Justice, Security & Peacebuilding
Building effective, accountable and accessible institutions for just and secure societies
Contents The Importance of Justice, Security & Peacebuilding
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Our Global Experience
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National Security
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Justice
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Policing & Community Safety
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Defence
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Stabilisation & Peacebuilding
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Cross-Cutting Themes
Women, Peace & Security
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Civil Society & External Accountability
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Delivering Successful Projects in Conflict-Affected Countries 22
T he Importance of Justice, Security & Peacebuilding Capable and accountable justice, policing and defence institutions are essential for the safety and welfare of citizens, for enabling economic growth and for ensuring political stability. A state must have capable justice, policing and defence institutions if it is to protect the rights of all its citizens effectively and equitably, and if it is to resolve conflicts within society peacefully and sustainably. Those institutions must be accountable for their performance and conduct if the state is to be seen by the public as legitimate and committed to democratic governance. Public confidence in equality before the law and transparency of judgements will increase citizens’ willingness to collaborate with state institutions in overcoming threats to safety, to resolve disputes through lawful processes, and to make investment decisions upon which private sector growth depends. The performance and governance of these institutions is thus at the heart of relations between state and society and determines how productively they will work together in advancing a country’s development.
Adam Smith International supports policy formulation, strategic planning, institutional reform and capacity building in civilian ministries and operational agencies. We assist national security bodies at the centre of government to better direct and oversee those institutions. We support parliaments, independent commissions and civil society to monitor and review their performance. We promote national ownership and sustainability by working collaboratively with counterparts to tailor international best practice to local institutions, practices and capacities. We design our projects to increase respect for human rights and ensure they do no harm. Above all, we recognise that reforming institutions at the heart of the state is a political as much as a technical challenge.
Our expertise spans five areas:
Justice, Security & Peacebuilding
National Justice Security
Policing & Community Justice Safety
Policing Defence& Community ReformSafety
National Defence Security
Stabilisation & Peacebuilding Peacebuilding & Stabilisation
Justice, Security & Peacebuilding
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Our Global Experience We have worked across the world with many clients and governments on an award-winning portfolio of projects, supporting them to build effective, accountable and accessible institutions for just and secure societies. You can see a small selection here. For further information on our wider portfolio, visit www.adamsmithinternational.com/exploreourwork.
Libya • Supporting stabilisation and service delivery • Improving strategic communications Ethiopia • Reforming policing and community safety • Improving access to justice for women and girls
Our Offices London | United Kingdom New Delhi | India Nairobi | Africa Sydney | Australia
Regions The Americas & Caribbean Central & Southern Africa West Africa East Africa Middle East & North Africa
• Improving accountability, adequacy and affordability of the military
Europe & Former Soviet Union
• Strengthening national security architecture
Central Asia
• Building civil society capacity in security sector governance
South Asia & Asia Pacific
Regions: Other Projects Various
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South Sudan
Malawi • S trengthening police accountability and responsiveness
Syria • Supporting security and justice actors in autonomous areas Afghanistan Palestinian Territories • Building negotiation capacity and public communications • Strengthening police operational capacity • Enhancing early warning and monitoring capacity
• Institutional reform of state justice institutions • Establishing state administered legal aid • Strengthening Counter Narcotics Police • Supporting elimination of violence against women and girls • Training counter-terrorism prosecutors and judges
Papua New Guinea • Improving service delivery across the justice system
Pakistan • Supporting reduction of violence against women and girls
Somalia • Institutional reform of Ministry of Interior and Police • Strengthening Police Investigative Capacity • Managing a multi-donor Stability Fund • Developing a security plan for Mogadishu • Supporting reform of the armed forces in Somaliland
Justice, Security & Peacebuilding
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National Security National security institutions are there to guide the activities of the police, justice, defence and intelligence sectors. The aim is to ensure these departments operate coherently, comply with professional standards and reflect citizens’ priorities. National security institutions sit above and cut across single-sector organisations such as the police, justice, defence and intelligence sectors. Their purpose is to define a country’s strategic security priorities, to determine how state institutions should be structured and resourced to deliver those priorities, and to coordinate and evaluate the performance of those institutions. A state’s national security architecture includes national security councils and sub-national equivalents, technical secretariats, and the strategies and policies they develop. This architecture is vital for ensuring security priorities accurately reflect citizens’ needs, not institutional interests. It is also important for ensuring limited resources are allocated across agencies effectively, and those agencies cooperate professionally. Yet in developing countries national security institutions often have fewer resources, technical capacity, legal backing and historical legitimacy than the agencies they oversee. Competition between agencies for authority and resources can hinder the development of a cross-sector security strategy and coordination mechanisms, and is only overcome through sustained commitment from a capable and engaged president or prime minister’s office.
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National security councils are often forced to make decisions without access to timely data, professional analysis, considered policy options, and accurate impact evaluations. The ability of technical secretariats to provide these services is frequently undermined by their own weak technical capacity, poor links with provincial and local bodies, and reluctance of agencies to share information and intelligence. In response to these challenges Adam Smith International offers expertise in: Developing institutional architecture: institutional mandates, legal frameworks, legislative oversight, lines of reporting and coordination mechanisms. Formulating strategy: cross-sector drafting processes, technical analysis, setting objectives, design of delivery programmes, impact reviews and revisions to strategy. Building technical capacity: threat monitoring, information capture and verification, technical analysis, inter-agency intelligence exchange, reporting. Improving responsiveness to public priorities: inclusive policy drafting, consultations with parliament and civil society, public perception surveys.
Developing the national security architecture in South Sudan We supported the strengthening of national security institutions in South Sudan from 2009 to 2012. Funded by the UK Conflict Prevention Pool we assisted the elections committee, police and military to develop appropriate security plans for the 2010 elections and 2011 referendum on independence. We trained police in public order management and established a national network of Joint Operating Centres to improve the timeliness and accuracy of security information provided to heads of agencies and central government. We subsequently supported the Ministry of National Security to develop a national security architecture and policy, including a series of public consultations. We assisted provincial governments to develop crisis response procedures, establish secretariats and improve dialogue with civil society.
Supporting 10 state governments to improve crisis response
South Sudan
South Sudan
Developing a security sector plan for Mogadishu We carried out an evaluation of the capacity of the Federal Government of Somalia to deliver security within Mogadishu by countering threats from terrorist organisations. Our team of advisers evaluated the mandates and operational capabilities of the Somali police, army and intelligence agencies as well as inter-agency coordination mechanisms such as the Joint Operations Cooperation Committee. Our advisers were based in Mogadishu, outside the airport, whilst they consulted a wide range of Somali officials, AMISOM officers and the international community. The team subsequently worked with Somali counterparts to develop and win acceptance of an inter-agency security plan for Mogadishu.
Building consensus between security agencies on a stabilisation strategy Somalia
Somaliland
Justice, Security & Peacebuilding
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Justice An effective and coordinated justice sector is critical to demonstrate a State’s commitment and capacity for protecting the rights of its citizens and for resolving disputes fairly and peacefully. The justice sector comprises many state and non-state institutions that together enable a country to define, protect, and enforce the rights of its citizens and to resolve disputes fairly and peacefully. Upholding these rights for their own sake is a primary responsibility and basic service of the State. Defining those rights clearly and defending them consistently is also a prerequisite for economic growth. Defined rights will enable individuals and organisations to make investments, enforce contracts, and take business risks. Ensuring rights are equitably defined and applied across a society reduces the likelihood of people pursuing their interests through crime or conflict, builds public confidence in a country’s governance, and enhances political stability. In developing countries the effectiveness of the justice sector is often impeded by the small numbers of personnel qualified to carry out the demanding roles of judges, prosecutors, and defence lawyers. State justice institutions are concentrated in urban areas, far from the citizens who need their support most. Low capacity inside those institutions and poor coordination between them results in cases being dealt with slowly, inefficiently and often at significant cost to the citizen.
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Some parts of society may suffer from discriminatory legislation or low public awareness of their rights. In many countries the majority of the population continue to rely on non-state institutions for efficient and low cost resolution of disputes, but those institutions are often based on values and customs that disadvantage women and children. In response to these challenges Adam Smith International offers expertise in: Strengthening service delivery: Ministries of Justice, Attorney-General offices, High Judicial Councils, courts, judges, prosecutors, case management systems. Improving access to justice: itinerant judges and courts, legal aid offices, paralegals, referral pathways from non-legal organisations, public awareness raising. Strategic planning: long-term development strategies, capacity building programmes, setting performance targets, monitoring and reporting on progress. Cross-sector coordination: supporting sector working groups, aligning institutional performance objectives, improving coordination of case management.
Reforming the justice sector in Afghanistan From 2007 to 2011, we managed the European Union funded Justice Sector Reform Project, supporting the Ministry of Justice, Attorney General’s Office, Supreme Court and Central Prisons Department. We helped to design and implement organisational reforms that strengthened human resource management, financial management and inter-departmental coordination. We also supported all these institutions to develop a five year National Justice Sector Strategy. We assisted the Ministry of Justice to establish an Independent Legal Aid Board of representatives from the Human Rights Commission, Ministry of Women’s Affairs, and non-governmental organisations. We led international support to the development of a national legal aid policy and regulations defining the Board’s mandate and aims.
Rolling-out civil service reforms across the justice sector
Afghanistan
Afghanistan Law and justice research in Papua New Guinea We were engaged by the Australian Government to lead the design of the next phase of its Law and Justice programme for Papua New Guinea. Our team carried out field research and developed a series of issue papers that were presented to a programme design conference. The team analysed the constraints faced by national-level agencies in countering the widespread challenges of robbery, murder, sexual violence and trafficking. They assessed the role incentives play in the law and justice sector and within broader governance. The team concluded by reviewing the programme’s theory of change and developed strategies, programme designs and modality initiatives for the next phase of the programme.
Setting the direction for future rule of law programmes
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea
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Policing & Community Safety A capable police service operating to professional standards is vital to build public trust. It builds their trust in the criminal justice system and in the State’s commitment to protecting citizens’ rights and property. Citizens interact with the police more than any other state security institution. The performance of the police has an immediate impact on citizens’ day-to-day safety, but is also perceived as a key indicator of a state’s commitment to upholding the rule of law and protecting the rights of all its citizens. Police are often the entry point into the wider criminal justice system, such that their accessibility and integrity influences a citizen’s willingness to turn to state rather than non-state actors for resolving disputes. Moreover, that same integrity and accessibility affects how willing communities are to share the local information and support that is vital to preventing and investigating crime effectively. Community safety depends upon communities and police working in partnerships based on trust and dialogue. In developing countries, police forces and the ministries overseeing them often struggle with under-resourcing, institutional inefficiency, and weak service delivery capacity. This may be compounded by a culture of impunity, and a lack of respect for human rights and professional standards. Police performance may be undermined by politicisation that prioritises protection of state or group interests ahead of citizens.
International support to improving police performance must therefore strengthen police reputation, public legitimacy and ability to cooperate with community safety groups as much as technical skills and capabilities. In response to these challenges, Adam Smith International offers expertise in: Strengthening community policing: facilitating dialogue, building partnerships, information sharing, joint problem solving, crime prevention planning. Building investigations capacity: investigative procedures, evidential standards, forensics, case management, coordination with prosecutors. Improving strategic management: policy formulation by police and ministries, decision-making mechanisms, analytical support, performance monitoring and reporting. Delivery of training: needs assessments, strategy development, course design and delivery, impact evaluation, training instructors, human rights awareness. Improving finance and administration: annual budgeting, expenditure accounting, personnel registration, manpower planning. Strengthening oversight and accountability: internal discipline, professional standards, parliamentary and ministerial oversight, public complaints mechanisms.
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Improving professional standards in the Malawi Police Service We are supporting the Malawi Police Service (MPS) to improve professional standards and strengthen internal accountability in order to increase public confidence in their integrity and performance. We are assisting the development of professional standards policies for managing firearms incidents, deaths in custody and a range of other events and of a Code of Conduct. We are building the capacity of the Internal Affairs Unit (IAU) to hold police officers accountable to these standards through selection, training and mentoring of 30 IAU investigators and by establishing and equipping four regional IAU offices. We are helping the MPS to raise public awareness of new complaints mechanisms and Code of Conduct through workshops at national and regional levels.
Establishing Internal Affairs Units in four regions
Malawi
Building police capacity in Somaliland Somaliland has made impressive strides towards democratic governance and stability but remains vulnerable to violent crime, arms trafficking and terrorism. Since 2010, we have supported the Ministry of Interior and Somaliland Police Force to enact institutional reforms and strengthen investigative capabilities. We have mentored senior counterparts, selected and trained more than 30 male and female officers, and provided information management and forensic assets. We have trained officers from intelligence agencies, the Attorney General’s Office, Custodial Corps and Coastguard. We managed the construction of a large investigations and detentions facility that will enable the police to operationalise the management structures and skills learnt in training. In 2014 we initiated a two-year programme strengthening planning and oversight within the Ministry and Police Force, improving coordination with regional offices, and further building investigations capacity.
Professionalising investigation skills and techniques
Somaliland
Somaliland Justice, Security & Peacebuilding 13
Defence An accountable, adequate and affordable defence sector improves internal and external security and strengthens national identity. It demonstrates a government’s commitment to democratic governance. Armed forces are at the core of a state’s ability to deliver security and stability to its citizens. In developing countries armed forces often contribute to internal and external security when the police are unable to deal with armed militias or to extend police presence beyond urban areas. The military is one of the few state institutions that can strengthen national identity by integrating recruits from across a country into a single organisation and treating them equitably. Similarly, an effective Ministry of Defence can build public confidence that a government is committed to democratic values by showing that the principles of civilian rule and good governance apply to even the most powerful state institutions. However progress towards these objectives faces complex challenges. The military is often more politically influential and better resourced than the ministry tasked with overseeing it. Senior officers and soldiers may have a limited understanding or acceptance of good governance and its implications for the treatment of civilians. Disciplinary codes and command structures may be unclear or unenforced, undermining accountability for performance and behaviour. Expenditure may comprise a disproportionately high percentage of the national budget, in turn a result of overstaffing, opaque payroll, and inefficient procurement.
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The scale of organisational transformation required often overwhelms the limited capacity for strategic planning, for collecting accurate data on personnel, expenditure, and physical assets, and for coordinating activities across different departments and units. In response to these challenges Adam Smith International offers expertise in: Clarifying the legal and policy framework: legislation, defence white papers, institutional mandates, national and defence sector development plans. Strengthening human resource management: force design, manpower planning, personnel registration and databases, training programmes, pensions, Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration. Improving financial management: Ministry of Defence oversight, budgeting, expenditure accounting, audit, payroll verification, procurement, sector working groups. Strengthening internal accountability: departmental mandates, command structures, performance standards, codes of conduct, human rights, military justice. Developing external accountability: public communications capacity, parliamentary oversight, public complaints mechanisms, regional diplomacy.
Defence transformation in South Sudan We have worked with the Sudan People’s Liberation Army since 2009, supporting efforts to transform it into an accountable, affordable and appropriate force, operating under effective civil control and within a clear legal framework. Our assistance included the development of a five-year transformation strategy, defining army size, structure and strategic capabilities. We developed role descriptions for the Chief of General Staff, his deputies and 800 senior officers. We also trained 250 senior officers in new regulations, built a personnel database and strengthened capacity in manpower planning and administration. We worked with the Ministry of Defence to enhance civilian oversight through improved organisational structures, policy-making capacity and financial management. We also supported the planning and conduct of several parliamentary inquiries into the budget and performance of the security sector.
Professionalising an historically politicised military
South Sudan
South Sudan
  Defence intelligence reform in Somaliland Since early 2013 we have advised the Chief of Staff of the Somaliland Armed Forces and the Head of the Coastguard on the structure, conduct and accountability of the intelligence functions within their organisations. Our purpose was to strengthen Somaliland’s ability to counter threats to its own stability and to contribute to the security of the region and beyond, including the United Kingdom. We designed and delivered training to officers from both organisations concerning the collection, verification, aggregation and reporting of information. Training emphasised the importance of effective internal oversight and of close coordination with other agencies such as the Somaliland Police Force.
Countering piracy and terrorist threats to security
Somaliland
Somaliland
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Stabilisation & Peacebuilding Improving the lives of poor and vulnerable people increasingly requires interventions to restore basic security, re-establish civil authority, and strengthen the inclusivity and sustainability of political settlements. The international community’s commitment to improving the lives of poor and vulnerable people is increasingly challenged by the need to do so in countries suffering from violent conflict and failure of governance. In these countries the political settlement that underpinned the state’s legitimacy has collapsed or is openly contested, by either insurgent groups or citizens responding to violation of their rights. The State may be only one of several armed actors using force. Those actors often reject adherence to civil authority. Politics has been militarised whilst mechanisms of democratic governance have been marginalised. International stabilisation activities must focus on reducing violence and restoring sufficient security for the first steps to be taken towards a sustainable political settlement. This may require building the capacity of state security institutions but also non-state security actors perceived as legitimate by local populations. It may involve establishing civil control of those actors, nationally and locally, as well as strengthening the legitimacy of civil government by improving basic services. Progress towards a settlement will be gradual and iterative. Stabilisation activities should aim only to establish conditions conducive to longer-term statebuilding and peacebuilding. Difficult trade-offs will have to be made at each step between security and democratic governance. Selecting counterparts will not be easy; political economy analysis will be vital to determine who has the legitimacy to merit support. Above all, efforts must be made to facilitate
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dialogue and rebuild relationships between state and society, and between different sections of society. In response to these challenges Adam Smith International offers expertise in: Strategic analysis: drivers of conflict, stakeholder interests and influence, public perceptions, opportunities to strengthen the political settlement, regional dynamics. Project design: counterpart assessment and vetting, evaluation of project proposals, conflict sensitivity analysis, risk assessments, setting indicators and targets. Strengthening local governance: facilitating statesociety dialogue and subordination of armed groups to civilian authority, improving delivery of basic services. Improving security and justice services: defining roles, enhancing coordination, assessing capacity, delivering training and equipment, building infrastructure. Project delivery and evaluation: fund management, expenditure audits, risk management, impact assessments, public communication of results. Supporting peacebuilding: defining rights and interests, planning and conducting negotiations, building support through private and public communications.
Supporting peace negotiations between the Palestinian Territories and Israel Between 1998 and 2010 we managed the multi-donor Negotiation Support Project (NSP) in Ramallah. The NSP comprised more than 25 permanent legal, policy and communications advisers, and more than 50 external consultants. We supported Palestinian negotiators to develop policies based on international law, and return to full-scale negotiations with Israel. The NSP assisted Palestinian negotiators during the 2000 Camp David Negotiations, 2003 Roadmap for Peace, 2005 Israeli Disengagement from Gaza, and more recent Annapolis talks. We advised on negotiation strategies and public communication tools, and provided training in negotiation skills. The NSP’s management was subsequently transferred to the Palestinian Authority.
The Somalia Stability Fund
Promoting international law as the foundation for negotiations Palestinian Territories
Palastine
We are managing the multi-donor Somalia Stability Fund designed to strengthen local governance and assist the resolution and mitigation of conflicts. The US$50m fund works with over 30 investment partners from national and regional governments, Somali civil society and international NGOs. It has provided advice, training, funds, infrastructure and logistical support to the federal government for planning and coordinating stabilisation initiatives. The Fund has delivered similar forms of assistance to two regional administrations for facilitating dialogue with communities, resolving conflict, strengthening local governance, and improving public financial management. Disbursements to Somali and international NGOs have enabled construction of health centres, vocational training for youth, conflict resolution training for officials and community leaders, and the development of community safety plans amongst a wide range of initiatives. The Fund has over 30 staff, over half based in Somalia, who advise and mentor investment partners to continuously improve the design, monitoring and evaluation of their projects.
Building field capacity in hard-to-reach areas and managing fiduciary risk in a country without access to formal banking structures
Somalia
Somaliland
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Women, Peace & Security Women and girls face specific challenges in fragile and conflict affected environments, including gender-based violence and physical or economic insecurity. Yet they also have the potential to play a valuable role in efforts to build more just, secure and peaceful societies. We design and implement our programmes to ensure the contributions of women and girls are heard and reflected, and their needs incorporated. Women and girls are particularly vulnerable to genderbased violence, which increases significantly during conflict and, in some countries is a pervasive feature of day-to-day life. Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) is a human rights violation. It also inhibits the development of strong, peaceful societies, as women who experience violence are less likely to participate fully in the public sphere or fully contribute to socio-economic growth. Although many governments have stated their commitment to reducing VAWG, security and justice institutions in developing countries face significant challenges in both VAWG prevention and response. Officials may themselves be perpetrators of violence, or are seen as complicit in a culture of impunity for perpetrators. There may be legal or cultural disagreement about what constitutes VAWG. Justice and security providers often lack trained personnel to handle VAWG cases effectively. Women and girls who experience violence may be unable or unwilling to report it to the relevant authorities. In addition to increasing levels of gender-based violence, conflict and insecurity can have other significant impacts on the lives of women and girls. As women are often left as the primary caregivers and financial providers for households they are disproportionately affected by the physical displacement, economic uncertainty and loss of basic services that conflict often entails. Structural barriers that exist around women’s legal identity and property rights can leave women vulnerable in the absence or on the death of male spouses or family members. Rates of child, early and forced marriage increase during conflict as families seek to protect girls from violence through marriage.
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Women can play a valuable role in conflict prevention and peacebuilding. Mothers and wives are often best-placed to recognise the early signs of violent extremism within households. Women have a direct insight into the impact of conflict on households, communities and informal economies, from which men may have been absent. In spite of these insights and the significant impact of conflict on women and girls, they are typically prevented from participating fully in peacebuilding activities. State and community level negotiations are frequently dominated by men, as is post-conflict planning, resulting in marginalisation of women’s needs and failure to benefit from their insights and influence. Our expertise We aim to mainstream gender sensitivity into all our programmes, particularly when supporting justice and security institutions that are on the frontline of tackling VAWG, such as the police. We also design and deliver initiatives that build specialist capacity within those institutions support to women and girls, such as victim response units, and to improve their cooperation with civil society organisations focused on the same issues.
Example mainstreaming initiatives
Integrating women’s rights into broader security & justice sector reform
Revising military doctrines & training personnel to prevent sexual violence
Raising awareness of VAWG in the police and in communities
Improving the equal treatment of female personnel in security & justice institutions
Strengthening institutional oversight & accountability frameworks
Targeted engagement of women in peacebuilding and conflict-prevention, e.g. countering violent extremism initiatives
Improving community-state dialogue and building capacity of CSOs working for women’s rights
Example specialist initiatives
Improving service delivery and support for victims of VAWG, and strengthening referral processes
Training prosecutors and judges in handing of VAWG cases
Improving forensic investigation and documentation of VAWG cases
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Civil Society & External Accountability External accountability is an essential component of a well-functioning justice and security sector. Without the support and engagement of civil society, initiatives to reform state institutions will have limited impact on the communities they are mandated to serve. By engaging in dialogue and holding state institutions to account for their performance, civil society organisations allow individuals and vulnerable groups to voice their priorities and sustain pressure for reforms. We work directly with civil society organisations to strengthen their core functions of governance, planning, finance, research, analysis and communications. We also support them to design, implement and evaluate specific projects intended to improve the safety of communities and strengthen the ‘demand’ side of accountability. We support state institutions to build their ability to proactively communicate their policies and intentions to civil society, to explain the challenges they face, and to respond effectively to public concerns or criticisms of their performance. We strengthen their capacity for strategic communications, participating in local dialogue forums, contributing to parliamentary inquiries and establishing accessible channels for public complaints.
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We help to develop structures and space for engagement and dialogue to take place between civil society and state institutions. We support dialogue by bringing together stakeholders from the security, justice, media, religious and non-governmental organisation sectors through community safety forums, national consultation processes and open parliamentary inquiries. Our goal is regular, high quality and sustained engagement between civil society and state institutions that gives the state better insight into citizens’ needs and perceptions so that its resources are allocated more effectively, and gives communities the confidence to challenge impunity and to work collaboratively with the State in combating crime and other threats to citizens’ safety.
Strengthening civil society engagement in security sector governance in South Sudan We helped to build civil society capacity and engagement in South Sudan as part of a wider programme of assistance to improve the accountability and affordability of the country’s security sector institutions. We established a national Security Dialogue Forum as a channel for informal discussion that would gradually increase citizens’ influence over the policies and behaviour of those security institutions. The Forum brought together representatives from the police, army, church, media and more than twenty civil society organisations (CSOs). Topics discussed included criminal gangs, civilian disarmament and police strategic planning. Several CSOs were subsequently invited to participate in an official parliamentary inquiry into security arrangements for the referendum on independence alongside ministers and security officials. We also provided training, mentoring, strategic advice and grants to carefully selected CSOs in order to strengthen their core organisational functions and enable them to carry out a range of grassroots initiatives to improve human security and strengthen relations with security institutions. The lessons learnt from those initiatives fed back into the discussions taking place within the Security Dialogue Forum, enhancing their relevance and productivity. Community Empowerment for Progress Organisation (CEPO) Developed a code of conduct to guide behaviour between cattle keepers & farmers
Organisation for Non-Violence and Development (ONAD) Improved relations between the police and citizens to reduce violence against women
Supporting South Sudan with sustainable, effective armed forces
South Sudan
South Sudan
Standard Action Liasion Focus (SALF) Established country-level security dialogue forums between citizens & security forces in conflict areas
SUPPORT TO CSOs in South Sudan Grants Discrete projects; recurrent costs of core organisational functions
Capacity building Financial management; team building; strategic planning; governance; project management; monitoring & evaluation
Oversight Fiduciary assessments; monthly financial reporting; spot checks; annual external audits; quarterly and annual impact evaluations
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Delivering Successful Projects in Conflict-Affected Countries International support to justice, policing and defence reform is most needed in countries suffering from conflict where state capacity is lowest and where stability and rule of law are citizens’ top priorities. Development projects in these countries face daunting technical challenges, political complexities, fiduciary risks, logistical difficulties and threats to security. We can overcome these challenges and make lasting improvements to people’s lives by following a set of practical but powerful rules.
We ensure that we understand the politics
We treat local ownership as an objective in its own right
We plan for change and invest in flexibility
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We continuously monitor the wider context
We take risks but manage them tightly
For over twenty years we have successfully delivered complex projects in conflict-affected countries in the Middle East, Africa and Asia. Our core values of Resourcefulness, Excellence, Achievement and Accountability have grown from this experience and have underpinned our achievements throughout. We have developed a suite of project management tools and techniques centred around five simple but powerful rules for working effectively in conflict-affected countries. Those rules are summarised in the diagram opposite and described below. At the same time as applying these principles afresh to each new project and its context, we draw on and adapt methodologies developed by the OECD, the World Bank, and bilateral donors such as the UK’s Department for International Development and Stabilisation Unit. We make sure we understand the politics We understand the country’s political settlement, how it came about, which stakeholders support it, and which might not. We ensure all project activities strengthen the inclusivity of a political settlement and avoid exacerbating its vulnerabilities. We find out how to best use formal and informal communications to stakeholders to demonstrate progress and sustain support. We monitor the wider context continuously In fragile states a project’s impact is frequently affected by political and conflict dynamics beyond its immediate counterpart. We systematically track such dynamics, both inside and outside government, through national staff, partners and counterparts.
We hold the strengthening of local ownership as an objective in its own right We treat the broadening and deepening of local ownership in order to protect and sustain reforms as a core project objective. We adopt inclusive governance arrangements, participatory activities, projects and solutions that build on existing practices. We select advisers for their ability to build rapport with counterparts and skill in tailoring best practices to local circumstances. We plan for change and invest in flexibility We choose advisers for their breadth of skill so projects can adapt activities to fluid contexts but keep relationships unchanged. We define strategic objectives precisely so advisers can be given the tactical autonomy needed to stay relevant in fluid contexts. We ensure management structures are clear and information is shared regularly between advisors so risks are identified and dealt with swiftly. We take risks but manage them tightly We accept that almost all actions with the potential for positive change in fragile states carry risk – political, technical or security. We make those risks explicit in cost-benefit analyses before initiating activities and monitor them throughout implementation. We recognise some risks demand diplomatic not technical responses; we work closely with donors to mitigate such risks.
We recognise that non-state actors are sometimes the primary service provider and can influence the scope of state activities.
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Adam Smith International is an award-winning professional services business that delivers real impact, value and lasting change through projects supporting economic growth and government reform internationally. We specialise in the design, management and delivery of complex projects. Our wide-ranging experience is grouped into two areas: Economic Growth and Government Reform. Economic Growth includes services in Private Sector Development, Infrastructure Development, Extractive Industries Governance and Climate Change. Government Reform includes services in Public Administration Reform, Justice, Security and Peace-building, Revenue Reform, Public Financial Management, Education Development, and Civil Society and Demand-Side Accountability. Often working in challenging environments and conflict affected areas, we have a proven track record for achieving tangible results.
Find out more For an in-depth look at any of these projects and more of our Justice, Security & Peacebuilding experience, visit www.adamsmithinternational.com.
For assistance, please contact: Justice, Security & Peacebuilding Team T: +44 20 7735 6660 E: JusticeandSecurity@adamsmithinternational.com
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