FRUGAL DESIGN
TREADLE POWERED WOODWORKING TOOLS
Aditya Joshi Srishti Institute of Art, Design & technology, 2015.
Contents
What is Frugal Design?____________________________
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Project Brief_______________________________________
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Design Proposal __________________________________
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Research & analysis_______________________________
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Design Brief ______________________________________
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Ideation __________________________________________
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Conceptualization ________________________________
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Process Map 2___________________________________
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Reviews __________________________________________
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Detailing__________________________________________
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The Power Unit____________________________________ 60 Validation ________________________________________
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Reflective Statement _____________________________
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References _______________________________________
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Shampoo and other items being sold in sachets . An example of frugal innovation
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Frugal Design fru¡gal adjective simple, plain and costing little.
Frugal Innovation is the process of reducing the complexity of a product and ensuring low production and sales costs. This process has been adopted by a large number of multinational and grass-root level businesses. Shampoo sachets, the Jaipur Foot and the Foldscope are a few examples of frugal innovation at its best. Widely applicable to developing markets, frugal innovation has become an important tool in the days demanding increased attention to sustainability. Frugal Design is an experiment that works towards implementation of frugality in design and emphasises on designing to do more with less. It becomes more
and more important to define and apply frugality in design at various steps of the design process to maintain the holistic nature of the process. Frugal design by the virtue of its nature leads a much more concious design process by designing for the bottom of the consumer pyramid. Moreover, it also involves value addition to existing systems to bring about increased productivity. Through this project I intend on perfecting my frugal design process. This book is a documentation of my attempt at solving a problem with the core values of frugal design.
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Project Brief
Human power has been the oldest form of energy to drive simple machines. Levers and cranks have been used in many forms to maximize this energy. Pedal power is the transfer of energy from a human source through the use of a foot pedal and crank system. This technology is most commonly used in bicycles for over a hundred years. Less commonly pedal power is used to power agricultural and hand tools and even to generate electricity. Common examples of this are the sewing machine and the knife grinder. All these simple machines have evolved and reached a certain degree of perfection in terms of optimization. And yet, power tools and electronic devices have overtaken these simple machines. While these may
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be more convenient to use, they also use valuable material resources and become obsolete very quickly to become landfill. Not everything can be done using human power though. There are areas where it is almost useless – like using pedal power to power a toaster. So the key is to find appropriate areas where pedal power is used to maximum effect. Using human power through pedals is a small step towards a more sustainable future, especially one where resources rapidly dwindling. We can learn from the frugal use of material and technology in existing pedal powered machines and find new applications.
The scope of this project could include any one of the following: Incremental design for existing pedal machines – the crop sprayer and the road cleaner. Propositional new applications in today’s world for pedal power that could be based on any one of the following: Design a business model for an entrepreneur based on a cycle eg. The knife sharpener Design a system that uses pedal power eg. recycling waste or yarn processes or simple food grain processing Looking at the angle of health and exercise to use pedal power to perform simple tasks in the home eg. washing clothes
How can we encourage more people to cycle? Today there is a lot of interest in cycling thanks to increasing traffic on our roads as well as increasing sensitivity to electricity and fuel usage. Can new vending systems be designed? Is awareness and communication the answer?
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Design Proposal Background Historically human pedal power was used for a host of activities. Tools for manufacturing like treadles, lathes, drills, grinders, mills and even cranes were powered by human pedal power. With the advent of industrial revolution these simple machines were replaced by electrical or fossil fuel powered systems. Currently a wide range of power tools and machines are available in the market. These machines mostly use electricity as the power source. They are either small and cheap power tools that can’t perform heavy tasks or bulky and expensive machine tools that are expensive to own and run. Moreover they are not easily accessible to small time carpenters, micro industries, hobbyists/ makers and students. My position The worldwide boost in the maker culture that bridges the gap between modern and traditional ways of building has given an impetus to a new peer based learning platform. The maker culture focuses on the ideals of sustainability, learning through doing and works towards minimizing the harmful global effects of consumerism in a subtle way.
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As a person riding the maker wave and as a student of industrial design, tools give me the ability to alter materials and thus become an important part of my design process. The accessibility to certain tools can give the design process a boost whereas the non-availability of some tools can seriously impact the design and the process followed in realizing it. Brief To design and prototype a modular, ergonomic pedal or treadle powered unit that powers an array of tools for woodworking. The system would work towards reducing the effort needed in certain repetitive activities in woodworking and be sustainable in terms of electricity or fossil fuel use. The modular nature will also save space and be sustainable in terms of material use. Features -A pedal/treadle powered unit that is modular to allow use of a number of tools. -Significantly lower ownership and running costs. -Portable and minimal crosssection to retain mobility and save space.
Need The need for a pedal powered system arises when we look at sustainability, long product life and minimum costs. Moreover, rising fuel/electricity costs and space constraints make the use of current woodworking machinery/tools cumbersome and expensive. Pedal powered tools have existed in history and were major contributors to the initiation of industrial revolution. The efficiency and simplicity of these tools make them relevant even today. Possible User groups 1. Micro enterprises: Need for a low cost solution, space constraints. 2. Hobbyists/ tinkerers: Need for a number of tools, space con straints. Hobbyists also takepride in the processes they use. Some even stress on using only hand tools. 3. Students: Need for a number of tools, space onstraints and safety. Collaterals The product needs branding to promote the use of pedal power as an efficient power source.
It will have to be accompanied by an easy to use instructions manual that explains the functions of the machine and the usage of different tools that go with it. Benefits & USP Low maintenance, sustainability, low cost, modular nature are the major benefits of the said system The user can use the power generated in different ways. Timeline Week 1 & 2: User research, Study of amount of power generated by humans Week 3 & 4: Research about existing pedal powered systems. Study of amount of power generated by humans. Study of various gear systems, drivetrains, flywheels etc. Week 5 to 12: Prototyping the power unit. Testing the output. Prototyping the tools. Testing (lab & user) Week 13,14 &15: Building collaterals . Written in week 1 of the project.
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Research & Analysis
human pedal power historical tools modern tools users & user needs / 11
human pedal power
Pedal power is the energy generated by causing displacement with feet. Humans have been using pedal powere since the begining of their existence. The use of pedal power has undergone transformation through the years from simply walking to simple and complex machines like bicycles and sewing machines.
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Some facts and statistics to illustrate human pedal power capacity. • • • • •
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Average adults can produce about 4watts of power per kg of body wieght. Average adults can generate 150 watts of power for an hour while cycling. A healthy labourer produces 75watts/hr in an 8 hour shift. A trained cyclist produces around 400 watts for about an hour. Petrol engines run at an efficiency of 25% - 30% while bicycles operate at around 97% efficiency. An anverage adult can operate a treadle at 40-60 pushes per minute.
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historical tools
Early 19th century to present
The Barnes pedal/treadle powered lathe from the late 1870s was the smallest lathe offered by the manufacturer. Made out of cast iron these lathes were widely sold and some of them are used even today.
A pedal powered scroll saw also made by Barnes. Along with the scroll saw Barnes manufactured pedal powered circular saws as well.
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Pedal powered tools, workshop machinery or otherwise were quite prevalent before and during the Industrial revolution. Even today a lot of craftsmen, artisans and woodworkers use similar pedal powered tools.
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
1. Heavy and bulky, occupy lots of floor-space. 2. Cast-iron construction adds to the weight 3. Antiquated production techniques and components. 4. The drive train remains the same in different tools. 5. Non standard parts. 6. Made for one specific function.
Greater control over speed. No electricity required. Cost lesser to run. Suitable for low volume work. Basic mechanical knowledge enough for service and maintenance. 6. Sustainable in terms of power use. 7. Relatively failproof compared to modern complex machinery
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modern tools 20th century to present
Table saws are available in various sizes and are of the most important woodworking machines. They are used for cutiing wood to size accurately.
Disc & belt sanders are used for shaping and smoothing wood or other materials. They re availabe in various sizes and are a requirement in a basic woodworking shop.
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Modern woodworking tools are highly specialized and efficient. Manufactured with the latest technology and material, they accomplish thier tasks with accuracyy and ease. They’re widely used all around the world with standardised parts and comppnents
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
1. Easy to use 2. Fast work speed increases productivity. 3. Highly accurate. 4. Standardized parts and accessories facilitate easy replacement. 5. Easily and widely available.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Need special setups to run. Consume a lot of electricity. Expensive to own and run. Some tools need prior usage experience for safe handling. Greater chances of accidents resulting form faster job speeds. Occupy a lot of floor space. Maintenance Designed for specific tasks. Not long lasting.
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users & user needs User Segments
Students
Makers/ Hobbyists - Low volume work - Space constraints - Monetary constraints (a) Buying power (b) Elecricity/ fossil fuel prices (c) Maintenance costs - Interest/ knowledge about environment, sustainability - Interest in the maker culture. (DIY, make and learn) - Collaborative working
Three broad user segments were identified. The segments are seperated based on their scope of work and basis of tool use. Individuals from each user segment were interviewed to get more information on the kind of tools used, scope of work, work time, available resources etc.
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Carpenters / Micro-Enterprises - High volume work - Space constraints - Monetary constraints (a) Buying power (b) Elecricity/ fossil fuel prices - Job outsourcing - Lack of defined work space
Daniel, 21. Student
David, 65. Maker
Rajendran, 40. Carpenter
Works on DIY projects in spare time.
Works on multiple projects at the same time.
Works with tools 7-8 hours a day.
Uses his room as his workshop.
Member of a co-working maker space.
Owns a few tools.
Expert woodworker
Most work done at a small workshop. Assembly at clients.
Outsources jobs.
Builds his own tools
certain
Wishes to own a complete workshop.
Entusiastic about sharing ideas and the maker culture.
Outsources a few jobs. Employs an apprentice for some jobs. Mostly uses handtools and a few basic powertools.
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insights
Cost and space are the major problem areas highlighted through the research. Modern tools are expensive to run and the historical tool heavy and bulky. Cheap alternatives to modern tools exist but are not the most efficient. The foot powered historical tools were efficient in their times and fulfilled almost all requirements. The power trains used in the foot powered tools was largely similar. This leaves us with a few desirable features, 1. A single foot power unit that gives variable power output. 2. Space saving, lightweight and portable. 3. Use of widely available parts and components. 4. Modern and precise construction. 5. Long lasting because of low tech mechanisms & drive trains. 6. Easily servicable by the user.
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Design Brief
To design and prototype a modular, ergonomic treadle powered unit that powers an array of tools for woodworking. The system would work towards reducing the effort needed in certain repetitive activities in woodworking and be sustainable in terms of electricity or fossil fuel use and material use. The modular nature will save space.
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Ideation
inspiration mechanisms sketches
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inspiration
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1. Niklas Kull & Gabriella Rubins Pedal powered juice extractor is a simple knock down unit with pictoral assembly instructions. 2. Christoph Thetards R2B2, a treadle powered unit that runs several kitchen machines. It features a multi-speed gearbox and several attachments. 3. The local knife sharpners/ makers run a small door to door service of sharpening knives on a treadle or bicycle powered grinder. They have managed to retain their low tech solutions in the days of technology.
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mechanisms Treadle Drives
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1. Eccentric drive treadle. An eccentric pulley attached to the flywheel hub acts as a crank. 2. Freewheel drive treadle. A freewheel attached to the flywheel hub is driven by a chain. The chain attaches to a spring thus providing pullback for the trealde. 3. Crank driven treadle drive. The crank shaft translates linear motion to rotational motion in the flywheel. This is the most common type of treadle drive.
3
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Belts & Pulleys
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1. Flat-belt Drive. Modern flat belts provide more efficiency than v-belts. Flat belt pulleys need to be crowned for proper belt tracking and to avoid slippage. 2. V-belt Drive. V-belts solve the problem of slippage and provide efficient power transmission 3. Round-belt Drive. Round belts are mainly used in low torque settings.
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Step-pulleys
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1. Biggest pulley engaged for low RPM, high torque. 2. Intermidiate pulley engaged for higher RPM. 3. Smallest pulley engaged for highest RPM and low torque.
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sketches Pedal Drives
1
1. Roller drive. Bicycle wheel rests on rollers and transfers rotational energy by friction between the tyre and the rollers. 2. Pedal drive. Regular pedal drive powering the flywheel. Appropriate gearing can give considerable power in this case.
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2
Pedal drives are extremely efficient but require both legs of the user to be engaged, hampering mobility that is much required for woodworking.
Pulley systems
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Simple reduction systems help increase the RPM. 1. A single reduction pair. 2. Combination of two reduction pairs give higher RPM.
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Conceptualization
system map process map1 concept sketches 3D darawings
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system map
Key Partners
Key Activities
Local fabrication services.
User research, networking. Workshops at interactive spaces, communities.
Material and hardware dealers. Vocational training schools Maker spaces, local hobbyists and DIY communities.
Research- background, mechanisms, materials. Finding widely available parts for building prototypes, keeping costs low. Simple prototyping / production techniques.
Key Resources Simple,effective, easy to produce mechanism. Lightweight, ergonomic and easy to assemble design. Easily sourcable, precise and accurate parts.
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Value Pro
Low cost tread Woodworking
No electricity r
Low mainenan Space saving. Long lasting.
Variety of tools according to th preference.
Hackable, user their own tools ments.
Various custom packages.
oposition
Customer Relations
Customer Segments
dle powered tools.
No need for servicing. Can be repaired or serviced by the customer.
Small enterprises, carpenters, model makers, craftsmen.
Customizable to the customers need.
Makers, DIY enthusiasts, hackers and related groups or communities.
required.
nce.
s usable he users
rs can device s/ attach-
mizable
Information exchange through various channels with enthusiats (makers, DIY groups etc.)
Students, educational/ training institutions. Off-grid living enthusiasts
Channels Small enterprises, carpenters, model makers, craftsmen. Makers, DIY enthusiasts, hackers and related groups or communities. Students, educational/ training institutions.
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process map 1
HISTORY [Treadle Lathes, Sewing machines, Saws, Farm equipment, Mills]
IDEA [Treadle powered woodworking tools]
FUTURE INTENTIONS [- Incorporate gears, variable transmission to increase efficiency. - Use lighter, newer, more sustainable materials. - Look into the portability aspect. - DIY tools/ attachments to decrease costs. - Extend possibility to tools other than woodworking tools.] - Options between different tool sets.
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CURRENT US
[Small Enterpris Hobbyists/ Mak Students]
FRUGALI
[In pedal pow
SERS
ses, kers,
CONCEPT [Modular, Variable power, Portability(?), Ability to power a wide variety of rotary tools.]
ITY
wer]
PROTOTYPE [MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION: - Cost effective alternatives to expensive parts. - Use of widely available components sourced from local markets. - Minimal material use.] [TOOLS: Scroll saw, drum sander, disc sander, grinder, woodlathe(?)]
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concept Historical Treadle Powered Tools - Robust - Heavy & bulky construction - Less scope for modularity - Extensive use of specialized parts. - Completely human powered
Relevance:
- Unavailability of electricity or fossil fuel. - Unavailability
History saw the use of efficient foot powered machines. They were instrumental in leading the society towards the industrial revolution. The need for such alternatives becomes relevant as we look towards a frugal yet efficient future.
Proposed Concept
- Robust - Light-weight & space saving construction - More scope for modularity - Use of commonly available parts. - Modern production techniques - Ease of use - Completely human powered
Relevance:
- Erratic, expensive electrical connections - Expensive power tools - High-cost maintenance for power tools - Need for increased action towards frugality and sustainability
Lightweight and modularity are the major design factors. This can be achieved by providing a single foot powered unit that can give out variable rotational energy. This machine serves as the ‘motor’ for various woodworking tools like a scroll saw, disc sander, drum Here we look at reinventing sander, wood lathe etc. these old machines and making them relevant for the current times through various processes.
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sketches
1
1. Combination reduction system coupled with a freewheel drive treadle. 2. Combination reduction system coupled with a eccentric drive treadle.
2
A freewheel drive treadle uses lesser custom made parts than an eccentric drive. Also the parts in a freewhell drive can be sourced from bicycles and are easily available.
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The mechanism needed to be housed in a simple but effective housing. Square metal tubing was chosen as primary framing material. Basic ergonomics, lightweight, space-saving were some of the factors considered while exploring form for the frame.
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5 4 1 90 cm
1. The slant front end allows the user to step in ad use the treadle. 2. The treadle extends out in the front and the side to allow comfortable usage from two sides and both the legs.
3
2
4. Removable angles for mounting various tools. The removable nature reduces the cross section for easy storage. 5. A drill chuck for ease of attaching the tools.
3. Flat belt drive pulley system. Flat belts were chosen for custom sized loops and ease of making custom pulleys.
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3D drawings
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2
3
4
1. Bearing block for central step pulleys 2. Bearing block for the driver step pulleys 3. Three-speed central step pulley 4. Three speed driver step pulley
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1
2
1. Main power unit frame. 2. Assembled power unit without the treadle
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1
3 2
Disc sander attachment 1. The sanding disc is laminated and takes normal sanding discs. 2. The knob allows for up to 45Ëš of adjustment for the table. 3. The slot takes in a mitre guage.
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1 3
2
Scroll-saw attachment 1. Mounting blocks for the blade. Takes standard plain end scroll saw blades. 2. The crank drive gives the scroll saw a cutting thickness of 35mm 3. The back end is used for blade tensioning.
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Process Map2 2 1
Improvisation
History
Current Users Makers & Hobbyists
- Low volume work - Space Constraints - Monetary Constraints - Interest/ knowledge about environment, sustainability. - Interest in the maker culture(DIY, make and learn) - Collaborative working - Building tools.
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User Test
Co
Small Enterprises - High volume work - Space constraints - Monetary constraints - Job outsourcing - Lack of defined work space. - Traditional and extensive woodworking knowledge
ting
oncept
Prototype
The diagram shows the process chains for realising this project. It contains 2 cyclic chains.
2a
Possibility of newer tools/ attachments
1. The project works toward making age old technology relevant for modern day use. 2. The prototype once built goes back to the current users for user testing. At this point through regular feedback collection, improvments for the prototype can be worked out. 2a. One of the bigger user groups for this machine are makers and hobbyists. The DIY culture they follow will be instrumental in designing newer and better attachments for the power unit.
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Reviews
Two seminars and a masterclass took place through the duration of this project. The process was reviewed at differnt stages by the panels.
Seminar 1: Proposal and primary research review. Panel: Sudipto Dasgupta, Naga Nandini & Divya Ramachandran. Feedback: - Suggestions on possible mechanisms. - User research in terms of tools used. - List of possible attachments. - Discussions about the process and its validation through prototyping.
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Masterclass Review: Mechanisms, project intent. Panel: Kiran Kakade, Naga Nandini. Feedback: - Justification of pedal power against electricity availability and connectivity. - Exploration of a micro power unit for varied applications. - Study of possible attachments.
Seminar 2: Design iterations, feasibility, prototyping. Panel: Janak Mistry, Naga Nandini. Feedback: - Attachment details (RPM, feed rate) - Continuously Variable transmission and its possible use for the power unit. - Ergonomic and ease of use considerations. - Possible inclusion of brakes - Reonsideration of the main user segment to mainly target the niche ‘Maker’ market that values alternate power.
Feedback was also received on a daily basis from project coordinators, faculty, peers and the workshop assistants. The periodic reviews were instrumental in providing a platform for reflecting back at the design process and make ammends.
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Detailing
flywheel bearing blocks pulleys frame attachments
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flywheel
A flywheel retains rotational motion because of its weight. The flywheel required for the power unit needed to be at least 10-15 kg. The flywheel is based on a 20� bicycle wheel. The wheel has been filled up with a sand and plaster mix to add weight. The bicycle wheel makes it easier to fit a standard 18 tooth freewheel sprocket. The rims have been flattened to accept a flat belt.
1. Bicycle wheel ready for filling. The spokes act as reinforcement. 2. Sand and plaster mix. 3. Set plaster and balanced wheel with sprocket and axle attached.
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3
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bearing blocks Bearing blocks are used to mount radial bearings on a surface. They are of a precise construction which makes them expensive. Custom bearing blocks were made to reduce the cost. They were CNC cut out of HDF (High Density Fibre board) for accuracy. HDF is a water resistant material with density higher than that of teak.
1. Bearing holder part of the two part bearing block. 2. The bearing fits snugly into the bore. 3. Screws on the edges for alignment while gluing. 4,5. Flanged bearing also made from 2 parts HDF. 6. Two part flanged bearing mount, before gluing.
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pulleys
Pulleys form an essential part of the drive train mechanism. They need to be light-weight and the edge needs to be crowned for flat belt drives. The pulleys were also made from 2 parts of CNC cut HDF board. Along with the center shaft bore the step pulleys have been provided with fastening bores for alignment while gluing. The large step pulley has been designed like a spoked wheel to reduce weight. The crowning was done on the lathe. 1. A portion of the step pulley, aligned and glued. 2. Large pulley, two parts glued and clamped. 3. Assembled step pulley. 4. Drill chuck attached to step pulley. 5,6. Large step pulley with bearing mounts.
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frame
The frame houses the drive train and its components. It provides a strong yet lightweight base to mount the attachments. The frame was designed to use the least amount of material. For ease of operation the front is tapered. The treadle features a removable extension to facilitate operation from the side.
1. The frame. 2. Removable side support and treadle extension. 3. Removable treadle extension. 4. Top bearing mounts.
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attachments
The power unit can be used with multiple attachments like a disc sander, scroll saw, wood lathe, grinding wheel, drum sander, buffing wheel etc. Apart from workshop tools the power unit can also be used to power other household equipment that requires rotational motion.
1,2. Sketches 2. Shop-made disc sander attachment. 3. Disc sander attached to the chuck. 4. Scroll saw attachment.
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The Power Unit
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1. Ergonomically designed treadle. For easy operation from the front or the side. 2. 12kg flywheel runs the large pulleys.
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3. Step pulley drive, allows 3 different speed settings. 4. Attached disc sander attachment.
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5. Wooden panel to protect the user from moving parts, belts. 6. Final drive pulley. Fastest speed setting engaged.
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Va l i d a t i o n
Some user trials were conducted with the disc sander. Two kinds of users were asked to operate the machine for initial tests.
Some observation from the preliminary tests:
Feedback:
1. The components worked fairly well. 2. The flywheel with the current belt tension retained lesser momentum. 3. The chuck has a slight wobble which can be fixed by re-assembling the chuck spindle.
1. Agrim, Student: - Interest in developing attachments. - Need for a better flywheel. - Works well ergonomically. - Could have castor wheels for easy mobility 2. David, Woodworker, workshop manager. - Explore chain drive instead of pulleys. - Workout a way of attaching the chuck directly to the pulley shaft to eliminate wobble. - Easy clamping for the attachments.
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Previous page: Removing the frame extensions. Top: Using the machine from two sides.
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1 2 3
Speed and torque configuration on the pulleys: 1. Slow speed high torque: Used for heavy work on lathes, scroll saw, sander etc. 2. Medium speed, medium torque: Used for heavy sanding and straight cutting. 3. Fast speed, low torque: Used for general sanding, scroll cutting and surface finishing on the lathe.
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Once all of the frame extensions are removed the machine can be stored easily.
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Reflective statement Development of tools is closely linked with evolution. Human progress is partly reflected in the way our tools help us. Pedal power was and still manages to be a major milestone in the long list of tools. The industrial revolution which is credited with bringing us progress has also brought us to a time where it has become extremely necessary to review the cost of our progress. Pedal power, one of the majorly tapped ‘industrial’ resource prior to the industrial revolution gets a new meaning in todays world. Moreover, pedal or foot powered tools that had undergone serious advancements at the turn of the 20th century became completely obsolete with the arrival of cheap electricity and fossil fuel. Mass production techniques led to the demise of an efficient and then widely used energy source, pedal power. Now, with the technological advancement and the resources that late 19th century inventors never had we can define pedal power in a new, re-contextualized way. Through this project I have attempted to bridge the gap between history and the present. Frugal design work as an apt methodology with the concept of simple pedal power.
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The fact that pedal power has been around for so long was itself a challenging aspect of the project. Bridging the gap between historical needs and current needs while developing a product relevant in modern times requires a lot of attention to detail. Frugal design which aims to do more with less comes with its own complications. It requires one to be meticulous in all aspects of the process that is followed. Prototyping was another challenge, unavailability of components, processing machines and high costs were some of the most challenging parts. Dealing with them using modern and effective methods of production like CNC routing was instrumental in the building of a well working prototype. Following happenings of the Maker and DIY movement was largely helpful in designing and building shop made attachments and tools. Proponents of the maker culture believe highly in collaborative development which meant that they had made a great deal of resources available over the internet. Accessing and being a part of the online maker communities is an extrremely enriching experience. Through these channels it is possible to seek help from experts in the domain.
This project also helped me realise my dream of owning some power tools. I intend on improving the power unit further for personal use and develop more attachments. To stay true to the ideals of the maker movement I intend on publishing this project over the internet to facilitate collaborative building and further development. - Aditya Joshi
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References
- bicycletutor.com How to fix bicycles tutorial - mayapedal.org pedal powered machines, NGO in Guatemala - los-gatos.ca.us Various experiments with pedal power - econvergence.net pedal a watt system, a system that attaches to a sta-tionary bike to generate power - lowtechmagazine.com host of articles on low tech systems - farmhack.org community for farm innovation, article about pedal powered tractor. - notechmagazine.com various articles on pedal powered stuff - blueoxmill.com lists vintage BARNES treadle powered tools. - bridgecitytools.com joint maker hand saw - http://www.lathes.co.uk/barnes/ a resource for lathes especially barnes treadle and velocipede lathe - thearchanesproject.com resources for a pedal powered saw and sand sifter - letsremake.info online library of interesting books - Pedal Power, James C. McCullagh.
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Treadle Powered Woodworking Tools. Project: Frugal Design: Pedal Power. Project co-ordinators: Naga Nandini, Divya Ramachandran. Duration: 11 weeks. Srishti Institute of Art, Design & Technology
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