRWDO DEHUWXUD GD LQIRUPDomR SHUPLWLUDP D WHVWDJHP H[WHQVLYD H D GHSXUDomR GR FyGLJR GH WDO IRUPD TXH HP R *18 /LQX[ HUD XP VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO PHOKRU TXH RV VLVWHPDV 81,; SDWHQWHDGRV´ &DVWHOOV (P DOpP GRV VLVWHPDV 81,; FRPHUFLDLV SDVVDUHP D DGRWDU R .HUQHO /LQX[ VHJXQGR &DVWHOOV Mi KDYLD SHOR PHQRV PLOK}HV GH XVXiULRV GR *18 /LQX[ HP WRGR R PXQGR

2 Newsgroup Ê uma ferramenta de discussþes na Internet, onde usuårios postam mensagens de texto (denominadas GH ³DUWLJRV´ HP IyUXQV TXH VmR DJUXSDGRV SRU DVVXQWR $R FRQWUiULR GDV PHQVDJHQV GH FRUUHLR HOHWU{QLFR e-mail), que são transmitidas quase que diretamente do remetente para o destinatårio, os artigos postados nos newsgroups são retransmitidos atravÊs de uma extensa rede de servidores conectados entre si.

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboraรงรฃo โ ข 13

ANO

7DEHOD ยฑ /LQKD GR WHPSR GR VRIWZDUH OLYUH

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1950s &yGLJRV IRQWHV VmR GLVWULEXtGRV VHP UHVWULomR HQWUH HPSUHVDV FRPR ,%0 FHQWUR e GH SHVTXLVDV FRPR RV ODERUDWyULRV %HOOV H 0,7 H XQLYHUVLGDGHV 1960s 1969 .HQ 7KRPSVRQ GHVHQYROYH D SULPHLUD YHUVmR GR 81,; 2 FyGLJR IRQWH GHVVH VLVWHPD p GLVWULEXtGR OLYUHPHQWH 1978 'RQDOG .QXWK 6WDQGIRUG SXEOLFRX R 7(; FRPR VRIWZDUH OLYUH 1979 $SyV D $7 7 V DQXQFLDU D FRPHUFLDOL]DomR GR 81,; D 8QLYHUVLGDGH GH %HUNHOH\ Gi LQtFLR DR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GD VXD SUySULD YHUVmR GR 81,; R %6' Berkeley Software Distribution).

(ULF $OOPDQQ XP HVWXGDQWH GD PHVPD 8QLYHUVLGDGH GH %HUNHOH\ GHVHQYROYHX XP SURJUDPD TXH WUDQVIHUH PHQVDJHQV HQWUH FRPSXWDGRUHV SRU PHLR GD $53$1(7 que posteriormente evolui para o Sendmail.

1983 5LFKDUG 6WDOOPDQ SXEOLFD R 0DQLIHVWR *18 EXVFDQGR D GLIXVmR GR VRIWZDUH OLYUH H cria a Free Software Foundation.

1987 2 GHVHQYROYHGRU $QGUHZ 7DQHQEDXP ODQoD R 0LQL[ D YHUVmR GR 81,; SDUD 3&V 0DF $PLJD H $WDUDL 67 GLVSRQLELOL]DQGR FRPSOHWDPHQWH R FyGLJR IRQWH 1991 /LQXV 7RUYDOGV SXEOLFD D YHUVmR GH XPD YDULDomR GR NHUQHO GR 0LQL[ SDUD R SURMHWR *18 TXH HOH FKDPRX GH ยณ/LQX[ยด 1993 e ODQoDGR R )UHH%6' EDVHDGR QR %6' 8QL[ ,DQ 0XUGRFN FULD XPD QRYD GLVWULEXLomR GR *18 /LQX[ FKDPDGD GH ยณ'HELDQยด 1994 0DUF (ZLQJ IRUPD D HPSUHVD Red Hat /LQX[ H FULD XPD GLVWULEXLomR SUySULD SDUD SUHVWDU VHUYLoRV FRP HVWH VRIWZDUH OLYUH 1995 2 *UXSR GH KDFNHUV GHQRPLQDGR GH ยณ$SDFKHยด FRQVWUyL XP QRYR VRIWZDUH OLYUH

SDUD VHUYLGRUHV :HE TXH DWXDOPHQWH p R PDLV XVDGR HP WRGR R PXQGR 1996 2 desktop .'( p ODQoDGR SDUD XVXiULRV GR *18 /LQX[ SRU 0DWWKLDV (WWULFK SRUpP com alguns aplicativos proprietรกrios.

1997 2 3URMHWR *120( p LQLFLDGR SRU )HGHULFR 0HQD H 0LJXHO GH ,FD]D FRPR desktop OLYUH RยฟFLDO GR 3URMHWR *18 1999 2 Q~PHUR GH XVXiULRV *18 /LQX[ p HVWLPDGR HP PLOK}HV GH XVXiULRV 2000 Novas empresas multinacionais de TI (como a Novel e Real) lanรงam versรตes de VHXV SURGXWRV TXH URGDP QR *18 /LQX[ 2001 2 Q~PHUR GH XVXiULRV *18 /LQX[ p HVWLPDGR HP SHOR PHQRV PLOK}HV HP WRGR o mundo.

2007 0DLV GH SURMHWRV GH VRIWZDUHV OLYUHV HVWmR UHJLVWUDGRV HP apenas um dos PDLRUHV UHSRVLWyULRV GH FyGLJR DEHUWR GR PXQGR R VLWH SourceForge.net.

5HIHUrQFLD Open Source Timeline LQ +$56 H 2X

14 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

Os hackers 3RU ¿P p QHFHVViULR UHDOL]DU QHVWD LQWURGXomR XP SHTXHQR HVFODUHFLPHQWR VREUH D DPELJXLGDGH H R PDO HQWHQGLPHQWR TXH VH ID] VREUH R WHUPR H D SUi[LV VRFLDO GH WHFQyORJRV TXH VH D¿UPDP FRPR ³KDFNHUV´ ,VWR SRUTXH DR ORQJR GH WRGDV as pesquisas que compþem este livro, o termo hacker não estå associado a in­ divíduos irresponsåveis que visam penetrar em sistemas computacionais de forma ilícita – como Ê normalmente propagado pela mídia de massa tradicional. Esse tipo GH LQGLYtGXRV TXH YLRODP VLVWHPDV GH VHJXUDQoD H TXHEUDP FyGLJRV FRP SX WDFLRQDLV VmR HVSHFL¿FDPHQWH GHQRPLQDGRV GH crackers e, em geral, são repudiados pelos PHPEURV GDV FRPXQLGDGHV LQWHUQDFLRQDLV GH VRIWZDUH OLYUH

'H IRUPD FRQWUiULD D HVVD YLVmR SUp FRQFHELGD RV HVWXGRV TXH FRPS}HP este livro consideram que a prĂĄxis dos hackers fundamenta uma cultura que diz respeito ao conjunto de valores e crenças que emergiu das redes de programadores de computador que interagiam on-line HP WRUQR GH SURMHWRV WpFQLFRV H FRODERUDWLYRV que visavam resultados inovadores. Assim, essa cultura desempenha um papel FHQWUDO DR ORQJR GD KLVWyULD GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GRV SULQFLSDLV VtPERORV WHFQROyJLFRV GD DWXDO VRFLHGDGH HP UHGH FRPR R 3& Personal Computer D ,QWHUQHW H VRIWZDUHV FRPR R VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO *18 /LQX[ DWp RV GLDV DWXDLV $ÂżQDO ÂżFD FODUR GHSRLV de uma anĂĄlise mais aprofundada, que ĂŠ essa cultura hacker que dĂĄ sustentação DR DPELHQWH IRPHQWDGRU GH LQRYDo}HV WHFQROyJLFDV VLJQLÂżFDWLYDV PHGLDQWH D FROD ERUDomR H FRPXQLFDomR OLYUHV FRPR WDPEpP p HOD TXH DFDED SHUPLWLQGR D FRQH[mR HQWUH R FRQKHFLPHQWR RULJLQDGR HP XQLYHUVLGDGHV H FHQWURV GH SHVTXLVDV H RV VXE produtos empresariais que difundem as tecnologias da informação no “mundo dos ĂĄtomosâ€? ­ isto ĂŠ, na materialidade da sociedade capitalista.

ReferĂŞncias &$67(//6 0DQXHO $ *DOi[LD GD ,QWHUQHW UHĂ&#x20AC;H[}HV VREUH D ,QWHUQHW RV QHJyFLRV H D VRFLHGDGH. 5LR 'H -DQHLUR -RUJH =DKDU (GLWRU +$56 $OH[DQGHU 28 6KDRVRQJ :RUNLQJ IRU IUHH" 0RWLYDWLRQV IRU SDUWLFLSDWLQJ LQ RSHQ VRXUFH SURMHFWV International Journal of Electronic Commerce YRO Q S Âą 'LVSRQtYHO HP KWWS FVGO FRPSXWHU RUJ SHUVDJHQ '/$EV7RF MVS"UHVRXUFH3DWK GO SURFHHGLQJV WRF FRPS SURFHHGLQJV KLFVV WRF [PO '2, +,&66 ! $FHVVR HP MXQ /e9< 3LHUUH &LEHUFXOWXUD 6mR 3DXOR (G 67$//0$1 5LFKDUG 0 )UHH 6RIWZDUH )UHH 6RFLHW\ 6HOHFWHG (VVD\V RI 5LFKDUG 0 6WDOOPDQ %RVWRQ -RVKXD *D\

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração â&#x20AC;˘ 15

Distros e comunidades a dinâmica interna de Debian, Fedora, Slackware e Ubuntu Murilo Bansi Machado

Ao contrĂĄrio do que alguns apregoam, o universo open source estĂĄ longe de ser homogĂŞneo. Em torno de um objeto em comum â&#x20AC;&#x201C; o software livre â&#x20AC;&#x201C;, achamVH GLYHUVRV FRODERUDGRUHV TXH FRQVLGHUDQGR JUDXV GH DÂżQLGDGH RX GHWHUPLQDGR LGHiULR GLVS}HP VH HP FRPXQLGDGHV HVSHFtÂżFDV 7DLV FRPXQLGDGHV SRU VXD YH] embora convirjam em inĂşmeros pontos, detĂŞm vĂĄrios atributos que a elas sĂŁo muito SUySULRV FRQÂżJXUDQGR VH DVVLP XP FHQiULR SOXUDO GHPRFUiWLFR H SRU FHUWR OLYUH Entre os aspectos em comum, pode-se citar o fato de todas se valerem de XP PRGHOR DEHUWR H FRODERUDWLYR GLQkPLFR H Ă&#x20AC;H[tYHO FDOFDGR QD HVSRQWDQHLGDGH H QD YROXQWDULHGDGH 1HVVH PHLR ID]HP VH SUHVHQWHV D FXOWXUD PHULWRFUiWLFD H D produção entre pares, elementos-chave da cultura hacker. Os muitos voluntĂĄrios, motivados por uma busca pelo conhecimento, pela possibilidade de se relacionar H SHOD YRQWDGH GH VHUHP UHFRQKHFLGRV HP IXQomR GH VHXV IHLWRV H[SUHVVDP VHXV desejos Ă comunidade e se empenham em tarefas nas quais sejam mais hĂĄbeis H TXH PDLV OKHV GHHP SUD]HU (VVH PRGHOR GH WUDEDOKR YDOH GL]HU GHVDÂżD GH forma consistente as limitaçþes do paradigma neoliberal dominante porque seus trabalhadores nĂŁo tĂŞm perspectiva de um retorno que possa ser lucrativo e suas açþes nĂŁo sĂŁo respaldadas por leis ou contratos, prevalecendo, portanto, um ambiente de troca, e as comunidades de software livre sĂł se tornam projetos possĂ­veis em função disso.

Nesse sentido, tambÊm não são poucos os pontos em que as comunidades se distanciam. Observaram-se, de um lado, modos de trabalho um tanto rígidos e ¿pLV D XP WLSR GH KLHUDUTXLD H GH RXWUR VLVWHPDV XP SRXFR PDLV GHVFHQWUDOL]DGRV )D]HP VH QRWDU DLQGD GLIHUHQWHV HVWUXWXUDV GH RUJDQL]DomR RUD FRP &RQVHOKRV RUD FRP /tGHUHV H &RQVWLWXLo}HV H RUD FRP XP ³GLWDGRU EHQHYROHQWH YLWDOtFLR´ (QTXDQWR SDUD XQV D LGpLD GH ³OLEHUGDGH´ HVWi DVVRFLDGD DR DSULPRUDPHQWR GDV LQWHUIDFHV JUi¿FDV D ¿P GH WRUQDU R VLVWHPD PDLV user-friendly possível e, assim,

16 â&#x20AC;˘ Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

XQLYHUVDOL]DU R DFHVVR SDUD RXWURV VHU ³OLYUH´ GHSHQGH GH TXDO SRGHU R XVXiULR WHP VREUH R FyGLJR IRQWH H SRU LVVR FRQYpP WUDEDOKDU SDUD VXD H[FHOrQFLD $V diversidades são, pois, patentes aos olhos.

Para fundamentar toda esta nossa discussĂŁo, foram analisadas quatro distribuiçþes de software livre durante o ano de 2008. SĂŁo elas: Debian, Fedora, Slackware e Ubuntu. Para tal, acompanhamos fĂłruns, listas de discussĂľes, comuniGD GHV HP UHGHV VRFLDLV FDQDLV QR ,5& HWF EHP FRPR HQWUHYLVWDPRV GLYHUVRV XVXiULRV H FRODERUDGRUHV -i VREUH RV FULWpULRV XWLOL]DGRV SDUD HVFROKHU HVVDV TXDWUR distribuiçþes em meio a uma vastidĂŁo delas,1 FRQYpP GL]HU HP SULPHLUR OXJDU buscou-se trabalhar com comunidades cuja representatividade no Brasil fosse alta â&#x20AC;&#x201C; nĂŁo apenas em termos de nĂşmeros, mas em participação e envolvimento. Outra SUHRFXSDomR FRQVLVWLX QD HVFROKD GH FRPXQLGDGHV GH GLIHUHQWHV QDWXUH]DV DOJR que remete Ă estrutura de sua fundação, consolidação e funcionamento. Dessa IRUPD DR SDVVR TXH 8EXQWX H )HGRUD ID]HP VH GLVWULEXLo}HV FRPHUFLDLV Âą LVWR p sĂŁo mantidas por grandes empresas que dĂŁo apoio aos trabalhos prestados pelos colaboradores das respectivas comunidades â&#x20AC;&#x201C;, Slackware e Debian sĂŁo os maiores H[HPSORV GH GLVWULEXLo}HV QmR FRPHUFLDLV QDV TXDLV SHVDP DSHQDV D IRUoD GDV intensas atividades de seus voluntĂĄrios.

1HVWH DUWLJR IH] VH HP XP SULPHLUR PRPHQWR XP EUHYH KLVWyULFR GRV grupos, dos projetos e das distribuiçþes, apontando brevemente algumas de VXDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV PDLV HYLGHQWHV 3RU ¿P HP ³1RUPDV SURFHVVRV GLQkPLFDV´ OHYDQWDUDP VH DOJXQV WySLFRV SDUD XPD DQiOLVH FRPSDUDWLYD HP TXH VmR H[SORUDGRV elementos considerados chave para compreender a dinâmica interna de cada FRPXQLGDGH ¹ PHVPR VRE RV LQHTXtYRFRV ULVFRV GH LQFRUUHU QD VXSHU¿FLDOLGDGH inócua ou no reducionismo caricatural.

Breve Histórico e características gerais das distribuiçþes Slackware Linux ³6y 6ODFNZDUH p /LQX[ H 3DWULFN 9RONHUGLQJ R VHX SURIHWD´ $ IUDVH encontrada em muitos fóruns, listas de discussão, comunidades do Orkut etc., descreve o espírito que estå solenemente incutido na mente de grande parte dos colaboradores dessa distribuição.

Slackware p D PDLV DQWLJD GLVWULEXLomR /LQX[ PDQWLGD SRU XPD FRPXQLGDGH 1 Segundo o site Distro Watch KWWS ZZZ GLVWURZDWFK FRP HP FRQVXOWD UHDOL]DGD HP DJRVWR GH H[LVWHP PDLV de 1000 distribuiçþes em atividade em todo o mundo

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração â&#x20AC;˘ 17

e uma das primeiras a serem lançadas, sendo que sua criação data de 16 de Julho GH TXDQGR R HVWDGXQLGHQVH 3DWULFN 9RONHUGLQJ JUDGXRX VH HP &LrQFLDV GD &RPSXWDomR SHOD 8QLYHUVLGDGH (VWDGXDO GH 0LQQHVRWD H ODQoRX D YHUVmR 9RONHUGLQJ p XP PLWR SDUD XVXiULRV H GHVHQYROYHGRUHV GD GLVWULEXLomR slackers), TXH VH UHIHUHP D HOH FRPR ³R KRPHP´ the man) e BDFL (Benevolent Dictator For Life RX 'LWDGRU 9LWDOtFLR %HQHYROHQWH 7DLV DOFXQKDV DVVLP FRPR D IUDVH WHPD TXH LQLFLD HVWH WySLFR VLQWHWL]DP WRGR R UHVSHLWR H DGPLUDomR TXH 9RONHUGLQG LQVSLUD

1DV SULPHLUDV YHUV}HV GD GLVWULEXLomR 9RONHUGLQJ WUDEDOKRX VR]LQKR QR projeto, e apenas em um segundo momento aceitou a ajuda de outros desenvolvedores, que ainda hoje são poucos. Jå o nome que escolheu Ê originårio do próprio WHUPR ³VNDFN´ TXH HPERUD VHMD XPD GHVLJQDomR HP LQJOrV SDUD ³SUHJXLoRVR´ RX ³IROJDGR´ GHULYD GH XP FRQFHLWR FXQKDGR SHOD Igreja do Sub-gênio2 comumente WUDGX]LGR SRU ³VHQVR GH OLEHUGDGH LQGHSHQGrQFLD H RULJLQDOLGDGH SDUD DOFDQoDU VXDV PHWDV SHVVRDLV´

0RYLGRV SHOR SULQFtSLR .,66 DFU{QLPR SDUD ³Keep it simple, stupid´ LVWR p ³PDQWHQKD R VLPSOHV HVW~SLGR´ RV slackers se habituaram a manter um sistema FRP LQWHUIDFHV JUi¿FDV SDUD SRXFDV IXQo}HV DOJR TXH SRGH VH DVVHPHOKDU DR 81,; RULJLQDO ¹ ³VLPSOLFLGDGH´ QHVVH FDVR QmR GL] UHVSHLWR j IDFLOLGDGH GH XVR PDV DR GHVLJQ ,VVR DOpP GH FRQIHULU UDSLGH] H OHYH]D VLJQL¿FD TXH R XVXiULR não conta com a ajuda de barras, menus e ícones intuitivos para trabalhar com JUDQGH SDUWH GRV FRPDQGRV TXH VmR UHDOL]DGRV HP VXD PDLRULD SRU PHLR GH OLQKDV GH FyGLJR SRLV RV PHPEURV GD FRPXQLGDGH DFUHGLWDP TXH RV JUi¿FRV RFXOWDP R ³YHUGDGHLUR´ VLVWHPD 3RU LVVR GL] VH TXH ³Vy 6ODFNZDUH p /LQX[´ H[SUHVVmR TXH UHPHWH D XPD GLVWULEXLomR ³SXUD´ ³RULJLQDO´ QHOD HVVH ³YHUGDGHLUR VLVWHPD´ HVWi plenamente à disposição de quem opera a måquina, alguÊm que tem o poder de garantir a segurança e o bom andamento de quaisquer aplicaçþes.

Hoje, nem mesmo o próprio processo de instalação do Slackware Ê totalPHQWH JUi¿FR R TXH GL¿FXOWD D UHDOL]DomR GH WDO IHLWR SRU XP LQLFLDQWH 0XLWRV FUrHP TXH D GLVWULEXLomR H[LJH PXLWR WHPSR GRV XVXiULRV QHVVD GL¿FXOGDGH GH DSUHQGL]DGR imediato. Os slackers, no entanto, acreditam que o sistema Ê simples à medida que p FRPSUHHQGLGR H TXH VHX XVR p VLQJXODUPHQWH YDQWDMRVR HP IXQomR GD H[SHULrQFLD angariada durante o processo de pesquisa a que o iniciante se submete nos primeiros momentos.

AlÊm de simples e, portanto, leve, o Slackware tem por característica SUHSRQGHUDQWH D HVWDELOLGDGH UD]mR SHOD TXDO p DPSODPHQWH XVDGR HP PiTXLQDV que cumprem o papel de servidores de sistema e devidamente aproveitado por 2 Igreja do Sub-gênio &KXUFK RI WKH 6XE*HQLXV p XPD UHOLJLmR ¿FWtFLD GD TXDO 3DWULFN 9RONHUGLQJ p ³PHPEUR´ 7UDWD VH GH XP JUXSR SVHXGR UHOLJLRVR TXH VDWLUL]D DOpP GDV UHOLJL}HV D WHRULD GD FRQVSLUDomR RV H[WUD WHUUHVWUHV H DVSHFWRV da cultura popular.

18 â&#x20AC;˘ Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

PDLV GH RXWUDV GLVWULEXLo}HV TXH GHOH VH ID]HP GHULYDGDV No Brasil, a comunidade Slackware PDLV H[SUHVVLYD HVWi HP yUELWD GR *XV EU R *UXSR GH 8VXiULRV 6ODFNZDUH %UDVLO 2 *XV EU VXUJLX QR GLD GH GH]HPEUR GH FRPR IUXWR GD YRQWDGH GH XP JUXSR GH DPLJRV FXMR REMHWLYR HUD promover a troca de informaçþes sobre a distribuição e ser uma referência diante GDV FRPXQLGDGHV QDFLRQDLV H LQWHUQDFLRQDLV 3RGH VH GL]HU TXH DWp FHUWR SRQWR R projeto de seus fundadores3 tem sido bem-sucedido.

4XDQGR VDLUi D SUy[LPD RX DV SUy[LPDV YHUVmR }HV GR Slackware? Patrick 9RONHUGLQJ UHVSRQGH ³R QRYR 6ODFNZDUH YDL VHU ODQoDGR TXDQGR HVWLYHU SURQWR ´4

Ubuntu Linux Se, nos dias atuais, a imagem que se consolidou quanto ao fato de os VLVWHPDV GH Q~FOHR *18 /LQX[ VHUHP PDQLSXODGRV H FRPSUHHQGLGRV DSHQDV SRU hackers ou grandes peritos em informåtica estå em grande parte superada, isso PXLWR VH GHYH DR VXUJLPHQWR SULPHLUDPHQWH GH LQWHUIDFHV JUi¿FDV OLYUHV DPLJiYHLV ¹ VHQGR RV JUDQGHV H[SRHQWHV R .'( HP H R *120( HP ¹ H HP VHJXQGR OXJDU DR DSDUHFLPHQWR GR 8EXQWX /LQX[ FXMD SULPHLUD YHUVmR IRL ODQoDGD DRV GH RXWXEUR GH VRE R FRGLQRPH ³ZDUW\´ 5 %DVHDGD QD GLVWULEXLomR 'HELDQ R 8EXQWX p PDQWLGR SHOD HPSUHVD &DQRQLFDO /WG IXQGDGD SHOR VXO DIULFDQR 0DUN 5LFKDUG 6KXWWOHZRUWK FRP VHGH QD ,OKD GH 0DQ H YROWDGD SDUD D SURPRomR GH VRIWZDUHV OLYUHV 3URJUDPDGRU EHP VXFHGLGR 6KXWWOHZRUWK IH] VH PLOLRQiULR DR SDVVDU VXD HPSUHVD GH ³VHJXUDQoD QD LQWHUQHW´ D 7KDZWH DRV FXLGDGRV GD WDPEpP HPSUHVD GH VHJXUDQoD 9HUL6LJQ GRV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV &RP R GLQKHLUR GD YHQGD HOH YLDMRX QR PXQGR GD OXD ¹ OLWHUDOPHQWH 3RU 20 milhþes de dólares, tornou-se o segundo turista espacial do mundo a bordo da QDYH UXVVD 6R\X] 70 HP 'H YROWD DR SODQR WHUUHQR FULRX D &DQRQLFDO /WG TXH VXVWHQWD R 8EXQWX DVVLP FRPR DV GHULYDo}HV .XEXQWX ;XEXQWX (GXEXQWX H *REXQWX6 GH GLYHUVDV IRUPDV ¹ GHVGH R ¿QDQFLDPHQWR GH GHVHQYROYHGRUHV H (QWUH RV IXQGDGRUHV HVWmR $OHVVDQGUR 0DUWLQV $QWRQLR 0DUFHOR %UXQR +HQULTXH -DUEDV &HODQWH -RmR $OH[DQGUH 0DUFHOR 6DPVRQLXN 0DUFRV 7DGHX 5LFDUGR &DUUDQR H 5RGULJR *UDHII 4 O que não ocorre em algumas distribuiçþes, nas quais são estabelecidas certas periodicidades para o lançamento GD SUy[LPD YHUVmR VHQGR PDLV FRPXP D GH VHLV PHVHV 1HVVD FRUULGD FRQWUD R WHPSR DOJXPDV FRLVDV SRGHP ¿FDU SRU ID]HU 1R 6ODFNZDUH FRQWXGR D QRomR GH WHPSR p UHOHJDGD D VHJXQGR SODQR HP EHQHItFLR GD EXVFD SRU DTXLOR TXH julgam ser um sistema perfeito. Por isso, a periodicidade pode variar: no ano de 1993, foram lançadas 5 versþes. Em TXDWUR YHUV}HV 1RV DQRV GH H WUrV QRYDV YHUV}HV IRUDP ODQoDGDV (P H GXDV YHUV}HV (P H DSHQDV XPD YHUVmR $ HVFROKD GR Q~PHUR ³ ´ QmR IRL DR DFDVR $ UHJUD FRQVLVWH HP GHGLFDU R Q~PHUR GD HVTXHUGD DR DQR GH ODQoDPHQWR e o da direita, ao mês. Quanto aos codinomes, trata-se de uma pråtica muito comum associar um apelido a cada versão lançada.

7UDWD VH FRPR GLWR GH GHULYDo}HV GR PHVPR VLVWHPD ³.XEXQWX´ QDGD PDLV p GR TXH R 8EXQWX VRE D LQWHUIDFH JUi¿FD .'( SRU SDGUmR R 8EXQWX YHP FRP *120( ³;XEXQWX´ WUD] D LQWHUIDFH ;IFH DR SDVVR TXH ³(GXEXQWX´ WUD] R Q~FOHR GR 8EXQWX DSULPRUDGR HVSHFL¿FDPHQWH SDUD DPELHQWHV HGXFDFLRQDLV H R ³*REXQWX´ p XPD YDULDQWH PDLV OHYH H FRP menos recursos, contendo apenas por software livre em todas as aplicaçþes.

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração â&#x20AC;˘ 19

mantenedores do sistema em diversos cantos do mundo atĂŠ o envio gratuito de PtGLDV &'V FRQWHQGR R VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO SDUD TXDOTXHU SDUWH GR SODQHWD

1mR p j WRD TXH R VORJDQ GR 8EXQWX p ³/LQX[ IRU KXPDQ EHLQJV´ RX VHMD ³/LQX[ SDUD VHUHV KXPDQRV´ 2 VLVWHPD FXMR QRPH p XP FRQFHLWR VXO DIULFDQR TXH SRGHU VHU WUDGX]LGR FRPR ³KXPDQLGDGH SDUD FRP RV RXWURV´ p SURMHWDGR SDUD TXH TXDOTXHU SHVVRD VHMD FDSD] GH XVi OR LQGHSHQGHQWHPHQWH GR QtYHO GH FRQKHFLPHQWR HP LQIRUPiWLFD RX GD QDFLRQDOLGDGH (VVH HVStULWR GH WHQWDWLYD GH XQLYHUVDOL]DomR IH] GR 8EXQWX XP VLVWHPD GHYHUDV LQWXLWLYR GHVGH R SURFHVVR GH LQVWDODomR DWp D XWLOL]DomR GDV PDLV YDULDGDV IXQo}HV FRQWDQGR LQFOXVLYH FRP YDVWtVVLPD GRFXPHQWDomR R¿FLDO H H[WUD R¿FLDO FDSD] GH VDWLVID]HU WDQWR DV G~YLGDV GH XP LQLFLDQWH TXDQWR DV GH XP LQLFLDGR 7UDWD VH SRU VLQDO GH XPD OLWHUDWXUD FRPSOHWD p PXLWR FRPXP DR EDL[DU RV PDQXDLV PDLV XVDGRV HQFRQWUDU FDStWXORV LQWURGXWyULRV DOXVLYRV j KLVWyULD GR VRIWZDUH OLYUH H jV ¿ORVR¿DV HP MRJR VHPSUH HP OLQJXDJHP acessível e com analogias fåceis de serem compreendidas. A nacionalidade do usuårio, como dito, tambÊm não costuma ser uma barreira, jå que o sistema Ê WUDGX]LGR SDUD PXLWRV LGLRPDV DWUDYpV GRV HVIRUoRV GH LQ~PHURV FRODERUDGRUHV TXH WDPEpP WUDGX]HP H HODERUDP QRYDV GRFXPHQWDo}HV &RP XPD QRYD YHUVmR a cada seis meses, o Ubuntu Ê geralmente lançado após decorrido, em mÊdia, um PrV GR ODQoDPHQWR GR QRYR *120( VXD LQWHUIDFH JUi¿FD SDGUmR

1R %UDVLO D FRPXQLGDGH 8EXQWX VHJXH j ULVFD D ÂżORVRÂżD FRP D TXDO R VLVWHPD IRL HODERUDGR H QD TXDO VXVWHQWD WRGD D VXD EDVH 'D (TXLSH 2ÂżFLDO EURWDP vĂĄrios subtimes que trabalham para aprimorar a distribuição. Entre eles estĂŁo: &RQVHOKR %UDVLO yUJmR Pi[LPR TXH UHSUHVHQWD RÂżFLDOPHQWH D FRPXQLGDGH EUDVLOHLUD DWXDOPHQWH FRP WUrV PHPEURV 'RFXPHQWDomR 7UDGXomR 3ODQHWD IHUUDPHQWD TXH agrega as informaçþes postadas em blogs de membros da comunidade), Segurança, 8EXQWX *DPHV )yUXQV 'LVWURV SDUD FXLGDU GDV TXHVW}HV DOXVLYDV jV GLVWULEXLo}HV GHULYDGDV .XEXQWX H ;XEXQWX H RV *UXSRV 5HJLRQDLV TXH VmR DV UHSUHVHQWDo}HV nos estados. 1D PDLRU SDUWH GDV YH]HV RV VXEWLPHV GHVHPSHQKDP VHXV WUDEDOKRV por meio do Launchpad8 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; um conjunto de aplicaçþes na plataforma web usado no desenvolvimento de programas de cĂłdigo aberto, controlando tarefas e facilitando todo o processo de colaboração. Para que um indivĂ­duo comece a participar da comunidade ajudando ativamente, criar uma conta no Launchpad ĂŠ um Ăłtimo começo.

$Wp HQWmR H[LVWHP JUXSRV UHJLRQDLV QRV HVWDGRV GH $ODJRDV %DKLD &HDUi 0DWR *URVVR 0DUDQKmR 0LQDV *HUDLV 3DUDtED 3DUDQi 3DUi 3HUQDPEXFR 5LR *UDQGH GR 6XO 5LR GH -DQHLUR 6DQWD &DWDULQD 6mR 3DXOR 6HUJLSH H QR Distrito Federal. Nada impede, entretanto, que algum usuĂĄrio reĂşna um grupo de pessoas e crie um novo grupo regional onde nĂŁo houver nenhum.

2 /DXQFKSDG DVVLP FRPR R 8EXQWX IRL GHVHQYROYLGR H p PDQWLGR SHOD &DQRQLFDO /WG

20 â&#x20AC;˘ Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

Debian GNU/Linux

&RQWDQGR DWXDOPHQWH FRP PDLV GH PLO GHVHQYROYHGRUHV HVSDOKDGRV SRU todo o mundo, a comunidade Debian se destaca por ter um grande nĂşmero de SHVVRDV WUDEDOKDQGR DWLYDPHQWH QR VRIWZDUH $OpP GLVVR ID] VH QRWiYHO VXD RUJDQL]DomR EHP GHÂżQLGD GRWDGD GH QRUPDV PXLWR FODUDV H SUHFLVDV

(VVD GLVWULEXLomR GH Q~FOHR *18 /LQX[ p R FDUUR FKHIH GR 3URMHWR 'HELDQ RÂżFLDOPHQWH IXQGDGR HP GH DJRVWR GH SHOR HVWDGXQLGHQVH ,DQ 0XUGRFN que juntou as trĂŞs letras iniciais do nome de sua mulher, Debra, com seu primeiro QRPH D ÂżP GH IRUPDU R WtWXOR GD GLVWULEXLomR ,QLFLDOPHQWH FRP DSRLR GR SURMHWR *18 e da Free Software Foundation (entre 1994 e 1995), a distribuição começou com um SHTXHQR JUXSR GH KDFNHUV FXMR LGHDO HUD EHP VHPHOKDQWH DR GR SUySULR /LQX[ QR TXH GL] UHVSHLWR D PDQWHU XP GHVHQYROYLPHQWR DEHUWR DEUDQJHQWH H FROHWLYR Para disciplinar todas essas pessoas na elaboração de um sistema de alto SDGUmR R 3URMHWR 'HELDQ WHP Âą DOpP GH GRFXPHQWRV FRP SROtWLFDV GH RUJDQL]DomR comunicação, conduta etc., bastante comum Ă s outras comunidades â&#x20AC;&#x201C; uma Âł&RQVWLWXLomR´ LQWHUQD H XP Âł&RQWUDWR 6RFLDO´ (QTXDQWR HVWH LPSHOH R PHPEUR a assumir um compromisso com a comunidade declarando, entre outras coisas, TXH ÂłR 'HELDQ SHUPDQHFHUi OLYUH´ ÂłLUHPRV UHWULEXLU j FRPXQLGDGH VRIWZDUH OLYUH´ ÂłQmR HVFRQGHUHPRV SUREOHPDV´ H ÂłQRVVD SULRULGDGH VmR QRVVRV XVXiULRV H R VRIWZDUH OLYUH´ DTXHOD WUDWD GD HVWUXWXUD RUJDQL]DFLRQDO SDUD D WRPDGD GH GHFLV}HV na comunidade, dividindo-a em grupos cuja composição e poderes sĂŁo claramente SRVWXODGRV 9DOH UHVVDOWDU LQFOXVLYH TXH D &RQVWLWXLomR QmR H[HUFH UHJXODo}HV sobre os trabalhos individuais. Pelo contrĂĄrio, ela assegura sua independĂŞncia.

7DLV DJUXSDPHQWRV GL]HP PXLWR VREUH D FRPXQLGDGH $ HVWUXWXUD JHUDO consiste em 2¿FLDLV9 (incluindo líder, comitê tÊcnico e secretårio), trabalhadores ligados à Distribuição UHODFLRQDGRV D SDFRWHV LQGLYLGXDLV UHSRVLWyULRV )73 gerência de lançamento, documentação etc.), à Publicidade (imprensa, eventos, parceria, marketing) e à Infra-estrutura (suporte a idiomas, acompanhamento dos bugs, mantenedores de chaveiros, equipe de segurança, site na web etc.) e Distribuição Personalizada ('HELDQ -U SDUD FULDQoDV 'HELDQ 0HG SDUD SHVTXLVD PpGLFD 'HELDQ (GX SDUD HGXFDomR 'HELDQ /H[ SDUD HVFULWyULRV OHJDLV 'HQLDQ 13 SDUD RUJDQL]Do}HV VHP ¿QV OXFUDWLYRV H 'HELDQ $FHVVLELOLW\ SDUD SHVVRDV FRP GH¿FLrQFLD

4XDQWR DR H[HUFtFLR GR SRGHU QD FRPXQLGDGH p HVWDEHOHFLGD D VHJXLQWH &DEH DR OtGHU GR 3URMHWR 'HELDQ HQWUH RXWUDV FRLVDV WRPDU GHFLV}HV XUJHQWHV H FRPDQGDU GLVFXVV}HV (OH p HOHLWR SHORV GHVHQYROYHGRUHV HP XP SURFHVVR FRPSOH[R TXH OHYD HP FRQWD WDQWR R JUDX GH DFHLWDomR TXDQGR GH UHMHLomR GR FDQGLGDWR -i R &RPLWr 7pFQLFR p R ~QLFR yUJmR TXH WHP SRGHU VREUH DV GHFLV}HV LQGLYLGXDLV GRV GHVHQYROYHGRUHV sendo que a comunidade prefere usĂĄ-lo apenas como Ăşltima alternativa.

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração â&#x20AC;˘ 21

hierarquia: 1. Os desenvolvedores,10 por via de resolução geral ou de uma eleição; 2. O líder do Projeto; 3. O comitê tÊcnico e/ou seu presidente; 4. O desenvolvedor individual trabalhando em uma tarefa particular; 5. Delegados apontados pelo líder SDUD WDUHIDV HVSHFt¿FDV 2 VHFUHWiULR ¹ UHVSRQViYHO HQWUH RXWUDV FRLVDV SRU recolher os votos entre os desenvolvedores, determinar seu número e identidade H UHVROYHU GLVSXWDV FRP UHODomR j LQWHUSUHWDomR GD &RQVWLWXLomR 'HVVD IRUPD evidencia-se uma estrutura fundamentada, mais do que na meritocracia, na ³SLVWLFUDFLD´ 5XRVR LVWR p QD UHODomR GH FRQ¿DQoD HQWUH RV SDUHV AlÊm disso, um usuårio deve ter grande envolvimento nos trabalhos para FRQVHJXLU GHWHUPLQDGRV SRVWRV ¹ R TXH GLJD VH DFDED SRU YDORUL]i ORV 4XDQGR perguntado, no FISL 2008, sobre os requisitos para se tornar um desenvolvedor, um DVSLUDQWH D WDO SRVWR GLVVH ³e PXLWR PHOKRU DVVLP HVVH p R HVStULWR GD FRPXQLGDGH e XP WHVWH SDUD YHU VH R FDUD TXHU UHDOPHQWH VHJXLU FRODERUDQGR GLIHUHQWH GH RXWUDV GLVWURV D SHVVRD ID] SRXFR Mi UHFHEH XP H PDLO FRP R QRPH GR SURMHWR H VH DFRPRGD´ $OpP GHVVDV HVWUXWXUDV LQVWLWXFLRQDLV TXH VH YHUL¿FDP HP JHUDO um pouco mais rígidas do que nas demais comunidades (mas que, de fato, não H[HUFHP JUDQGH SUHVVmR VREUH VHXV FRODERUDGRUHV HVWi D EXVFD REVHVVLYD SHOD estabilidade dos pacotes por parte dos mantenedores.11 No Debian, nada do que QmR HVWHMD FRPSOHWDPHQWH ¿QDOL]DGR HVWiYHO H IXQFLRQDQGR SHUIHLWDPHQWH EHP SRGH HQWUDU QR VLVWHPD ¿QDO GLVSRQLELOL]DGR DRV XVXiULRV ¹ H LVVR PXLWDV YH]HV implica abrir mão de uma versão mais atual para dar lugar a algo mais antigo, porÊm HVWiYHO ,VVR WXGR GLJD VH QmR VH WUDGX] HP XP SUREOHPD D FRPXQLGDGH JRVWD GH UHVVDOWDU TXH ³R 'HELDQ YDL ODQoDU TXDQGR HVWLYHU SURQWR´ LVWR p QmR Ki GDWDV previamente marcadas para isso acontecer.

1R %UDVLO D FRPXQLGDGH 'HELDQ VH ID] UHSUHVHQWDWLYD QmR WDQWR SHOR Q~PHUR de desenvolvedores ou de pessoas que trabalham mais ativamente no software ÂżQDO Âą WDO Q~PHUR DOLiV p FRQVLGHUDGR EDL[R TXDQGR FRPSDUDGR j TXDQWLGDGH de desenvolvedores europeus e norte-americanos. No entanto, o nĂşmero de HQWXVLDVWDV HYDQJHOL]DGRUHV H RXWURV YiULRV FRODERUDGRUHV HOHYD D FRPXQLGDGH 'HELDQ EUDVLOHLUD D XP SRVWR PXLWR VLJQLÂżFDWLYR QR PXQGR GR VRIWZDUH OLYUH

2V GHVHQYROYHGRUHV VmR RV PHPEURV ³R¿FLDLV´ GD FRPXQLGDGH 3DUD DOFDQoDU WDO SRVWR HOHV GHYHP WHU XPD FKDYH *3* HVSpFLH GH DVVLQDWXUD GLJLWDO DVVLQDGD SRU DOJXpP TXH Mi p GHVHQYROYHGRU FKDPDGR GH ³SDGULQKR´ SDVVDU por provas de habilidade tÊcnica e compreensão Êtica e moral com relação ao software livre e à comunidade Debian. $R ¿QDO JDQKDP XP H PDLO FRP R GRPtQLR ³GHELDQ RUJ´ XPD SiJLQD QD ,QWHUQHW H R DFHVVR DR UHSRVLWyULR FHQWUDO GD distribuição.

0DQWHQHGRUHV VmR UHVSRQViYHLV SRU SDFRWHV HVSHFtÂżFRV DVVHJXUDQGR D HVWDELOLGDGH GRV VRIWZDUHV 3DUD LVVR QmR SUHFLVDP VHU GHVHQYROYHGRUHV PDV IUHTÂ HQWHPHQWH VH FDQGLGDWDP DR SRVWR e FRPR VH IRVVH XP SURFHVVR GH DSUHQGL]DGR R GHVHQYROYHGRU GHYH VHUYLU FRPR PDQWHQHGRU SRU XP WHPSR DWp SURYDU VXD FDSDFLGDGH

22 â&#x20AC;˘ Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

Fedora O Projeto Fedora teve início em 2002, quando a empresa Red Hat, criada HP H HVSHFLDOL]DGD HP VHUYLoRV UHODFLRQDGRV D VRIWZDUH OLYUH H GLVWULEXLo}HV /LQX[ GHFLGLX YROWDU VHXV HVIRUoRV SDUD R PHUFDGR FRUSRUDWLYR RIHUHFHQGR VROXo}HV open source. Dessa forma, dividiu sua distribuição em duas: Red Hat Enterprise /LQX[ H )HGRUD &RUH FULDQGR DVVLP R 3URMHWR )HGRUD TXH SDVVRX D VHU FRQGX]LGR em boa parte pela comunidade.

Sustentado pela Red Hat, o Projeto teve investimento inicial em pessoas, divulgação e eventos e Ê considerado um laboratório de inovação, pesquisa e GHVHQYROYLPHQWR VHJXQGR 0D[ 6SHYDFN ¹ VHX OtGHU DWp IHYHUHLUR GH (QFDUDGR como uma parceria entre comunidade e empresa, o Projeto, que lança uma nova YHUVmR GD GLVWULEXLomR D FDGD VHLV PHVHV WHP FRPR XPD GDV ¿QDOLGDGHV WHVWDU H DSHUIHLoRDU DSOLFDo}HV TXH VHUmR LPSOHPHQWDGDV QR VRIWZDUH R¿FLDO GD 5HG +DW ODQoDGR D FDGD GH]RLWR PHVHV $VVLP R )HGRUD JHUDOPHQWH WUD] R TXH Ki GH PDLV recente e corre o risco, em nome da inovação, de portar uma aplicação passível de bugs $ FRPXQLGDGH SRU FHUWR VH UHVSRQVDELOL]D SURQWDPHQWH SRU HOHV 1mR p UDUR SRU H[HPSOR HQFRQWUDU XPD JUDQGH TXDQWLGDGH GH DWXDOL]Do}HV SRXFR WHPSR depois da data de lançamento.

2 3URMHWR p JHULGR SHOR )DP6&R Fedora Ambassadors Steering Committee XP FRPLWr GH HPEDL[DGRUHV12 eleito a cada seis meses por HPEDL[DGRUHV HVSDOKDGRV SHOR PXQGR 2 FRPLWr p UHVSRQViYHO SHODV HVWUDWpJLDV GH PDUNHWLQJ GD GLVWULEXLomR H SHOD RUJDQL]DomR GD FRPXQLGDGH PXQGLDO RULHQWDQGR D DWXDomR GRV GHPDLV HPEDL[DGRUHV H IRUQHFHQGR RV UHFXUVRV QHFHVViULRV SDUD as comunidades locais. Atualmente, o brasileiro Rodrigo Padula de Oliveira Ê um de seus membros. Nas eleiçþes de Janeiro de 2008, recebeu o maior número de votos (41 do total de 69), o que corroborou a credibilidade e a representatividade da comunidade brasileira diante do Projeto. AlÊm disso, Padula tambÊm assumiu o cargo de Community Manager GR )HGRUD QD $PpULFD /DWLQD )HGRUD /$7$0 yUJmR TXH SUHWHQGH UHDOL]DU QD UHJLmR DWLYLGDGHV VHPHOKDQWHV jV GHVHPSHQKDGDV SHOR )DP6&R

$FLPD GR )DP6&2 H[LVWH XP yUJmR Pi[LPR GH GHFLV}HV WUDWD VH GR )HGRUD %RDUG FRQVLGHUDGR XP WLPH H[HFXWLYR FRQVWLWXtGR Âą DWp PHDGRV GH â&#x20AC;&#x201C; por 5 membros indicados pela Red Hat e 4 membros eleitos pela comunidade.

7RGDYLD DSyV R ODQoDPHQWR GR )HGRUD GH FRGLQRPH ³6XOSKXU´ HP GH PDLR de 2008, a força da comunidade aumentou substancialmente e o quadro foi revertido: &DEH DRV HPEDL[DGRUHV UHSUHVHQWDU R )HGRUD SHUDQWH R S~EOLFR DMXGDU D GLVVHPLQDU D GLVWULEXLomR H R VRIWZDUH OLYUH em geral, ser um intermediårio na comunicação entre membros da comunidade e ajudar a recrutar novos membros. Ser HPEDL[DGRU H[LJH SRUWDQWR JUDQGH FRPSURPHWLPHQWR FRP D ¿ORVR¿D GD FRPXQLGDGH +i HPEDL[DGRUHV EUDVLOHLURV QRV HVWDGRV GH $0 %$ &( 07 0* 3% 35 5- 6& 63 72 H QR 'LVWULWR )HGHUDO

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração â&#x20AC;˘ 23

PHPEURV SDVVDUDP D VHU HOHLWRV H RV RXWURV LQGLFDGRV SHOD HPSUHVD $EDL[R GR )DP6&2 HVWmR RV HPEDL[DGRUHV FRPXQV H RV OtGHUHV GH FDGD VXESURMHWR TXH VmR 'RFXPHQWDomR 7UDGXomR 0DUNHWLQJ (PEDL[DGRUHV $UWH ,QIUD HVWUXWXUD ,QWHUQDFLRQDOL]DomR :HEVLWHV 1RWtFLDV 'LVWULEXLomR H 6,*V Âą 6SHFLDO *URXS ,QWHUHVWV RX *UXSR GH LQWHUHVVHV (VSHFLDLV JUXSRV TXH GHVHQYROYHP H DSULPRUDP VRIWZDUHV YROWDGRV SRU H[HPSOR SDUD TXHP VH LQWHUHVVD SRU UiGLR DPDGRU RX DVWURQRPLD

2XWURV SURMHWRV VmR *UXSRV 5HJLRQDLV 7UDGXomR 'RFXPHQWDomR 0DUNHWLQJ 0tGLD *UiWLV GLVWULEXLomR JUDWXLWD GR '9' GH LQVWDODomR (GXFDomR YROWDGD DR XVR DFDGrPLFR H FLHQWtÂżFR (PSDFRWDPHQWR H 2/3& OLJDGR DR SURJUDPD One Laptop Per Child).

Uma das grandes bandeiras do Fedora ĂŠ a facilidade de uso. Para isso, o '9' GH LQVWDODomR YHP FRP YiULDV LQWHUIDFHV JUiÂżFDV FRPR *120( .'( ;)&( :LQGRZ0DNHU HWF FDEHQGR DR XVXiULR HVFROKHU HQWUH XPD RX PDLV GHODV

Dinâmica interna das distribuiçþes Barreira de entrada e processo de recrutamento de novos colaboradores 0XLWRV XVXiULRV LQLFLDQWHV QR PXQGR GR VRIWZDUH livre costumeiramente creem que, para ajudar determinada distribuição ou comunidade, Ê necessårio ID]HU SDUWH DWLYDPHQWH GRV SURMHWRV HVWDU HP FRQVWDQWH FRQWDWR FRP VHXV OtGHUHV DQJDULDU YiULDV UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHV H UHDOL]DU WUDEDOKRV UHJXODUPHQWH 3RU FHUWR LVVR WXGR VH ID] GH JUDQGH UHOHYkQFLD PDV DV FRPXQLGDGHV GHL[DP FODUR TXH XPD DWLWXGH FRODERUDWLYD H[LJH PXLWR PHQRV $ SULQFtSLR D PHOKRU IRUPD GH DMXGDU p usando a distribuição e testando o sistema, o que Ê amplamente salientado nos sites de vårios projetos: Debian ³<RX FDQ VLPSO\ WHVW WKH RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP DQG WKH SURJUDPV SURYLGHG LQ LW DQG UHSRUW DQ\ QRW \HW NQRZQ HUUDWD RU EXJV \RX ¿QG XVLQJ WKH %XJ 7UDFNLQJ 6\VWHP ´13 Fedora ³8WLOL]DU R )HGRUD p D PDQHLUD PDLV VLPSOHV GH SDUWLFLSDU > @ 0DLV usuårios -> mais bugs resolvidos -> sistema operacional de melhor qualidade -> PDLRU Q~PHUR GH XVXiULRV ´14 13 Disponível em: http://www.debian.org/intro/help $FHVVR HP MXOKR 7UDGXomR YRFr SRGH VLPSOHVPHQWH WHVWDU R sistema operacional e os programas nele disponíveis e reportar quaisquer erros ou bugs ainda não conhecidos usando R ³%XJ 7ULDJH 6\VWHP´ 14 Disponível em: http://www.projetofedora.org/portal/participe. Acesso em julho/2008.

24 â&#x20AC;˘ Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

Slackware Âł7KH PRVW REYLRXV ZD\ \RX FDQ KHOS ZLWK 6ODFNZDUH LV WR XVH LW 7KH PRUH SHRSOH WKDW XVH LW WKH PRUH SHRSOH WKDW FDQ ÂżQG DQG UHSRUW EXJV 7KLV ZLOO PDNH 6ODFNZDUH HYHQ PRUH VWDEOH WKDQ LW LV QRZ´ 15 (PERUD D LGpLD GH ÂłUHFUXWDPHQWR´ VHMD YiOLGD H DGRWDGD SHORV FKDPDGRV ÂłHYDQJHOL]DGRUHV´ Âą RX VHMD DTXHOHV TXH WrP SRU LGHDO SURPRYHU R XVR H D disseminação do software livre em todas as esferas da sociedade, nĂŁo medindo esforços para tal â&#x20AC;&#x201C;, hĂĄ muitos membros nas comunidades estudadas que pensam GH RXWUD IRUPD ,JRU 3LUHV 6RDUHV FKHIH GH WUDGXomR H HPEDL[DGRU GR )HGRUD SUHIHUH GHL[DU TXH D LQLFLDWLYD GH TXHUHU SDUWLFLSDU YHQKD GR XVXiULR H DSyV VDEHU do interesse do indivĂ­duo, fornece todo o apoio necessĂĄrio para tirar suas dĂşvidas e direcionĂĄ-lo Ă ĂĄrea de seu interesse. JĂĄ um dos lĂ­deres do Ubuntu-SP, Paulo ) &KULVWLDQR SUHIHUH TXH DV SHVVRDV HP SULPHLUR OXJDU ÂłVH HQFDQWHP´ SHOD distribuição. Segundo ele, isso farĂĄ com que esses usuĂĄrios busquem por respostas H VH HPSHQKHP (P XP PRPHQWR SRVWHULRU &KULVWLDQR WDPEpP IRUQHFH WRGD D ajuda necessĂĄria, empenhando-se na inserção dos novatos. AlĂŠm disso, nos fĂłruns e listas de discussĂŁo de todas as distribuiçþes, hĂĄ tĂłpicos destinados a usuĂĄrios LQLFLDQWHV H FRP SRXFD H[SHULrQFLD 5HFUXWDU FRODERUDGRUHV QmR p SRUWDQWR UHJUD geral.

Quando à barreira de entrada nas comunidades, hå um choque maior das ¿ORVR¿DV GDV GLVWULEXLo}HV *URVVR PRGR RV slackers aparentam (o que, como veremos, não corresponde à realidade) usar de uma postura arrogante quando se deparam com usuårios principiantes.16 De fato, não Ê raro observar nos fóruns da FRPXQLGDGH D EUHYH UHVSRVWD ³57)0´ SDUD GHWHUPLQDGDV SHUJXQWDV 7UDWD VH GH XP DFU{QLPR SDUD ³Read the fucking manual´ LVWR p ³OHLD D SRUFDULD GR PDQXDO´ HP XPD WUDGXomR EHP SROLGD GLJD VH 2XWUD UHVSRVWD PXLWR FRPXP p ³SURFXUD QR JRRJOH´

.OHE&KDRV RQGH FRQVLJR PDQXDO GRV FRPDQGRV GR VODFNZDUH"

DWKD .OHE&KDRV QR JRRJOH

3OHEHR VDLX GD VDOD TXLW ³%LWFK; D QHZ IUDJUDQFH IRU PHQ E\ &DOYLQ .OHLQ´

.OHE&KDRV DWKD EO]D

2 IUDJPHQWR DFLPD H[WUDtGR GR FDQDO VODFNZDUH EU GD UHGH Freenode no ,5& QR GLD GH VHWHPEUR GH SRGH LJXDOPHQWH WUD]HU D LGpLD GH TXH RV slackers 15 DisponĂ­vel em: http://www.slackware.com/faq/do_faq.php?faq=general $FHVVR HP MXOKR 7UDGXomR D PDQHLUD PDLV yEYLD GH YRFr DMXGDU R 6ODFNZDUH p XVDQGR R 4XDQWR PDLV SHVVRDV XVDUHP PDLV SHVVRDV SRGHUmR HQFRQWUDU H reportar bugs. Isso tornarĂĄ o Slackware ainda mais estĂĄvel do que ĂŠ agora.

'XUDQWH R ),6/ )yUXP ,QWHUQDFLRQDO 6RIWZDUH /LYUH GH RV VODFNHUV ÂżFDUDP QD PDLRU SDUWH GR WHPSR sentados ou deitados no chĂŁo do grande saguĂŁo no qual vĂĄrias comunidades e empresas instalaram seus estandes. De PRGR JHUDO HOHV VH GLYHUWLDP FRP MRJRV RX SURJUDPDYDP DOJXP VRIWZDUH 7RGDYLD VHPSUH TXH VXUJLD DOJXP XVXiULR FRP G~YLGDV RX GLÂżFXOGDGHV RV VODFNHUV GHGLFDYDP VHX WHPSR H HVIRUoR SDUD WHQWDU UHVROYHU DV TXHVW}HV

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração â&#x20AC;˘ 25

QmR VH GmR DR WUDEDOKR GH UHVSRQGHU D SHUJXQWDV H LJQRUDP RV QRYDWRV &RQWXGR p SHUIHLWDPHQWH SRVVtYHO XP XVXiULR VHU PXLWR EHP YLQGR j FRPXQLGDGH 7XGR R TXH VH SHGH p TXH DQWHV GH ID]HU TXDOTXHU SHUJXQWD OHLDP VH WRGRV RV DUWLJRV WXWRULDLV H GLFDV D UHVSHLWR GR DVVXQWR H VH UHDOL]HP WRGDV DV WHQWDWLYDV LPDJLQiYHLV de respondĂŞ-la autonomamente. Depois disso, serĂĄ respeitado por seus pares, que seguramente o ajudarĂŁo a resolver os problemas.

Desfeito esse mito sobre o Slackware, passemos Ă s outras distribuiçþes, nas quais as barreiras de entrada variam muito. Em linhas gerais, membros do 8EXQWX H GR )HGRUD WrP SRU SULQFtSLR IRUQHFHU TXDOTXHU WLSR GH DX[tOLR PHVPR TXH DV G~YLGDV DSUHVHQWDGDV Mi WHQKDP VLGR HVFODUHFLGDV RX DWp GRFXPHQWDGDV &RPR essas distribuiçþes declaradamente se preocupam com a facilidade de uso e com o amplo apoio ao usuĂĄrio leigo, alguns membros chegam a passar um bom tempo respondendo dĂşvidas nos e-mails pessoais â&#x20AC;&#x201C; o que ĂŠ contra o consenso geral de que as perguntas devem ser respondidas nos fĂłruns para que mais pessoas se EHQHÂżFLHP GDV UHVSRVWDV 1R HQWDQWR HVVHV PHPEURV DUJXPHQWDP TXH PXLWRV usuĂĄrios nĂŁo frequentam fĂłruns, seja por falta de tempo ou de prĂĄtica, e tudo o que TXHUHP p XPD UHVSRVWD VLPSOHV H UiSLGD 7XGR p IHLWR HP QRPH GD XQLYHUVDOL]DomR do acesso.

4XDQGR DRV PHPEURV GR 'HELDQ YHUL¿FRX VH XPD SRVWXUD LQWHUPHGLiULD HQWUH DV GLVWULEXLo}HV FKDPDGDV FRPHUFLDLV H R 6ODFNZDUH &RPR Ki XPD YDVWD e detalhada documentação em português abordando vårios aspectos do sistema operacional, alÊm dos sites da distribuição e da comunidade, Ê difícil que alguÊm se sinta perdido no Debian. Ademais, muitos de seus representantes brasileiros são IDFLOPHQWH HQFRQWUDGRV QR ,5& H IUHTXHQWHPHQWH VH GLVSRQLELOL]DP D FRQYHUVDU H D ajudar os usuårios.

Em suma, a resposta mais comum obtida quando se indagou algum membro GDV FRPXQLGDGHV HVWXGDGDV VREUH ³R TXH p SUHFLVR SDUD VH HQWUDU QD FRPXQLGDGH´ IRL VLPSOHVPHQWH ³ERD YRQWDGH´ 0DOJUDGR FDGD GLVWULEXLomR VLJD VXDV SUySULDV ¿ORVR¿DV H SUHFHLWRV DVVLQDOD VH TXH R HVStULWR GH FRPXQLGDGH HVWi SUHVHQWH HP todas elas.

O porta-voz das comunidades Este tópico consiste na tentativa de buscar nas comunidades uma grande YR] DWLYD ¹ DOJXpP TXH DR SDVVDU SHORV GHVD¿RV H SURYDV LQHUHQWHV j FXOWXUD meritocråtica e fundamentar suas atividades nas relaçþes sociais em meio ao JUXSR FRQVHJXLX DQJDULDU XP FDSLWDO VLPEyOLFR WmR VLJQL¿FDWLYR D SRQWR GH WHU DV TXDOL¿FDo}HV QHFHVViULDV SDUD UHVSRQGHU SHOD FRPXQLGDGH 1mR VH HVWi IDODQGR DTXL

26 â&#x20AC;˘ Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

SRU FHUWR DSHQDV GR GHVHQYROYHGRU PDLV DWLYR RX GR WUDGXWRU PDLV HÂżFLHQWH 7UDWD VH GH HQFRQWUDU XP VtPEROR XPD ÂżJXUD FXMD FRQGXWD VH LGHQWLÂżTXH SRQWXDOPHQWH FRP D ÂżORVRÂżD GDV GLVWULEXLo}HV DR LQFRUSRUDU VHXV WUDoRV HOHPHQWDUHV HVWDQGR DVVLP DSWR D UHSUHVHQWDU VHXV PHPEURV (QÂżP XP SRUWD YR] Observou-se que, na maioria dos casos, esses representantes nĂŁo se valiam GH DOJXP FDUJR RÂżFLDO RX LQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DGR SDUD GHVHPSHQKDU VXDV DWLYLGDGHV 9DPRV DRV H[HPSORV 2 QRPH PDLV LQĂ&#x20AC;XHQWH GD FRPXQLGDGH 6ODFNZDUH QR %UDVLO p R GH Âł3LWHU 381.´ DOFXQKD GH 5REHUWR )UHLUHV %DWLVWD (OH DOpP GH VHU R ~QLFR brasileiro que contribui ativamente no desenvolvimento do sistema operacional e um dos mais antigos usuĂĄrios da distribuição, ĂŠ o responsĂĄvel pela Slackware Zine HVSpFLH GH UHYLVWD HOHWU{QLFD H RUJDQL]D HYHQWRV H SDOHVWUDV UHODFLRQDGRV ao Slackware â&#x20AC;&#x201C; como o SlackShow, ocorrido em agosto de 2008. Apesar de tudo, 5REHUWR JDUDQWH TXH QmR IDOD GH ÂłIRUPD RÂżFLDO´ SHOD GLVWULEXLomR Quanto Ă comunidade Debian, a maior parte dos usuĂĄrios da distribuição e PHPEURV GD FRPXQLGDGH GHVLJQDP R SDUDQDHQVH )HOLSH $XJXVWR YDQ GH :LHO RX VLPSOHVPHQWH ÂłIDZ´ FRPR VHX SRUWD YR] 'H IDWR )HOLSH QmR p XP GRV PHPEURV PDLV DQWLJRV WHYH VHX SULPHLUR FRQWDWR FRP VLVWHPDV GH Q~FOHR *18 /LQX[ HP 1998 e com o Debian em 2002), mas seu envolvimento com a comunidade e sua habilidade ao falar sobre ela em pĂşblico facultaram a ele a possibilidade concreta de UHSUHVHQWDU RV DGHSWRV GD GLVWULEXLomR 'XUDQWH R ),6/ SRU H[HPSOR )HOLSH IRL responsĂĄvel pelo estande do Debian e ministrou palestras sobre a distribuição. Ele Mi UHSUHVHQWRX D FRPXQLGDGH HP HYHQWRV FRPR R /DWLQRZDUH &RQIHUrQFLD /DWLQR DPHULFDQD GH VRIWZDUH /LYUH H QR &RQLVOL &RQJUHVVR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO GH VRIWZDUH livre).

No Projeto Fedora, o nome em destaque Ê o de Rodrigo Padula. Um dos SULPHLURV HPEDL[DGRUHV GD FRPXQLGDGH KRMH HOH p PHPEUR GR )DP6&R )HGRUD $PEDVVDGRUV 6WHHULQJ &RPPLWWHH H H[HUFH D IXQomR GH Community Manager do )HGRUD /$7$0 yUJmR GR )HGRUD QD $PpULFD /DWLQD $OpP GLVVR IRUDP YiULRV os casos em que Rodrigo ajudou pessoalmente na inserção de novos membros RX QD SHUPDQrQFLD GRV DQWLJRV QHVVH SURMHWR -XQWDPHQWH FRP R HPEDL[DGRU EDLDQR &ULVWLDQR DMXGRX QD R¿FLDOL]DomR GH XP JUXSR ORFDO GR )HGRUD HP 6HUJLSH convidando o usuårio Otåvio para coordenar o projeto. Em outra oportunidade, DR ODGR GH 'LHJR =DUFDUmR RXWUR HPEDL[DGRU 5RGULJR FXLGRX SDUD TXH ,JRU 3LUHV Soares, hoje chefe da tradução, não saísse do Projeto Fedora.

&RPR DV FRLVDV DSHUWDUDP QD IDFXOGDGH WDOYH] HX WLYHVVH VDtGR GR SURMHWR Mi TXH R PHX WHPSR OLYUH SUDWLFDPHQWH QmR H[LVWLD PDLV PDV IRL aĂ­ que Rodrigo Padula e Diego ZacarĂŁo me convidaram para entrar no

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração â&#x20AC;˘ 27

JUXSR GH HPEDL[DGRUHV 'HSRLV GLVVR QmR WHYH FRPR VDLU PDLV SRLV HX UHDOPHQWH TXHULD ID]HU XP WUDEDOKR GH ORQJR SUD]R H DV FRQGLo}HV GH contribuição dentro do projeto eram totalmente favoråveis

&RP UHODomR DR 8EXQWX QmR IRL SRVVtYHO LGHQWLÂżFDU XP ~QLFR SRUWD YR] FDSD] GH IDODU DEHUWDPHQWH HP QRPH GD FRPXQLGDGH 2 TXH VH REVHUYDP QR entanto, sĂŁo fortes lĂ­deres locais, que ajudam a fomentar o uso e a disseminação GD GLVWULEXLomR HP VXDV iUHDV GH LQĂ&#x20AC;XrQFLD 3RU H[HPSOR QD %DKLD H HP 0LQDV *HUDLV HVWDGRV HP TXH D FRPXQLGDGH 8EXQWX p PXLWR VLJQLÂżFDWLYD RV QRPHV PDLV LQĂ&#x20AC;XHQWHV VmR RV GH )iELR 1RJXHLUD H GH /LFLR )RQVHFD UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH DPERV VmR LQFOXVLYH PHPEURV GR &RQVHOKR 8EXQWX %UDVLO

A comunicação interna e externa Evidentemente, o ciberespaço Ê o grande ponto de encontro das comunidades GH VRIWZDUH OLYUH HVWXGDGDV 0XLWR HPERUD FDGD GLVWULEXLomR SURPRYD HQFRQWURV presenciais por meio de eventos comemorativos ou fomente a participação de seus membros em congressos, palestras, fóruns e conferências, a imensa maioria das tarefas dos membros das comunidades se då por meio de (não necessariamente na ordem de relevância ou quantidade): - Listas de discussão (mailing lists): trata-se de um mecanismo que roda na SODWDIRUPD GH FRUUHLR HOHWU{QLFR FRPXP 2V SDUWLFLSDQWHV HQYLDP PHQVDJHQV XQV DRV RXWURV FRQWHQGR G~YLGDV RSLQL}HV HVFODUHFLPHQWRV e R PRGR PDLV VLPSOHV GH FRPXQLFDomR H WDPEpP R PDLV XVDGR Mi TXH H[LJH DSHQDV XP HQGHUHoR GH H PDLO 'H PRGR JHUDO H[LVWHP OLVWDV GH GLVFXVVmR SDUD FDGD VXESURMHWR GRFXPHQWDomR WUDGXomR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR ]LQH HWF DVVLP FRPR SDUD FDGD WLSR GH XVXiULR LQLFLDQWH GHVHQYROYHGRU HWF 7DLV OLVWDV VmR QD PDLRU SDUWH GRV FDVRV DEHUWDV DR S~EOLFR 7RGDV DV FRPXQLGDGHV XWLOL]DP DV OLVWDV GH GLVFXVVmR - Fóruns: Ambiente mais propício à solução de dúvidas e troca de informaçþes.

Diferentemente das listas de discussĂŁo, as mensagens nĂŁo circulam no ambiente GH FRUUHLR HOHWU{QLFR PDV SRU PHLR GH SRVWDJHQV QRV VLWHV 5HFRPHQGD VH TXH DQWHV GH ODQoDU TXDOTXHU SHUJXQWD HP XP IyUXP R XVXiULR IDoD XPD EXVFD D ÂżP GH YHULÂżFDU VH D TXHVWmR Mi IRL HVFODUHFLGD 1HQKXPD FRPXQLGDGH SUHVFLQGH GRV fĂłruns; - ,5& 7UDWD VH GH XP SURWRFROR XVDGR SDUD SURJUDPDV scripts) de chat. AtravĂŠs do ,5& p SRVVtYHO ID]HU D FRQH[mR FRP VHUYLGRUHV GH WRGR R PXQGR &DGD VHUYLGRU 'HSRLPHQWR FROKLGR HP HQWUHYLVWD FRP ,JRU 3LUHV 6RDUHV

28 â&#x20AC;˘ Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

possui canais, isto ĂŠ, salas em que se pode conversar abertamente ou em particular.

As comunidades estudadas mantĂŞm canais ativos na rede Freenode (irc.freenode.

QHW QRV TXDLV XVXiULRV WURFDP LQIRUPDo}HV GDGRV VROXFLRQDP G~YLGDV UHDOL]DP reuniĂľes ou simplesmente conversam sobre assuntos triviais. Durante a pesquisa, IRL SRVVtYHO SDUWLFLSDU GH XPD UHXQLmR GD FRPXQLGDGH )HGRUD QR ,5& QD TXDO VH SUHWHQGHX GLVFXWLU D GHÂżQLomR H D FULDomR GRV *UXSRV 5HJLRQDLV GH 8VXiULRV 2 HQFRQWUR LGHDOL]DGR H FRQGX]LGR SRU 5RGULJR 3DGXOD GHX VH jV K KRUiULR GH %UDVtOLD GR GLD GH MXQKR GH H FRQWRX FRP D SUHVHQoD GH HPEDL[DGRUHV XVXiULRV H FXULRVRV HP JHUDO FRPR VH REVHUYD QD ÂżJXUD DEDL[R

Canal #fedora-br da rede Freenode - Blogs: Os usuårios mais representativos comunicam seus feitos ou os rumos tomados pela distribuição em seus blogs pessoais, que, em determinados casos, são hospedados pelos servidores da própria distribuição; - Planeta 7DPEpP FKDPDGR GH ³EORJ GRV EORJV´ 7UDWD VH GH XP VLWH TXH DJUHJD todos os blogs que têm alguma ligação com a distribuição, com o software livre ou

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração â&#x20AC;˘ 29

com questĂľes relacionadas Ă tecnologia de um modo geral. Ă&#x20AC; medida que o usuĂĄrio HVFUHYH XP SRVW HP VHX EORJ D PHQVDJHP p GLUHFLRQDGD DR Âł3ODQHWD´ HP TXH estarĂŁo os posts de outros blogueiros. As comunidades Ubuntu e Debian tĂŞm seu prĂłprio Planeta Brasil, ao passo que a comunidade Fedora tem apenas o Planeta do projeto internacional; - E-mail: Em geral, nĂŁo ĂŠ recomendĂĄvel que se tirem dĂşvidas ou se troquem informaçþes por meio dos e-mails pessoais. Parece ser um consenso entre os PHPEURV GDV FRPXQLGDGHV TXH TXDQWR PDLV SHVVRDV VH EHQHÂżFLDUHP GDV UHVSRVWDV PHOKRU WHUi VLGR R WUDEDOKR UHDOL]DGR SHORV YROXQWiULRV &RQWXGR DOJXQV poucos membros ainda se dispĂľem a responder dĂşvidas pelos e-mails, pois DFUHGLWDP TXH DLQGD p XPD IRUPD YiOLGD GH DX[LOLDU D FRPXQLGDGH - Zines 6mR HVSpFLHV GH UHYLVWDV HOHWU{QLFDV GHGLFDGDV j FRPXQLGDGH GD GLVWULEXLomR contendo, na maioria dos casos, artigos tĂŠcnicos com resolução de problemas ou GLFDV SDUD RWLPL]DU FHUWDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GR VLVWHPD $V FRPXQLGDGHV EUDVLOHLUDV 6ODFNZDUH H 'HELDQ SRVVXHP VXD SUySULD ]LQH H D FRPXQLGDGH )HGRUD PDQWpP XPD UHYLVWD HOHWU{QLFD FRPSOHWD FRQWDQGR FRP QRWtFLDV WXWRULDLV WH[WRV RSLQDWLYRV referĂŞncias Ă comunidade, informaçþes sobre jogos, perguntas e respostas etc.

Esses mecanismos tratam mormente da comunicação interna, isto Ê, UHDOL]DGD SHORV SUySULRV PHPEURV GD FRPXQLGDGH &RQWXGR QDGD LPSHGH TXH alguÊm que não faça parte das atividades de sua distribuição participe ativa ou SDVVLYDPHQWH XPD YH] TXH RV IyUXQV DV OLVWDV GH GLVFXVV}HV R ,5& RV EORJV H DV ]LQHV HVWmR DEHUWRV j OHLWXUD GH TXDOTXHU LQWHUQDXWD 'HVVD PDQHLUD SRGH VH GL]HU TXH HVVHV PHLRV WDPEpP VH FRQ¿JXUDP XP FDQDO GH FRPXQLFDomR H[WHUQD

Hierarquias e relaçþes de poder Os preceitos de liberdade apregoados pelos membros das mais variadas FRPXQLGDGHV GH VRIWZDUH OLYUH QmR VH WUDGX]HP GH PDQHLUD DOJXPD HP XPD IRUPD LUUHVWULWDPHQWH DQiUTXLFD GH RUJDQL]DomR 'H PDQHLUD JHUDO DV FRPXQLGDGHV estão envolvidas em relaçþes de poder fundamentadas na cultura meritocråtica e a liderança que nelas se estabelece estå sujeita a avaliaçþes pessoais por parte GRV FRODERUDGRUHV ¹ D¿QDO HVWDPRV IDODQGR GH YROXQWiULRV &DVR XP OtGHU WRPH uma atitude que não corresponda aos anseios e vontades da comunidade, os colaboradores podem resolver contribuir com outro projeto ou não mais contribuir.

*HQHULFDPHQWH DV KLHUDUTXLDV VH GmR HP QtYHO PDLV HOHYDGR QRV ³FRQ VHOKRV´ GRV UHVSHFWLYRV SURMHWRV 1DV GLVWULEXLo}HV FRPHUFLDLV FRPR )HGRUD WDLV

30 â&#x20AC;˘ Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

FRQVHOKRV VmR LQĂ&#x20AC;XHQFLDGRV GLUHWDPHQWH SHODV HPSUHVDV PDQWHQHGRUDV Âą QR FDVR do Fedora Board, quatro dos nove membros pertencem Ă Red Hat. JĂĄ nas comunidades das distribuiçþes nĂŁo-comerciais, os conselhos sĂŁo compostos, evidentemente, apenas por colaboradores. No caso do Debian, conforme abordamos GXUDQWH R EUHYH KLVWyULFR GDV FRPXQLGDGHV H[LVWH XPD HVWUXWXUD GH RUJDQL]DomR muito precisa. O projeto tem um lĂ­der, um comitĂŞ tĂŠcnico (com seu respectivo presiGHQWH XP VHFUHWiULR H GHOHJDGRV PDV R JUDX Pi[LPR GH SRGHU HVWi QDV PmRV GRV GHVHQYROYHGRUHV TXH SRGHP H[HUFr OR SRU PHLR GH XPD 5HVROXomR *HUDO RX SHODV prĂłprias eleiçþes internas.

(P QtYHO LQIHULRU DR GRV FRQVHOKRV H[LVWHP RV OtGHUHV HVSHFt¿FRV GH FDVD VXESURMHWR TXH FRRUGHQDP DTXLOR TXH VH SRGHULD FODVVL¿FDU FRPR FDGD FpOXOD GDV atividades båsicas da tradução, documentação, grupos regionais, divulgação etc. $ HVVHV OtGHUHV FDEH DOpP GH PDQWHU UHJXODUPHQWH D UHDOL]DomR GRV WUDEDOKRV DVVHJXUDU D DWLYLGDGH GDV OLVWDV FXPSULU RV SUD]RV GHWHUPLQDGRV LVWR p TXDQGR R SURMHWR VH FRPSURPHWH D HVWLSXODU GDWDV SDUD D GLVSRQLELOL]DU XPD QRYD YHUVmR como Ê o caso de Fedora e Ubuntu) e incentivar novos colaboradores.

1D PDLRULD GRV FDVRV HVVHV OtGHUHV VHMDP RV TXH HVWmR HP QtYHO Pi[LPR ou os que têm atividades mais locais, chegaram a seus atuais postos em função das SUySULDV FRPSHWrQFLDV 8P GRV FyGLJRV PRUDLV TXH DWXDP FRPR IRUoD PRWUL] GH VXD ¿ORVR¿D UHFRPHQGD YHHPHQWHPHQWH TXH VH GHWHUPLQDGR OtGHU QmR FRQVHJXLU desempenhar suas funçþes da melhor maneira possível (seja por falta de tempo, por H[FHVVR GH WUDEDOKR RX SRU SHUGD GH LGHQWL¿FDomR FRP R WUDEDOKR HVVH LQGLYtGXR GHYH SDVVDU VHX FDUJR DRV FXLGDGRV GH TXHP HIHWLYDPHQWH SRVVD ID]r OR $VVLP XP ERP OtGHU QmR GHYH GHL[DU GH R VHU DWp PHVPR TXDQGR GHFLGLU TXH GHL[DUi VHX projeto.

No que se refere Ă s relaçþes lĂ­deres-liderados, tambĂŠm foi possĂ­vel obserYDU FHUWDV GLYHUJrQFLDV HQWUH DV FRPXQLGDGHV (QTXDQWR QR 8EXQWX VH YHULÂżFRX maior independĂŞncia dos colaboradores â&#x20AC;&#x201C; que podem desenvolver livremente seus SURMHWRV ORFDLV RX SHVVRDLV VHP D QHFHVVLGDGH GH UHSRUWDU R TXH HVWmR ID]HQGR â&#x20AC;&#x201C;, no Projeto Fedora, hĂĄ um acompanhamento um pouco maior por parte dos HPEDL[DGRUHV FRP UHODomR jV DWLYLGDGHV JHUDLV HP TXH RV PHPEURV GD FRPXQLGDGH se envolvem. JĂĄ no Debian, a questĂŁo central nĂŁo estĂĄ tĂŁo ligada Ă relação entre lĂ­deres e colaboradores quanto ao maior vĂ­nculo que estes tĂŞm com a distribuição.

(P JHUDO R ³PRGR 'HELDQ GH RUJDQL]DomR´ VHJXQGR DTXL GHVFULWR H[LJH PDLRU comprometimento dos voluntårios.

Quanto ao Slackware, vê-se que a distribuição foge um pouco às regras JHUDLV $ SULQFtSLR D JDUDQWLD GH H[FHOrQFLD GR VLVWHPD HVWi DFUHGLWDP RV slackers, no desenvolvimento de certo modo fechado. AlÊm de poucas pessoas contribuírem DWLYDPHQWH SDUD D GLVWULEXLomR DR WRGR VmR PHQRV GH TXLQ]H GHVHQYROYHGRUHV

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração â&#x20AC;˘ 31

VHJXQGR 3LWHU 381. R ~QLFR EUDVLOHLUR GHVVH WLPH QDGD p LPSOHPHQWDGR QR VLVWHPD VHP D DTXLHVFrQFLD GH VHX IXQGDGRU H JUDQGH ³GLWDGRU EHQHYROHQWH YLWDOtFLR´ 3DWULFN 9RONHUGLQJ $GHPDLV QmR Ki PXLWR HVSDoR SDUD TXHVWLRQDPHQWRV FRQVLGHUDGRV WRORV LVWR p GH TXHP QmR VH SUHSDURX R VX¿FLHQWH SDUD ID]r ORV $TXL H[LVWHP SRUWDQWR KLHUDUTXLDV H UHODo}HV GH SRGHU YLVLYHOPHQWH GH¿QLGDV

O peso do trabalho brasileiro frente Ă comunidade internacional 'LDQWH GR TXH VH H[SORURX DWp HQWmR HVWi PDLV GR TXH FODUR TXH DV TXDWUR FRPXQLGDGHV HVWXGDGDV Âą 8EXQWX )HGRUD 6ODFNZDUH H 'HELDQ Âą ID]HP VH PXLWR H[SUHVVLYDV VRE GLYHUVRV DVSHFWRV QR PXQGR GR VRIWZDUH OLYUH $OpP GH contarem com uma vasta gama de colaboradores espalhados por todo o mundo, DV GLVWULEXLo}HV SURGX]LGDV SHODV FRPXQLGDGHV UHYHODP VH D FDGD QRYD YHUVmR WUDEDOKRV GH H[FHOrQFLD WpFQLFD IDWR TXH p FRPSURYDGR SRU VXD DPSOD DFHLWDomR HP LQVWLWXLo}HV HGXFDFLRQDLV RUJDQL]Do}HV JRYHUQDPHQWDLV H QmR JRYHUQDPHQWDLV e no prĂłprio mercado (atravĂŠs de empresas que, em muitos casos, dedicam-se apenas aos trabalhos open source) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; isso sem mencionar a grande quantidade de VHUYLGRUHV QRV TXDLV VH XVDP HVVDV GLVWULEXLo}HV GH Q~FOHR *18 /LQX[ E, malgrado a presença de sistemas operacionais livres nĂŁo seja tĂŁo pronunciada (quando comparada Ă dos softwares proprietĂĄrios) entre os assim FKDPDGRV ÂłXVXiULRV GRPpVWLFRV´ DV GLVWULEXLo}HV TXH QRV VHUYLUDP GH UHIHUrQFLD tĂŞm grande participação tambĂŠm nesse meio. Diante disso, deve-se enaltecer, enĂŠrgica e justamente, a atuação de seus protagonistas que, por meio de constantes HVIRUoRV FROHWLYRV WRUQDP SRVVtYHO D UHDOL]DomR GRV WUDEDOKRV PHQFLRQDGRV 1HVWH WySLFR GLVFXWLUHPRV TXmR H[SUHVVLYRV VH PRVWUDP RV DWRUHV EUDVLOHLURV TXH VH lançam Ă colaboração no Slackware e no Fedora.

e GLJQR GH QRWD TXH D DWLYLGDGH GH PHGLU D UHOHYkQFLD GH XPD FRPXQLGDGH ID] se de alto risco. Não convÊm, evidentemente, tratar apenas do número de membros H D SDUWLU GDt TXDOL¿FDU RV SHVRV FRP EDVH HP VLPSOHV DQiOLVHV FRPSDUDWLYDV 18 &RQIRUPH REVHUYDPRV SRU H[HPSOR R IDWRU ³Q~PHUR´ QmR p PXLWR OHYDGR HP FRQWD SHOD FRPXQLGDGH 6ODFNZDUH ¹ DR PHQRV QR TXH GL] UHVSHLWR DRV GHVHQYROYHGRUHV GLUHWRV GR VLVWHPD 6H p SRVVtYHO D¿UPDU TXH RV slackers acreditam que o número UHGX]LGR GH GHVHQYROYHGRUHV FRQIHUH PDLRU H[FHOrQFLD DR SURFHVVR WDPEpP VH SRGH GL]HU TXH VXD FRPXQLGDGH p PXLWR YDVWD H H[SUHVVLYD QR %UDVLO 'RLV IDWRV e SRVVtYHO QRWDU TXH DWp HQWmR QmR VH IDORX HP Q~PHUR GH PHPEURV GDV FRPXQLGDGHV RX Q~PHUR GH XVXiULRV GDV GLVWULEXLo}HV &RPR D¿UPDPRV QD LQWURGXomR GHVGH PyGXOR p PXLWR GLItFLO PHQVXUi ORV 3ULPHLUR SRUTXH QmR Ki FRPR SRVWXODU H[DWDPHQWH TXDLV RV UHTXLVLWRV QHFHVViULRV H VX¿FLHQWHV SDUD TXH DOJXpP VH WRUQH XP PHPEUR GH TXDOTXHU GDV FRPXQLGDGHV 8P VLPSOHV VLPSDWL]DQWH TXH SURPRYD DOJXPD GDV ¿ORVR¿DV HP MRJR PHVPR TXH GH IRUPD EHP modesta, pode ser considerado um membro, a depender das concepçþes que disso se faça. Quanto aos usuårios, a situação Ê semelhante. Não Ê necessårio pagar nem tampouco se cadastrar para pode usufruir de qualquer uma das distribuiçþes.

32 â&#x20AC;˘ Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

SHUPLWHP LQIHUL OR R SULPHLUR GHOHV Mi FLWDGR GL] UHVSHLWR DR IDWR GH TXH H[LVWH XP brasileiro nesse seleto grupo de desenvolvedores Slackware. O segundo, que estå relacionado ao primeiro, deu-se nos anos de 2004 e 2005, quando o grande ditador EHQHYROHQWH H YLWDOtFLR 3DWULFN 9RONHUGLQJ SDVVRX SRU JUDYHV SUREOHPDV GH VD~GH H QmR S{GH GHGLFDU VHXV HVIRUoRV j PDQXWHQomR GD GLVWULEXLomR 1DTXHOD pSRFD PXLWR VH HVSHFXORX VREUH R ¿P GR 6ODFNZDUH GDGD D LPSRUWkQFLD GD DWXDomR GH 9RONHUGLQJ 5DSLGDPHQWH D FRPXQLGDGH VH PRELOL]RX 3LWHU 381. HQYLRX D VHJXLQWH mensagem à lista de usuårios da distribuição: ³3RYR 'HVVD YH] R H PDLO QmR p SDUD SDVVDU XPD PHQVDJHP GLYHUWLGD Acho que todo mundo sabe; mas, para quem não sabe, Patrick 9RONHUGLQJ p R FULDGRU H PDQWHQHGRU GR VODFNZDUH ( HOH HVWi doente. Ele escreveu uma longa carta com a descrição da doença: IWS IWS VODFNZDUH FRP SXE VODFNZDUH VODFNZDUH FXUUHQW 3 $7 1(('6 <285 +(/3 W[t Quem tiver contato com centros de pesquisa ou mÊdicos na årea de patologia, poderia passar essa mensagem para eles.

Sei que tem vĂĄrios assinantes da lista que trabalham em XQLYHUVLGDGHV jV YH]HV XP SXOLQKR QD IDFXOGDGH GH PHGLFLQD H conversar com algum amigo possa quebrar um galhĂŁo e ajudar R 3DWULFN D PHOKRUDU 3DUD HOH FRORFDU LVVR QR &KDQJH/RJ GR FXUUHQW FRP FHUWH]D QmR HVWi EHP Falous, 3LWHU 381.

PS/1> Quem não conhecer mÊdicos, centros de pesquisa e SDWRORJLD HWF FRP FHUWH]D SRGH DMXGDU FRP D WRUFLGD H RUDo}HV pela melhora do patrick 36 ! 6H YF QmR JRVWD GD SDODYUD ³RUDo}HV´ VXEVWLWXD SRU UH]DV RX SHQVDPHQWR SRVLWLYR R TXH ¿FDU PHOKRU SDUD DV VXDV FUHQoDV´19

No entanto, a grande prova da relevância da comunidade brasileira estå QR IDWR GH TXH 9RONHUGLQJ GHVLJQRX R *86 %5 *UXSR GH 8VXiULRV 6ODFNZDUH Brasil) para dar continuidade aos seus trabalhos enquanto se recuperava. Segue a notícia do (PSL-BR) Projeto Software Livre Brasil de 24.11.2004:20 Comunidade GUS-BR passa a auxiliar o Slackware.com 2¿FLDOPHQWH 19 Disponível em: KWWS RVGLU FRP PO XVHU JURXSV OLQX[ EUD]LO VODFNZDUH PVJ KWPl. julho/2008.

20 DisponĂ­vel em: http://www.softwarelivre.org/news/3353. Acesso em: julho/2008.

Acesso

em:

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboraรงรฃo โ ข 33

3RU DOJXP WHPSR 3DWULFN 9RONHUGLQJ HVWDUi FXLGDQGR PDLV GD VXD VD~GH H SDUD QmR GHL[DU RV ImV SUHRFXSDGRV LQFXELX DR *86 %5 GH YHULยฟFDU H YDOLGDU VHFXULW\ ยฟ[HV H %XJ)L[HV QR 6ODFNZDUH &XUUHQW DOpP GR 6ODFNZDUH 7RGD D LQIRUPDomR SRGH VHU REWLGD QR VLWH ZZZ VODFNZDUH RUJ EU H WRGRV RV XVXiULRV GR *86 %5 SRGHP DX[LOLDU LQIRUPDQGR problemas e remendos diretamente na lista slack-users.

2XWUD FRPXQLGDGH EUDVLOHLUD PXLWR H[SUHVVLYD TXDQGR OHYDGD DR FHQiULR LQWHUQDFLRQDO UH~QH VH HP WRUQR GR 3URMHWR )HGRUD $VVLP FRPR 3LWHU 381. OLGHUD RV WUDEDOKRV QR 6ODFNZDUH 5RGULJR 3DGXOD GH 2OLYHLUD WUDGX] VH QR JUDQGH H[SRHQWH do Fedora, sendo que seus esforรงos para com a comunidade estabelecem uma relaรงรฃo de troca mรบtua e salutar. ร medida que desenvolve seus trabalhos, Rodrigo WUD] PDLRU QRWRULHGDGH SDUD D FRPXQLGDGH GR 3URMHWR )HGRUD %UDVLO TXH SRU VXD YH] OKH Gi WRGR R DSRLR H LQFHQWLYR SDUD UHSUHVHQWi OR ยฑ R TXH GLJD VH PHUHFH R reconhecimento da comunidade mundial.

&RQIRUPH DSRQWDPRV R QRPH GH 5RGULJR IRL R PDLV PHQFLRQDGR QDV HOHLo}HV GH MDQHLUR GH SDUD R )DP6&2 FRP TXDVH GR WRWDO GH YRWRV 7DPEpP DVVXPLX HP DEULO GR PHVPR DQR D OLGHUDQoD GR &RPPXQLW\ 0DQDJHU GR )HGRUD QD $PpULFD /DWLQD )HGRUD /$7$0 TXH GDUi DSRLR jV FRPXQLGDGHV UHJLRQDLV latinas. Hรก, รฉ claro, outros brasileiros muito ativos, tais como Diego Zarcarรฃo e David %DU]LOD\ TXH WDPEpP p IXQFLRQiULR GD 5HG +DW PDV HVVD QRWRULHGDGH GH 5RGULJR em especial, รฉ uma forma de a naรงรฃo Fedora, cujos membros estรฃo espalhados por WRGR R PXQGR UHFRQKHFHU D H[SUHVVmR GD FRPXQLGDGH QR %UDVLO (P HQWUHYLVWD j ย ediรงรฃo do 1ยบ ano da Fedora Zine, em marรงo de 2008, Rodrigo assinalou: $ PLQKD UHHOHLomR SDUD R &RPLWr 'LUHWLYR GH (PEDL[DGRUHV )HGRUD demonstrou nรฃo somente a credibilidade do Projeto Fedora Brasil GHYLGR D VXD RUJDQL]DomR SDUWLFLSDomR H UHVXOWDGRV PDV D XQLmR HP TXH RV HPEDL[DGRUHV EUDVLOHLURV H ODWLQRV HP JHUDO VH HQFRQWUDP &RP D FULDomR GR KWWS SUR\HFWRIHRGRUD RUJ TXH DJUHJD YiULRV SDtVHV GD $PpULFD /DWLQD FRPR 3DUDJXDL %UDVLO $UJHQWLQD &KLOH 0p[LFR 3HUX 9HQH]XHOD H 8UXJXDL KRXYH XPD LQWHJUDomR PXLWR IRUWH HQWUH esses paรญses, que em grande parte me apoiaram na reeleiรงรฃo... Alรฉm, claro, de outros paรญses que acreditam no meu trabalho e em tudo que HVWDPRV GHVHQYROYHQGR DTXL 9HMR QmR VRPHQWH FRPR PpULWR SHVVRDO mas como mรฉrito de toda a equipe do Projeto Fedora Brasil > @ O Brasil VHUYH FRPR XP PRGHOR &RPR VRPRV D PDLRU FRPXQLGDGH GD $PpULFD Latina e um pouco mais madura devido ao tempo de participaรงรฃo, SDVVDPRV PXLWDV H[SHULrQFLDV SDUD HOHV H FRQVWDQWHPHQWH WURFDPRV LQIRUPDo}HV DWUDYpV GD OLVWD GH HPEDL[DGRUHV ODWLQRV H GH HYHQWRV FRPR D , &RQIHUHQFLD /DWLQR $PHULFDQD GH (PEDL[DGRUHV H 8VXiULRV )HGRUD

34 â&#x20AC;˘ Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

UHDOL]DGD QR Latinoware HP FRP D SDUWLFLSDomR GR 3DUDJXDL GR %UDVLO GD $UJHQWLQD H GD 9HQH]XHOD

Outro fator merecedor de destaque: alĂŠm de ser numerosa â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a maior da $PpULFD /DWLQD FRQWDQGR FRP HPEDL[DGRUHV HP YiULRV HVWDGRV EUDVLOHLURV $0 %$ &( 07 0* 3% 35 5- 6& 63 72 H QR 'LVWULWR )HGHUDO Âą D FRPXQLGDGH EUDVLOHLUD p PXLWR DWLYD 1mR VmR UDUDV DV YH]HV SRU H[HPSOR HP TXH DV WUDGXo}HV SDUD R LGLRPD ÂłSRUWXJXrV GR %UDVLO´ VmR XPD GDV SULPHLUDV D VHUHP FRQFOXtGDV quando nĂŁo as primeiras.

O tempo dedicado Ă colaboração Pensou-se em chegar a algumas posiçþes sobre o tempo que os membros das quatro comunidades dedicam Ă colaboração, especialmente pelo fato de que R SURFHVVR GH SURGXomR GR VRIWZDUH OLYUH QHVVDV FLUFXQVWkQFLDV YHULÂżFD VH XPD atividade fundamentada basicamente no voluntariado. Os resultados obtidos, emERUD PXLWR JHQpULFRV H VXSHUÂżFLDLV PDQWLYHUDP FHUWD UHODomR FRP DV LQ~PHUDV ELEOLRJUDÂżDV TXH WUDWDP GD TXHVWmR GD FXOWXUD KDFNHU 3RGH VH GL]HU HP SULPHLUR OXJDU TXH D PDLRULD GRV FRODERUDGRUHV GHVHP penha suas funçþes durante seu tempo considerado livre, apesar de muitos admiWLUHP TXH WDPEpP R ID]HP GXUDQWH DOJXQV PRPHQWRV HP TXH GHYHULDP HVWDU ocupados com outros compromissos â&#x20AC;&#x201C; como trabalho ou estudo. Em qualquer um dos dois casos, a opção por colaborar, evidentemente, implica relegar a segundo plano qualquer outra atividade, seja ela uma obrigação iminente ou um tempo de SXUR OD]HU Quando se tentou chegar a uma conclusĂŁo sobre a quantidade de tempo GHVSHGLGR FRP RV PDLV YDULDGRV WLSRV GH WUDEDOKR YHULÂżFRX VH SRU YiULRV PRWLYRV que se tratava de uma tarefa quase impossĂ­vel. Um desses motivos estĂĄ no fato de que muitos dos colaboradores estĂŁo envolvidos com o mundo do software livre em WHPSR LQWHJUDO 'LYLGHP VH DTXL PDLV XPD YH] GXDV HVIHUDV GH WUDEDOKRV TXH SRGHP estar voltados a uma determinada distribuição: primeiro, aquelas atividades que estĂŁo ligadas diretamente ao software, tais como desenvolvimento, programação, tradução, documentação etc.; segundo, todo e qualquer trabalho indireto que faça alusĂŁo Ă distribuição, sendo os mais comuns a divulgação, o incentivo ao uso, a promoção de eventos, palestras e seminĂĄrios ou a postagem de conteĂşdos em fĂłruns e listas de discussĂľes, tirando dĂşvidas, trocando informaçþes, direcionando os principiantes.

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração â&#x20AC;˘ 35

$VVLP HP IXQomR GD H[LVWrQFLD GR TXH VH FKDPRX GH VHJXQGD HVIHUD GH trabalhos, muitos colaboradores estĂŁo envolvidos praticamente durante todo o tempo com suas distribuiçþes. E, de um modo geral, observa-se que a quantidade de tempo despendida ĂŠ muito variĂĄvel entre os membros, e isso se dĂĄ, entre outras UD]}HV SHODV GLIHUHQWHV SRVWXUDV TXH VH DVVXPHP RX VHMD SHORV GLIHUHQWHV QtYHLV de comprometimento â&#x20AC;&#x201C; e, nesse aspecto, tambĂŠm se notaram muitas diferenças: GHVGH XVXiULRV TXH QmR Âż]HUDP TXHVWmR GH UHSDVVDU DV UHVSRVWDV TXH REWLYHUDP em fĂłruns atĂŠ militantes que passaram horas respondendo a e-mails pessoais com dĂşvidas de usuĂĄrios.

3RU ¿P D GHVSHLWR GH WRGDV DV FRQVLGHUDo}HV VREUH WHPSR GHGLFDGR j FRODERUDomR FDEH ID]HU XP SDUrQWHVH 'H IDWR RV HVIRUoRV SHVVRDLV VmR PXLWR YDORUL]DGRV QRV PRGRV GD SURGXomR HQWUH SDUHV DVVLP FRPR R WHPSR TXH VH despende para corroborar tais esforços. No entanto, inferiu-se que, em meio à FXOWXUD PHULWRFUiWLFD PDLV LPSRUWDQWH GR TXH R WHPSR p D H¿FLrQFLD GR WUDEDOKR ¿QDO 'H QDGD DGLDQWD SRUWDQWR HPSHQKDU VH GXUDQWH KRUDV QD SURJUDPDomR GH uma ferramenta que se apresenta com muitos erros.

O conceito de â&#x20AC;&#x153;liberdadeâ&#x20AC;? sob a Ăłtica de algumas comunidades HĂĄ vĂĄrios motivos pelos quais alguĂŠm opta por usar um software livre em detrimento de um software proprietĂĄrio, mas trĂŞs deles merecem certo destaque â&#x20AC;&#x201C; os PRWLYRV WpFQLFRV RV VRFLDLV H RV ÂżQDQFHLURV (VWHV ~OWLPRV VmR EHP FRPSUHHQVtYHLV algumas pessoas nĂŁo querem ou nĂŁo podem pagar pelo alto preço das licenças e, por isso, passam a usar softwares livres, que estĂŁo gratuitamente disponĂ­veis na rede.

1RV FDVRV PDLV HOHPHQWDUHV GH XVXiULRV ¿QDLV H PHPEURV GDV FRPXQLGDGHV de software livre, os dois primeiros discursos (a saber, os aspectos tÊcnicos e os VRFLDLV FRVWXPDP SUHYDOHFHU ¹ RUD VH FRPSOHPHQWDP RUD VmR DQWDJ{QLFRV 'HVVD PDQHLUD SHUPHLD RV ³DVSHFWRV WpFQLFRV´ XPD YLVmR TXH VH EDVHLD XQLFDPHQWH QD H[FHOrQFLD WpFQLFD GR VRIWZDUH VHQGR TXH DTXHOHV TXH D GHIHQGHP DSUHJRDP que se deve usar software livre simplesmente porque ele Ê melhor. Para esses LQGLYtGXRV R FRQFHLWR GH ³OLEHUGDGH´ HVWi HP SRGHU DFHVVDU H DOWHUDU R FyGLJR IRQWH GRV SURJUDPDV 1R HQWDQWR VHJXQGR HOHV QmR H[LVWH R PHQRU SUREOHPD HP VH XVDU software proprietårio nos casos em que ele funcione melhor ou garanta a facilidade de uso.

Por outro lado, hĂĄ aqueles que consideram que a liberdade que move aqueOHV TXH HVWmR IRFDGRV DSHQDV QRV DVSHFWRV WpFQLFRV p LQH[LVWHQWH Âą RX TXDQGR muito, incompleta. Esses usuĂĄrios estĂŁo mais preocupados com as questĂľes

36 â&#x20AC;˘ Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

sociais implĂ­citas no ato de usar um software livre â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ato que, por essĂŞncia, denotaria independĂŞncia (seja das licenças proprietĂĄrias cobradas pelas grandes corporaçþes, VHMD GDV DWXDOL]Do}HV UHPXQHUDGDV TXH VmR H[LJLGDV RX GR FyGLJR IRQWH IHFKDGR

H DOWLYH] (OHV HVWmR HP JUDQGH SDUWH GRV FDVRV HQYROYLGRV HP YiULRV SURMHWRV de inclusĂŁo digital em comunidades desfavorecidas e acreditam que a inclusĂŁo social estĂĄ diretamente relacionada Ă prĂłpria inclusĂŁo digital â&#x20AC;&#x201C; e esta, diga-se, QmR SRGHULD VH UHDOL]DU FRP VRIWZDUHV SURSULHWiULRV TXH GHYHULDP VHU DEROLGRV SRU FRPSOHWR $VVLP D ÂłYHUGDGHLUD´ OLEHUGDGH YDL PXLWR DOpP GDV UD]}HV WpFQLFDV VHQ GR R VRIWZDUH OLYUH GHQWUH PXLWRV RXWURV XP LQVWUXPHQWR FDSD] GH SRUWDU XPD LGHR ORJLD TXH PRELOL]H SHVVRDV H FRPXQLGDGHV (VVHV GRLV GLVFXUVRV Mi UHFHEHUDP Yi ULDV DOFXQKDV 7DOYH] DV PDLV FRQKHFLGDV WUDWHP R SULPHLUR FRPR Âł26,´21 RX Âłopen source´ H D VHJXQGD FRPR Âł)UHH 6RIWZDUH´ RX Âł[LLWD´ AlĂŠm dessas divergĂŞncias, hĂĄ pequenos embates de ordem tĂŠcnica que, SRU ÂżP WDPEpP DFDEDP VH WRUQDQGR TXHVW}HV GH OLEHUGDGH (P SULQFtSLR FRQWXGR GL]HP UHVSHLWR D FHUWDV SHFXOLDULGDGHV WpFQLFDV GH FDGD GLVWULEXLomR ,VVR SRGH ser facilmente ilustrado pelos sistemas Debian e Slackware: no primeiro, quando XP XVXiULR GHFLGH EDL[DU GHWHUPLQDGR SURJUDPD SRU PHLR GR PRGR WH[WR LVWR p XVDQGR OLQKDV GH FRPDQGR EDVWD UHFRUUHU DR $37 $GYDQFHG 3DFNDJLQJ 7RRO XP JHUHQFLDGRU GH SDFRWHV TXH ID] R GRZQORDG QmR DSHQDV GR DSOLFDWLYR VROLFLWDGR mas de todas as suas dependĂŞncias, facilitando o trabalho do usuĂĄrio. No caso do Slackware, o aplicativo correspondente ĂŠ o Slackpkg, que busca apenas o arquivo solicitado, sem suas dependĂŞncias.22 0XLWRV XVXiULRV GDV GLVWULEXLo}HV GHULYDGDV GR 'HELDQ RX PHVPR GDTXHODV GHULYDGDV GR )HGRUD HP TXH R JHUHQFLDGRU p R <XP FRP IXQomR VHPHOKDQWH j GR $37 QR TXH GL] UHVSHLWR j EXVFD SRU GHSHQGrQFLDV

defendem o uso de seu gerenciador pelo fato de ele proporcionar facilidade de uso.

Jå grande parte dos slackers, em contrapartida, acreditam que isso fere a liberdade GR XVXiULR XPD YH] TXH HOH QmR WHP SOHQR FRQWUROH VREUH R VLVWHPD 2 GHSRLPHQWR GH XP XVXiULR GR 6ODFNZDUH GXUDQWH XPD FRQYHUVD QR FDQDO VODFNZDUH EU GD UHGH )UHHQRGH QHW QR ,5& p PXLWR HVFODUHFHGRU ³$ GLIHUHQoD p TXH QRV 'HELDQV GD YLGD RX QRV 5HGKDW GD YLGD SURJUDPDV GHVVH WLSR ID]HP FKHFDJHP GH GHSHQGrQFLDV &RPR R 6ODFNZDUH SRU QDWXUH]D QmR WHP HVVD SROtWLFD R VODFNSNJ WDPEpP QmR R ID] 4XHU EDL[DU R DSDFKH" >'LJLWH@ ³VODFNSNJ LQVWDOO DSDFKH´ H SURQWR (OH QmR YDL EDL[DU QDGD DOpP GR TXH YF RUGHQDU 8P ³DSW JHW´ Mi FKHFD (P DOXVmR j OLFHQoD 2SHQ 6RXUFH ,QLDWLYH 26, TXH QmR REULJD D SXEOLFDomR GH DOWHUDo}HV UHDOL]DGDV QR FyGLJR IRQWH GH DOJXP VRIWZDUH SRVVLELOLWDQGR D H[LVWrQFLD GH SURMHWRV LQWHJUDGRV SRU VRIWZDUHV OLYUHV H VRIWZDUHV SURSULHWiULRV e FRPR VH HP DQDORJLD EHP UXGLPHQWDU XP LQGLYtGXR SUHFLVDVVH FR]LQKDU DUUR] 4XDQGR XVDU R $37 R JHUHQFLDGRU do Debian, não precisarå se preocupar com qualquer ingrediente: o gerenciador buscarå pelos grãos, pela ågua e pelos WHPSHURV FRPELQDQGR WXGR R TXH IRU QHFHVViULR SDUD TXH R DOLPHQWR ¿TXH SURQWR 4XDQGR XVDU R 6ODFNSNJ R XVXiULR terå em suas mãos apenas os grãos, devendo, portanto, buscar todo o resto por conta própria.

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração â&#x20AC;˘ 37

VH R DSDFKH GHSHQGH GH DOJXPD RXWUD FRLVD H YDL TXHUHU EDL[DU HVVD outra coisa tb. Os usuĂĄrios dessas distros vĂŞem isso como facilidade.

1yV XVXDOPHQWH YHPRV LVVR FRPR ³SHUGD GH FRQWUROH´ SRU SDUWH GR XVXiULR ST VH SRU H[HPSOR YF PDQGD UHPRYHU R SRVW¿[ QXP GHELDQ redhat, ele vai querer remover outras coisas junto, mas não foi isso que YF PDQGRX FHUWR"´

&RQVLGHUDo}HV ¿QDLV Por meio dos breves resultados aqui apresentados, acredita-se, foi possível compreender ao menos uma parte daquilo que se constitui como a dinâmica e o funcionamento de uma comunidade de software livre. Os vårios relatos, depoimentos, SDVVDJHQV HQ¿P WRGR R PDWHULDO FROKLGR QRV SHUPLWH FRQVWDWDU FRPR VH HVWDEHOHFH H R TXH VLJQL¿FD D SOXUDOLGDGH GH Do}HV LGpLDV H SRVWXUDV SUHVHQWHV HP PHLR DR universo open source.

3RU ÂżP GHYH VH DSRQWDU TXH RV H[HPSORV GDV FRPXQLGDGHV GH VRIWZDUH OLYUH FRQÂżJXUDP VH FRPR XPD SHTXHQD SDUWH GH DOJR PXLWR PDLRU YLJHQWH QD sociedade em rede pĂłs-industrial. O novo modo de produção, de avaliação e de GLVWULEXLomR GH LQIRUPDo}HV Âą GR TXDO ID]HP SDUWH DOpP GR VRIWZDUH OLYUH YiULRV SURMHWRV FRQVROLGDGRV D SDUWLU GD UHGH WDLV FRPR R <RX7XEH R 6ODVKGRW R 'LJJ D :LNLSpGLD R 6HWL#+RPH D OLFHQoD &UHDWLYH &RPPRQV HWF Âą SDUHFH HVWDU LQĂ&#x20AC;XHQFLDQGR GLUHWDPHQWH RV YHOKRV SDUDGLJPDV GD VRFLHGDGH TXH SRU VXD YH] SDVVDP SRU FRQVWDQWHV SURFHVVRV GH UHYLVmR H GH DGDSWDomR 4XH D ÂżORVRÂżD open source possa ajudĂĄ-los.

38 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 39

Software Livre e a Perspectiva da Dádiva uma análise sobre o trabalho e a produção colaborativa no projeto GNOME Vicente Macedo de Aguiar

Este capítulo se sedimenta sobre um estudo1 FLHQWt¿FR TXH EXVFRX DQDOLVDU DV HVSHFL¿FLGDGHV GD GLQkPLFD GH WUDEDOKR GRV KDFNHUV QR SURFHVVR GH SURGXomR FRODERUDWLYR H QmR FRQWUDWXDO SUHVHQWH QDV FRPXQLGDGHV YLUWXDLV2 de GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GH VRIWZDUHV OLYUHV HP SDUWLFXODU QD FRPXQLGDGH UHODWLYD DR Projeto GNU Network Object Model Environment, PDLV FRQKHFLGR H GLIXQGLGR SHOD sigla GNOME.

(QYROYHQGR PDLV GH KDFNHUV GH WRGRV RV FLQFR FRQWLQHQWHV GR JORER R 3URMHWR *120( JLUD HP WRUQR GH GRLV REMHWLYRV FRPXQV 'H XP ODGR WHQGR FRPR IRFR R FKDPDGR ³XVXiULR ¿QDO´ R SURMHWR YLVD R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GH XP DPELHQWH de desktop3 FRP XPD LQWHUIDFH JUi¿FD Graphical User Interface – GUI) e um FRQMXQWR GH DSOLFDWLYRV VRIWZDUHV TXH IDFLOLWHP DR Pi[LPR D LQWHUDomR GR XVXiULR FRP R FRPSXWDGRU KDUGZDUH $OpP GR desktop R SURMHWR DFDED WHQGR DLQGD FRPR (VVH HVWXGR FLHQWt¿FR IRL UHDOL]DGR SRU PHLR GH XPD LPHUVmR ³QHWQRJUi¿FD´ SHVTXLVD SDUWLFLSDQWH GHQWUR GR DPELHQWH FRPSXWDFLRQDO TXH FRPS}H D FRPXQLGDGH RQ OLQH GR 3URMHWR *120( QR SHUtRGR GH GH]HPEUR GH D IHYHUHLUR GH $OpP GHVVD LPSRUWDQWH LPHUVmR IRUDP UHDOL]DGDV HQWUHYLVWDV VHPL HVWUXWXUDGDV FRP PHPEURV GH GLIHUHQWHV SDtVHV TXH SDUWLFLSDP GH IRUPD DWXDQWH GHVVH 3URMHWR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO 3DUD PDLV LQIRUPDo}HV VREUH HVVD SHVTXLVD YHU D GLVVHUWDomR LQWLWXODGD ³2V $UJRQDXWDV GD ,QWHUQHW XPD $QiOLVH QHWQRJUi¿FD VREUH D FRPXQLGDGH RQ OLQH GH VRIWZDUH livre do projeto GNOME à luz da teoria da Dádiva” TXH VH HQFRQWUD GLVSRQtYHO QR OLQN KWWS ZZZ DGP XIED EU SXE SXEOLFDFDR 0$$ 'LVVHUWDFDR*QRPH9HUVDR)LQDO SGf 1HVWH DUWLJR VmR FRQVLGHUDGRV FRPR ³FRPXQLGDGHV YLUWXDLV´ RX ³FRPXQLGDGHV RQ OLQH´ RV DJUXSDPHQWRV VRFLDLV TXH VH PDQLIHVWDP QD ,QWHUQHW RQGH R SURFHVVR GH FRPXQLFDomR p HVVHQFLDOPHQWH PHGLDGR SRU FRPSXWDGRUHV 6HJXQGR .R]LQHWV R XVR GR WHUPR ³FRPXQLGDGH´ SDUD FODVVL¿FDU WDLV DJUXSDPHQWRV GH SHVVRDV MXVWL¿FD VH SHOR IDWR GHVVH WLSR GH RUJDQL]DomR VRFLDO WHU HP JHUDO XPD H[LVWrQFLD SHUHQH GHGLFDU VH GH IRUPD RUJDQL]DGD D REMHWLYRV H Do}HV FRPXQV DOpP GH SRVVXLU XPD H[LVWrQFLD ³UHDO´ SDUD VHXV PHPEURV LQGHSHQGHQWHPHQWH GDV SUR[LPLGDGHV JHRJUi¿FDV 3RU LVWR p VHPSUH LPSRUWDQWH UHVVDOWDU TXH ³XPD FRPXQLGDGH YLUWXDO QmR p LUUHDO LPDJLQiULD RX LOXVyULD WUDWD VH VLPSOHVPHQWH GH XP FROHWLYR PDLV RX PHQRV SHUPDQHQWH TXH VH RUJDQL]D SRU PHLR GR QRYR FRUUHLR HOHWU{QLFR PXQGLDO´ /pY\ S

3 O desktop p XP VLVWHPD FRPSXWDFLRQDO FRPSRVWR SRU XP FRQMXQWR GH DSOLFDWLYRV VRIWZDUHV TXH VHJXHP H GH¿QHP XP SDGUmR GH LQWHUIDFH JUi¿FD *UDSKLFDO 8VHU ,QWHUIDFH *8, H DR PHVPR WHPSR SHUPLWHP D LQWHUDomR GR XVXiULR FRPXP FRP DV IXQFLRQDOLGDGHV GH XP GHWHUPLQDGR VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO $VVLP SRGH VH GL]HU TXH WRGD D DUTXLWHWXUD VLPEyOLFD H R SDGUmR JUi¿FR YLVXDO GH PHQXV tFRQHV iUHDV GH WUDEDOKR H ³MDQHODV´ VmR GH¿QLGRV SHOR VLVWHPD GH desktop.

40 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

segundo objetivo a estruturação de uma plataforma4 GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR FRQWHQGR XPD FROHomR GH ,QWHUIDFHV GH 3URJUDPDomR GH $SOLFDWLYRV $3,V DOpP GH GLYHUVDV IHUUDPHQWDV GH SURJUDPDomR TXH VmR XWLOL]DGDV SRU KDFNHUV WDQWR GR SURMHWR FRPR WDPEpP GH RXWUDV FRPXQLGDGHV GH VRIWZDUHV OLYUHV HVSDOKDGDV SHOR FLEHUHVSDoR $VVLP FRPR SRQWR GH SDUWLGD HVWH DUWLJR DQDOLVD FRPR VH PDQLIHVWD D RUJDQL]DomR H D GLQkPLFD GR WUDEDOKR TXH LPSXOVLRQD R SURFHVVR GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GH WRGR R FRQMXQWR GH VLVWHPDV FRPSXWDFLRQDLV OLYUHV TXH FRPS}HP R 3URMHWR *120( 1XP PRPHQWR SRVWHULRU SDUWLQGR GHVVD PHVPD UHDOLGDGH EXVFDUHPRV FRPSUHHQGHU WDPEpP D QDWXUH]D GR WUDEDOKR DGRWDGR SHORV KDFNHUV QR SURFHVVR GH SURGXomR HQWUH SDUHV TXH DFDED HQYROYHQGR XPD FRPXQLGDGH LQWHUQDFLRQDO GH colaboradores .

O surgimento do projeto GNOME (P VHJXQGR R VRFLyORJR 0DQXHO &DVWHOOV Mi KDYLD SHOR PHQRV PLOK}HV GH XVXiULRV GR *18 /LQX[ HP WRGR R PXQGR &RQWXGR PHVPR VHQGR GLIXQGLGR FRPR XP VRIWZDUH GH H[FHOHQWH TXDOLGDGH WHFQROyJLFD QR LQtFLR GR VHX SURFHVVR GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR R VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO *18 /LQX[ WDPEpP HUD FRQVLGHUDGR XP VRIWZDUH TXH H[LJLD SRU SDUWH GRV XVXiULRV XP QtYHO GH FRQKHFLPHQWR WpFQLFR PDLV HOHYDGR SDUD R VHX ERP IXQFLRQDPHQWR ,VVR SRUTXH SRU WHU VLGR GHVHQYROYLGR ³SRU WHFQROyJRV´ H ³SDUD WHFQROyJRV´ R *18 /LQX[ XWLOL]DYD XP SDGUmR GH LQWHUIDFH JUi¿FD tFRQHV MDQHODV ERUGDV HWF PHQRV LQWXLWLYR H FRP SDGU}HV VLPEyOLFRV PHQRV DFHVVtYHLV jV SHVVRDV FRPXQV DR FRQWUiULR GH DOJXPDV YHUV}HV SURSULHWiULDV GH FyGLJR IHFKDGR FRPR R VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO Windows e o Mac OS X, TXH HVWDYDP VHQGR GHVHQYROYLGRV SRU JUDQGHV FRUSRUDo}HV GH 7HFQRORJLD GD ,QIRUPDomR 7 , TXH SULRUL]DYDP PDLV HVVDV TXHVW}HV GH LQWHUIDFH JUi¿FD $VVLP SDUD TXH R *18 /LQX[ VH GLIXQGLVVH GH IRUPD PDLV DPSOD ID]LD VH QHFHVViULR R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GH XP DPELHQWH GH desktop TXH SRVVLELOLWDVVH D H[LVWrQFLD GH XP VLVWHPD GH LQWHUIDFH FRP tFRQHV H MDQHODV HQWUH RXWURV DSOLFDWLYRV TXH VHJXLVVH RV SULQFtSLRV GH OLEHUGDGH WHFQROyJLFD H DR PHVPR WHPSR TXH SHUPLWLVVH TXH XP XVXiULR FRPXP SXGHVVH IDFLOPHQWH LQWHUDJLU H DFHVVDU VXDV funcionalidades.

3RU YROWD GH R SULPHLUR SURMHWR TXH VXUJH SDUD WHQWDU VXSULU HVVD lacuna foi denominado de K – desktop Environment .'( 1R HQWDQWR R IXQGDGRU $ SODWDIRUPD p D LQIUDHVWUXWXUD WHFQROyJLFD TXH VHUYH GH EDVH SDUD R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GDV DSOLFDo}HV GR *120( 7HFQLFDPHQWH HOD p XP FRQMXQWR UHSRVLWyULR GH ELEOLRWHFDV GH REMHWRV IXQo}HV H HVWUXWXUDV GH GDGRV TXH SRGHP VHU UHXWLOL]DGDV QR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GH QRYDV DSOLFDo}HV RX VHMD p XPD HVSpFLH GH ³DUPD]pP´ DEHUWR GH FDL[D DEHUWD FKHLD GH FyGLJRV SUp GH¿QLGRV TXH VHUYH GH UHIHUrQFLD SDUD TXDOTXHU GHVHQYROYHGRU LQWHUHVVDGR HP XWLOL]i OD 7RGDYLD DQWHV GH DGHQWUDU HVVHV SRQWRV ID] VH QHFHVViULR FRPSUHHQGHU D DPELJXXLGDGH H R PDO HQWHQGLPHQWR TXH VH ID] VREUH R WHUPR H D SUi[LV VRFLDO GRV KDFNHUV DERUGDGD QR FDStWXOR LQWURGXWyULR GHVWH OLYUR

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 41

GHVVH SURMHWR 0DWWKLDV (WWULFK RSWRX SRU XWLOL]DU XPD WHFQRORJLD DWp HQWmR GH FyGLJR IHFKDGR R VRIWZDUH Qt toolkit da empresa 7UROO7HFK HP VHXV SDFRWHV R¿FLDLV $VVLP PHVPR QmR VHQGR XP VRIWZDUH FRPHUFLDO R desktop KDE causou muitas GLVFRUGkQFLDV QR LQWHULRU GR PRYLPHQWR SHOR 6RIWZDUH /LYUH GHYLGR DR IDWR GHVVH VLVWHPD QmR VHJXLU QD VXD LQWHJUDOLGDGH RV SULQFtSLRV GH DEHUWXUD H OLEHUGDGH GD ¿ORVR¿D *18 $ SDUWLU GHVVH FRQWH[WR HP GRLV KDFNHUV PH[LFDQRV )HGHULFR 0HQD H 0LJXHO GH ,FD]D VH DUWLFXODUDP SDUD GHVHQYROYHU XP SURMHWR GH desktop TXH QmR DSHQDV IRUQHFHVVH XP VLVWHPD DEHUWR GH LQWHUIDFH JUi¿FD PDLV LQWHOLJtYHO SDUD R XVR PDV TXH WDPEpP VHJXLVVH GH IRUPD LQWHJUDO RV SULQFtSLRV GH OLEHUGDGH WHFQROyJLFD H FRODERUDomR DVVRFLDGRV DR VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO *18 /LQX[. Esse projeto foi denominado de *18 1HWZRUN 2EMHFW 0RGHO (QYLURQPHQW mais FRQKHFLGR H GLIXQGLGR SHOD VLJOD *120(

$OpP GH FRQWDU FRP R DSRLR H D FRODERUDomR FUHVFHQWH GH KDFNHUV GH YiULRV SDtVHV QR DQR TXH VH VHJXLX DR ODQoDPHQWR GD VXD YHUVmR SULPHLUD YHUVmR R SURMHWR *120( SDVVRX WDPEpP D WHU R DSRLR GH GHVHQYROYHGRUHV GH VRIWZDUHV TXH HUDP SDJRV SRU HPSUHVDV GH 7 , D H[HPSOR GD Red Hat e a Eazel. 6HJXQGR ,FD]D FRP R DSRLR GLUHWR H D SDUWLFLSDomR GH YiULRV KDFNHUV HVSDOKDGRV SHOD 5HGH MXQWDPHQWH FRP HVVHV GHVHQYROYHGRUHV FRQWUDWDGRV HP R SURMHWR *120( ODQoD D VXD YHUVmR 3RVWHULRUPHQWH QR DQR GH Mi FRP intuito de fortalecer ainda mais a missão do projeto de desenvolver uma plataforma FRPSXWDFLRQDO OLYUH p FULDGD D )XQGDomR *120( (VVD )XQGDomR FRP VHGH QD &DOLIyUQLD (8$ WRUQRX VH XPD HVSpFLH GH RUJDQL]DomR IRUPDO TXH Gi DSRLR LQVWLWXFLRQDO j FRPXQLGDGH YLUWXDO e HOD TXH UHSUHVHQWD IRUPDOPHQWH R 3URMHWR QR ³PXQGR GRV iWRPRV´ VHQGR JHULGD GH IRUPD YLUWXDO SRU XP &RQVHOKR 'LUHWRU FRPSRVWR SRU VHWH SHVVRDV GH GLIHUHQWHV SDUWHV GR PXQGR TXH VmR HOHLWDV SHOD comunidade.

O Projeto GNOME e o modelo colaborativo de produção entre pares

2 3URMHWR *120( TXH Gi R VHQWLQGR GH H[LVWrQFLD SDUD WRGD HVVD FRPXQLGDGH YLUWXDO GH KDFNHUV JLUD HP WRUQR GH GXDV PHWDV 'H XP ODGR WHQGR FRPR IRFR R FKDPDGR ³XVXiULR ¿QDO´ R SURMHWR YLVD DR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GH XP ambiente de desktop SDUD GLVWULEXLo}HV GR *18 /LQX[ FRP XPD LQWHUIDFH JUi¿FD Graphical User Interface – *8, H XP FRQMXQWR GH DSOLFDWLYRV VRIWZDUHV TXH IDFLOLWHP DR Pi[LPR D LQWHUDomR GHVVH XVXiULR FRP R FRPSXWDGRU hardware). Por LVVR GH IRUPD LPEULFDGD DR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GHVVH DPELHQWH JUi¿FR *120( ID]

42 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

VH SUHVHQWH WDPEpP R SURFHVVR GH WUDGXomR GRV VRIWZDUHV TXH FRPS}HP R GHVNWRS SDUD PDLV GH LGLRPDV QR PXQGR DEUDQJHQGR DVVLP GHVGH LGLRPDV RFLGHQWDLV FRPR (VSDQKRO )UDQFrV H 3RUWXJXrV TXH XVDP R PHVPR DOIDEHWR D OtQJXDV H GLDOHWRV TXH XVDP DOIDEHWRV FRPSOHWDPHQWH GLVWLQWRV FRPR SRU H[HPSOR &KLQrV *UHJR ÈUDEH +LQGL H +HEUDLFR 3RU RXWUR ODGR R SURMHWR DFDED WHQGR WDPEpP FRPR IRFR D HVWUXWXUDomR GH XPD SODWDIRUPD GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR FRQWHQGR XPD FROHomR GH ,QWHUIDFHV GH 3URJUDPDomR GH $SOLFDWLYRV $3,V DOpP GH GLYHUVDV IHUUDPHQWDV GH SURJUDPDomR TXH VmR XWLOL]DGDV SRU KDFNHUV WDQWR GR SURMHWR FRPR WDPEpP GH RXWUDV FRPXQLGDGHV GH VRIWZDUHV OLYUHV HVSDOKDGDV SHOR FLEHUHVSDoR

3DUWLQGR GHVVD UHDOLGDGH p LPSRUWDQWH IULVDU TXH R SURFHVVR GH GHVHQYRO YLPHQWR GH VRIWZDUHV OLYUHV HP FRPXQLGDGHV GHVVD QDWXUH]D p VLQJXODU HP UHODomR D XP DVSHFWR SUDJPiWLFR GR PRGR GH YLGD KDFNHU (QTXDQWR ³D ~OWLPD UHYROXomR LQGXVWULDO PDUFRX D WUDQVLomR SDUD XPD VRFLHGDGH TXH FRQWDYD FRP RV UHVXOWDGRV FLHQWt¿FRV RV KDFNHUV FKDPDP D DWHQomR SDUD R IDWR GH TXH QD (UD GD ,QIRUPDomR PDLV LPSRUWDQWH TXH RV UHVXOWDGRV FLHQWt¿FRV p R PRGHOR GH SURGXomR HQWUH SDUHV1 TXH SHUPLWH REWHQomR GHVVHV UHVXOWDGRV ´ +LPDQHP

2X DLQGD ³D HPHUJrQFLD GR VRIWZDUH OLYUH H R VXFHVVR IHQRPHQDO GRV VHXV SLRQHLURV ± FRPR R VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO *18 /LQX[ R VHUYLGRU GH UHGH $SDFKH 3HUO %,1' ± H PXLWRV RXWURV SURMHWRV WrP QRV IRUoDGR D UHDOL]DU XPD UHYLVmR QR SDUDGLJPD GRPLQDQWH VREUH SURGXomR ´ %HQNOHU >7UDGXomR QRVVD@ $VVLP DSHVDU GD JrQHVH GR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GH WHFQRORJLDV FRPR D SUySULD ,QWHUQHW VHU XP ERP H[HPSOR GH LQRYDomR OLEHUGDGH H DEHUWXUD RV SURMHWRV WHFQROyJLFRV SURGX]LGRV GH IRUPD OLYUH H FRODERUDWLYD FRPR R Linux ou o GNOME, podem ser FRQVLGHUDGRV XP DYDQoR DLQGD PDLRU ,VVR SRUTXH GXUDQWH R SURFHVVR PHGLDGR SRU FRPSXWDGRU GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GHVVHV VRIWZDUHV RV KDFNHUV YrP HODERUDQGR XP PRGR VXEYHUVLYR GH DXWR RUJDQL]DomR SDUD D SURGXomR H GLVWULEXLomR GH VRIWZDUHV livres na Internet.

³4XHP SHQVDULD PHVPR D FLQFR DQRV DWUiV TXH XP VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO GH FODVVH PXQGLDO SRGHULD VXUJLU FRPR TXH SRU PiJLFD SHOR WHPSR OLYUH GH PLOKDUHV GH FRODERUDGRUHV HVSDOKDGRV SRU WRGR R SODQHWD FRQHFWDGRV VRPHQWH SHORV WrQXHV FRUG}HV GD ,QWHUQHW"´ 5D\PRQG 6HJXQGR R KDFNHU (ULF 5D\PRQG

HVVD HVSHFXODomR FHUWDPHQWH QmR SDUWLULD GHOH SRLV DVVLP FRPR TXDVH D WRWDOLGDGH GRV SURJUDPDGRUHV GR LQtFLR GD GpFDGD GH ± HOH GHIHQGLD D WHVH GH TXH VRIWZDUHV GH DOWD FRPSOH[LGDGH FRPR XP NHUQHO RX XP DPELHQWH desktop, QHFHVVLWDYDP VHU GHVHQYROYLGRV GHQWUR GH XP ³PRGHOR FDWHGUDO´ 'LWR GH RXWUD

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 43

PDQHLUD HVVHV VLVWHPDV FRPSXWDFLRQDLV VHJXQGR R SDGUmR GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR DQWHULRU DR VXUJLPHQWR GR /LQX[ GHYHULDP VHU HODERUDGRV GH IRUPD FHQWUDOL]DGD H LVRODGD SRU XP SHTXHQR JUXSR GH GHVHQYROYHGRUHV HVSHFLDOLVWDV TXH Vy GLVSR QLELOL]DULDP R UHVXOWDGR GH VHX WUDEDOKR TXDQGR SHUFHEHVVHP TXH XPD SULPHLUD YHUVmR GH GHWHUPLQDGR VRIWZDUH HVWLYHVVH VLJQL¿FDWLYDPHQWH SURQWD ± DVVLP FRPR DFRQWHFH QD PDLRULD GDV HPSUHVDV ¿UPDV GH SURGXomR GH VRIWZDUHV TXH WrP R FyGLJR IRQWH IHFKDGR (VVH PRGHOR 5D\PRQG GHQRPLQRX GH Catedral.

'HQWUR GHVVH FRQWH[WR R OHPD ³OLEHUH FHGR XPD YHUVmR GR VRIWZDUH

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3RU RXWUR ODGR QR LQtFLR GR SURMHWR /LQX[ SRU YROWD GH D UHODomR HQWUH XVXiULRV H GHVHQYROYHGRUHV GH XP SURMHWR GH VRIWZDUH OLYUH IRL FRPSOHWDPHQWH DOWHUDGD FRP D GLVSRQLELOL]DomR GR FyGLJR IRQWH PXLWRV XVXUiULRV SDVVDP D VHU FR GHVHQYROYHGRUHV H¿FD]HV /LQXV 7RUYDOGV SHUFHEHX TXH PXLWRV XVXiULRV VmR KDFNHUV WDPEpP H SRUWDQWR HOHV SRGHP GLDJQRVWLFDU SUREOHPDV VXJHULU FRUUHo}HV H DMXGDU D PHOKRUDU R FyGLJR PXLWR PDLV UDSLGDPHQWH GR TXH XP SURJUDPDGRU RX DWp PHVPR XPD HTXLSH WpFQLFD GH IRUPD LVRODGD IHFKDGD (P RXWUDV SDODYUDV ³GDGRV ROKRV VX¿FLHQWHV WRGRV RV HUURV VmR WULYLDLV ´ 5D\PRQG $VVLP QHVVH PRGHOR DEHUWR QmR HUD HVWUDQKR XPD QRYD YHUVmR GR .HUQHO /LQX[ VHU ODQoDGD PDLV GH XPD YH] SRU GLD ± R TXH SDUD PXLWRV SURJUDPDGRUHV H HQJHQKHLURV FRPSXWDFLRQDLV VHULD KXPDQDPHQWH LPSRVVtYHO D SDUWLU GH XP PRGHOR WUDGLFLRQDO ³1HQKXPD FDWHGUDO FDOPD H UHVSHLWRVD DTXL DR LQYpV D FRPXQLGDGH /LQX[ SDUHFHX DVVHPHOKDU VH D XP JUDQGH H EDUXOKHQWR ED]DU GH GLIHUHQWHV DJHQGDV H DSUR[LPDo}HV DGHTXDGDPHQWH VLPEROL]DGR SHORV UHSRVLWyULRV GR /LQX[ TXH DFHLWDULD VXEPLVV}HV de qualquer pessoa) de RQGH XP VLVWHPD FRHUHQWH H HVWiYHO SRGHULD DSDUHQWHPHQWH HPHUJLU VRPHQWH SRU XPD VXFHVVmR GH PLODJUHV´ 5D\PRQG

1R FDVR GR 3URMHWR *120( HVVH ³JUDQGH H EDUXOKHQWR ED]DU´ DFDED HQYRO YHQGR PDLV GH SHVVRDV HQWUH WUDGXWRUHV GHVHQYROYHGRUHV H FRODERUDGRUHV HP JHUDO TXH MXQWRV ID]HP SDUWH GH SDtVHV GRV FLQFR FRQWLQHQWHV GR SODQHWD FRPR GHPRQVWUD D ¿JXUD 0DLV HVSHFL¿FDPHQWH SRU PHLR GD SHVTXLVD TXDQWLWDWLYD TXH IXQGDPHQWRX HVWH WUDEDOKR S{GH VH REVHUYDU TXH GRV +DFNHUV FDWDORJDGRV

44 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

GH MDQHLUR D MXOKR GH TXDVH D WRWDOLGDGH GRV PHPEURV GD FRPXQLGDGH VmR GR VH[R PDVFXOLQR H D PDLRULD GHOHV VmR GH SDtVHV GD (XURSD 2FLGHQWDO FRPR )UDQoD ,QJODWHUUD (VSDQKD H $OHPDQKD VHQGR RXWUD ERD SDUWH GRV SDtVHV GD $PpULFD GR 1RUWH 0p[LFR &DQDGi H (8$ $ $PpULFD GR 6XO &KLOH %UDVLO H $UJHQWLQD FKHJD D UHSUHVHQWDU GRV PHPEURV 1R HQWDQWR H[LVWHP WDPEpP SHVVRDV GH SDtVHV DIULFDQRV H DVLiWLFRV FRPR ËQGLD ,Um &KLQD 9LHWQm 7XQtVLD 7RJR 0DGDJDVFDU H ÈIULFD GR 6XO DOpP GD 2FHDQLD TXH VH ID] SUHVHQWH SRU PHLR GH SDtVHV FRPR SRU H[HPSOR $XVWUiOLD H 1RYD =HOkQGLD

³3RQWRV´ GD UHGH PXQGLDO GR 3URMHWR *120( )RQWH KWWS SODQHW JQRPH RUg

(QWHQGHU SRUWDQWR D GLQkPLFD GH WUDEDOKR GRV KDFNHUV GR *120( p WHQ WDU FRPSUHHQGHU R ³PLODJUH´ GR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR VHPHVWUDO GH XPD QRYD YHUVmR GHVVH VLVWHPD FRPSXWDFLRQDO TXH XQH H PRELOL]D HVVD FRPXQLGDGH LQWHUQDFLRQDO interligada apenas pelos liames digitais da rede mundial de computadores. Para DOFDQoDU R GHVD¿R DQDOtWLFR GH DGHQWUDU QR HQUHGR SURGXWLYR GH XPD QRYD YHUVmR da Plataforma e do desktop *120( ID] VH DQWHV QHFHVViULD XPD DQiOLVH SUpYLD GD HVWUXWXUD GH WLPHV H VHWRUHV TXH GHOLQHLDP D EDVH RUJDQL]DFLRQDO TXH PDQWpP YLYR este processo não-contratual de produção em rede.

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboraรงรฃo โ ข 45

GNOME: um โ bazarโ organizado?

6HJXQGR *HUPDQ DWXDOPHQWH R 3URMHWR *120( HVWi DVVRFLDGR D XP VLVWHPD FRPSXWDFLRQDO FRPSRVWR SRU PDLV GH VRIWZDUHV HQWUH ELEOLRWHFDV e aplicativos do desktop H GD SODWDIRUPD (P RXWUDV SDODYUDV LVVR FRUUHVSRQGH D PDLV GH GRLV PLOK}HV GH OLQKDV GH FyGLJR TXH SRGHP VH DPSOLDU DLQGD PDLV D FDGD nova versรฃo.

O fato de o Projeto ser subdividido em diversos aplicativos e bibliotecas estimula uma forma de divisรฃo da produรงรฃo em mรณdulos2 de desenvolvimento GH IRUPD SURSRUFLRQDO H FRUUHVSRQGHQWH DR Q~PHUR GH VRIWZDUHV TXH DWXDOPHQWH JLUD HP WRUQR GH (VVHV PyGXORV GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR VmR DJUXSDGRV H VLVWH PDWL]DGRV SHOR 6LVWHPD GH &RQWUROH GH 9HUV}HV Concurrent Versions System &96

GR *120( H FRQWDP FRP D FRRUGHQDomR GH QR PtQLPR XP SURJUDPDGRU HIHWLYR SDUD FDGD PyGXOR TXH UHFHEH R QRPH GH mantenedor e HVVH PDQWHQHGRU R KDFNHU UHVSRQViYHO SRU SODQHMDU RV UXPRV GH XP GHWHUPLQDGR VRIWZDUH TXH FRPS}H R VLVWHPD DOpP GH JHULU R HQYLR GH GRDo}HV GH FyGLJRV GH SURJUDPDomR DSHOLGDGDV de patchs.

$V GRDo}HV SRGHP HVWDU UHODFLRQDGDV WDQWR j FRUUHomR GH XP HUUR bug) no SURJUDPD TXDQWR DR HQYLR GH FyGLJRV FRP QRYDV IXQFLRQDOLGDGHV H HVSHFLยฟFLGDGHV TXH DOJXP XVXiULR TXHLUD DJUHJDU jTXHOH GHWHUPLQDGR VRIWZDUH ( p QHVVH SRQWR TXH UHVLGH VHJXQGR 5D\PRQG XPD GDV SULQFLSDLV YLUWXGHV GHVVH PRGHOR DEHUWR GH SURGXomR FRODERUDWLYD HQWUH SDUHV TXH HOH GHQRPLQRX GH ยณED]DUยด HQTXDQWR QR PRGHOR &DWHGUDO SUHVHQWH HP ERD SDUWH GDV HPSUHVDV GH VRIWZDUH QR PXQGR RV HUURV QRV SURJUDPDV VmR WUDWDGRV GH IRUPD IHFKDGD SRU PHLR GH XP H[DPH PLQXFLRVR H GHPRUDGR IHLWR SRU XP Q~PHUR SHTXHQR GH WpFQLFRV ยณQD YLVmR ED]DU SRU RXWUR ODGR YRFr PDQWHQHGRU DVVXPH TXH HUURV VmR JHUDOPHQWH WULYLDLV PXLWR UDSLGDPHQWH TXDQGR H[SRVWRV SDUD FHQWHQDV GH iYLGRV FR GHVHQYROYHGRUHV WULWXUDQGR FDGD QRYD OLEHUDomR ยด 5D\PRQG

6HJXLQGR HVVD ยฟORVRยฟD SRU H[HPSOR R PDQWHQHGRU GH TXDOTXHU PyGXOR GR 3URMHWR *120( GLVSRQLELOL]D GH IRUPD IUHTXHQWH QD ZHE GD FRPXQLGDGH XPD QRYD YHUVmR FRP R LQWXLWR GH WHU VHPSUH PDLV FRUUHo}HV GRDo}HV GH TXDOTXHU RXWUR KDFNHU DR UHGRU GR PXQGR TXH TXHLUD XVDU H FRQWULEXLU 'HVVD IRUPD R PDQWHQHGRU GR SDFRWH FRQVHJXH UHGX]LU R WUDEDOKR H R FXVWR TXH WHULD SDUD PDQWHU DTXHOH GHWHUPLQDGR VRIWZDUH GH IRUPD LVRODGD $OpP GLVVR TXDQGR XP XVXiULR GHVHQYROYHGRU SDVVD D ID]HU GRDo}HV FRQVWDQWHV GH patchs, HOH SDVVD WDPEpP D WHU JUDQGHV SRVVLELOLGDGHV GH GLYLGLU R SRVWR GH PDQWHQHGRU RX DWp PHVPR DVVXPLU H[FOXVLYDPHQWH WDO FDUJR FDVR R DWXDO PDQWHQHGRU FRQVLGHUH TXH QmR WHP PDLV WHPSR OLYUH H R LQGLTXH SDUD DVVXPLU WDO IXQomR

46 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

'HQWUR GR FRQWH[WR GD HVWUXWXUD RUJDQL]DFLRQDO GD FRPXQLGDGH WRGRV RV PDQ WHQHGRUHV H FRODERUDGRUHV GRV PyGXORV GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GH VRIWZDUH LUmR FRPSRU DSHQDV XP QHVVH FDVR R GH Hacking) GRV VXESURMHWRV RX ³7LPHV´ HP TXH HVWi GLYLGLGR H DORFDGR R WUDEDOKR GD FRPXQLGDGH FRPR XP WRGR ± FRPR VH SRGH SHUFHEHU QR RUJDQRJUDPD GR 3URMHWR *120( UHSUHVHQWDGR QD )LJXUD

1R XQLYHUVR GHVVHV TXLQ]H VXESURMHWRV WLPHV WRGRV WrP D FRRUGHQDomR GH SHOR PHQRV XP OtGHU RX PDQWHQHGRU TXH WUDEDOKD GH IRUPD PDLV HIHWLYD H SHULyGLFD DOpP GD SDUWLFLSDomR GH RXWURV FRODERUDGRUHV PDLV HYHQWXDLV (QTXDQWR QD PDLRULD GRV WLPHV p FRPXP D H[LVWrQFLD GH XP D GRLV FRRUGHQDGRUHV HP DOJXQV PyGXORV GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR p SRVVtYHO HQFRQWUDU DWp FLQFR PDQWHQHGRUHV GHSHQGR GD FRPSOH[LGDGH GR VRIWZDUH H GR LQWHUHVVH GH VH PDQWHU R VRIWZDUH 3DUD IDFLOLWDU R HQWHQGLPHQWR VREUH HVVD FRPSOH[D HVWUXWXUD RUJDQL]DFLRQDO HVVHV WLPHV SRGHP VHU TXDOL¿FDGRV GH IRUPD JHUDO HQWUH DTXHOHV TXH HVWmR UHODFLRQDGRV jV ³DWLYLGDGHV ¿P´ LVWR p TXH HVWmR GLUHWDPHQWH OLJDGRV DR SURFHVVR GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GRV VRIWZDUHV H DTXHOHV TXH VmR UHVSRQViYHLV SRU ³DWLYLGDGHV PHLR´ RX VHMD TXH UHD OL]DP DWLYLGDGHV TXH RIHUHFHP XPD HVSpFLH GH VXSRUWH DR SURFHVVR H GHVHQ YROYLPHQWR WDQWR GR GHVNWRS FRPR GD SODWDIRUPD

Organograma do Projeto GNOME

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboraรงรฃo โ ข 47

$ SDUWLU GHVVD FRPSOH[D HVWUXWXUD RUJDQL]DFLRQDO H DR PHVPR WHPSR WHQGR FRPR EDVH HVVH VXEYHUVLYR PRGHOR FRODERUDWLYR GH SURGXomR WHFQROyJLFD HQWUH SDUHV D *120( GHVGH FRPHoD D DGRWDU XPD SRVWXUD DWp HQWmR LQH[LVWHQWH QR XQLYHUVR GRV SURMHWRV GH VRIWZDUH OLYUH ODQoDU XPD QRYD YHUVmR GR VHX desktop H GD VXD SODWDIRUPD OLYUH GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GHQWUR GH XP SUD]R SUp HVWDEHOHFLGR de seis meses. $VVLP FDGD YHUVmR WRUQD VH IUXWR GH WRGR XP HQUHGR JHUDO GH GHVHQYRO YLPHQWR WHFQROyJLFR HVSRQWDQHDPHQWH FRODERUDWLYR TXH D FDGD VHLV PHVHV WHUPLQD H VH LQLFLD QRYDPHQWH FRP R ODQoDPHQWR GH XPD YHUVmR PDLV PRGHUQD DQXQFLDGD pelo Release Manager *HVWRU GH 9HUV}HV QDV OLVWDV GH HPDLOV GD FRPXQLGDGH 1R HQWDQWR SDUD HIHLWR GD DQiOLVH DGRWDGD QHVWH WUDEDOKR DGRWDU VH i XP FRUWH WHPSRUDO QR SURFHVVR GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GR *120( &RPR SRQWR GH SDUWLGD IRL HVFROKLGR R PrV GH VHWHPEUR GH TXDQGR IRL ODQoDGD D YHUVmR 3 do desktop SRU PHLR GR H PDLO ยณCelebrating the release of GNOME 2.12!ยด HQYLDGR SRU (OLMDK 1HZUHQ DWXDO Release Manager GD *120( SDUD D OLVWD GH DQ~QFLRV GD comunidade.

Planejando o enredo de uma nova versรฃo &RPR D LQRYDomR WHFQROyJLFD p R HVStULWR EDOL]DGRU GHVVD RUJDQL]DomR DSyV R ODQoDPHQWR GH WRGD QRYD YHUVmR D FRPXQLGDGH *120( FRPHoD D VH SODQHMDU para o lanรงamento de uma outra nova versรฃo do seu desktop GH IRUPD VHPHOKDQWH DR TXH DFRQWHFH QXPD FRPXQLGDGH GH HVFROD GH VDPED DSyV VHX GHVยฟOH QD 0DUTXrV GH 6DSXFDt TXH QHVVH FDVR HVWXGDGR p D e HQWmR TXH D HTXLSH UHVSRQViYHO SHOR ODQoDPHQWR GH YHUV}HV ยฑ 5HOHDVH 7HDP - se reune no seu canal ,5& Internet Relay Chat SDUD HODERUDU XPD SURSRVWD GH FDOHQGiULR $VVLP ORJR DSyV D GHยฟQLomR GH XPD SURSRVWD R Release Manager lanรงa um outro e-mail para D OLVWD GH GLVFXVVmR GRV GHVHQYROYHGRUHV FRP XPD VXJHVWmR GH FDOHQGiULR SDUD R desenvolvimento geral da futura versรฃo. Essa proposta passa entรฃo a ser discutida HQWUH WRGRV RV GHVHQYROYHGRUHV PDQWHQHGRUHV H FR GHVHQYROYHGRUHV GH FDGD VRIWZDUH SRU PHLR GD OLVWD GH H PDLOV H GR &DQDO EXVFDQGR VH DVVLP D FRQVWUXomR GH XP FRQVHQVR TXH WHP FRPR PHGLDGRU R Release Manager.

$ SDUWLU GH XP FDOHQGiULR GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GH VHLV PHVHV TXH ยฟFD GLVSR QtYHO QR VLWH GD FRPXQLGDGH WRGRV RV PDQWHQHGRUHV GH VRIWZDUHV FRPHoDP D VH RUJDQL]DU SDUD GHยฟQLU TXDLV DV IXWXUDV QRYLGDGHV H LQRYDo}HV TXH FDGD SDFRWH WHUi QD SUy[LPD YHUVmR 4XDQGR SURQWD WRGDV DV PHWDV GH LQRYDomR UHODWLYDV DRV VRIWZDUHV GR VLVWHPD VmR SRVWDGDV QXPD SiJLQD ZHE GH SODQHMDPHQWR GDV YHU

48 โ ข Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboraรงรฃo

V}HV GHQRPLQDGR GH RoadMap KWWS OLYH JQRPH RUJ 5RDG0Dp). $OpP GLVVR DSyV D GHยฟQLomR GR SODQHMDPHQWR DEUH VH XPD QRYD HWDSD GH GLVFXVVmR VREUH D SRV sibilidade de entrada de novos softwares para serem inseridos na plataforma ou no desktop.

1HVVH PRPHQWR TXDOTXHU KDFNHU SRGH SURSRU XP QRYR SDFRWH GH VROXomR para ser agregado ao sistema GNOME. Da mesma forma como aconteceu na DSURYDomR GR FDOHQGiULR HVVD SURSRVWD p GLVFXWLGD SHORV PHPEURV GHVHQYROYHGRUHV GD FRPXQLGDGH QXPD OLVWD GH HPDLO HVSHFtยฟFD WHQGR FRPR PHGLDGRU GD GLVFXVVmR o UHOHDVH PDQDJHU $ DSURYDomR RX QmR GD SURSRVWD Vy p GHยฟQLGD PHVHV GHSRLV TXDQGR R UHDOHDVH PDQDJHU ID] XP OHYDQWDPHQWR GR UHVXOWDGR GD GLVFXVVmR

A colaboraรงรฃo dos usuรกrios e a โ temporada de caรงa aos bugsโ !

3DUD SRU HP SUiWLFD R SURFHVVR GH DEHUWXUD H OLEHUDomR LPHGLDWD GR FyGLJR IRQWH SUHVHQWH QHVVH PRGHOR GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR DEHUWR RV PDQWHQHGRUHV GRV SDFRWHV GH VRIWZDUH GD *120( VHPSUH EXVFDP WUDWDU RV XVXiULRV GR desktop FRPR FR GHVHQYROYHGRUHV ยฑ DVVLP FRPR DFRQWHFH GH IRUPD VHPHOKDQWH QR GHVHQ YROYLPHQWR GR /LQX[ H GD GLVWULEXLomR 'HELDQ 'H IRUPD SDUDOHOD DR SURFHVVR GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GD QRYD YHUVmR RV HUURV GH IXQFLRQDPHQWR bugs) da versรฃo DWXDO VmR UHSRUWDGRV SRU XVXiULRV GH WRGRV RV FRQWLQHQWHV GR JORER SDUD R Bugzilla GD FRPXQLGDGH (VVHV HUURV VmR DYDOLDGRV SHOD HTXLSH GH WULDJHP GH bugs - a %XJVTXDG SDUD FHUWLยฟFDU VH GH TXH RV SULQFLSDLV SUREOHPDV QmR SDVVDUmR GHV percebidos pelos mantenedores dos pacotes.

$VVLP GDGD D FRQWULEXLomR VLJQLยฟFDWLYD GH XVXiULRV TXH VH FRPSRUWDP FRPR EHWD WHVWHUV H FR GHVHQYROYHGRUHV SUDWLFDPHQWH WRGR R SUREOHPD UHODWLYR D DOJXP aplicativo do desktop passa a ser detectado rapidamente e a sua respectiva soluรงรฃo SRGH WDPEpP DFDEDU VH WRUQDQGR yEYLD SDUD DOJXQV TXH FRQWULEXHP DWp FRP VXJHVW}HV GH QRYRV FyGLJRV SDUD D UHVROXomR GH DOJXQV bugs (VVDV FRQWULEXLo}HV VHUYHP WDQWR SDUD D LPSOHPHQWDomR GH XPD YHUVmR HVWiYHO GR desktop DWXDO LVWR p XPD YHUVmR FRP RV bugs corrigidos) como para a correรงรฃo de possรญveis erros da versรฃo em desenvolvimento.

1D YLVmR GH 5D\PRQG VHULD H[DWDPHQWH QHVVH SRQWR TXH VH FDUDFWHUL]DULD D GLIHUHQoD FHQWUDO HQWUH RV PRGHORV Catedral SURSULHWiULR H Bazar DFDGrPLFR DEHUWR . 1R SULPHLUR RV SUREOHPDV GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR OHYDP PHVHV SHOR IDWR GH SDVVDU SHODV PmRV GH SRXFDV SHVVRDV HVSHFLDOLVWDV QHFHVVLWDQGR GH ORQJRV LQWHUYDORV SDUD R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GH XPD QRYD YHUVmR ยฑ TXH WDPEpP QmR VHUi SHUIHLWD H WUDUi QRYRV SUREOHPDV -i QR PRGHOR ED]DU SRU RXWUR ODGR RV HUURV VmR DVVXPLGRV FRPR IHQ{PHQRV PDLV WULYLDLV SHOR IDWR GH VHUHP ORJR H[SRVWRV SDUD

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 49

FHQWHQDV GH iYLGRV FR GHVHQYROYHGRUHV GLVSRVWRV D HODERUDUHP H FRQWULEXtUHP SDUD R DYDQoR WHFQROyJLFR GH XPD QRYD YHUVmR 'HVVD IRUPD QXPD FRPXQLGDGH GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR WHFQROyJLFR FRPR D *120( XPD QRYD YHUVmR p OLEHUDGD D FDGD VHLV PHVHV SDUD VH WHU PDLV FRUUHo}HV H FRPR XP ³HIHLWR FRODWHUDO´ SDVVD VH D WHU D SRVVLELOLGDGH GH WHU WDPEpP PDLV FRQWULEXLo}HV

3HUtRGRV GH FRQJHODPHQWR HQWUDP HP FHQD RV PHPEURV QmR programadores.

1D PHGLGD HP TXH R SHUtRGR GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GR FDOHQGiULR GH SODQHMDPHQWR DYDQoD FRPHoDP D DFRQWHFHU RV ³FRQJHODPHQWRV´ freezes) DJHQGDGRV (VVH PpWRGR GH ³SDUDGD´ HP WHUPRV GH SURJUDPDomR GH FyGLJRV FULD FRQGLo}HV SDUD TXH RXWUDV HTXLSHV GH FRODERUDomR WUDQVYHUVDO GD FRPXQLGDGH YLUWXDO OLJDGDV D DWLYLGDGHV GH WUDGXomR GRFXPHQWDomR XVDELOLGDGH H DFHVVLELOLGDGH

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50 โ ข Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboraรงรฃo

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 51

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52 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 53

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54 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 55

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56 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

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58 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

Conceito

Grade Analítica Dimensões Indicadores Reconhecimento Interesse

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 59

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60 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

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Um trabalho a troco de nada?

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 61

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62 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 63

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64 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 65

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102 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

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124 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 125

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126 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 151

A tecnologia na obra de Álvaro Vieira Pinto e Paulo Freire Anderson Fernandes de Alencar

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152 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 153

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154 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 155

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156 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 157

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158 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 159

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160 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 161

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162 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração • 163

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188 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

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Mobilização colaborativa, cultura hacker e a teoria da propriedade imaterial Sergio Amadeu da Silveira

Uma breve introdução à questão da propriedade e da liberdade Este texto Ê um recorte da tese de doutorado que defendi em 2005. Ele visa trazer os principais pontos lå abordados sobre o problema da formulação de uma teoria política da propriedade de bens imateriais no contexto de uma sociedade informacional e em rede. O objeto de anålise Ê a mobilização tÊcnico-social para o desenvolvimento e uso de software aberto e não-proprietårio, conhecido como moYLPHQWR GH VRIWZDUH OLYUH VHX HPEDWH FRP RV EHQH¿FLiULRV GR PRGHOR KHJHP{QLFR de propriedade de software. A unidade de anålise foi a rede de comunidades de VRI WZD UH OLYUH H DEHUWR )RUDP UHFROKLGRV RV VHXV DUJXPHQWRV REVHUYDGD VXD DomR RU JD QL]DomR H SULQFLSDOPHQWH VHX PRGHOR GH SURSULHGDGH GH EHQV QmR PDWHULDLV

3DUD LQYHVWLJDU FRP PDLV SURIXQGLGDGH DV Do}HV H REMHWLYRV GD UHGH GHVVH movimento tÊcnico-político, o foco foi colocado na comunidade Debian, que desenvolve e distribui uma versão do sistema operacional GNU/Linux. Essa opção deu-se DSyV XP LQWHQVR UDVWUHDPHQWR GRV JUXSRV H FRPXQLGDGHV GH FRODERUDomR VHMDP de desenvolvimento ou de debates. Para entender bem o modelo colaborativo e OLYUH GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GH VRIWZDUHV FRPR EHP LQWDQJtYHO WtSLFR IRL QHFHVViULR UHFRQVWUXLU D WUDMHWyULD KLVWyULFD GR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GDV WHFQRORJLDV GD LQIRUPDomR H REVHUYDU D FRQVWUXomR GR PRGHOR KHJHP{QLFR GH SURSULHGDGH GH VRIWZDUH EDVHDGR QRV SULQFtSLRV GRV EHQV WDQJtYHLV A pesquisa partiu de duas hipóteses que nasceram da teoria liberal de propriedade. Essas hipóteses foram lançadas no terreno das evidências empíricas H SHUPLWLUDP FRQFHQWUDU DV EXVFDV H DSXUDU RV ROKDUHV D ¿P GH FRQ¿UPi ODV DOWHUi

190 โ ข Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboraรงรฃo

ODV RX GHVFDUWi ODV SDUFLDO RX LQWHJUDOPHQWH $ GHVFULomR DGRWDGD YLVD VXVWHQWDU D DERUGDJHP WHyULFD UHDOL]DGD RX VHMD R REMHWLYR GR PpWRGR IRL VXVWHQWDU D WHRULD sobre evidรชncias empiricamente observรกveis nos seus contextos histรณricos.

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+D\HN XP GRV SULQFLSDLV FUtWLFRV GD LGHLD GH LJXDOGDGH FRQVLGHUDYD TXH D fรฉ na justiรงa social, ou na distribuiรงรฃo equitativa da propriedade dos bens, conduziria a sociedade a um sistema totalitรกrio. A primeira hipรณtese desta tese nasceu do HQIRTXH KD\HNLDQR XPD FUtWLFD OLEHUDO SURIXQGD j LGHLD GD MXVWLoD GLVWULEXWLYD $ YLVmR KD\HNLDQD DGYRJD R DQWDJRQLVPR HQWUH D GHIHVD GD SURSULHGDGH ยฑ HQWHQGLGD FRPR GHIHVD GD OLEHUGDGH ยฑ H D GHIHVD GD LJXDOGDGH ยฑ HQWHQGLGD FRPR D GLVWULEXLomR MXVWD de bens.

Assim, a pesquisa partiu da hipรณtese de que a contraposiรงรฃo entre liberdade H LJXDOGDGH SRGH VHU VXSHUDGD QR FHQiULR LPDWHULDO GRPLQDGR SRU XPD HFRQRPLD GR LQWDQJtYHO 'DL VREUHVVDL D VHJXQGD KLSyWHVH DR GLVVROYHU VH HVVD FRQWUDSRVLomR WDPEpP SHUGHULD VHQWLGR R HQTXDGUDPHQWR SROtWLFR HUJXLGR KLVWRULFDPHQWH HP torno da propriedade material, tornando completamente pรกlida a forรงa explicativa da divisรฃo polรญtica entre esquerda e direita.

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2 DUJXPHQWR FHQWUDO TXH OHJLWLPD D SURSULHGDGH GH EHQV LQWDQJtYHLV QD VR ciedade em rede foi construรญdo sobre a ideia de que somente o modelo de software SURSULHWiULR SRGH JHUDU GHVHQYROYLPHQWR FULDWLYLGDGH H LQRYDomR 7RGDYLD WDLV DVVHUWLYDV QmR WrP IXQGDPHQWR HPStULFR 2 HVWtPXOR GD SURSULHGDGH SRGH WHU JHUD GR LQRYDomR PDV R PRGHOR FRPSDUWLOKDGR WHP JHUDGR FULDo}HV H LQRYDo}HV GH impacto colossal. Nesse sentido, o desenvolvimento compartilhado de bens intanJtYHLV REULJD QRV D UHYHU D WHRULD GD SURSULHGDGH FRQVROLGDGD QR PXQGR LQGXVWULDO A propriedade das ideias รฉ distinta da propriedade das coisas. A natureza

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboraรงรฃo โ ข 191

da rede e dos bens nรฃo-escassos nos conduz a discutir os objetivos da autoria e da propriedade nesse cenรกrio informacional. ร preciso compreender que a teoria GD SURSULHGDGH DWp HQWmR HUJXHX VH VREUH D SDLVDJHP GD HVFDVVH] H GR KRPR HFRQRPLFXV PROGDGR SHOR GRXWULQD OLEHUDO $ LQWHOLJrQFLD GLVWULEXtGD H R KRPHP FULDGRU H HP EXVFD GR UHFRQKHFLPHQWR UHFRQยฟJXUDP WRWDOPHQWH QRVVD IRUPD GH pensar a propriedade das ideias em uma sociedade em rede.

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194 â&#x20AC;˘ Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

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rou o conselho de todos que o cercavam e abandonou o mercado de FDOFXODGRUDV SRXFR DQWHV GD FKHJDGD GH FRQFRUUHQWHV GH EDL[R FXVWR TXH R WHULDP DUUXLQDGR )RL XPD MRJDGD EULOKDQWH :DQJ UHLYHQWRX VXD empresa, transformando-a na principal fornecedora de måquinas proFHV VDGRUDV GH WH[WR´ ³:DQJ HUD XP HQJHQKHLUR YLVLRQiULR 2 PHV mo tipo de inspiração que o levou a abandonar as calculadoras poderia tê-lo conduzido ao sucesso na indústria de software para PCs, nos anos 0DV :DQJ QmR HQ[HUJRX D FXUYD VHJXLQWH 'HVHQYROYHX SURJUDPDV excelentes, todos, porÊm, proprietårios, só funcionando em seus processadores de texto. Sem chance nenhuma de deslanchar, portanto, GHSRLV TXH VXUJLUDP RV PLFURFRPSXWDGRUHV GH XVR JHUDO FDSD]HV GH URGDU LQ~PHURV SURJUDPDV GH SURFHVVDPHQWR GH WH[WRV FRPR :RUG6WDU :RUG3HUIHFW H 0XOWL0DWH TXH DOLiV LPLWDYDP R VRIWZDUH GH :DQJ

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196 â&#x20AC;˘ Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração â&#x20AC;˘ 197

de outros fabricantes adotarem aquele modelo ou linha de construção. A Apple, de 6WHYH -REV QmR DEULD VXD DUTXLWHWXUD TXH HVWDYD SDWHQWHDGD $ FORQDJHP VHULD judicialmente barrada. A interoperabilidade entre hardwares era muito difícil sem TXH H[LVWLVVH D DUTXLWHWXUD DEHUWD RX XPD SDGURQL]DomR VHJXLGD SRU WRGRV

$ $SOOH &RPSXWHU ,QF IXQGDGD HP DEULO GH DFUHGLWRX H DODYDQFRX R VHJPHQWR GH PLFURFRPSXWDGRUHV 2 $SSOH ,, WUD]LD XP PLFURSURFHVVDGRU 0RWRUROD $ H[SORVmR GDV YHQGDV GR PLFURFRPSXWDGRU SDUHFLD QHJDU D IDPRVD VHQWHQoD GH .HQ 2OVHQ IXQGDGRU GD 'LJLWDO (TXLSPHQW ³QmR YHMR SRU TXH DOJXpP KDYHULD GH WHU XP FRPSXWDGRU HP FDVD ´ 5$1*(/ (P D $SSOH WUD]LD R SULPHLUR VRIWZDUH GH SODQLOKD GH FiOFXOR 9LVL&DOF R TXH JHURX XP FUHVFLPHQWR DLQGD PDLRU QDV YHQGDV (P D ,%0 FRQKHFLGD FRPR %LJ %OXH SHFHEHX TXH microcomputadores eram uma realidade e, principalmente, que ela estava fora desse mercado. ³$ ,%0 TXHULD ODQoDU VHX PLFURFRPSXWDGRU QR PHUFDGR HP PHQRV GH XP DQR 3DUD SRGHU FXPSULU HVVH FURQR JUDPD WHULD TXH DEDQGRQDU o esquema tradicional, que consistia em fabricar todo o hardware e software ela mesma. De modo que a IBM decidiu construir seu PC com componentes jå prontos, ao alcance de qualquer um. Isso levou a uma SODWDIRUPD IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH DEHUWD IiFLO GH VHU FRSLDGD ´

³(PERUD JHUDOPHQWH FRQVWUXtVVH VHXV SUySULRV PLFURSURFHVVDGRUHV a IBM decidiu comprar da Intel os microprocessadores para seu PC. Para a Microsoft, foi importante a IBM ter decidido não criar seu próprio VRIWZDUH H OLFHQFLDU R QRVVR VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO ´ *$7(6

Como bem demonstra o relato de Gates, este ĂŠ o ponto importante de LQĂ&#x20AC;H[mR TXH YDL FRQVROLGDU D 0LFURVRIW H R VHX PRGHOR GH OLFHQFLDPHQWR SURSULHWiULR de software. Exatamente no momento em que se aposta na abertura do hardware, a Microsoft tentava tornar-se um padrĂŁo de fato na ĂĄrea de software no crescente mercado mundial de computadores pessoais. Sem dĂşvida, quando um padrĂŁo, XPD DUTXLWHWXUD H XP VRIWZDUH VmR DEHUWRV WRGRV WrP DFHVVR j VXD HVWUXWXUD H ao seu conteĂşdo. A cĂłpia ou o clone permite expandir o uso do que tiver qualidade em um ritmo bem mais veloz, alĂŠm de envolver mais empresas e pessoas no seu processo de inovação incremental. Essa ĂŠ uma evidĂŞncia na ĂĄrea de hardware, mas WDPEpP QR VHJPHQWR GH VRIWZDUH 7RGDYLD DV GHFLV}HV DGRWDGDV SHOR JLJDQWH GD WHFQRORJLD D ,%0 DOLDGDV j EXVFD GH XP FRQMXQWR GH SHTXHQDV H PpGLDV HPSUHVDV HP VH WRUQDUHP PRQRSyOLRV GH VHXV VHJPHQWRV EHP FRPR RV LQGtFLRV GH XPD IRUWH tendĂŞncia da economia da informação ser essencialmente uma economia de redes, levaram o modelo de licenciamento de software para o lado proprietĂĄrio.

198 â&#x20AC;˘ Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

³&RP VXD UHSXWDomR DOLDGD j GHFLVmR GH XVDU XP SURMHWR DEHUWR TXH outras empresas poderiam copiar, a IBM tinha realmente chance de criar XP SDGUmR QRYR H DEUDQJHQWH GH FRPSXWDGRU SHVVRDO 1yV TXHUtDPRV SDUWLFLSDU $FHLWDPRV SRUWDQWR R GHVD¿R GH HVFUHYHU R VLVWHPD operacional. Adquirimos um trabalho anterior, desenvolvido numa HPSUHVD WDPEpP GH 6HDWWOH H FRQWUDWDPRV VHX HQJHQKHLUR FKHIH 7LP 3DWHUVRQ &RP LQ~PHUDV PRGL¿FDo}HV R VLVWHPD WUDQVIRUPRX VH QR Sistema Operacional de Disco da Microsoft, o MS-DOS. Tim tornouse, na verdade, o pai do MS-DOS. A IBM, nosso primeiro licenciado, EDWL]RX VXD YHUVmR GH 3& '26 DV OHWUDV 3& VmR DV LQLFLDLV GH SHUVRQDO FRPSXWHU FRPSXWDGRU SHVVRDO ´ *$7(6

A Microsoft fez um contrato em que a IBM deveria usar os seus softwares, PDV D 0LFURVRIW QmR HVWDULD REULJDGD D IRUQHFHU VHX VRIWZDUH H[FOXVLYDPHQWH SDUD a IBM. Em uma arquitetura aberta ou padronizada de hardware, um software pode ser desenvolvido para rodar (funcionar) sobre todo e qualquer computador que a XWLOL]H 6H p YHUGDGH TXH XP SURJUDPD QmR URGD VHP XP FRPSXWDGRU GHVVH PRGR tambÊm passou a ser verdade que qualquer computador poderia rodar um mesmo SURJUDPD ³)L]HPRV XP WUDWR TXH SDUD D ,%0 HUD IDEXORVR XPD WD[D ~QLFD SHTXHQD FRQFHGLD j HPSUHVD R GLUHLWR GH XVDU R VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO GD 0LFURVRIW HP WDQWRV FRPSXWDGRUHV TXDQWRV FRQVHJXLVVH YHQGHU 2X seja, a IBM tinha um incentivo para promover o MS-DOS e vendê-lo a EDL[R SUHoR ´ ³1RVVR REMHWLYR QmR HUD ID]HU GLQKHLUR GLUHWDPHQWH com as vendas da IBM, e sim licenciar o uso do MS-DOS a outros fabricantes de computador que quisessem oferecer måquinas mais ou menos compatíveis com o IBM-PC. A IBM podia usar nosso software GH JUDoD PDV QmR WLQKD GLUHLWR H[FOXVLYR GH XVR QHP FRQWUROH VREUH futuros aperfeiçoamentos. Com isso a Microsoft se viu na posição de OLFHQFLDU XPD SODWDIRUPD GH VRIWZDUH j LQG~VWULD GH FRPSXWDGRUHV ´ *$7(6

Gates deixa claro que o padrão e a arquitetura aberta para o hardware IRL DFRPSDQKDGR GR PRGHOR GH FyGLJR IHFKDGR SDUD R VRIWZDUH (QTXDQWR qualquer empresa podia fabricar um computador pessoal, tal qual o modelo IBM, H YHQGHU HP VHX PHUFDGR UHJLRQDO D 0LFURVRIW QmR SHUPLWLD TXH R PHVPR IRVVH IHLWR FRP VHXV DOJRULWPRV 6HX REMHWLYR HUD IHFKDU FRPSOHWDPHQWH R FyGLJR IRQWH de seu software e levar o seu modelo de licenças de uso para todo o crescente mercado de microcomputadores. Gates defendia o valor do compartilhamento nos VHJPHQWRV GDV WHFQRORJLDV GD LQIRUPDomR H FRPXQLFDomR GHVGH TXH QmR IRVVHP GD iUHD GH VRIWZDUH ³2 SDGUmR ,%0 WRUQRX VH D SODWDIRUPD LPLWDGD SRU WRGRV

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7LPLQJ H PDUNHWLQJ VmR DPERV IDWRUHV IXQGDPHQWDLV SDUD D DFHLWDomR GH SURGXWRV WHFQROyJLFRV´ *$7(6

$ GHVFULomR GD HVWUDWpJLD GH DEHUWXUD QR KDUGZDUH SDUD PRQRSROL]DU o software Ê bastante evidente. Gates reconhece que o conhecimento aberto, portanto acessível a todos, de como construir o hardware PC, foi decisivo para sua consolidação como o padrão de mercado dos computadores pessoais. Por outro ODGR R IXQGDGRU GD 0LFURVRIW LQWHUSUHWD GH RXWUR PRGR HVVH SURFHVVR ³7RUQRX VH PXLWR FRPXP HQWUH GHWHUPLQDGR JUXSR GH KLVWRULDGRUHV revisionistas, concluir que a IBM cometeu um erro trabalhando com a ,QWHO H D 0LFURVRIW SDUD FULDU VHX 3& $UJXPHQWDP TXH D ,%0 GHYHULD WHU patenteado a arquitetura de seu PC e tambÊm que a Intel e a Microsoft DFDEDUDP OHYDQGR YDQWDJHP VREUH D ,%0 0DV RV UHYLVLRQLVWDV não entenderam o principal. A IBM transformou-se no carro-chefe da indústria de PCs justamente porque foi capaz de canalizar uma TXDQWLGDGH LQFUtYHO GH WDOHQWRV FULDWLYRV H GH HQHUJLD HPSUHHQGHGRUD H utilizå-los para promover sua arquitetura aberta. A IBM estabeleceu os SDGU}HV ´ *$7(6

O modelo aberto foi quem propiciou a criativa e maciça adesão dos IDEULFDQWHV GH KDUGZDUH jTXHOD DUTXLWHWXUD WUDQVIRUPDQGR D HP SDGUmR ,VVR aconteceu tambÊm com os protocolos de rede. Um protocolo pode ser entendido FRPR D ³GHVFULomR IRUPDO GH IRUPDWRV GH PHQVDJHP H DV UHJUDV TXH GXDV RX PDLV PiTXLQDV GHYHP VHJXLU SDUD LQWHUFDPELDU HVVDV PHQVDJHQV´ &20(5

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200 â&#x20AC;˘ Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

Uma sociedade que utiliza intensamente a informação Ê centralmente uma sociedade da hiper-comunicação. Depende de protocolos e softwares que cumprem R SDSHO GH OLQJXDJHQV HQWUH UHGHV TXH FRQHFWDP PiTXLQDV TXH FRQHFWDP SHVVRDV (VVD VRFLHGDGH FRQHFWDGD FRQVWLWXL XPD JUDQGH H P~OWLSOD UHGH 6XD HFRQRPLD Gi VH WDPEpP HP UHGH H RV HIHLWRV HFRQ{PLFRV GH XP SDGUmR YmR VH DODVWUDQGR SHORV QyV GHVVD PHVPD UHGH %RE 0HWFDOIH R FULDGRU GD (WKHUQHW SURS{V TXH R YDORU HFRQ{PLFR H VRFLDO GH XPD UHGH DXPHQWD H[SRQHQFLDOPHQWH HP UHODomR DR Q~PHUR GH SHVVRDV FRQHFWDGDV 6+$3,52 9$5,$1 3DGU}HV SHUPLWHP TXH a rede constitua-se ou comporte-se como querem suas normas. A comunicação GHSHQGH GH SDGU}HV *DWHV REVHUYRX TXH

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6KDSLUR H 9DULDQ WUDEDOKDP FRP D QRomR GH IHHGEDFN TXH SRGH VHU SRVLWLYR RX QHJDWLYR 2 IHHGEDFN SRVLWLYR p XP SURFHVVR GLQkPLFR TXH ID] D HPSUHVD IRUWH ¿FDU PDLV IRUWH 2 IHHGEDFN QHJDWLYR p R VHX RSRVWR HPSUHVDV IUDFDV ¿FDP PDLV IUDFDV $ QRomR GH IHHGEDFN DSUHVHQWD VH PXLWR HYLGHQWH HP SURFHVVRV FKDPDGRV GH HFRQRPLD GH UHGH HP TXH D TXHVWmR GRV SDGU}HV H GDV FRPXQLFDo}HV HQWUH produtos e pessoas são vitais. ³1D HFRQRPLD GD LQIRUPDomR R IHHGEDFN SRVLWLYR DSDUHFHX HP XPD forma nova e mais virulenta baseada no lado da demanda do mercado, QmR DSHQDV QR ODGR GD RIHUWD (P PDLR GH D 0LFURVRIW WLQKD XPD FDSLWDOL]DomR GH PHUFDGR GH FHUFD GH 86 ELOK}HV (VVH YDORU enorme não se baseia em economias de escala no desenvolvimento de software. Oh, sim, o projeto de software tem economias de escala como qualquer outro produto da informação. Mas hå diversos outros sistemas operacionais que oferecem desempenho comparåvel (ou superior) ao GR :LQGRZV H DR GR :LQGRZV 17 H R FXVWR GH GHVHQYROYHU VLVWHPDV operacionais rivais Ê mínimo em comparação com a capitalização de mercado da Microsoft. O mesmo vale para aplicativos båsicos da Microsoft. Não, o domínio da Microsoft baseia-se nas economias de escala do lado da demanda. Os clientes da Microsoft valorizam os sistemas operacionais dela porque eles são amplamente utilizados,

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração â&#x20AC;˘ 201

constituem o padrão de fato do setor. Os sistemas operacionais rivais QmR SRVVXHP PDVVD FUtWLFD VX¿FLHQWH SDUD FRQVWLWXLU XPD DPHDoD ´ 6+$3,52 9$5,$1

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&RPR YHUHPRV j IUHQWH HQWHQGHU D QRomR GH FRPSDWLELOLGDGH p HVWUDWpJLFR para poder manipulå-la a favor de sua ampliação ou pelo seu bloqueio.

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(P TXH VH EDVHLD HVVH OLFHQFLDPHQWR" $ OLFHQoD SURSULHWiULD WHP FDUDF WHUtVWLFDV FRPXQV TXH VHUmR UHDOoDGDV DSyV D DQiOLVH GD OLFHQoD GH XPD GDV YHUV}HV GR VLVWHPD RSHUDFLRQDO GD 0LFURVRIW SDUkPHWUR GR PHUFDGR GH VRIWZDUH 1mR serå feita aqui uma anålise jurídica das licenças, nem de sua evolução histórica. A observação se concentrarå nos elementos estruturais ou essenciais do licenciamento de um software proprietårio, amplamente utilizado, para posteriormente comparå-

202 โ ข Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboraรงรฃo

los com o modelo de licenciamento aberto e nรฃo-proprietรกrio. Antes รฉ importante HVFODUHFHU TXH D LGHLD GH OLFHQoD GH SURSULHGDGH WHP QD VXD RULJHP R EORTXHLR RX D QHJDomR GH DFHVVR DRV TXH QmR HVWmR OLFHQFLDGRV $ HPSUHVD TXH OLFHQFLD WHP R monopรณlio daquele produto, ou seja, o monopรณlio do desenvolvimento do mesmo, LQGHSHQGHQWH GH WLSRV GLIHUHQFLDGRV GH DXWRUL]Do}HV H GH IRUPDV GH SDJDPHQWR SHOR VHX XVR FRPR SRGHPRV REVHUYDU QR H[HPSOR VHJXLQWH ยณ1RV YHOKRV WHPSRV TXDQGR D 0LFURVRIW HQIUHQWDYD FRQFRUUrQFLD QR mercado de sistemas operacionais, ela licenciou o DOS para fabricantes GH FORQHV PHGLDQWH R HPSUHJR GH XPD HVFDOD SURJUHVVLYD TXH GHSHQGLD do nรบmero de mรกquinas que o fabricante produzia, estivesse ou nรฃo o DOS instalado nelas. Isso era chamado de licenรงa-por-processador, SRUTXH RV FOLHQWHV GH 2(0 GD 0LFURVRIW SDJDYDP UR\DOWLHV D HOD pela licenรงa de uso do DOS com base no nรบmero de processadores PiTXLQDV TXH YHQGHVVHP 2EVHUYH TXH D ยฟ[DomR GH SUHoRV EDVHDYD se na produรงรฃo de mรกquinas, nรฃo no nรบmero de mรกquinas nas quais R '26 IRUD LQVWDODGR ,VVR VLJQLยฟFDYD TXH TXDQGR RV IDEULFDQWHV instalavam um sistema operacional na mรกquina antes de expedi-la, a HVFROKD QDWXUDO HUD R '26 XPD YH] TXH Mi KDYLD VLGR SDJR HP YLUWXGH da polรญtica de licenciamento. O DOS teve custo incremental zero de LQVWDODomR R TXH R WRUQRX PXLWR DWUDHQWH HP UHODomR j FRQFRUUrQFLD 2 'HSDUWDPHQWR GH -XVWLoD QRUWH DPHULFDQR TXHVWLRQRX HP HVVD HVWUXWXUD GH ยฟ[DomR GH SUHoRV H D 0LFURVRIW FRQFRUGRX HP DEDQGRQi OD ยด 6+$3,52 9$5,$1

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processadores ao mesmo tempo em uma รบnica Estaรงรฃo de Trabalho.

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboraรงรฃo โ ข 203

Vocรช poderรก permitir um mรกximo de dez (10) computadores ou outros GLVSRVLWLYRV HOHWU{QLFRV FDGD XP GHOHV XP ยณ'LVSRVLWLYRยด SDUD VH FRQHFWDU j (VWDomR GH 7UDEDOKR SDUD XWLOL]DU RV VHUYLoRV GR 3URGXWR somente para serviรงos de Arquivo e Impressรฃo, Serviรงos de Informaรงรฃo da Internet e acesso remoto (incluindo o compartilhamento da conexรฃo H VHUYLoRV GH WHOHIRQLD 2 Q~PHUR Pi[LPR GH GH] FRQH[}HV LQFOXL DV FRQH[}HV LQGLUHWDV IHLWDV DWUDYpV GH PXOWLSOH[DomR ยณPXOWLSOH[LQJยด RX RXWUR VRIWZDUH RX KDUGZDUH TXH UH~QH RX DJUHJD FRQH[}HV ([FHWR TXDQGR SHUPLWLGR SHORV UHFXUVRV 1HW0HHWLQJ $VVLVWrQFLD 5HPRWD H ร UHD GH 7UDEDOKR 5HPRWD GHVFULWRV DEDL[R YRFr QmR SRGHUi XVDU R Produto para permitir que qualquer Dispositivo use, acesse, exiba ou execute outro software residente na Estaรงรฃo de Trabalho, nem poderรก permitir que qualquer Dispositivo use, acesse, exiba ou execute o Produto ou a interface de usuรกrio do Produto, a menos que o Dispositivo WHQKD XPD OLFHQoD VHSDUDGD SDUD R 3URGXWR ยด

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variados benefícios e custos. As entidades públicas devem procurar R VRIWZDUH TXH PHOKRU FRUUHVSRQGD jV VXDV QHFHVVLGDGHV H GHYHP HYLWDU TXDLVTXHU SUHIHUrQFLDV FDWHJyULFDV SDUD VRIWZDUH ³RSHQ VRXUFH´ VRIWZDUH FRPHUFLDO VRIWZDUH OLYUH RX RXWURV PRGHORV GH desenvolvimento de software. Os Governos são mais bem servidos quando podem escolher software de uma vasta panóplia de produtos EDVHDGD HP FRQVLGHUDo}HV FRPR R YDORU R FXVWR WRWDO GD WLWXODULGDGH R FRQMXQWR GH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV D SHUIRUPDQFH H D VHJXUDQoD 2V *RYHUQRV devem deixar que os mercados continuem a encorajar a inovação no desenvolvimento de software e devem evitar intervir atravÊs de requisitos de preferências ou de aquisição que irão discriminar um PRGHOR HP IDYRU GH RXWUR ´

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Na sociedade informacional, baseada em protocolos e softwares como LQWHUPHGLiULRV GD FRPXQLFDomR KXPDQD D UDFLRQDOLGDGH GDV VROXo}HV LQIRUPDFLRQDLV p DSUHVHQWDGD FRPR QHXWUDV YLVDQGR DWLQJLU RV PHOKRUHV ยฟQV RX FRQVHTXrQFLDV 2V OLPLWHV LPSRVWRV SHORV FyGLJRV j DomR FRPXQLFDWLYD GRV FLGDGmRV VmR DSUHVHQWDGRV FRPR LPSRVVLELOLGDGHV WpFQLFDV QXQFD FRPR GHFLV}HV GH VHXV SURJUDPDGRUHV 'LVSRQtYHO KWWS VRIWZDUHFKRLFH RUJ $FHVVR HP

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218 â&#x20AC;˘ Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

poderĂĄ ser controlado privadamente. NĂŁo publicamente. Esse controle privado WRUQD VH SHULJRVR /(66,*

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração â&#x20AC;˘ 219

de escala que enviam sinais sociais melhores do que aqueles obtidos pelos sisWHPDV GH SUHFLÂżFDomR GRV PHUFDGRV 3LHUUH /pY\ GL] SUHVHQFLDU D GHFDGrQFLD GR DXWRU QR FLEHUHVSDoR DR PHVPR WHPSR HP TXH Yr VXUJLU R IHUYLOKDU GH FULDo}HV H HODERUDo}HV FROHWLYDV QR PXQGR YLUWXDO -RKQ 3HUU\ %DUORZ DÂżUPRX TXH R IXWXUR VHULD GH XPD HFRQRPLD EDVHDGD PXLWR PDLV QR UHODFLRQDPHQWR GR TXH QDV UHODo}HV de propriedade. AndrĂŠ Gorz coloca que todo o conhecimento pode ser abstraĂ­do do VHX VXSRUWH PDWHULDO SRGHQGR VHU SURSDJDGR VHP FXVWR GH UHSURGXomR H FRP PXLWR PDLV JDQKR VRFLDO 2 TXH WXGR LVVR WHULD HP FRPXP" 7RGRV HVWmR VH UHIHULQGR GH DOJXPD IRUPD j SURGXomR H GLVWULEXLomR GH EHQV LQWDQJtYHLV RX LPDWHULDLV

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220 โ ข Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboraรงรฃo

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração â&#x20AC;˘ 221

SRQWR GH YLVWD HFRQ{PLFR H HVWDEHOHFHX XPD VpULH GH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV $ SULPHLUD característica Ê que a informação Ê indivisível em seu uso. O uso de parte da mesma não implica em sua efetiva divisão. Ela continuarå existindo tambÊm de modo FRPSOHWR 6HJXQGD D LQIRUPDomR SRU QmR GHSHQGHU GH XP FRUSR ItVLFR H SHOD VXD LQWDQJLELOLGDGH p GH GLItFLO DSURSULDELOLGDGH RX DSURSULDomR 7HUFHLUD D H[LVWrQFLD GH XP SDUDGR[R IXQGDPHQWDO SDUD GH¿QLU R YDORU GD LQIRUPDomR ,VVR RFRUUH SRUTXH SDUD DOJXpP DGTXLULU XPD LQIRUPDomR QHFHVVLWDULD FRQKHFr OD SDUD SRGHU YDORUi OD 3RU RXWUR ODGR DR FRQKHFHU D LQIRUPDomR QmR VHULD PDLV QHFHVViULR SDJDU SRU HOD 4XDUWD R SURFHVVR GH LQYHQomR RX GH JHUDomR GH LQIRUPDo}HV QmR SRGH VHU previsto de modo perfeito a partir de seus insumos. A atividade de produção de LQIRUPDo}HV p H[WUHPDPHQWH VXMHLWD D LQFHUWH]DV 4XLQWD R LQVXPR GD LQIRUPDomR p a própria informação. Albuquerque alerta que essa característica amplia os possíveis SUREOHPDV GHULYDGRV GDV GXDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV DQWHULRUHV ³D GH¿QLomR GR VHX YDORU H D LQFHUWH]D TXDQWR DR UHVXOWDGR GH VHX SURFHVVR GH SURGXomR´ $/%848(548(

$ VH[WD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD p TXH R XVR GD LQIRUPDomR QmR D GHVJDVWD SRUWDQWR não hå nenhum sentido em aplicar recursos para criar uma mesma informação SHOD VHJXQGD YH] %DVWD XVDU D LQIRUPDomR Mi SURGX]LGD 8PD YH] SURGX]LGD D LQIRUPDomR SRGH VHU UHSURGX]LGD GH PRGR LQ¿QLWR

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A informação para ser apropriada, isto Ê, para tornar-se propriedade privada, H[LJH D SUHVHQoD GR (VWDGR 'LIHUHQWHPHQWH GR TXH VH DSUHJRD QR GHEDWH VREUH a naturalidade da propriedade material, sobre sua condição de direito inerente ao homem, o bem imaterial sempre terå uma autoria, mas nem sempre terå uma

222 â&#x20AC;˘ Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

apropriação. Ou seja, a informação como sinal coletado, como ideia ou conhecimento SURGX]LGR QXQFD VHUi QDWXUDO VHPSUH VHUi DUWL¿FLDO e IUXWR GD FRQGLomR KXPDQD H produto de sua inventividade e capacidade cultural.

A propriedade da informação foi uma invenção no interior do Estado. Sua QHFHVVLGDGH LQLFLDO WHP RULJHP QR FRQWUROH H QD FHQVXUD GH FySLDV D SDUWLU GD UHSUR GXWLELOLGDGH SHUPLWLGD SHOD PiTXLQD LPSUHVVRUD GH WLSRV PyYHLV GH *XWHQEHUJ 'H SRLV IRL XPD IRUPD GH JDUDQWLU JDQKRV DRV HGLWRUHV -i D LGHLD GH SDWHQWH WLQKD QR VHX QDVFLPHQWR R REMHWLYR GH DVVHJXUDU j VRFLHGDGH TXH R FRQKHFLPHQWR VREUH XP HQJHQKR QmR SRGHULD PRUUHU FRP D PRUWH GH VHX LQYHQWRU $VVLP R (VWDGR SUR SX QKD DR FULDGRU D JDUDQWLD GR PRQRSyOLR OHJDO GD H[SORUDomR GH VXD REUD SRU XP determinado período de tempo em troca da socialização do conhecimento. O funGDPHQWR VRFLDO SUHVHUYDU R FRQKHFLPHQWR SUHFHGLD R PLFURHFRQ{PLFR PRQRSyOLR de exploração privada do invento).

Se a ideia de propriedade material pode ser defendida como posse antes do Estado, as características da informação inviabilizam essa condição, principalmente se considerarmos que uma informação pode ser multiplicada, copiada e retransmitida D SDUWLU GH YiULRV VXSRUWHV ,PSRVVtYHO SURLELU TXH DOJXpP OHYH QD PHPyULD DOJR TXH viu. Improvåvel que essa pessoa seja impedida de atualizar, ou seja, desvirtualizar e inserir em uma mídia qualquer a informação sobre aquilo que vira.

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A comparação Ê fundamental. A extensão da propriedade material Ê um GRV WHPDV IXQGDPHQWDLV SDUD D GLVFXVVmR VREUH VXD OHJLWLPLGDGH /RFNH SURSXQKD que o trabalho fosse a medida do direito para a aquisição e que o desperdício IRVVH HYLWDGR D ¿P GH JDUDQWLU R XVXIUXWR GRV EHQV GD QDWXUH]D SDUD RV GHPDLV 2 WUDEDOKR SRGH VHU FRQVLGHUDGR D IRQWH GH OHJLWLPLGDGH GR GLUHLWR GH DTXLVLomR RX GH DSURSULDomR GD LQIRUPDomR 3RU RXWUR ODGR XPD VpULH GH DUJXPHQWRV VREUH D RULJHP VRFLDO RX FROHWLYD GDV LGHLDV H GR FRQKHFLPHQWR SRGH PLQDU HVVD GHIHVD 0DV SRU TXDQWR WHPSR VHULD OHJtWLPR GDU D SURSULHGDGH GH XPD LGHLD D XPD SHVVRD RX HPSUHVD"

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração â&#x20AC;˘ 223

DOKHLR 0DV WDPEpP REVHUYDYD TXH RV OLPLWHV GD DFXPXODomR HUDP DODUJDGRV FRP o advento da economia monetĂĄria ou intermediada pela moeda, como expressĂŁo da riqueza, pois ela permitia superar o desperdĂ­cio e conservar a riqueza em bens QmR SHUHFtYHLV Âł4XHP DFXPXOH EHQV SHUHFtYHLV QmR Vy FDXVD XP GDQR j KXPDQLGDGH por subtrair de circulação, inutilmente, bens necessĂĄrios, mas ainda comete uma tolice. Ă&#x2030; possĂ­vel, no entanto, acumular o equivalente a bens de qualquer natureza sem retirĂĄ-los do mercado. Esse equivalente, a moeda, ĂŠ o mesmo instrumento inventado pelos homens para facilitar a troca. Materiais durĂĄveis, como o ouro e a prata, sĂŁo normalmente XVDGRV OHPEUD /RFNH SDUD HVVD IXQomR GH UHSUHVHQWDU DV PHUFDGRULDV &RP D PRHGD VXUJLX DOJR GXUDGRXUR TXH DV SHVVRDV SRGHULDP UHWHU VHP HVWUDJDU H TXH SHOR P~WXR FRQVHQWLPHQWR RV KRPHQV DFHLWDULDP HP WURFD GRV YHUGDGHLURV PDV SHUHFtYHLV VXVWHQWRV GD YLGD Â&#x2020;

Sendo não só um meio de troca, mas tambÊm reserva de valor, a moeda resolve o problema da acumulação, permitindo uma nova forma GH H[SDQVmR GD SURSULHGDGH 2V KRPHQV GLOLJHQWHV ¿pLV DR SUHFHLWR divino de ocupar a terra e transformå-la, para dela extrair o måximo EHQH¿FLR SRGHP DVVLP GLIHUHQFLDU VH GRV GHPDLV HQULTXHFHQGR VHP YLRODU RV OLPLWHV GR GLUHLWR QDWXUDO ´ .817=

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224 โ ข Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboraรงรฃo

SHFWLYD 0DV VH R REMHWLYR IRU SULQFLSDOPHQWH DVVHJXUDU XP JDQKR VXยฟFLHQWH DR FULD GRU RV SUD]RV GHSHQGHUmR GR TXH D VRFLHGDGH FRQVLGHUH XP JDQKR MXVWR 'H RXWUD IRUPD VH R REMHWLYR IRU XP PL[ HQWUH JDQKR VRFLDO H LQGLYLGXDO RV SUD]RV DLQGD GHSHQGHUmR GH MXt]RV YDORUDWLYRV 3DUHFH HYLGHQWH TXH ORQJRV SUD]RV GH SURWHomR SRGHP DFDEDU JHUDQGR XP HIHLWR FRQWUiULR D TXDOTXHU EHQHItFLR VRFLDO H VHUYLQGR apenas ao interesse particular. Podem acabar, sim, desperdiรงando o tempo social em que uma criaรงรฃo em domรญnio pรบblico pudesse fomentar novas ideias ou novos inventos, jรก que o maior insumo da informaรงรฃo รฉ a prรณpria informaรงรฃo.

A contenรงรฃo do acรบmulo anti-social da riqueza, auferida com os limites da SURWHomR GRV GLUHLWRV GH DSURSULDomR SULYDGD GH LQIRUPDo}HV RX LGHLDV WHP VLGR uma preocupaรงรฃo menor no inรญcio do seculo XXI. O debate tem sido conduzido pelo GRJPD GH TXH VHP OLPLWHV H[WHQVRV H DomR ULJRURVD GRV (VWDGRV SDUD D GHIHVD das empresas detentoras da propriedade de ideias, o ritmo de criaรงรฃo e inovaรงรฃo HVWDULDP JUDYHPHQWH FRPSURPHWLGRV $ LQG~VWULD QRUWH DPHLFDQD GH VRIWZDUH IHUWLOL]DQWHV ELRWHFQRORJLD H HQWUHWHQLPHQWR WHP XVDGR R JUDQGH SRGHU GH VHX (V tado para envolver o mundo com seus prazos e limites de proteรงรฃo, e seus arJXPHQWRV WDPEpP VH DVVHQWDP QRV HQRUPHV FXVWRV SDUD VH SURGX]LU DV LGHLDV H QD DXVrQFLD GH FXVWRV PDUJLQDLV SDUD D VXD UHSURGXomR $SHVDU GDV SDWHQWHV HOHWUR HOHWU{QLFDV SHUGHUHP R VHQWLGR GD SURWHomR HP SRXFR PHQRV GH FLQFR DQRV GHYLGR j REVROHVFrQFLD UHDO GH VHX FRQWH~GR R 75,36 H[LJH TXH WRGDV DV OHJLVODo}HV GR PXQGR GRV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV DR $IJDQLVWmR WUDEDOKHP FRP DQRV GH SURWHomR $V LQG~VWULDV TXH GHWrP HVVDV SDWHQWHV VmR REULJDGDV D SDJDU XPD WD[D DQXDO SDUD DVVHJXUDU VXD YDOLGDGH (P JHUDO QD PDLRULD GRV FDVRV GHL[DP GH SDJi OD QR quinto ano. Isso quer dizer que ela perdeu o sentido atรฉ mesmo do ponto de vista GH TXHP D UHJLVWURX ,167,7872 '( (678'26 62&,2(&21ร 0,&26

Sem dรบvida, os custos de produรงรฃo da informaรงรฃo sรฃo bem maiores do TXH RV FXVWRV GH UHSURGXomR 6HJXQGR R HFRQRPLVWD &KDUOHV -RQHV FDVR XPD HPSUHVD ยฟ[H R SUHoR GH XP VRIWZDUH FRPR VHQGR LJXDO DR FXVWR PDUJLQDO GH VXD SURGXomR HOD WHULD OXFURV QHJDWLYRV XPD YH] TXH RV UHWRUQRV FUHVFHQWHV HP HVFDOD OHYDP R FXVWR PpGLR D VHU VHPSUH PDLRU TXH R FXVWR PDUJLQDO GD SURGXomR GR VRIWZDUH 2X VHMD QLQJXpP HQWUDULD QR PHUFDGR SDUD GHVHQYROYHU R VRIWZDUH D XP FXVWR ยฟ[R VH QmR SXGHVVH HVWDEHOHFHU VHX SUHoR DFLPD GR FXVWR GD SURGXomR GH FDGD XQLGDGH DGLFLRQDO 1HVVH VHQWLGR 5RPHU GHVWDFRX TXH D QHFHVVLGDGH GH se auferir lucros impele a produรงรฃo das ideias para um mercado de concorrรชncia LPSHUIHLWD 2 REMHWLYR p SHUPLWLU TXH R HPSUHViULR UHFXSHUH R FXVWR ยฟ[R GD FULDomR GR EHP $ FULDomR GH QRYDV LGHLDV SDUD VH FULDU QRYRV EHQV H VHUYLoRV H[LJH QHVVD perspectiva, o monopรณlio.

$ TXHVWmR GR SUHoR GD LGHLD RX LQIRUPDomR UHPHWH QRV jV SRVVLELOLGDGHV GH

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H[HUFHU HIHWLYDPHQWH D VXD FREUDQoD ,QIRUPDo}HV SRU VHUHP LQWDQJtYHLV VmR EHQV QmR ULYDLV RX VHMD R VHX XVR SRU XPD SHVVRD QmR H[LJH D H[FOXVmR VLPXOWkQHD GH uso por outra pessoa. Uma mĂşsica pode ser ouvida ou cantada ao mesmo tempo SRU PLOK}HV GH SHVVRDV -i XP SDU GH VDSDWRV Vy SRGH VHU XVDGR SRU XPD ~QLFD SHVVRD GH FDGD YH] %HQV HFRQ{PLFRV ULYDLV H QmR ULYDLV SRVVXHP GLIHUHQWHV JUDXV GH H[FOXVLELOLGDGH TXH p XPD QRomR UHODWLYD DR JUDX HP TXH XP SURSULHWiULR FRQVHJXH FREUDU SHOR XVR GH VHX EHP 7HOHYLVRUHV H GLVTXHWHV WrP XP DOWR JUDX GH H[FOXVLELOLGDGH -i DV P~VLFDV H RV VRIWZDUHV VmR SRXFR H[FOXtYHLV 3DUD 5RPHU SDWHQWHV H GLUHLWRV DXWRUDLV DVVHJXUDP DRV FULDGRUHV H LQYHQWRUHV R GLUHLWR GH FR EUDQoD SHOR XVR GH VXDV LGHLDV EHQV QmR ULYDLV H DOWDPHQWH H[FOXtYHLV -21(6 2000)

2 FyGLJR FULSWRJUDIDGR GH '9' QmR SDVVD GH XP FRQMXQWR GH DOJRULWPRV VHQGR XP EHP QmR ULYDO 7RGDYLD VHX JUDX GH H[FOXVLELOLGDGH p DOWR GHYLGR j HQRUPH GL¿FXOGDGH GH GHFLIUi OR RX GHFRGL¿Fi OR 3RU RXWUR ODGR RV HFRQRPLVWDV HP JHUDO FRQVLGHUDP D SHVTXLVD EiVLFD D DWLYLGDGH GH GHIHVD QDFLRQDO H RV FiOFXORV PDWHPiWLFRV FRPR EHQV FRP EDL[R JUDX GH H[FOXVLELOLGDGH -RQHV OHPEUD TXH RV bens não-rivais essencialmente não-excluíveis são chamados de bens públicos. Um exemplo tradicional Ê a iluminação das cidades ou a defesa das fronteiras nacionais. &RPR DV OkPSDGDV GDV UXDV QmR SRGHP VH DFHQGHU DSHQDV SDUD DTXHOHV TXH HVWHMDP HP GLD FRP VHX SDJDPHQWR H VH DSDJDU TXDQGR LQDGLPSOHQWHV HVWLYHUHP passando, Ê um bem cujo vazamento praticamente não permite diferir compradores de não-compradores.

%HQV H[FOXtYHLV HYLWDP ³WUDQVERUGDPHQWRV´ RX H[WHUQDOLGDGHV 8PD LQYHQomR WUDQVIRUPDGD HP XP EHP TXH JHUH PXLWRV EHQHItFLRV D TXHP QmR HVWi GLVSRVWR D SDJDU SRU HOH GHVHVWLPXOD HQRUPHPHQWH DTXHOHV TXH HVWDULDP LQWHUHVVDGRV HP FRPSUi OR $V H[WHUQDOLGDGHV EHQp¿FDV GH XPD LGHLD VmR FRQVWDWiYHLV SHOD REVHUYDomR GDTXHOHV TXH QmR D FULDUDP QHP JDVWDUDP WHPSR em sua pesquisa e produção. Pessoas que não tiveram nenhum custo para produzir XPD GHWHUPLQDGD VROXomR SRGHP UHSURGX]L OD DR FXVWR PDUJLQDO LJXDO D ]HUR 1D UHDOLGDGH R FXVWR PDUJLQDO GD FySLD VRPHQWH QmR VHULD LJXDO D ]HUR GHYLGR DR FXVWR do suporte da ideia ser um bem não-rival.

(P RSRVLomR D GRXWULQD KHJHP{QLFD GRV GLUHLWRV GH SURSULHGDGH LQWHOHFWXDO DGYRJD TXH R HOHYDGR FXVWR ¿[R GD LGHLD H R GLPLQXWR FXVWR GH UHSOLFDomR consolidariam uma enorme barreira para o processo de criação e inovação, um baixo incentivo para a produção de ideias. Para remunerar o inventor e permitir TXH HOH UHVJDWH VHXV HVIRUoRV H VHX FDSLWDO LQYHVWLGR HP 3 ' 3HVTXLVD H Desenvolvimento) Ê que se defende o direito de monopólio temporårio ao inventor. &RP HVVH PRQRSyOLR R LQYHQWRU FRQVHJXLULD RV EHQHItFLRV HFRQ{PLFRV QHFHVViULRV

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SDUD UHPXQHUDU VHXV JDVWRV GH FULDomR H GHVHQYROYLPHQWR (VWD p D LGHLD EiVLFD que fundamenta economicamente os direitos de propriedade intelectual. Nela, a LQR YDomR UHTXHU R PRQRSyOLR GDV LGHLDV $TXL QRYDPHQWH YHPRV HUJXHU VH GH RXWUR PRGR R IXQGDPHQWR GH TXH VHP RV GLUHLWRV GH SURSULHGDGH JDUDQWLGRV SHOR (VWDGR a criatividade e a inovaรงรฃo estariam comprometidas e atรฉ mesmo deixariam de H[LV WLU ,VVR QRV UHPHWH j TXHVWmR GDV UDt]HV RX GD PRWLYDomR GD LQYHQomR GD FULD omR GH LGHLDV TXH QHVVD GRXWULQD p HPLQHQWHPHQWH HFRQ{PLFD H FDSLWDOLVWD (VVD questรฃo serรก tratada no prรณximo capรญtulo. Ainda รฉ preciso problematizar a reivindicaรงรฃo do monopรณlio necessรกrio.

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UHODFLRQDGD GLUHWDPHQWH j LQRYDomR $V ยฟUPDV GHWHQWRUDV GR PRQRSyOLR WHPSRUiULR podem acabar retardando a inovaรงรฃo com o intuito de extrair o lucro mรกximo com o รบltimo invento. Como nรฃo hรก concorrรชncia, esse comportamento nรฃo implicaria em SHUGD GH PHUFDGR 8PD DERUGDJHP HVFODUHFHGRUD IRL IHLWD SRU 5HQDWR )RQVHFD ยณe LQWHUHVVDQWH QRWDU R SDUDGR[R DTXL DSUHVHQWDGR 3DUD LQFHQWLYDU D LQRYDomR R JRYHUQR GHYH SDWURFLQDU D FULDomR GR GLUHLWR GH SURSULHGDGH VREUH DV LQYHQo}HV RX VHMD D FULDomR GH PRQRSyOLRV 1R HQWDQWR RV monopรณlios tendem a produzir menos ideias do que o รณtimo e precisam entรฃo de subsรญdios e de polรญticas que incentivem a competiรงรฃo, que GHL[HP YLYR R WHPRU GH SHUGHU R PHUFDGR 2 VHJUHGR GR VXFHVVR p VDEHU FDOLEUDU WDLV SROtWLFDV GH PRGR D SURPRYHU XP DPELHQWH IpUWLO j FULDomR H j GLIXVmR GH LGHLDV ยด )216(&$

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de competição schumpeteriana e, portanto, os incentivos para inovar GLPLQXHP 1XP FDVR H[WUHPR VH XP PRQRSyOLR VH DVVHJXUDU GH TXH QmR Ki DPHDoD GH FRPSHWLomR HOH QmR LQYHVWLUi HP LQRYDo}HV 7HUFHLUD D SUySULD LQRYDomR SRGH VHU PDO GLUHFLRQDGD D ¿P GH JDUDQWLU o aumento tanto das barreiras de entrada quanto dos custos dos rivais.

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230 â&#x20AC;˘ Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

enrijecimento dos mecanismos de propriedade intelectual pode corroer o domínio de informação pública e inviabilizar o acesso a fontes fundamentais de pesquisa com FRQVHTXrQFLDV H[WUHPDPHQWH VpULDV SDUD D YLWDOLGDGH GD FRPXQLGDGH FLHQWt¿FD $/%848(548(

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de troca e compartilhamento. Quanto mais se compartilha o conhecimento, mais HVVH FRQKHFLPHQWR FUHVFH R H[HPSOR PDUFDQWH p R GDV FRPXQLGDGHV GH VRIWZDUH OLYUH 2X VHMD RV FyGLJRV JDQKDP PXLWR YDORU QXP FRQWH[WR GH JLIW HFRQRP\ RX economia da doaรงรฃo.

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232 â&#x20AC;˘ Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboraรงรฃo โ ข 233

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234 â&#x20AC;˘ Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

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238 โ ข Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboraรงรฃo

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração â&#x20AC;˘ 239

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240 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

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242 â&#x20AC;˘ Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

XP VLWH JRYHUQDPHQWDO RX FRPHUFLDO QmR SRGHUi DÂżUPDU TXH QmR UHDOL]RX HVVD DomR H[FHWR VH HOD IRU FDSD] GH SURYDU TXH KRXYH XPD IDOKD QR DOJRULWPR JHUDGRU RX TXHEUD GD FKDYH &RPR p PXLWR GLItFLO SDUD XPD SHVVRD FRPXP FRQVHJXLU WHU FR QKHFLPHQWRV H[WUHPDPHQWH VRÂżVWLFDGRV TXH OKH SHUPLWDP FRQWHVWDU XP FULSWRV VLVWHPD WHPRV Dt XPD GDV PXLWDV VLWXDo}HV HP TXH VH H[LJH R DSRLR GH XP especialista.

3RU LVVR DTXL PDLV XPD YH] YDOH R DUJXPHQWR GH /DZUHQFH /HVVLJ GH TXH QD VRFLHGDGH GD LQIRUPDomR FDGD YH] PDLV ³R FyGLJR p D OHL´ 3DUD D VRFLHGDGH defender-se, ela precisa ter consciência de que a sociedade em rede Ê uma sociedade WHFQRGHSHQGHQWH H HIHWLYDGD SRU PHLR GH LQWHUPHGLiULRV GD LQWHOLJrQFLD KXPDQD H GD UD]mR FRPXQLFDWLYD 3RU LVVR RV SURJUDPDV DOJRULWPRV SURWRFRORV H SDGU}HV precisam ser abertos, transparentes e plenamente auditåveis. Cidadãos comuns QmR VmR FDSD]HV GH GLVFXWLU GHWDOKHV WHFQROyJLFRV TXH FRPS}HP VHXV LQVWUXPHQWRV H VXDV OLQJXDJHQV LQIRUPDFLRQDLV EiVLFDV PDV SRGHP GH¿QLU FRPR TXHUHP TXH HVVHV FyGLJRV LQWHUPHGLiULRV H OLQJXDJHQV VHMDP VRFLDOPHQWH FRQWURODGRV Um exemplo sobre como lidar com elementos extremamente especializados, mas que envolvem e impactam o cotidiano da sociedade ocorreu nos Estados 8QLGRV :DUZLFN )RUG H 0LFKDHO %DXP FRP EDVH HP XPD GHFLVmR GD &RUWH 6XSUHPD VREUH R FDVR 'DXEHUW YHUVXV 0HUUHO 'RZ 3KDUPDFHXWLFDOV D¿UPRX TXH XPD PHWRGRORJLD RX DUJXPHQWR GH HVSHFLDOLVWDV GD FLrQFLD GHYH VHU DFHLWD TXDQGR FRQFRUGDU FRP TXDWUR IDWRUHV D PHWRGRORJLD SRGH VHU H IRL WHVWDGD

D PHWRGRORJLD IRL VXEPHWLGD j UHYLVmR H j SXEOLFDomR D SRUFHQWDJHP GH HUUR QD PHWRGRORJLD p EHP FRQKHFLGD D PHWRGRORJLD UHFHEHX DFHLWDomR GHQWUR GD FRPXQLGDGH FLHQWtÂżFD )25' %$80 (P UHVXPR QD VRFLHGDGH HP UHGH D JDUDQWLD GRV GLUHLWRV GRV FLGDGmRV H[LJH HVSHFLDOLVWDV GH XP ODGR H FyGLJRV H SURFHVVRV DEHUWRV H WUDQVSDUHQWHV GH RXWUR

2 FRQFHLWR GH HVIHUD S~EOLFD LQLFLDOPHQWH KDFNHU TXH HYROXL SDUD XPD HVIHUD S~EOLFD WUDQVQDFLRQDO FRPR GHIHQGH *XVWDYR /LQV 5LEHLUR HQYROYHQGR OHL JRV LQLFLDGRV QDV OLQJXDJHQV EiVLFDV GD LQIRUPiWLFD FRPSHWrQFLD FRPXQLFDWLYD SDUD XVDU VRIWZDUHV SRGH VHU HPSUHJDGR VH WLYHUPRV FRQVFLrQFLD GH TXH HVVD esfera se assentaria sobre um conjunto de protocolos e softwares limitadores do SURFHVVR GH LQWHUDomR H GH XVR GD FRPXQLFDomR 8PD GDV Do}HV FRPXQLFDWLYDV QHVVD HVIHUD p DOHUWDU D WRGRV RV VHXV LQWHJUDQWHV GH TXH R HVSDoR YLUWXDO H[LJH especialistas que permanentemente devem defendê-lo como espaço livre e aberto FRQWUD DV OLPLWDo}HV EORTXHLRV FHQVXUDV H YLRODo}HV TXH SRGHP VHU LPSRVWRV DQWL GHPRFUDWLFDPHQWH H VXEUHSWLFLDPHQWH SRU (VWDGRV RX FRUSRUDo}HV

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração â&#x20AC;˘ 243

SDUrQFLD GRV SURWRFRORV SDGU}HV H VRIWZDUHV SDUD TXH R HVSDoR YLUWXDO SRVVD VHU FRQVLGHUDGR XP HVSDoR S~EOLFR YLUWXDO HVVHQFLDO j VXD FRQVROLGDomR FRPR HVIHUD pública. Nesse sentido, um dos principais processos de consolidação da Internet, SULQFLSDO DJUHJDGRU GD FRPXQLFDomR PHGLDGD SRU FRPSXWDGRU FRPR HVIHUD S~EOLFD estå nas comunidades de software livre. Tal como na esfera pública inicialmente literåria dos sÊculos XVII e XVIII, podemos observå-las como uma esfera pública LQLFLDOPHQWH KDFNHU GR VpFXOR ;;, Habermas escreveu que ³D HVIHUD S~EOLFD UHWLUD VHXV LPSXOVRV GD DVVLPLODomR SULYDGD GH SUREOHPDV VRFLDLV TXH UHSHUFXWHP QDV ELRJUD¿DV SDUWLFXODUHV 1HVVH contexto particular Ê sintomåtico constatar que, nas sociedades europÊias do sÊculo XVII e XVIII, tenha se formado uma esfera pública EXUJXHVD PRGHUQD FRPR ³HVIHUD GDV SHVVRDV SULYDGDV UHXQLGDV H IRUPDQGR XP S~EOLFR´ 'R SRQWR GH YLVWD KLVWyULFR R QH[R HQWUH esfera pública e privada começou a aparecer na forma de reunião e GH RUJDQL]DomR GH XP S~EOLFR OHLWRU FRPSRVWR GH SHVVRDV SULYDGDV EXUJXHVDV TXH VH DJOXWLQDYDP HP WRUQR GH MRUQDLV H SHULyGLFRV ´ +$%(50$6

Para utilizar o ciberespaço tambĂŠm como esfera pĂşblica, as pessoas privadas conectadas precisarĂŁo assimilar que, ao contrĂĄrio da sociedade industrial, a sociedade em rede apresenta problemas complexos de comunicação, que exiJHP GH XP ODGR HVSHFLDOLVWDV H GH RXWUR D WUDQVSDUrQFLD FRPSOHWD GRV FyGLJRV que intermediam a comunicação humana. A questĂŁo da liberdade para conhecer SUR IXQGDPHQWH RV FyGLJRV TXH VmR VRFLDOPHQWH XVDGRV FKRFD VH FRP R PRGHOR KH JHP{QLFR GH SURSULHGDGH GDV LGHLDV 2V KDFNHUV IRUDP RV SULPHLURV D GHPRQVWUDU TXH D RSDFLGDGH GRV FyGLJRV UHDOL]D VH FRQWUD D OLEHUGDGH GD VRFLHGDGH O questionamento da propriedade intelectual ĂŠ um questionamento de orGHP FXOWXUDO 2 PRGHOR GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR FRPSDUWLOKDGR QDVFH GD FXOWXUD KDFNHU e clama pela solidariedade e pela capacidade como qualidades de um comportamento que substitui a ideia de propriedade privada pela construção coletiva de uma relação que LĂŠvy captou como obra aberta. O movimento do software livre FRORFD VH HP FRQĂ&#x20AC;LWR FRP R PRQRSyOLR PXQGLDO GH VRIWZDUH H FRP VXD DomR GH EOR TXHLR GR FRQKHFLPHQWR WHFQROyJLFR

2 PRYLPHQWR GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR H GLVVHPLQDomR GH SURJUDPDV GH FRP putador abertos e nĂŁo-proprietĂĄrios ĂŠ um movimento colaborativo que assumiu SURSRUo}HV FXOWXUDO H VRFLDOPHQWH UHOHYDQWHV DOpP GH HVSDOKDU VH SRU WRGRV RV continentes e por quase todos os paĂ­ses do planeta. O movimento do software

244 โ ข Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboraรงรฃo

livre tornou-se um dos novos movimentos mundiais mais crรญticos a um dos pilares EiVLFRV GR SURFHVVR GH UHSURGXomR FDSLWDOLVWD VHX PRGHOR H VXD WHRULD KHJHP{QLFD da propriedade intelectual. ร um movimento socio-tรฉcnico formado por diversas comunidades.

As comunidades de desenvolvedores de software sรฃo a base principal GHVVD JUDQGH UHGH TXH HVWDPRV GHQRPLQDQGR PRYLPHQWR GH VRIWZDUH OLYUH 7DLV FRPXQLGDGHV WrP WDPDQKR YDULDGR H SRGHP DWLQJLU PLOKDUHV GH LQWHJUDQWHV FRPR a do GNU/Linux. Por outro lado, vรกrios jovens desenvolvedores lanรงam projetos GH VRIWZDUH H HP VHJXLGD SHGHP DSRLR QDV OLVWDV GH KDFNHUV H QDV GLYHUVDV comunidades. Milhares desses projetos nรฃo atraem muitos outros apoiadores e acabam permanecendo com dois ou trรชs desenvolvedores. Apesar disso, essas PLFUR FRPXQLGDGHV OLJDP VH j JUDQGH UHGH GD PDFUR FRPXQLGDGH GRV TXH GHVHQYROYHP FyGLJRV GH PRGR DEHUWR H FRPSDUWLOKDGR Castells jรก havia apontado que ยณD FXOWXUD GD ,QWHUQHW p XPD FXOWXUD IHLWD GH XPD FUHQoD WHFQRFUiWLFD QR SURJUHVVR GRV VHUHV KXPDQRV DWUDYpV GD WHFQRORJLD OHYDGR D FDER SRU FRPXQLGDGHV GH KDFNHUV TXH SURVSHUDP QD FULDWLYLGDGH WHFQROyJLFD livre e aberta, incrustada em redes virtuais que pretendem reinventar a sociedade, e materializada por empresรกrios movidos a dinheiro nas HQJUHQDJHQV GD QRYD HFRQRPLD ยด &$67(//6

0DV R TXH VHULD HVWD FXOWXUD KDFNHU" &DVWHOOV Yr D FXOWXUD FRPR XPD FRQV truรงรฃo coletiva, acima das preferรชncias individuais, composta de valores e crenรงas TXH FRQGX]HP FRPSRUWDPHQWRV 1HVVH VHQWLGR D FXOWXUD KDFNHU p XPD FXO WXUD meritocrรกtica baseada no conhecimento e na capacidade de realizar e de comSDUWLOKDU FyGLJRV 2 UHVSHLWR DR SRGHU GR FRQKHFLPHQWR p YLVtYHO EHP FRPR DR YDORU GD VROLGDULHGDGH TXH HVWi LQVHULGD QR SURFHVVR GH FRODERUDomR 8P KDFNHU p R VHX PpULWR H HVWH GHYH VHU UHFRQKHFLGR SHOD VXD FRPXQLGDGH GH LJXDLV $ FXOWXUD KDFNHU FRQVWUyL VH VREUH D FXOWXUD WHFQRPHULWRFUiWLFD 6HJXQGR &DVWHOOV HVWD ~OWLPD QDV FHX GD ELJ VFLHQFH H GR PXQGR DFDGrPLFR O comportamento cultural no contexto de uma comunidade meritocrรกtica QmR VHULD SRVVtYHO VHP D FRQVWUXomR GH XPD pWLFD SUySULD 2 ยฟOyVRIR QRUXHJXrV 3HNND +LPDQHQ DR HVWXGDU D pWLFD KDFNHU SHUFHEHX TXH RV KDFNHUV QmR RUJDQL]DP VXDV YLGDV HP URWLQDV H FRP D OyJLFD GD RWLPL]DomR GR GLD GH WUDEDOKR &RQVWDWRX TXH VXD RUJDQL]DomR VHJXH XP FHUWR ร X[R GH WUDEDOKR FULDWLYR PLVWXUDGR D RXWUDV SDL[}HV 2 WUDEDOKR GH XP KDFNHU p FRPSRVWR GH SDL[mR H OLEHUGDGH 1mR VH EXVFD WtWXORV JUDGXDo}HV KLHUDUTXLDV H RUJDQL]DomR EXURFUiWLFD $ UHODomR GHVVD pWLFD FRP R GLQKHLUR p H[WUHPDPHQWH GLVWLQWD FRPR UHODWD +LPDQHQ

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração â&#x20AC;˘ 245

³1D pWLFD KDFNHU R HOHPHQWR GH GHVWDTXH UHODWLYR D GLQKHLUR p TXH PXLWRV DLQGD VHJXHP R KDFNHULVPR RULJLQDO QR TXDO QmR YrHP R GLQKHLUR FRPR YDORU HP VL VHQGR VXDV Do}HV PRWLYDGDV SHOD PHWD GR PpULWR VRFLDO H GR FRPSDUWLOKDPHQWR (VVHV KDFNHUV GHVHMDP UHDOL]DU VXDV SDL[}HV HP FRQMXQWR GHVHMDP FULDU DOJR GH YDORU SDUD D FRPXQLGDGH e serem reconhecidos por isso pelos seus pares. Eles permitem que o fruto do seu trabalho seja usado, desenvolvido e testado por qualquer um, de sorte que todos possam aprender uns com os outros. Embora D PDLRU SDUWH GR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR WHFQROyJLFR QD HUD GD LQIRUPDomR WHQKD RFRUULGR GHQWUR GH WUDGLFLRQDLV UHODo}HV FDSLWDOLVWDV H SURMHWRV JRYHUQDPHQWDLV XPD SDUWH VLJQL¿FDWLYD ¹ LQFOXLQGR VtPERORV GR QRVVR WHPSR FRPR D ,QWHUQHW H R FRPSXWDGRU SHVVRDO ¹ QmR H[LVWLULDP VHP KDFNHUV TXH FRPSDUWLOKDUDP VXDV FULDo}HV FRP RXWURV ´ +LPDQHQ

A liberdade, como valor superior ao dinheiro, e a colaboração, como meio de ajudar e ao mesmo tempo de ser reconhecido, pode explicar o fundamento que HVWi QR FHQWUR GH JUDYLGDGH GR PRYLPHQWR GH VRIWZDUH OLYUH 2X VHMD FRQWULEXLU FRP R FRQKHFLPHQWR FROHWLYR p D IRUPD GH UHDOL]DU VH FRPR VHU TXH LQWHJUD DTXHOD comunidade. Apoiar e resolver problemas que estĂŁo sendo enfrentados pelos outros ĂŠ essencial para demonstrar competĂŞncia e capacidade que, por sua vez, SDUD VHUHP VRFLDOPHQWH RX FRPXQLWDULDPHQWH UHFRQKHFLGRV H[LJHP HIHWLYDomR HP FRQWULEXLo}HV UHDLV $VVLP R MRYHP SDUDQDHQVH 0DUFHOR 7RVVDWL WRUQRX VH R PDQ WHQHGRU GR .HUQHO GR /LQX[ 1mR IRL VXD WLWXODomR DFDGrPLFD QHP XPD LQGLFDomR IDPLOLDU RX LQĂ&#x20AC;XrQFLD SROtWLFD TXH R OHYRX DR WRSR GH XPD FRPXQLGDGH GH PDLV GH 150 mil desenvolvedores espalhados pelo planeta. Seu intenso trabalho de revisĂŁo e de solução de problemas do sistema operacional Linux, sua presença no WUDEDOKR FROHWLYR GH PHOKRULD GR FyGLJR H VXD FRPSHWrQFLD DR HVFUHYHU DV OLQKDV GH SURJUDPDomR p TXH R WRUQDUDP DRV DQRV XPD VXPLGDGH QR PXQGR GD WHF QRORJLD GD LQIRUPDomR 0DUFHOR 7RVVDWL QmR UHDOL]RX FXUVR VXSHULRU DR PHQRV DWp R momento da conclusĂŁo deste texto.

Eduardo Maçan não se tornou um dos primeiros (talvez o primeiro, ele mesmo tem dúvida sobre isso) desenvolvedores brasileiros aceitos na comunidade 'HELDQ TXH GLVWULEXL XPD GDV YHUV}HV GR *18 /LQX[ SRU VHU HVWXGDQWH GD &LrQFLD GD &RPSXWDomR PDV SHOD TXDOLGDGH H LQWHQVLGDGH GH VXDV FRQWULEXLo}HV 3RXFR YDOH WHU GRXWRUDGR H QmR FRQVHJXLU UHVROYHU XP SUREOHPD HVSHFt¿FR 3RXFR YDOH saber muito se o indivíduo não tiver o ímpeto de ajudar as pessoas da comunidade D HQFRQWUDU VROXo}HV (VVH HVStULWR GH FRPSHWrQFLD FRODERUDWLYD TXH H[HFXWD D LQWH OLJrQFLD FROHWLYD GH XPD FRPXQLGDGH IRL R TXH OHYRX R HQJHQKHLUR GR &HQWUR GH &RPSXWDomR GD 8QLFDPS 5XEHQV 4XHLUR] D FULDU R 5DX 7X XPD IHUUDPHQWD FRODERUDWLYD GH SHUJXQWDV H UHVSRVWDV 2 5DX 7X SHUPLWH TXH FRODERUDGRUHV UHVSRQ

246 â&#x20AC;˘ Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

GDP SHUJXQWDV IRUPXODGDV SRU YLVLWDQWHV 2 XVR p OLYUH H JUDWXLWR H R VLVWHPD SRGH ser obtido (baixado) do próprio site e usado nos termos da licença GPL (General Public Licence). O interessante Ê que esse sistema passou a ser uma ferramenta GH WUDEDOKR HP DOJXQV GRV GHSDUWDPHQWRV GD 8QLFDPS 4XDQGR DOJXpP WHP XPD G~YLGD HOD p SRVWDGD QR 5DX 7X H D UHVSRVWD p REWLGD PXLWDV YH]HV HP PLQXWRV 2 VLVWHPD SRVVXL XP UDQNLQJ GH FRODERUDGRUHV HP FDGD XPD GDV iUHDV WDPEpP FKDPDGDV GH FRPXQLGDGHV TXH R FRPS}HP R TXH WHP SRVVLELOLWDGR XPD FHUWD GLVSXWD HQWUH XP JUXSR GHVWDFDGR GH FRODERUDGRUHV SDUD YHU TXHP PDLV UHVSRQGH as dúvidas em menor tempo. O reconhecimento pela qualidade da resposta e SHOD SDUWLFLSDomR DWLYD QD FRODERUDomR HP UHGH SDUHFH DEVRUYHU DTXLOR TXH 3HNND +LPDQHQ GHQRPLQRX GH pWLFD KDFNHU H TXH WHP VLGR HOHPHQWR YLWDO GD FRPXQLGDGH de software livre.

-i D FRPXQLGDGH 'HELDQ p XP DJUXSDPHQWR GH YROXQWiULRV VHP VHGH ItVLFD GLVSHUVR SHOR PXQGR FRP LQWHJUDQWHV GH GH]HQDV GH SDtVHV TXH EXVFD GLVWULEXLU uma versão do Linux eståvel e completamente dentro do espírito do copyleft. Pelas VXDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ¿ORVy¿FDV H SRU VXD IRUPD GH RUJDQL]DomR D REVHUYDomR da comunidade Debian pode melhor permitir a compreensão dos motivos pelos TXDLV R PRYLPHQWR GR VRIWZDUH OLYUH SRUWDGRU GH XPD pWLFD KDFNHU FHQWUDGD QD colaboração interativa e no compartilhamento do conhecimento, tornou-se um LPSRUWDQWH PRYLPHQWR SROtWLFR JOREDO H QmR SDUWLGiULR

$ FRPXQLGDGH 'HELDQ TXH FRQWD DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH FRP LQWHJUDQWHV em seus diversos nĂ­veis, expressa o modelo de desenvolvimento compartilhado FRP XP SURFHVVR GHFLVyULR FRPSOH[R SDUD DVVHJXUDU D VXD GHPRFUDFLD LQWHUQD 6HX cotidiano permite vislumbrar que uma rede sem centro fĂ­sico, com seus servidores LQVWDODGRV HP SDtVHV p FDSD] GH SURGX]LU VROXo}HV WHFQROyJLFDV FRPSOH[DV mantendo-se democrĂĄtica e coerente com seus princĂ­pios fundadores.

(GXDUGR 0DoDQ D¿UPD TXH XPD SHVVRD SDUD LQJUHVVDU QD FRPXQLGDGH 'HELDQ QHFHVVLWD GHPRQVWUDU TXH ³VDEH ID]HU H TXH ID]´ 2XWUR HOHPHQWR HVVHQFLDO Ê a necessidade de conhecer e de ser capaz de defender o Contrato Social do Debian e concordar com a Constituição da comunidade. Para ser desenvolvedor 'HELDQ R KDFNHU GHYH FRQFRUGDU FRP R ³&RQWUDWR´ TXH p XPD FDUWD GH SULQFtSLRV da comunidade e que a vincula com os ideais primeiros do software livre, nascidos do movimento GNU e da Free software Fondation.

2 &RQWUDWR 6RFLDO 'HELDQ YHUVmR UDWLÂżFDGR HP GH MXOKR GH p XPD SHoD YROWDGD DRV VHXV LQWHJUDQWHV PDV p XP FRPSURPLVVR GLDQWH GDV GHPDLV FRPXQLGDGHV GH VRIWZDUH OLYUH FRPR SRGHPRV REVHUYDU

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboraรงรฃo โ ข 247

ยณ&2175$72 62&,$/ '(%,$1 3(5$17( $ &2081,'$'( '( VRIWZDUH /,95( O Debian permanecerรก 100% livre. Nรณs prometemos manter a GLVWULEXLomR 'HELDQ *18 /LQX[ FRQVWLWXtGD LQWHJUDOPHQWH GH VRIWZDUH OLYUH &RPR Ki PXLWDV GHยฟQLo}HV GH VRIWZDUH OLYUH LQFOXtPRV DV GHยฟQLo}HV TXH XVDPRV SDUD D LGHQWLยฟFDomR GH VRIWZDUH ยณOLYUHยด DEDL[R ,UHPRV apoiar nossos usuรกrios que desenvolvem e executam software nรฃo livre sobre o Debian, mas nunca faremos o sistema depender de um item de VRIWZDUH TXH QmR VHMD OLYUH 9DPRV UHWULEXLU j FRPXQLGDGH GR VRIWZDUH livre. Quando escrevermos novos componentes do Sistema Debian, nรณs o licenciaremos como software livre. Iremos fazer o melhor sistema que pudermos, de modo que software livre seja amplamente distribuรญdo H XVDGR ,UHPRV IRUQHFHU DRV DXWRUHV RULJLQDLV GRV FRPSRQHQWHV XVDGRV SRU QRVVR VLVWHPD DV FRUUHo}HV GH EXJV DSHUIHLoRDPHQWRV pedidos de usuรกrios, etc. Nรณs nรฃo esconderemos problemas. Iremos PDQWHU QRVVR EDQFR GH GDGRV GH UHODWyULR GH IDOKDV QRVVR EXJWUDT

DEHUWR SDUD D YLVXDOL]DomR S~EOLFD WRGR R WHPSR 5HODWyULRV TXH RV XVXiULRV SUHHQFKHP RQOLQH ยฟFDUmR LPHGLDWDPHQWH YLVtYHLV SDUD WRGRV os outros. Nossas prioridades sรฃo nossos usuรกrios e o software livre.

1yV VHUHPRV JXLDGRV SHODV QHFHVVLGDGHV GH QRVVRV XVXiULRV H SHOD comunidade de software livre, colocando seus interesses em primeiro OXJDU HP QRVVDV SULRULGDGHV $SRLDUHPRV DV QHFHVVLGDGHV GH QRVVRV usuรกrios para operaรงรฃo em muitos tipos diferentes de ambiente computacional. Nรฃo iremos fazer objeรงรฃo a software proprietรกrio que deva rodar em sistemas Debian, e permitiremos a outros criarem GLVWULEXLo}HV FRP YDORU DJUHJDGR FRQWHQGR WDQWR R 'HELDQ FRPR software comercial, nรฃo sendo nenhuma taxa por nรณs cobrada. Para apoiar estes objetivos forneceremos um sistema operacional de alta TXDOLGDGH OLYUH VHP UHVWULo}HV OHJDLV TXH SRVVDP LPSHGLU HVVHV WLSRV GH XVR 3URJUDPDV TXH QmR DWHQGHP QRVVRV SDGU}HV GH VRIWZDUH OLYUH 1yV UHFRQKHFHPRV TXH DOJXQV GH QRVVRV XVXiULRV SUHFLVDP XVDU SURJUDPDV TXH QmR DWHQGHP D 'HยฟQLomR 'HELDQ GH VRIWZDUH /LYUH &ULDPRV DV iUHDV ยณFRQWULEยด H ยณQRQ IUHHยด GHQWUR GH QRVVRV UHSRVLWyULRV de FTP para estes softwares. Os softwares contidos nestes diretรณrios QmR VmR SDUWH GR 'HELDQ HPERUD HVWHMDP FRQยฟJXUDGRV SDUD XVR FRP o sistema Debian. Nรณs encorajamos fornecedores de CDs a ler as licenรงas de pacotes de software nestes diretรณrios e determinarem se podem ser distribuรญdos em seus CDs. Desta forma, embora software nรฃo livre nรฃo seja parte do Debian, nรณs apoiamos seus usuรกrios e IRUQHFHPRV LQIUDHVWUXWXUD FRPR QRVVR VLVWHPD GH FRQWUROH GH EXJV H OLVWDV GH GLVFXVVmR SDUD XVXiULRV GH VRIWZDUH QmR OLYUH ยด

2 HVIRUoR SULQFLSDO GD FRPXQLGDGH 'HELDQ QmR p HFRQ{PLFR SRLV VHX FRQWUDWR deixa isso muito claro. O objetivo รฉ desenvolver software de modo colaborativo, cujo resultado seja de excelente qualidade, mas que nรฃo esconda suas falhas e SUR EOHPDV H TXH VHMD WRWDOPHQWH OLYUH RX VHMD QmR SURSULHWiULR H FRP VHX FyGLJR IRQWH DEHUWR 8VDQGR R OLFHQFLDPHQWR *3/ R HIHLWR YLUyWLFR p DVVHJXUDGR RX VHMD 'LVSRQtYHO KWWS ZZZ GHELDQ RUJ $FHVVR HP

248 â&#x20AC;˘ Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

WRGRV DTXHOHV TXH XVDP FyGLJRV GR 'HELDQ QmR SRGHP WRUQi OR IHFKDGR QHP VH apropriarem do mesmo, tal como fariam com obras disponĂ­veis em domĂ­nio pĂşblico. $ SRVWXUD GR GHVHQYROYHGRU 'HELDQ p XPD SRVWXUD LGHROyJLFD FXMR FRPSURPLVVR p a liberdade de conhecimento.

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração â&#x20AC;˘ 249

SURMHWR SRVVXL XPD JUDGDomR TXH KLHUDUTXL]D VXDV SUHIHUrQFLDV (VVD SUiWLFD WHP VLGR EHP VXFHGLGD H WHP JHUDGR XP SURFHVVR GHFLVyULR GH HVFROKD GH OLGHUDQoDV FXMR UHVXOWDGR HIHWLYR IRL D SURGXomR GH SURJUDPDV GH FRPSXWDGRU GLIHUHQWHV atÊ junho de 2005. A democracia participativa, baseada no debate efetuado nas listas GH GLVFXVVmR QD pWLFD PHULWRFUiWLFD GRV KDFNHUV H HP VHX HVStULWR FRODERUDWLYR H VROLGiULR WHP JHUDGR VRIWZDUHV OLYUHV TXH QmR SRGHP VHU DSURSULDGRV SULYDGDPHQWH $ DomR FRQFUHWD GD FRPXQLGDGH GR FyGLJR OLYUH IXOPLQD R SDUDGLJPD SURSULHWiULR GH produção e distribuição de software, que só pode ser mantido pela ação jurídicorepressiva do Estado.

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250 â&#x20AC;˘ Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

incompatível com o endurecimento das leis de propriedade intelectual e a ação esWDWDO FRQWUiULD j H[SDQVmR GDV FRPXQLGDGHV GH FyGLJR DEHUWR

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Essa mobilização política não se deu nos moldes nem na chave de enTXDGUDPHQWR SROtWLFR WUDGLFLRQDO TXH FRQWUDSXQKD DV IRUoDV GH HVTXHUGD jV GH direita. Nesta pesquisa, foi possível constatar a correção da hipótese de que o movimento de software livre superou essa dicotomia por lidar com a propriedade de

Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração â&#x20AC;˘ 251

EHQV LQWDQJtYHLV RX LPDWHULDLV R TXH SHUPLWLX FRORFDU R WHPD GD MXVWD GLVWULEXLomR da propriedade como uma questão de liberdade e assim reunir na defesa do comSDUWLOKDPHQWR GH FyGLJRV LQWHJUDQWHV GDV DQWLJDV IRUoDV OLEHUDLV H GD HVTXHUGD GHPRFUiWLFD H VRFLDOLVWD 8PD HVWUXWXUD HFRQ{PLFR VRFLDO FUHVFHQWHPHQWH EDVHDGD HP EHQV LQWDQJtYHLV SHUPLWH VXSHUDU D SULQFLSDO REMHomR KD\HNLDQD jV SUiWLFDV distributivas. Os motivos eram distintos, mas a causa foi a mesma. Os liberais e os anarco-capitalistas mais radicais defenderam o software livre pela superioridade HFRQ{PLFD GR PRGHOR GH FRPSDUWLOKDPHQWR ,VVR SRUTXH R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR FR laborativo aproveita as possibilidades interativas disponíveis nas redes de alta velocidade e processamento, bem como aposta na redução dos custos de tranVDomR H QD VXSHULRULGDGH GR PRGHOR ³ED]DU´ SDUD D PDQXWHQomR H DWXDOL]DomR GH SURJUDPDV GH FRPSXWDGRU O compartilhamento do conhecimento maximiza o desenvolvimento de bens por aproximar-se o måximo possível da exploração das potencialidades da rede H GDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV LQHUHQWHV DRV EHQV LQIRUPDFLRQDLV $SHVDU GH QmR JRVWDUHP GH DODUGHDU H SROLWL]DU VXD DomR HVVHV GHVHQYROYHGRUHV GH RULJHP QHROLEHUDO H capitalista, reunidos em torno da defesa do chamado Open Source, consideraram TXH R PRGHOR KHJHP{QLFR GH SURSULHGDGH LQWHOHFWXDO FHQWUDGR QR EORTXHLR GH DFHVVR DR FyGLJR IRQWH JHUDYD VRIWZDUHV GH TXDOLGDGH LQIHULRU $SUHJRDP TXH ³R IXWXUR p DEHUWR´ H GHIHQGHP TXH D WHQGrQFLD GD WHFQRORJLD p VXEVWLWXLU D UHPXQHUDomR baseada na propriedade pela receita baseada nos serviços.

(ULF 5D\PRQG PHPEUR GD $VVRFLDomR 1DFLRQDO GR 5LĂ&#x20AC;H (8$ H XP GRV mais destacados lĂ­deres do movimento de Open Source escreveu que ÂłWDOYH] QR ÂżQDO D FXOWXUD GH FyGLJR DEHUWR LUi WULXQIDU QmR SRUTXH D FRRSHUDomR p PRUDOPHQWH FRUUHWD RX D ÂľSURWHomRÂś GR VRIWZDUH p PR ralmente errada (assumindo que vocĂŞ acredita na Ăşltima, o que nĂŁo faz tanto o Linus como eu), mas simplesmente porque o mundo do software GH FyGLJR IHFKDGR QmR SRGH YHQFHU XPD FRUULGD HYROXFLRQiULD FRP DV FRPXQLGDGHV GH FyGLJR DEHUWR TXH SRGHP FRORFDU PDLV WHPSR KiELO RUGHQV GH PDJQLWXGH DFLPD HP XP SUREOHPD ´ 5$<021'

-i RV GHVHQYROYHGRUHV H LQWHJUDQWHV GR PRYLPHQWR GH VRIWZDUH OLYUH GH orientação social-liberal, anarquistas e socialistas de diversas matizes, acreditam TXH R VRIWZDUH OLYUH SRGH JHUDU PDLV LJXDOGDGH SRLV D OLEHUGDGH GH FRPSDUWLOKDU R Fy GLJR p XPD GHFLVmR LQGLYLGXDO LQVSLUDGD SHOD VROLGDULHGDGH YDORU GH JUDQGH GL PHQ VmR FROHWLYD $ DGHVmR DR FRPSDUWLOKDPHQWR p SHVVRDO PDV VHJXH D LGHLD GH que a liberdade Ê a fonte da criação e da melhoria da produção humana. O pressuposto Ê que a liberdade de trocar ideias estå na base do conhecimento e que este Ê uma produção coletiva, humana. Não deveria ser apropriado privadamente.

252 â&#x20AC;˘ Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

,VWR p SULYDU DOJXpP GR FRQKHFLPHQWR p EORTXHDU D OLEHUGDGH e UHGX]LU R ULWPR GH crescimento do conhecimento, pois nessa acepção, quanto mais se compartilha o conhecimento mais ele cresce.

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2 PDWHULDO GHVJDVWD VH FRP R XVR H QmR SHUPLWH UHSURGXomR LOLPLWDGD GHYLGR D sua escassez. O imaterial não conhece a escassez. Toda a teoria da propriedade KHJHP{QLFD H D WHRULD GR YDORU XWLOLGDGH SRVVXHP XPD UHODomR LQWUtQVHFD FRP D LGHLD de escassez. A era da informação e seus bens imateriais desconhecem a escassez LQHUHQWH j SURSULHGDGH PDWHULDO XPD YH] TXH HVWmR VXEPHWLGDV j DEXQGkQFLD GD FySLD GLJLWDO Como o conhecimento Ê chave da economia da sociedade em rede, o seu FRPSDUWLOKDPHQWR SRGH VHU FRQVLGHUDGR WDQWR GR SRQWR GH YLVWD HFRQ{PLFR TXDQWR GR SRQWR GH YLVWD VRFLDO H FXOWXUDO 2 FRPSDUWLOKDPHQWR GR FRQKHFLPHQWR SRGH JHUDU GLVWULEXLomR GH RSRUWXQLGDGHV HFRQ{PLFDV EHP FRPR SRGH VHU HQWHQGLGR FRPR YLWDO DR DFHVVR j SURGXomR FRPXP GD KXPDQLGDGH $ RSDFLGDGH GR FyGLJR IRQWH de um software pode ser vista como a exclusão do direito de todos conhecerem DOJR TXH IRL FRQVWLWXtGR VREUH XP DF~PXOR FLHQWt¿FR GH PXLWR PDLRU YDORU H TXH IRL FRPXP D WRGRV FRP R OLYUH DFHVVR JDUDQWLGR

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração â&#x20AC;˘ 253

que são propriedade de uma corporação privada.

$ OLEHUGDGH GD LQIRUPDomR H GR DFHVVR j LQIRUPDomR QXPD HFRQRPLD GH EHQV LQWDQJtYHLV HQFRQWUD VH HP FRQĂ&#x20AC;LWR FRP D SURSULHGDGH SDUWLFXODU 6WDOOPDQ DÂżUPRX ÂłVRIWZDUH OLYUH QmR p TXHVWmR GH SUHoR PDV GH OLEHUGDGH´ H[DWDPHQWH SRU que defende que o conhecimento ĂŠ uma produção coletiva e social. AlĂŠm disso, QR WH[WR 3RUTXH R 6RIWZDUH 1mR 'HYHULD 7HU 'RQRV H[LVWH XPD SDVVDJHP HP TXH 6WDOOPDQ FRPEDWH R DUJXPHQWR GH TXH KDYHULD XP GLUHLWR QDWXUDO UHODFLRQDGR j SURSULHGDGH GDV LGHLDV Âł8PD UD]mR p D IRUoDGD DQDORJLD FRP REMHWRV PDWHULDLV 4XDQGR HX IDoR VSDJKHWWL UHDOPHQWH HX IDoR REMHomR VH DOJXpP TXHU FRPr lo, porque aĂ­ nĂŁo poderei mais comĂŞ-lo eu mesmo. A ação dele me DWLQJH H[DWDPHQWH QD PHVPD PHGLGD HP TXH R EHQHÂżFLD DSHQDV XP GH QyV SRGH FRPHU R VSDJKHWWL HQWmR D TXHVWmR p TXHP" $ PHQRU GLVWLQomR HQWUH QyV p VXÂżFLHQWH SDUD ID]HU SHQGHU D EDODQoD pWLFD 0DV VH YRFr H[HFXWD RX PRGLÂżFD XP SURJUDPD TXH HX HVFUHYL LVVR DIHWD a vocĂŞ diretamente e a mim, apenas indiretamente. Se vocĂŞ dĂĄ uma FySLD DR VHX DPLJR LVVR DIHWD D YRFr H DR VHX DPLJR PXLWR PDLV GR que me afeta. Eu nĂŁo devo ter o poder de dizer a vocĂŞ para nĂŁo fazer LVVR 1LQJXpP GHYH $ VHJXQGD UD]mR p TXH VH GL] jV SHVVRDV TXH RV direitos naturais dos autores sĂŁo uma tradição aceita e inquestionĂĄvel da nossa sociedade. Historicamente, a verdade ĂŠ o oposto. A ideia de direitos naturais dos autores foi proposta e decisivamente rejeitada TXDQGR D &RQVWLWXLomR GRV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV IRL UHGLJLGD e SRU LVVR TXH a Constituição apenas permite um sistema de direitos autorais e nĂŁo R UHTXHU p SRU LVVR TXH HOD HVWDEHOHFH TXH GLUHLWR DXWRUDO WHP TXH ser temporĂĄrio. A Constituição tambĂŠm estabelece que o propĂłsito do GLUHLWR DXWRUDO p SURPRYHU R SURJUHVVR QmR UHFRPSHQVDU R DXWRU 'H DOJXPD PDQHLUD RV GLUHLWRV DXWRUDLV UHFRPSHQVDP RV DXWRUHV H PDLV ainda os editores, mas isso foi pensado como uma maneira de mudar VXD DWLWXGH ´10

A liberdade de compartilhar o conhecimento e a liberdade de acessĂĄ-lo nĂŁo SRGH VHU EDUUDGD GH PRGR OHJtWLPR FRP EDVH HP DOHJDomR TXH HYRTXH TXDOTXHU GLUHLWR QDWXUDO RX TXDOTXHU UHODomR LQHUHQWH j FULDomR TXH H[LMD VXD DSURSULDomR H[ clusiva por um autor. Esse ĂŠ outro ponto que permite constatar que, na sociedade informacional, a defesa da liberdade para o conhecimento tem reunido em um QRYR FDPSR SROtWLFR IRUoDV SROtWLFDV j HVTXHUGD H j GLUHLWD PHVPR WUDWDQGR VH GH um tema relacionado ao nĂşcleo duro do tradicional pensamento da direita polĂ­tica IXQGDGR QD GHIHVD LQWUDQVLJHQWH GD SURSULHGDGH &RPR Mi KDYLD HVFULWR QD VR FLHGDGH LQIRUPDFLRQDO DV UHODo}HV KHJHP{QLFR WUDGLFLRQDLV GH SURSULHGDGH FDSL talista chocam-se com a liberdade para poderem existir e se manter.

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254 â&#x20AC;˘ Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

4XDQGR D OLEHUGDGH GH DJLU H FRPSDUWLOKDU DFDED YLDELOL]DQGR FXVWRV GH WUDQVDomR PHQRUHV SDUD YiULRV VHJPHQWRV HFRQ{PLFRV EHP FRPR TXDQGR D FROD ERUDomR D SDUWLU GD GRDomR GH FyGLJRV WRUQD VH XP PRGR PXLWR PDLV HÂżFLHQWH GH SURGXomR GH ULTXH]D LQWDQJtYHO HVWD DWUDL HP VXD GHIHVD IRUoDV SROtWLFDV GR espectro da chamada livre iniciativa, liberais, libertĂĄrios e neoliberais.

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração â&#x20AC;˘ 255

que muitos possam ser não somente consumidores, mas tambÊm desenvolvedores GH EHQV LQWDQJtYHLV 1HVVH VHQWLGR HP XP FHQiULR HP TXH D LQIRUPDomR p R HOH mento constitutivo dos bens imateriais, seria possível pensar que a escassez resiGLULD H[DWDPHQWH QD FULDomR GD LQIRUPDomR $VVLP FDVR D LQWHOLJrQFLD FULDWLYD IRVVH escassa, ela poderia viabilizar o modelo de propriedade tradicional sobre a mesma, tal como no cenårio de bens materiais. Por outro lado, Ê exatamente o fato de D LQWHOLJrQFLD FULDWLYD VHU GLVWULEXtGD GH PRGR HTXLWDWLYR HQWUH RV SRYRV TXH WHP DOJXP VHQWLGR QR EORTXHLR GR FyGLJR IRQWH GRV VRIWZDUHV 6y WHP VHQWLGR UHWLUDU D WUDQVSDUrQFLD VREUH R FRQKHFLPHQWR GRV FyGLJRV H H[FOXLU DV SHVVRDV GR VHX DFHVVR VH D LQWHOLJrQFLD FULDWLYD QmR IRU HVFDVVD VH DV SHVVRDV FRP EDVH QDTXHOHV FyGLJRV IRQWH SXGHUHP UHFULi ORV H QmR VLPSOHVPHQWH FRSLi ORV 3DUD FRSLDU XP VRIWZDUH QmR p QHFHVViULR SRVVXLU VHX FyGLJR IRQWH $ GHQRPLQDGD ³SLUDWDULD´ Gi VH UHSURGX]LQGR DSHQDV R FyGLJR H[HFXWiYHO

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256 â&#x20AC;˘ Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração

cuja caracterĂ­stica nĂŁo rival pode ser explorada ao extremo.

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TXH HVWmR LQWHUHVVDGRV HP VRIWZDUH OLYUH HVWmR QD GLUHLWD H VmR OLEHUDLV ´ *60%2;

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2 FRPSDUWLOKDPHQWR GR FRQKHFLPHQWR WHFQROyJLFR H R PpWRGR FRODERUDWLYR unem os adeptos do movimento de software livre e os adeptos do movimento de FyGLJR DEHUWR 0DV SDUD RV DGHSWRV GD 26, 2SHQ 6RXUFH ,QLFLDWLYH D OLEHUGDGH de escolher estå acima da liberdade como concepção, ou seja, as pessoas devem ser livres para escolher se querem manter livre sua produção, por isso, as licenças %6' QmR LPSHGHP TXH VROXo}HV GHVHQYROYLGDV D SDUWLU GHODV SRVVDP VHU IHFKDGDV H SULYDGDPHQWH DSURSULDGDV 'HVFRQVLGHUDP D LPSRUWkQFLD GR DUJXPHQWR VREUH D preservação do conhecimento coletivo. Efetivamente, para as correntes do Open 6RXUFH D OLEHUGDGH GH WRUQDU SDUWLFXODU DOJR TXH VRPHQWH SRGHULD VHU IHLWR FRP EDVH no conhecimento de muitos não Ê considerado um problema. Todavia, a liberdade p YLVWD FRPR R PRGR PDLV H¿FLHQWH GH FRQVWUXLU VROXo}HV GH DOWD TXDOLGDGH ³/LEHUH FHGR OLEHUH IUHTXHQWHPHQWH´ R FyGLJR IRQWH p R OHPD TXH 5D\PRQG D¿UPD VHU R TXH PHOKRU UHVXOWDGR JHUD HP UHODomR DR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GH VRIWZDUHV Seja pensando a liberdade do indivíduo acima da liberdade do coletivo em SUHVHUYDU OLEHUGDGH GH VXDV FULDo}HV VHMD FRORFDQGR D GHIHVD GD REUD OLYUH FRPR condição essencial, os defensores do Open Source e do software Livre contribuem FRP XP QRYR WLSR GH VROLGDULHGDGH H VH XQHP FRQWUD R IRUPDWR KHJHP{QLFR GD propriedade de ideias no capitalismo da era informacional. Assim, a liberdade do FRQKHFLPHQWR WRUQD VH QD VRFLHGDGH HP UHGH GRV EHQV LQWDQJtYHLV XPD DomR redistributiva.

Os movimentos de colaboração sócio-tÊcnica, na era informacional, cons-

258 โ ข Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboraรงรฃo

WUXtUDP GHQWUR GD HFRQRPLD FDSLWDOLVWD EROV}HV GH HFRQRPLD GD GRDomR H SRU VH FKRFDUHP FRP R SDUDGLJPD GD SURSULHGDGH WUDGLFLRQDO VmR OHYDGRV D XP QRYR WLSR de politizaรงรฃo. A nova polรญtica de reivindicar direitos de continuar desenvolvendo e compartilhando seu desenvolvimento contra os ataques dos representantes do PRGHOR SURSULHWiULR QmR VH UHVXPH j HVTXHUGD PDV UHFRQยฟJXUD R WHUUHQR SROtWLFR lanรงando a unidade entre certos liberais e determinados socialistas. Em sรญntese, o PRYLPHQWR GR VRIWZDUH OLYUH UHRUJDQL]D DV VROLGDULHGDGHV SROtWLFDV SRLV QDVFH QR contexto liberal e anarquista e avanรงa para o contexto solidรกrio, anti-proprietรกrio, tรญpico dos movimentos comunitaristas e socialistas, mas os supera.

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Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboraรงรฃo โ ข 259

3UL PHLUR p SUHFLVR GHยฟQL OD FRP PDLRU SUHFLVmR ,QWHJUDP D FODVVH YLUWXDO DOJXQV VHJPHQWRV GR FDSLWDOLVPR DTXHOHV HQYROYLGRV QD H[WUDomR GH UHQGD SHOR FRQWUROH GD SURSULHGDGH VREUH DV LGHLDV SULQFLSDOPHQWH RV GLULJHQWHV GH PHJD FRUSRUDo}HV GH VRIWZDUH SURSULHWiULR DOpP GRV FDSLWDOLVWDV GD LQG~VWULD GH ELRWHFQRORJLD H HQWUHWHQLPHQWR 2 TXH SUHWHQGHP HVVHV FDSLWDOLVWDV" 3UDWLFDU R FDSLWDOLVPR GH exclusรฃo. Exclusรฃo sobre ideias e conhecimento. Ou seja, querem evitar que o conhecimento continue livre para poderem lucrar com o acesso a ele. Como nรฃo รฉ SRVVtYHO WRUQDU LQIRUPDo}HV H FRQKHFLPHQWR DOJR HVFDVVR EXVFDP FULDU DUWLItFLRV SDUD QHJDU DFHVVR D TXHP QmR SDJDU SHOR VHX XVR 8P GRV REMHWLYRV PDLV QtWLGRV GHVVD FODVVH YLUWXDO p FRQGX]LU D FLrQFLD SDUD R FDPLQKR GDV WHFQRORJLDV SURSULHWiULDV $VVLP FDGD YH] PDLV D PDWHPiWLFD D ItVLFD H D ELRORJLD SDVVDULDP a ter seus teoremas, modelos teรณricos, teorias e descobertas patenteados. O uso acadรชmico seria e jรก estรก sendo afetado.

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Debate e discussões interativas

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272 • Software livre, cultura hacker e o ecossistema da colaboração