The Conceptual Framework of a Sustainable Building (Based on Green Building rating System) by Adi Lunawat

The Conceptual Framework of a Sustainable Building (Based on Green Building rating System)

A Research Thesis submi ed to the Gujarat Technological University By Adi Lunawat In par al fulﬁllment of the requiremwents for the award of degree of Bachelor of Architecture (B. Arch.) June, 2019

L.J SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE L.J CAMPUS, SARKHEJ ROAD, AHMEDABAD

CERTIFICATE This is to cer fy that the Research Thesis en tled “The Conceptual Framework of a Sustainable Building (Based on green building rating system)”, has been submi ed by Mr. Adi Lunawat, en.no.-143541050003 under our guidance during the year 2018-2019. This thesis is submi ed towards paral fulﬁllment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Architecture and sa sﬁes the requirements laid down by Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad. It is to be understood that by this approval, the undersigned does not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, opinions expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study only for the purpose for which it has been submi ed.

Prof. Himanshu Thakker Director L.J. School of Architecture

Ar. Jayesh Haryani Thesis Guide INI Design Studio

Thesis commi ee Himanshu Thakker, Girish Mistry, Yogesh Gandevikar, Rajendrasinh Pardeshi, Ajit Pandey, Prakash Patel, Thomas Mathai (Thesis Coordinator).

L.J SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE L.J CAMPUS, SARKHEJ ROAD, AHMEDABAD

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gra tude to my MR. Jayesh Haryani, for the con nuous support of my study and research, for his pa ence, mo va on, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. His guidance helped me in all the me of research and wri ng of this thesis. I could not have imagined having a be er advisor and mentor for my research study. Besides my guide, I would like to thank the rest of my thesis commi ee: Prof. Himanshu Thakkar, Prof. Yogesh Gandevikar, Prof. Prakash Patel, Prof. Girish mistry and Prof. Aakashi patel, for their encouragement, insigh ul comments, and hard ques ons. My sincere thanks also goes to my friend and partner Prachi Avalani for offering me every possible help I can ever get , from a ending workshop to site visit and sleepless nights together. I owe you one. I thank my fellow classmates in L.J School of Architecture: Pooja Modi, Mitali Sorathia, Monil Shah, Neil Bowen for the s mula ng discussions, for the sleepless nights we were working together before deadlines, and for all the fun we have had in the last five years. Also I thank my friends Anurag Bansal and Priyansh Khandelwal for suppor ng and standing by me. Last but not the least, I would like to thank my family: my parents Lalit Lunawat and Meenu Lunawat, for giving birth to me at the first place and suppor ng me spiritually throughout my life. And to my sister Anvi Lunawat for her moral support and care at every point of me. And to the people who have somehow helped me indirectly to finish this thesis. Thank You!

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

TABLE OF CONTENT 1.. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX 1.1

BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2

RESEARCH QUESTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.3

AIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.4

OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.5

PROBLEM STATEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.6

SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.7

LIMITATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.8

PURPOSE OF STUDY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.9

HYPOTHESIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.10 METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.11 HIERARCHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.12 INFERENCES AND CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.13 WORK FLOW DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.14 STRUCTURE FOR CHAPTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2. . THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.1

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.1.1Man, Shelter and Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2

SUSTAINABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2.2 ECONOMIC PRACTICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2.3 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.3

NEED OF SUSTAINABILITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.4

WORLD ADOPTS SUSTAINABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.5

AGENDA 21 IN TERMS OF ARCHITECTS- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.6

INTERCONNECTED SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.7

The Trajectory of Environmental Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

2.8

SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2.9

SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.10 FUTURE OF SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

3. . GREEN BUILDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3.1

GREEN BUILDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

3.2

HISTORY OF GREEN BUILDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

3.3

INDIAN SCENARIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

3.4

NEED OF GREEN BUILDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3.5

PRINCIPLES OF GREEN BUILDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3.6

BENEFITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

3.7

BARRIER IN THE ADAPTATION OF GREEN BUILDING IN INDIA

3.7.1 PEOPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.7.2 GOVERNMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.7.3 MARKET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.8

INFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

3.9

INDIAN ADAPTIVE COMFORT MODEL (Source- CEPT University)

4.. RATING SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.1

Rating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

4.2

TIMELINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

4.3

LEED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

4.4

GRIHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

4.5

IGBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

5.. COMPARITATIVE ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 5.1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

5.2

Major diﬀerence points- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

5.3

INFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

6. . STRATEGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 6.1

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

6.2

OBJECTIVES OF STRATEGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

6.3

ENERGY FROM ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

6.4

FACETS OF SUSTAINABILITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

6.5

Moderate Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

6.6

SITE SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

6.7

ORIENTATION AND POSITIONING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

6.9

Design of Shading System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

6.8

VEGITATION PATTERN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

6.8.1 Cost Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 6.9.1 Beniﬁts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 6.9.2 Cost Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 6.10 EVAPORATIVE COOLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 6.10.1 Cost Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

vii

6.10.2ROOF POND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 6.10.3Cost Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 6.11 VARYTHERM WALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 6.11.1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 6.11.2Cost Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 6.12 Optimizing selection of material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 6.12.1Cost Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 6.13 WIND AND EARTH TUNNEL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 6.13.1Cost Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 6.14 SOLAR WATER HEATER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 6.14.1Cost Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 6.15 SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT (STP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 6.16 Soil-Bio Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 6.17 General Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 6.17.1Building orientation - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 6.17.2Building form design - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 6.17.3Window placement and design - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 6.17.4Additional passive design systems - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 6.17.5Shading devices - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 6.17.6Walls - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 6.17.7Building form and internal zoning - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 6.17.8Additional passive design systems - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 6.17.9Glazing systems- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

7.. CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 7.1

Lacking points or Points of improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

7.1.1 Uniformity Ratio in Daylighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 7.1.2 Building construction pollution prevention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 7.1.3 Noise & Light Pollution Reduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 7.1.4 Non-Applicability Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 7.1.5 Optimum utilization of space post occupancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 7.1.6 Recertiﬁcation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 7.1.7 Credit for ﬁtting to ecological order. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 7.1.8 No regional priority. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

viii

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

LIST OF ABBREVATIONS GRIHA- Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment UV- Ultra Violet GHG- Green House Gas HVAC-Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning BREEAM- Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method LEED- Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design GBCI- Green Business Certification Inc. MNRE- Ministry of New and Renewable Resources TERI- The Energy and Resources Institute ECBC-Energy Conservation Building Code EPI-Energy Performance Index PV-Photo- Voltaic ODP-Ozone Depleting Potential AHU-Air Handling Unit VOC-Volatile Organic Compound BIS-Bureau of Indian Standards STP-Sewage Treatment Plant SRI-Solar Reflective Index DGU-Double Glazed Unit SHGC- Solar Heat Gain Coefficient WWR-Wall Window Ratio NBC-National Building Code ASHRAE-American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers HSA- Horizontal Shadow Angle VSA- Vertical Shadow Angle GDCR- General Devlopment Control Regulation

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

Introduction

2. Introduc on

We all need to work together, because there are no jobs on a dead planet; there is no equity without rights to decent work and social protection, no social justice without a shift in governance and ambition, and, ultimately, no peace for the peoples of the world without the guarantees of sustainability. -Sharan Burrow

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background...........................................................2 1.2. Research question ................................................4 1.3. Aim ........................................................................4 1.4. Objectives..............................................................4 1.5. Scope......................................................................4 1.6. Limitations ............................................................4 1.7. Purpose of study ...................................................5 1.8. Hypothesis .............................................................5 1.9. Methodology .........................................................6 1.11.Inference and Conclusion ...................................6 1.12.Work ﬂow diagram .............................................6 1.13.Structure for chapters ........................................7

INTRODUCTION 2.1 BACKGROUND From dense forest to concrete jungles, we humans have destructed enough environment according to our greed. And because of that we are facing environmental Figure1:Dense forest of Bandipur national park

crisis like ﬂoods, earthquakes, drought, etc. The pollution we are causing is damaging nature to its peak. Today everyone is aware about the point of zero hour of environmental degradation. Sustainability is no longer about doing less harm. It’s about doing more good. Converting concrete jungles back to a place where both humans and environment can

Figure2:Concrete Jungle.

ﬂourish is what we want to achieve. If we look at the transformation of Earth through various years, we can predict what could be the future if we continue to exploit natural resources at same pace. It takes 28 years for CO2 to deplete ozone layer. Which indicates that the problems we are facing today is because of the pollution which happened in around 1990’s. And looking at

Figure3:Ozone Layer detoriation

the fact that at that time the pollution levels as compared to today was much less ,so what all we are leaving for the next generation is going to be worst than what we are facing today.

Figure4:Transformation of Earth

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

INTRODUCTION Energy is required not only to build a building but is also required during occupancy and demolition. So why not choose a method that creates a win-win situation for both humans and the environment. So the attention is drawn on green building by the desire to reduce environmental impact and also to reduce running cost of the building over its entire life cycle. It is an undeniable fact that sustainable architecture is the future. With the advancement in science and technology and ever-increasing population there is going to be a demand for housing for more but with the limited amount of natural resources, it is a constraint. And to solve the problems for future we need to act now. From convention building to sustainable building is a journey in which green building rating system is a path. The building industry has a deep impact on sustainable actions as it consumes an immense amount of energy. It causes 60% of all waste produced and about 50% of worldwide greenhouse gases. The need of sustainable buildings evolved due to the shift of focus of people from comfort and what is good for the environment to adopting foreign methods, techniques, materials and styles which did not ﬁt well according to our Indian climatic conditions thus with adverse eﬀect of these practices on environmental degradation people are now again looking towards green building as a sole method to reduce the damage done and build for today keeping in mind the future of our nation, which in turn is an extension of our ancient Vastu-Shastra principles that developed on Indian land to suit our climate, and social acceptability. Today’s environmental and economic challenges have once again brought sustainability to the forefront of design and production method.

“Sustainability is not just about adopting the latest energy-eﬃcient technologies or turning to renewable sources of power. Sustainability is the responsibility of every individual every day. It is about changing our behavior and mindset to reduce power and water consumption, thereby helping to control emissions and pollution levels.” -Joe Kaeser

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

INTRODUCTION 2.2 RESEARCH QUESTION

How and to what extent does Green Building Rating System help in making the buildings more sustainable and what is the scope of improvement in current rating systems. What are the issues or barriers that hinders the growth of sustainable architecture in India and what are low cost sustainable strategies that can be implemented in every type of building.

2.3 AIM The primary aim of the study is to create awareness about our present environmental challenges , understand diﬀerent terminologies of sustainability , and the need to address these issues as an architect and how buildings can designed today in responsible manner towards sustainability.

2.4 OBJECTIVES

1)To analyse the environmental conjuncture, the reasons and the time line. 2) To understand and define the term sustainability and sustainable architecture. 3)Identify the barriers in the growth of sustainable architecture in Indian context. 4)Study and compare different approaches of green building rating systems in India. 5)Identify low cost affordable techniques in hot and humid to make building self efficient.

2.5 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Finding the barriers to the growth of sustainable architecture in India To ﬁnd what are the simple cost eﬀective ways which can contribute to make buildings more sustainable with increased performance.

2.6 SCOPE •

The purpose of this study is to understand, analyze and get logical inferences of how the Rating System works and to have a detailed comparison with other rating systems in India.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

INTRODUCTION •

Suggestive measures and other technologies that can be adopted in a building can be identiﬁed.

•

Suggestive points of improvement or lacking points in green building rating system and need of inclusion of other criteria’s for enhancement of rating systems can be identiﬁed.

2.7 LIMITATION

•

This study is limiting its scope to broad understanding of sustainability as a concept in context to build environment.

•

Finding the barriers to the growth of sustainable architecture is limited to India.

•

As the comparison of different green building rating system requires more time. It does not include all the diversification and is limited to new construction and does not include sector specific diversified rating systems.

•

The study includes the analysis and comparison of only 3 green building rating system i.e. LEED, GRIHA, IGBC which are the most referred rating systems in India.

•

The strategies suggested are limited to hot and humid climate and is a generalized strategy which can be used in any type of building.

2.8 PURPOSE OF STUDY To understand the aspects of sustainability and link the same with the framework of Rating systems for integrated approach towards sustainable architecture. And to ﬁnd what are the simple cost eﬀective ways which can contribute to make buildings more sustainable with increased performance.

2.9 HYPOTHESIS In order to address the issues of sustainability in a comprehensive manner, there is still a scope to uplift and upgrade the green building rating systems.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

INTRODUCTION 2.10 METHODOLOGY

2.11 HIERARCHY

2.12 INFERENCES AND CONCLUSION Finding what are the drawbacks and enhancing points in Rating system and strategies that can be implemented in all type of buildings.

2.13 WORK FLOW DIAGRAM

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

INTRODUCTION 2.14 STRUCTURE FOR CHAPTERS

Presenting the study in the following chapters:Chapter 2:The concern for Sustainability Understaing of the word ‘sustainable’ ‘sustainable architecture’, its need , various ideas and approach to sustainable architecture. Chapter 3: Green Building Understanding the ideology of Green Buildings, its benifts and its importance. Chapter 4: Rating Systems The need for rating systems and an overview of green building rating systems such as LEED, IGBC, GRIHA with their role and limitations. Chapter 5:Comparison Detailed comparison and points of improvement Chapter 6: Strategies The cost eﬀective sustainable strategies which can be implemented in various building typologies , brief details, beneﬁts and their cost analysis. Chapter 7: Inference The study ends with brief comments on how the growth in sustainable architecture in India can be enhanced and what are the points of improvements in rating systems .

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

The Concept of Sustainability

3. THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY

“Indian ancestors paid special attention to details like adequate sunlight and solar energy while designing their homes. India’s priorities are water and waste management, energy conservation, alternative fuels and valuable resources, amongst others. It is important that we learn from our traditions and build homes which will conserve the natural resources” -Williams | 2008

2.THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY 2.1. Introduction ........................................................10 2.1.1.Man , Shelter and Environment ..............10 2.2 Sustainability .......................................................12 2.2.1.Environmental Protection ........................12 2.2.2.Economic Practice .....................................12 2.2.3.Social Responsibility .................................13 2.3.Need of Sustainability .........................................13 2.4. World Adopts Sustainability .............................15 2.5. Agenda 21 in terms of Architects ......................16 2.6. Interconected Systems .......................................16 2.7. The Trajectory of Environmental design .........17 2.8.Sustainable Architecture ....................................18 2.9.Sustainable Architecture in India ......................19 2.10.Future of Sustainable Architecture .................20

Figure5:Sustainablility

THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY 3.1 INTRODUCTION The relation between man and nature is indeed very deep. There is a harmonious relation between this two. The word nature includes all the elements of the earth, land, soil, plants and even animals. From the day life begin on Earth man is using nature for its living. They both are dependent on each other and in this way Figure6:Evolution of Man

maintaining the balance of eco system. Since the early ages their bonding is very strong. We all know that trees absorbs carbon di oxide released by humans and give them pure oxygen to inhale.

3.1.1 Man, Shelter and Environment Man’s eﬀort through ages have been to create comfortable environment. ‘Shelter’ is a direct outcome of such eﬀorts.As the nomads started to settle in one place they had to face harsh weather and animals. So they came up with the idea of shelter. Early man built shelter to reduce the range of local climatic variations to Figure8:Man Building Shelter

avoid some of the sun’s heat in hot climates and to conserveheat in cold climates. Shelter also protected them from animals.And from there onwards shelter converted into huts to home and now to multi storied buildings. The shelter modiﬁes the natural environment, to create best condition for human comfort and hygiene.

Figure7:Shelter - From cave to multi storey building

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY

Figure9:Timeline

Houses have changed a lot over the last hundred of years. Availability of construction materials, development of indoor plumbing and heating systems, advances in architecture, governmental incentives, technology, family size, and a general rise in living standards are a few of the factors that have played a role in the evolution of our homes. These changes have changed and shaped family and social relationships. With the ever growing population and rapid rate of industrialization humans are cutting down trees and using resources more rapidly. The ecological balance is getting disturbed. To get the economic stability humans are cutting down trees without thinking about their future. Rivers are also getting poluted and the agricultural lands are also transforming into industrial areas. And so the harmony between the two is getting destroyed. All the recent natural disasters are just an indication of nature that man only thinks he can control nature but nature is the one controling human. Man and nature co-exits sharing the eco-system of Earth. Although nature can exist without man, man can not exist without nature.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY 3.2 SUSTAINABILITY The UN’s 1987 (Report of the World Commission on environment and development ) noted that sustainable development meets the need of present without compromising the wellbeing of future generations Sustainability is an act of balancing. In simple terms what kind of future we Figure10:Three pillars of sustainability

want to leave for our future generations. Sustainability is using natural resources at a pace at which it creates an equilibrium with the Earth’s ability to endure and regenerate.. A sustainable practice should support ecological, human, economic health and vitality. The 3 pillars of sustainability are 1.)Environmental Protection

Figure11:Environmental Protection

2.)Economic Practice 3.)Social Responsibility

3.2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Sustainability Ecological integrity is maintained when all of earth’s environmental systems are kept in balance and natural resources within them are consumed by humans at a rate where they are able to replenish themselves.

3.2.2 ECONOMIC PRACTICE Figure12:Economic Practice

Human communities across the globe are able to maintain their independence

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY and have access to the resources that they require, ﬁnancial and other, to meet their needs. Economic systems are intact and activities are available to everyone, such as secure sources of livelihood.

3.2.3 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Universal human rights and basic necessities are attainable by all people, who have access to enough resources in order to keep their families and communities healthy and secure. To ensure personal, labor and cultural rights are respected and all people are protected from discrimination.

3.3 NEED OF SUSTAINABILITY The need of sustainable development is to balance our economic, environmental and social needs, allowing well-being for now and up-coming generations. Sustainable development encourages us to conserve and enhance our resource base, by gradually changing the methods in which we develop and Figure13:Overuse of fossil fuels

Figure14:Disposal of waste

use technologies. It implies those ways in which development activities does not cause damage to the environment. No doubt it sets certain limits on the human activities. When supply cannot be increased the needs must be reduced; there is no other way out. Sustainable development increased the use of perpetual natural resources

Figure15:Deforestation

Figure16:Increasing Population

and decreases that of the non-renewable ones. It makes careful management of the renewable natural resources. Sustainable development brings harmony between human beings

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY andnature. Needs of people are better fulﬁlled and it makes human consumers realize the value of nature. Sustainable development ensures the meaningful investment of capital and other means because development is smooth and durable, and the environment is protected.

Figure17:Earth

Figure22:Today

Figure18:Rising Population

Figure21:Exploitation of Resources

Figure19:Urabanization

Figure20:Stressed Resources

Timeline of Sustainable Devlopment

Figure23:Spontaneous Public Reaction

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY 3.4 WORLD ADOPTS SUSTAINABILITY

1979- First World Climate Conference It was one of the ﬁrst major international meetings on climate change. the conference organized four working groups to look into climate data, the identiﬁcation of climate topics, integrated impact studies, and research on climate variability and change.

1987- Brundtland Report Our Common Future (Brundtland Report): Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development weaves together social, economic, cultural, and environmental issues and global solutions. It popularizes the term “sustainable development.”

1992- Rio Earth Summit Earth Summit: UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) is held in Rio de Janeiro. Agreements are reached on the action plan “Agenda 21,” and on the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Framework Convention on Climate Change, and non-binding Forest Principles.

1993- Convention On Biological Diversity Its objective is to develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. It is often seen as the key document regarding sustainable development. The Convention was opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1992 and entered into force on 29 December 1993.

1997- Kyoto Protocol Under the Protocol, 37 countries (“Annex I countries”) commit themselves to a reduction of four greenhouse gases (GHG) (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, Sulphur hexafluoride) and two groups of gases (hydro fluorocarbons and per fluorocarbons) produced by them, and all member countries give general commitments

2000- Millenium Devolopment Goals UN Millennium Summit and the MDGs: The largest-ever gathering of world leaders agrees to a set of time-bound and measurable goals for combating poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation, and discrimination against women. Now known as the Millennium Development Goals, they were to be achieved by 2015.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY 2006- Al Gore- An Inconvinient Truth An Inconvenient Truth is a 2006 American documentary ﬁlm directed by Davis Guggenheim about former United States Vice President Al Gore’s campaign to educate people about global warming. The ﬁlm features a comprehensive slide show that, by Gore’s own estimate, he has presented over a thousand times to audiences worldwide

2012- Rio+20 Rio+20 was a 20-year follow-up to the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in the same city. Major outcomes of that conference include the Johannesburg Declaration and almost 300 international partnership initiatives meant to help achieve the Millennium Development Goals.

3.5 AGENDA 21 IN TERMS OF ARCHITECTS The most important outcome of rio summit is AGENDA 21. A guide for human actions to ensure a common future. A NZIA environmental position paper summerizes Agenda 21 in terms of architects actions and suggestsA) Use and throw- away architecture is no longer ecological sustainable. B) The boundaries of a site is no longer defines the limit of an architects work. C) The building should be seen as a catalyst not an end product. D) Planning must be done to be non toxic and for a longer life span. E) Architects will need to develop skills in par cipatory building and environmental stewardship. F) Cra s will be significant again. G) The architecture of 21st century may well be a vernacular architecture. H) Architects should promote resource conserva on, energy efficiency and reduce transport demans.

3.6 INTERCONNECTED SYSTEMS The concept of sustainable design shows that human civilization is an integral part of the nature. Natture is above us and if we try to control it than we have to face the consequences like natural disaster. Nature must be preserved, protected and respected if we (humans) want to survive. The fact that everything is linked to one another can causes problems when we design new products and buildings. In Sustainable Design, it is further imperative to consider impacts not only on the environment but also on people while simultaneously keeping in mind the business aspects of the activity .

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY 3.7 THE TRAJECTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN 1.High performance design(slower degenerating) Design that realises high efficiency and reduce impact in the building structure, operations, and site activities. This term can imply a more technical efficiency approach to design and may limit an embrace of the natural system benefits 2. Green Design: A general term a direction of improvement towards a whole and healthy integration of human activities with natural systems. Some people believe this is more applicable to buildings and technologies. 3. Sustainable Design: Sees ‘Green design’ with an emphasis on reaching a point of being able to sustain the health of the planet’s organisms and systems over time. Sustainability is a inflection point from degenerating to regenerating health. 4. Restorative Design: This approach thinks about design in terms of using activities of design and building to restore capability of local natural systems to healthy state of self organisation(e.g. a local wetlands, woods, riparian systems, etc) The first goal is to achieve is of sustainable or neutral and than aiming towards the regenrative devlopment.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY 3.8 SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE Sustainable architecture is architecture that seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by eﬃciency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, and development space. Sustainable architecture uses a conscious approach to energy and ecological conservation in the design of the built environment From convention building to sustainable Figure24:From Conventional

building is a journey in which green building rating system is a path. The building industry has a deep impact on sustainable actions as it consumes an immense amount of energy. It causes 60% of all waste produced and about 50% of worldwide greenhouse gases. Energy is required not only to build a building but is also required during occupancy and demolition. So why not choose a method that creates a win-win situation for both humans

Figure25:To Sustainable

and the environment. So the attention is drawn on green building by the desire to reduce environmental impact and also to reduce running cost of the building over its entire life cycle. Some of the major features that deﬁne a sustainable building include a climateresponsive architectural design; passive design features and techniques for space heating, cooling, ventilation, and daylighting; the use of renewable sources of energy; eﬃcient and environmentally friendly practices during construction; and, post occupancy, the use of vernacular materials and a focus on occupant

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY health, safety, and comfort. Around the world, the building construction industry today faces two major challenges. The ﬁrst is the consumption of energy produced by conventional sources, which is increasingly expensive. The second is the kind of environmental damage that can occur as a result of building construction and operation—for example, air, water, and soil pollution; carbon emissions and other greenhouse-gas emissions; and damage to surrounding ﬂora and other natural habitats.

3.9 SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA The roots of sustainable architecture is dated back to Indus valley civilization and then the term was known as Vastu Shastra. Vastu Shastra is a traditional Hindu system of architecture which intends to integrate architecture with nature. Vastu Shastra, which literally translated Figure26:Ankorwat Temple

means ‘the Science of Buildings’ takes into account the factors influencing a Site such as topography, roads, surrounding structures, the Sun’s effects, Earth’s magnetic field, Earth’s energy fields, the cardinal directions and Nature’s elements. Vastu shastra lays down guidelines and tips for the ‘design of buildings’, so that Man can benefit from the useful and positive effects of these factors and is protected from the harmful and negative effects.

Figure27:Vastu Shastra

Vastu shastra has been a forerunner in

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY creating sustainable buildings since the ancient times. It works on 3 key principles: Human wellbeing and comfort Cosmic energy Environmental presence The need of sustainable buildings evolved due to the shift of focus of people from comfort and what is good for the environment to adopting foreign methods,techniques,materials and styles which did not ﬁt well according to Indian climatic conditions thus with adverse eﬀect of these practices on environmental degradation people are now again looking towards green building as a sole method to reduce the damage done and build for today keeping in mind the future of our nation,which in turn is an extension of our ancient vastu shashtra principles that developed on Indian land to suit our climate,and social acceptability. Todays environmental and economic challenges have once again brought sustainability to the forefront of design and production method.

3.10 FUTURE OF SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE It is an undeniable fact that sustainable architecture is the future. With the advancement in science and technology and ever-increasing population there is going to be a demand for housing for more but with the limited amount of natural resources, it is a constraint. And to solve the problems for Figure28:NEWS Paper Article

future we need to act now. It takes about 30 years for G.H.G to aﬀect/

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY deplete the ozone layer. That means we are facing problems that were caused about 30 years back. And when we see the stats it shows destruction was much less than today. So imagine the G.H.G we produce today is how much going to aﬀect our future. The Sooner we start the less destroyed environment we will leave. The idealization of smart city is a way forward to the sustainable development of India. With the Figure29:Smart Cities

collaboration of government and citizens we are trying to reduce the impact. In the Indian context, a building is ‘green’ when A) -It is designed using an integrated approach (as men oned in NBC, Part 0). B) -It provides its users with an “op mal” level of comfort catering to local need ( as per NBC-Part 8) C) -It uses minimum resources, sourced locally (as per various IS codes and other local materials)

Figure30:Smart Growth

D) -It consumes minimum energy and water (as per ECBC and NBC) E) -It generates op mum waste, processed locally (as per CPCB, and MoEF norms) during its construc on, operaon and demoli on (i.e., over its en re life cycle)

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

Green Building

4. GREEN BUILDING

"Humankind has not woven the web of life. We are but one thread within it. Whatever we do to the web, we do to ourselves. All things are bound together. All things connect." – Chief Seattle, 1854

3.GREEN BUILDING 3.1. Green Building ...................................................24 3.2 History of Green Building ..................................25 3.3 Indian Scenario ...................................................26 3.4.Need of Green Buildings.....................................27 3.5. Principles of Green Building .............................27 3.6. Beniﬁts .................................................................28 3.7. Barriers ...............................................................29 3.7.1 People .........................................................30 3.7.2 Government ...............................................33 3.7.3 Market .......................................................35 3.7.3 G.B.C .........................................................37 3.8. Inferences ............................................................38

GREEN BUILDING 4.1 GREEN BUILDING Green building is the practice of increasing the eﬃciency of buildings and their use of energy, water, and materials, and reducing building impacts on human health and the environment, through better sitting, design, construction, operation, maintenance, and removal — taking into account every aspect of the complete building life cycle. Sustainable development and sustainability Figure31:Green Building

are integral to green building. The building and its planning are in sync with its context- nature, the site, its topography, the climate, the function and impacts people on it and around with it as well, in a positive way. The Green Building practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy,utility, durability

Figure32:Modern Technique Meets Nature

and comfort. Green building is sometimes also known as green construction or sustainable building. It is away of enhancing the environment. It beneﬁts humans, the community, and the environment in order to reduce resource consumption while enhancing quality of life. This ultimately results in reduction of green house gases which will help to reduce Green house eﬀect.

Figure33:Skins of Outer Layer

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

GREEN BUILDING 4.2 HISTORY OF GREEN BUILDING Some practices, such as using local and renewable materials or passive solar design, date back millennium – the Indus valley civilization had entire villages so that all the homes received solar heat in the winter and avoided sun during summer. The contemporary green building movement arose out of the need and desire for more energy eﬃcient and environmentally friendly Figure34:National Building Museum (U.S.A.)

building practices. The oil price increases of the 1970s spurred significant research and activity to improve energy efficiency and find renewable energy sources. This, combined with the environmental movement of the 1960s and 1970s, led to the earliest experiments with contemporary green building. While the green building movement has gained momentum in the last decade, the origin can be traced back to the late

Figure35:London’s Crystal Palace

nineteenth century. According to David Gissen, curator of architecture and design and the National Building Museum in Washington DC, structures such as London’s Crystal Palace and Milan’s Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II used methods that decreased the impact of the structure on the environment. Systems such as roof ventilators and underground air-cooling chambers were used to regulate indoor air temperature. In the early twentieth century, several skyscrapers such as the Flatiron Building and the New

Figure36:London’s Crystal Palace

York Times Building in New York utilized deep-set windows and the Carson Pirie Scott

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

GREEN BUILDING department store in Chicago had retractable awnings. Both of these techniques were eﬀective in controlling interior temperature while lessoning the buildings’ impact on the environment. From the 1930’s through the 1960’s, the forward thinking cooling methods mentioned above gave way to some new building technologies that would change inner-city building construction dramatically. The invention of air conditioning, reﬂective glass, and structural steel popularized the enclosed glass and steel buildings that litter the American city today. These buildings were able to be heated and cooled with massive HVAC systems that consumed huge amounts of cheap and readily available fossil fuels.4 The massive consumption of energy required to inhabit these buildings made their viability tenable and entirely dependent upon energy availability and cost.

4.3 INDIAN SCENARIO The Green Building movement in Figure38:Timeline of green buildings

India was triggered off when CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre building in Hyderabad was awarded with the first and the prestigious Platinum rated green building rating in India. Since then, Green Building movement in India has gained tremendous impetus over the years. Today all types of buildings are going the Green way- Government, IT Parks, Offices, Residential, Banks, Airports, Convention Centre, Institutions, Hospitals,

Figure37:CII Godrej City

Hotels, Factories, SEZs, Townships, Schools, Metros etc.,

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

GREEN BUILDING 4.4 NEED OF GREEN BUILDINGS We are developing with sky rocketing pace. We are loading our atmosphere with thousands of pounds of CO2 every year. To offset this CO2 , more trees need to be planted. As per the estimates, in US only, to offset the huge amount of CO2, trees need to be planted on 2.15 billion acres of land!!(The total land in US is 2.3 billion acres). So just planting trees is not at all enough. Research and studies show that the Buildings have significant amount of contribution in Figure39:World CO2 Emissions

polluting the environment. The building industry has a deep impact on environment as it consumes an immense amount of energy. It causes 60% of all waste produced and about 50% of worldwide greenhouse gases. 37 cities from India feature in the top 100 world cities with the worst PM10 pollution, and the cities of Delhi, Raipur, Gwalior, and Lucknow are listed in the top 10 (WHO, 2014).

4.5 PRINCIPLES OF GREEN BUILDING A) Sustainable Site Design B) Water Quality and Conserva on C) Energy and Environment D) Indoor Environmental Quality E) Materials and Resources

Figure40:Beneﬁts of Green Buildings

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

GREEN BUILDING 4.6 BENEFITS Buildings have a large eﬀect on the environment, human health and the economy. The successful adoption of GREEN BUILDING developed can maximize both the economic and environmental performance of the buildings. 1.ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS Protect bio diversity and eco systems, improve air and water quality, reduce waste streams, conserve natural resources. 2. ECONOMIC BENEFITS Reduce operating cost, create, expand, and shape markets for green product and services, improve occupant productivity. 3.SOCIAL BENEFITS Enhance occupant comfort and health, heighten aesthetic qualities, minimize strain on local infrastructure and improve overall quality life. 4.NATURAL RESOURCES According to surveys conducted in 2006, 107.3 million acres of total land area is developed, which represents an increase of 24 percent land covering green buildings over the past 3 years. In terms of energy, buildings accounted for 39.4 percent of total energy consumption and 67.9 percent of total electricity consumption. Reduce operating costs Create, expand, and shape markets for green product and services Improve occupant productivity. Eﬀective green building can lead to A) It uses natural ways of cooling/hea ng ligh ng ven la on etc. B) It does not consume too many resources and does it wisely. C) It does not have too many outputs into the soil, water, air etc…(crea ng polluon, and disposal issues) and This approach is also a life-cycle approach. D) Reduced opera ng costs by increasing produc vity and using less energy and water, E) Improved public and occupant health due to improved indoor air quality, and F) Reduced environmental impacts by using sustainable resources. G) Healthier air quality H) Greater natural/daylight I) Op mum use of water and electricity J) Improved health and wellbeing of inhabitants K) Protec on of ecosystem

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

GREEN BUILDING 4.7 BARRIER IN THE ADAPTATION OF GREEN BUILDING IN INDIA The development and adaptation of low energy buildings is still too slow in this scenario in India, with energy consumption returning to current levels by 2020. There are some barriers which hinders the process of adaptation of green buildings in India . And these need to be rectiﬁed as soon as possible. It is not just from one but barriers from many group of stakeholders. If we categorize it in broad manner they are A) PEOPLE B) GOVERNMENT C) MARKET D) GREEN BUILDING COMPANIES

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

GREEN BUILDING 4.7.1 PEOPLE The most important stakeholder in the process to boost green building adaptation is people or the end users. And they hold the power to increase or decrease the pace . It is really important to A) PERCEPTION BARRIERThe ﬁrst and the most important constrain is the lack of information and incorrect perception of green buildings in layman population. It is believed that green building costs more than conventional building and has a slower rate of return on investment. And even after trying so hard by experts to show the positive aspects of green building this information doesn’t reach ears of developers andend users. Even the people who know about these practices doesn’t count as a to do thing but more over an add Figure41:People’s Perception

on . In India it is our general habit to consider what is expensive is luxury but it is very much important to study about the life cycle assessment of the product. It simply don’t mean that every product which is expensive is luxury rather it may be more reliable and eﬃcient. And this thing is not just limited to India but is a case worldwide even the countries where green building construction are in booming pace. As per the World Green Building Trends survey, the responding construction sector ﬁrms perceive the higher initial cost of green buildings as the principal barrier to investment. People want to have

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

GREEN BUILDING green features such as improved energy efficiency and improved water efficiency but are still concerned about the initial cost of investment. But clearly it is just a myth and even if the initial cost of construction is a small percentage high it gives you far more savings in its complete life cycle. Even though these strategies exists but this thing has its roots deep into the publics primary concern about the financial costs rather than sustainability aspects. There is a need to circulate true and effective knowledge of green buildings in an open source which can reach general public. Lets take an example to show what it meansB) COST BARRIERThe cost barrier involved in sustainable architecture includes several costs . First is the time costs. The cost involved in this part is the time taken by green building projects which is comparatively more than conventional building because of integrative process, specifications in design. Integrative design process is an integral part of green building. It involves all the stakeholders to participate right from the time of design process. It is a highly collaborative process and brings all the systems involved Figure42:Integrative Process

in the project onto one platform like developer, architect, contractor, MEP consultant, landscape designer, structure engineer, end-users, etc. Integrative Process however is perceived as a s barrier to Green Building growth due

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

GREEN BUILDING to the time involved in the process. As it takes time to arrive at optimal solution of the construction. And since time is a critical element in todays world the delay in the time may convert into cost. But beyond this additional cost it gives solution that is much more fruitful and can save material and other costs of construction. Planning is an important part to achieve a goal a quick planning may end up creating a construction disaster. The second cost is adapting a green building rating system and securing rating as green a building may adopt green practices but lose out on the full specification of features which can be secured by choosing a Rating process. Rating system adds an additional cost to the Green Building process as specialized and accredited professionals and practices are involved and they certainly charge more than others due to their knowledge and expertise in this specific domain. Not all stakeholders possess the good financial support to fund the surplus cost adjoin to Rating. Variable Certification exists under each Rating system but this too appears beyond the capacity of the middle, lower mid and low income groups. With this being the case, full-fledged conversion to Green construction may not be accomplished unless the Rating system introduces measures to include the far excluded building types. One reason for higher cost of accredited professional is the low demand of the green projects which reduces the source of income and a person with this specialization has to have certain amount of money for the efforts they put in. It is of course a tedious and effortful task and requires certain set of skills and an innovative mind. So may be with the upcoming change in trend will increase the demand and will automatically decrease the cost of expert.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

GREEN BUILDING 4.7.2 GOVERNMENT The government plays a key role in promoting the green moment as they control law making and enforcement. A) POLICY BARRIER Two out of the twelve focus areas of the 12th FYP (2012–2017) are supportive of green construction. While Area 10 and 11 focus on ‘Lighting, Labeling and SuperEfficient Equipment Programme’, Area 11 is regarding ‘Faster Adoption of Green Building Codes’. (ODI 2013) Policy making however is affected by differences in adoption between Central and State government, absence of a nationally accepted standard for Green building Construction and presence of competing Rating standards. Though today these policy initiatives are being adopted in parts but is far away from complete implementation. In spite of the policies best intentions, Figure43:Government decisions makes Earth heat-up

voluntary adoption and implementation of green building codes cannot be constructed mandatory. It is not enough for government to just make the policies but rather focus on its adaption and implementation. In many states building codes include a part of green building rules and regulations like GDCR which has 7 pages of green building rules but they are not very well fulﬁlled because of the system as well as lack of implementation strategies. Increased Green Building activity then seems to need the support of a rigorous policy environment to become a mainstream practice which is yet to be.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

GREEN BUILDING

B) INCENTIVE BARRIERIncentive barrier is a barrier which can be easily overcome if the government organization are willing to promote these practices. Though in some states the state government have started giving incentives such as additional FSI, lower property tax, discount in premium for developers, etc. But it is not the case in the country and providing incentives can be a major drawing factor in the adaptation of green building. With the ﬁnancial help from government the barrier of huge investment costs is avoided . Preferential loans can be oﬀered by the government or gov. Banking sector. These loans can be provided to consumers as well as builders of green buildings at interest rates which are lower than the market . Figure44:Confusion in People’s Mind

Property premium and property tax credits can be awarded to buildings which comply with the green building standards. Corporations are really attracted to tax beneﬁts and this will provide a major boost in the development of commercial green buildings. Incentives that are brought about should be linked to the performance of the buildings rather than its intent or design. The consumer should be made aware of the beneﬁts at large to create demand and incentivize the builders to develop green buildings. The government can also introduce policies where it can provide reimbursement of a

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

GREEN BUILDING portion of taxes to building that have reduced their emissions or to green buildings which have maintained their eﬃciency levels throughout the year.

4.7.3 MARKET A) DEMAND BARRIERThe demand barrier includes the cycle of demand and supply and the reasons for it. The foremost barrier in this is high equipment cost and building material cost. If we see it in bigger perspective it is the role of less demand which makes it costly. A products retail price consists of production or manufacturing charges and additional costs. Products net retail cost = production cost per item + additional cost per item Manufacturing charges is the cost incurred while manufacturing or producing a product. It includes all the charges like material, labor, machine and proﬁt of the manufacturer. Lets consider it a constant it is not going to change drastically even if the demand of the Figure45:Demand and Supply Chain

product increases folds. Additional costs includes various other costs which has to be considered and are deeply aﬀected by the demand. (Packaging costs + transportation costs + retailers proﬁt + marketing costs + branding costs)/no. of product = additional cost per item So we can see that the additional cost is inversely proportional to the number of products. If the demand increases so the

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

GREEN BUILDING additional cost will decrease and so the price of the material will decrease. Another reason for the increased costs of equipment and green building material is less number of suppliers oﬀering the product which means less or no competition. A healthy competition in the market is necessary to destroy monopoly and decreases the price of the product. B) FINANCIAL BARRIEROne of the most discussed issue is the ﬁnancial barrier Building investors seeks interest in short term gains and not the overall savings of the project which could be realized over the lifetime of the building. The savings obtained at the end of the yearly accounting period do not appeal highly to Financial institutions. The high upfront costs of Green buildings also speak against investment unless the investors advancing monetary support can see beyond the accounting period Nor does the bank provide advantage to the developers like less interest on capitol or more loan compare to conventional project. If the banking sector realizes the importance and more returns of green buildings than it Figure46:Investers Thinking

can help in boasting the adaptation of green buildings.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

GREEN BUILDING GREEN BUILDING ASSOCIATES C) EXTRA CLEARANCES AND APPROVALSGreen building rating systems requires a huge amount of documentation of proofs and approvals which becomes a barrier as it takes a lot of time and extra eﬀort to fulﬁll the need. And green building rating systems need these documentation so they can validate the rating. Without enough evidences how can they certify a building and even they have their standard and reputation in the market if there is breach in this then it may fall. Figure47:More Workload

So its like a trade-off if we want to reduce the documentation then the validity of any green rating system will reduce and if we keep these documentation as it is then less no of people are willing to adopt. We need a mid way which can support both the set of stakeholders. Rating system can work on a method or system which can help to reduce the extra clearances and approvals. D) COMPETITION RATHER THAN IMPLEMENTATION BARRIERToday green building rating systems are focusing on to become a global leader. They have sifted their focus from implementing the rating system first rather they are focusing on competition among themselves. It is very important for all the rating system to unite and create awareness about the environmental concern and benefits of rating

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

GREEN BUILDING system. Together only they can work to spread transparent and true information to the end users and popularize. More over these rating systems are non-proﬁt or government organization which means they do not simply exists in the market to make proﬁt. All the rating system have there primary goal to support green building practices then why they can not join hands to achieve the same Figure48:Fighting against rather than growing together

goal.

4.8 INFERENCES In India if we want to accelerate the process of green building adaption than we need to stringent norms, increase incentives, support ﬁnancially and above all increase cognizance and refresh the orthodox perception among all the stake holders. Despite the discussion about adoption, the most supporting factor in favor of Green Buildings is rapidly decreasing resource base of the country with most metropolitan cities being energy and water stressed. Increasing natural calamities is also placing pressure on these stressed conditions and prominent by the needs of growing population. If not in business interest, the construction Industry is bound to adopt Green Building practices owing to resource scarcity

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

GREEN BUILDING 4.9 INDIAN ADAPTIVE COMFORT MODEL SOURCE CEPT UNIVERSITY Standard based on an adaptive thermal comfort model can play a major role in reducing energy use whilst maintaining the comfort, productivity and well-being of occupants. . People living year-round in airconditioned spaces are likely to develop high expectations for homogeneity and cool temperatures, and may become quite critical if thermal conditions deviate from the center of the comfort zone they have come to expect. In contrast, people who live or work in naturally ventilated buildings, where they are able to control their immediate interior spaces, get accustomed to variable indoor thermal conditions that reflect local patterns of daily and seasonal climate changes. Their thermal perceptions – preferences as well as tolerances – are likely to extend over a wider range of temperatures. It allows buildings to operate within broader temperature bands. The specification of a broader comfort band suited to the Indian context has the potential to reduce the use of energy intensive space cooling for Indian buildings. a) For Naturally ventilated (NV) buildings The following equation should be used for design and operation of naturally ventilated (NV) buildings. Equation: Indoor Operative Temp. (˚C) = 0.54 * outdoor temp. + 12.83 b) For Mixed-mode (MM) buildings Mixed-mode buildings, where HVAC is operated only during extreme outdoor conditions, are becoming prevalent in India. Equation: Indoor Operative Temp. (˚C) = 0.28 * outdoor temp. + 17.87 c) For Air conditioned (AC) buildings# 1) Air temperature based approach: Equation: Indoor Operative Temperature (˚C): = 0.078 * outdoor temp. + 23.25 2) Standard Effective Temperature Based Approach: Equation: Indoor Operative Temperature (˚C): = 0.014 * outdoor temp. + 24.53 Where indoor operative temperature (˚C) is neutral temperature, and outdoor temperature is the 30-day outdoor running mean air temperature (˚C)

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

RATING SYSTEM

Rating System

5. RATING SYSTEM

“Sustainability is not just about adopting the latest energy-eﬃcient technologies or turning to renewable sources of power. Sustainability is the responsibility of every individual every day. It is about changing our behaviour and mindset to reduce power and water consumption, thereby helping to control emissions and pollution levels.” - Joe Kaeser

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

4.RATING SYSTEM 4.1. Rating System ....................................................42 4.2 Timeline ...............................................................43 4.3 LEED....................................................................44 4.4.GRIHA .................................................................47 4.5. IGBC ...................................................................50

Figure49:Save Earth

RATING SYSTEM 5.1 RATING SYSTEMS A green building rating system is a tool that evaluates the performance of a building and its impact on the environment. It comprises a predeﬁned set of criteria relating to the design, construction, and operations of green buildings. The rating systems were introduced to check the sustainability level of a building. The ﬁrst rating system to be introduced was BREEM in 1990 in UK. In India, there are predominantly three rating systems – Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), the rating systems from Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) and the Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA). In addition, there is also the Energy Consumption Building Code (ECBC) and the National Building Code (NBC), which provide guidelines on energy consumption. All buildings in India need to comply with these prescribed guidelines.

Figure50:Rating systems around the World

Figure51:Timeline of Green Building Rating systems

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

RATING SYSTEM 5.2 TIMELINE To address the beneﬁts of green buildings, building performance rating systems were Introduced such as: BREEAM(Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method) Figure52: How they were based upon

reviewing and improving the environmental performance of buildings. Since its launch in 1990 BREEAM has been increasingly accepted in the UK construction and Property sectors as oﬀering best practice in environmental design and Management. LEED - The U.S. Green Building Council was founded in 1993 by Rick Fedrizzi.

Figure53: BREEM

David Gottfried, and Mike italiano in order to transform the building market to be sustainable. In December 1998, the LEED (Leadership In Energy and Environmental Design) green building rating system for New Construction pilot program was launched. In November 2013 the LEED Green Building Rating System v4.0 update was launched.

Figure54: USGBC

GRIHA system launched in 2005 by TERI. GRIHA is India’s National Rating System for Green buildings. It has been developed by TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute) and is endorsed by the MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy). It is based on nationally accepted energy and environmental principles, and seeks to strike a balance between established practices and emerging

Figure55:GRIHA

concepts, both national and international

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

RATING SYSTEM 5.3 LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design was developed and piloted in the U.S. in 1998 as a consensusbased building rating system based on the use of existing building technology. The development of LEED has been through the U.S. Green Building Council Figure56:LEED Certiﬁed LOGO

member committees. The rating system addresses specific environmental building related impacts using a whole building environmental performance approach. LEED certification offers third party validation of a project‘s green features and verifies that the building is operating exactly the way it was designed to . and it‘s the nationally accepted benchmark for the design, construction and operation of high performance green buildings

Figure58:Triple Bottom line

LEED fundamentally follows triple bottom line – 1)People 2)Planet 3)Proﬁt Vision- Buildings and communities will regenerate and sustain the health and vitality

Figure57:Diﬀerent Plaques of certiﬁcation

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

RATING SYSTEM of all life within a generation. Mission- To transform the way buildings are designed, build and operated enabling an environmentally and socially responsive, healthy and prosperous environment that improves the quality of life. Applicability : LEED serves as a tool for buildings of all types and sizes. LEED certification is available for all building types including new construction and major renovation; existing buildings; commercial interiors; core and shell; schools and homes. LEED systems for neighborhood development, retail and healthcare are also developed. Certification levels: Projects must be awarded a minimum number of points outlined in the rating system under which it is registered to achieve a particular level of certification, such as LEED Certified(40%),LEED Silver (50%) , LEED Gold (60%), or LEED Platinum (80%) . Usability: The registration fee in LEED includes the following :The registration fee for a project is $1200 for USGBC members and $1500 for nonmembers. LEED certification fees vary by project size but it divide to : design review ,construction review, combined review and additional fees and the average certification cost is from $10,000 LEED is a system for designing, constructing, and certifying green buildings. Buildings are classified as Certified, Silver, Gold, or Platinum depending upon the number of points they acquire within 6 building components: 1. Sustainable Sites 2. Water Efficiency 3. Energy and Atmosphere 4. Materials and Resources 5. Indoor Environmental Quality 6. Innovation and Design Process

Figure59:Divesiﬁcation of LEED-

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

RATING SYSTEM Within each of these categories, there are a speciﬁc number of credits available via many subcategories. LEED ratings are rapidly becoming boasting points for property owners with property values of LEED certiﬁed buildings skyrocketing. LEED has been assisted in its success by the early adoption of many government agencies. Today, however, it is mostly a market driven engine with the number of LEED registered projects growing each year. Impact Categories in LEED are A) Reverse contribu on to global climate change. B) Enhance individual human health and well being. C) Protect and restore water resources. D) Protect, enhance and restore biodiversity and ecosystem services. E) Promote sustainable and regenerave material resource cycles. F) Build a greener economy.

Figure60:LEED credit categories

G) Enhance social equality, environmental jus ce, community health and quality of life.

Figure61:LEED CERTIFICATION Process

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

RATING SYSTEM 5.4 GRIHA GRIHA is an acronym for Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment. GRIHA is a Sanskrit word meaning – ‘Abode’. Human Habitats (buildings) interact with the environment in various ways. Throughout their life cycles, from construction to operation and then demolition, they consume resources in the Figure62:GRIHA

form of energy, water, materials, etc. and emit wastes either directly in the form of municipal wastes or indirectly as emissions from electricity generation. GRIHA attempts to minimize a building’s resource consumption, waste generation, and overall ecological impact to within certain nationally acceptable limits / benchmarks.Going by the old adage ‘what gets measured, gets managed’, GRIHA attempts to quantify aspects such as energy consumption, waste

Figure63:Promoted by MNRE

generation, renewable energy adoption, etc. so as to manage, control and reduce the same to the best possible extent. GRIHA is a rating tool that helps people assesses the performance of their building against certain nationally acceptable benchmarks. It evaluates the environmental performance of a building holistically over its entire life cycle, thereby providing a deﬁnitive standard for what constitutes a ‘green building’. The rating system, based

Figure64:Impact Categories

on accepted energy and environmental principles, will seek to strike a balance between the established practices and emerging concepts, both national and

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

RATING SYSTEM international.Internationally, GRIHA has been recognized as: An innovative tool for sustainable development by the United Nations. A tool for implementing renewable energy in the building sector by ‘The Climate Reality project’- an organisation founded by Mr. Al Gore; and UNEP-SBCI has developed the “Common Carbon Metric” (kWhr/sq m/ annum), for international building energy Figure65:Point Distribution

data collection -based on inputs from GRIHA (among others) It is a green building design evaluation system, it will evaluate environmental performance of buildings holistically over its entire life cycle ,there is by providing a definitive standards for what constitute a green building . Applicability : it is suitable for all kinds of buildings in different climatic zones of the country. Certification levels: In order to qualify for

Figure66:Point System

GRIHA certiﬁcation, a project must achieve at least 50 points. Therefor the Project scoring include : (50-60) points is certiﬁed

Figure67:GRIHA advertisment

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

RATING SYSTEM as a 1 star GRIHA rated building, (61-70) is a 2 star,(71-80) is a 3 star GRIHA rating building,(81-90) is a 4 star GRIHA rated building and ( 91-100) is a 5 star GRIHA rated building [1]. Usability: The registration fee includes the following: A one-day workshop for the project team to explain the rating system and allocate roles and responsibilities for the consultants involved And Evaluation fee which is paid to the external evaluators who assess the project submittals. The registration fee cum pre certification fee is Rs.1,00,000 and certification fee can be calculated based on the following Formula: Built-up area <5000 m2 =Rs.3,14,000 & Built-up area >5000 m2=(Rs.3,14,000) + (Rs.3.75 per m2 above 5000) . Categories: There are 31 criteria of the GRIHA rating system under four main categories: a) Selection and site planning b) Conservation and efficient utilization of resources ― Building Planning and Construction Stage c) Building operation and maintenance d) Innovation.

Figure68:GRIHA certiﬁcation process

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

RATING SYSTEM 5.5 IGBC The Indian Green Building Council (IGBC), part of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) was formed in the year 2001. IGBC first introducted LEED India in 2004 and than to strengthen the global consistency of the LEED rating system, effective June 5, 2014, GBCI began managing the certification process for all LEED rating systems in India, including Figure69:IGBC

the LEED India rating system, which was previously managed by the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) Vision- “To enable a sustainable built environment for all and facilitate India to be one of the global leaders in the sustainable

Figure70:Promotions and Advertisment

built environment by 2025”. Mission-To usher in a green building revolution in India.To make India one of the World leaders in green buildings by 2015. Applicability : IGBC serves as a tool for buildings of all types and sizes. IGBC certiﬁes the green projects which are conceptualized, designed, constructed and operated as per IGBC Ratings

Figure71:Analogy to Vastu (The Indian Way)

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

RATING SYSTEM Certification levels: Projects must be awarded a minimum number of points outlined in the rating system under which it is registered to achieve a particular level of certification, such as IGBC Certified(40%), IGBC Silver (50%) , IGBC Gold (60%), or IGBC Platinum (75%) . Usability: The registration fee in IGBC includes the following :The registration fee for a project is Rs.25,000 for IGBC members and Rs.30,000 for nonmembers. IGBC certification fees vary by project size but it divide to : design review ,construction review, combined review and additional fees and the average certification cost is from Rs.5,00,000 The Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) was formed by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) in 2001. The council is based out of the CII Green Business Centre, Hyderabad which is India’s 1st Platinum rated green building. IGBC is the country’s premier body for green building certification and allied services. Today, with strong support from various stakeholders, they have achieved the following significant milestones: 5,270+ projects registered with IGBC from various parts of India and abroad, amounting to a total footprint of 6.78 billion sq. ft. 25 IGBC green building ratings to cover all typologies of projects - residential, commercial, industrial, healthcare, etc 3,670+ qualified IGBC Accredited Green Building Professionals ; more than 30,000 stakeholders have been trained by IGBC till date

Figure72:IGBC Certiﬁcation Process

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

Conparitative Analysis

6. COMPARITATIVE ANALYSIS

“Whether the building is certiﬁed or not, if we want to truly reduce our environmental footprint and build sustainably, we need to approach green buildings not as a bonus for those who choose to do it, but instead make sustainability principles as a standard practice” -Robert Best

5.COMPARITATIVE ANALYSIS 5.1. Introduction .......................................................54 Table 1 Brief Comparison ........................................55 Table 2 Detailed Comparison ...................................58 5.2. Major Diﬀerences ..............................................68 5.3. Inferences ...........................................................70

COMPARITATIVE ANALYSIS 6.1 INTRODUCTION Rating systems are a tool to measure the sustainability of a building but different rating systems use its own set of criteria’s. So this study aims to support green building community and identify a comprehensive set of governing criterions to measure the sustainability of a building. The comparative analysis will reveal the strength and weakness of the chosen green building rating system. So Now after the evolution of green rating systems has been introduced, the following part of the paper will take an in-depth comparison of the most widely used systems:GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment), LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), IGBC (Indian Green Building Council). These systems were chosen for their popularity and their usage in India. The comparison is divided into two parts 1.)Brief Comparison - Based on general points and gives a breif point of differences in the rating systems. 2.)Detailed Comparison - Comprehensive and detailed comparison based on all selected point of impacts with details about point system and specific criteria.

Figure73:Diversiﬁcation of diﬀerent green building rating system.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

COMPARITATIVE ANALYSIS TABLE 1: BRIEF COMPARISON

SITE PLANNING

CLASSIFICATION

INTRODUCTION

GRIHA

LEED

GRIHA is India’s Naonal Ra ng System for Green buildings. It has been developed by TERI (The Energy and Resources Ins tute) and is endorsed by the MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy).

IGBC

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is one of the most popular green building cer fica on programs used worldwide. Developed by the non-profit U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) 1.Sustainable site 1.Sustainable sites planning 2.Water efficiency 2.Construc on man- 3.Energy and Atmoagement sphere 3.Energy 4.Material and re4.Occupant comfort sources and wellbeing 5.Indoor environmen5.Water tal quality 6.Sustainable building 6.Innova on and rematerials gional priority 7.Solid waste water management 8.Socio economic strategies 9.Performance monitoring and valida on

IGBC ra ng system is developed by Indian Green Building Council.

Preserve and protect natural features on site, measures to reduce hard paving and design to minimize pedestrian walkways.

Preserve and protect exis ng condi ons of site and minimize the hazardous eﬀects of construc on.

Minimize the project impact on the surrounding environment and to climate change. Maximize the sustainable feature of the project by considering the local bioregion, watershed, and community

1.Site selec on and planning 2.Sustainable Architecture and design 3.Water Conserva on 4.Energy Eﬃciency 5.Building Material and Resources 6.Indoor Environmental Quality 7.Innova on and Development

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

ENERGY

WATER

HEALTH AND WELL BEING

COMPARITATIVE ANALYSIS

GRIHA

LEED

IGBC

•Proper screening of site •Covering building materials •Water spraying •Fire ex nguisher •Ensuring water quality.

•Outdoor air delivery monitoring, •Low emi ng material •Health and livability •Sa sfac on and indoor air quality.

•Fundamental needs •Healthy indoor air quality from impuri es •Basic facili es for workers •Outdoor views

1.Low Flow ﬁxtures 2.Reducing landscape water demand 3.Water quality 4.On site water reuse 5.Rainwater recharge

1.Water conservaon 2.Low flow fixtures 3.Increasing water efficiency 4.Reducing indoor water use 5.Recycling water 6.Xeriscaping or using na ve trees 7.Water metering

1.Water conserva on 2.Low ﬂow ﬁxtures 3.Rainwater harves ng 4.Onsite treatment of grey and black water 5.Irriga on best pracces 6.Water metering

1.Energy eﬃciency 2.Renewable energy u liza on 3.Zero ODP

1.Reducing energy demand 2.Increasing energy eﬃciency 3.Producing renewable energy 4.Refrigerant management 5.Ongoing energy performance

1.Measure energy use 2.No use of ozone deple on substances 3.Eﬃcient equipment 4.Energy management

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

GRIHA

LEED

IGBC

1.BIS recommended materials. 2.Reduc on in embodied energy of building structure. 3.Low environ. impact materials Post construc on landﬁll reducon. 4.Organic waste onsite treatment.

1.Collec on of recyclables. 2.Building life cycle impact reducon. 3.Building product disclosure 4.Construc on and waste management.

1.Segrega on of waste a er post occupancy. 2.Sustainable building materials 3.Organic waste management 4.Waste during construc on. 5.Cer ﬁed building materials.

1.Innova on

1.Innova on 2.Regional priority 3.LEED ACCREDITED PROFESSIONAL

1.Innova on in design process. 2.Op miza on in structural design. 3.Waste water reuse during construc on. 4.IGBC ACCREDITED PROFESSIONAL

GRIHA is a na onal building ra ng system and involves strategies and credits more speciﬁc to Indian context. It can be used in all types of building but lacks certain points which are covered in IGBC AND LEED.

LEED is an internaonally recognized building ra ng system and covers more strategies and credits then others. It is expensive and generally adopted for commercial buildings. It has more complex documentaon which consumes more me but is more eﬀecve than others.

IGBC is the most adopted building ra ng system in India. It is also according to Indian context and covers criteria’s which are general and can be achieved . Paper work is more as compared to GRIHA and less when compared to LEED.

INFERENCES

INNOVATIOON & DEVELOPMENT

MATERIAL AND RESOURCE

COMPARITATIVE ANALYSIS

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

COMPARITATIVE ANALYSIS

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

COMPARITATIVE ANALYSIS

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

COMPARITATIVE ANALYSIS

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

COMPARITATIVE ANALYSIS

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

COMPARITATIVE ANALYSIS

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

COMPARITATIVE ANALYSIS

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

COMPARITATIVE ANALYSIS

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

COMPARITATIVE ANALYSIS

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

COMPARITATIVE ANALYSIS

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

COMPARITATIVE ANALYSIS

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

COMPARITATIVE ANALYSIS 6.2 MAJOR DIFFERENCE POINTS A) Methodology Intent based means that if we follow the strategies stated than we will achieve the target or recognition. Where as performance based means that whatever the strategy we use we have to produce evidence through drawings or stimulation to prove that the target is achieved. B) Parking Norms Giving less or min. parking is a way to reduce the use of vehicles and promote car pooling. Whereas providing more parking is an aspect considered to fullfill the requirements of future expansion. C) Health and Sanita on The healthy living conditions for workers is a basic necessity and needs to be incorporated in each and every rating system. D) Measure of Walkability Measure of walkability has different definations in different rating systems. But if generalized 0.5km is the walkability distance which a normal person can walk for aquiring daily utility. E) Purifica on Of Air ASHRAE62.1 -2010 is used in all the rating systems for indoor air quality but the filter rating specifications is different.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

COMPARITATIVE ANALYSIS MERV8 - Less effective but cheap (Rs.600800) MERV13 - More effective but expensive (Rs.1200-1500) F) Day Light The calculations for day light is done using different methods such as U value, SHGC and WWR. G) Walkability The intent of the rating system to promote or reduce the walking distance in the premises or campus.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

COMPARITATIVE ANALYSIS 6.3 INFERENCES

The green building movement has left a major impact on building design. construction, as well as on the development and real estate markets.The key to building green is on intelligent, Integrated approach to the design. Whereas designing a conventional building and then throwing scme green elements in at the lost minute is a terrible failure. Some of the benefits of a green design to a building owner, user, and the society as a whole are as follows: 1. Reduced energy consumption without sacrificing the comfort levels (lower operational costs) 2. Reduced water consumption 3. Reduced system sizes (HVAC, transformers, cabling, etc.) for optimal performance at local conditions. 4. Reduced investment (lifecycle cost) 5. Reduced destruction of natural areas, habitats, biodiversity, reduced soil loss from erosion etc. 6. Reduced air and water pollution (with direct health benefits) 7. Limited waste generation due to recycling and reuse 8. Reduced pollution loads 9. Increased user productivity 10. Enhanced image and marketability A sustainable approach not only constraints architectural creativity but can encourage it and environmentally sensitive buildings can be designed as one of the highest architectural quality.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

COMPARITATIVE ANALYSIS

GRIHA is a national green building rating system. It is an Indian origin mannual and involves strategies and credits more specific to Indian context. It can be used in all types of building but lacks certain points which are covered in IGBC AND LEED. It is moreover a stepup mannual on ECBC 2005. The registration and certification fee of GRIHA is least among all the other rating systems which gives it advantage over others. GRIHA is supported and promoted by MNRE and that it why in some states adopting GRIHA gives more incentives in terms of more FAR, property tax benefit, etc. GRIHA gives most focus on energy and water and so these impact catogeries has max number of points. GRIHA does not incorporates the practice of integrative process and also there is no set criteria specific to parking norms. The compiances of GRIHA are not too complicated and can be achieved without incurring much extra costs. GRIHA organizes various workshops and seminars throughout the year to create awareness among the stakeholders and laymen .

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

COMPARITATIVE ANALYSIS LEED is overall a better rating system and is more internationally recognised. It gives most number of points to energy which is one of the most used resource right now. But it does not incorporates solid-waste management into its criteria list. And it is the only rating system which considers and gives points to regional priority. But in Indian context its regional priority list is not that appropriate or useful. LEED has more complex paper-based system. LEED tends to be more rigid, complex, and expensive to administer. LEED is one of the most used rating system in the world and has good market cover. And so if the target is to enhance or increase publicity or popularity of the building like in case of commercial or mall LEED is the most appropriate rating system.

IGBC is similar to LEED in terms of criterias and weightage. IGBC is the most used rating system in India. The headquaters of IGBC was the ﬁrst green building in India. It is also according to Indian context and covers criteria’s which are general and can be achieved . Paper work is more as compared to GRIHA and less when compared to LEED. It is more technical and to get points the compiance should be strictly followed. It is expensive than GRIHA but has more market share than any rating system. IGBC also gives the most number of points to energy followed by water. IGBC has better point distribution than any other rating system.t

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

COMPARITATIVE ANALYSIS

The bar chat shows how diﬀerent rating systems have performed in diﬀerent impact categories. The general points from analysis areA) Energy is the most weighted impact category in all ra ng system. B) Water is the second most weighted impact category in all ra ng systems. C) Socio-economic factors are not very well considered in any ra ng system. D) Selec on of site and plan ng more trees is somewhat focused in LEED but not equivalent in others

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES

7. STRATEGIES

"Sustainability, ensuring the future of life on earth, is an inﬁnite game, the endless expression of generosity on behalf of all" -Paul Hawken I environmentalist

6.STRATEGIES 6.1. Introduction .......................................................76 6.2. Objectives of strategies ......................................76 6.3. Energy From Environment ...............................77 6.4. Facets of Sustainability .....................................79 6.5. Moderate Zone ..................................................80 6.6. Site Selection .......................................................81 6.7. Orientation and Positioning .............................82 6.8. Design of Shading System ................................84 6.9. Vegetation Pattern..............................................85 6.10.Evaporative Cooling .........................................85 6.11.Varytherm Wall .................................................96 6.12.Optimizing Material Selection .........................98 6.13.Wind and Earth Tunnel ..................................100 6.14.Water Heater ...................................................102 6.15.Sewage Treatment Plant .................................103

STRATEGIES 7.1 INTRODUCTION Although there is a misconception that green building strategies cost more than conventional buiding but that is not true. In this chapter the focus is on strategies that can be used in Moderate climate (Pune) which can be incorperated in a convenntional building to make it a step greener and are cost effective and energy efficient. Just by incorporating these strategies one can easily decrease the operation costs and energy costs. These strategies are easy to implement and can be implemented in almost all building types. These are general strategies and the basics can be applied to every type of building in every type of region (orientation and planning, etc.) Some of the strategies can also be implemented in Hot climate regions. Most of the passive architecture and climate responsive architectue are sustainable and effective. The advantages of passive architecture is that once implemented rightfully it gives long run benefits.

7.2 OBJECTIVES OF STRATEGIES Our prime or main focus in applying strategies is to reduce the resource utilization and to effectively optimize the used resources. Another set of focus is to reduce the cost so to make it more economical and also to improve the human thermal comfort and indoor air quality. A) Resource conserva on B) Cost efficiency C) Design for human adapta on Resouce conservation is our moto if we improve the conservation of resources it will automatically repay in the form of cost saving and will definitely improve the human adaptation. For example- if we are able to conserve energy than we can have added benefit of lower energy bills and healthy enviromental conditions for human.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES 7.3 ENERGY FROM ENVIRONMENT

FOOD

The food that we consume turns itno energy and heat. The body heat releases in

ENERGY

HEAT

HEAT LOSS TO ENVIRONMENT

environment and the easy flow of heat will make the body reach human comfort level The energy available from environment is good enough for us to to fulfill our daily requirments and needs. We receive a huge amount of energy from different elements from nature like sun, water, air, soil, etc. Passive solar concept is to allow allow nature to operate our systems with a minimum of mechanical interference. Buildings can be designed to accept or reject natural energy and store or release it at appropriate time.

A) SUN 1)HEATING AND COOLING

D) AIR 1)HEATING AND COOLING EFFECT

EFFECT 2)CREATION OF ENERGY 3)DAYLIGHT

2)CREATION OF ENERGY 3)VENTILATION

E) FAUNA B) WATER 1)HEATING AND COOLING EFFECT 2)DOMESTIC USE C) SOIL 1)HEATING AND

1)HEATING EFFECT (COMBUSTION) F) FLORA 1)HEATING AND COOLING EFFECT 2)FILTRATION 3)OXYGEN GENERATION

COOLING EFFECT

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES 7.4 FACETS OF SUSTAINABILITY Basic facets of sustainable design includeA) Solving the problemIdeas of holistic design which means no particular style should be followed strictly and the design should be made keeping the location of the site in mind (diﬀerent for diﬀerent locations ) B) Seeing trees and the forestDesign should be environmentally responsive and should respect the land . Respecting the already present features of the Figure74:Solving the Problem

site like the landform, sun, vegetation, etc. C) Resource efficiencyThe resource should be used very carefully use of fossile fuels, minerals, materials, etc. it should be doing more with less resources that is resource optimization. D) Cultural sensi vityAvoiding long commute distance , dependency on vehicals, monotonous development, and compromised quality of life issues. E) Avoiding redundancy Doing the thing right at the first time which would avoid waste and use 7R principle -Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Retrofit, Regenerate.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES 7.5 MODERATE ZONE Pune and Bangalore are examples of cities which falls under this climatic zone. These cities are one of the fastest growing cities and they have the potential to adopt the most sustainable features with ease because of the climatic conditions. The typical characteristics of this region are as followsA) Ambient Temperature Summer Temperature- 30-34 degree celsius during day 17-24 degree celsius during night Winter Temperature- 27-33 degree celsius during day 16-18 degree celsius during night The temperatures during the year are nighter too hot nor too cold. B) Solar Radia on The radiation is more over same all throughout the year. These regions are located on an altitude (560m) which experiences less solar radiations than hot and dry regions. The north light of these regions are almost free from heat through the majoirty of the year. C) Precipita on The total amount of rainfall exceeds 1000mm per year. Winter is a dry season. The amount of rainfall is good enough to make rainwater harvesting economical. D) Wind Winds are generally high during summer. Winds has high dust cotaminations during summer. The dominant wind is S-W winds. E) Rela ve Humidity Dry period- 20-55% Monsson - 55-90% F) Sky Condi on The sky is mostly clear with an occasional pressence of dense, low clouds during summer. G) Landscape and vegita on A general hilly or high-plateau region with fairly abundant vegitation. The design criteria for pune region is to reduce heat gain by providing shade and to increase heat loss by ventilation. Planning building around a courtyard. reduce heat gain in the building thorugh building envolope. Plan water bodies. cavity walls, terrace gardens, light shelves, etc.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES 7.6 SITE SELECTION Site selection is an important and initial phase of any building planing. If the site selection is done right it can help in conserving land. It is important to note that once a construction activity occurs on a site it can not be undone. The land once used can not be used again for agriculture or any other purpose. Figure75:Brown-ﬁeld

Brown-fields are abandoned or underused industrial and commercial facilities with the potential for re-use. The land may be contaminated by low concentrations of hazardous waste or pollution, and has the potential to be reused once it is cleaned up. Redevelopment not only revives the lost glory of once flourishing area but also create an opportunity for societal benefits. Reusing an abandoned area for useful purposes is also

Figure76:Site before redevlopment

a tribute to what the land has undergone to make humankind prosper. The use of these sites helps in saving a green site. These sites typically has low price of land but once free from contaminants can be used properly to construct. There are even government incentives in purchasing a brown-ﬁeld or redevelopment site. Which helps in reducing the land costs. Selecting site which is sandwiched between two buildings is preferred over a separate piece of land. As it is going to

Figure77:Transformation of site

become a place to dump or can not be used for any other purpose.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES 7.7 ORIENTATION AND POSITIONING The orientation and siting of buildings can be very helpful in conserving land and resources. The orientation of the building is the ﬁrst and foremost important part of planning. The orientation and siting should be done keeping the solar path and wind direction inn mind.

Orienting the building

in right direction can save a huge amount of Figure78:Orientation According to Sun Path

construction and operational cost without any added cost. The basic orientation of a building in moderate climate is to have the longer façade facing N-S and short façade on W-E. The basic reason for this is the sun moment is in these direction which means these two surfaces will receive the max. amount of heat which is not required. Placing the right orientation will also

Figure79:Orientation According to Wind Pattern

help in placing the windows for daylighting and ventilation. While sitting the buildings mutual shading should be given importance. If the building blocks are mutually shaded than they do not require additional shadding devices or min shadding devices will fulﬁll the need. Planning should be done such that the natural features of the site remains as it is and natural ventilation is promoted. If the site has

Figure80:Variation of Cooling Load with Orientation

contour with more than 1:4 slope ratio than planning should be done accordingly.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES

Figure81:Sunlight according to Orientation of Window (N-S)

Figure82:Sunlight according to Orientation of Window (W-E)

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES 7.9 DESIGN OF SHADING SYSTEM HSA- Horizontal Shadow Angle

VSA- Vertical Shadow Angle

AZI- Azimuth Angle

ALT- Altitude of Sun

WW- Window Width

ORI- Orientation of facade

OP- Overhand Opening

FP- Fin Projection

Figure83:Horizontal Shadow Angle

Equa on1: HSA = AZI - ORI

Figure85:Vertical Shadow angle

Equa on2: VSA = arctan(tanALT/ cosHSA)

Figure84:Calculating VSA

Figure86:Calculating HSA

Equa on3: OP = HP/ tanVSA

Equa on4: FP = WW/ tanHSA

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES Correct positioning can save upto 15% of cooling loads.

7.8 VEGITATION PATTERN Vegitation in any form plays an important and unique role not only by giving visual comfort but also in changing the micro-climate of the place. Flora can col the environment by absorbing solar radiation for photosynthesis. They are very helpful in shading a particular part of a structure and ground to reduce solar heat gain and reﬂected radiation. Plants also helps in increasing humidity levels by relasing water through Figure87:Increasing Wind ﬂow

leaves. They also create different airflow patterns and can be used to direct or divert the prevailing wind advantageously by causing minor pressure differences. Tress helps in preventing soil erosion as well as acts as buffer to filter dust and contaminants and from sound. Trees helps in

Figure89:Diverting Wind Away From Building

oxygen enrichment. The existing trees along with additional tree placement can help in manipulating the air currents and also provides shade on critical facades. Trees can also help in redirecting the wind ﬂow and can help to increase the rate of natural ventilation as shown below. The placement of the vegitation

Figure88:Manupulation of wind by Trees

should be such that it should maximize

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES airflow. If not done carefully they would end up in reducing the wind speed. In a climate where heat gain has to be minimised, trees can be used to cut off the east and west sun. Hot breezes can be effectively cut off. Planting deciduous trees is very useful in these type of climates. Figure90:Manupulation of wind by Hedges

They provide comforting shade in summer and shed their foliage in winters aloowing sun. Trees and vegetation would also increase the humidity of the area so it should be considered while planning in the areas with high humidity. Trees are best used to shade the east and west walls of a building. The sun is much lower in the sky during the morning and

Figure91:Site before redevlopment

afternoon, and the overhang will not protect the east and west walls. As the diagram below shows, well placed trees on the east and west will provide summer shading and allow winter heat gain. The placement of the trees and hedges should be in a way to make a narrowing path for air. The reduction in the of area will increase the speed of air. The placement will cause a minor pressure diﬀerences which marginally changes the air path.The leeward side is low pressure zone . the air will try to shift towards it. In case of headges or shrubs low pressure is creates down shift of path of air.

Figure92:Reducing Solar Radiation

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES Whereas in trees the canopy shifts the air path upwards. The understanding of these pressure changes and the subsequent air paths can be used to take advange in designing the building. These strategy can be very helpful in keeping the building naturally ventilated and keeps the temperature to comfort levels and so decreases the energy bills with enhanced human health. Figure93:Living Wall (Pune)

7.8.1 Cost Analysis A) Ini al Cost NO additional cost incurred B) Cost in use Low water demands and long life C) Recovery Cost Trees can be used for various purposes such as fuel, ﬂowers, fruits, etc. The recovery cost may or not be monetary - . Use of native tress is mostly preferred because they have no water demands and are adapted to the climate and surroundings of

Figure94:Trees protectecting critical facade (Pune)

the area. They are also prone to harsh climate and can survive for a longer period of time. The design should be made such that it incorporates the existing trees and uses their maximum potential. If the design requirement is to cut a tree than rather than cutting it should be transplanted. Or for every tree cut 3 trees

Figure95:Lagerstoemia speciosa (Native tree Pune)

shoukd be planted within the site which will help to restore the nature as well as increase the beauty of the place. The shadding because of the tree is only considered upto 3 ﬂoor or 10m.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES For highrise mutusl shadding should be preferably used. Use of lawns or grass should be minimized due to their high water demands . The grass which have low water demands can be used .Use of soft pavers or grass block pavers for walkways and driveway will help to reduce reflected heat and decrease the heat island effect. Keeping the surrounding area Figure96:Benefits of PlantingTree (1)

cool. For existing building or structure a small retroﬁtting can yield high results such as covering the existing driveways with pergolas having creepers or bales on top which will absorb the sun radiation and will help in decreasing the heat island eﬀect. It is important to understand that it is not just the heat entering the building which should be taken care of but the relative heat from the surrounding of the structure can also

Figure97:Beneﬁts of Planting Tree (2)

have large impact on overall performance of the building.Vegitation also helps in reducing the rainwater runoﬀ and decreases the time so that the water can penetrate the soil for longer period and increases the water table of the area.

Figure98:Trees Cuts Excessive Sunlight

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES A) GREEN ROOF The concept of green roof is simple yet eﬀective. A green roof is a roof of a building which is covered with vegetation like grass, small shrubs, etc.A green roof consits of various layers of membrane Roof construction - Roof can be constructed with wood, metal, concrete, plastic, gypsum, or composite. Concrete roof will provide the most sturdy roof structure. Figure99:Layers of Green Roof

Water proofing membrane - To protect the building from water penetration. Some rubber and plastic sheet membranes are used. Protection and storage layer -.Mats with enhanced water storage and capillarity are used to protect from aggressive plant roofs Drainage layer - Helps the excess water to flow to the roof drain. Filtration membrane - Allows excess water from the growing medium to flow out, while preventing the fine

Figure100:Extensive Green Roof

particles from washing away and clogging the roof drain. Growing medium - Engineered soil: It must be lightweight, have good water storage characteristics,cheap.Organic composts are also included in it.Natural soil: plants and insects adapt to it easily. Roof transfers the majority of the heat into the building. A green roof helps in reducing the direct heat tranfer from roof by absorbing the radiation and also has health

Figure101:Intensive Green Roof

beneﬁts.In urban areas where green spaces is less and agriculture is diﬃcult green roof can

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES help in cultivating a part of the requirement which makes it self suﬃecient. The initial cost of investment of green roof is high (Rs.1,00,000 min. as per design) but the beneﬁts overpowers the cost.

7.9.1 Benifits Improve the drainage system -By reducing the water runoff and runoff period during peak rainfall. Increase the lifespan of the roof - Green Figure102:Traditional Roof

roofs cover the waterproofing membrane, protecting it from UV rays and extreme daily temperature fluctuations. This protection extends the lifespan of the waterproofing twice as long as conventional roofing, meaning that membranes under green roofs last twice as long as those on traditional roofs. Boosting thermal performance - Without doubt, one of a green roof’s most beneficial advantages is thermal performance and it’s

Figure103:Green Roof

staggering just how much of a diﬀerence this can make. Helping out the environment - Increasing green spaces in urban. Supporting wildlife habitats - Green roofs also help support wildlife and in turn, can create a healthy habitat. Aiding air quality - A green roof helps to improve the overall air quality. According to astudy, green roofs help reduce up to: 37% of sulfur dioxide 21% of nitrous acid

Figure104:Green Roof Noida)

0.2kg of dust particles / sq. m each year

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES 7.9.2 Cost Analysis A) Ini al Cost An additional construction cost is incurred.(Rs.1,00,000 min. As per design) B) Cost in use A low maintenance cost is incurred. But it increases the life span of roof and aesthetics. C) Recovery Cost No recovery costs.

7.10 EVAPORATIVE COOLING Evaporative cooling is a strategy that is being used for a long period of time in almost everywhere. But now the shift from natural air to air conditioning has made evaporative cooling techniques to disappear. Water absorbs a large amount of solar radiation. It allows evaporative cooling. And at night time the heat stored in water can be used to warm the place. Water has high latent heat of evoporation1 as well as high speciﬁc heat2. In simple words water uses up a large amount of heat in evaporation. And also absorbs or releases a large amount of heat for a unit rise or fall in temperature.So when the water evaporates by the air movement it cools the air. This is evaporative cooling. In this process the humdity rises. Evaporative cooling is a strategy which uses water and its properties to cool the building and the air. Cooling through evaporation is a natural occurrence. The most common example we all experience is perspiration, or sweat. As perspiration evaporates it absorbs heat to cool your body. The principle underlying evaporative cooling is the fact that water must have heat applied to it to change from a liquid to a vapor. When evaporation occurs, this heat is taken from the water that remains in the liquid state, resulting in a cooler liquid. There are two types of evaporative coolingIndirect Evaporative Cooling Direct Evaportive Cooling Indirect evaporative cooling means when cooling is provided while keeping the evaporative process outside. Direct evaporative cooling cools outside air through evaporation, and brings this air 1 The latent heat of evaporationn is the amount of heat required to undergo a change in the state from liquid to gas. 2 The specific heat of a substance is the amount of energy that a unit mass of a substance absorbs for a unit rise of temperature.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES into the building.WATER BODIES (Ground) Water bodies can be used for evaporative cooling as well as minimizing heat gain. And with proper intergration with wind pattern and vegitation they can be used to direct cool breeze into the building. Water bodies can be used on ground to increase the aesthecis as well as serves controlling the micro climate. During monsoon seasons water from roof and site can be channelised to these water bodies which will act as collection ponds and can than be sent to harvesting tank or can be left for percolation. During summer months using recycled water these bodies can help in converting hot breeze into cool breeze and circulating into the building by natural ventilation can help in decreasing power consumption during summer period when the power load of the city is already high. Generally a site has a dip point which is the lowest part of the site. As the gravity will move all the water to that point constructing water bodies in that area is very helpful as the runoff water will directly get into the pond without any extra effort or human touch. Even the small channels on the site adds a feature to the building and makes the site appealing.According to vastu a water body in the site has many positive effect. A fountain or cascade also acts as an aestheic feature as well as helps in creating barrier from noise and also acts as air filter by clearing the dust particles.The sound of the water has its own added benifts on humans it is soothing and helps in healing and calming mind A water body in the site will encourage its occupants to come out of house to have fresh air and also reliefs mind. It has plenty of medical benifts.

Figure105:Courtyard with water body

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES 7.10.1 Cost Analysis A) Ini al Cost A small additional construction cost is incurred. B) Cost in use No maintainence cost C) Recovery Cost No recovery costs. But it is a additional feature which increases the cost of the plot.

Figure106:Courtyard with water body in a comercial building

Figure107:Eﬀect of water in micro and local level.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES 7.10.2

ROOF POND

Roof pond is basically a shallow water body on top of the roof. It acts as an insulation between the atmosphere and the roof. The water in the roof pond absorbs the heat and keeps the roof cool. In this system a shallow water pond is provided over highly conductive ﬂat roof with ﬁxed side thermal insulation. The top thermal insulation is movable. The pond is covered in day hours to prevent heating Figure108:Roof Pond (Plastic Water Bags)

of pond from solar radiation. The use of roof pond can lower room temperature by about 20°C. While keeping the pond open during night the water is cooled by nocturnal cooling. The covered pond during the day provides cooling due to the eﬀect of nocturnally cooled water pond and on other side the thermal insulation cuts oﬀ the solar radiation from the roof. The system can be used for heating during the winter by operating the system just reverse. The

Figure109:Roof Pond in Summer

movable insulation is taken away during day so the water of pond gets heated up by solar radiation and heating the building. The pond is covered in night to reduce the thermal losses from the roof and the hot water in the pond transfers heat into building Roof pond is a passive cooling technique based upon the increased heat capacity of cheap and widely available water. In general, the pond is covered during day to prevent heating, and open at night to be

Figure110:Roof Pond in Winter

cooled.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES Roof ponds can be inexpensively constructed by enclosing water in plastic bags, metal or ﬁberglass tanks with rigid transparent plastic covers. The temperature diﬀerence that can be achieved through roof ponds is approx 10 degrres from outside air bulb temperature. It is relatively cheaper strategy than green roof and can be implemented with ease.

7.10.3 Cost Analysis A) Ini al Cost A considerable additional construction cost is incurred. B) Cost in use A small Maintenance cost. But it increases life span of roof. C) Recovery Cost No recovery costs.

Figure111:Courtyard with water body

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES 7.11 VARYTHERM WALL 7.11.1

Introduc on

This type of wall assembly can be used for mild winter heating and summer cooling in moderate and also in hot climate. It is based on the principle of natural air circulation. The outer wall of the building is made up of two layers with a considerable gap in between. The outer layer of the assembly is made of light or thin material Figure112:Varytherm Wall

and in the inner wall is made of thick layer. The air gap is provided with vents for aircirculation. During the summer the vents can be closed to create an eﬀective air-insulation from the outside heat and at night the vented facility is opened which comes in contact with cool ambient air with warm brick wall and gets heated, establishing a natural draft. This air movement helps in the good air circulation and gets the heat stored out of the wall.

Figure113:Varytherm Wall in CEE (Ahmedabad)

And vice-versa can be done in winters, the vents are opened during the day for supplying the warm air inside and during night time the vents can be closed so to facilitate air-insulation to prevent heat loss to the outside. The longer the lag time the more Figure114:Varytherm Wall in CEE (Ahmedabad)

time it will take to transfer the outside heat to inside and as air is an ultimate insulator of heat we can use its potential to deliver

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES optimized natural energy. It is based on the reverse principle of trombe wall. The use of trombe wall is effective in cold climates. It is a simple yet effective strategy which can be implemented on west and east walls and the heating and cooling load can be significantly decreased. It is also a material conservation technique as making one thick outer layer of wall with insulation material in between can be replaced by relatively thinner walls with no insulation materials and yet the result will be more. The in between space can also be used for stromwater pipes which brings water from roof to a channel on the ground which will further add the aesthetics of the building by hiding services and also the water collected can be used for rainwater harvesting. Additionally to control heat gain through walls. In case of air conditioned building a wall type with low u value can reduce the cooling load upto 4-6 times as compare to a concrete block wall.

7.11.2 Cost Analysis A) Ini al Cost The initial cost of construction is typically low because there is no as such special material requirement is there nor special machinery. It can be made by using simple red bricks or preferred ﬂy ash bricks which will reduce the cost of construction as well as In some situation it can also be less than that of thick concrete blocks. NO additional cost incorporated. B) Cost in use It is a maintenance free strategy as no complexity is there. C) Recovery Cost No or negligible recovery cost.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES 7.12 OPTIMIZING SELECTION OF MATERIAL When we use material in a building it needs to be selected in a very smart manner. Material selection can help in achieveing the goal of sustainability as well as saves the costs of construction. It is a good practise to use materials which are locally sources and produced. As it has the identity of the area, low embioded Figure115:Fly Ash Bricks

energy, low transportation pollution, cost effective. Reusing construction waste or post industrial waste like fly ash and blast furnance slag has many advanages. Certainly the waste is diverted from landfill and is used which conserves resources for making new and vargin material. It has low embioded energy and is cheap and abundant.

Figure116:Fly Ash Powder

A) Some of the strategies for material conserva on using flyash areB) Use 15% of ordanary cement with fly ash in structural concrete. It will reduce the water demand for curing as well as reduces the shrinage and cracks in concrete. It is also light in weight which means lower is the dead load. C) Replace 40% of building bricks or blocks by fly ash bricks in load bearing structure.Lowers the dead load. D) 15-20% of ordanary cement with flyash in plaster or mortar. E) Use of Clay Bricks

Figure117:Clay Bricks

F) Use of Locally Sourced Material Beneﬁts

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES G) Improved WorkabilityDue to the smaller spherical shape of particals of fly ash it acts as miniature ball bearings and improves the work finish. H) Decreased Water Demand The water demand can be reduced by 10% when fly ash is replaced by concerete by 20%.Fly ash also helps in reducing drinkage after drying. I) Increased Ul mate Strength Figure118:Increased Workability

The additional binder produced due to ﬂy ash reaction with available lime allows ﬂy ash concrete to continue to gain strength over time.And has higher strength after curing as compared to pure cement concrete. J) Improved Durability Fly ash consumes free lime making it unavilable for reaction with sulfate. Fly ash reacts with available alkali in the concrete, which makes them unreactive to silica minerals.Reduced permeability

Figure119:Increased Strength

prevents sulfate to penetrate into the concrete. Replacement of cement reduces the amount of reactive aluminates available.

7.12.1 Cost Analysis A) Ini al Cost The initial cost of constrcution is reduced by a large amount of money saved by cement replacement and lowering the dead load. Lower Construction Costs. B) Cost in use It has lower maintenance rate than only cement concrete. C) Recovery Cost

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES No or negligible recovery cost.

7.13 WIND AND EARTH TUNNEL In a wind tunnel wind is invited in a building through a shaft or tower. Temperature of thus air is modiﬁed by evaporation. This air is circulated throughout the building. This is very old technique, & installed successfully in many old buildings. The hot ambient air enters the tower through the openings in the tower, gets cooled, and thus becomes heavier and sinks down. The inlet and outlet of rooms induce cool air movement.When an inlet is provided to the rooms with an outlet on the other side, there is a draft of cool air. It resembles a chimney, Figure120:Wind - Tunnel

with one end in the basement or lower ﬂoor and the other on the roof. The top part is divided into several vertical air spaces ending in the openings in the sides of the tower. It is a passive design technique which is used for long period of time and is evident in countries with hot climate. A earth tunnel catches wind from outside and supplies the air through ground. The earth cools the wind by absorbing the access heat in the air and makes the air

Figure121:Wind - Tunnel

cooler. A combination of wind and earth tunnel with use of water can help in providing cool air into the building without the use of air conditioning and maintaining the humidity and comfort levelsIt is an extension of Geothermal cooling. Temperature reduction up to 8-10 deg C can be achieved

100

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES 7.13.1 Cost Analysis A) Ini al Cost The initial cost of constrcution is incured but gives great advantage in reducing operation costs and energy bills. B) Cost in use Figure123:Wind and Earth - Tunnel

It requires regular cleaning and no other maintanence. C) Recovery Cost No as such recovery cost.

Figure122:Earth - Tunnel

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

101

STRATEGIES 7.14 SOLAR WATER HEATER A solar water heater heats the water using solar energy. The heat of sun is captured in glass tubes of the heater the water than passes through these tubes which transfers the heat in the tube to water. In a country like India where the sunlight is almost throughout the year solar heaters can be used to lower the cost of water heating. It can save upto 5 units of electricity Figure124:Solar Heater

daily. It gives cost advantage as well as saves fossil fuels. It is costlier than electric heater (Rs.10,000). It saves upto 1400 units per year worth of Rs.9800 (approx). And has life cycle of about 20 years.

7.14.1 Cost Analysis A) Ini al Cost The initial cost of constrcution is around Rs.25,000 to Rs.30,000 for 200KLD of solar water heater B) Cost in use It has no maintanence costs. C) Recovery Cost About 10% of the intial cost can be recovered after its life cycle is over.

102

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES 7.15 SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT STP A sewage treatment plant is an assembly which converts grey or black water into reusable water. Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater and household sewage, both eﬄuents and domestic. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Its objective is to produce an Figure125:Water Treatment methods

environmentally safe ﬂuid waste stream and a solid waste suitable for disposal or reuse . On-site (or decentralized) wastewater treatment systems are used to treat wastewater from a home or business and return treated wastewater back into the receiving environment. They are typically referred to as septic systems, because most involve a septic tank for partial treatment. Reed beds are gravel ﬁlled, contained,

Figure126:Process

shallow beds, planted with plants (e.g. reeds), and specially design to treat wastewater including sewage, agricultural, industrial and road wastewater. Wastewater, black or grey, is passed through the root zone of the reeds where it undergoes treatment. Primary treated effluent from the house is initially filtered prior to entering the reed bed through an effluent filter fitted to the grey-water collection tank or septic tank outlet pipe then it is passes through reed bed system. Reed

Figure127:Reed Bed system

beds are generally designed to detain the wastewater for a period of 5 to 7 days and

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

103

STRATEGIES the quality of treated effluent improves with increased residence time Phragmite is one of the most widespread flowering plants in the world. It is a tough adaptable plant, which can grow in polluted waters and find sustenance in sludge.

7.16 SOIL BIO TECHNOLOGY Soil Bio- technology is a terrestrial system for wastewater treatment which is based on the principle of trickling ﬁlter. In this system, Figure128:Process of SBT

combination of physical processes like sedimentation, inﬁltration and biochemical processes are carried out to remove the suspended solids, organic and inorganic contents of the wastewater. Suitable mineral constitution, culture containing native micro-ﬂora and bioindicator plants are the key components of the system. It is also known as Constructed Soil Filter (CSF). SBT systems are constructed from RCC, stone-masonry or

Figure129:Components

soil bunds. It consists of raw water tank, bioreactor containment, treated water tank, piping and pumps.It was developed by IITBombay. Beneﬁts:A) Adapts to local clima c condi ons. B) Low energy consump on C) All green natural process. D) Least mechanical items. E) No Bio sludge forma on.

Figure130:S.B.T at Govardhan eco village.

104

F) Low o&m and long life span.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES 7.17 GENERAL STRATEGIES 7.17.1

Building orienta on -

A) Building orienta on should be such that posi on of windows of habitable areas within 0 - 35 degrees of prevalent wind direc on.Prevalent wind direc on to be determined through appropriate wind rose diagram.

7.17.2

Building form design -

A) Provide courtyards, verandas, wing walls and wind catchers to enhance air movement within the building where required bin group housing. organise buildings so as to channelize wind in the desired direc on Provide building shapes for free ﬂow of wind between buildings and ﬂoors.

7.17.3

Window placement and design -

A) Windows should be staggered rather than aligned with perfora ons for ven laon at lower level and openings at higher level for stack eﬀect and to improve cross ven la on throughout the room. Also, to improve indoor air speed the size of inlets should be smaller than outlets.

7.17.4

Addi onal passive design systems -

A) Implement passive evapora ve cooling systems such as water bodies and fountains out side windows or in courtyards if feasible or systems such as Passive Downdra Cooling System (PDIC) especially during summer, B) Other op ons are wind tunnel, earth tunnel, wind sha s etc for increasing internal air circula on.

7.17.5

Shading devices -

A) Window shading device to b: deterrn red through color path analysis to provide B) 100% shading between year 10 am to 3 pm n months of April to September for at least C) 90% of windows or south east and west facades and 50% of windows on north facade. D) Shading should be provided not only to the windows but also for the cri cal heat gaining walls E) Provide horizontal shading for the North and South Facades and ver cal sharing /adjustable screens or deep overhangs, porches etc en the east and west facades.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

105

STRATEGIES F) Use plants and other vegeta on for shading especially on the east, west and south facades. G) In case of group housing organise buildings to provide shade in usable open spaces and reduce direct radia on.

7.17.6

Walls -

A) Use walls with moderate thickness with moderate to high thermal mass B) Wall should be designed to comply with the maximum assembly U -factor or the minimum insula on r -value as speciﬁed energy Conserva on Building Code 2007 for Moderate Climate Zone

7.17.7

Building form and internal zoning -

A) Due to the moderate climate, more ﬂexibility in design can be adopted with respect to the built form. B) Allot at least 50% of spaces that can tolerate greater temperature varia on as double walls, buﬀer areas such as staircases, li s, store. etc on the east and west wall.

7.17.8

Addi onal passive design systems -

A) These may not be required in moderate climate. Systems such as cavity walls and Evapora ve cooling systems such as can be integrated in the building for use during the summer months.

7.17.9

Glazing systems-

A) Windows can be installed with Energy eﬃcient glazing systems to minimise unwanted solar gains in summer. while maximising the amount of useful daylight in buildings. B) All window openings should be well insulated. High performance window with low U -value are advisable. C) Adopt appropriate U value and Solar Heat Gain Factor (SHGC) as speciﬁed by D) ‘Energy Conserva on Building Code’ 2007 for moderate climate

106

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

STRATEGIES If we want to sustian life on earth than we need to become responsible and adopt voluntary simplicity and modesty, in the physical world which can be achieved though Sustainble Architecture.Sustainability is not just a mere practice but is like a religion which has its own set of rules and regulations which involves sustainable living, clothing, shelter and eating. Theoretical studies have shown that the application of all the above techniques in buildings may decrease their cooling load up to 50% - 70%. Generally, concern for energy consumption is only marginal in the majority of architectural-design practices, even in the developed countries. Passive solar energy-efficient building design should be the first aim of any building designer, because, in most cases, it is a relatively low-cost exercise that will lead to savings in the capital and operating costs of the air-conditioning plant. In today’s architecture, it is now essential for architects and building engineers to incorporate passive cooling techniques in buildings as an inherent part of design and architectural expression and they should be included conceptually from the outset. Incorporation of these passive cooling techniques would certainly reduce our dependency on artificial means for thermal comfort and minimize the environmental problems due to excessive consumption of energy and other natural resources and hence will evolve a built form, which will be more climate responsive, more sustainable and more environmental friendly of tomorrow.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

107

Conclusion

8. CONCLUSION

“Man, whether civilized or savage, is a child of nature - he is not the master of nature. He must conform his actions to certain natural laws if he is to maintain his dominance over his environment. When he tries to circumvent the laws of nature, he usually destroys the natural environment that sustains him. And when his environment deteriorates rapidly, his civilization declines.” -E. F. Schumacher | Small is beautiful

108

7.CONCLUSION 7.1. Points of Improvement ...................................110

109

CONCLUSION 8.1 LACKING POINTS OR POINTS OF IMPROVEMENT After comprehensive study and analysis of different green building rating system it is found that the green building rating systems are still on devloping stage and are built either by supporting each other or by comparing each other. Yet no one has established a guidline or a path to create a universal certification approach that can be accepted and implemented worldwide. Rating System is evolved with specific context Local, Regional and Cultural. It is also specific to country it evolved by, evolved for. As shown in (chap.5) all three systems has overlapping categories. Many times they have different labels for categories and subcategories in (chap.5), already show what LEED, GRIHA & IGBC (Table 1&2) have in common and where they differ. This research identified the exciting developments taking place on the technology front and analyzes their implications for intelligent and green buildings, highlighting examples of “best in class” green and intelligent strategies. . This research provided documented evidence to educate and influence end-users, building owners, architects, and contractors that a “greener building” can be achieved using cost effecctive strategies and that this “greening” will provide a tangible and significant return on investment . By this comparison, it can be concluded and recommend the following: Although there is a considerable degree of commonality between different Rating Systems which presented in this paper (IGBC-GRIHA-LEED), in terms of their aims, approach and structure, but there are significant differences in terms of scope of the environmental issues addressed, metrics and performance standards. Thus, it is necessary that the selection of suitable rating system according to its categories which are generally considered the most significant measure in building sustainability assessment, likewise to ensure the sustainable design environmental performance goals are being met when desired ratings are achieved. That related to the special requirements for each countryt because each one has different needs to achieve sustainability. It means in a building lifetime perspective, it should be remembered that differences with respect to ―fitness for use . Some of the improvement points that are not incorporated in any of the green building rating system and should be considered in upcoming versions are as follows. These points of improvement are selected after intense discussion about their need and inclusion in upcoming version by some of the key experts of this feild.

110

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

CONCLUSION 8.1.1 Uniformity Ra o in Dayligh ng Uniformity Ratio is ratio of minimum lux to average lux in a room. In simple terms low uniformity value means uneven lighting in a space. Including uniformity ratio in daylighting can help in better daylighting of the space and enhanced human comfort. The need of uniformity ratio in daylighting is so to have a balanced natural light in a space or room which increases human comfort and also enhances work ability. It is a measurable quantity and can also be stimulated in softwares. Which makes it easier for its inclusion in rating systems. The simulation is done in software (ecotect-v5).In both the simulations all the parameters are kept same including orientation, VLT of glass, length of shading device, etc.The result can be clearly seen why uniform sunlight is required so to make indoor environment more suitable.

Figure131:Non- Uniform Sunlight.

Figure132:Uniform Sunlight.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

111

CONCLUSION 8.1.2 Building construc on pollu on preven on. It is a basic need to completely stop all kind of construction pollution i.e. air, water and soil. It is a necessity and not a choice which should be given points for. Controlling all types of pollution is the basic step to increase both environmental protection and human health & well being. Covering the boundary of site with 3 m wall is not suﬃcient

Figure133:Even After 3m baricading air polution can still be seen.

8.1.3 Noise & Light Pollu on Reduc on. These two factors are being ignored in almost all types of rating system. They are measurable quantities and can be rechecked whenever needed. Controlling light and noise pollution is required as a social courtesy towards the society. It can be enforced during odd timings to ensure the site creates no disturbance in the neighborhood.

112

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

CONCLUSION 8.1.4 Non-Applicability Law. Non-Applicability law means that if in a given case the criteria is not feasible to implement than the project should be exempted from the criteria and the points should not be considered in the rating. This law is only present in GRIHA and no other rating system. Taking this point into consideration can help projects to avoid the unnecessary overhead expenses and will save resources too.

8.1.5 Op mum u liza on of space post occupancy. The space should be used in a manner it was envisaged in the design. The post occupancy audits can help in rectifying minor ﬂaws.

8.1.6 Recer ﬁca on The rated buildings should be mounted award plaques with removable screws. So each year the building energy and water can be reviewed. And automatic certiﬁcation can be deployed.

8.1.7 Credit for ﬁ ng to ecological order. There is no credit for creating experiences of beauty, none for creating or ﬁtting to ecological order, and none for placing people into rich symbolic nature.

8.1.8 No regional priority. One unintended consequence is that less environment conscientious design teams may choose the least expensive strategies recognized by the rating systems to get the respected credit, even though the implementation of those strategies may not substantially improve the projects sustainable contribution. Building related activities lie the growth of mining, manufacturing and transport industry alsoconsumes a lot of commercial fossil fuels besides causing degradation of land and pollution of water sources Unless prevalent lifestyles alter radically or a new inexhaustible energy source is tapped, the present energy reserves will get depleted very soon. Since there is no firm evidence that such a source would be found In the near future, there is no other alternative to the widespread application of sustainable system of development The voluntary pursuit of any activity, whichencompasses concern for energy efficiency, environment.Water conservation and use of recycled Products &,renewable energy can be defined as ‘Green’.It is the one whose construction and Lifetime of operation assure the healthiest possible environment white representing the most efficient and least disruptive use of land, water, energy and resources.

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

113

CONCLUSION So to define a Green building by providing standard for measurement, for proper green building design guideline, to Promote whole-building as: • Integrated design processes. • Stimulate green competition, • Raise consumer awareness. According to study and analysis, research shows the identified barriers and how they can be converted into potential motivators. In India if we want to accelerate the process of green building adaption than we need to stringent norms, increase incentives, support financially and above all increase cognizance and refresh the orthodox perception among all the stake holders. During the research it is observed that all the rating systems are developed based upon comparing and improving on each another. And as the industry is evolving new and enhanced set of criteria’s will turn the face of development we see today. The people are started becoming aware and so is government and with advancement the techniques and materials will reach to the far end of the society. All the strategies suggested can drastically influence the sustainability factor of a building and can reduce the water and energy consumption of the building. It can also be cost effective if the strategies are chosen correctly and properly implemented.

114

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

CONCLUSION ILLUSTRATION CREDITS Figure no. 1-5 6-9 10-12 13-22 23 24-25 26 27 28-30

Source www.shutterstock.com http://unsworth-primary.co.uk/what-was-life-like-during-the-stone-age/ www.pinterest.com Author www.livescience.com www.rawpixel.com www.google.com/ankorwat https://www.architecturevastushastra.org NEWS papers

31-33 34-36 37 38-39 40-47 50-52 53-55 56-60 61 62-67 68 69-71 72-73 74-77 78-79 80 81-90 91-95 96-98 99-103 104-105 106-108 109-114

www.activesustainability.com/sustainable-development/what-is-sustainability/ www.timelinesustainableratings.com www.ciigodrejcity.wikimedia.org www.commons.wikimedia.org Author www.designingourhome.blogspot.com/2015/02/green-architecture.htm www.realassets.ipe.com LEED V4(www.usgbc.com) Author GRIHA Mannual 2015(www.griha.org) Author IGBC Mannual (www.igbc.in) Author www.mass.gov Author Passive Solar Architecture Author www.greenarchitecture.com/pune/homes Author http://data.conferenceworld.in/ICSTM7/16.pdf Author www.cedro-undp.org Author

115-119 120-121 123 125 126-132

www.elise-hu.com/construction-tapestry-collection Author www.SolarWaterHeatingSystems.com Author http://stpindianion.com/introduction-to-stp.php

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

115

CONCLUSION REFRENCES Green Building Certification Institute , 2011. GBCI. [Online] Available at: http://www.gbci.org/home.aspx U.S. Green Building Council, 2015. U.S. Green Building Council History [Online] Available at: http://www.usgbc.org/about/history Blackstone , 2014. Blackstone Press Release: Don Anderson to Join Board of Green Building Certification Institute. [Online] Available at: http://www.blackstone.com/news-views/press-releases/details/donanderson-to-joinboard-of-green-building-certification-institute Ashley Katz, 2010. Facilitiesnet USGBC Launches LEED Volume. [Online] Available at: http://www.facilitiesnet.com/green/article/USGBC-Launches-LEED-VolumeFacilitiesManagement-Green-Feature--12169 Gossett, S. & Martin, A., 2013. Breaking Down Financial Barriers Towards a More Sustainable Commercial Real Estate Market. Strategic Planning for Energy and the Environment. World Green Building Council, 2013. World Green Building Council Annual Report 2012/2013 - at: http://www.worldgbc.org/infohub/annual-report-2013/#sthash. Ey9x56IF.dpuf. [Online] Available at: http://www.worldgbc.org/infohub/annual-report-2013/ LEED user. (2013). Understanding the Cost of LEED-NC Project Certification. Available at : http://www.leeduser.com/strategy/cost-leed-report-and-understandingcost-leedproject-certification

116

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

CONCLUSION

Njo Anastasia, (2013). “The Way to Encourage Green Building in Indonesia”. This paper was presented in Christian University, Surabaya, Indonesia. P.P 1-14 Aden Firdaus, (2012). “Identiﬁcation of the Greenship Professional Competence on Green Building Project”. P.P 1-4. Richard Red, Anita Bilos, Sara Wilkinson & Karl-Werner Schulte, (2009). “Identiﬁcation of the Greenship Professional Competence on Green Building Project”. Volume No. 1, P.P 1-22

BOOKS Sun,Wind and Light -Brown and Mark Dekav Integral sustainable Design - Mark Dekav New Directions in Sustainable Design- Adrian Parr Historical Evolution of Green Architecture - Ref. Jeﬀ Cook 1983 The technology of Ecological Buildings - Klaus Deniels NON- PUBLISHED Sustainability and Residential Environment in Urban context - Rajan Rawat (IEDSchool of Architecture)

THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING

117