HABITAT: Rainforest CONTINENT: Africa COUNTRY: Democratic Repubilc of Congo LATTITUDE: Equatorial ~0째 SPECIES: Pan Paniscus GENOME: 99% Similar to Human NOTES ON ANCESTRY: Seperated from the common chimpanzee by the River Congo 2 million years ago CLIMATE: Tropical WET SEASON: April to October DRY SEASON: November to March AV. DAY TEMP: 24째C AV. NIGHT TEMP 18 째C HUMIDITY 80%
ZSL 1:2000
N
ARC 308 SUSTAINABILITY AND ENVIRONMENT BONOBO ENCLOSURE FOR LONDON ZOO 080146728
PRIMARY ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY: ZONING OF BUILDING
Requirements of Bonobos in captivity - AZA husbandry manual Temp: 16-29°C Humidity: 30-70%
HOLDING FACILITY
RAINFOREST GREENHOUSE
Night time holding facility/area of repose: 22°C ± 2°C Humidity 30%-50% Small Windows, Highly insulated Indoor Rainforest with Banana Growing: 15-29°C allowed to at night very high solar gain, mixed mechanical/passive system Humidity 30-70%
KEEPER/ MEDICAL FACILITIES
Banana Requirements growth occurs between 12°C-36°C. Humidity 50% plus.
SECTION 1:200
Outdoor Enclosure – shade & shelter at ambient temperature seasonal use
PLANT
Keeper Facilities/Medical/Resarch/Climbing Wall Temp: 18 °C ± 2°C, Humidity 30-60%
Human Requirements Temp: 16°C-25°C for extended periods [keepers quarters]. <30°C for visitors passing through Humidity: 30-60%
Plant Room is adjacent to the indoor rainforest, it is also located next to back of house where wood pellets can be stored and is far enough away from the holding enclosure not to disturb the bonbos. Plan is 3.5% area of the building, which is larger than the 1.5-2% rule of thumb, but as the building has larger than normal heating requirements this is necessitated.
HOLDING FACILITY
N
BIOMASS STORAGE
KEEPER/ MEDICAL FACILITIES
public route RAINFOREST GREENHOUSE
FIRST FLOOR 1:200 OUTDOOR ENCLOSURE
The glasshouse is east, west and south facing to maximise solar gain. Parts of the roof are also glazed and a concrete core sits inside to proide thermal mass.
A GL
SE U O SSH
OU
TD
CLIMBING WALL OO
RE
NC
LO
SU R
E
Element Walls Floor Roof Window/Door
U-value 0.35 0.25 0.25 2.20
The Living Rainforest is an educational charity that uses rainforest ecology as a metaphor for communicating general sustainability issues to the public. Its greenhouses use the most sustainable methods currently available. This has been realised through a highly insulating greenhouse covering with a u-values of less than 2 Wm-2K-1, passive seasonal storage of excess summer solar energy in the ground by a ground source heat exchanger and exploitation of this low grade solar energy for heating in winter by a heat pump. In winter the heat pump will produce cold water to cool the ground allowing a passive cooling function in summer via the GSHE. The heat pump will deliver the heating baseload, the peak load will be delivered by a biomass boiler, fired with locally-sourced low-cost wood chips. The overall energy saving is estimated at 75%. The climate in the staff ares of the buildings will be very comfortable in summer due to the available cooling from the seasonal storage, the effects of seasonal storage have been monitored over a 25 year period. Moreover, the winter climate will be comfortable due to wall and floor heating. area of the rainforest is around 1000m2, similar to that of the bonobo enclosure, so it is an ideal precedent study, and the same technologies will be incorporated. http://www.livingrainforest.org/
Material
10mm 6mm 6mm
Precedent Study
TURBOMAT TM 150 / 220
Triple Glazed Curtain Glazing
U-values The U-value (thermal transmittance) is a measure of the rate at which a building element transmits heat. Building Regulations Approved Document L Part 1A (2006 edition) sets the following ‘reasonable limits’:
All U-values are for the Holding facility are well below building regulations, so the room should retain heat realtively well. Due to the nature of the indoor rainforest glasshouse, the building envelope is almost entirely glazing so a very low UValue for glazing, is desired. 0.44 is one of the lowest achievable values of commercially available glass (Pilkington Planar System).
Operating Instructions
18mm 18mm
HEATING AND INSULATION
Glasshouse Curtain Glazing
Thickness
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Resistance
d (m)
λ (W/mK)
R=d/ λ
Outer Layer Glazing
0.010
0.93
0.011
Argon
0.018
0.016
1.13
Centre Layer Glazing
0.006
0.93
0.0065
Argon
0.018
0.016
1.13
Inner Layer Glazing
0.006
0.93
0.0065
Total resistance (∑R) U-value = 1 / ∑R Concrete Holding Facility
Roof Material
Fröling Heizkessel und Behälterbau Ges.m.b.H., Industriestraße 12, A-4710 Grieskirchen Tel. +43 (0) 7248 606-0 Fax +43 (0) 7248 606-600 info@froeling.com www.froeling.com
DRV.: 164852 . Manuf. Manual No.:99229a. UID-Nr.: ATU 22256902 Firmenbuch-Gericht: Kreis- und Handelsgericht Wels . ARA-License no.: 4480
The living rainforest uses a 100kW boiler, however the of U-values are around four times greater than those of the triple-glazed, argon-filled curtain walling of the bonobo enclose, therefore a much lower power-rating boiler could be used.
yearly temperature increase of GSHE fluid from years 1 to 25 as a result of seasonal storage
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Resistance
d (m)
λ (W/mK)
R=d/ λ
0.10
1.5
0.067
0.02
0.50
0.04
0.15
0.038
4.29
0.30
1.13
0.27
Felt.bitumen layers (1700kg/m3) 0.50 Cellular Glass Insulation Cast concrete (dense 2000 kg/ m3)
Total resistance (∑R) U-value = 1 / ∑R
4.67 = 0.21 W/m2K
= 1/4.67
Wall Material
Thickness
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Resistance
d (m)
λ (W/mK)
R=d/ λ
Lightweight Cast Concrete 600g/m
0.05
0.19
0.26
3
Air gap
0.05
0.025
2
Cellular Glass Insulation
0.10
0.038
2.36
Cast concrete (1400 kg/m3)
0.20
0.51
0.39
5.01 = 0.20 W/m2K
= 1/5.01
Double Glazing Material
The AZA Bonobo Husbandry manual recommends a forced humidity heating, ventilation and air condtioning system with double redundancy and 100% outside air return similar to systems. Double redundancy system is required in case of failure – animals cannot be evacutated as easily as humans can, however a second boiler would be expensive and occupy a lot of space. Dual fuel biomass/natural gas boilers would be a good compromise.
Thickness
Soil
Total resistance (∑R) U-value = 1 / ∑R B0310003
2.28 = 0.44 W/m2K
= 1/2.28
Thickness
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal Resistance
d (m)
λ (W/mK)
R=d/ λ
Outer Layer Glazing
0.010
0.93
0.011
Argon
0.018
0.016
1.13
Innter Layer Glazing
0.006
0.93
0.0065
Total resistance (∑R) U-value = 1 / ∑R
= 1/1.15
1.15 = 0.87 W/m2K
HEATING AND VENTILATION STRATEGY glazing panels comprise a triple glazed, argon filled curtain walling system (Pilkington Planar Glazing)
glumlam beams have less embodied energy than steel and fit in with the rainforest theme
humidity is regulated using an intermittent hose with spray nozzles at various points along the roof structure.
mechanical ventilation is hidden the roof of the concrete core and is dispersed at low velocity through grilles.
duct to plant room
plastic pipework is embedded in the walls and floor of the concrete core. Heat from the GSHP is transferred to these these pipes to heat the concrete core at a realtively low temperature (~30째C, so the concerete does not burn the bonobos or the visitors), but prevents the plants from freezing at night and keeps the bonobos warm in the holding facility 1 100m
100 100m
10 100m
1100m 0
100m 0
holding facility
the exposed concrete creates high thermal mass, absorbing solar radiation by day and releasing it slowly by night. It is also very easy to clean
100m 100 0 00
rainforest glasshouse
A Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) is a system that extracts heat from the ground using the compression cycle increase the temperature of the system to a useful level. In summer the engergy flow can be reversed for cooling purposes. A closed loop vertical installation ensures the system is passing through more stable ground temperatures up to 100m below the surface.The fluid flows into an electrically powered heat pump in the plant room, comprising a compressor and a pair of heat exchangers before discharging back to the underground loop.
GSHPs are a highly efficient means of heating, particularly where deployed in conjunction with a low energy heating system such as underfloor heating. Typically, for each kW of electricity used to run the heat pump some 4-5 kW of heat are typically produced.
VENTILATION A mixed passive mechanical system has the benefits of full environmental control whenever required, for what is essentially an artificial ecosystem that must be kept stable. In the summer months, the air conditioning system may be turned off, and passive function can ensue, reducing energy load.
Summer strategy, combined cross ventilation and stack effect Supply and extract system incoporating, indirect heat recovery used in winter to recapture extracted heat whilst maintaining a 100% air exhange rate to reduce animal odours.
Glazed swiveling ventilation louvers in the eden project allow natural ventilation
A combination of cross ventilation and stack effect can be used in summer
a heat gradient ensures the bonobos have some control over their environment and can move up or down in the enclosure if they want to be in hotter or cooler temperatures.
Constant Volume Air Conditioning system provides a fixed volume of air at the temperature and humidity required by the space. The system is only used in the animal enclosures, the staff area of the building is passively ventilated, therefore variable volume AC is not required. Diagrams from CIBSE Illustrated guide to Mechanical Services
Duct Sizing Seasonal Ventilation Passive ventilation via stack effect occurs when vents are open the ceiling during summer months when space is naturally heated via solar gain, when mecahnical ventilation is used during the winter months in not just to expel heat via open vents. An extract system in the roof insteady recaptures heat using a heat exchanger with 100% air exchange rate, to pre-heat in the input supply. Mechanical extract can also be automatically activated in summer by the Building Management System (BMS) when the air temperature starts to exceed 29°C [AZA Husbandy Manual]
Glasshouse
Holding Facility
Volume of glasshouse 3370m3
Volume of glasshouse 54m3
6 air changes per hour in larger spaces such as glasshouse (recommended by AZA husbandry manual)
15 air changes per house in small spaces such as holding facility (recommended by AZA husbandry manual)
Volume x Air Changes = 3370 x 6 = 20220 m3/h
Volume x Air Changes = 54 x 15 = 810 m3/h
(/3600 seconds) 20220 / 3600 = 5.62 m3/s
(/3600 seconds) 810 / 3600 = 0.225 m3/s
Velocity of in duct for glasshouse is 10 m/s
Velocity of airflow into duct for holding facility is 4 m/s to reduce noise
Rate of flow / Velocity t 5.62 / 16 = 0.56 m2 √0.37 = 0.75x0.75m
Passive summer ventilation in white, winter mechanical in black
750mm x 750mm is coincidentally a standard duct size
Rate of flow / Velocity 0.225 / 4 = 0.056 m2 √0.056 = 0.24x0.24 250mm x 250mm is the nearest standard duct
The Sabine formula Bonobos are socially very sophisticated animals. High reverberation times can distract them during sexual displays, so in the holding facility where they sleep it should be as low as possible. [AZA husbandry manual] Calculate RT of the holding facility RT = 0.16 V / A V=54m3 Material
coefficient
area m2
absorbtion
Wooden doors
0.15
0.07
2.4
Concrete walls
0.01
39
0.4
Metal perforated suspended ceiling
0.38
77
29.26
Glazed windows
0.18
6.4
1.152
Total absorbtion (â&#x2C6;&#x2018;A) 82.84 RT = 0.16V / â&#x2C6;&#x2018;A
acoustic ape doors are fabricated from hard plastic
33
Acoustics The zoo is a very noise place. The animals have to adapt to this varied and unpredictable soundscape of animal sources, human sources and machinery sources.
= 0.16 x 54 / 33
RT = 0.26s
Bonbos have a hearing range similar to humans (20hz to 20khz) but particularly attuned to sounds at 1khz and 8 khz which is an important frequency used in human communication.
A particularly loud source at certain times of the day is the wildlife demonstration area. The event is quite a spectacle and drawns laughter clapping and cheering from the crowds in the auditorium which abuts bonobo enclosure.
Reverberation time, the time take for a sound to decay 60db from source is an important factor in the design. The desired RT is low, <0.5, as higer reverberation may lead to the stimulation of apes during sexual displays, preventing the bonobos from engaing in the complex socal relationships ensue in their natural habitat. A low reverberation time has to be balanced with the need for hard surfaces such as concrete that are easy to clean. In the glasshouse, The amount of rainforest vegetation should act as a natural sound absorber, lowering reverberation times, creating acoustic environment similar to that of their natural habitat.
Design Changes. The outdoor part of the enclosure was originally going to be acoustically open on both sides, however due to this noise source an acoustic barrier wall and roof has been specifed to prevent the bonobos from being frightened by this noise, this will comprise of thick layer of mineral wool insulation (200mm)
Special noise absorbing cleanable materials available. Strong Plastics - polypropylene, nylon, lexan for ape doors and door hardware can reduce excessive noise. The floor of the enclosure also comprises of wood chips which also serve to reduce noise. Unfortunately, absorption coefficients for zoo surfaces such as wood chips, and indoor vegetation are difficult to come across to make an RT calculation using the Sabine formuala. Calculating RT for the greenhouse without these materials produce an undesirably large and unrealistic RT. Sabine formula: RT = 0.16 V / A, where V is the volume of the room and A is the Area weighted absorption coefficient.
ACOUSTICS
Chimpanzees also enjoy auditory enrichment and often respond well to folk music. Recorded natural soundscapes can be added to mask mechanical systems and increase
LIGHTING
Average Daylight Factor for holding facility
The zoo opening hours are curtailed in winter when daylight hours and shorter, therefore it is rarely open during night hours, however the bonbos still need enough light to interact, and the keepers need enough light to look after them and the facility. In the wild, at night they sleep in close proximity to one another in nests until the morning.
Bonobos need a gradient of light throughout the enclosure and a choice of where they inhabit. It is much brighter in the exhibit, a glasshouse with a very large daylight factor, and relatively much dimmer in the holding enclosure. Accordingly daylight factor should be 3% DFave = T.W.θ / A (1-R2)
As bonobs are equatorial, a 12 hour light dark cycle is appropriate. no ill effects reported up to 14 - adaptable animals Month Winter Solstice Summer Solstice
Daylight Hours [London] 8 16.5
T=transmission of glass W=window area m2 θ = angle of visible sky (°) A = total room surface area (m2) R = area weighted relectance of interior surfaces To ascertain window area of wall W= A.(1-R2).DFave / T.θ
In summer, blackout blinds should be used to control the amount of daylight, however, no ill effects reported up to 14 hours which suggests they are quite adaptable animals. In winter daylight spectrum lamps should be used as bonobo natural lighting or natural spectrum bulbs - vitamin D required. 290-315 peak conversion 297nm specify a daylight bulb to achieve this. Colour Temperature should be 6500K.
A = 2(4.6x7.2) + 2(8.2x7.2) - 2(4.2x2.4) + (8.2x4.6)+(5.8x4.6) = 66.2 + 59.0 - 10.1 + 26.7 + 37.7 = 180m R = 0.5 DFave = 3% θ = 90° W = 180 x 0.75 x 3 / 0.7 x 90 = 6.4m2 glazing
industrial grade fixtures - prison grade anti abuse luminaires are recommended for use inside bonobo enclosure
Interior spotlights are focused upon the enclosure for darker winter months, cleaning and medical emergencies, these are hung outside the enclosure and directed in. LED spotlight technology is more efficient than halogen technology colour temperature is higher, and closer to that of daylight. These lamps should provide an illuminance of around 500W.
The lighting is controlled via the same building management system that controls temperature, humidity and ventilation, the lighting in the keeper area is user controlled.
The exhibit is open sometimes in the evening for private functions, but not for animal viewing, therefore lighing the exterior of the building is important. Architecturally, lighting the glulam coloumns with led uplighters mounted in the ground emphasises their tree like verticality.
6.4m2 of glazing will give adequate light for the bonobos on the south facing all. As this is a south facing wall, and is primarily a dormitory for the bonobos, this area could possibly be further reduced to obtain a daylight factor of just 2% and increase insulation, considering the very large daylight factor of the glasshouse.