I. OBIECTUL POLITOLOGIEI
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2. Obiectul Politologiei &D OD RULFH úWLLQ
HVWH QHFHVDU D OXD vQ GLVFX LH úL vQ FDGUXO 3ROLWRORJLHL FDUH HVWH GRPHQLXO
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1
Pierre Favre, Naissance de la science politique en France, 1870-1914, Paris, 1989, p.84. Vernon Van Dyk, Political science /RQGUD FRQVLGHU F VXE UDSRUWXO RELHFWXOXL úWLLQ D SROLWLF DU IL SXU úL VLPSOX ORFXO JHRPHWULF DO vQWkOQLULL GLIHULWHORU úWLLQ H VRFLDOH 'DYLG (DVWHQ vQ The political system, Londra 1953
2
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3
V. capitolul Sistemul politic.
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domeniului politic, care pot fi prezentate sub forma unor principii generale5 respectiv: - RUJDQL]DUHD XQXL VLVWHP SROLWLF ELQH VWUXFWXUDW SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO F UXLD VRFLHWDWHD vúL DVLJXU
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În concluzie, Obiectul de studiu al politologiei este politicul, acesta reprezentând acel GRPHQLX DO YLH LL VRFLDOH vQ FDUH VH GHVI úRDU YLD D FRQúWLHQW D RDPHQLORU GH UHJXO vQ PRG RUJDQL]DW SHQWUX SURPRYDUHD DQXPLWRU LQWHUHVH FDUH VH PDQLIHVW VXE R PXOWLWXGLQH GH IRUPH
precum: interese iQGLYLGXDOH JHQHUDOH GH JUXS VRFLDO QD LRQDOH LQWHUQD LRQDOH LQWHUHVH HFRQRPLFH VSLULWXDOH SROLWLFH 6HUYLUHD úL SURPRYDUHD GLYHUVLW FRQúWLHQW SULQ DFWLYLW ÌQ FRQVHFLQ
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n domeniul politic6.
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7
. Prin urmare, domeniul de studiu al politologiei îl constituie
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politicului, cercetarea nu tUHEXLH V VH OLPLWH]H QXPDL OD VWXGLXO DFWLYLW LL VWDWXOXL &RQIRUP JkQGLULL politice care s-D FRQWXUDW vQF GH OD VIkUúLWXO VHFROXOXL WUHFXW RELHFWXO SROLWLFLL DU IL DUD SRSRUXO ³&HWDWHD´ VDX VWDWXO 'HFL VH DUH vQ YHGHUH R DFWLYLWDWH FDUH GHS úHúWH JUDQL D XQHL FHUFHW UL FDUH VH UHIHU QXPDL OD VWDW $VWIHO XQ FHUFHW WRU DVXSUD SROLWLFXOXL VFULD OD VIkUúLWXO VHFROXOXL WUHFXW
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³2DPHQLL FDUH FRPDQG úL RDPHQL FDUH VH VXSXQ DFHVWD HVWH vQ QXGLWDWHD VD VFKHOHWXO LUHGXFWLELO DO YLH LL SROLWLFH´ FI
Georges Burdeau, Traité de Science politique, Tome I, vol. I, 1980, p. 10. 5 & 9kOVDQ úL FRODERUDWRUL Politologie ( ' 3 %XFXUHúWL S 6 C. Vâlsan, op.cit, p.8. 7 $O $QGULú 3ROLWRORJLH VDX úWLLQ D SROLWLF , Editura Corint, Buc., 1997, p.12. 8 Ion Mitran, 3ROLWRORJLD vQ ID D VHFROXOXL ;;,, Buc., 1997, p.19.
“Obiectul politicii este imens: mântuirea poporului”9, altul afirma “politica este arta de a face SRSRUXO V FUHDG F HO vQVXúL JXYHUQHD] ´
10
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11
ui: ideile politice,
.
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SXWHUHD VDX UHSDUWL LD SXWHULL ILH vQWUH VWDWH ILH vQWUH GLYHUVH JUXSXUL GLQ LQWHULRUXO DFHOXLDúL VWDW
i În
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respectiv este mediu total al sistemului politic. 3XWHP PHQ LRQD R GHILQL LH GHRVHELW GH FXSULQ] WRDUH D RELHFWXOXL úWLLQ HL SROLWLFH FRQIRUP F UHLD DFHDVWD VH UHIHU OD RUJDQL]D LLOH SXWHULL SROLWLFH GHVFULHUHD úL FULWLFD FHORU PDL LPSRUWDQWH IRUPH GH GRPLQD LH SROLWLF GHVFULHUHD úL FULWLFD FHORU PDL LPSRUWDQWH DVRFLD LL SROLWLFH GLQ
interiorul statului, a partidelor, prezentarea rolului pe care îl joaF
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15
.
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-a lungul secolelor.
9
Th. Funck – Brentano, La Politique, Paris, 1982, p.38. L. Latzarus, La Politique, Libraire Hachette, p.7. 11 Marcel Prelot, Histoire des idees politiques, Dalloz, 1961, p.3. 12 Max Weber, Le savant et le Politique, Paris, 1989,p. 83. 13 Raymond Aron, La science politique contemporaine, Paris, 1950, p. 52-69) 14 G. Burdeau, Methode de la science politique, Daloz, 1959 pag. 83.
10
15 Carlo Schmid, Was ist Wissenschaft von der Politik, în vol. Politik muß menschlich sein, München, 1980, p. 132142.
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LOH FRQWHPSRUDQH
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LL RUJDQHORU DGPLQLVWUDWLYH DWkW OD QLYHO FHQWUDO FkW úL ORFDO )LOR]RILD SROLWLF UHSUH]LQW R UHIOHF LH ILOR]RILF DVXSUD YLH LL SROLWLFH DVXSUD YDORULORU
QRUPHORU úL DF LXQLORU SROLWLFH 3HQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD RELHFWXOXL GH VWXGLX DO SROLWRORJLHL SH OkQJ ORFXO SH FDUH vO RFXS vQ VLVWHPXO úWLLQ HORU SROLWLFH HVWH QHFHVDU D VH SUHFL]D PHWRGRORJLD úL PHWRGHOH SROLWRORJLHL
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chestionarul, studiul documentelor personale, ancheta de teren. 3ROLWRORJLD VH vQWHPHLD] úL VH MXVWLILF SULQ IXQF LLOH VDOH &D WHRULH JHQHUDO GHVSUH GRPHQLXO SROLWLF SROLWRORJLD DUH DQXPLWH IXQF LL
1) cognitiY
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-a lungul timpului
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-a -a dezvoltat în continuare, vom prezenta câteva PRPHQWH PDL VHPQLILFDWLYH DOH JkQGLULL SROLWLFH 9RP XUP UL JkQGLUHD SROLWLF DúD FXP V-a PDQLIHVWDW vQ GLIHULWH SHULRDGH DOH LVWRULHL DQWLFKLWDWH HY PHGLX HSRFD PRGHUQ úL SHULRDGa FRQWHPSRUDQ GDU QH YRP VWU GXL V SUH]HQW P úL GLIHULWH FHQWUH vQ FDUH V-DX Q VFXW úL HYROXDW LGHL politice. GHWDúDW SROLWRORJLD GH FHOHODOWH úWLLQ H úL FXP V
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sprijLQLUHD VWDWHORU UHVSHFWLYH SHQWUX S
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legitima autoritatea monarhului prin proclamarea originii divine a puterii sale. Un document care
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Ptah-hotep, este
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puternic dezvoltat sub domnia regelui Hamurabi (1792-1750 î.e.n.). În Babilonul antic de DVHPHQHD DVLVW P OD R vPSOHWLUH D FRQFHS LLORU SROLWLFH HWQLFH UHOLJLRDVH 8Q GRFXPHQW GHRVHELW GH
17
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, o culegere de legi sau norme de
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Din lucrarea “Legile lui Manu”18 SXWHP V
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esprindem câteva idei importante cu privire la
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adeptul unei
FRQGXFHUL DXWRULWDUH ³'DF UHJHOH Q DU SHGHSVL FX HQHUJLH SH DFHLD FDUH PHULW V ILH SHGHSVL L DSRL
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cei mai tari i-DU IULJH SH FHL PDL VODEL FXP VH IULJH SHúWHOH vQ IULJDUH &LRDUD DU FLXJXOL GLQ WXUWHOH jertfei, iar câinele ar linge din mâQFDUHD MHUWILW úL QLPHQL Q-ar avea proprietate; cei de jos ar lua ORFXO FHORU GH VXV 3ULQ SHGHDSV vQWUHDJD OXPH HVWH LQXW vQ RUGLQH F FL H JUHX V J VHúWL XQ RP QHYLQRYDW « 'DU XQGH SHGHDSVD VH ULGLF vQGU ]QHD
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19
VI UkPkQG SH GHOLQFYHQ L DFROR VXSXúLL QX VH UHYROW vQ FD]XO FkQG FkUPXLWRUXO MXGHF ELQH´ ,GHL SROLWLFH vQ ,QGLD DQWLF VH FRQWXUHD] úL vQ OXFUDUHD
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-i controleze strict20.
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16
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17
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18
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.180. Marin Voiculescu, Istoria doctrinelor politice (GLW +\SHULRQ %XFXUHúWL S 20 Idem. 19
GDRLVW vQWHPHLDW GH
Lao-dzi VHF 9, v H Q úFRDOD PRLVW
FRQGXV GH
&RQIRUP úFROLL GDRLVWH 'DR HVWH SULQFLSLXO OXPLL GHFL úL DO VRFLHW
Mo-tzi (479 – 381 î.e.n.)
LL &RPSDUkQG UHDOLWDWHD vQ FDUH
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suveranitarea poporului. În istoria ideilor politice un rol deosebit îl are Confucius (551-479 î.e.n.), una din SURHPLQHQWHOH SHUVRQDOLW VSLULWXDO D FHW
L DOH JkQGLULL DQWLFH FKLQH]H HO PDQLIHVW LQWHUHV SHQWUX VWDUHD PDWHULDO úL
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³'DF ILHFDUH YD RE LQH FH L VH FXYLQH « YD IL SDFH úL YRU GLVS
u trebuie chinuit” sau: 21 UHD FDX]HOH UXLQHL úL DOH U VFRDOHL´ .
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-ministru;
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când bate vântul “prin opera sa, Confucius a contribuit le dezvoltarea doctrinei politice, a filozofiei úL PRUDOHL D FXOWXULL XQLYHUVDOH ,QWHUHVDQWH LGHL SROLWLFH QL OH RIHU úL %LEOLD $VWIHO MXVWLILFDW SULQ SUHVXSXVD HL QDWXU GLYLQ
23
legitimitatea puterii regale este
vQ %LEOLH VH J VHVF úL UHIHULUL FX SULYLUH OD SUHVWLJLXO
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24
.
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nor idei politice, doctrine politice, sisteme politice cuprinse în
OXFU ULOH FXQRVFX LORU JkQGLWRUL SROLWLFL 3ODWRQ $ULVWRWHO úL DO LL /D vQFHSXWXO PDQLIHVW ULL JkQGLULL SROLWLFH JUHFHúWL VXUSULQGHP IRUPXO UL GH LGHL SROLWLFH vQ SRHPHOH KRPHULFH vQ FHO
e ale lui Hesiod,
vQ RSHUD OLWHUDU D OXL (VFKLO vQ RSHUD LVWRULF D OXL +HURGRW ,QWHUHVXO SHQWUX SROLWLF VH UHIOHFW vQ FRQWLQXDUH vQ GRFWULQD SROLWLF D VRILúWLORU vQ GRFWULQD SROLWLF D OXL 3ODWRQ úL $ULVWRWHO 7UHEXLH V VXEOLQLHP GH OD vQFHSXW LPSRUWDQ D RSHUHL OXL
Homer FUHDWRUXO RSHUHORU ,OLDGD úL
2GLVHHD FDUH DX U PDV SHVWH YHDFXUL PRúWHQLUH SHQWUX JHQHUD LL 'LQ IHOXO vQ FDUH WUDWHD] FHOH WUHL IRUPH GH JXYHUQ PkQW FDUDFWHUL]DWH FD ILLQG QRUPDOH PRQDUKLD DULVWRFUD LD GHPRFUD LD SUHFXP úL SH FHOH FRUXSWH WLUDQLD ROLJDUKLD úL RKORFUD LD GHPDJRJLD UHLHVH FODU SUHIHULQ D OXL +RPHU SHQWUX
monarhie, Prototipul monarhului pentru Homer era Agamemmon. Hesiod UHDOL]DWRUXO SRHPXOXL ³0XQFL úL ]LOH´ SUH]LQW FkWHYD LGHL GLQ JkQGLUHD SROLWLF a YUHPLL VDOH 'XS FRQFHS LD OXL +HVLRG D H[LVWDW R HSRF GH DXU D RPHQLULL FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQ OLSV GH YLFOHQLH GH QHFLQVWH GH YLROHQ
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Herodot. În ale sale “Istorii”
HO VH UHIHU OD IRUPHOH GH JXYHUQ PkQW GHPRFUD LH ROLJDUKLH PRQDUKLH (O D DYXW vQ YHGHUH YLUWX LOH úL QHDMXQVXULOH ILHF UHL IRUPH GH JXYHUQ PkQW *kQGLUHD SROLWLF GLQ *UHFLD DQWLF VH GH]YROW vQ VSHFLDO SULQ RSHUHOH XQRU ILOR]RIL
21 22 23 24
Marin Voiculescu, op. cit. p l0. Marin Voiculescu, op. cit. p11. %LEOLD (GLWXUD LQVWLWXWXOXL %LEOLF úL GH PLVLXQH DO % 2 5 S
Idem, p.191.
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Protagoras (480 – v H Q (O QX D O
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rezolvarea treburilor politice. Socrate (469-
2 GH]YROWDUH úL PDL SXWHUQLF R YD FXQRDúWH JkQGLUHD SROLWLFLL F vQ RSHUD OXL
v H Q 'H OD HO QX DYHP OXFU UL LQGHSHQGHQWH FL FRQIRUP X]XDQ HL YUHPLL HO HVWH SUH]HQW FD
personaj central în aproape toatH GLDORJXULOH OXL 3ODWRQ úL $ULVWRWHO (O WUDJH FRQFOX]LL FX SULYLUH OD SROLWLF HD UHSUH]HQWkQG vQ YL]LXQHD OXL R DUW GXS HO SROLWLFD HVWH FKLDU R DUW UHJHDVF &HOH PDL VHPQLILFDWLYH FRQWULEX LL OD GH]YROWDUHD LGHLORU SROLWLFH OD GH]YROWDUHD JkQGL JUHFHúWL GXS 6RFUDWH OH
rii
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ie un model de stat ideal.
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puterii de stat. b) GardienLL VWU
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ul lui Platon, stat ideal,
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scrise. 2 SHUVRQDOLWDWH GHRVHELW GH YDORURDV SHQWUX JkQGLUHD SROLWLF JUHFHDVF H
ste Aristotel (384-
v H Q &HOH GRX OXFU UL LPSRUWDQWH DOH VDOH DX IRVW ³(WLFD´ úL ³3ROLWLFD´ (OHYXO OXL 3ODWRQ $ULVWRWHO LQWHUSUHWD SROLWLFD SOHFkQG GH OD vQ HOHJHUHD RPXOXL FD ³]RRQ SROLWLNRQ´ FD R DFWLYLWDWH GH RUJDQL]DUH D FRPXQLW VH LQWHJUH]H FD FHW
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rivire la statul propus de el, cu
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FHD PDL vQDOW GLQWUH WRDWH úWLLQ HOH úWLLQ D VW SkQ 6FRSXO
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LL
Aristotel este primul gânditor care a propus înainte de 0RQWHVTXLHX D VH IDFH GLVWLQF LH vQWUH SXWHUHD OHJLVODWLY H[HFXWLY úL MXGHF WRUHDVF $FHDVW vPS U LUH D SXWHULL LQHD vQ SULPXO UkQG GH vQO WXUDUHD FRQGXFHULL GHVSRWLFH D WLUDQLHL
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GLQ 5RPD DQWLF
ÌQ 5RPD DQWLF VH PDQLIHVW FXQRVFX L JkQGLWRUL FD &LFHUR úL 3ROLELXV
Cicero (106-43 î.e.n.)
HVWH FXQRVFXW FD RP GH VWDW GHPQLWDU MXULVW ILOR]RI PDUH RUDWRU /XFU ULOH OXL PDL LPSRUWDQWH VXQW ³'HVSUH VWDW´ vQ GHQXPLUHD ODWLQ 'H 5HSXEOLFD ³'HVSUH OHJL´ 'H OHJLEXV ³'HVSUH v
ndatoriri”
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25
VRILúWL JUHFHVF ³VRSKLWHV´
³vQ HOHSW´ GHQXPLUH GDW vQ *UHFLD DQWLF vQ SHULRDGD GH vQIORULUH D GHPRFUD LHL
VFODYDJLVWH VHF 9 v H Q SURIHVRULORU FDUH SUHGDX FX SODW FXQRúWLQ H GH SROLWLF GH UHWRULF úL GH ILORVRILH XUP ULQG vQ
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-ar ajunge la tiranie, oligarhie,
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transforma în tiUDQLH úL DQDUKLH XQGH QX H[LVW
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Sfântului Augustin (354-430). Sub raport politic,
FUHúWLQLVPXO DILUP H[LVWHQ D D GRX LPSHULL ÌPS U
LD OXL 'XPQH]HX úL ÌPS U
LD RPHQHDVF LGHH
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teoriei politice care se poate sesiza în primul rând în scrierile lui Thomas d’Aquino (1223-1274). $LFL VXQW UHOXDWH FRQFHS LLOH DQWURSRORJLFH GHVSUH RP FD ³]RRQ SROLWLNRQ´ V-a recurs la doctrina aristoteOLF vQ VFRSXO GH D MXVWLILFD úL LPSXQH FDWROLFLVPXO ÌQ OXFUDUHD ³6XPPD WKHRORJLDH´ HO HODERUHD] GRFWULQD SROLWLF RILFLDO D FDWROLFLVPXOXL 8Q JkQGLWRU SROLWLF D IRVW úL
Dante Alighieri, (1265- XQXO GLQ FHL PDL FXQRVFX L -a
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(1332- D F
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un istoric arab, Ibn Khaldum,
–OHD GHúL QX D H[HUFLWDW R LQIOXHQ
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.
26
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. Referindu-
VH OD LPSRUWDQ D 5HQDúWHULL SHQWUX HYROX LD LGHLORU SROLWLFH QX WUHEXLH V QX OX P vQ FRQVLGHUD LH S UHUHD XQXL PDUH LVWRULF URPkQ FX SULYLUH OD DFHDVW HSRF ³5HQDúWHUHD D UXSW OLPLWH YHFKLXOXL ³RUELV WHUUDUXP´ D SXV ED]HOH FRPHU XOXL PRQGLDO úL DOH LQGXVWULHL PDQXIDFWXULHUH D DVLJXUDW WULXPIXO OLPELORU ³YXOJDUH´ D SXV FDS W GLFWDWXULL VSLULWXDOH D ELVHULFLL úL D FUHDW R DUW úL R OLWHUDWXU GH LQVSLUD LH KRW UkW UHDOLVW úL ODLF ´
27
.
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28
. 8Q VWU OXFLW UHSUH]HQWDQW DO UHQDúWHULL D IRVW Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527), socotit ca vQWHPHLHWRU DO úWLLQ HL SROLWLFH (O YD vQ HOHJH SULQ SROLWLF DFWLYLW LOH FDUH VH GHVI úRDU vQWU-o VRFLHWDWH SULQ FDUH VH XUP UHúWH FXFHULUHD H[HUFLWDUHD úL PHQ LQHUHD SXWHULL GH VWDW ÌQ FXQRVFXWD VD OXFUDUH LQWLWXODW ³3ULQFLSHOH´ 0DFKLDYHOOL DUJXPHQWHD] QHFHVLWDWHD FRQGXFHULL VWDWXOXL GH F WUH R VLQJXU SHUVRDQ DGLF GH F WUH SULQFLSH GH XQGH úL GHQXPLUHD OXFU ULL /XFUDUHD SRDWH IL FRQVLGHUDW R VLQWH] D SULQFLSDOHORU SUREOHPH OHJDWH GH FRQVWUXF LD XQXL VWDW úL D SULQFLSDOHORU FHULQ H SHUVRDQHL SROLWLFH VXSUHPH vQ VWDW FDUH HVWH SULQFLSHOH 8Q ORF GH IUXQWH vQ RSHUD VD WHRUHWLF vO RFXS WH]D FX SULYLUH OD FHQWUDOL]DUHD VWDWXOXL VLQJXUD FDOH SHQWUX ,WDOLD GH D LHúL GLQ VLWXD LD JUHD
în care se afla.29 &RQIRUP RSHUHL OXL 0DFKLDYHOOL SROLWLFD UHSUH]LQW WR L IDFWRULL FDUH SRW DVLJXUD VWDELOLWDWHD úL HILFLHQ D SXWHULL GH VWDW SUHFXP úL WRWDOitatea mijloacelor care ar putea duce la IRUPDUHD XQXL VWDW LWDOLDQ FHQWUDOL]DW 'XS 0DFKLDYHOOL SROLWLFD HVWH R DFWLYLWDWH DXWRQRP FDUH DUH SULQFLSLLOH úL OHJLOH VDOH 0DFKLDYHOOL YD SXQH ED]HOH WHRULHL ODLFH D VWDWXOXL WHRULH FDUH YD IL SUHOXDW
ulterior de Spinoza, Hobbes, Jean Bodin. “Principelele” constituie un tratat30 GH WHRULH D VWDWXOXL úL XQ PDQXDO GH SUD[LRORJLH SROLWLF LQGLFkQG DQXPLWH UHJXOL úL F O X]LQGX-i principi în guvernarea ORU ÌQ VLWXD LD FULWLF vQ FDUH VH J VHD DUD VD 0DFKLDYHOOL GH]YROW vQ OXFUDUHD DPLQWLW PDL PXOW GHFkW R WHRULH SROLWLF HO GH]YROW R WHRULH GHVSUH SXWHUH vQ FDUH SXQH SUREOHPD FXFHULULL S VWU ULL H[HUFLW ULL SXWHULL /XFU ULOH VDOH FRQ LQ úL LGHL FDUH SURSDJ XQ DQXPLW FLQLVP vQ DFWLYLWDWHD úL UHOD LLOH SROLWLFH GH SLOG J VLP SUHFL] UL ³ÌQ JHQHUDO RDPHQLL DSUHFLD] FX RFKLL GHFkW FX FHOHODOWH VLP XUL ILLQGF RULFLQH SRDWH V YDG GDU IRDUWH SX LQL V vQ HOHDJ ´ /D HO VH SRDWH J VL vQGHPQXO ³&DXW V IDFL ELQHOH SX LQ FkWH SX LQ F FL QXPDL DVWIHO YD IL OXDW vQ VHDP ILLQGF RPXO H vQFOLQDW GLQ ILUH V XLWH UHSHGH ELQHOH FH L VH IDFH´ ÌQ OHJ WXUD GLQWUH PLMORDFH úL VFRSXUL 0DFKLDYHOOL FRQVLGHUD ³GHPQLWDWHD VFRSXULORU IDFH FD úL PLMORDFHOH V ILH GHPQH´ 1R LXQHD GH PDFKLDYHOLVP V
a format prin scoatHUHD GLQ FRQWH[W D H[SUHVLHL OXL 0DFKLDYHOOL ³VFRSXO VFX] PLMORDFHOH´ ÌQWHPHLHWRUXO úWLLQ HL SROLWLFH vQ )UDQ D HVWH FRQVLGHUDW Jean Bodin (1530-1596). El apare ca SUHFXUVRU D OXL 0RQWHVTXLHX GHRDUHFH HO FHUFHWHD] XQ VSLULW DO OHJLORU vQ LVWRULH )RORVind pentru SULPD GDW WHUPHQXO ³VFLHQFH SROLWLTXH´ VH PDQLIHVW FD vQWHPHLHWRUXO úWLLQ HL SROLWLFH PRGHUQH /D
- %RGLQ FRPXQLWDWHD SROLWLF SRDUW QXPHOH GH UHSXEOLF GDU QX L DFRUG vQ HOHVXO GH IRUP GH
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cu privire la originea statului. &HO FDUH D GRPLQDW SULQ RSHUD VD SROLWLF JkQGLUHD VHF ;9,, OHD úL D H[HUFLWDW R SXWHUQLF
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, Thomas
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26
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-a intitulat cel
de al 7-OHD YROXP DO V X GHVSUH LVWRULD )UDQ HL La Rennaissance. 27 $QGUHL 2 etea, 5HQDúWHUHD (GLW ùWLLQ LILF %XF 28 $OH[H $QGULú 3ROLWRORJLH VDX úWLLQ SROLWLF ?. Editura Corint, 1997, p. 22. 29
,WDOLD vQ VHFROXO ;9, HUD DOF WXLW GLQ QXPHURDVH SULQFLSDWH GXFDWH úL UHJDWH 0DFKLDYHOOL PLOLWHD] SHQWUX XQLWDWHD
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Principele Editura Mondero,
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“mintea statului” – GUHSWDWHD úL OHJLOH ³DUWLFXOD LLOH´ VWDWXOXL – RUJDQHOH MXGHF
WRUHúWL úL H[HFXWLYH
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-au cedat drepturile
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voca legi, el poate
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altuia, asigurându-L vQ DúD IHO vQFkW SULQ SURSULD ORU GLE FLH úL SULQ URDGHOH S PkQWXOXL VH SRDWH KU QL WU L PXO XPL L - HVWH GH D DFRUGD WRDW SXWHUHD úL IRU D ORU XQXL VLQJXU RP VDX XQHL $GXQ UL GH RDPHQL FDUH V SRDW UHGXFH WRDW YRLQ HOH OD XQD VLQJXU &HO FDUH vQWUXSHD] DFHDVW SHUVRDQ HVWH QXPLW VXYHUDQ úL DUH SXWHUH VXYHUDQ DILUPD +REEHV ³WR L FHLODO L VXQW VXSXúLL V L´
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LL QX HVWH VWDUHD GH U ]ERL FXP DILUPDVH +REEHV FL R VWDUH GH
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matematici, lb. moderne, contabilitate. Un pas important în dezvoltarea ideilor politice îl va constitui opera lui Montesquieu (1688 ÌQ OXFUDUHD VD GH ED] ³'HVSUH VSLULWXO OHJLORU´ SUHFXP úL vQ FHOHODOWH VFULHUL DOH VDOH HO IDFH R DQDOL] DVXSUD UHJLPXULORU PRQDUKLFH DVXSUD FOHUXOXL DVXSUD LVWRULHL úL D OHJLORU DVXSUD PRUDYXULORU úL D PHQWDOLW
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tura lucrurilor. Întrucât o societate nu s-DU SXWHD PHQ LQH I
U XQ JXYHUQ PkQW
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me cu acest spirit al legilor. Aici
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Jaques Rousseau (1712-
ntesquieu este Jean
/XFUDUHD VD IXQGDPHQWDO HVWH FXQRVFXW VXE QXPHOH GH
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