Academic Portfolio_2017 by Adam Kelly

M.ARCH ARCHITECTURE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH

YEAR 2017 NAME ADAM KELLY STUDENT NO. 1116105

AC ADEM IC PO RT FO LIO 2

REFLECTIVE STATEMENT This document succinctly records all work undertaken throughout this students experience of the M.Arch course tutored by ESALA. It maps this academic output to the ARB General Criteria, with the purpose of illustrating a palpable link between the following work and the ARBâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s described required subject material for the attainment of the knowledge and skills necessary for Part 2 of architectural qualification. However, this document intends to demonstrate that an M.Arch course is more than simply a series of discrete, sequential courses. It is hoped that the following approach to the documentation of the completed work will depict the cumulative nature of architectural education; that skills and knowledge are transferable and compoundable between the multiplicitous sectors of the architectural field.

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COURSE CODE ARCH####

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DESCRIPTION Quality of life wardrobe hub f ugiat extraordinary laborum. Intricate ut exclusive punctual Toto veniam sunt consequat destination laborum minim airport sharp uniforms in. Consectetur handsome concierge dolore, eiusmod joy sed the highest quality bulletin efficient. Labore Zürich sed tempor Swiss, wardrobe soft power craftsmanship destination. Nulla ut K-pop, bureaux classic delightful emerging ANA est labore the highest quality iconic.

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LEARNING OUTCOMES

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L01 Laboris dolore essential business class, occaecat cupidatat premium sint veniam classic bureaux anim. Bureaux Tsutaya magna global, uniforms ullamco. L02 Scandinavian dolore cupidatat, alluring Porter pariatur classic fugiat aliquip. Baggu consequat joy, Porter bulletin non Helsinki sint finest essential aliquip smart sed quis. L03 Signature cillum pariatur Comme des Garçons sleepy conversation, id discerning boutique Fast Lane consectetur, lovely. X #

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ARB GC subsections fulfilled: 1

D EGR EE N ARRATIV E

2 3

cross-pollination moment

key / page no. s A polar diagram has been implemented to illustrate the manner in which the series of courses have been completed throughout the two years. The inner set of circles represent the ARB General Criteria (1-11), whilst symbols have been used to match each subsection (1-3) to the relevant course on the outer set of circles. Like a clock, the diagram is to be read clockwise, however it is intended to illustrate temporal overlaps between courses, semesters and academic years. Moments of ‘cross-pollination’, where key ideas or particular skills have been interchanged between courses have been indicated. These moments will be highlighted later in the portfolio, denoted in bold, italic text. Whilst this diagram will function as a ‘contents’ for the portfolio, dividing it into four sectors, the intention will be to consider the degree as an accumulative process in which skills and knowledge is gained in a holistic rather than compartmentalised manner.

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architectural design studio c

architectural technology research

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studies in contemporary architectural theory

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architecture management, practice and law

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architectural design studio h

design report

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CR IT ERI A

ARB GENERAL CRITERIA AT PART 2

ARB GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES FOR PART 2

(Excluding Subsections)

GA2

GC1 Ability to create architectural designs that satisfy both aesthetic and technical requirements.

GC7 Understanding of the methods of investigation and preparation of the brief for a design project.

GC2 Adequate knowledge of the histories and theories of architecture and the related arts, technologies and human sciences.

GC8 Understanding of the structural design, constructional and engineering problems associated with building design.

GC3 Knowledge of the fine arts as an influence on the quality of architectural design. GC4 Adequate knowledge of urban design, planning and the skills involved in the planning process. GC5 Understanding of the relationship between people and buildings, and between buildings and their environment, and the need to relate buildings and the spaces between them to human needs and scale. GC6 Understanding of the profession of architecture and the role of the architect in society, in particular in preparing briefs that take account of social factors.

GC9 Adequate knowledge of physical problems and technologies and the function of buildings so as to provide them with internal conditions of comfort and protection against the climate. GC10 The necessary design skills to meet building usersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; requirements within the constraints imposed by cost factors and building regulations. GC11 Adequate knowledge of the industries, organisations, regulations and procedures involved in translating design concepts into buildings and integrating plans into overall planning.

.1 ability to generate complex design proposals showing understanding of current architectural issues, originality in the application of subject knowledge and, where appropriate, to test new hypotheses and speculations;

.5 understanding of the context of the architect and the construction industry, including the architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s role in the processes of procurement and building production, and under legislation;

.2 ability to evaluate and apply a comprehensive range of visual, oral and written media to test, analyse, critically appraise and explain design proposals;

.6 problem solving skills, professional judgment, and ability to take the initiative and make appropriate decisions in complex and unpredictable circumstances; and

.3 ability to evaluate materials, processes and techniques that apply to complex architectural designs and building construction, and to integrate these into practicable design proposals;

.7 ability to identify individual learning needs and understand the personal responsibility required to prepare for qualification as an architect.

.4 critical understanding of how knowledge is advanced through research to produce clear, logically argued and original written work relating to architectural culture, theory and design;

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MEDI A C U RATION

The Academic Portfolio has been treated as an opportunity to construct a structure for the processing, reformatting and curation of diverse media. This is based on the notion that different materials require alternative approaches to be coherently re-presented within the medium of a portfolio. Each media type has been analysed and assigned a representational strategy in order to summarise or reproduce the material succinctly whilst relaying the value of the material with regards to the course and criteria within which it is being assessed.

DRAWINGS

WRITTEN WORD

SKETCHES

A representational and/or developmental tool that takes form in a precise, purposeful way. Usually presented at a particular scale, it is important to reproduce the drawings general layout in a legible way whilst also displaying any technical or conceptual detail apparent at the original scale.

The demonstration of ideas in a text based form. The formatting of these texts may affect the reading of the information contained within. A text may also be a productive tool producing a new line of inquiry.

Sketches, in contrast to drawings, are quick, speculative translations of ideas on to paper. A primary tool in the development of design projects.

Below / Drawing reproduced in entirety as well as at original scale.

Below / Text body of essay summarised as well as a reproduction of the original formatting of the body of work.

Below / Usually of small scale, sketches can be represented in a thumbnail, diagrammatic way.

Everyday Cultures was a series of seminar classes focused on the study of everyday life since the beginnings of modernity. This series of short texts is an account of the seminar course and explores a key aspect of each session in a more focused fashion. A key theoretical departure for this series of papers is the work of the Frankfurt School and their work on critical theory. It is within this context that ‘The Everyday’ first became a focus of study for those wishing to bring about a revolution in current political and economic structures. Critical theory is differentiated from traditional theory as it is intended to bring about change in society instead of simply analysing it in its current form. The fundamental idea of critical theory is that a broader knowledge of social relations can enable people to achieve greater political autonomy, and it is with this aim that the proponents of the school set about analysing and explaining the quotidian through the wide fields of geography, sociology, history, economics and psychology to name a few. Through this work critical theory aims to set out reasonable aims towards a complete social transformation, towards a new, radical democracy.

Ad a m Ke l l y

Studies in Contemporar y Architec tural Theor y

Preface

Everyday Cultures was a series of seminar classes focused on the study of everyday life since the beginnings of modernity. This series of short texts is an account of the seminar course and explores a key aspect of each session in a more focused fashion. A key theoretical departure for this series of papers is the work of the Frankfurt School and their work on critical theory. It is within this context that ‘The Everyday’ first became a focus of study for those wishing to bring about a revolution in current political and economic structures. Critical theory is differentiated from traditional theory as it is intended to bring about change in society instead of simply analysing it in its current form.1 The fundamental idea of critical theory is that a broader knowledge of social relations can enable people to achieve greater political autonomy, and it is with this aim that the proponents of the school set about analysing and explaining the quotidian through the wide fields of geography, sociology, history, economics and psychology to name a few.2 Through this work critical theory aims to set out reasonable aims towards a complete social transformation, towards a new, radical democracy.

1 /

Paul Rudolph Architects, New York

The above will act as a key theoretical undertone throughout the following series of essays. Many of the writers or events analysed herein have been informed or affected by the Frankfurt School’s ideas, from the May ’68 events in Paris to Chantal Mouffe’s theories on democracy. The following essays will attempt to draw out relevant arguments for the fields of architecture and urbanism from these discussions.

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MODELS

PHOTOGRAPHS

VIDEOS

Models can be useful in architectural education for either illustrative or productive purpose, and often not exclusively one or the other. Test maquettes can be useful to trial ideas and forms, whilst presentation models can given the viewer an unrivalled insight into a project’s material intention or conceptual approach.

Particularly useful as tools to contextualise written or design work, photographs can bring a visual richness to an essay or portfolio.

Videos, within the context of this document, have proven to be a useful design development tool. The ability to record and review experience or the design process can lead to more informed design decisions.

Below / Close-up photos can be used to show detail at scale, lighting can be used to capture and enrich key viewpoints.

Below / Photographs can be reproduced at large scale for ultimate effect, or ‘sliced’ to frame a particular section/ texture.

Below / A single snapshot is accompanied by a series of thumbnail images illustrating the progression of the video.

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ARB GC subsections fulfilled: 1 2 3

Y E AR 1 S EM EST E R 1

cross-pollination moment

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COURSE CODE ARCH11091

AR CHIT E CTU RAL D ES IGN STU D IO C

BRIEF The prescribed brief for the primary architectural design course of the degree was to design a new Cruise Hub in San Juan, Puerto Rico. This was aligned with a global student competition organised by ArchMedium magazine.

(GROUP WORK)

The intention was that this brief would act as a primer for the Athens project to follow, due to the similar socioeconomic conditions involved in both countries.

DESCRIPTION

As a collective, our group began by immediately researching this complex context, which initiated a proposed re-writing of the competition brief to lead to a more speculative and hopefully politically charged intervention:

The emphasis in this course, which gives students the opportunity to develop a major design project, is upon exploratory and creative work. It seeks to encourage projects that are investigative, poetic, theoretically informed, and that deal in a critical way with issues and questions of contemporary relevance. It looks for a sustained and rigorous process of study in all aspects of the student’s work.

Puerto Rico is in a political and economic state of limbo. Reliant upon the mainland USA for federal aid, and yet crippled by the financial and trade regulations they share, the issue of independence has been a point of contention in the country for centuries. Can we speculate upon an alternative future for Puerto Rico in which an ‘Anticipating Urbanism’ can capitalise on a new independent status?

LEARNING OUTCOMES L01 The ability to develop and act upon a productive conceptual framework both individually and in teams for an architectural project or proposition, based on a critical analysis of relevant issues. L02 The ability to develop an architectural spatial and material language that is carefully considered at an experiential level and that is in clear dialogue with conceptual and contextual concerns. L03 A critical understanding of the effects of, and the development of skills in using, differing forms of representation (e.g. verbal, drawing, modelling, photography, film, computer and workshop techniques), especially in relation to individual and group work. 9

the project was retrospectively entered to the 36th pamphlet architecture competition, receivng an honourable mention.

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PREAMBLE The project began upon the following premise, after an analysis of the political history of Puerto Rico:

/ Agriculture as a percentage of GDP

/ Puerto Rico / USA relationship

The current constitutional status of Puerto Rico is one where the federal government’s influence and authority over Puerto Rico’s national politics and economic affairs hurts the island and complicates something as simple as a bankruptcy filing and international trade. Politicians – both in Washington and in Puerto Rico – are incapable of putting an end to the country’s current political limbo. And in view of the 2012 plebiscite where 54% of voters rejected Puerto Rico’s current political status, this implies, in principle, that the US is governing Puerto Rico without the consent of the governed. A document was produced as a pretext to the main project, titled ‘Anticipating Urbanism’, setting the scene for a project which speculated on the impact of independence on Puerto Rico and the role of architecture as a driving force behind achieving self-sufficiency. The study of economic issues as an influence on the urban realm was vital preparation for studies to follow in the Athens context. If cruise tourism contributes only marginally to the overall economy, can an investment of million of dollars to build a new cruise hub be justified? Instead, can the port of Old San Juan be reappropriated to encourage increased selfsufficiency through off-shore urbanism?

/ Import / Export studies

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DIAGRAMMING Anticipating Urbanism began with an investigation on a large scale, identifying hidden conditions of Old San Juan and in particular beginning to question the relationship between tourist and local, land and sea.

/ Old San Juan + cruise terminal

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THREE ELEMENTS Anticipating Urbanism is a selfsustained ecosystem of floating infrastructures, prototypes and vessels. By existing upon or within a fluid it allows large objects to be easily moved, forming new adjacencies between elements of the floating urban condition. It is composed of three elements: 1 / Vessels Active boats which arrive at the port, each providing incidental resource (in the form of material or expertise) to the prototypes. 2 / Floating Infrastructures As a vital provision these are designed as a series of highly specific objects to enable the efficient supply of resources to the new urban development and minimise redundancy. Each piece provide clean water, energy, storage, crops or other necessary resource. They are calibrated by programmatic adjacency with vessels or found objects that arrive at the port, establishing a social function within previously utilitarian spaces. 3 / Prototypes Decommissioned ship hulls which are re-appropriated to act as: â&#x20AC;&#x153;a test, an experiment, a trial of a new technology, design, or behavioural pattern, as well as a model, a demonstration, a showcase.â&#x20AC;?

/ Three Elements

/ Floating Infrastructures

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TIMELAPSE VIDEO A model of the site and a series of to-scale objects were used to produce a timelapse video illustrating the accumulation of vessels in the port of San Juan. The resultant scenario was used to fully illustrate the project.

/ Video stills

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CLUSTER EXAMPLE In this instance, a research vessel arrives at a prototype that has been appropriated as an aquaponic research station. Adjacent air purification and aquaculture floating infrastructures act as ‘test beds’ for this research, yet once populated also take on a social dimension as ponds and vertical gardens, creating a public park, of sorts. The research vessel supplies both expertise and marine instruments to the prototype enabling research into aquaponics, a new technology in ocean farming. . Furthermore, a seating infrastructure intermittently arrives at an adjacent aquaculture infrastructure, adapting the ‘test beds’ into a sort of lecture room. Thus, the floating infrastructures have become socially calibrated, part of an integrated system. / Cluster Axonometric

/ Axonometric, detail

/ Cluster Plan

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Ultimately, the project becomes an assembly of these clusters, with constant exchanges and new formations. The infrastructural approach to urban development pursued here was a key influence on the following design courses, informing a design philosophy that was sensitive to the idea of forward planning within urban design.

/ Day and Night temporal views

/ Masterplan, Scenario A

/ The docking of a ship

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COURSE CODE ARCH11075

AR CHIT E CTU RAL T E CHNO LOGY R ESEAR C H

BRIEF 1 / Generic Study To prepare a detailed appraisal of an aspect of contemporary technology, researched as a collaborative enquiry. The review should include the following:

(GROUP WORK)

- An illustrated summary document appraising and presenting the key issues of the topic (1500-2000 words) - A series of relevant case studies and examples - Further sources of information â&#x20AC;&#x201C; including a short commentary on key sources of information and a bibliography, technical papers, and relevant architectural and engineering practices.

DESCRIPTION This core module emulates the role of the researcherâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; practitioner, recognising that most architectural projects necessitate a level of technological investigation as a prerequisite to successful integrated design. The course focuses on the research process and the discovery of new knowledge in the context of architecture, technology and environment. Students will work in small groups to develop two separate research outputs; one representing a generic, the other a contextual response to a selected area of study.

2 / Contextual Study Experience shows that successful design is closely correlated to a specific understanding of the technological and environmental context of a project. The contextual study aims to prepare a series of studies as a reference point for the design development within the studio. You are asked to consider a particular context (eg design studio) and select an appropriate theme for a study. You may wish to discuss this with your studio course leader. The topics for the studies are subject to agreement with the course organiser.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

L01 An ability to appraise the technological and environmental conditions specific to issues in contemporary architecture, eg sustainable design. L02 An ability to analyse and synthesise technological and environmental information pertinent to particular context (eg. users, environment). L03 An ability to organise, assimilate and present technological and environmental information in the broad context of architectural design to peer groups. L04 An understanding of the potential impact of technological and environmental decisions of architectural design on a broader context.

/ Red Road Flats, Glasgow

The required output is an illustrated document critically analysing and synthesising key issues of a technological and/or environmental issue or intervention and considering the impact of it on a context (1500-2000 words)

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GENERIC STUDY RETROFITTING TOWER BLOCKS Collectively, the group wished to pursue the subject of concrete tower blocks as a contemporary architectural and urban problem. A large proportion of these buildings were constructed using prefabricated concrete elements, an economic and efficient way of constructing buildings and supplying homes on a large scale. What we see today is that many of these estates are coming to the end of their serviceable life with the result that the buildings now need to be demolished or extensively refurbished.

The aim of this “generic study” is to collect, organise and analyse data relating to the overarching theme of retrofitting concrete framed buildings, represented here by three case study subjects. In order to attain a comparable and consistent set of data, the case study buildings share some common attributes: the buildings are all residential tower blocks; they were built in the period 1960-1975 and constructed using a loadbearing concrete frame clad in pre-fabricated façade elements and/ or brick infill.

A recent study conducted by a research team at UCL concludes that “…refurbishment of social housing can deliver significant improvements in energy, environmental and health performance, leading to cost savings and improved standards for residents.” A variety of approaches can be taken to achieve these improvements, and each has their own individual applications and limitations. How can the success of a series of case studies be evaluated, and what lessons can be learned? In light of the aforementioned a key question is:

Three case studies were analysed primarily through qualitative research, where literature reviews have been particularly useful in identifying relationships between theories/ concepts and practice, and ascertaining inconsistencies in existing research. The following methodology was implemented:

How can existing concrete framed residential tower blocks be future-proofed, avoiding demolition?

Method of enquiry: Compare case studies. Method of data structuring: Comparable technical details and qualitative research (literature reviews). Data analysis: Compare retrofit approaches through set of criteria. Address research question: Draw conclusions on different retrofit approaches from analysis. Induce a broader context: Suggest possible contextual studies and outline missing knowledge.

/ Hilltown, Dundee. Demolished, 2011.

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Existing blockwork Insulation and metal framework New external cladding New structural component New non-strutural component New insulation Existing structural component / Diagram outlining retrofit/ existing relationship.

THIN SKIN / OVERCLADDING EDWARD WOODS ESTATE, LONDON The retrofitting of Edward Woods Estate included complete overcladding of existing structure and construction of new penthouse flats on top of each block. Existing brick infill in the gable walls (the North and South facades) was in a poor condition and had to be removed. A lightweight steel frame was put in place and the cavity was filled with insulation.

Existing pre-cast concrete infill

Cost is a major factor when deciding on whether to demolish or retrofit. However, regardless of cost, the question ultimately comes down to the structural tolerances of the building. This affects the mode of connection between the materials applied in a retrofit approach and the existing structure.

Aluminium support

The thin skin approach, due to its low additional load, was applied directly to the existing faรงade. An aluminium profile is screwed into the existing precast concrete infill which then acts as a support for the new faรงade panels. Blind rivets were used to affix the faรงade panels to the aluminium profile, as they can only be accessed from the external side.

Blind rivet RockPanel 8mm cladding

/ Application of new panels upon existing facade.

/ Edward Woods Estate before and after retrofit.

/ Facade detail, Edward Woods Estate.

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1. Extension: Opening the facade wall, adding a window and balcony. Taking advantage of the views and air.

THICK SKIN / OVERCLADDING TOUR BOIS LE PRÊTRE, PARIS The landings are modified by removing the garbage shoots, adding additional elevators at each end and introducing windows at the staircases and elevation shafts. To ensure continued occupancy, the retrofit system was built rapidly, with lightweight, prefabricated modules that included a metal structure, the ceilings, floors and new double façade that included a winter garden and balcony. They were manufactured off-site, transported via lorry and assembled on site, from the ground up, one on top of the other. The existing façade is removed incrementally during this process, and replaced with the inner layer of the new double façade.Only once the module is assembled on the exterior are final finishes applied to the connection, ensuring minimal disturbance to the occupant.

2. Function: Opening the facade wall, adding a space. Placing new functions adjacent to the bedroom.

3. Opening: Opening the facade wall, adding a window and balcony. Ventilating, taking advantage of the views.

A contrasting solution was utilised for Tour Bois from the above example, where an auxiliary steel structure was required to support the additional floor area. A connection is formed with the existing structure, however this connection is solely for rigidity and does not transfer any loads. The two structures perform independently, and therefore an expansion joint was necessary to afford for any settling or movement of the structures.

Folded metal connection

New I-beam structure Expansion joint

Aluminium transom

Existing in-situ concrete floor slab

4. Relation: Associating a run-through balcony to access the bathroom.

New structural component New non-strutural component New insulation 5. Transparency: Opening the facade wall, adding a window and balcony. Living in contact with the landscape.

Existing structural component

/ Inner glazing detail, Tour Bois le Prêtre.

/ Retrofit in action

/ Diagram of retrofit process

6. Connecting: Placing the living room in a central position, connecting the different rooms. Taking advantage of the living room.

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INSERTION / STRIP-OUT PARK HILL, SHEFFIELD Anodized aluminium panels were installed to replace the brick infill panels. To create brighter bedrooms, the proportion of glazing was reversed resulting in a much lighter appearance of the elevations. In an attempt to make the “streets in the sky” less institutional, entrances to the flats are arranged in an L-shape forming small semi-enclosed spaces, and corner windows were added to the entrance of the single-storey flats. Security was one of the big problems which let Park Hill down over time. Urban Splash sought to mitigate security issues from occurring by closing off the streets in the sky to the public. In 2012 the estate was reconnected to Sheffield’s district heating network which supplies heat generated from the incineration of unrecyclable waste.

Aluminium fascia / Transformation of Park Hill’s elevation

Pre-cast concrete ballustrade element

Cement

Above street

Street level

Existing reinforced concrete floor slab Below street

The decision to retrofit Park Hill in an insertion manner means that the interaction between the new fabric and existing structure was in fact rather conventional and did not require any inventive technology. The connection with the existing structure is here formed by timber, cement, or aluminium fascia and no supplementary structure was required. Elsewhere, insulation is applied directly to the concrete structure with a damp proof membrane in between for continuity.

/ Facade redesign diagram

Timber glazing mounting

New structural component New non-strutural component New insulation Existing structural component

/ Deck access detail

/ Photo of replacement concrete ballustrade, from deck

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS AND CLADDING PERFORMANCE OF RETROFITTING There are differing resultant approaches towards environmental improvements of each building, namely their thermal performance, acoustic mediation and air tightness. Each approach utilises the properties of different materials in different ways to achieve the desired improvements. Once more the thin skin method applied to Edward Woods Estate is the most simplistic in terms of approach. 90mm thick RockShield insulation has been added on the exterior of the existing fabric in order to improve thermal performance by 9 times, before RockPanel boards were applied to act as a rain screen. A building’s thermal performance Is to a great extent dependent on the quality of the windows installed. Certain types of high-quality composite integrated windows can exceed current building regulation standards by 30%. As such, the new windows installed in the Edward Woods retrofit facilitated for significant noise reduction and improved air tightness. Tour Bois incorporates an alternative approach, utilising the particular qualities of glass along with a series of curtains to mediate heat gain and loss. The double envelope created by the thick skin method creates a bioclimatic green house or ‘winter garden’. If used correctly, thermally insulating curtains on the interior of the winter garden, and reflective shades on the exterior, can help mediate extreme weather, as described by the accompanying diagram. The winter gardens are unheated, thus acting as a sacrificial acoustic and thermal buffer space for the rest of the apartment during winter whilst offering additional floor space in the warmer months. This system achieved a 60 percent reduction in energy usage compared with the previous configuration.

/ Edward Woods facade showing new windows and RockPanel cladding system. PV Panels on south facade

/ Tour Bois: The winter garden with shade curtains to the right and thermal curtain on the left

/ Seasonal operation of the prefabricated module

With regards to Park Hill, the insertion method enabled architects to completely remodel the building with modern insulative materials and systems in almost the same manner as a new build project. The analysis of alternative re-use approaches informed a technical understanding on fabric build-up within this particular housing typology, how it may vary, and principally how it may be replaced or adjusted to improve the environmental efficiency of the enclosure. The drawing of technical details was a key analytical tool and also a helpful introduction to the re-appropriation proposed later in design courses, as well as a rehearsal for the detailed technical study to follow in ADS A. 21

/ Park Hill: Living room in original design and after refurbishment

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Neither agree nor disagree

CONTEXTUAL STUDY FUEL POVERTY AMONG STUDENTS

Strongly disagree

Housing can be considered as a realm of our built environment within which societal problems are innately embedded and reflected. Building upon the previous generic study, in which matters of housing refurbishment were studied, this study intended to focus on a specific context of housing. This turn from research on physical housing solutions towards non-tangible issues related to the societal effects of housing required an alternative research approach: relying not upon analysis of technical detail drawings but first-hand experiences and data gathering.

54.3%

of students agree or strongly agree that their accommodation is difficult to heat. Strongly agree

Disagree

This study aimed to 1) outline why students ‘fall through the net’ of fuel poverty, 2) highlight challenges associated with the tenement housing typology, 3) assess these challenges in the context of surveys and interviews of students, and 4) build on existing research on the topic and propose steps for further investigation.

Agree

My accommodation is difficult to heat

Three primary research methods were employed in order to obtain a broad understanding of the fuel poverty issue and why students ‘fall through the net’ of fuel poverty campaigns: 1) A survey conducted among the student population at Edinburgh University College of Art with 50 respondents has provided us with quantitative data. The respondents were not identified by gender, age or nationality. 2) Qualitative data was obtained through three interviews, and gave an indication as to how subjects within the target group experience fuel poverty. 3) An ethnographic study of meetings and training days run by Home Energy Scotland (the government body charged with eradicating fuel poverty) offered an insight into the extent to which students are considered during discussions about fuel poverty and whether sufficient information is available to this demographic.

Disagree

Strongly disagree

Strongly agree

Agree

SURVEY The purpose of the survey was to collate information on the circumstances of the targeted demographic. Graphing these responses it became evident that the majority of students found that their homes were difficult to heat and that they also worried about their fuel bills, both of which are potential indicators of fuel poverty. 22

I worry about my fuel bills

/ Questionnaire completed by students

79.1%

of students agree or strongly agree that they worry about their fuel bills

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INTERVIEWS The objective with the interviews was to gain an insight into student’s routines and experiences of living in a tenement flat as a way of identifying common issues and to see how these issues are dealt with by the students themselves. In general, the interviewees answered questions that related to 1) the energy efficiency of the dwelling 2) whether the students had experienced draft, mould or dampness in their dwelling and 3) whether measures to deal with these issues were taken by them or landlord/agency. Energy efficiency All the interviewees stated that they regularly used the heating systems in their flats, and one interviewee stated that in addition to central heating, portable heaters were necessary to achieve comfortable temperatures in certain rooms. Two of the respondents described regular heating regimes, where heating would come on at set times during the day, primarily morning and night. When asked about the ease of heating the individual flats, two respondents stated that it took quite some time for rooms within the flat to heat up. Whilst draft within the dwellings was not an issue for the interviewees, high floor-toceiling heights and uninsulated walls contributed to the occupants’ experience of rooms as cold, particularly living rooms. Dwelling standard A problem which all the interviewees had in common was mould, in some cases in combination with condensation, particularly on windows and on un-insulated external walls or walls in wetrooms. Two out of three were determined on contacting agency/ landlord to have them tackle these problems. Our third interviewee has invested in salt left in containers as damp traps around the flat, which together with open doors to aid circulation and a constantly running bathroom fan should mediate condensation and damp.

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Wear lots of layers!

/ Interviewee’s response to the question “Are there any thermal improvements you would do yorself to increase comfort or reduce enegry bills?”

We are experiencing mould related issues, but

the situation has improved through measures we have taken over the past couple of months. / Interviewee’s response to the question “Have you observed any mould or dampness in your flat? Do you attempt to mediate this through any actions?”

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THE TENEMENT TYPOLOGY The survey data was valuable in that it highlighted issues with specific building typologies, in particular the tenement type, and from this we could focus further research on students living in these types of dwellings by conducting interviews. This flat in Glasgow is representative for the tenement typology, and it is reasonable to believe that is was built pre-1919. It is currently occupied by three students in an HMO. It is a top-floor flat with a total floor area of 122 sqm, 3 external uninsulated walls, and an internal floor-toceiling height of approximately 3 metres. The main type of heating is boiler and radiators supplied with mains gas. One of the three, condensation, damp or mould, or a combination of these were highlighted as problems which affected almost half of the respondents in NUS’ report “Homes Fit for Study”. These issues are often symptomatic of missing insulation or ineffective heating systems - but it might also be a cost saving measure, where students deliberately underuse their heating systems.The Glasgow flat presented here appears to suffer from both of these issues. Images collected from the flat show areas of mould and damp build up on walls and windows along with poorly sealed openings which are enabling drafts. Furthermore, it is also evident - when comparing the advised heating cost from the EPC with residents fuel bills - that the inhabitants are under heating the home, another aspect identified by the NUS report (see illustration on previous page).

/ Water damage in the windows sill from condensation

CONCLUSIONS THE TENEMENT STUDENT MAY BE AT PARTICULAR RISK OF FUEL POVERTY Through the charts presented earlier in this report it is evident that students inhabiting tenement dwellings are more likely to be fuel poor and/or suffering from mouldy and damp living conditions, along with the resultant health risks. The interviews gleaned qualitative information on the lives of students inhabiting tenement buildings with respect to heating habits and the building fabric of their dwellings. Similarly, the test case gave further evidence of how this can have an adverse effect on a student’s living conditions. As a result, this report concludes that a student living in the tenement typology may be particularly at risk of living in fuel poverty, and that this is an field requiring further inquiry and analysis.

/ Tenement flat in Glasgow

/ The main door to the flat has no sealant and visible cracks to the outside

/ Mould is visible on the wall in the bathroom

This assignment keenly highlighted the connection between economies and architectural design. The environmental performance of a building can directly affect lifestyles and indeed be liberating to citizens in particular financial positions. Housing, and its connection with society, was further explored in the final stages of the degree’s design project.

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ARB GC subsections fulfilled: 1 2 3

Y E AR 1 S EM EST E R 2

cross-pollination moment

AT H EN R SU BA O NC NT EXT

O-

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COURSE CODE ARCH11092

AR CHIT E CTU RAL D ES IGN STU D IO D

DESCRIPTION

(GROUP WORK)

The emphasis in this course, which gives students the opportunity to develop a major design project, is to bring students explorative and creative processes into dialogue with technological and environmental decision making.

LEARNING OUTCOMES L01 The ability to develop and act upon a productive conceptual framework both individually and in teams for an architectural project or proposition, based on a critical analysis of relevant issues. L02 The ability to develop an architectural spatial and material language that is carefully considered at an experiential level and that is in clear dialogue with conceptual and contextual concerns. L03 The ability to investigate, appraise and develop clear strategies for technological and environmental decisions in an architectural design project. L04 A critical understanding of the effects of, and the development of skills in using, differing forms of representation (e.g. verbal, drawing, modelling, photography, film, computer and workshop techniques), to explain a design project. 26

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CLAIMING HELLINIKON - SYNOPSIS UNUSED MILITARY COMPLEX

These initial speculations on Athens, and in particular the former airport at Hellinikon, set the foundations for the architectural project to follow in year two. Themes were explored, ideas were researched and initial tests were made regarding an urban scale approach to the site.

REMAINS OF AIRFIELD FORMER OLYMPIC COMPLEX

Athens is amidst a series of crisis: humanitarian, financial, political and urban. The 2004 Olympic sites, bastions of Greece’s last moments of optimism have been abandoned. To the east of the city centre lies Hellinikon Airport, closed in 2001 as part of the Olympic developments. On part of the site lies a portion of the Olympic venture: basketball halls, baseball stadiums and canoeing courses, currently utilised as make shift dwellings for over 6000 refugees. However, the site is on the cusp of a capitalist development driven by big profit and city-image.

ABANDONED TERMINAL BUILDINGS

The site could be read as a liminal piece of land removed from the reality of its surroundings; its previous function as an airport disconnects the site from its context and renders it a non-place. This reading is enforced by the site’s present existence as a refugee camp, housing diasporic populations. The two explorations ultimately presented here each pursue this notion, leading to proposals that consider the issues of education and politics emerging within an ‘exile’ condition. This project therefore acts as a counter to the current proposal for Hellinikon, a pilot project for an alternative urban future in Athens. Instead of taking the tabula rasa approach typical of neoliberal development, this project looks to embrace, augment and organise the bottom up operations currently at work trying to recover Athens from its depression. Can a future be proposed in which the latent capities of the site are identified and reclaimed, resources are shared instead of exploited and citizen empowerment is developed instead of deprived?

/ Hellinikon Airport

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DIAGRAMMING A BROKEN NATION Demographic Trends During 1950-1974 many Greeks emigrate due to the devastating civil war. Democracy was re-established in 1974, and the years up to 1990 were characterised by return migration. The city centre became a true capital of the country, an economic, political and admin locus. From the 1990s until today Greece has experienced high levels of illegal immigration and a massive influx of refugees.

The study of Athens’ urban, social and political context related closely to issues being discussed in the coinciding SCAT course Everyday Cultures. Building upon the knowledge and understanding developed through this diagramming exercise, Athens was chosen as a case study for the discussion of bottom-up political processes in the urban realm.

State Strategies (PTO)

Welfare and Counter-Austerity (PTO)

The prevailing building system in post-war Greece up until the 1990s was through the joint venture of small landowners and small builders who would, in return for erecting a the ‘polykatoikia’ building, receive a percentage of the completed living spaces. Until the crash of the housing market in 2008, urban sprawl was enabled by extended metro lines and a new tram.

The Greek government has been forced by Troika to privatize a large number of assets including the former Olympic sites, the old port, the highway system and a handful of airports. The stereotype of lazy Greeks is especially evident in German media, however, when comparing the two country’s welfare budgets, the Germans have consistently spent double per head than the Greeks.

UPPER CLASS

UPPER CLASS REFUGEES MASS EMIGRATION, NATIVE GREEKS

FOREIGN WORKERS

EMIGRATION, MIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION

RETURN MIGRATION, NATIVE GREEKS GENERAL POPUATION TRENDS

- CLASS SEGREGATION - REFUGEE CRISIS

EMIGRATION, MIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION

POPULATION GRAPH/ MAP GENERAL POPUATION TRENDS

EMIGRATION, MIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION

GENERAL POPUATION TRENDS

WORKING CLASS + LABOUR FORCE

ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS

/ 1950 - 1974

/ 1975 - 1990

/ 1991 - 2016

FOREIGN WORKERS ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION

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/ 1950 - 1960

/ 1961 - 1987

/ 1998 - 2004

/ Privatisation of Public Assets

/ German / Greek Welfare Expenditures

/ Location of Grassroots movements

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RECLAIM LANDSCAPE OF CAPACITIES The site has been mapped with the mode of salvaging in mind, considering the pre-existing structures and surfaces as capacities that should be utilised instead of erased. This suggests that a process of reclamation could start to suggest an alternative future for Hellinikon. Therefore, Hellinikon has been read as a Landscape of Capacities, a place in which there exists a series of high to low tech structures, zones, and boundaries that have the potential to be reclaimed. This has incited a process of recoding the site according to different or material conditions which have the potential to be reappropriated.

source

softscape

seating

Lighting

Hydrological

runway

Covered

infrastructure trenches

Stairs

Barrier

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/ Aerial image source

/ Landscape of Capacities Map

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EXISTING STRUCTURES

PROPOSE A FUTURE FOR HELLINIKON This project proposes an alternative future for Hellinikon, implementing a recoding approach as the groundwork for a project on a selected piece of the site. Firstly, the notion of reusing the larger and best provisioned structures on the site as urban institutions is proposed. A low rise urban infill is laid as a carpet across the site. Common areas are designed as urban voids: the density of the infill is broken by these voids that are left accessible and undeveloped. These ‘terrain vague’ are enabled by an adjacent infrastructural that provides them with resources. These commons are maintained or cultivated into spaces useful for the community.

COMMONS

The former runways (by virtue of their expansive nature) are developed as urban infrastructures to “prepare the ground for future building and create the conditions for future events.”1 The infrastructure enables the “provision of services to support future programs” on these vacant sites whilst also establishing “networks for movement, communication, and exchange”1 of resources produced on the commons. This element is therefore both a physical and social infrastructure, procuring resources from within its network for provision to the commons, but also acting as a place for negotiating the exchange of these resources through aiding the maintenance of a social economy. 1

INFRASTRUCTURE

Stan Allen, Points + Lines (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999).

The approach taken towards urban development in this course is something that permeated throughout the entire degree. Stan Allen’s ‘Infrastructural Urbanism’ was of interest not only at this stage of the design project, but also at the final design stages and indeed in the previous San Juan proposal. URBAN INFILL

/ The master plan contains a focus area, within which the proposal has been collectively explored in more detail

/ This drawing presents the retention and retooling of elements from the coded drawing and then the layering of new elements within or over the existing

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NURSERY

MODELLING INSIGHTS

BASIC PROVISIONS

A model was constructed to further develop the initial drawing proposals, suggesting ways in which the existing and new interventions might relate.

MACHINARY STORAGE

SEED BANK

RESERVOIR

In particular, the new infrastructure layer was speculated upon.

MARKET STORAGE ROOM

RESOURCE EXCHANGE

MARKET

STUDIOS DEPOTS

NETWORKING

LAB

/ Masterplan model speculations

/ Infrastructure elements highlighted

DEPOT

NEGOTIATION TOWER

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INDIVIDUAL EXPLORATIONS Individually, our group then proceeded to explore programmes and architectural proposals within this foundational masterplan. What followed was an exploration of how an alternative political structure might be enacted across the site of Hellinikon. Drawing from the notion of a ‘parliament in exile,’ and the presence on the site of a number of diasporic groups it is proposed that the site might function as a series of collectives which may need to mediated and enmeshed. This leads to the proposition that an urban scaled architecture can act as a framework for the development of a radical democracy. This project acted as a springboard for the proceeding design inquiries, identifying the programme for the project as something relevant to the current occupation of the site by Syrian refugees. Furthermore, skills began to be developed about how to design a project that may address matters such as democratic processes and political transparency

/ Representative Office and Education Rooms

/ Local Assembly and Legislative Archive

/ This drawing presents the layers of the project, from the former runway, to the new urban ‘carpet’, through the infrastructure and up to the political plane

/ Plan

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COURSE CODE ARCH11070

S TU D IES IN CO NTEM P ORARY AR CHIT E CTU RAL T HEORY DESCRIPTION The course focuses on reading and discussing contemporary theoretical texts on a range of recent issues and debates within architectural theory and criticism, drawing on historical and inter-disciplinary texts as necessary. The course is delivered through a suite of seminar options which students elect to follow, developing an in-depth engagement with a particular field of architectural theory.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

L01 A capacity to research a given theme, comprehend the key texts that constitute the significant positions and debates within it, and contextualise it within a wider historical, cultural, social, urban, intellectual and/or theoretical frame. L02 An understanding of the way theoretical ideas and theories, practices and technologies of architecture and the arts are mobilized through different textual, visual and other media, and to explore their consequences for architecture. L03 An ability to coherently and creatively communicate the research, comprehension and contexualitization of a given theoretical theme in relation to architecture using textual and visual media.

/ Text by German artist Ingo Niermann

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EVERYDAY CULTURES “Everyday Cultures will unfold the diverse and sometimes contradictory routes and trajectories developed via the study of daily life by a close reading of seminal texts addressing the quotidian, selected from a range of disciplines and with a special focus on architecture and the city. It will concisely study the associated – yet distinct - idea of radical democracy, tracing its evolution from the Frankfurt School via May ’68 to contemporary scholars such as Mouffe, delineating the ‘activist’ demand of radicalising everyday life by infusing it with the political power promised by direct democracy.”

Completed congruently with ADS D, Everyday Cultures was particularly relevant to the urban and social issues being simultaneously studied in Athens. Although the topics and issues studied may be considered rather far removed from the practice of architectural design, the course encouraged a critical viewpoint that proved influential on the direction of the following design work. It provided a theoretical back drop to key design decisions regarding politics, economy and identity. The primary academic output of the course was an essay and a course diary.

Adam Kelly

Studies in Contemporary Architectural Theory

The Commons: The Scale Problem and The Public

ESSAY ABSTRACT THE COMMONS: THE SCALE PROBLEM AND THE PUBLIC

Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri argue in Empire that we now exist in a condition of “imperial sovereignty” which has replaced the sovereignty of individual nation-states. Therefore Hardt and Negri propose that the public/ private dichotomy which has ruled our understanding of the urban realm has been eroded as a result of capitalism’s ability to infiltrate nation-states and subvert the public into another element of the market system. This has led to the identification of the failure of the public, in its role as a sphere of shared rights, and the commons as an emerging alternative for this role. Such a proposal suggests that the public/ private polarity is now irrelevant as a result of the dominance of private interests upon the public realm. Instead, the commons can be a third definition, a “differentiated publicness”. Athens is a context in which Hardt and Negri’s “imperial sovereignty” is particularly explicit through the privatisation of public assets enforced by IMF credit agreements. De Angelis agrees that the IMF has acted for decades to enclose public assets in return for credit to fiscally weak nations. These policies are manifest within the urban environment of Athens itself through the implementation of the Hellenic Republic Asset Development Fund, a body responsible for the promotion and selling of public land or buildings. However, counter to this initiative, exists the emergence of the commoning of public land in Athens. The Navarinou Park

Can the commons transgress the public / private boundary and propose a radical yet achievable alternative to the suppressive dominance of the neoliberal project?

in Exarcheia is such an example, and will be the focus of this essay. The essay will rely upon the writings of Stavros Stavrides and others to understand the shortcomings and lessons to be learnt from this example as it struggles to offer an alternative to the public / private dichotomy. The Navarinou Park (and the civil disobedience that has become an issue within the park at night, for example) identifies one key debate on the commons: the scale of the community at hand. Whilst Stavrides suggests that a successful commons must consider all communities that may interact with it, whether internal or external, David Harvey suggests that a commons cannot function on such a scale and will inevitably need to resort to a “nested” structure with its implied hierarchies, not dissimilar to the public / private setup that the commons seeks to transgress. Which of these two theories most closely represents The Navarinou Park commons and its relationship to others elsewhere in Athens and Greece? Therefore, more broadly: Can the commons transgress the public / private boundary and propose a radical yet achievable alternative to the suppressive dominance of the neoliberal project?

The recent financial crisis triggered a series of incidents of civil disobedience and social movements in cities throughout the world. 1 Although these incidents occurred in a variety of contexts, they hold one thing in common: a challenge to authoritative structures. The economic crisis did not simply awaken an understanding within a section of the global population of their systematic oppression, it also resulted in a pre-emptive reaction from the capitalist class. First of all moves were made to maintain the conception of the human body as an economic object, as something which is judged by its economic output and thus can be controlled as such. 2 Furthermore, the encouragement of a disconnectedness between citizens developed to ensure the continued enclosure of any actions which might produce profit, thus maintaining economic hegemony. 3 However, it has been observed that these actions have, in turn, prompted a further opposition in the form of the emergent practice of the commons. 4 ‘The Commons’ finds its origins in the implementation of land enclosures prior to or part of

/ Parliament building, Athens

early capitalism in England during the 18th Century. 5 It has been argued from the Marxist point of view that enclosure involved the use of state powers by a privileged elite to wrestle land from communal use into private hands for the production of profit.6 As a result, the implementation of land enclosures has

1 Heidi Sohn, Stavros Kousoulas and Gerhard Bruyns, "Commoning As Differentiated Publicness", Footprint, 9 (2016), p. 1. 2 Stavros Stavrides, "Common Space As Threshold Space: Urban Commoning In Struggles To Re-Appropriate Public Space", Footprint, 9 (2016), p. 9. 3 Stavrides, p. 10. 4 Sohn et al. p. 1. 5 "On The Commons: A Public Interview with Massimo De Angelis and Stavros Stavrides | E-Flux", E-flux.com, 2016 <http://www.e-flux.com/journal/on-the-commons-a-public-interview-with-massimo-de-angelis-and-stavrosstavrides/> [accessed 19 April 2016]. 6 Karl Marx and others, Capital (London: S. Sonnenschein, Lowrey & Co., 1887), p. 512.

The essay illustrates how the recent financial crisis triggered a series of incidents of civil disobedience and social movements in cities throughout the world. Although these incidents occurred in a variety of contexts, they hold one thing in common: a challenge to authoritative structures. The economic crisis did not simply awaken an understanding within a section of the global population of their systematic oppression, it also resulted in a preemptive reaction from the capitalist class. First of all moves were made to maintain the conception of the human body as an economic object, as something which is judged by its economic output and thus can be controlled as such. Furthermore, the encouragement of a disconnectedness between citizens developed to ensure the continued enclosure of any actions which might produce profit, thus maintaining economic hegemony. However, it has been observed that these actions have, in turn, prompted a further opposition in the form of the emergent practice of the commons. Following this, the essay outlines a number of theoretical and practical examples that were used to analyse and critique the propositions of contemporary academics on what the commons is and how it may be a transcendental tool for the urban citizen. Ultimately, the essay questioned the role of the state in commoning practices and drew upon the writings of Murray Bookchin and Chantal Mouffe to depict that the state may be the most effectual mechanism towards the long term maintenance of urban commons. The commons project may be able to rely upon those of anarchistic persuasion to form the first prong of a dovetailed approach by mounting political pressure on the state, whilst others use the commons to incrementally reframe the state as a bottom-up organiser of commons, perpetually striving to dismantle itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tethering to neoliberal practices.

/ Navarinou Park, Athens. An example of an urban common

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Adam Kelly

COURSE DIARY SUMMARY Everyday Cultures was a series of seminar classes focused on the study of everyday life since the beginnings of modernity. This series of short texts is an account of the seminar course and explores a key aspect of each session in a more focused fashion. A key theoretical departure for this series of papers is the work of the Frankfurt School and their work on critical theory. It is within this context that ‘The Everyday’ first became a focus of study for those wishing to bring about a revolution in current political and economic structures. Critical theory is differentiated from traditional theory as it is intended to bring about change in society instead of simply analysing it in its current form. The fundamental idea of critical theory is that a broader knowledge of social relations can enable people to achieve greater political autonomy, and it is with this aim that the proponents of the school set about analysing and explaining the quotidian through the wide fields of geography, sociology, history, economics and psychology to name a few. Through this work critical theory aims to set out reasonable aims towards a complete social transformation, towards a new, radical democracy. The diary was layed out on off-white sheets which have been scientifically proven to provide for an easier reading experience. The layout was constructed to create a balance between text and impactful, key images.

The consideration of the design of a document as a reflection or even extension of the documents content was an important skill to developm. Some of the ideas tested here influenced a further evolved approach to the AMPL Individual Report document.

Studies in Contemporar y Architec tural Theor y

Economy : City Gentrification can be defined as a process in which inhabitants, usually of lower socio-economic groups, are dislocated from their homes or neighbourhoods with little or no choice in the matter. This essay will discuss this process, and its evolution since first being recognised in the 1960s, before moving on to analyse some of the ways that progressive architects, artists and laymen have attempted to counter gentrification mechanisms.

sustaining dwellings for this increasingly marginalised social group.4 They identify that art is complicit in this process, and even being purposefully used as a tool to drive up rents and force out the poor. Such an example is the AHOP program proposed by Mayor Koch which called for purpose built artist lofts whilst those lesswell off had nowhere to live.5 This was a purposeful attempt to improve the image of the neighbourhood and capitalise on its newly found bohemian and trendy ‘atmosphere’ as a stepping stone towards full gentrification. Deutsche and Ryan successfully identify that artists in this context had become exempt from social responsibility by virtue of the artistic ideology they were subservient to:

In their paper “The Fine Art of Gentrification,” Rosalyn Deutsche and Cara Gendel Ryan outline the use of art as a gentrification tool within New York’s Lower East Side during the 1980s. 1 The authors intend to de-mystify the illusion that gentrification is a natural process and that the popularly held assumption that the upturn in interest in the Lower East Side is simply the result of a “flurry of activity” caused by “a mystical vitality.” 2 Deutsche and Ryan set about revealing a “brutal reality”: that the Lower East Side is in fact a battleground where the city administration and large scale developers are aiming to unfold a two stage plan upon the unwitting inhabitants. Firstly, the city plans to dislocate the “largely redundant working class community” by wielding their administrative powers to free up land for redevelopment. Secondly, they intend to enable large scale developers to construct the type of housing and urban environment suitable for a much more desirable socio-economic group: the professional white middle class. 3 Deutsche and Ryan describe how the impetus for this gentrification is the recent changes in the economic system under Reagan’s administration which shifted the focus for economic development from industrial to post-industrial. Reagan also tightened welfare programs, pushing millions of jobless Americans into poverty. It is thus inevitable that cities wished to rid themselves of the burden of

/ Example spread

Thus we can understand art as a distressingly successful practice of gentrification. However, what of architecture, can it also be a tool for gentrification? It can be argued that architecture is usually as complicit in the gentrification process as art is in the above example. Particular architectural styles are surely as negligent of social ‘obligation’ as the neo-expressionism of the Lower East Side.9 Nevertheless there is precedent for architects attempting to challenge the gentrification process. The Community Architecture Agency is a group of approximately twenty young architects in London.10 They have collected to combat the gentrification processes underway at incredible speed in and around Stratford since the 2012 Olympic

5 /

Neo-expressionism had found in the Lower East Side the space to “congratulate itself for breaking the bonds of tyranny.”7 In this impoverished neighbourhood artists believed they could declare that they had been able to liberate themselves from oppression from ‘the system’, unaware that they were functioning as a particularly effective tool within it. The first exhibition of Lower East Side art at the ICA in the University of

Untitled by Jean-Michel Basquiat, one of the most infamous neoexpressionist artists in the East Village during the 1980s.

“The attitudes that permit this exploitation are the same as those that allow the city and its affluent residents to remain indifferent to the fate of the displaced poor: assessments of poverty as natural and gentrification as inevitable and in some ways even desirable. Armed with these attitudes and received notions of artists’ exemption from social responsibility, together with more recent cultural trends--crass commercialism and the neoexpressionist ideology whereby subjective expression obfuscates concrete social reality--the participants in the new East Village scene arrive on the Lower East Side prepared to make it over in their own image.”6

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Games. The group has three key methods: firstly a WikiLeaks style tip off system, enabling professionals to secretively notify the agency and the public of need large scale developments under planning. Secondly, the group is compiling a series of documents in plain English to demystify the planning and development process for the layman. Finally, the group is also beginning to propose counter proposals to large scale, profit driven housing developments. 11 The group also dovetails this work with a more anarchist approach akin to the squatter movement to challenge authority more directly and generate awareness and support for their efforts. Interestingly it has been noted that in the USSR, large scale systematic gentrification was not to be found until after 1998 and its qualified embrace of the market system. 12 This suggests that gentrification is not a natural process to cities but perhaps an inevitable result of the economic system.

Pennsylvania highlighted this process: presenting a picture of a homeless alcoholic on its promotional poster, aestheticizing the poverty of the area as a work of art revealing “the special pleasures of the East Village as a spectacle for the slumming delectation of those collectors who cruise the area in limousines”. 8

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Each short essay dealt with the following issues:

THE QUOTIDIAN

STRUCTURE AND FREEDOM

SOCIETAL INTEGRATION

GENTRIFICATION AND THE CREATIVE CITY

MASS HOUSING, SOCIAL HOUSING

Henri Lefebvre published the first volume of Critique of Everyday Life in 1946, a time when “optimism (hope and illusions) of freedom had been restored.” Within this volume he outlined his intention and aims for a critical study of the quotidian which, whilst closely aligned to the thoughts of the Frankfurt School, never quite achieved equivalent widespread interest. Nevertheless, Lefebvre’s work is an important starting point for this set of essays as his critique of the quotidian is one example that ultimately influenced urban revolts and architectural projects alike.

In contrast to Lefebvre, de Certeau writes about spatial practice less critically. Whilst Lefebvre’s interest in the everyday is from a political standpoint: that it is in the everyday that the grounds for revolution can be found, de Certeau is interested in the practice of walking in the city as a poetic act that demolishes traditional understanding of space such as the bird’s eye view which de Certeau depicts from the World Trade Center. De Certeau is imploring a new reading of the city, instead of understanding the city through maps, diagrams, plans, or data, can we form a deeper understanding through narratives and stories?

Georg Simmel’s seminal text “The Metropolis and Mental Life,” published in 1903, examines the modern urban condition and aims to decipher how it has modified human behaviour to a state unrecognisable within a rural context. Simmel describes the modern metropolitan life as a state of constant bombardment of human stimulus. According to Simmel, to cope with this continually shifting “external milieu” we create for ourselves a “protective organ.” This barrier relies on rational thought instead of emotive reason as our senses have become occupied by the constant flux of the city.

Gentrification can be defined as a process in which inhabitants, usually of lower socio-economic groups, are dislocated from their homes or neighbourhoods with little or no choice in the matter. This essay will discuss this process, and its evolution since first being recognised in the 1960s, before moving on to analyse some of the ways that progressive architects, artists and laymen have attempted to counter gentrification mechanisms.

The Pruitt-Igoe Myth is a 2001 documentary film which aims to counter the widely-held belief that the failure of the housing project was a result of the architectural design of the buildings themselves and the demographic imbalance of its inhabitants. This essay will principally be concerned with considering the former factor mentioned above as a cause for Pruitt-Igoe’s failures: the myth that the project represents the epitome of modernist design and thus proves it’s incapacity for large-scale inhabitation in cities. Peter Marcuse, in his essay “Housing policy and the myth of the benevolent state” succinctly sets the foundation for the counter argument to the Pruitt-Igoe Myth.

PARTICIPATION

RADICAL DEMOCRACY

THE COMMONS

SOCIAL FORM, URBAN FORM

THE IDEOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURE AND THE CITY

Paul Davidoff author of “Democratic Planning” operates within a 1960s American urban context that was full of confrontation between those finding themselves in desperate situations and the institutions that they believed were supposed to be protecting and caring for them. The nine month long rent-strike in Pruitt-Igoe is such an example. Within this context Davidoff, a former lawyer turned planner, proposed a solution: advocacy planning. He proposed to confront the contemporary mode of city planning which “reflected the culture of which it is a part,” in the way it preserved the allocation of opportunity to the wealthy and powerful.

In “Deliberative Democracy or Agonistic Pluralism?” Chantal Mouffe discusses two alternate methods towards the inception of a new, radical democracy. Firstly, Mouffe describes and critiques the theory of deliberative democracy as advocated by Jurgen Habermas, before promoting her own path towards a more comprehensive democracy: agonistic pluralism. Both Habermas and Mouffe are reacting to our current liberal democracy and its perceived highly institutionalised nature which results in an insufficient empowerment of the citizen. Democracy must be deepened.

In England during the 18th Century the implementation of land enclosures created a distinction between land held in ‘commons’ and private property. Marx argued that this enclosure was actually the beginning of capitalism; the exploitation of state powers by a privileged elite to wrestle land from communal use into private hands for their own profit. Therefore land enclosures has been depicted as the implementation of capitalist policies and been subject to attack from the political left. It has been observed by scholars that in the years since the recent economic crisis there has been an ever increasing production of enclosure. The commons (the return to collective working of land for universal wealth instead of private profit) has thus gained traction as not only a practical solution but also a political counter to this process.

Claude Lévi-Strauss is the founder of structural anthropology, the theory that there is a series of constant, enduring laws that prevail in all cultures and therefore that it is possible to make relevant comparisons between all modes of civilisation. In his essay “Do Dual Organisations Exist?” Lévi-Strauss intends to show how analysing ‘institutional forms’ i.e. the setting of institutions within space can reveal social structures within communities. He chooses the villages of Native American tribes to relay this point. Lévi-Strauss sets about showing how the perspectives of different citizens within these situations affected their understanding of not only the social organisation of their communities but also the physical form of their villages.

Manfredo Tafuri’s “Towards a Critique of Architectural Ideology” is a concise prospectus of architecture since the 17th Century, principally studying it within the urban context. This examination develops towards Tafuri’s attestation that modernism was in fact the actualisation of capitalism within the city, giving it urban form. For Tafuri modernism’s utopia of machine living was nothing more than the architectural approval and idolising of the capitalist means of production (Fordism).2 Citing the negative thought of contemporary philosopher Massimo Cacciari, Tafuri proposes that architecture’s future is one of either complete subservience or escapist isolation.

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Y E AR 2 S EM EST E R 1

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COURSE CODE ARCH11093

AR CHIT E CTU RAL D ES IGN STU D IO A DESCRIPTION Architectural Design Studio A is a core course that runs in Semester 1. The emphasis in this course falls upon the development and refinement of the structural, material, technical, environmental and legislative aspects of the studentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design project. These, however, are not pursued as ends in themselves, but as part of a fully integrated design project guided by conceptual, theoretical, contextual and ethical concerns.

LEARNING OUTCOMES L01 A sophisticated approach to the programmatic organization, arrangement and structuring of a complex architectural assemblage in a loaded contextual situation (eg. the built, social, historical, technological, urban and environmental contexts). L02 A knowledge of how to develop the structural, constructional, material, environmental and legislative aspects of a complex building to a high degree of resolution, with reference to discussions with a team of specialised consultants. L03 An understanding of issues relating to the questions of sustainability, and its concomitant architectural, technological, environmental and urban strategies. L04 A critical understanding of the effects of, and the development of skills in using, differing forms of representation (e.g. verbal, drawing, modelling, photography, film, computer and workshop techniques). 41

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SYNOPSIS This course began with a firmer notion on the programme for the project: a Syrian Parliament in Exile. This programme, outlined through a detailed briefing exercise drove the project to pursue two key concepts: the phenomenon of extraterritoriality, and an alternative mode of politics defined by a new conception of parliamentary gathering spaces. Ultimately, a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;pieceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; of the project was examined at detail, to a 1:10 scale in order to extend these concepts into architectural form, and ultimately technological resolution.

2000 / Airport

SITE INQUIRIES HELLINIKON A more in depth analysis of the site was undertaken, in order to further develop the ideas initially explored in ADS D. This began with a conceptual re-reading of the site on a large scale. The site of Hellinikon exhibits a complex, layered history. Beginning in 1938, it has accommodated an airport, Olympic complex and most recently a refugee camp. The site now presents itself as place of stark abandoment. Airport terminals lie empty whilst Olympic stadia have degenerated and rusted. UN tents have since been strewn across the site as indefinite homes for refugees.

The development of these ideas did not stop here, site analysis continued to the completion of the project in ADS H. / Abandoned aircraft on the fringes of the airfield

2004 / Olympics (Baseball Stadium)

2017 / Refugee Camp

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THE AIRPORT AS AN EXTRATERRITORIAL ZONE International airports often exhibit the characteristics of extraterritorial zones. Custom and immigration controls, airside and landside delineations and duty-free retail are symptoms of a region that exists somewhere between legislations, places of exception where one is neither inside nor outside a country. This anomoly has in the past been exploited to resolve diplomatic issues, including in the case of the Lockerbie bomber trial. In that example a sect of land within Schiphol airport was assigned to Scottish judicial authority for the duration of the trial. This concept of extraterritoriality is considered within the context of Hellinikon Airport, inspiring the founding of a Syrian Parliament in Exile. Extraterritoriality is essential to the possibility that a parliament for a foreign land may be conceived within Athens.

/ Scottish court in the Netherlands, 2001

/ The abandoned terminal building

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THE EXILE Over 1500 refugees are currently sheltered at Hellinikon. A former airport makes for a peculiar place to house refugees. The camp and the airport are similarly places of exception or difference: “If freedom of movement is, as Arendt (1978) claims, one of the most elemental of freedoms, then the camp provides the ultimate backdrop to the sublime feelings of placelessness that many experience as they wander through the airport. The camp, like the airport, is built for transit. Yet in the camp, no one moves. Both airport and camp constitute zones of exception, each are framed by a rhetoric of emergency, each are limit concepts of the other. One facilitates movement and the other denies it, yet both are zones of perpetual transit and futuristic promise.”2

As Arendt describes, the refugee camp is a temporary location of permanent transition, whilst the airport is precisely the opposite, a permanent location of temporary transition. The Syrian refugee’s transition is indefinite, there is no knowing when or if they will be able to return home. This prompted the proposal of a programme on the site that might affect this future, that may build pressure for change in the country.

The Syrian Parliament in Exile’s existence is predominated by a yearning for an alternative future, it is a parliament in waiting, a semi-permanent solution to a problem that has no immediately foreseeable end. Like the traveler without a passport, this proto-parliament will remain exiled in Hellinikon, between jurisdictions, until it’s legitimacy is achieved.

/ Refugees occupying the terminal building

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r a 1g e2 0 eShowe nce R rorssotysmto To i l e ts CaCt el erin g Othe a ne o mffs 50 91 G a l l e r y Offi cer s Rr oSta 3 0ff CC oem m i tte e Offi ce Sta KPa nReers o ty pund ur ei tche / r Pa sBhr i ng 1 7 125465 Min is t e rs Te l e v i s iRoenfus a nd So r oece adddLe ca sntr ti nge s ( 4 ) 160 PPerho e p a rco a tipo a gr aa gl ete(a4m) s ine ra /r eSto Roero’s fus i ng 3 5 1954 Fi r s tPMi 65 160 r e snis sRte mSui s Rteetocycl D i r e cto r o f C o r p o r a te A ffa Wa s hi ng a r e a 73ce Me e ti R o o m s ( 7 ) 0 s fusnie s te r 8i r s o11ffi D e p To utyi l eFitsr sRteMi 19 30 Fi na nce CLe r)ongoa dmRi ng Fr e eC zee ntr r o effis ce al1dr5ni easnd oBur ce ( 6s) 2 1 5 i ve Lo ay 1 0 0 5468 Mi ni s te r ’s RDoeol m s or(y/ Csl ei al ene to rShowe e tsr asnd rs Sto 6 6 1- 8 ’s aSta 500 DeMi b ani t ins te g rCh m bffreerTo Ca t e rin g ce 10 To i l eMa ts i n C ha m bOffi 24 1200 er K i tche n 85 Mis niseotol eSto uRrs soroems T V ce C Min olla ntr 40 r ete p a r a ti o n a r e a Se rMi roR sve toOffice Sui tne sFiosin oymni s ter r ’s P 6 2 16050 Ch ie f E xe cu re sRid gm Atpive p a /r aPFi tus 2 0 Wa sRhier ng a r ea nt a 48 Me m bReor osFimar nd Sta ffs te s ta ur 31390 D e p uty t Mi ni C ha ng i ng s 4 8 C hi eTe f Exe cuti ve o ffi ce r m i na ti o n C o ntr o l R o o m C o l d r o o m a nd Fr e e4ze 0 ffe eC em Mi ni teELo o Dei pstatirC ng sshe dr ’sVung iRs oi to r ss’ R( 1o5o)m 2 5 4201 5 P r i v aWo te rSe youi to 27 15 r k scr ho D Miice tesrhi ’s ng Sta ff C l e a ne r s to r e 1 1 5 1 5 roPa rsni khwa issng 1 9 7 54500 0 Sup pRoerstt Sta ffam ffi R oCo Me btsce e r s Fo r m aOffi l D i ce ni ng To em C che 2 1 0 12340 P r e sTr i d ea ng r ooim 65 24 ns l aOffi ti roence R ol ffi s s t rPA dv aRte oDmi ni s ng Sto r e s 29 80 P r i v a te Se crFierta yr iito PoO 32 Seinr ve ry niha scu hi i tche fe EFi xe Pre reasnid g Office r aobby ngtng i engrK/ A 27 68 e Ch l aaBtimie ns 44 DeMe b a tdini ag RCh rC - Up pive Me mce b e r s a nd Sta Lo ung e To i l ePtsubl i c /ATM 1 5ff R e s ta ur-a nt 6408 P r e sCs hiGeaf l lExe e r i ecuti s ve Cooffi ffe eC ELo ung e 3 7 2 7 0 i vmapte o s eSeRcroeota mr y to 2 8 12570 Mul ti -p ur p oMul s e tiRBPoParorur s hwa ng Sta ffprcha i ng o D 6141 5 r tong ffiice s o ds hi r a- to R oSta De b a t in g Ch aG mebne e rSup A nocilla rmy ffA cco mm io rnm a l D i ni ng e r sa tFo PsPo ubl a fe te r i ce a Me rara etiC sioticdha Offi r omffib ce C yclct ts i ng 6 4 16658 Co m mu n icaTrt io n l Dire eneCng ave Info ri m 25 i v a te KPirtche n aSe nd wa sPhir ng 4332 te P OD i ni ng 1 7 3 6 0 D i r eOffi cto rci’sa o l ffi R ece po r itv aOffi ce scr e ta rFiy nito s hi ng K i tche n Ve nd i ngR effl a(ti2o7 ns 54 4 Me Emxusat eitine rn Info rB o nsaslSys 212 175 Mate namgdsei raSta s Offi ce s) i ng R o o m Lo ung e 6105 iol ek ts RTo a nk Sto r Lo a g eung eTa x i Sm 104 60 Mul 37 o aech Pa k ur p o s e RBoaor m Info rTo m ial ti o nC C ntr e tir-p 516 20 e ts Sta ff cha ng i ng Fa cilit ie s Ma n a g e m e n t Se cur e R a i l i ng s a nd G a te s To i l e ts 37 ubl itcece C a fe te r i a 5 7 ciica l i tit eios nMa na gct ePro o ffi 22 mu Dire ra C T Fa V o aitdtca CoBmr m e es tiCo Rng om oCOffi m s nce Fa cisel icto ti s ta ff K i tche n a nd wa s hi ng 11371 D Gser esr(e’s C o m m iSp tteeea ke R oirro m 6n) o ffi ce nd i ng 850 e us l prem Daetis ko n Sys Ve 4201 2 Info te m s Sta ff ( 2 7 ) G a teH ho Sm o k i ng R o o m r ar gaeg e C ycl eSto Sto 45 104 Info r m a ti o n C e ntr e 516 To i l e ts 7 Fa cilit ie s Ma n a g e m e n t 37 Face ci l i ti e s Ma na g e r o ffi ce B r o a d ca s ti ng Offi 57 Fa ci l i ti e s s ta ff 8 Help Desk

/ The Greek Parliament Building, elevation

BRIEFING DOCUMENT The parliament is an institution, a programme ingrained with symbolic meaning and tradition. It has particular mechanisms, based around traditional ideas of representation. It’s fundamental role is to formulate laws, to regulate.

The Reworked Institution:

A Parliament for Exiles operates differently and therefore the parliament programme must be reworked. The Scottish Parliament Building was studied as a local example, from which programme could be analysed, and adjusted or discarded.

- Assembly spaces - Archive / Broadcast Station / Publishing House - Ministers Offices - Meeting Rooms - Library - Cafeteria - Administration offices - Storage - Toilets

A briefing document was produced based upon this process, and contained descriptions and footprint guidelines for the following:

9 10 8 9

/ Sample page of briefing document

/ The Scottish Parliament Building, plan

15 122 130 20 12 18 269 35 24 444 110 260 156 15 17 56 18 10 85 100 330 40 40 130 80 68 60 150 64 168 43 5 60 22 131 40

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LIMINALITY The siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s palimpsest nature initiated a new material reading of the site. What if the site were to be considered as a thin, temporary olympic layer which was superficially applied to the thick, permanent airstrip layer, composed of two metre thick concrete? The site has been read as a series of layers, each of which exhibit particular thematic and material characteristics.

/ Liminality diagram

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SITTING, SLIDING, CLAMPED

The thick airfield surface (represented in the model by extruded grey plinths) can be used as a foundation, and therefore certain elements of the project are deployed upon this surface, resting upon it like furniture sits (and is moved around) upon a floor. Elsewhere, the concrete mass is clamped on to, supporting cantilevered structures.

4 8 9 5

The airstrip edge was used as a device to position and orient the project.

11 12

47 / Plan

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

MINISTERS WING PROJECTOR AGORA POLITICIANS PLATFORM LOBBY PUBLIC SQUARE RESTAURANT OFFICIAL REPORT / TRANSLATION OFFICES COMMITTEE ROOM TV CONTROL ROOM ADMINISTRATION SERVICE ENTRANCE KITCHEN

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con fe re n ce

GATHERING OPERATIONS The project has the capacity to accommodate for a series of differently scaled gathering, from 5 to 5,000. A conference space, a smaller debating area and a series of meeting spaces are transitioned between for different discussions. A camera operates on tracks to record both activity on both sides of the platform. The folding rear wall can operate as either a screen or a shade for the ministers. Periodically, the camera system is docked and projects recordings from the parliament or Syria itself onto the screen.

/ Operation Diagram

d eb at e

meet i ng s

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OPERATION 1 MINISTERS OFFICE Each ministers office contains a study, a reception, and, on the ground floor, a small raked seating stack (recovered from the abandoned stadium). Like a cabinet, the module can slide and hinge open to address the exposure or enclosure to the public space adjacent to it. This acts to increase or decrease the scale of gathering in the space. In this manner each module can be visually ‘read’ by the public: the more ‘opened-up’ a module is, the greater the interest in the matter under discussion. It was this part of the project that was chosen for particular tectonic study.

/ 1:20 Section, with airstrip surface and 1:10 pullout details

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OPERATION 1 MINISTERS OFFICE

s ea l ed

hi ng ed

i n te r m e di ate

u nfol di ng

n e w a dj ace n c i e s

These drawings illustrate the rolling mechanism. The raked seating can be uncoupled from its base and create new programmatic adjacencies, for example as tiered seating for the outdoor screening space.

The conceptual approach to the development of this part of the project was not considered in isolation. The architectural approach of architecture as machine or instrument was carried right through the development of other key elements in the project. Similarly the following technical detailing developed a tectonic attitude that continued later, including steel trusses, curved I-beams and metal skins.

op ened

/ Mode diagram

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OPERATIVE STRUCTURES The ministers office is here developed as an operative device through a study of its possible structure, environmental design and legal obligations. A 1:20 section was produced illustrating the tectonic approach to one of the thirteen modules.

/ Section highlight

/ 1:20 Section

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Folded metal panel

Insulation Waterproof membrane

ENVELOPE ENCLOSURE

Plywood inner leaf

The skin of the bulding acts as the fundamental way in which the building â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;opens upâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; to accommodate different scales of gathering. This created particular tectonic challenges. Here, the skin joins at an angle via a sliding mechanism. Therefore a rubber seal has been constructed between the two elements to form some form of seal when they are aligned. A weatherproof layer is provided on the inside of this outer skin.

Open-joint for pressure equalisation Sub-structure

Custom rubber seal

The metal skin is also lined with insulation to mediate temperature differences.

Steel angle structure

/ 1:10 Highlight (at scale)

/ 1:10 Detail Section

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Metal panel

Floorplate structure, corrugated steel

Sub-structure

Insulation

Waterproof Membrane

SITTING ARCHITECTURE An architectural language of ‘perching’ or ‘resting’ has developed, and has been developed through into the tectonics of the module’s structure. The frame sits on a series of feet which are bolted to the ground for rigidity and to stop slippage. Furthermore, the steel deck floor plates ‘rest’ on the angle beams to give the impression that the floors are being cradled on the runways surface.

Base plate

/ 1:10 Highlights (at scale)

/ 1:10 Detail Section

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DIAGRAMMATIC MANUAL A ‘diagrammatic manual’ was completed to illustrate the legal, safety, environmental and structural functions of this architectural piece.

Structure

access patterns

The ministry wing consists of 13 self supporting, distinct modules. The structural make up of each module is a lightweight steel frame, topped by a steel truss. Importantly, the object rests on a series of feet that are bolted down to the runway to secure the module in place, using the runway as a foundation. The modules rest adjacent to a service and access platform. This is a rudimentary structure created by a precast concrete retaining wall and landscaping. The wall is secured to the runway by a steel dowel.

For ministers and staff the module is accessed from the platform, at first floor level. Stairs provide circulation between floors whilst access to the ministers private office is monitored by the secretary at entry level. For the public, the building can be accessed when it is ‘deployed’ for a meeting, via a counter-weighted metal access hatch at the front. Steps provide access to the seating.

escape Escape routes are similarly positioned to access patterns, however the public access point can act as an emergency exist for ministers and staff if locally located.

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heat pump (chiller)

heat pump (heater)

6°C

12°C

24°C

35°C

7°C 23°C

19°C fan coil unit

fan coil unit

to sea temp. - 21°C

to sea temp. - 17°C

cooling Each module benefits from a fan coil cooling solution which is, in part, powered by a heat exchange mechanism that draws cool water from the sea. Importantly, the possibility of rust within the system is mediated by the use of a closed loop. Cold salt water is used to cool the water within this loop on a pier within the sea before it then, in turn, exchanges temperatures with the water used to circulate to each module. This heat pump is located in a a plant room shared between three modules. The fan coil cooling system is housed within the first level of the module. The adjacent concrete retaining wall and the existing runway provide a modicum of thermal mass which could be ventilated at night for cooling lag.

heating The heating provision for the module is essentially the same as the cooling system but in reverse. In winter, Athens doesn’t benefit from as great a differential between sea temperature and air temperature but solar gain could be achieved through the south facing glazing.

ventilation The module is normally mechanically ventilated, however if desired some of the various facade openings could be left ‘ajar’ so that fresh air could travel through the structure and exit at the large window to the rear.

lighting Natural lighting is predominately provided through the rear, north facing roof light. Light can travel down through the stair column and penetrate into the lower floors. In winter the south facing shutters can be opened for additional light and solar gain. As a work space the artificial lighting provision would be task based and low level.

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Ultimately the project becomes a series of systems and moving parts that operate in relation to the gathering process. This produces a temporal plan of political choreography. The detailed form and resolution of the other ‘moving parts’ was to be explored in the final semester’s design module.

/ Political choreography plan

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COURSE CODE ARJA11002

AR CHIT E CTU RAL M AN AGEM E NT PRACTIC E & L AW

DESCRIPTION This course aims todevelopthe student’s understanding of the professional requirements of an architect in practice and being admitted tothetitle of ‘architect’. The course is also intended, in part, as being a preparation for fulfilling the requirements of the Part 3 Examination in Professional Practice and Management.

LEARNING OUTCOMES L01 An understanding of practice management and codes of professional conduct in the context of the construction industry. L02 An understanding of the roles and responsibilities of individuals and organisations within architectural project procurement and contract administration, including knowledge of how cost control mechanisms operate within an architectural project. L03 An understanding of the influence of statutory, legal and professional responsibilities as relevant to architectural design projects.

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team report

Scenario 05

team report

responses

[Oct 26 2016 3:25PM - Note to Contractor] 1 March 2014 Dear Sogee,

scenario description

VET SCHOOL, BORWICK

LETTER FROM CONTRACTOR

I would like to notify you that in accordance with clause 2.19 the CDP needs to meet employer requirements. Access difficulties must be sorted out by yourself in order to build to these requirements.

Team X Architectural Partnership 2 The Streets Tweedie Dew 1 March 2014

Regards, Sandy Sandy Lamb Team 3 Architectural Partnership LLP, 2 The Streets, Tweedle Dew

Dear Sirs/Mesdames

(GROUP WORK) CONTRACT GAME TEAM REPORT The vehicle used to assess learning outcome 2 of the course was a two day team based workshop called the ‘contract simulation game,’ which provided students with a considerable depth of knowledge in relation to the administration of a standard form of building contract. A series of scenarios were undertaken, with students acting as an architecture practice responding to a number of issues with regard to the building contract. The result of the workshop was recorded in the Team Report.

VET SCHOOL, BORWICK

[Oct 26 2016 3:30PM - REPLY to GROUP]

As you know we submitted our Contractor’s Design Documents in relation to the plumbing and heating works for your approval in accordance with Clause 2.9.4.1 of the contract on 16 February. We note that last week you returned one copy of the document marked with a “C” and a note saying that your comment related to our suggested relocation of the main air-handling unit from the plant room over the gymnasium into the plant room above the auditorium.

I’m not sure that 2.19 applies yet as these are only proposals and the design is not yet compromised. Is there nothing else in the contract which controls CDP and its procedure? Thanks Imonia [Oct 26 2016 3:44PM - Note to Quantity Surveyor]

You will understand we only made this alteration to the layout suggested in the Employer’s Requirements because of access difficulties for our machinery on site. We are certain that we can overcome the access difficulties for personnel maintaining the unit from a ladder, and the vibration issues can be resolved by damping. We intend to proceed with the layout that we have proposed, because, as you appreciate, the design of the ventilation system is within the CDP and is therefore our responsibility.

Under clause 2.9.5, the Contractor shall not commence any work to which such a document relates before that procedure has been complied with. In Schedule Part 1, it is highlighted that the Contractor shall not carry out any work in accordance with a Contractor’s Design Document marked ‘C’ and the Employer shall not be liable to pay for any work within the CDP Works. This drawing should be amended and resubmitted before starting work on the ventilation system.

Yours faithfully

[Oct 26 2016 3:48PM - REPLY to GROUP]

Sogee Furbil

If you are being totally clear you should not ‘schedule part 1 clause 5.3 but its correct. next one

S Furbil On Behalf of Double Felix Construction Ltd

The contract game provided vital knowledge that was useful when considering the congruent design proposal. The knowledge gained offered a background to explanations on how the design project could be realised through different modes of procurement, and which one would be most applicable.Furthermore, the accompanying lecture series offered insight on te contemporary economic environment, where funding is likely to come from and how costs can be managed, all of which can be informative in the context of the Design Report. 33

/ Team report excerpt

group

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CONTRACT GAME INDIVIDUAL REPORT Part 1: Team Learning

contract game / individual report

part a: physical / digital spaces

A pre-requisite of the individual report on the Contract Game was to consider the format of the document as an illustrative tool that could aid the explanation of ideas or understanding of the content. A 1200 word analysis of the team learning experience, detailing dynamics of team working, roles and responsibilities of team members was completed. This reflected on strengths and weaknesses of the team’s performance within the imaginary architectural practice context and also highlighted particular cost control measures implemented by the team throughout the game. This essay is a critical analysis of the group work undertaken by a four member team during a scenario based exercise to develop an understanding of the SBC/Q/Scot (2011 Edition) Standard Building Contract with Quantities for use in Scotland. A key theme developed in the following text is that the group’s operating mechanisms were strongly influenced by the tools at their disposal and their physical environment. In other words, there was a spatial affect that inspired the group into a particular mode of working, and as a result this essay will be laid out in a manner that corresponds to the groups resultant setup of two sub-groups, each formed of two members which collectively inputted to a shared a platform. Part A, coloured in two tones of grey, will explore the experience of working in the team through a discussion of the spaces in which we worked. Part B, coloured in two tones of beige, will position these team work practices within established paradigms of group collaboration.

Part I

This essay is a critical analysis of the group work undertaken by a four member team during a scenario based exercise to develop an understanding of the SBC/Q/Scot (2011 Edition) Standard Building Contract with Quantities for use in Scotland. A key theme developed in the following text is that the group’s operating mechanisms were strongly influenced by the tools at their disposal and their physical environment. In other words, there was a spatial affect that inspired the group into a particular mode of working, and as a result this essay will be laid out in a manner that corresponds to the groups resultant setup of two sub-groups, each formed of two members which collectively inputted to a shared a platform. Part A, coloured in two tones of grey, will explore the experience of working in the team through a discussion of the spaces in which we worked. Part B, coloured in two tones of beige, will position these team work practices within established paradigms of group collaboration.

As well as the physical relationship between the group members it is also important to consider the digital relationships harboured by the group. Once more, the groups method of operation was influenced by the environment and tools around them: namely an online cloudbased document within which all group members could collaborate simultaneously. This system was a kind of ‘hierarchal equaliser’ which helped to retain some form of equal input from group members due to the ease of which all members could become involved in the development of a response to each scenario. In general, all members of the team discussed each scenario vocally before three members began to search through the contract for relevant clauses whilst the fourth took notes from conversations into the shared document. Ultimately these notes were formulated by one of the three ‘researcher’ members into a coherent response. Throughout this process other members of the team commented on improvements or even adjusted the text themselves within the cloud based document.

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This essay outlined the manner in which the groups methods of team working were a direct result of their physical and digital environments as well as the shared scripts each member took with them to the group project. Many positives came from the experience and all members commented that they had found the project highly educational. Nevertheless key weaknesses have been identified, which when considered in retrospective speak to a lack of consciousness in the importance that teamwork should demand a focus on the team working process itself, and not simply the success of the group with regards to objectives complimented in a given time.

/ Spatial diagram - physical in solid line, digital in dashed

To conclude, this essay has outlined the manner in which the groups methods of team working were a direct result of their physical and digital environments as well as the shared scripts each member took with them to the group project. Many positives came from the experience and all members commented that they had found the project highly educational. Nevertheless key weaknesses have been identified, which when considered in retrospective speak to a lack of consciousness in the importance that teamwork should demand a focus on the team working process itself, and not simply the success of the group with regards to objectives complimented in a given time.

This leads into the question as to whether the group work was effective in its aim. Wheelan and Lisk describe that there is numerous evidence that groups who reach a higher stage of development are more productive.8 Further, they identified that the stage reached by a team directly positively correlated with their results during testing on the subject material: that greater team cohesion produces better learning environments. This supports the claim that group work can be an effective tool for improved learning, if interacted with in the right way. Therefore, in retrospect, whilst our group functioned effectively to

1 Alan R. Dennis, Monica J. Garfield and Bryan Reinicke, “A Script For Group Development: Punctuated Equilibrium And The Stages Model - Semantic Scholar”, Semanticscholar.Org, 2016 <https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Script-for-Group-Development-Punctuated-DennisGarfield/ecb3ce586ec0cd1828d70d98f8fb3e0b8c33fc08> [accessed 25 November 2016], p. 2. 2 Ibid. 3 C. J. G. Gersick, “Time and Transition In Work Teams: Toward A New Model Of Group Development”, Academy Of Management Journal, 31.1 (1988), pp. 9-41. 4 Bruce W. Tuckman, “Developmental Sequence In Small Groups.”, Psychological Bulletin, 63.6 (1965), pp. 384-399. 5 Namsook Jahng, “An Investigation Of Collaboration Processes In An Online Course: How Do Small Groups Develop Over Time?”, The International Review Of Research In Open And Distributed Learning, 13.4 (2012), p. 3 6 Gersick, “Time and Transition,” p. 3.

2 / Spatial diagram - physical in solid line, digital in dashed.

conclusions

Incidentally, one of the scenarios related to control of costs proved to be an example of the above difficulties. Scenario 24 dealt with a situation in which the contractor attempted to pass liability for the poor quality workmanship that had been completed on site onto ourselves, the architects. There was initially some group confusion as to whether the contractor was correct in his assumptions, but eventually after a long period of stasis the group established that under clause 1.10 the contractor had no grounds to pass on liability, that their general obligations remained under clause 2.1 and further that under clause 3.19 they would have to rectify workmanship not in accordance with the contract and incur any costs themselves. In this scenario we acted to defend both ourselves and the client from incurring costs for which we were not liable.

This may appear as an efficient team working method but it is important to consider some deficiencies with this approach. Tuckman identifies his second stage of ‘storming’ as the period in which there is counterdependency and fight, as a vital conflictual process of group working that is missing from a group that followed the Gersick

1 / The physical environment of the studio

complete a large number of scenarios and that the contract game was undoubtedly a highly educational experience, our collective learning experience could have been further improved through an increased focus on team cohesion, self reflection and communication rather than a more goal based approach aiming to complete all the scenarios in the given time.

model. At this point differences, however marginal, are raised and compromised or incorporated to create a collective set of goals and methods through which to achieve those goals. This creates an environment in which future differences or conflicts are more easily resolved. It is therefore proposed that through the second stage communication can be improved as well as creating greater group cohesion.7 As Wheelan & Lisk describe, without this stage groups may remain in a cooperative or individualistic mind-set which doesn’t create a shared ‘bank of knowledge’, the very intention of group work. At times our group was revealed as a cooperative rather than collaborative effort that regressed into an individualistic approach under pressure. Unfortunately, this was particularly evident when the group struggled collectively, with the three researchers ceasing to communicate effectively and becoming ‘engulfed’ in the contract as they attempted to find solutions. The fourth member’s role as note taker therefore became obsolete but was left unchallenged. The group would have benefited from the vital storming stage to establish trust and an environment that encouraged disagreement or the open exchange of ideas.

The use of a cloud-based document and the inadvertent creation of two sub-groups correlate with Dennis et. al.’s ideas that group members have preceding “procedural scripts” regarding group work which can “guide a person in thinking about how a group should work together and provide mental models of how certain types of group interaction should proceed.”1 Members of a group may have shared scripts or contradicting ones, and this will affect their group development. It is evident that with little formal discussion the group established team working rhythms; that there was a shared script. According to Dennis et. al., the presence of shared or disparate scripts affects which paradigm of group development is a best fit for that particular team.2 If a common script exists then often groups will move directly into addressing the tasks of the project, quite seamlessly positioning themselves into roles, in alignment with Connie Gersick’s model of “punctuated equilibrium”.3 Contrastingly, if alternative scripts are present then conflict arises and a common script must be found, thus creating the staged process that Bruce W. Tuckman describes in his seminal Developmental Sequence in Small Groups.’4 Gersick’s punctuated equilibrium model is therefore more applicable to our group’s development. Unlike Tuckman’s four staged model Gersick has identified a two phase development which is separated by a midpoint in calendar time.5 Furthermore, Gersick decribes that the mid-point “involves groups’ revising their understanding of and approach to their work in response to time limits.”6 Both of these factors were certainly evident in our group development. At the start of the second day ambitious goals were set and there was an increased focus to try and complete the tasks within the given time. Good progress was made for the segment of the day.

contract game / individual report

part B: paradigmatic alignments

Firstly, it was immediately evident that the spatial relationship of the group within the workspace affected the manner in which the group worked. Working on laptops in two sets of two facing towards each other meant that the group naturally split according to which members could see each other’s screens, without any formal discussion. This was likely most apparent during the first two scenarios which were released at once: the physical split created two natural sub groups each of which took the lead in one scenario each. Inevitably, once these scenarios were completed the group stumbled at scenario 3 until a cross-pollination of the information each subgroup had garnered from the primary scenarios took place. From this point onwards the sub-groups were less prevalent except from when forms required completion on a single computer, at which point the underlying physical divisions resurfaced.

team learning: an analysis

contract game / individual report

7 S. A. Wheelan and A. R. Lisk, “Cohort Group Effectiveness And The Educational Achievement Of Adult Undergraduate Students”, Small Group Research, 31.6 (2000), p. 727. 8 Ibid.

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CONTRACT GAME INDIVIDUAL REPORT Part 2: Procurement Reflection

contract game / individual report

part a: a direct approach

A 1200 word essay was also completed to reflect on how a different form of procurement and contract may have had an impact on the delivery of the scenario project in relation to time, cost and quality. The following essay will compare construction management as an alternative form of procurement from the traditional model carried out during the contract game and assess its potential impact in relation to time, cost and quality. This analysis is laid out as an introduction, two separate parts, and finally a conclusion as an analogy to the ‘package’ system used by construction management in order to split up the project into discrete parts that can be completed concurrently or separately. In contrast to the sequential approach of traditional procurement, construction management creates a more overlapping and complex operational pattern of numerous simultaneous operations. As a result of the layout structure this essay is formatted thematically and will discuss the scenarios of the contract game across chronological contexts and between the general and the specific scales to focus the discussion of the different procurement systems in relation to time, cost and quality on two key themes. Namely, these themes are the ‘directness’ of the construction management system and ‘partnering’ as a burgeoning practice to address prevalent issues in contemporary procurement systems.

Part II

Construction management is most often used in large scale, quickly developed projects where time is the key factor.1 Of course the project described in the contract game is not such a case. Nevertheless, the following text will analyse its benefits and disadvantages within the context of the contract game project to establish any applications such a system may have in these instances. As stated in the guidance notes, the client (The Border College Trust) wishes to begin work as soon as possible, a benefit which construction management may be able to offer.2 Construction management is a more direct form of procurement, intending to attain increased efficiency by completing the stages of a project in such a way that the following stages can be started as soon as possible. For example, the construction management system involves the employment of a construction manager which acts on behalf of the client to coordinate the consultants and trade contractors. This would ideally happen in the early stages of the design process, in which their construction knowledge may help to develop more informed designs with greater efficiency. Furthermore, whilst traditional procurement requires a complete design and set of drawings and then the employment of a contractor for the whole project before construction may begin, 3 construction management can push back elements of the detail design until a later stage in order to get on site and start construction as soon as possible.4 This is because a ‘packages’ approach is employed, in which various parts of the construction can be logically divided into parts for individual tender to ‘trade contractors’.

The following essay will compare construction management as an alternative form of procurement from the traditional model carried out during the contract game and assess its potential impact in relation to time, cost and quality. This analysis is laid out as an introduction, two separate parts, and finally a conclusion as an analogy to the ‘package’ system used by construction management in order to split up the project into discrete parts that can be completed concurrently or separately. In contrast to the sequential approach of traditional procurement, construction management creates a more overlapping and complex operational pattern of numerous simultaneous operations. As a result of the layout structure this essay is formatted thematically and will discuss the scenarios of the contract game across chronological contexts and between the general and the specific scales to focus the discussion of the different procurement systems in relation to time, cost and quality on two key themes. Namely, these themes are the ‘directness’ of the construction management system and ‘partnering’ as a burgeoning practice to address prevalent issues in contemporary procurement systems.

/ Document thumbnails

/ The client (or employer) to sub-contractor (or trade contractor) relationship for traditional vs. construction management procurement

contract game / individual report

BiBliography

As exemplified by the contract game, the client and contractor may to a small or great extent have an adversarial relationship under the traditional procurement system. It is evident that throughout the scenarios the relationship deteriorated due to the battle between both parties over the causes of and liability for time and cost overruns. Management procurement systems place the contractor in an alternative, more administrative role in which they act as some form of advocate for the client’s interests.7 Such a setup may be able to take advantage of ‘partnering’ – the idea that by more strongly facilitating teamwork costs can be reduced for both parties creating a ‘win-win’ situation. The approach to this can be either formal through a contract or informal through the establishment of a charter.8 The Latham Report recommended partnering along with some evidence of it working in action.9 Elsewhere there are mixed reports of the effectiveness of this new idea and suggestions that the label can disguise “business as usual”10 and not offer any real cost savings.

JCT, Construction Management Trade Contract (London, 2011)

TRADITIONAL

contract game / individual report

part B: is partnering the future?

and confirm they meet their requirements.6 Here it becomes clear that it is important the client is experienced in the construction industry as it is their responsibility to ensure the contract is met by the trade contractors. There is no contractual relationship between the trade contractors and the construction manager. If the client is not experienced in handling these contracts and enforcing the clauses to trade contractors, cost and schedule overruns as well as poor quality work is certainly a possibility.

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

Chappell, David and Andrew Willis, The Architect In Practice, 1st edn (Oxford: Blackwell Pub., 2010) Clamp, Hugh, Stanley Cox, and Sarah Lupton, Which Contract?, 1st edn (London: RIBA Publishing, 2012) Dennis, Alan R., Monica J. Garfield, and Bryan Reinicke, “A Script For Group Development: Punctuated Equilibrium And The Stages Model - Semantic Scholar”, Semanticscholar.Org, 2016 <https://www.semanticscholar. org/paper/A-Script-for-Group-Development-Punctuated-Dennis-Garfield/ ecb3ce586ec0cd1828d70d98f8fb3e0b8c33fc08> [accessed 25 November 2016] Gersick, C. J. G., “Time And Transition In Work Teams: Toward A New Model Of Group Development”, Academy Of Management Journal, 31 (1988), 9-41

conclusions

A recurring theme in the contract game scenarios were issues caused by work completed by sub-contractors on the site. Scenarios 9, 10 and 17 all pertain to some issues caused by the work of sub-contractors. As explained in the group response to scenario 9, under clause 3.7.2 of the traditional procurement process contract the contractor’s responsibilities and obligations to complete the work to a standard under clauses 2·2 and 2·19 or any other provision of the contract remain in place and are not transferred to the sub-contractor. Thus the traditional procurement system creates a layer of protection for the client regarding such inferior work from sub-contractors. In contrast, construction management agreements place greater risk on the client who becomes responsible for entering into individual trade contracts with each individual trade contractor, which renders them responsible to the client and not the contractor (or rather construction manager in this case). Whilst the trade contractors do enter a trade contract with the client, which binds them to the same type of requirements and obligations as a standard contractor, it is in this case the client’s responsibility to examine the trader’s proposals and resultant work

1 Hugh Clamp, Stanley Cox and Sarah Lupton, Which Contract?, 1st edn (London: RIBA Publishing, 2012), p. 38. 2 Guidance Notes, The Contract Game 3 David Chappell and Andrew Willis, The Architect In Practice, 1st edn (Oxford: Blackwell Pub., 2010), p. 169. 4 Clamp, et. al., Which Contract?, p. 39.

contract game / individual report

This direct control exerted by the client may result in a flexibility to design changes but this inevitably makes it more difficult to predict costs for a project in comparison to the traditional method’s common lump sum approach. An inexperienced client, such as The Border College Trust, may be able to take license to make a number of design changes which push the project cost further and further away from the initial projection. Furthermore, the packaging of the tender into discrete parts creates a large margin for error in these projections due to the difficulty of predicting market factors in advance.

The packaging of the construction of the project may also be able to offer more flexibility to the client with regards to design alterations,

In summary, this essay has outlined that construction management, whilst not a typical choice for such a project, could have conceivably offered time or cost savings and improved the quality of the final construction through a more tactical approach to contractor involvement and an increased flexibility in the design from the client’s perspective. However, this response would require two large caveats. Firstly, it is generally accepted that the complexity of such a procurement process requires a client very experienced in the construction industry, of which we have no evidence regarding The Border College Trust. Furthermore, it is also evident that the purported cost free flexibility offered by construction management is difficult to implement in practice and can often be selfcontradictory, increasing costs. Additionally, construction management was explored as a procurement system rather closely aligned with the intentions of the partnering approach that recently developed in the industry whilst it was also noted that it is so far a questionable approach to cost reduction. 60

perhaps without even impacting the cost or schedule of the project. In scenario 16 it is described that the client had a desire to make an alteration to the design and transmitted his ideas to the contractor who began to implement them. Within traditional procurement, clauses 3.10-3.22 describe the means through which instructions can be relayed to the contractor and the client is not thereby permitted to do so. The contractor was required to remedy the work to the architect’s drawings under clause 3.18. In contrast, the construction management system enables the client to issue instructions to alter or modify the design under clause 3.2.3.5 It is conceivable that an experienced and knowledgeable client could issue instructions to tactfully alter the design throughout the construction process and therefore achieve a greater quality design upon completion. Importantly, the changes would need to be issued promptly, ideally before the package pertaining to that work was put to tender, to avoid abortive work that negatively affected the cost and schedule of the project.

The contract game implemented the SBC/Q/Scot (2011 Edition) Standard Building Contract with Quantities for use in Scotland, which is categorised as an example of the traditional procurement system. This procurement presents the architect as often the primary consultant employed by the client who will produce a design and construction drawings, organise tenders for the project, act as an administrator for the project throughout its construction and finally through its completion and initial stages of use. Essentially, the architect is responsible for the design of the project, and the contractor is responsible for its construction.

procurement reflection: cost, time, quality

contract game / individual report

HMSO, Constructing The Team (DDP, 1994) In summary, this essay has outlined that construction management, whilst not a typical choice for such a project, could have conceivably offered time or cost savings and improved the quality of the final construction through a more tactical approach to contractor involvement and an increased flexibility in the design from the client’s perspective. However, this response would require two large caveats. Firstly, it is generally accepted that the complexity of such a procurement process requires a client very experienced in the construction industry, of which we have no evidence regarding The Border College Trust. Furthermore, it is also evident that the purported cost free flexibility offered by construction management is difficult to implement in practice and can often be self-contradictory, increasing costs.11 Additionally, construction management was explored as a procurement system rather closely aligned with the intentions of the partnering approach that recently developed in the industry whilst it was also noted that it is so far a questionable approach to cost reduction.

JCT, Construction Management Appointment 2011 (London, 2011).

3 / The client (or employer) to sub-contractor (or trade contractor) relationship for traditional vs. construction management procurement.

7 8 9 10 11

Clamp, et. al., Which Contract?, p. 38. Chappell and Willis, The Architect In Practice, p. 181. HMSO, Constructing The Team (DDP, 1994), p. 20. Chappell and Willis, The Architect In Practice, p. 182. Ibid., p. 176.

Jahng, Namsook, “An Investigation Of Collaboration Processes In An Online Course: How Do Small Groups Develop Over Time?”, The International Review Of Research In Open And Distributed Learning, 13 (2012) JCT, Construction Management Appointment 2011 (London, 2011) JCT, Construction Management Trade Contract (London, 2011) Tuckman, Bruce W., “Developmental Sequence In Small Groups.”, Psychological Bulletin, 63 (1965), 384-399 Wheelan, S. A. and A. R. Lisk, “Cohort Group Effectiveness And The Educational Achievement Of Adult Undergraduate Students”, Small Group Research, 31 (2000), 724-738

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(GROUP WORK) DRAWING EXERCISE PLANNING The Cult of The View Vancouver has a very particular natural setting which is juxtaposed by a dense ‘downtown’interspersed with high-rise towers. This is not simply how the city organically developed over time - it is an image of the city purposefully engineered by the city council and planners. The 1997 Downtown Vancouver Skyline Study is a key piece of local planning legislation that attempted to maintain a particular profile for the area, as viewed from the surrounding elevated viewpoints, and to ensure that the views towards the mountains surrounding Vancouver were preserved from these positions. Building heights and future development locations were recommended accordingly. This is planning policy driven by a pictorial few of the city as a series of picturesque moments.

/ The Downtown Vancouver Skyline

This ocular preservation of the city is gaining increasing support in the UK, with Oxford, London and Edinburgh recently completing studies of protected views in the city. Edinburgh’s 2006 Skyline Study study identified some key views as sacrosanct in maintaining the current “sense of the city.” The resultant document, which outlines nine protected views from various positions in the city, forms the basis for the non-statutory guidance to Edinburgh’s planning body with regards to protected views. The included map of central Edinburgh is however criss-crossed with so many view cones that it suggests development of the city is impossible without damaging the cityscape. As the place of invention of the panorama, and with its multiple elevated viewpoints, it is evident that Edinburgh has a particular relationship to the view in the city. Vancouver is, in terms of legislation, nine years ahead regarding the preservation of city scenes. Therefore it is here applied as an effective medium through which to address the question: How are protected views shaping our cities?

/ The One Wall Centre and its various planning regulated facades

/ The Shangri-La tower interacting with viewcones

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(GROUP WORK) DRAWING EXERCISE REGULATION Circumventing Circulation Robson Square (1973-83) is the physical embodiment of the theme of integration. Designed by Arthur Erickson, the civic complex covers three city blocks and, despite its scale, was conceived as a singular entity. The complex comprises a courthouse (later converted into the Vancouver Art Gallery in 1983) and a number of office buildings. Carefully considered public space is woven through the complex. Erickson’s vision was to offer the disabled a ‘front door’ to the complex: this was achieved through iconic ‘stramps’ - a combination of stairs and an accessible ramp. It is a bold move, both architecturally and civically, to integrate access in this way. The building has been lauded by architects and critics as an exemplary piece of landscape design, and has become a key public space within downtown Vancouver. While Erickson’s vision to integrate access for the disabled and able-bodied was utilitarian, and manifests itself as an elegant architectural solution, the practicalities of the design are troubling. On closer inspection, and with regards to the current Scottish building standards, many aspects of the design do not comply with access regulations. The core of the issue is that the design ‘appears’ to serve its purpose: it is a clear material expression of an integrated stair/ramp. Its intent is unambiguous, and its influence on contemporary architects is far-reaching. The design exists in its current form due to a quirk in the Canadian planning system: the stramp is designated as a ‘landscape feature’ rather than a mode of access, therefore the access standards do not apply. While this may be ‘technically’ compliant, it is misleading for disabled users wishing to use the stramp for its tacitly understood purpose. This visual essay details the various ways in which the design contravenes Scottish access regulations, specifically Section 4.3: Stairs and Ramps. This close inspection seeks to lay bare the flaws of this design, and acts as a word of caution: a design which appears ‘visually’ compliant may not serve its purpose adequately.

/ The details of the spaces relationship with regulations

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(GROUP WORK) EXAM Question 1: Form of Business

Answer:

Note from Practice Formation meeting:

A+A Architects

We need as a fledgling practice to consider clearly our ‘form of business’ options. Our accountant has suggested three potential business forms for us to consider, without particularly going into detail on any. Limited Liability Partnership, Limited Company or a Co-operative.

Legal Form Considerations Memo

Can you investigate the above ‘form of business’ options and provide a brief critical appraisal of their advantages and disadvantages. Look at key factors, such as business structure, professional liability, tax and administrative duties etc. Conclude by making a recommendation as to which ‘form of business’ we should adopt and how this might shape the future direction of the practice. Should we be considering a hierarchical or flat organisational structure? Are there any ethical issues we should consider in deciding on a form of business?

The legal form of the practice is an important consideration as it may affect technical matters such as taxes, liability and administration yet also have more wider implications such as the manner in which the practice operates and how successful the practice is in being a fair and responsible place of work. The correct legal form could benefit the practice in a multitude of ways, and therefore it is important the decision is made with exactitude. Limited Company is a legal form which has become increasingly popular among architectural practices in recent years (Kingston Smith, 2012). A Limited Company is defined by The Companies Act 2006 (Speaight and Stone, 2000). In essence a Limited Company is a business which is owned by a number of shareholders but run by directors, who themselves may or may not be shareholders. Limited Liability Partnerships were introduced by the Limited Liability Partnership Act (2000). They are a hybrid of partnerships and companies and therefore, broadly speaking, they are similar in terms of structure and tax to partnerships and akin to companies with regards to liability and admin (Speaight and Stone, 2000). These similarities will be analysed below. Cooperatives are not an example of a legal form and it is actually a term more closely related to the type of business the practice chooses to be, or it’s ‘ethos’. Usually cooperatives involve a level of staff ownership of the business after a period of employment, and they tend to be limited companies with systems in place for this transfer of ownership. Business Structure Companies are controlled by directors that are installed by the shareholders to make decisions on their behalf. In contrast, partnerships are controlled by the partners themselves, and unless otherwise stated are equal partners in the partnership (Speaight and Stone, 2000). Additionally, each type of legal form has a different set of governing documents. An LLP requires the completion of a Partnership Agreement whilst a limited company involves drawing up a set of Company Articles, broadly both set of documents are similar but it is important to note that a Partnership Agreement sets out the arrangements for a partner leaving or a new one arriving. A new partnership agreement requires to be drawn up if

a partner leaves or joins. This contrast in particular may affect the practice in the future as it grows, as one of the main drawbacks of and LLP may be the complexity involved in bringing in new partners. As a young practice it may be important to bring in new partners quickly and easily and a limited company could offer a more straightforward route by hiring them as directors. Unlike an LLP this would not necessitate the new director buying into the practice in anyway through shares or otherwise (Speaight and Stone, 2000). However, on the other hand, the Company Articles may prove to be restrictive for burgeoning practice. An LLP has complete flexibility in terms of its internal structure. Unlike Company Articles, the Partnership Agreement does not stipulate any requirements for board meetings or that decisions must be made by resolution of the board (Speaight and Stone, 2000). Therefore it may enable a young practice to work with flexibility and make key decisions quickly among themselves. Professional Liability The financial liability of those involved in the organisation is similar when considering an LLP or Ltd (Limited Company). An LLP is financially liable only to the extent of the assets held within the partnership itself, excluding the member’s personal assets. Usually it is also the limited company which is liable to any third parties, not the assets of the shareholders or directors themselves. As a small startup practice either option would be prudent, to limit our personal risk in case the practice becomes insolvent. However, it is important to note that this does not give architects ‘free reign’ to be financially negligent with practice funds. Architecture practices, whether incorporated as LLPs or limited companies may be held liable under Insolvency Acts, if they act fraudulently or wrongfully in there trading. Furthermore, the RIBA Code of Conduct stipulates that an architect who is the director of a company may be held liable for the acts of the company, with regards to expulsion from the RIBA. Tax Tax will be a key consideration with regard to choosing a LLP or limited company. Limited Companies and LLP offer different advantages or disadvantages dependent on circumstances, either one does not offer more effective taxation in absolute terms. As a limited company, shareholders are taxed only when they draw money from the

business, whilst members of a partnership are subjected to tax and National Insurance on the full profits of the business. Currently, members of a partnership can therefore be taxed up to 51% whilst dividends drawn from a company are taxed up to 36.1%. Although the most tax efficient route for the practice will depend on individual finances, a general rule of thumb is that the limited company can be the more beneficial tax structure when profits of the business are less than £300,000 per year (Kingston Smith, 2012). As a young startup business, a limited company could therefore be the best approach in terms of tax. Administrative Duties As a hybrid between a traditional partnership and limited company, an LLP must conform to a lot of the requirements of a limited company, with a few exceptions. Both LLPs and limited companies are required to maintain full accounts and to deliver to Companies House and annual audited account and returns, unless as a small company the practice does not exceed the audit threshold. Neverthless it should be noted that to the administration required to set up a limited company is more extensive, and must include a memorandum of agreement, articles of association, a statement of initial nominal capital, particulars of the director/secretary, intended location of the registered office of the company, and the fee for setup. The LLP’s partnership agreement is more straightforward (Speaight and Stone, 2000).

workforce should consider the happiness of all stakeholders, and cultivate an appreciative environment. This may involve financial reward, or as previously described promotion upwards in the company. Therefore the legal form can influence how easily it is to move up within the company, and allow new talent to be fulfilled. Conclusion Considering the above issues it seems prudent to recommend a limited company as the new practice’s legal form. Whilst this may involve an increase in administrative duties at the setup stage, and a more formal internal structure, a limited company could prove to be beneficial in terms of tax and more easily allow for the expansion of the company through the induction of new directors and shareholders. It is also evident that a cooperative system operating in tandem with a limited company legal form could enable the practice to develop a more flat structure (in which long standing employees are employed as directors). A cooperative is not only more ethical in terms of recognition of talent and skills, it may also present a more positive public image and help gain work for the practice. References Architect’s handbook of practice management. (2010). 1st ed. London: RIBA Publications. Chappell, D., Willis, C. and Willis, A. (2010). The architect in practice. 1st ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.

Hierarchy/ Flat

Kingston Smith, (2012). Business Structures for Architects.

The manner in which the practice operates should be informed by the practice’s ethos, whether it wants to be a topdown structure or involve a more democratic design process. Nevertheless it should be recognised that the legal form of a practice can directly influence this structure. As previously described a LLP may offer a more informal internal structure over the limited company. However, to become a partner within a LLP is a more complex and costly process whereas employees can, in theory be promoted to the position of director easily, creating a more easily transcended structure.

Speaight, A. and Stone, G. (2000). Architect’s legal handbook. 1st ed. Oxford: Architectural Press.

Ethical Concerns The resultant hierarchical structure of the practice may influence how ethically the practice operates. Good business practice, which takes into account the wellbeing of its

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(GROUP WORK) EXAM Question 3: Business Plan

Answer:

We would like to make a pitch to a bank for some additional start-up funding to see us through the first year until as we hope, regular fees start to come in after the completion of the Leith ‘Ideas Store’ commission.

A+A Architects

Can you please prepare an outline summary business plan which considers questions the bank is likely to ask in relation to our start-up? Please provide a short paragraph of relevant content in each of the business plan sections proposed.

Outline Business Plan Opening Statement As an architecture start-up looking for funding, we understand that the bank may perceive us as a risk, and our profession is doing little to dispel the image of poor business practice: according to the RIBA Business Benchmarks (2012-13), a professional survey taken by every chartered practice, only 63% of practices have a Business Plan, and of those who do, only 13% plan beyond a year. We, as a practice, are looking to challenge this image in the way we conduct ourselves professionally. This document outlines who we are, what we are looking to achieve, and how we plan on delivering our product. Description and Business Concept We have chosen to operate as a Limited Company; this is the most popular choice within our profession, with 61% operating as this legal form. The formation of the company was through our first job, an ‘Ideas Store’ project in Leith, Edinburgh, which was won through an open architectural competition. The fee is £140,000, 6.7% of the £2.1m project value, and is financed through the National Lottery. As a public body, these funds are secure and are not at the mercy of a private financier or investor. The Ethos of A+A is to deliver more with less, and that a large practice does not necessarily mean a successful practice. The Business Benchmarks reveal an interesting trend in terms of profitability, with the most profitable practices (measured by profit as a percentage of turnover) having between 5 and 20 people. In a profession where only 60% of practices achieve a profit level of 15% of turnover, tuning our business to reflect the most profitable configuration would seem prudent. We believe in the virtue of the small practice, and foresee ourselves operating at this scale. RIAS recently recommended that the barriers to entry for smaller practice be lifted; with a shift in focus towards experience and quality (RIAS, 2011). The economic situation in Scotland is not particularly favourable currently due to a drop in oil prices, a key export for Scotland, and the economic uncertainty as a result of Brexit. In these

tumultous times, the subject of expansion must be broached cautiously. Opportunity and Strategy As a small practice operating in Edinburgh, the opportunity for architectural work is wide, so long as we tailor our approach to the unique demands of our locale. In terms of the profession as a whole, there is a divide between large and small practices in which most practices are small, but most architects work in large organisations. There are a range of larger practices operating in the Edinburgh area, as well as many individual practitioners. Our strategy is to remain small, agile and intimately ‘local’. Our current fee rate is around 6.7%, which is relatively generous given the current economic climate. Our strategy is to not undercut in order to gain work, as this contributes to the continuing devaluation of the profession. By employing rigorous frameworks for the valuation of our work, we will charge a competitive, yet sustainable fee for our design work. We cannot be clearer at this time as to the exact fees we will charge, as it is often difficult to determine without proper context. (Phillips, 2009) Marketing is a key issue for architects, with only 16% of practices investing in marketing (measured as 1.5-2.5% of turnover). Awareness is very important for a new, small practice, therefore we will engage in marketing from the outset. Part of our marketing strategy is to leverage the ‘word of mouth’ press we will receive on completion of the Ideas Store project, as it will likely be picked up by trade publications, websites and journals. Making ourselves available for interview or comment is also important, as it allows potential clients and the profession in general to understand our practice ethos. Target Market and Projections Our first building is relatively large for a new practice, and is within the public sector. We believe this gives us a good foothold for future work: 43% of jobs come from existing clients, stated in the RIBA benchmarks. Our small practice size is also very attractive to domestic clients, which will likely be our core revenue stream as the UK has consistently been reliant on domestic demand (Dickson, 2016). We may also leverage contacts from our previous employers and connections made throughout our architectural education. In order to gain experience in other product sectors, it may be prudent to collaborate with other local firms working within

these areas. Due to the devaluation of the GBP, architectural services from the UK are very competitive on the global market. Operating from Edinburgh, it would be costly for a firm of our size to have an active job internationally, however there may be lucrative opportunities in architectural consultancy work (such as post-occupancy evaluation) as it is more ‘hand-off’. Competitive Advantages As a small, growing team, we will have the competitive advantage of being agile and client focused. Due to the size of our team, we will be able to maintain a productive working relationship with the client. We also have the advantage of being positioned in Edinburgh - a capital city and favourably positioned for work within the central-belt of Scotland and perhaps even in the North-East of England. Local clients will likely appreciate our intimate knowledge of the surrounding environment, socially, economically and architecturally. It is interesting to note that one of the key players in the Edinburgh area, Malcom Fraser Architects, was liquidated in 2015 (Waite, 2015). This is a prime example of a large firm which was not able to remain profitable. By staying small and working within our local context, we hope to achieve optimal profitability. The Team We are two recent graduates who have nurtured a productive working relationship throughout our architectural education and, later, in professional practice. Together, we have worked on a diverse range of projects at various scales and within a range of product sectors. It may be difficult for us to prove our worth at this time, however our potential lack of experience operating as an independent practice could be mitigated through collaborative work with other local, more established practices. The Offering As a startup, it is difficult to forecast our financial future as we do not have a five year set of management accounts that more established practices may have. Our projections at this time are only speculative, based on economic trends playing out at real-time. At this time, we will promise to provide projections for the next three years regarding the allocation of any funds offered

to us through a loan. These projections will be rigorous and thorough, and will clearly show how we intend on paying the premiums on the loan.

References: Dickson, B. (2016). The Economic Context. Phillips, R. (2009). Good Practice Guide: Fee Management. 2nd ed. London: RIBA Publishing. Public Procurement in Scotland: Building a Better Future?. (2011). 1st ed. Edinburgh: RIAS Publishing. RIBA Business Benchmarks (2012-2013). (2013). 1st ed. London: RIBA Publications. Waite, R. (2015). Malcolm Fraser Architects goes into liquidation. [online] Architects Journal. Available at: https:// www.architectsjournal.co.uk/home/malcolm-fraser-architectsgoes-into-liquidation/8688083.article [Accessed 16 Dec. 2016]

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COURSE CODE ARCH11174

AR CHIT E CTU RAL D ES IGN STU D IO H DESCRIPTION Architectural Design Studio H is taken in the final Semester of the Programme in the Integrated Pathway. The emphasis in this course is the closing of a design thesis inquiry relevant to current architectural issues, including tested hypotheses and design speculations at a range of scales. The course seeks to develop awareness of, ability to recognize, and work with a guiding research inquiry, and to understand how this informs and is activated by architectural design and urban proposition. It is expected that the course will culminate in appropriate presentation of complex architectural and urban and/or landscape proposals, represented as part of an identified research inquiry.

LEARNING OUTCOMES L01 The ability to develop a research inquiry which is clearly and logically argued, has awareness of disciplinary and interdisciplinary modes of research, draws from specifically defined subject knowledge, and is relevant to current architectural issues. L02 The ability to test hypotheses and speculations in architectural design, which may be informed through materials, processes and techniques of building, the design and development of cities, histories and theories of architecture and the related arts, or management, practice and regulatory frameworks. L03 A critical understanding of, and ability to present complex design proposals in the context of a research inquiry through appropriate forms of representation (eg. verbal, drawing, modelling, photography, film, computer, installation, performance and workshop techniques). 66

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The final semester design course was an opportunity to ‘round off’ the design thesis. This included expanding upon the present brief, and broadening the scope of the project to include a more clearly resolved urban proposal, as touched upon in ADS D. Moreover, the project was better resolved at the architectural scale, in particular key elements of the project that responded to the ‘Gathering Operations’ concept previously explored. One of the primary outputs of this process was a large architectural model, that became the focus for the final presentation of the project. The development of this model necessitated an level of rigour in the architectural proposal in terms of material and tectonic solutions. / The model in full

SYNOPSIS The synopsis for the project was more clearly refined to elucidate the key concerns of the design: This project explores the future possibilities of the former airport of Hellinikon as a liminal zone of extraterritoriality. Revealing and exploiting this condition, the process of salvaging this ‘constructed ground’ character establishes a Syrian Parliament in Exile at Hellinikon. The site has been identified as existing from three principle historic layers: the permanent (the airfield), the temporary (the failed Olympic complex), and the indefinite (the current refugee camp). In itself this categorisation identifies different levels of obsolescence on the site prompting a response on what ‘Salvaging Urbanism’ may mean in contemporary Athens. Therefore the project is founded upon and within the airfield layer of extraterritoriality, using it as a thematic and material base for the creation of a Syrian Parliament in Exile, whilst retaining the temporary Olympic layer above when it offers some form of programmatic capacity. Like the airfield, the parliament is a similar ‘constructed ground,’ using the subterranean airfield as its foundation and re-constructing the surface of the site where necessary. It is the airfield that thematically enables a Syrian Parliament in Exile to exist on the site, it is a “non-place”1 already ingrained with a sense of extraterritoriality. Thousands of refugees currently occupy Hellinikon in a ‘temporary’ camp. The Syrian Parliament in Exile intends to capitalise upon the airport’s extraterritorial condition whilst proposing a response to the site’s current occupants. It’s 67

existence is predominated by a yearning for an alternative future, it is a parliament in waiting, aiming to propose a solution to a problem that has no immediately foreseeable end. Like the traveller without a passport, the Syrian Parliament in Exile will remain in Hellinikon, between jurisdictions, until it’s legitimacy is achieved. In the meantime, the project also addresses the issue of housing the refugees involved in perpetual transition through a contingent housing prototype that can be adapted to house a varied demographic of dweller. This unlocks Hellinikon’s potential as a permanent district within the city. Perhaps, one day, it could all be folded away and transported, the project is assembled from a series furniture like objects that are deployed upon the surface of the airstrip. The parliament programme is assembled along one of the edges of the airstrip, in direct ‘conversation’ with the existing baseball arena, which becomes the public gallery of the debating chamber. A screen, a projector and a series of offices operate in relationship with each other across the site to create a new form of governing, one concerned with openness and incorporating a scalar approach to involvement: from large conventions to small scale meetings.

/ Athens, site higlighted

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Parliament

A CONTEMPORARY PALIMPSEST housing

Hellinikon is the result of a layered tracing process, in which each surface bears a formal relation to the previous. The practice of tracing is not new to Hellinikon. Overlapped aerial photographs from different periods reveal a geometric similarity between the airport and Olympic layer, indicating a salvaging process is already ingrained in the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fabric. These layers were diagrammed and mapped, before the principal layers of the project (the Parliament and the housing) were layered upon them.

refugee camp

olympic

/ Structure made visible

ARTIFICE The project intends to illustrate a clear approach to architectural formation. The architecture of the project acts as a set of instruments, that interact with site conditions to be productive in some way. instead of hiding their instrumental nature, this is expressed clearly. The architecture is illustrative of its purpose rather than concealing it behind a generated form.

airport

/ Historical and prosal exploded diagram

/ Structure silhouette on screen

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GATHERING OPERATIONS REDUX This key concept to the project was expanded and more tightly calibrated: Sharply contrasting with the dictator government in Damascus, the Parliament in Exile is reinvented as a place of conversation and communication, accommodating a series of differently scaled gathering spaces. A Syrian Interim Government functions as a technocratic government consisting of 12 ministers and 1 president. The platform on which the ministers stand during debates has two sides, and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rear wall (the screen) can be folded upwards to reveal an alternative smaller assembly space to the rear, for more intimate gatherings. This wall can also be used as a screen upon which footage pertaining to Syria can be projected.

1: meeting

/ Diagramming gathering spaces

2 : de bat e

3 : confe re nce

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OPERATION 1 MINISTERS OFFICE The Ministers Office was further developed and technical details refined through model. The model was used to illsutrated the operative manner of the object.

ministerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s study

reception

meeting space

/ Timelapse of model expansion

/ 1:50 scale model

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OPERATION 2 THE SCREEN A second and third ‘instrument’ were detailed: The screen is composed of a large transluscent sheet, held by a trussed structure and tensile wire. This is linked to a support structure via a steel rod allowing it to pivot into a large roof, to protect the adjacent politicians platform from the elements. The screen is purposefully non-immersive, demonstrating its operative properties through its machinic structure. As Wes Jones describes, “technology is a way of revealing.”

/ Screen section

/ Timelapse of screen rotating

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/ Screen temporal view

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OPERATION 3 THE PROJECTOR This structure houses a projector system that casts broadcasts, recordings and live streams from Syria onto the screen. A camera travels on a tensile cable to and from the stadium, transecting the site and recording proceedings. When not in use the camera is docked into a protective cage.

/ Routinely, the flap opens

/ Projector view

/ Projector in the agora

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EXPANSIVE CONTEXT Finally, the project began to look outwards, imagining how the parliament may affect the rest of the former airport site, how it might develop and how it might relate to the surrounding city.

/ View from stadium seating, with indication of housing development

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projector

office

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The parliament becomes an anchor for future urban development.

/ Site plan, with housing

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ACCUMULATIVE URBANISM In contradiction to the presently proposed, and unrealistic, wholesale urban development of the site, the proposal is more attuned to the current political and economical situation of Athens. Urban development is prompted by central nodes of activity, around which infrastructure lays out an indicative layout. Housing can infill this in an incremental way, reaching critical mass before moving outwards. When it reaches the fringes of the site it can become a connected district of the site.

/ Site overview

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CONTINGENT HOUSING The housing deploys a raise services infrastructure that traverses the site, entering the ground tactically, in between the thick airstrip surface. The housing also operates to create communal spaces within each group of dwellings, accommodating for the non-nuclear family structure which is common amongst the refugees currently occupying the site. Beneath the infrastructure which passes through each grouping are shared service, kitchen and eating spaces. Each unit can open or close acces to this shared space through a large pivoting door. There is also a large sliding panel that can separate adjacent courtyard spaces.

c ommu na l ki t c hen

/ Service Infrastructure

/ Housing, single unit

/ Housing, section

c ommu na l c ou rt yar d

c om m u n a l di n i n g

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CIRCULATION ACCESS / ESCAPE / SAFETY Issues related to health, safety and access were once more considered, this time on the much large scale than in ADS A. As previously described, the project is concerned with the gathering and dispersal of crowds. Landscaping walls are a key device used in the project to direct circulation around the Parliament and to delineate different entry and exit points to patrons. Cylindrical architectural elements act as â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;breakersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; intended to create dispersion amongst moving crowds to avoid stampeding, a popular tactic in crowd control.

walls / The housing bears a close relationship to the pre-existing runway, utilising it as a foundation and following its forms to produce an urban network. breakers

The primary roads principally follow the existing network of the airport runways, a pre-existing network that maintains a circulation surface unfettered by dramatic changes in level for ease of access.

/ Landscaping strategy

pedestrian paths primary roads / Circulation site diagram

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COORDINATION CONSIDERATIONS The process of model construction revealed an insight into plausible logistical issues involved in such a project. Translation from drawing to physical form gave a keen insight into the bespoke nature of the design, although it contains a number of repeated elements (office module, screen truss etc.) A management building contract may be able to offer the flexibility necessary to achieve such a project, relying upon craftman know-how as much as designer experience. During the scale model making process it became increasingly obvious that material systems that can be easily drawn or digitally modelled may prove uneccesarily complex or structurally unstable. Management contracting would allow for the adaptation of future designs based upon this knowledge.

/ Projector model construction

It assumed that in the project costs would be managed by the Greek governement, UN or other large organisation that had an interest in the development of the site and the welfare of the refugees. In either case funding would be very limited, a complication that has heavily influenced the salavaging approach undertaken during the project. As previously described, the Parliament itself is envisioned as an urban institution, and would involve an initial investment of funds and energies. However the following housing is envisioned as a partially population initiated process, wherein each dweller is involved in the location and construction of their home, creating an expanding network of homes.

/ Phasing diagram, urban scale

/ 3D print â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;netâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

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COURSE CODE ARCH11069

D ES IGN RE P ORT

DESCRIPTION This core course, taken in the second semester of the M.Arch 2 year, requires the student to produce a comprehensive design report that documents in detail one of the projects that the student has completed during the programme. The design report sets out the research and design development undertaken, incorporating images including the key representations of the project itself.

LEARNING OUTCOMES L01 The ability to communicate, critically appraise and argue the rationale of a design proposal using text and image in the context of a printed report. L02 Demonstration, through architectural design, of the integration of knowledge in architectural theory, technological and environmental strategies, and an understanding of architectureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s professional and economic context. L03 The development of transferable design skills and techniques through the preparation of a sophisticated graphic document.

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S TA D I U M extraterritoriality and the exile

The stadium, here represented in abstraction, is a relic of Athen’s 2004 Olympics. This chapter will be concerned with the complex, layered nature of the site. It will delineate the historical liminality of the territory, as an airfield, Olympic complex and finally refugee camp, drawing out the themes that went on to influence the project.

S I T U AT E

S TA D I U M

S I T U AT E

This design report should be considered as a companion text to the large architectural model that was the principal output for the final semester of this course. As such, each chapter of this document is thematised in relation to each component of the architectural model before you: surface, stadium, screen, projector and office. In other words, the programmatic purpose of each component in the model (and project) is reflected in the thematic content of each chapter within this document.

extraterritoriality and the exile

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

HOUSING contingent

S TA D I U M

extraterritoriality and the exile

CURATION This design report should be considered as a companion text to the large architectural model that was the principal output for the final semester of this course. As such, each chapter of this document is thematised in relation to each component of the architectural model before you: surface, stadium, screen, projector and office. In other words, the programmatic purpose of each component in the model (and project) is reflected in the thematic content of each chapter within this document.

Each of these sections was introduced by a grey title card. Cream notation cards were included periodically and featured key points of information or developmental sketches.

HOUSING

The proposal for a contingent housing prototype began with a consideration upon how to respond to the humanitarian crisis

T U Aand T Eprepare information Sstudy C R documents ESEI N O 2O O for dissemination to the public. As a result

the exile instruments arrival, extraterritoriality it is in essence a city of and former

tracings This design report should be considered this chapter contains a more technical

as a companion text to the large documentation of the project, including architectural model that a series of diagrams that focus thethe In the project the screen acts as on awas output the final office inprincipal particular for the purpose ofsemester an communication device, a for medium that of this course. As and such, chapter of environmental, tectonic study. has information projected on legal toeach it from this(both document is thematised begins withfrom a demonstration therelation aThis distance the adjacent ofin toaseach of the architectural future development project, including projector wellcomponent as atofa the technological model before you: surface, stadium, the incremental accretion ofstreams housing distance from Syria through screen,Correspondingly, projector andscale, office. In other development on the urban where or newsreels). this words, the feasibility programmatic purpose of issues of cost and are the narrated. section of the document records component in the model (and way thateach the project relates to the project) is reflected in the thematic historical layers of the site, and how each chapter within this elementscontent of theseoflayers have been document. projected into the geometries of the new ‘parliament’ layer which acts as a curation of the palimpsest that is Hellinikon.

refugee districts. This proposal follows the same course, establishing housing type The stadium, here arepresented in The projector takes a figurative that is whilst adaptable to isfuture demographics abstraction, of Athen’s quality acting asaarelic central in theofarea, intending expand intowill be 2004 Olympics. This chapter piece apparatus that to orchestrates surrounding neighbourhoods and sewlayered concerned with the complex, the documentation of parliament Hellinikon into nature ofthe theascity. site. It will delineate the proceedings as well performing its liminality of the functionhistorical in its purest form, like an territory, as an instrument. airfield, Olympic complex and architectural Accordingly, finally refugee camp, this chapter will illustrate thedrawing way in out the themes that went onastoa influence which the project functions series the project. each operating to create of instruments, a series of differently scaled gathering spaces for political discussion.

OFFICE documentation

contingent

The proposal for a contingent housing prototype began with a consideration upon how to respond to the humanitarian crisis PinRAthens O J E due C Tto Othe R influx of refugees. However Athens has a history of refugee instruments arrival, it is in essence a city of former refugee districts. This proposal follows the sameprojector course, establishing a housing type The takes a figurative that is adaptable to future demographics quality whilst acting as a central in theofarea, intending expand into piece apparatus thattoorchestrates surrounding neighbourhoods and sew the documentation of parliament Hellinikon into theas city. proceedings as well performing its function in its purest form, like an architectural instrument. Accordingly, this chapter will illustrate the way in which the project functions as a series of instruments, each operating to create a series of differently scaled gathering spaces for political discussion.

This part of the model represents one of the minister office modules. It is the location within the project where ministers would and prepare information Sstudy C Rdocuments EEN for dissemination to the public. As a result tracings this chapter contains a more technical documentation of the project, including a series of diagrams that acts focusason In the project the screen a the office in particular for the purposethat of an communication device, a medium environmental, has information tectonic projectedand onlegal to it study. from begins(both withfrom a demonstration aThis distance the adjacentof the future development project, including projector as well as atofathe technological the incremental accretion ofstreams housing distance from Syria through development the urban scale,this where or newsreels). on Correspondingly, issues ofofcost feasibility are narrated. section the and document records the way that the project relates to the historical layers of the site, and how elements of these layers have been projected into the geometries of the new ‘parliament’ layer which acts as a curation of the palimpsest that is Hellinikon.

The proposal for a contingent housing prototype began with a consideration upon how to respond to the humanitarian crisis PinRAthens O J E due C TtoOthe R influx of refugees. However Athens has a history of refugee instruments arrival, it is in essence a city of former refugee districts. This proposal follows the sameprojector course, establishing a housing type The takes a figurative that is adaptable to future demographics quality whilst acting as a central in theofarea, intending expand into piece apparatus thattoorchestrates surrounding neighbourhoods and sew the documentation of parliament Hellinikon into the as city. proceedings as well performing its function in its purest form, like an architectural instrument. Accordingly, this chapter will illustrate the way in which the project functions as a series of instruments, each operating to create a series of differently scaled gathering spaces for political discussion.

PROJECTOR

tracings

The projector takes a figurative quality whilst acting as a central piece of apparatus that orchestrates the documentation of parliament proceedings as well as performing its function in its purest form, like an architectural instrument. Accordingly, this chapter will illustrate the way in which the project functions as a series of instruments, each operating to create a series of differently scaled gathering spaces for political discussion.

In the project the screen acts as a communication device, a medium that has information projected on to it from a distance (both from the adjacent projector as well as at a technological distance from Syria through streams or newsreels). Correspondingly, this section of the document records the way that the project relates to the historical layers of the site, and how elements of these layers have been projected into the geometries of the new ‘parliament’ layer which acts as a curation of the palimpsest that is Hellinikon.

documentation foundations

This acts partasofthe thebase model The surface forrepresents the model,one of the minister modules. It is the location giving the raisedoffice plinths a connected project where ministers would rigiditywithin whilst the underlining the importance

andsurfaces prepare to information Sstudy C Rdocuments EofEplanes N and of the concept O 2the for dissemination to the Therefore public. As a result development of the project.

tracings this chapter a more this chapter containscontains a cataloging of technical the documentation of the project, foundation studies undertaken prior toincluding the a series ofproject, diagrams that acts focus beginning of the namely a group In the project the screen ason a the officeentry in particular forcruise the purpose of an competition for adevice, new terminal communication a medium that environmental, tectonic and in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The project gained has information projected onlegal to it study. from begins withinfrom athe demonstration of the a honourable mention 2016 Pamphlet aThis distance (both the adjacent futurecompetition. development project, including Architecture projector as well as atofathe technological the incremental accretion of streams housing distance from Syria through development the urban scale,this where or newsreels). on Correspondingly, issues ofofcost feasibility are narrated. section the and document records the way that the project relates to the historical layers of the site, and how elements of these layers have been projected into the geometries of the new ‘parliament’ layer which acts as a curation of the palimpsest that is Hellinikon.

/ Grey title cards

In this way the work, bound in a ring binder, is considered as a series of drawings separated by moments of curatorial input that guide the reader. Like a fine suit the object is designed to be refined and tamed on the exterior whilst graphically dense on the inside lining. The content of the document was principally that presented here under ADS A and H, however it also drew upon ideas or material produced in all other courses included above.

EPILOGUE

A RT I F I C E

S U project R F A Cis Econsidered as one posible response This to the urban situation of Hellinikon. It is a foundations trajectory for a possible alternative political future with regards to the refugee crisis as well as surface actsonasthe thenotion base for model,in the aThe commentary of the salvaging giving realm. the raised plinths a connected urban rigidity whilst underlining the importance of the concept of planes and surfaces that to operates The project proposes an architecture the development of theand project. Therefore rather than represent, an urbanism that this chapterrather contains anticipates thana cataloging legislate. Itof is the founded foundation undertaken‘does priorthings’: to the that upon a beliefstudies that architecture beginning ofcan the actuate project,alternative namely a group architecture futures. competition entry for a new cruise terminal in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The project gained a honourable mention in the 2016 Pamphlet Architecture competition.

SURFACE foundations

The surface acts as the base for the model, giving the raised plinths a connected rigidity whilst underlining the importance of the concept of planes and surfaces to the development of the project. Therefore this chapter contains a cataloging of the foundation studies undertaken prior to the beginning of the project, namely a group competition entry for a new cruise terminal in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The project gained a honourable mention in the 2016 Pamphlet Architecture competition. 1

the project intends to illustrate a clear approach to architectural formation. the architecture of the project acts as a set of instruments, that interact with site conditions to be productive in some way. instead of hiding their instrumental nature, this is expressed clearly. the architecture is illustrative of its purpose rather than concealing it behind a generated form.

model intentions

N O M E N C L AT U R E artifice

/ Design Report example pages

/ Cream notation cards

urban evolution

The purpose of an object, usually cunningly or artfully rendered.

extraterritoriality

To be beyond/ above/ immune to jurisdictions, as if separated legally from the terrain.

operations

The state of being operative, performed by an architecture that can ‘act’.

salvage

To find unfulfilled capacity in a material, object or even history itself.

SCREEN

instruments

O 6 O 4S U R FOAFCF EI C E

HOUSING

contingent

This part of the model represents one of the minister office modules. It is the location within the project where ministers would

ATDto UM PinRAthens O JSETC OIthe R due influx of refugees. O 3O 1 However Athens has a history of refugee

S I T U AT E This design report should be considered as a companion text to the large architectural model that was the principal output for the final semester of this course. As such, each chapter of this document is thematised in relation to each component of the architectural model before you: surface, stadium, screen, projector and office. In other words, the programmatic purpose of each component in the model (and project) is reflected in the thematic content of each chapter within this document.

OFFICE documentation

screen tracings

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stadium

screen

MODEL This large architectural installation was used as a key tool through which to coherently explain the whole design project within the design report. The model integrates four separate plinths, each of which holds a key element in the project. A projector is incorporated into the model to depict the way the screen is used to view films. The projector loops a video of the site, setting the context for the whole presentation of the project.

/ Model plan

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/ Screen model detail

/ Model surface layered on marked gallery floor

projector

office

surface

M.ARCH ARCHITECTURE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH

YEAR 2017 NAME ADAM KELLY STUDENT NO. 1116105

AC ADEM IC PO RT FO LIO 2