Adam Ad am Wol o f | ar arch chh 523 23
CONTENTS Case Statement Project Description Client Stakeholders Project Goals Site Analysis | Solution Diagrams Precedent Studies | Precedent Diagrams Athlete Profiles | Paralympic Sports Programming Works Referenced
04 09 11 12 13 16 28 42 69 74
C A S E
S T A T E M E N T
mild disabilties severe disabilties
19 .5% of Americans have a disabilty, making it the largest minority group in the country.
no disabilties
4
C A S E
S T A T E M E N T
population of Chicago:
2 , 8 4 2 , 518
population of Greater Chicagoland:
9 , 5 6 5 , 391
In the 2000 Census, approximately
23 % of Chicago’s total population reported having a disability.
=2.2 M I LLI ON P E OP L E in the Greater Chicagoland Area with a disability. 5
C A S E
S T A T E M E N T
Sadly, this group is often neglected by architectural design, and ADA code is seen as a hindrance rather than an
OPPORTUNITY. Although the code makes it possible for all people to access buildings and the spaces within them, more often than not someone with a disability is not having an
EQUAL EXPERIENCE. 6
C A S E
S T A T E M E N T
If we can realize that each of us have limits to our abilities, then to a certain degree, we are all “disabled”. ...and if we are all “disabled”, then in fact
NONE OF US ARE. 7
THE ABILITY CENTER is: A facility designed for people of all levels of ability, specifically geared towards Paralympic Athletes.
A training complex, rehabilitation center, and athletic venue for all types of paralympic sports.
The building will double as a public park, built on existing Lake Shore Park the new public park will bridge over Lake Shore Drive, connecting it to Lake Front Trail and Lake Michigan.
THE CLIENT In 2008 Wold Sport Chicago created a Paralympic component to the organization. The Chicago Paralympic Development Program is the first entity of its kind in the country and addresses a new segment of Chicago’s population served by World Sport Chicago. It currently partners with existing Paralympic sport providers in the city and suburbs to enhance the opportunities for sport delivery to the public with physical or visual disabilities. Lack of appropriate equipment, unskilled coaches, and inadequate transportation are typical barriers to participation in Paralympic sport. The Chicago Paralympic Development Program provides expertise and resources that remove these barriers and allows more people to be involved with Paralympic sport.
The Ability Center will provide a venue that can house all of the needs of the Paralympic Development Program in one location.
11
stakeholders Paralympic Athletes Paralympic athletes often train in separate locations, separated from one another until theyre able to meet at the Olympic Games. The ABILITY Center, partnered with the World Sport of Chicago, will join top-tier athletes with the best coaches and trainers available.
Trainers and Coaches A venue that can serve almost all paralympic events in the same place can only be a catalyst for improvements in the training, coaching, and performance of the sport overall. The ABILTY Center will attract coaches and trainers from across the country to come and participate in the Chicago Paralympic Development Program.
People with Disabilities The ABILITY Center is specifically designed to cater to ALL levels of ability, and that means encompassing the entire population. From the pool to the sauna and the fitness center, the ABILITY Center will service people of all ability levels.
Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago The Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago is one of the leading Rehab and Research Institutes in the world. Their clients may use the ABILTY Center’s facilities in their rehabilitation excercises, and join the various clubs and teams offered at the ABILITY Center.
Residents of Streeterville The athletic venue will give another form of entertainment to the residents of Chicago, and the underground parking garage will serve a community that is lacking public parking in the immediate area.
12
project GOALS
To create a Universal Design solution that addresses all levels of abilities. To bridge the divide between Streeterville and Lake Michigan that is Lake Shore Drive and funnel pedestrians to the site. Raise awareness (both architectural and otherwise) of accesibility issues and provide an interesting solution to this design problem. Enhance the experience of what is currently Lake Shore Park by elevating it and creating a more dynamic space.
13
The following site analysis looks at specific issues the site at Lake Shore Park, and the accompanying diagrams offer possible solutions to the issues raised here.
site analysis
SOLUTION DIAGRAMS The following diagrams are direct responses to issues raised in the site analysis. They will be used as guiding principles throughout the design process
S I T E
A N A L Y S I S
01 PROPOSED SITE:
334 E. Chicago Ave Between N. DeWitt Pl. and Lake Shore Drive [CURRENTLY LAKESHORE PARK]
NEIGHBORHOOD: SQUARE FOOTAGE: ACRES:
16
Streeterville 166,000 SF 3.8 Acres
S I T E
A N A L Y S I S
01 In order to get familiar with the site and ADA slope requirements, it has been detirmined that over the length of the 770’ site, a straight-line ramp with a slope of 1:20 with landings every 30’, a height of 52’ above grade can be achieved along the east-west axis. Meandering circulation pathways will add to the maximum height reachable, but 52’ above Lake Shore Drive is at least sufficient for any bridging necessary.
SITE SLOPE STUDY
52’ LAKE SHORE DRIVE
LAKE FRONT TRAIL
770’ 17
S I T E
A N A L Y S I S
02 via East Oak Street
SITE
EXISTING LAKEFRONT TRAIL ACCESS POINTS via East Ohio Street
Currently Streeterville is separated from the Lakefront Trail by Lakeshore Drive. The two LSD pedestrian crossings exist to the north at East Oak Street, and to south at East Ohio Street. The ABILITY Center will solve this issue by bridging over Lake Shore Drive, reconnecting Streeterville to the Lake. All paths will be ADA accessible, and be of substantial width to accomodate cyclists, pedestrians, and wheelchairs alike.
18
S I T E
A N A L Y S I S
02
LAKE SHORE DRIVE BRIDGE
ELEVATED PARK
ABILITY CENTER
LAKE SHORE DRIVE
LAKEFRONT TRAIL
MARINA
LAKE MICHIGAN
S I T E
A N A L Y S I S
03
EXISTING PARKS Washington Square Park Lake Shore Park
[SITE]
Milton Olive Park Jane Addams Memorial Park DuSable Park Chicago’s parks system are an integral part of the city’s urban fabric. In order to maintain the public space of Lake Shore Park, the proposed ABILITY Center will elevate LakeShore Park above the building, adding to the existing park program while connecting to the Lake Fron Trail.
20
S I T E
A N A L Y S I S
03
NEW ELEVATED PARK
EXISTING LAKE SHORE PARK
Pearso n Stree t
RAMPING FROM STREET LEVEL TO BRIDGE LEVEL
r Driive hoore ke Sho Lake La
ABILITY CENTER BELOW NEW ELEVATED PARK SYSTEM 21
S I T E
A N A L Y S I S
04
MEDICAL & REHABILITATION BUILDINGS [SITE]
Children’s Memorial Hospital Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine Robert H Lurie Medical Research Building Northwestern Memorial Hospital Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago The Ability Center’s location in the midst of the Medical District of Chicago will promote paralympic sport and raise awareness of disabilities among the residents of streeterville. Patients of the nearby hospitals will have easy access to facilities specifically catered to those with disabilities. This location also facilitates partnerships and knowledge sharing across organizations.
22
S I T E
A N A L Y S I S
04 Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago
MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS
Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago ranks # 9 among only 12 children’s hospitals nationwide to qualify for the Honor Roll in the 2012-13 U.S. News & World Report Best Children’s Hospitals rankings. Lurie Children’s has five specialties in the top 10, including Urology (#6), Kidney Diseases (#7), Gastroenterology (#8), Cancer (#10) and Orthopedics (#10).
Children’s Hospital of Chicago Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago ranks # 9 among only 12 children’s hospitals nationwide to qualify for the Honor Roll in the 2012-13 U.S. News & World Report Best Children’s Hospitals rankings. Lurie Children’s has five specialties in the top 10, including Urology (#6), Kidney Diseases (#7), Gastroenterology (#8), Cancer (#10) and Orthopedics (#10).
Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine Feinberg holds the No. 18 spot in the 2013 U.S. News & World Report ranking of top research-oriented medical schools in the country. Among departmental rankings, women’s health ranks No. 10, AIDS research No. 15, pediatrics No. 15, and internal medicine No. 16.
Robert H Lurie Medical Research Building The facility at the southeast corner of Superior Street and Fairbanks Court is designed to allow basic and clinical researchers to collaborate across disciplines, creating the potential for novel solutions to scientific challenges. “The Robert H. Lurie Medical Research Center will provide researchers with exceptional resources to transfer pioneering medical research from the laboratory to clinical applications for patients. The convergence of talent and advanced equipment in this facility will lead to innovative discoveries, ushering in a new era of medical research.” -Dr. Landsberg, Dean of Feinberg School of Medicine.
Northwestern Memorial Hospital Northwestern Memorial Hospital was selected as one of the 2012 Top Hospitals by The Leapfrog Group, an organization that provides the only national, public comparison of hospitals across safety, quality and efficiency dimensions. Northwestern Memorial and Northwestern Lake Forest are honored among an elite group of only 92 hospitals selected out of nearly 1,200 surveyed.
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S I T E
A N A L Y S I S
05
PUBLIC PARKING GARAGES = Public Parking Garage
[SITE]
There is a lack of public parking facilities in the Medical District area of Streeterville. The Ability Center will need to provide substantial parking for the athletic events it holds throughout the year. Proposed below are 3 levels of underground parking across the entire site. The yearly earnings can help mitigate the cost of the entire project. The following is a rough estimate of the potential earnings.
Lot size: 166,000 SF Assume 400 SF / parking space = 415 spaces / level x 3 levels = 1,245 total spaces. 1,245 spaces x assumed 80% capacity =
996 spaces occupied each day.
Daily rate of $20/day assumed.
996 x $20 x 260 business days =
$5.18 M / year earnings. Depending on the cost of the building, $5.18 M annual earnings, compounded over the life span of the building, can substantially mitigate the overall cost of the building while providing a much needed service to Streeterville residents.
24
S I T E
A N A L Y S I S
05
UNDERGROUND PARKING
3 LEVELS OF PARKING
UNDERGROUND PEDESTRIAN PATH
25
PRECEDENT STUDIES The following precedents have been chosen because they each have a specific relevance to the ABILITY Center. Some are similar in nature, catering specifically to those with disabilities, others embody a specific design intent. Each lesson learned is manifested in diagram form on the facing page.
PRECEDENT DIAGRAMS The following diagrams relate specifically to the precedent studies on the adjacent page. Some of the precedents are particularly successful in a given intance, others provide examples of what not to do. Each diagram relates directly to the precedent on the adjacent page.
01 Center for Individuals with Disabilities
The assignment is motivated by the need to expand the Neuropsychiatric Centre Our Lady of Carmen, in Zaragoza. In the first phase there is a new support centre for youth with behavioural problems, and currently sharing facilities with the geriatric section and, by the nature of their treatment and pathology, was necessary to become independent. In a second phase will be built the “Module for Occupational Workshops.” It has 10 single bedrooms and 8 double rooms, with toilets. The common areas of the internal are two living rooms and dining room. The program is completed with, reception room, two offices, laundry, office, control room toilets, storage and utility room. The floor plan is rectangular, dimensions 15.5 x 65 m. The facade has no cantilevers , but reflects the emptying of the building volume in the direction north, creating a courtyard to capture sunlight and allow controlled the patients to stay there in the summer. The roof, for the most part, saw tooth shape, with variable slopes – very steep at some points – reflects, from the outside, the degree of internal mental activity in relation to the type of rooms they occupy: the resting or sleeping area with a slope of 60%, common areas or with maximum activity have outstanding peak of 240%. The treatment of the spaces occupied by the medical staff and caregivers has been dealt with flat roofs.
RElevance: +ARCHITECT: +LOCATION: +PROJECT SIZE: +PROGRAM:
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G,Bang Architects Zaragosa, Spain 12,000 SM 10 bedrooms offices laundry control room lounge
The shape of the building, especially the slopes of the roofs, change to reflect the amount of mental activity likely to occur in those program spaces. The ABILITY Center can outwardly reflect the interior activity of the building as a way to raise awareness of disabled sport in Chicago
p r e c e d e n t s
01 The specific functions that are especially unique to the ABILITY Center should be visible to general public. This can act as a billboard for the Chicago Paralympic Development Program and get the neighborhood excited about paralympic sports.
VISIBILITY TO THE PUBLIC
29
02 Virginia G. Piper Sports Fitness Center The SpoFit is one of two centers in the U.S. that is specifically designed for individuals with disabilities, and the only center of its kind in the Western United States. It features two full-size sport courts, an indoor suspended track, rock climbing wall, fitness center/weight room, group fitness room and an aquatic center. The sport courts have both 10 ft and 8 ft hoops to allow youth to play more competitive basketball. The courts will also accommodate sit volleyball, power soccer, quad rugby and other team sports. The one-of-a-kind fitness center is located on the second floor. The spacious work-out center includes an accessible line of CYBEX weight-training and fitness equipment. The aquatic center contains a lap pool, therapy pool and spa. All three pools are accessible by chairlift. The lap pool and therapy pools also provide entry by elevator. The lap pool is designed with a lowered bench for transferring directly from a wheelchair to the water.
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Baldinger Studio Pheonix, AZ Unknown 2 sport courts indoor suspended track rock climbing wall fitness center + weight room lap pool|therapy pool spa
SpoFit utilizes a building form that creates visibility across programmatic functions. An elevated indoor track circles the courts, all of which overlooks the outdoor pools. This creates a synergy between the different sport activities and their participants.
p r e c e d e n t s
02 To create a synergy between athletes and sports, visual and personal connection is important across disciplines. This helps create a more interesting and dynamic training environment.
INTER-SPORT CONNECTION
31
03 Ed Roberts Campus Designed by Leddy Maytum Stacy Architects and located at the Ashby BART Station, the 85,000 sqf facility embodies the principles of Universal Design—the creation of environments that strive to be equally easy and intuitive to use for individuals of all abilities. The design far exceeds the accessibility requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act. At the heart of the building is a monumental helical ramp to the second floor, prominently placed behind the glazed facade facing the main entry plaza. Other Universal Design features include seven-foot-wide corridors to facilitate wheelchair use, automatic doors and hands-free building system controls, restrooms that meet a range of abilities, oversized elevators with special controls for wheelchair riders, and an easy-tonavigate wayfinding system aided by acoustical landmarks, high-contrast interior finishes, and colored and textured flooring. The facility also has numerous sustainable design elements, including exterior shading, operable windows for natural ventilation, energyefficient mechanical and lighting systems, and the use of recycled, sustainably harvested, and rapidly renewable materials. Nontoxic finishes and filtered outside air enhance indoor air quality, addressing the needs of those with chemical sensitivities.
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Leddy Maytum Stacy Berkely, CA 85,000 SF offices/meeting rooms childcare fitness center job training facilities cafe
The Ed Roberts Campus epitomizes Universal Design principles. Going far above and beyond ADA code, the building itself responds to the tactile and acoustical awareness of its users. This is achieved through acoustical landmarks, high-contrast colors, and textures as a means of wayfinding. The accesible features on the interior are highlighted by the generous glazing on the exterior facade.
p r e c e d e n t s
03 Through the use of texture, light conditions, acoustics, and color, the building can assume its own guidance system for the blind, as well as providing tactile feedback for those in whellchairs.
MaTERIAL LANDMARKS
33
04 Aberdeen Garden While this competition entry was scrapped due to budget concerns, diller scofidio + renfro’s winning competition proposal ‘granite web’, a city garden for aberdeen, scotland, is particularly relevant. a fusion of nature and culture, the cultural center is integrated into a three dimensional network of connections evoking the form of an elastic web. extending into the encompassing urban context, the pathways are derived from relevant site lines to support park and cultural activities while merging the existing and contemporary layers of the city. placed upon a historic river site, the permeable parkland will reveal the multi-tiered archeology while connecting the city’s future as a technological hub for art, leisure and commerce. Arching tendons become pedestrian bridges, connecting union terrace across denburn road and belmont street while leaving space below for exhibitions, events and performance areas. to the sculpted green space creates microclimates for quiet contemplation to meadows for large gatherings. voids between plant groupings and paths bring unexpected swaths of natural daylight to the street and interior rooms below. three landscape elements include ‘the brae’ hillock with a planted overlook, ‘the butterfly’ public entrance and ‘the forum’ bandshell and lawn for performances.
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Diller Scofidio + Renfro Aberdeen, Scotland 1.3 Acres learning garden cafeteria forum & stage
Aberdeen Gardens creates web of connection points across an undulating site, these extrusions and voids create a visual connection between programmatic elements. The ABILITY Center will use a web of circulation paths to create similar connections and multiple routes across an undulating site.
p r e c e d e n t s
04 Instead of a straight-line path up the site to the bridge, the pathways should be an interconnected web of different activities, inviting exploration and pause.
Various connections
35
07 The Wave: St. Petersburg Pier Bjarke Ingalls Group’s competition entry for the redesign of St. Petersburg Pier in Florida contains some imformative concepts. Deemed “The Wave”, it is conceived as a strong character marker on the skyline and waterline of St. Petersburg. Its characterisitic waves and curves lend themselves to an array of activities around and within them: a view point, a pavilion, a band shell, a boat pier, a marketplace, banquet hall, exhibition space, a beach, a boardwalk, a stage, and an audience. The Wave Pier, like the water it rests on, is shaped by the life within and around it, and is flexible and open to change. As life in the city evolves - so will the pier evolve with it. Its strong form and generous spaces can accomodate a multitude of programs - either one single destination or multiple individual activities or tenants. Its sculptural exterior creates a series of public spaces - the rooftop outlook on the break of the wave, the spectator stands in the curl of the wave, the covered stage under the arch of the loop and the beach as the pier dives into the water. Within the thickness of the wave a cascade of programmable spaces form a single loop. As times change these spaces can be joined or parted to suit the needs and opportunities of the city and its citizens.
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Bjarke Ingalls Group St. Petersburg, FL Unkown tributary park wave walk pier: waterslide & pool various themed rooms
The procession to the end of the pier creates different nodes of interest each with their own presence defined by color and plantings. This slows an otherwise straightforward approach and creates a more intriguing procession to the end of the pier. The ABILITY Center’s entire site can be thought of as a procession across Lake Shore Drive to the marina on Lake Michigan
03 Sport Complex for the Disabled
More than 3 million disabled of natural disasters, accidents and Iran-Iraq war are living in Iran. They are so vulnerable and forgotten due to the lack of urban facilities and other special services. In 2007, Cultural-Social Administration of Tehran municipality, decided to construct a cultural-sport complex for disabled in each 22 Tehran districts, in order to increase these kinds of facilities. Thus, one physical program was prepared by initiatory consultant and was advised to all districts to have a same program for all of these complexes. The proposed site was part of a 50 100 land and just 30 100 occupation was possible. The remained area belonged to the municipality which should prepare the access to the northern part of the site. Furthermore, the municipality defined this part as public green space, separated from Cultural-Sport site. An obsolete curriery factory was located in the southern part of the site with 100 year old trees and very appropriate green space. Some ramps in the northern façade, connect these functional boxes together, and define special wheelchair paths that make a dynamic façade, as well. These ramps are located in a façade box opposite to interior functions. A functional façade box which is the project façade and connect different parts as well. A façade which is always changing due to its users and users are a part of architectural project. These ramps finally reach to the roof which a wheelchair Track is located on it.
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Experimental Branch Tehran, Iran 180,000 SF pool & sauna restaurant ampitheater game rooms gymnasium
While the Sport Complex for the Disabled has a similar layout to the ABILITY Center, the localized ramping is overbearing. Rather than cluster all necessary ramps above one another, ramping should be used as connection points between nodes, not a stack of necessities.
p r e c e d e n t s
07 The Sport Complex for the Disabled in Tehran, Iran, is a good case study for program requirements. Given the extreme case of a completely accessible building, circulation efficiency is less than that of a normal building. Many programmatic elements are similar to that of the proposed ABILITY Center. This program will be a good reference for creating a program for the ABILITY Center that can satisfy the needs of paralympic athletes and trainers.
category
DESCRIPTION
SF
#
TOTAL
POOL & SAUNA
POOL POOL ENTRANCE HYDROTHERAPY DRY SAUNA STEAM SAUNA LIFE GUARD ROOM MASSAGE ROOM EMERGENCY ROOM
8450 700 300 320 300 300 100 300
1 1 1 2 2 1 6 1
8450 700 300 640 600 300 600 300
MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL POOL FACILITIES ROOM AIR HYDROTHERAPY FACILITIES ELECTRICAL ROOM GENERATOR ROOM
1250 920 4200 960 650 1700 550
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1250 920 4200 960 650 1700 550
MECHANICAL
category DESCRIPTION
PROGRAM ANALYSIS Sport Complex for the Disabled
sf
#
TOTAL
category
DESCRIPTION
SF
#
TOTAL
ADMIN
PRESIDENT VICE PRESIDENT STAFF CONFERENCE ROOM
400 520 300 1200
1 1 1 1
400 520 300 1200
SPORT
PUBLIC
LOBBY & RECEPTION RESTAURANT GALLERY PRAYER ROOM RESTROOMS
1250 5600 4200 500 360
1 1 1 2 4
1250 5600 4200 1000 1440
MULTI PURPOSE HALL TABLE TENNIS HALL CHESS ROOM GYM AND FITNESS SHOOTING HALL LOCKER ROOM RESTROOMS TRAINING CLASSES COUNSELING CLASSES
6340 1480 2180 2600 1720 560 350 660 850
1 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 1
6340 1480 2180 2600 1720 1680 1050 1320 850
ENTRANCE ELEVATOR STAIRS DISABLED RAMP PARKING RAMP
400 420 300 3600 680
2 2 2 2 1
800 840 600 7200 680
MAIN HALL
560 2940
1 1
560 2940
ELEVATOR STAIRS DISABLED RAMP
420 300 3600
3 3 3
1260 900 10800
SPACES
AMPITHEATER WAITING ROOM & BUFFET ACCESS
ACCESS
TOTAL RELEVANT SQUARE FOOTAGE:
83,830 SF 39
Athlete profiles The following profiles outline a variety of athletes with differing levels of abilities. The athletes chosen are meant to display the range of potential users of the ABILITY Center, from which design decisions can be made. Each athlete’s sport is highlighted on the adjacent page
PARALYMPIC SPORTs The following paralympic sports are explained to aquaint those not familiar with the differences between conventional sports and paralympic sports. Each sport corresponds with an athlete analysis on the facing page. The space needed for each (playing field only) sport are listed as well.
U S E R
S T U D I E S
01 REACH StATISTICS: Wingspan: Height Reached: Lower Limits: Rear Reach: Front Reach:
6’ 7’ 0’ 1.5’ 3’
8’
8’
7’
7’
6’
6’
5’
5’
4’
4’
3’
3’
2’
2’
1’
1’ 6’
0’
ANDREW HOFFMAN Archery 6’ | 194 lbs Age 43 Amputee - Both arms at the shoulder
-4’
ABILITY LEVELS:
0’ -3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
+4’
-4’
-3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
HIGH
HIGH
20 fps
6’
HIGH
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
10 fps
3’
MEDIUM
LOW
LOW
0 fps
0’
LOW
TRANSPORTATION: Ambulatory, no arms
Tac tile Aw are ne ss
ed pe ss Ma
Eve lev el
t en mo vem of
od rb pe Up
Low er
42
bo
dy
ym
mo
ob
bili
ty
ility
PROSTHETICS: 2 Prosthetic Arms
+4’
S P A C E
R E Q U I R E M E N T S
TARGETS
SHOOTING LINE WAITING LINE
SPACE REQUIREMENTS:
01
A R C H E R Y
The object of the sport is simple: to shoot arrows as close to the centre of a target as possible. As with Olympic Archery, targets are 122cm in diameter, with the gold ring at the centre (worth a maximum 10 points) measuring just 12.2cm. Athletes shoot at the target from a distance of 70 metres. Similar to their Olympic counterparts, athletes compete with both recurve bows – distinctive as the limbs curve outwards at the top – and compound bows, which feature mechanical pulleys, telescopic sights and release aids to assist in accuracy. Men and women compete separately, both as individuals and in teams of three, and all matches are conducted as straight knockouts.
LENGTH: 138 ft WIDTH: 72 ft
11,200 SF MAX SF: 12,500 SF MIN SF:
43
U S E R
S T U D I E S
02 REACH StATISTICS: Wingspan: Height Reached: Lower Limits: Rear Reach: Front Reach:
6’ 6’ 6’ 6’ 6’
8’
8’
7’
7’
6’
6’
5’
5’
4’
4’
3’
3’
2’
2’
1’
1’
0’
0’
OSCAR PISTORIUS Athletics 6’1 | 178 lbs Age 26 Born without tibias/fibulas
-4’
ABILITY LEVELS:
-3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
-4’
+4’
-3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
HIGH
HIGH
20 fps
6’
HIGH
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
10 fps
3’
MEDIUM
LOW
LOW
0 fps
0’
LOW
TRANSPORTATION: Ambulatory, no legs below knees
ed pe ss Ma
Tac tile Aw are ne ss
of
od rb pe Up
Eve lev el
t mo vem
ob ym
mo dy bo Low er
44
en
ty bili
ility
PROSTHETICS: 2 Prosthetic Legs
+4’
S P A C E
R E Q U I R E M E N T S
SPACE REQUIREMENTS:
02
A T H L E T I C S
The object of the sport is simple: to shoot arrows as close to the centre of a target as possible. As with Olympic Archery, targets are 122cm in diameter, with the gold ring at the centre (worth a maximum 10 points) measuring just 12.2cm. Athletes shoot at the target from a distance of 70 metres. Similar to their Olympic counterparts, athletes compete with both recurve bows – distinctive as the limbs curve outwards at the top – and compound bows, which feature mechanical pulleys, telescopic sights and release aids to assist in accuracy. Men and women compete separately, both as individuals and in teams of three, and all matches are conducted as straight knockouts.
LENGTH: WIDTH:
VARIABLE VARIABLE
MIN LENGTH: MAX LENGTH:
656’ 984’
45
U S E R
S T U D I E S
03 REACH StATISTICS: Wingspan: Height Reached: Lower Limits: Rear Reach: Front Reach:
4.5’ 4.5’ 1.5’ 0’ 2.5’
8’
8’
7’
7’
6’
6’
5’
5’
4’
4’
3’
3’
2’
2’
1’
1’
0’
0’
Julie CALLAHAN Wheelchair Basketball 5’4 | 122 lbs Age 19 Paralyzed from the waist down
-4’
ABILITY LEVELS:
-3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
-4’
+4’
-3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
HIGH
HIGH
20 fps
6’
HIGH
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
10 fps
3’
MEDIUM
LOW
LOW
0 fps
0’
LOW
TRANSPORTATION: Manual Wheelchair
Tac tile Aw are ne ss
ed pe ss Ma
Eve lev el
t en mo vem of
od rb pe Up
Low er
46
bo
dy
ym
mo
ob
bili
ty
None
ility
PROSTHETICS:
+4’
S P A C E
R E Q U I R E M E N T S
SPACE REQUIREMENTS:
03
B A S K E T B A L L
The rules of Wheelchair Basketball are broadly similar to Basketball. The court is the same size, the basket is at the same height, and the scoring is identical: two points for a regular shot from open play, one point for each successful free throw and three points for a shot from distance (6.75m from the basket). Players move the ball around the court by passing or dribbling, and are required to throw or bounce the ball after every two pushes of the wheels on their chairs to avoid being penalised for travelling. There are 12 players in each team, with no more than five on court. Games last for 40 minutes, split into four 10-minute quarters. The clock stops for every break in play and teams can call time-outs which last one minute.
LENGTH: WIDTH:
94 ft x 3 = 50 ft
14,100 SF MAX SF: 16,800 SF MIN SF:
47
U S E R
S T U D I E S
04 REACH StATISTICS: Wingspan: Height Reached: Lower Limits: Rear Reach: Front Reach:
None None None None None
8’
8’
7’
7’
6’
6’
5’
5’
4’
4’
3’
3’
2’
2’
1’
1’
0’
0’
JOSH VANDER VIES Boccia 4’5 | 145 lbs Age 27 Amputee - Both arms and legs & Cerebral Palsy
-4’
ABILITY LEVELS:
-3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
-4’
+4’
-3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
HIGH
HIGH
20 fps
6’
HIGH
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
10 fps
3’
MEDIUM
LOW
LOW
0 fps
0’
LOW
TRANSPORTATION: Electric Wheelchair
Tac tile Aw are ne ss
ed pe ss Ma
Eve lev el
t en mo vem of
od rb pe Up
Low er
48
bo
dy
ym
mo
ob
bili
ty
None
ility
PROSTHETICS:
+4’
S P A C E
R E Q U I R E M E N T S
SPACE REQUIREMENTS:
04
B O C C I A
The aim of the sport is to propel balls so they finish as close as possible to a special white target ball, known as the jack. Each player, pair or team gets six balls during each phase of a match, called an ‘end’. The jack is thrown first, then each competitor or team takes turns to throw their ball. After each competitor/team has thrown one ball, the one which does not have the closest ball to the jack throws next. They continue to do so until one of their balls is closest to the jack or until they have thrown all their balls, at which point the other competitor/ team throws. At the close of each end, the athlete, pair or team whose ball is closest to the jack scores one point, and receives an additional point for every ball that sits closer to the jack than the opposition’s closest ball. Individual and Pairs matches consist of four ends, while Team events are held over six ends.
LENGTH: v92 ft WIDTH: 19 ft
SF:
x2=
3,480 SF
[within gymnasium]
49
U S E R
S T U D I E S
05 REACH StATISTICS: Wingspan: Height Reached: Lower Limits: Rear Reach: Front Reach:
5’ 5’ 2’ 1’ 3’
8’
8’
7’
7’
6’
6’
5’
5’
4’
4’
3’
3’
2’
2’
1’
1’
0’
0’
MARIANNA DAVIS Cycling - Road 5’6 | 143 lbs Age 36 Paralyzed from the waist down
-4’
ABILITY LEVELS:
-3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
-4’
+4’
-3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
HIGH
HIGH
20 fps
6’
HIGH
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
10 fps
3’
MEDIUM
LOW
LOW
0 fps
0’
LOW
TRANSPORTATION: Power Scooter
Tac tile Aw are ne ss
ed pe ss Ma
Eve lev el
t en mo vem of
od rb pe Up
Low er
50
bo
dy
ym
mo
ob
bili
ty
None
ility
PROSTHETICS:
+4’
S P A C E
R E Q U I R E M E N T S
SPACE REQUIREMENTS:
05
C Y C L I N G
-
R O A D
NONE: OUTDOOR SPORT
There are four types of cycles used in Paralympic Cycling: – A tandem is used by athletes with visual impairment; the athlete sits on the back of the tandem with a sighted pilot at the front. – A hand cycle, as the name suggests, has pedals operated by hand. It has two wheels at the back and one at the front. – A tricycle is normally used by athletes whose balance would make them unable to race on a two-wheeled bicycle. – A bicycle is used by all other athletes, often with modifications.
51
U S E R
S T U D I E S
06 REACH StATISTICS: Wingspan: Height Reached: Lower Limits: Rear Reach: Front Reach:
6’ 8’ 0’ 6’ 6’
8’
8’
7’
7’
6’
6’
5’
5’
4’
4’
3’
3’
2’
2’
1’
1’
0’
0’
CESAR VILLEGAS Football 6’ | 168 lbs Age 30 Blind
-4’
ABILITY LEVELS:
-3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
-4’
+4’
-3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
HIGH
HIGH
20 fps
6’
HIGH
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
10 fps
3’
MEDIUM
LOW
LOW
0 fps
0’
LOW
TRANSPORTATION: Ambulatory,
Tac tile Aw are ne ss
ed pe ss Ma
Eve lev el
t en mo vem of
od rb pe Up
Low er
52
bo
dy
ym
mo
ob
bili
ty
None
ility
PROSTHETICS:
+4’
S P A C E
R E Q U I R E M E N T S
SPACE REQUIREMENTS:
06
F O O T B A L L
Matches are played between two teams, each with four outfield players who wear a blindfold and a goalkeeper. The ball makes a sound when it is moving, so players can hear it when it is on the ground or in the air. The pitch is divided into thirds, with each team allowed one (sighted) guide for each third of the pitch to call out instructions: the attacking third; the midfield third, for which the team’s coach is the guide; and the defensive third, for which the goalkeeper serves as the guide. The pitch is surrounded with a rebound wall; the sport is played with no throw-ins and no offside rule, which ensures non-stop action. Matches are played over two halves of 25 minutes each, plus 10 minutes for half-time.
LENGTH: WIDTH:
SF:
168 ft 105 ft
[indoor field]
17,640 SF
[within gymnasium]
53
U S E R
S T U D I E S
07 REACH StATISTICS: Wingspan: Height Reached: Lower Limits: Rear Reach: Front Reach:
6.5’ 5.5’ 0’ 2’ 3’
8’
8’
7’
7’
6’
6’
5’
5’
4’
4’
3’
3’
2’
2’
1’
1’
0’
0’
Adebe Fedaku Powerlifting 5’8 | 245 lbs Age 32 Paralyzed from the waist down
-4’
ABILITY LEVELS:
-3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
-4’
+4’
-3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
HIGH
HIGH
20 fps
6’
HIGH
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
10 fps
3’
MEDIUM
LOW
LOW
0 fps
0’
LOW
TRANSPORTATION: Manual Wheelchair
Tac tile Aw are ne ss
ed pe ss Ma
Eve lev el
t en mo vem of
od rb pe Up
Low er
54
bo
dy
ym
mo
ob
bili
ty
None
ility
PROSTHETICS:
+4’
S P A C E
R E Q U I R E M E N T S
SPACE REQUIREMENTS:
07
P O W E R L I F T I N G
In Powerlifting, athletes must meet a minimum eligibility criteria based on their impairment. They are then grouped by bodyweight for competition, which means athletes with different impairments compete for the same medals. There are 10 different weight categories for men and for women. Powerlifters must lower the bench-press bar to their chest, hold it motionless, and then press it upwards to arm’s length while keeping their elbows locked. Athletes are given three attempts, and the winner is the athlete who lifts the largest weight (measured in kilograms).
LENGTH: WIDTH:
SF:
30 ft 60 ft
1,800 SF
[within auditorium]
55
U S E R
S T U D I E S
08 REACH StATISTICS: Wingspan: Height Reached: Lower Limits: Rear Reach: Front Reach:
6’ 7.5’ 0’ 3’ 3’
8’
8’
7’
7’
6’
6’
5’
5’
4’
4’
3’
3’
2’
2’
1’
1’
0’
0’
Bryan Mitchell Rowing 5’7’ | 208 lbs Age 36 Amputee - Right Arm
-4’
ABILITY LEVELS:
-3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
-4’
+4’
-3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
HIGH
HIGH
20 fps
6’
HIGH
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
10 fps
3’
MEDIUM
LOW
LOW
0 fps
0’
LOW
TRANSPORTATION: Ambulatory, no righ arm
Tac tile Aw are ne ss
ed pe ss Ma
Eve lev el
t en mo vem of
od rb pe Up
Low er
56
bo
dy
ym
mo
ob
bili
ty
1 Prosthetic Arm
ility
PROSTHETICS:
+4’
S P A C E
R E Q U I R E M E N T S
SPACE REQUIREMENTS:
08
R O W I N G
NONE: OUTDOOR SPORT
Rowing events are head-to-head races. The sport is commonly referred to as ‘adaptive rowing’, meaning that the equipment is adapted so the athlete can practise the sport (rather than the sport being adapted to the athlete).
57
U S E R
S T U D I E S
09 REACH StATISTICS: Wingspan: Height Reached: Lower Limits: Rear Reach: Front Reach:
6’ 6’ 6’ 6’ 6’
8’
8’
7’
7’
6’
6’
5’
5’
4’
4’
3’
3’
2’
2’
1’
1’
0’
0’
Ryley Batt Rugby 3’4 | 120 lbs Age 23 Born without legs
-4’
ABILITY LEVELS:
-3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
-4’
+4’
-3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
HIGH
HIGH
20 fps
6’
HIGH
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
10 fps
3’
MEDIUM
LOW
LOW
0 fps
0’
LOW
TRANSPORTATION: Pegasus Upright Chair
Tac tile Aw are ne ss
ed pe ss Ma
Eve lev el
t en mo vem of
od rb pe Up
Low er
58
bo
dy
ym
mo
ob
bili
ty
None
ility
PROSTHETICS:
+4’
S P A C E
R E Q U I R E M E N T S
SPACE REQUIREMENTS:
09
R U G B Y
The aim of Wheelchair Rugby is to take the ball over the opponent’s goal line – for this to count two wheels of the chair must cross the line, and the athlete must be in control of the ball, which may be held in their lap. Contact between wheelchairs is permitted, but physical contact is outlawed. From when they gain possession, a team has just 40 seconds to score a goal. The result is a fast-moving sport that requires plenty of skill and toughness from its athletes. Players may not have more than three players in their key area while defending their goal line, and an attacking player may not be in the opposition key area for longer than 10 seconds. Players may throw, bat or roll the ball, but kicking it is not allowed.
LENGTH: WIDTH:
SF:
91 ft 50 ft
4,550 SF
[within gymnasium]
59
U S E R
S T U D I E S
10 REACH StATISTICS: Wingspan: Height Reached: Lower Limits: Rear Reach: Front Reach:
7’ 8’ 0’ 3’ 3.5’
8’
8’
7’
7’
6’
6’
5’
5’
4’
4’
3’
3’
2’
2’
1’
1’
0’
0’
Joseph O’Leary Sailing 6’4 | 194 lbs Age 37 Amputee - Left Foot
-4’
ABILITY LEVELS:
-3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
-4’
+4’
-3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
HIGH
HIGH
20 fps
6’
HIGH
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
10 fps
3’
MEDIUM
LOW
LOW
0 fps
0’
LOW
TRANSPORTATION: Walker
Tac tile Aw are ne ss
ed pe ss Ma
Eve lev el
t en mo vem of
od rb pe Up
Low er
60
bo
dy
ym
mo
ob
bili
ty
1 Prosthetic Foot
ility
PROSTHETICS:
+4’
S P A C E
R E Q U I R E M E N T S
SPACE REQUIREMENTS:
10
S A I L I N G
NONE: OUTDOOR SPORT
The design of the keelboats used in Paralympic competition compared to the Olympic sport provides greater stability, and the boats have open cockpits to allow more room for the sailors. Each event consists of 11 races. Points in each race are awarded according to position: the winner gets one point, the second-placed finisher scores two, and so on. The individual or crew with the fewest total points is declared the winner.
61
U S E R
S T U D I E S
11 REACH StATISTICS: Wingspan: Height Reached: Lower Limits: Rear Reach: Front Reach:
6’ 7’ 0’ 2’ 3’
8’
8’
7’
7’
6’
6’
5’
5’
4’
4’
3’
3’
2’
2’
1’
1’
0’
0’
XaVI TORRES Swimming 5’10 | 110 lbs Age 37 Boen without lower legs or hands
-4’
ABILITY LEVELS:
-3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
-4’
+4’
-3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
HIGH
HIGH
20 fps
6’
HIGH
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
10 fps
3’
MEDIUM
LOW
LOW
0 fps
0’
LOW
TRANSPORTATION: Ambulatory, no legs
ed pe ss Ma
Tac tile Aw are ne ss
of
od rb pe Up
Eve lev el
t mo vem
ob ym
mo dy bo Low er
62
en
ty bili
ility
PROSTHETICS: 2 Prosthetic Legs
+4’
S P A C E
R E Q U I R E M E N T S
SPACE REQUIREMENTS:
11
S W I M M I N G
There are four strokes used in Paralympic competition: Freestyle (essentially, front crawl), Backstroke, Breaststroke and Butterfly. All four strokes feature in the Individual Medley (apart from the 150m Individual Medley, where only Backstroke, Breaststroke and Freestyle feature) and Medley Relay events. Swimmers also compete in Freestyle Relay. Paralympic races in the pool are conducted over a variety of distances, from 50m (one length of the pool) up to 400m (eight lengths). The first athlete to touch the electronic finishing pad at the end of the pool in each race is the winner. In all events other than the Backstroke, swimmers usually start with a dive from the starting podium. In Paralympic competition aided starts are allowed, such as from standing beside the podium, from a sitting position, in the water or having assistance with balance while on the podium. In no cases may this allow an unfair advantage.
LENGTH: 164 ft WIDTH: 82 ft
MIN SF: MAX SF:
13,450 SF 24,500 SF 63
U S E R
S T U D I E S
12 REACH StATISTICS: Wingspan: Height Reached: Lower Limits: Rear Reach: Front Reach:
5.5’ 6.5’ 0’ 2.5’ 2.5’
8’
8’
7’
7’
6’
6’
5’
5’
4’
4’
3’
3’
2’
2’
1’
1’
0’
0’
KATHRYN HOLLOWAY Sitting Voleyball 5’3 | 141 lbs Age 23 Amputee - Right Foot
-4’
ABILITY LEVELS:
-3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
-4’
+4’
-3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
HIGH
HIGH
20 fps
6’
HIGH
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
10 fps
3’
MEDIUM
LOW
LOW
0 fps
0’
LOW
TRANSPORTATION: Ambulatory
Tac tile Aw are ne ss
ed pe ss Ma
Eve lev el
t en mo vem of
od rb pe Up
Low er
64
bo
dy
ym
mo
ob
bili
ty
2 Prosthetic Foot
ility
PROSTHETICS:
+4’
S P A C E
R E Q U I R E M E N T S
SPACE REQUIREMENTS:
12
V O L L E Y B A L L
Sitting Volleyball is played by two teams of six. The object of the game is to land the ball in the opposition’s half of the court. The rules of Sitting Volleyball are very similar to its Olympic counterpart, however a part of an athlete’s body between the buttocks and the shoulder must be in contact with the court whenever a shot, or attempt at a shot, is made. Each team is allowed three touches of the ball before it must cross over the net (in addition to a legal block). The key attacking move is the set and spike, in which a player feeds the ball (the set) for a teammate to hit it into the opposition’s court (the spike). The match starts with three front-row players in a line near the net, and three back-row players in a line towards the back of the court. At each serving opportunity, the players rotate one space.
LENGTH: 138 ft WIDTH: 72 ft
SF:
4,550 SF
[within gymnasium]
65
U S E R
S T U D I E S
COMPILED ANALYSIS
AVERAGE REACH: Wingspan: Height Reached: Lower Limits: Rear Reach: Front Reach:
5.75’ 7’ 0’ 2’ 2.75’
8’
8’
7’
7’
6’
6’
5’
5’
4’
4’
3’
3’
2’
2’
1’
1’ 6’ 6’
0’ -4’
-3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
+4’
-4’
8’
8’
7’
7’
6’
6’
5’
5’
4’
4’
3’
3’
2’
2’
1’
1’
0’
0’
-4’
ambulatorY ATHLETES
0’
-3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
+4’
-4’
-3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
+4’
WHEELCHAIR ATHLETES -3’
-2’
-1’
0’
+1’
+2’
+3’
+4’
U S E R
S T U D I E S
COMPILED ANALYSIS
AVERAGE ABILITY LEVELS: 6’
HIGH
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
10 fps
3’
MEDIUM
LOW
LOW
0 fps
0’
LOW
en
t
ility ym
mo vem
ob
bili mo
ed pe ss Ma
Up
pe
rb
of
od
dy bo Low er
Tac tile Aw are ne ss
20 fps
Eve lev el
HIGH
ty
HIGH
PROGRAMMING The following is the preliminary program elements with projections for square footage. Circulation has not been included, as well as the seating for the athletic events. World Sport Chicago will project the proper number of seating for each event and the spaces will be planned accordingly.
category
DESCRIPTION
SF
#
TOTAL
SPORTS
GYMNASIUM CHESS ROOM FITNESS ARCHERY RANGE LOCKER ROOM RESTROOMS TRAINING ROOM
17640 2180 2600 5600 560 350 2200
1 1 1 1 3 3 1
17640 2180 2600 5600 1680 1050 2200
WHEELCHAIR SHOP MECHANIC OFFICE
400 150
1 1
400 150
POOL POOL ENTRANCE HYDROTHERAPY DRY SAUNA STEAM SAUNA LIFE GUARD ROOM MASSAGE ROOM
24500 700 300 320 300 300 100
1 1 1 2 2 1 6
24500 700 300 640 600 300 600
EXTRA WHEELCHAIRS
250
1
250
POOL & SAUNA
TOTAL 33500
28190
EXTRA WHEELCHAIRS
250
1
250
category
DESCRIPTION
SF
#
TOTAL
PUBLIC
LOBBY & RECEPTION
1250
1
1250
CAFETERIA KITCHEN
3200 800
1 1
3200 800
VICE PRESIDENT STAFF CONFERENCE ROOM COACHES OFFICES
520 300 1200 200
1 1 1 8
520 300 1200 1600
TRAINERS MEDICAL STAFF
150 200
3 2
450 400
28190
TOTAL 9580
TOTAL 5670
COACHES OFFICES
200
8
1600
TRAINERS MEDICAL STAFF
150 200
3 2
450 400
category
DESCRIPTION
SF
#
TOTAL
MARINA
SCHOONER STORAGE OFFICE
2400 200
1 2
2400 400
STORAGE LOCKER ROOMS
1200 450
1 2
1200 900
ELECTRICAL POOL FACILITIES ROOM AIR HYDROTHERAPY FACILITIES
920 4200 960 650
1 1 1 1
920 4200 960 650
ELECTRICAL ROOM GENERATOR ROOM
1700 550
1 1
1700 550
PROGRAM TOTALS:
TOTAL 5670
TOTAL 8550
TOTAL 15530
89820
WORKS referenced
W O R K S
R E F E R E N C E D
Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990. Pub. L. 101-336. 26 July 1990. 104 Stat. 328. *This resource will act as a baseline for all design related decisions, not as a goal but as a baseline to exceed.
Bhambhani, Yagesh. OVERVIEW OF PHYSICAL TRAINING IN ATHLETES WITH DISABILITIES: FOCUS ON LONG TERM ATHLETE DEVELOPMENT. N.d. Report Prepared for PacificSport Canadian Sport Centre Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Alberta, Canada, Edmonton. *This resource will be valuable in understanding the needs and special situations that pertain to athletes with disabilities.
Garcia, Angelo G. “Training for Disabled Sports.” Mb.com. Manila Bulletin Publishing Corporation, 4 Apr. 2011. Web. 14 Sept. 2012. <http://www. mb.com.ph/articles/312764/training-disabled-sports>. *This provides information on the specific methods of training that are particular to disabled athletes
King , Victoria . “Center for Individuals with Disabilities / g.bang architecture” 08 Feb 2012. ArchDaily. Accessed 21 Sep 2012. <http://www.archdaily. com/204841> *This project informs ways architecture can respond to people wth disabilities.
W O R K S
Minner , Kelly . “In Progress: Goldring Centre for High Performance Sport / Patkau Architects and MacLennan Jaunkalns Miller Architects” 11 May 2011. ArchDaily. Accessed 21 Sep 2012. <http://www.archdaily. com/134030> Szenasy, Susan. “Metropolis: Twenty Years and Counting: The ADA Has Been in Place for Two Decades. We’re Still Looking for Design Solutions That Go beyond Compliance.” MetropolisMag.com. N.p., 15 Sept. 2011. Web. 14 Sept. 2012. <http://www.metropolismag.com/story/20100915/ twenty-years-and-counting>. *This article expresses the need to change the attitudes architects may have towards ADA compliance
R E F E R E N C E D