forty acres + a pool
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40 Acres and a pool references the Reconstruction Era phrase “40 acres and a mule”, an order which promised emancipated enslaved people that each family would receive a plot of land. Receiving approximately 40 acres symbolized land ownership, housing justice and access. In 1865, Special Field Order 15 was established to seize 400,000 acres of land belonging to the confederacy and redistribute it to Black families. This broken promise has deprived many generations of Black families of the opportunity to own land and ultimately blocked economic growth.
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The lasting impact of such policies has created a wide economic racial divide which still exists this day. It manifests in gaps in education, housing, and economics and stake within the built enviornment. Its about the distribution of power, aside form land, the most powerful and precious resource is water. Policies have kept this entity a commodity that only the white, privileged, wealthy have had in abundance. Racial covenants have restricted access to drinking water, beaches, public pools, and climate change and sea level rise relief.
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As far back as has been documented water has always existed in the Black experience. In Africa, water symbolized agency and was used as means of leisure, labor, ritual practices. While in America, was symbolizes power. Who has. doesn’t pocess the power to distribute, use and access water is visible and directly related to race and economics.
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The aim is to make what is hard to comprehend visible- the magnitude, the scale and the implication of events, by employing the power of the line to create possible alternatives to life events that have already occurred and discuss what would have happened under different circumstances.
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40 Acres and a Pool seeks to interrogate and project the spectrum of material culture and radical imaginaries by rendering explicit the social, political and cultural nuances of waterscapes within the urban realm.
Bruce’s Beach, owned by Willa Manhattan Beach under the gr Beach Board of Trustees voted land through eminent domain, opening of new beach resorts.
The land owned by the Bruce Fa sought $120,000 for the land bu
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Bruce Beach House
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and Charles Bruce , was seized by the town of rounds of eminent domain. The Manhattan to condemn Bruce’s Beach and surrounding and enacted ordinances that prevented the
amily, was purchased for $1225 in 1924, they ut was forced to hand over the land for $14,000.
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Eminent Domain defined the use of particular spaces for greater community needs like expressways and public institutions.
Bruce’s Beach 1912 Tract - Block 5 and 12
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THE STRAND
$10
W.A. BRUCE
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8
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OCEAN DRIVE
W.A. BRUCE $1225
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Indicated are plots owned by African-American Residents and those impacted by lost of land through eminent domain.
27TH ST. MARY R. SANDERS
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PL. 14
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26TH PL. 9
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BAY VIEW DRIVE
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MANHATTAN AVENUE
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26TH ST.
HIGHAND AVENUE
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MITON & ANNA E JOHNSON AMMA BARNETT
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MAJOR & MRS. PRIOLEAU PATTERSON
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New Waterfronts address the impacts of climate change, discriminatory housing practices and generational wealth in Miami, Florida. Sea level Rise although, has displaced many residents on the water front has created potential from communities of color.
An influx of high- earning income households and real estate investors are stirring away from waterfront an rise and climate change. Previously undesired inland neighborhood, designated to African-American commu elevations afford them lower threats in decades to come. These same neighborhoods, known for rich cultural housing practices and disinvestment are now prime real estate.
Homes and properties currently owned by families of the African/ Afro-Carribean diaspora are now exponen the paradigm of housing justice and promotion of home ownership and futures of generational wealth. Neig like Liberty City and Little Haiti are the new waterfronts.
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Allapa
S
nd coastal properties to avoid all threats to sea level unities are now highly sought out areas as their heritages, impacted by racially discriminatory
ntially worth more than in previous decades, shifting ghborhoods with high African- American populations Miami, FL Speculative Waterfronts
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Little Haiti
10’ Liberty City
13’ Wyn wood
0’
attah
13’
Coconut Grove
Personal cirriculum as articulated below is supplimental for youth in Detroit, Michigan. The personal cirriculum’s impact spans aquatic safefty/ profeciency, but also increases high school retention, graduation rates and reduces the rate of drowning in African-American youth
to essential include essential life-saving to include life-saving skills. skills.
to include essential life-saving skills.
263 SWIMMING/POOL HISTORY Beanland, Christopher. Pool: A Dip into Outdoor Swimming Pools: The History, Design and People behind Them. Pavilion Books, 2020. Leighninger, Robert D. “Cultural Infrastructure: The Legacy of New Deal Public Space.” Journal of Architectural Education (1984-) 49, no. 4 (1996): 226–36. https://doi.org/10.2307/1425295. Means, Howard. Splash!: 10,000 Years of Swimming. S.l.: ALLEN & UNWIN, 2021. Tsui, Bonnie. Why We Swim. S.l.: RIDER, 2021. RACIAL POLITICS Comer, Krista. “‘We’re Blacksurfing’: Public History and Liberation Politics in <em>White Wash</Em>.” Journal of American Ethnic History 35, no. 2 (2016): 68–78. https://doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.35.2.0068. Czeczek, Karolina. “Swim Lessons .” Urban Omnibus (blog). A Publication of The Architectural League of New York , July 1, 2021. https://urbanomnibus.net/2021/07/swim-lessons/?mc_cid=1c6c561a41&mc_eid=45e40bc659. Gorsuch, Marina Mileo, Samuel L Myers Jr., Yufeng Lai, Devan Steward, and Rachel Motachwa. “Vanishing Racial Disparities in Drowning in Florida.” Injury Prevention 25, no. 6 (2018): 487–93. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2018-042872. Gutman, Marta. “Race, Place, and Play: Robert Moses and the WPA Swimming Pools in New York City.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 67, no. 4 (2008): 532–61. https://doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2008.67.4.532. Hastings, Donald W., Sammy Zahran, and Sherry Cable. “Drowning in Inequalities: Swimming and Social Justice.” Journal of Black Studies 36, no. 6 (2006): 894–917. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40034351. Kemper, Nicolas, A.L. Hu, and Karolina Czeczek. “Withdrawn Waters .” Urban Omnibus (blog). A Publication of The Architectural League of New York , August 11, 2021. https://urbanomnibus.net/2021/08/withdrawn-waters/?mc_cid=1c6c561a41&mc_eid=45e40bc659. Kevin Dawson. “Enslaved Swimmers and Divers in the Atlantic World.” The Journal of American History 92, no. 4 (2006): 1327–55. https://doi.org/10.2307/4485894. Kibler, M. Alison, and Shanni Davidowitz. “‘Our Color Won’t Wash Off’: The Desegregation of Swimming in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.” Journal of Civil and Human Rights 2, no. 1 (2016): 3–32. https://doi.org/10.5406/jcivihumarigh.2.1.3. Kirk, John A. “Going Off the Deep End: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Desegregation of Little Rock’s Public Swimming Pools.” The Arkansas Historical Quarterly 73, no. 2 (2014): 138–63. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24477573. “Let’s (Not) Meet at the Pool: A Black Canadian Social History of Swimming (1900s-1960s).” Loisir et Société. Routledge, n.d. doi:10.1080/07053436.2019.1582920. McKay, Robert B. “Segregation and Public Recreation.” Virginia Law Review 40, no. 6 (1954): 697–731. https://doi. org/10.2307/1070011. Radio, Connecticut Public. “A History of Racial Disparity in American Public Swimming Pools.” Connecticut Public, August 10, 2021. https://www.ctpublic.org/arts-and-culture/2018-06-06/a-history-of-racial-disparityin-american-public-swimming-pools. Rouyer, Alwyn. “Basic Needs vs. Swimming Pools Water Inequality and the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict.” Middle East Report, no. 227 (2003): 2–7. https://doi.org/10.2307/1559317. Smith, P.. “Reflections in the Water: Society and Recreational Facilities, a Case Study of Public Swimming Pools in Mississippi.” Southeastern Geographer 52 (2009): 39 - 54. 019.1639309. Swanstrom, Todd. “EQUITY PLANNING IN A FRAGMENTED SUBURBAN SETTING: The Case of St. Louis.” In Advancing Equity Planning Now, edited by Norman Krumholz and Kathryn Wertheim Hexter, 101–24. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv43vr3d.10. “Swimming Pools, Storm-Troopers and Black Power.” Economic and Political Weekly 1, no. 1 (1966): 17–18. http:// www.jstor.org/stable/4356836. VERBRUGGE, Martha A H., and DREW YINGLING. “The Politics of Play: The Struggle over Racial Segregation and Public Recreation in Washington, D.C., 1945-1950.” Washington History 27, no. 2 (2015): 56–69. http://www.jstor. org/stable/43588161.
Victoria W. Wolcott Professor of History. “The Forgotten History of Segregated Swimming Pools and Amusement Parks.” The Conversation, July 27, 2021. https://theconversation.com/the-forgotten-history-of-segregated-swimming-pools-and-amusement-parks-119586. Wiltse, Jeff. “Contested Waters : A Social History of Swimming Pools in America.” Book. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007. Jeff Wiltse. “Swimming against Segregation: The Struggle to Desegregate.” Pennsylvania Legacies 10, no. 2 (2010): 12–17. https://doi.org/10.5215/pennlega.10.2.0012. “The Local Swimming Pool as a Space of Rights Contestation - an Analysis of ‘burkini’ Policies in Belgian Local Public Swimming Pools.” Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law. Routledge, n.d. doi:10.1080/07329113.2 DESIGN + CONSTRUCTION + INFRASTRUCTURE (2000). Swimming Pools: Design and Construction, Fourth Edition (4th ed.). CRC Press. https://doi-org.proxy.lib. umich.edu/10.4324/9780203477885 Dorroh, J. H. “THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF SWIMMING POOLS.” Journal (American Water Works Association) 27, no. 1 (1935): 100–107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41226253. Hechmer, Carl A. “SWIMMING POOLS AND WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS.” Journal (American Water Works Association) 23, no. 8 (1931): 1164–68. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41228118. Luehring, F. W. “Swimming Pool Standards.” Book. New York: A. S. Barnes and company, 1939. SMITH, P. CALEB. “Reflections in the Water: Society and Recreational Facilities, a Case Study of Public Swimming Pools in Mississippi.” Southeastern Geographer 52, no. 1 (2012): 39–54. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26228994. DIASPORIC HISTORIES Dawson, Kevin. Undercurrents of Power: Aquatic Culture in the African Diaspora. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018. “Life Styles of African Women [And] A Swimming Pool for Mansa Musa’s Wife [And] A Yoruba Naming Ceremony [And] Metropolis African and American Style. Mini-Modules.” Book. [S.l.]: Distributed by ERIC Clearinghouse, 1975. Thompson, Jennifer. “Picturing Gendered Water Spaces: A Textual Approach to Water in Rural Sierra Leone.” Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity 25, no. 2 (88) (2011): 43–53. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41321415.
BIOLOGY + SCIENCES Allen, R. L., and David L. Nickel. “The Negro and Learning to Swim: The Buoyancy Problem Related to Reported Biological Differences.” The Journal of Negro Education 38, no. 4 (1969): 404–11. https://doi.org/10.2307/2966686. WATER POLITICS Ani, Kelechi Johnmary, Maryam M. Jungudo, and Victor Ojakorotu. “Aqua-Conflicts and Hydro-Politics in Africa: Unfolding the Role of African Union Water Management Interventions.” Journal of African Union Studies 7, no. 1 (2018): 5–29. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26889972. Fontein, Joost. “The Power of Water: Landscape, Water and the State in Southern and Eastern Africa: An Introduction.” Journal of Southern African Studies 34, no. 4 (2008): 737–56. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40283191. Thompson, Jennifer. “Picturing Gendered Water Spaces: A Textual Approach to Water in Rural Sierra Leone.” Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity 25, no. 2 (88) (2011): 43–53. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41321415.