Design Skills Workbook
Adriana Reese Art 211 Graphic Design Production I Professor Diana K B Hoover Uuiversity of Wisconsin Stevens Point Fall 2016
Design Skills Workbook Adriana Reese Art 211 Graphic Design Production I Professor Diana K B Hoover University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point Fall 2016
Printed at the Office of Printing and Design, University of Wisconsin Steven’s Point
Table of Contents Design Software Programs Photoshop About Images: Photoshop Intro
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Image Catergories Photographs Illustration Collage The Impact of Image Resolution Vector vs. Raster Images PPI, DPI, LPI Resolution & Kinds of Printing Photoshop Overview Workspace Options: Tool Bar / Tools Control Bar Panels
Documents Preferences Image File Formats
Working with images
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Masking, Foreground/Background Duotones Actions Batch Processing Sharpening Optimizing your Images: File Formats & Resolution
InDesign InDesign: Introduction How to Take Screen Shots on a Mac Overview Workspace, Pages, Tools, Panels, Guides, Grids, Master Pages
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Table of Contents Columns and Margins Rulers and Guides Different Kinds of Grids Tools Panels Pages and Master Pages Margins and Columns
InDesign: Control your Text, Paragraph & Character Styles, Text Wrap
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Control your Text! —Keep it all in the same Text Box Paragraph and CHaracter Styles Text Wrap Options Type Hierarchy / Paragraph & Character Styles
Type Hierarchy, Paragraph & Character Styles
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Building Type Hierarchy Choosing Typefaces About Typographic Styles Paragraph and Character Styles Text Wrap Fonts: Font Management Packaging
Illustrator Illustrator: Intro, Workspace, Tools, Stroke/Fill, Panels, Layers, Pen Tool Tool Bar/Tools Stoke and Fill Pen Tool
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Table of Contents Illustrator: Tracing, Closed Shapes
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Tracing Closed Shapes, Gradients and Patterns Gradients and Patterns
Illustrator: Blends, Gradients, Clipping Mask, Strokes, Patterns & Brushes
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Creating Blends Creating a custom gradient Adding Visual Texture Working with strokes Creating Your Own Paintbrush Pattern
Design Concepts and Processes Publication Design, Grid Structure, Page Elements
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Design Decisions for Print Publication Page Layout: Grid, Columns, Margins and Page Furniture Analysis of a Magazine’s Format and Properties
Typeface Categories, Type Basics
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Typeface Catergories General Classification: Serif vs. Sans Serif Text vs. Display How Type is used Type Basics,Typefaces have Families
Fonts & TypefacesTypesetting, Typography Fonts and Typefaces Typesetting Legibility / Readability of Text Leading
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Table of Contents Alignment of Text
Spacing in Page Layout and Typesetting
About Color
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Color Systems: Additive vs. Subtractive Color Spaces (or Modes): RGB vs. CMYK Working with Color in Print Design Spot Color Pantone Color Automatic Correction Options False Duotone
Concepts: Design Principles in Page Layout Photography & White Balance
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Design Principles: Visual Hierarchy Photography and white balance
Printing process
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Color Spacing and Printing Color Perception: Screen vs. Print Print Quality
Projects
Photogrid
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Paper Creature
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Brochure
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Photoshop
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About Images // Photoshop: Intro Image Categories Photographs, illustrations and collage are macro categories that images fit into. Each of these has numerous subdivisions that correspond to processes used, subject matter chosen and technique applied toward achieving an aesthetic. Images can be produced by simple elaborate means. The subject matter can be understood as portraits, landscapes or abstraction. Visual stylistic choices can range over a spectrum of emotional responses.
Photographs Photographic work can be classified in many ways according to use and subject matter. You can find a fairly exhaustive list here: http://www.mediacollege.com/photography/types/. Historically many different techniques have been employed. A good list with descriptions and examples is on the V&A website: https://www. vam.ac.uk/articles/photographic-p.
Illustration The term ‘Illustration’ encompasses a huge variation of styles and purposes. The major categories are: portraiture, cartoon, decorative graphic or ornament, data visualization, architectural drawing, scientific illustration, technical drawing and illustration. Visual styles of drawing can vary from the representational, to the hyper realistic, to the quirky caricature or highly stylized cartoon. Technical drawing can be further subdivided into disciplines including: scientific illustration (Medical, Botanical, Zoological, etc.), prototype visualization (Product, Packaging, etc.), mathematical and engineering drawings, patent drawings or explanatory drawings (Exploded view, Multi-view projections, etc.).
Collage The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines collage as: 1. an artistic composition made of various materials (as paper, cloth, or wood) glued on a surface
Also referred to as a hodge-podge, collages can be mixtures of materials, of styles or of kinds of images. In this respect, a collage is sort of hybrid, often combining photographic and illustrative elements.
The Impact of Image Resolution Resolution is a term that describes the amount of detail or visual information in an image. The term is used when referring to a digital image as well as printed images. On-screen and printed images have greatly different requirements for resolution. Images meant for display on a screen can look decent with a much lower resolution than images created for print. Most printed magazines a resolution of 300 ppi at the reproduction size for photographs. Vector images such as logos are saved for printing at a much higher resolution— generally saved at 1200ppi. Computer monitors have a resolution of 72 or 96 ppi. They can display images of this resolution and they look pretty good. Highresolution monitors do require higher resolution images to look sharp and clear.
Vector vs. Raster Images Vector images have flat colors without gradients and are completely scalable. They are defined by a mathematical formula. This makes them an ideal format for logos and symbols. Logos and other graphics are saved in this way. Rasterized images have continuous tones or smoothly blended gradients. They are defined by a matrix of pixels where each pixel has its own color or value. When saving raster images they are always saved at the resolution needed for the kind of display they will be seen on. If printing the rule of thumb is to use 300ppi —at size— for photographs. If for online, then the images need to be optimized when saved for the screen resolution.
PPI, DPI, LPI PPI stands for Pixels Per Inch and refers to the number of pixels per square inch. Whether working with images in a digital camera, scanner or in pixel-based software programs, PPI is used to define the amount of digital information that is present in the image. DPI stands for Dots Per Inch and refers to the resolution of output devices such as desktop printers. Laser printers use dots or toner and inkjet printers use dots CMYK ink.
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LPI stands for Lines Per Inch and refers to the coarseness or fineness of screen a commercial printer uses to print images.
Resolution & Kinds of Printing Different kinds of printing use different resolutions in their screens to digitize images for printing plates. These screens are measured in lines per inch (LPI). For example, newspapers are printed using fast web presses on coarse paper that absorbs a lot of ink. In order to avoid the images getting all muddy from ink spreading—called dot gain, they use a lower LPI in their printing screens. Low LPI means fewer lines per inch to define an image. So photos for newspapers are saved at a ppi lower than 300. Alternately, some exclusive publications will use high-quality offset or gravure printing processes and high quality coated and calendared paper. These processes use screens with high LPI with this less absorbent paper so the dots of ink are small and sit on the surface of and images are super crisp and clear. In order to take advantage of this, images must be saved at a higher ppi. High PPI means lots of pixels per inch to define details.
A fair number of Photoshop Tools have tool sets embedded in them—indicated by the tiny triangle on the lower right corner on their icon. Click and hold on an individual Tool to access and select the additional tools in the set.
Control Bar As in the other Adobe programs, the Control Bar appears at the top of your workspace. The information displayed here is contextual—it changes to match the particular Tool you are using or element you have selected. You can select and customize your Workspace by using the drop down menu on the far right of the Control Bar. You can also find these choices for Workspace in the Windows menu.
Panels There are numerous Panels that allow control over various tasks. These can be docked together or pulled apart in various configurations. You can set how many and which Panels are visible, open and docked on the right side of your Workspace. All Photoshop Panels can be found under ‘Window’ on the top drop down menu.
Photoshop | Overview The main uses for Adobe Photoshop include the manipulation and adjustment of digital photographs, building composite or layered photographic imagery and creating digital collages. Thomas and John Knoll developed it in 1987 and then sold the distribution license to Adobe Systems Incorporated in 1988. It has been available to the public since 1990. Along with some companion programs (Bridge, Lightroom) it is the industry standard software program for working with digital photographs.
Workspace Options: Tool Bar / Tools Located by default on the left side of your workspace, the Tools can be classified into several categories including: Selection Tools, Painting/Manipulation Tools, Drawing/Type Tools, and Display Tools. Many of the tools and processes have shortcut key commands. Make your life better… learn to use both hands when working on the computer to utilize key commands and boost your efficiency. You can study an exhaustive list of key commands for Photoshop here: https://www.nobledesktop.com/shortcuts/ photoshopcs6/pc 10
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Tool Bar
Documents Most often you will open photos directly in Photoshop and work on them, although there will be times you need to create a new document. The process echoes other Adobe programs using the top menu File > New Document, or simply, Command + N (Control + N on the PC). There are Presets to select or you can enter your own settings for the document. A crucial difference in Photoshop is that you can choose your Background Contents for your document (White, Background Color or Transparent).
Preferences Like Illustrator and InDesign, Photoshop allows you to set Preferences for the software. Some of these are for interface and workspace display options, while some are for individual tools and/or panels. One of the most important settings in Preferences is for the number of History States. History allows you to undo multiple steps of your work on a single piece. You can find this setting under Performance category. Many people recommend upping the number to 100 or 150. Be aware that his will increase the amount of processing power needed to keep Photoshop open and functioning.
Image File Formats It is important to remember as you work to save your files regularly. Get in the habit of saving your work in the native file format of the program you are working in so you can open and rework as needed. You should also save your files uncompressed or not flattened when archiving the original. Saving iteratively will ensure against loss of all work if your file gets corrupted. (It does happen!) Use ‘Save As’ to completely to create a different version of the file. In addition to native files, there are many different file formats to choose from when saving your work. The formats you choose will depend on the purpose and the medium the image is intended for. Generally images are either saved for Screen or for Print. Every different file format is created using formulas and processes that are optimized for a particular kinds of imagery. Of course, each of these formats has numerous options for settings that you must set according to the image need. This is called Optimizing your images.
Creating a duotone
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The most common file formats, their file extension acronyms, what they stand for and their specific uses include: Native Files (common design programs) .indd (InDesign Document) — for multi-page documents for print or screen .psd (PhotoShop Document) — for photographic, digital collage .ai (Adobe Illuatrator) — for vector graphics, logos, illustration Formats for Print .tiff (Tagged Image File Format) which are used for Vector, Screen .eps (Encapsulated PostScript) which are used for Vector, screen .pdf (Portable Document Format) which are used for Screen or Print.
Original Photo
Formats for Screen .jpg / .jpeg (Joint Photographic Expert Group) which are a lossy format. .png (Portable Network Graphic) which supports Transparency and lossless data compression. .gif (Graphic Interchange Format) which are used for raster graphics and supports 8 bit transparency
Changing background color
Photoshop: Working with Images Masking, Foreground/Background Masking allows for the isolation of a specified area so that a treatment can be applied to just that area. Making a mask starts with using a Selection Tool. Quick Select is a go-to tool when there is enough differentiation between the subject you want to isolate and the background. You can then refine your selection using the ‘Refine Edge’ or ‘Refine Mask’ processes. These both are essentially accomplishing the same thing but are accessed from different places. Refine Edge is visible on the Control Bar when you have a Selection Tool chosen and Refine Mask is available through clicking the mask in the Layers Panel. These both contain sets of options you can use to fine-tune your mask edge.
Fixing the blemishes
Duotones Duotone images carry a specific aesthetic style. As the name implies, they are created with only two Spot Colors. There are 12 Design Skills Tritones andWorkbook Quadtones, also, though the most common form is a Duotone.
Making a blur background
Actions In Photoshop, Actions are specific sets of sequential instructions for the manipulation of photographs. Similar to Styles you create for text, once you make an Action, you can then apply it to other images. There are a number of default Actions that come preset within the program, however you can also record your own custom set of commands.
Sepia Toning
Batch Processing Once you have set up an Action, you can apply it efficiently to process quantities of photos or images. You can select a folder of images and direct Photoshop to apply a specific Action to all of them. This works great for images you need to treat the same way, such as to resize images or make all screen shots Grayscale.
Sharpening
Sharpening Almost every photograph you work with can benefit from a certain amount of Sharpening. Done correctly it will bring out the edge detail with greater clarity. Of course, you need to avoid over sharpening because it will cause your photo to look pretty awful. Sharpening should be one of the last things you do to a photo as you prepare to place into a layout or an InDesign document.
Optimizing your Images: File Formats & Resolution The first thing to think about is how your images are going to be used. Will they be used in a print document or will they be used in a website? Maybe both. Each platform for delivery has its own requirements. These pertain to two major things: appropriate file format and image resolution.
Correcting the distortion
For print, photographs need to be in PDF or TIFF format and require a pretty high resolution, commonly 300, to look their best. For screen, the same photograph would be saved in png format and needs to be optimized for screen with a lower resolution in order to perform best on screen. Photoshop will do this for us if we use Export As.
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Indesign
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InDesign: Introduction Rulers can be found under the control bar and if it isn't showing you can go to window and bring it up from there
>>> How to Take Screen Shots on a Mac >>> Select the keys, Shift + Command + 4 to get a Crosshairs cursor. With this you can draw around what you want to capture. The screenshot goes automatically onto your desktop. Use Shift + Command + 4 and then hit the Spacebar to get a camera icon cursor and you can capture the entire open window by clicking the mouse. You can move the camera icon over any part of your desktop to capture different panels or Tool bars.
Rulers and Guides There are rulers running along the top and the left of your document window. The units of the ruler can be changed to read in points, picas, inches, centimeters, pixels, etc. Right click or Control click on the upper left corner where the rulers intersect to change the units of measurement. You can create a new guide by clicking and dragging on one of the rulers. Change the location by dragging it to new position.
Adobe InDesign | Overview Workspace, Pages, Tools, Panels, Guides, Grids, Master Pages Adobe InDesign is the industry standard software for page layout of print documents. With it you can control the number of pages, page size, grid structure, type styles and image placement. This is an overview of the interface and the basics on how to use the program. To begin, setup a New Document. Go to File > New > Document-or use the key command, Command (⌘) + N--to open the New Document window. Here you can set the Intent, number of Pages in your document, Page Size, Orientation, whether you want Facing Pages and many more options.
Columns and Margins You know that every printed multi-page document has top, bottom, inside and outside margins and that they use a grid with columns to govern content placement. When you open a New Document you have the option of setting columns and page margins OR you can set them to ‘0’ (zero) and use Margins and Guides to set these.
Different Kinds of Grids The page layout of your document is controlled by a grid structure that you create. There is also a Document Grid, which is like grid paper. To turn on and off the visibility of the Document Grid, go to the top menu and select View > Guides & Grids > Show/Hide Document Grid (⌘’). Another kind of grid is a Baseline Grid, which is used for aligning text. We will discuss this a bit later. Grids and guides can be adjusted to suit the document needs or your preference. Under InDesign choose > Preferences > Grids (or Guides) to get to the Preferences window. There are a number of other preferences you can set here.
Tools In the toolbar there are basic kinds of tools to get to know. There are Selection Tools, Frame and Shape Tools, Type Tools, Drawing, Cutting and Transforming Tools, and the Stoke and Fill ‘Coloring’ Tools. Application Bar, Application Frame and Control Bar These are the two horizontal bars across the top of the workspace. The Application Bar can be used for setting up the workspace. You can turn on the Application Frame, which creates a perimeter around your workspace. The Control Bar can be used for controlling the characteristics of different elements. It is contextual which means it changes depending on what you have selected.
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Panels In addition to the Tools on the left side of the workspace, InDesign has a Panels area on the right side by default, that house a slew of different options for controlling your document and content. Presets for groupings of Panels can be selected that are specific to different tasks. Individual Panels can be opened by going to the top menu bar under the ‘Window’ drop down menu. The Panels can be configured anyway you would like and the stack can be expanded, minimized, or pulled apart to suit your needs.
Master pages
Pages and Master Pages The Pages panel allows you to see a thumbnail version of your document. From here you can navigate to specific pages or rearrange them. You can add and delete pages, and choose how the thumbnails are displayed. A Master Page is like a template that you can apply to multiple pages in your document. By default the A-Master is activated. You can make adjustments to it and you can create new Master Pages for different kinds of page layout or sections of your document. To make adjustments to the Master, double click on the name in the panel. It will highlight and the name by the thumbnail and the name will appear at the bottom left side of your document frame.
Making Columns
Margins and Columns There are a number of ways to create a layout grid for your document. One of the most common methods is to select Layout from the top menu > Margins and Columns and set your specifications.
Creating margins and columns
Pages
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Control your Text, Paragraph & Character Styles, Text Wrap Control your Text! —Keep it all in the same Text Box
Text Wrap Working with images and text on the page means aligning both to your underlying grid structure. There may be instances where you want text to flow around an image. This is referred to as Text Wrap. You can control the offset or opening between the text and image on all sides. Text Wrap Options You can wrap text around images in different ways and you can have it jump over something altogether. You can even have the text wrap around a geometric or an irregular shape. This, however can cause a number of serious issues with text readability, so needs to be used with restraint and care.
When you work with running text in a document, you need to control how the text aligns on the page. The only reliable way to do this is to work with the text in either single text boxes “Threaded” together, or to apply multiple columns within your text box. The importance of working with a section or chapter of text as a single entity becomes clear when you need to make changes to the layout.
Jumping the text
Sometimes, like with some headings, text may be set in a separate text box, but other than that, you control the text best by keeping it all in the same text box and using Tabs, Insets and Text Wrap to control positioning.
Paragraph & Character Styles Wrapping text around imges
Styling your text to create clear, strong type hierarchy is one of the major goals for page layout design. You are expected to use Paragraph & Character Styles as the way to style your text. Not only is it the professional method for doing this, but it ensures consistency and efficiency in work flow. When you are starting out, it is easiest to style the different parts of the text visually and then make the New Style with your cursor in the selected text. Rules of thumb for P & C Styles Paragraph Styles are used for paragraphs or blocks of text. Character Styles are used to style words or phases within a paragraph. These are applied by selecting the actual words and then choosing the Character Style.
Applying paragraph and character styles
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Type Hierarchy, Paragraph & Character Styles Building Type Hierarchy Design is about organizing things. In order to organize a layout for a page in any kind of publication for print or screen, you need to construct a visual hierarchy within your type. This hierarchy dictates what is noticed first and differentiates the roles the pieces of text play.
Hard return vs soft return
Placement on the page, point size, stroke weight and the case of the letters (UC, lc, U&lc) are a few of the key aspects you can manipulate to build your type hierarchy. The application of color or tints is another way you can emphasize or unify typographic elements on your page. Location, Location and Size Matters In the western world, the top of the page in the left-hand corner is where we are trained to look first. You can use this information to add a natural flow to your page layout. You can also experiment with the orientation of type in your page layout. Note that this is generally only appropriate for things like major heads or titles, not for body text. Designers generally use a graduated approach to applying strong hierarchy to the text on a page. A section or chapter heading has greater importance than a title, so is usually larger, and a title has greater importance than a subhead, and so on.
Choosing Typefaces There are millions of typefaces out there in the world. Just because they are out there, does not mean you should use them. Great designers learn to work with a handful of classic typefaces and add interest by the layout and hierarchy choices they make. Remember there are some typefaces designed for body text and many that are not. Know the difference! The whole point of having text on a page is so it can be read. Legibility and readability are your important goals.
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About Typographic Styles Typographic Styles are characteristics decided on by either the designer or a company’s brand style guide. Each of the different designated roles of text in a document —such as Headline, Subhead, Byline, Body Text, Caption, etc.—will have one or more Styles applied to it. Your Styles should always be named to reflect what they are used for. That is, the name of the Paragraph Style for Body Text should be ‘Body Text’ or ‘Body Copy’ or simply ‘Body’. Styles are Powerful Once you have a Style created you can apply it to any number of pieces of text throughout your document. If you are familiar with CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) for the web, the same principles apply. When you redefine the Style you only do it once and all of the instances it is applied to will change. This is the true power of creating and using Styles. The Two Flavors of Typographic Styles There are two distinct kinds of Typographic Styles that you need to know about and be able to use properly. These are Paragraph Styles and Character Styles.
Paragraph Styles Used when styling entire paragraphs, Paragraph Styles are used to set the formatting of the texts. This kind of Style provides options for specifying Leading, Space Before or After, Indents, Character Color, and many other aspects. Note that a new paragraph is started when you hit your Return key. This is also called a ‘Hard Return’. This is opposed to a ‘Soft Return’ which is simply a line break within a paragraph. You get this by holding down the Shift key when hitting the Return key.
Picking specifics for paragraph styles
Because Paragraph Styles apply to entire paragraphs, you can apply this kind of style by simply placing your cursor inside the paragraph and selecting the style you created.
Character Styles Character Styles are used to format only parts of a paragraph like, individual words or phrases. When you want to emphasize a specific word inside a paragraph, say by italicizing it, you would do this using a Character Style. Using your cursor, you must drag select or highlight all of the characters in order to apply this kind of style.
Use cHaracter styles to have certain text in a paragraph be different
Spanning columns
Use paragraph styles to make the text unified
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Fonts: Font Management Font Management software is used to control what fonts are available to you when you are working on a computer. FontBook is what is used currently at UWSP. The Adobe font library is part of what is provided for the graphic design program. You can download other fonts to use in your design work. You must add these fonts in FontBook to be able to access them.
Packaging: You must always Package your projects or digital files so you can access both the original images and the typefaces you used in them. Typography Concepts Legibility — kind of typeface, what it is designed for Some typefaces are designed as Display Faces...to be used ONLY for headlines at large point sizes. Other typefaces are designed specifically for use as body copy. Some are fairly flexible and can be used effectively at both large or small point sizes. Typography Concepts — Alignment for Special Texts Centered or randomly aligned text is FINE to use for special kinds of texts such as invitations, poems or advertising copy, but should NEVER be used for body or running text as it hinders readability greatly.
Typography Concepts — Spacing or Proximity We tend to group elements together based on their visual proximity to one another. Subheads should be closer to the text they head than the text above them. Captions should align to and be near the image they describe. Proximity is key in spacing heads and sub heads. Headlines usually span a number of columns, and sometimes the entire page spread. This automatically communicates that the head refers to the entirety of the page content. There should be sufficient air between the heads and the copy below them. You can use space between paragraphs to separate them. An all-too-common mistake is to insert two returns after a paragraph, which will produce too much space between them. Instead, apply Space After the end of your paragraphs.We tend to group elements together based on their visual proximity to one another. Subheads should be closer to the text they head than the text above them. Captions should align to and be near the image they describe. Proximity is key in spacing heads and sub heads. Headlines usually span a number of columns, and sometimes the entire page spread. This automatically communicates that the head refers to the entirety of the page content. There should be sufficient air between the heads and the copy below them. You can use space between paragraphs to separate them. An all-too-common mistake is to insert two returns after a paragraph, which will produce too much space between them. Instead, apply Space After the end of your paragraphs.
Setting text Flush Right (for the English Language) is a decision exercised only when there is a limited amount of copy or you are trying to communicate a sense of the avant garde. Typography Concepts — Measure or Line Length The length of line or block of text is called its measure. If a line of text is too long, the reader will tend to lose their place as they go from one line to the next. If it is too short, the ideas in the text become chopped up rather than flowing. Line length is measured with character count. Optimum line lengths are around 45-65 characters including spaces.
Adding font to fontbook
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Adding fonts to fontbook
Using new font that was added
illustrator
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Illustrator: Intro, Workspace, Tools, Stroke/Fill, Panels, Layers, Pen Tool Adobe Illustrator | Overview The industry standard software for developing vector-based graphics, Adobe Illustrator is the go to program for designers building logos and symbols, as well as digital illustrators. In this program you can build vector shapes and fill or color and apply a huge variety of effects, shading and patterns.
Tool Bar / Tools Main Selection Tools — Like the other Adobe programs, Illustrator has Selection Tools. These are the ‘Selection’ and the ‘Direct Selection’ Tools. The ‘Selection’ Tool (the BLACK Arrow) allows you to move an entire object. The ‘Direct Selection’ Tool (the WHITE Arrow) allows you to select a single anchor point and manipulate it.
Stoke and Fill
Tool bar located on left hand side of screen
— Strokes can be aligned to outside,
inside or center of a shape. The cap or terminals can be blunt/ flat, rounded or squared. Their joins can be square, rounded or beveled. It is important to keep track of the Stroke and Fill. You can reverse these by clicking the double-ended arrow on the Tool Bar. Illustrator has quite a few Tools that you can use to build shapes. Some are more intuitive than others. Regular Shapes — Geometric Shapes can be created with the Rectangle, Rounded Rectangle, Ellipse, Polygon, and Star Tool. All of these shape-making tools can be constrained to perfect shapes or configured to add or subtract edges or points. You can click and hold on the Rectangle Tool to get a submenu of Tools that can be detached from the main Tool Bar. Stroke and Fill
Irregular Shapes — The Paintbrush and the Blob Brush Tools can be used to make irregular or organic shapes. You can adjust the size of the brush and of course the color of the brush.
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Pen Tool —
Learning to work with the various Pen Tool
options will increase your abilities in Illustrator exponentially. Drawing with the Pen Tool takes some practice. Each time you click the Pen Tool on the Artboard, a single Anchor point appears. If you click and drag, you will automatically get two Handles that can be used to manipulate the curve of an Anchor point. These curves that make up vectors are called Bezier Curves, named after the mathematician who first described them. If you click and hold on the Pen Tool in the Tool Bar, you can see the entire Pen Tool set. These include the Add Anchor Point tool, the Delete Anchor Point tool and the little angle icon that is simply called the Anchor Point Tool. Again, you can “tear off” this little Pen Tool sub-menu and position it anywhere in your workspace.
Irregular Shapes also created by pen tool
Using the pen tool to trace an object
Regular Geometric Shapes created by pen tool
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Tracing, Closed Shapes
Tracing There are two main ways to trace in Illustrator, one uses the Pen Tool and Layers so you can draw on top of what you want to trace much like you would do using a light table, and the other uses the Image Trace process, which digitally changes a rasterized image into a vector image. Image trace and fill
Each of these methods is best suited for some images and both processes have pros and cons. The Pen Tool is difficult to master, though it will allow for precise control. Image Trace has many options, though it can generate a result that is less than ideal. The Image trace window has a number of preset Tracing options and many different ways to manipulate the resulting trace.
Using the pen tool to trace this object
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Closed Shapes, Gradients and Patterns Closed vs Shapes It is important that when you work in Illustrator you are closing your shapes. This is required for the fills to work properly. Eraser vs Scissors vs Knife Tools
Radia lGradient
There are numerous ways to divide or subtract from shapes. The Eraser, Scissors and Knife Tools all do this, but achieve different results. The Eraser takes away parts of the shape wherever you use it, while both the Scissors and the Knife simply cut apart with no loss of shape area. For the Knife Tool, hold down the Option key to constrain the cuts to straight and use both Shift + Option for horizontal, 45 degrees or vertical constraint.
Gradients and Patterns In Illustrator there are numerous methods to fill shapes. Gradients allow blending colors or blend to transparency. Patterns allow you to fill a shape or area with a repeating motif. Gradients and Patterns have presets and are both customizable. The Pattern Brush Tool makes it easy to create and adjust your own original Patterns. Using the eraser, scissor, and knife tool
Use gradient tool to fade a color into another color
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Blends, Gradients, Clipping Mask, Strokes, Patterns & Brushes Creating Blends You can blend shapes together to get a morphed shape and color gradient. The three types of blends you can choose are: Smooth, Specific Steps and Specific Distance. Smooth gives you a seamless blending of colors, whereas the other two will give you chunky steps based on the perimeters you use. You can also use the blends icon in the Tool bar. To blend the two objects using the tool, you will need to select an edge of the first object, and then select the edge of the next object, and Illustrator will blend these two objects. When using the blend tool, please note, it will blend to the next point that you select. If you shift your selection point from the original, it will warp/twist the blend. You can change a color in the blend by selecting a specific object and then changing the color on than object and it will automatically re-blend it. If you use the Direct Selection Tool (A) to select a point on the Blend you can stretch it out. By using your Anchor Point Tool in the Pen Tool set, you can introduce curvature.
Creating a blend through distance
Creating a Custom Gradient Open the Gradient panel: Window > Gradient. There are several default gradients that you can apply. If you start with one of these, you can change the colors on the slider by double-clicking on them or by dragging a new swatch color on top of it. You can add more colors to the gradient by clicking along the slider. You can reposition the squares on the bottom and also the triangles on the top to the adjust the range of gradient and the transition areas. Save your custom gradient by grabbing the sample square in the upper left corner and dragging it onto your Swatch panel.
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Creating a gradient
Adding Visual Texture You can add textures to your illustration in several ways including using Illustrator’s many painting and drawing tools to make inside the program, and capturing / creating your own texture. Taking your own photo of a texture allows for more realism. Always resize and transform your photographic images in Photoshop first before placing them into a document in Illustrator or in InDesign. Working with Clipping Masks Masking areas of image can be accomplished in a few different ways. You can create a custom shape and use it to delineate an area of image you want showing through the shape. Do this by placing the shape over the image and ‘clip’ the image into it with Object > Clipping Mask > Make.
Working with Strokes You can create a layered effect with varying weights of Strokes on copies of the same object and then using the Align Panel to center them on top of one another. When working with Strokes you must consciously select whether the alignment of the stroke is center (default), inside or outside.
Creating Your Own Paintbrush Pattern You know you can create your own Fill Pattern. You can also create your own Pattern Brush. To do this, draw a shape or a series of shapes that you would like to use like as a brush. With the Brushes Panel open, drag the vector art into the row of choices. You will be prompted to select Scatter, Art or Pattern Brush. Scattered Brush should be selected if you want to follow a drawn line or want to randomly place a single vector art with the click of the mouse. Art Brush should be selected if you want the vector art to fill the whole line - no matter the length. It will stretch and distort to accommodate your stroke. Pattern Brush should be selected if you would like the artwork to follow the drawn line. You are able to make adjustments for spacing, rotation and size.
Creating a stroke can add a highlight around your shape but isn't always a good thing
Double clicking on the brush in the brushes panel will allow alterations. You can also shift select pieces and drag them into the Brushes Panel to create a new brush.
Creating my own pattern
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Design Concepts and Proccesses
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Publication Design, Grid Structure, Page Elements Design Decisions for Print Publication Multi-page print publications like magazines or newsletters a number require a number of technical decisions. For the format, what size (height and width) are the pages and how many pages are needed? How will the publication be bound? What kind, quality, weight and finish of paper will be used for the cover and the interior pages? The answers to these questions are usually decided when discussing the audience of the publication, the parameters of the design job and the printing processes with your client and printer.
Page Layout: Grid, Columns, Margins and Page Furniture In publication design you must consider the layout design of single pages as well as how page spreads work together. How pages are laid out is an important design consideration. You need to consider the size of the margins, the number of columns in the grid used and the kind and placement of the page furniture and other navigational elements. The Grid: Columns and Margins and Gutters
Page Furniture Design elements that appear consistently from page to page are referred to as ‘page furniture’. This includes the page numbers, also called folios; running headers, running footers and section markers. All pieces of page furniture are either part of an identity system or serving as navigational graphic elements.
Analysis of a Magazine’s Format and Properties Type of Binding: Perfect Binding Paper used for Cover (Weight, Quality, Finish): Heavy and Rough Paper used for Interior Pages (Weight, Quality, Finish): Light and Smooth Page Size: Height: 10.5 Width: 8.75
Grids provide structure and consistency for publications. A grid ensures there is alignment of elements on the page. Much like an armature inside a sculpture, the grid is not visible; though you see it by the way it unifies the page content. The main features of a page that a grid controls are the number of columns being used. A grid can have from a single column to twelve columns on a single page. The more columns in a grid, the more flexible it is. The space between each column is called a gutter.
Margins are needed on the top, bottom and outside edges of the page so content does not get cut off in the trimming process or covered up by the reader’s thumbs as they hold the publication. The place where the pages meet in the middle, at the binding, is also called the gutter. Inside margins at the gutter prevent content from being swallowed up or cut off in the middle.
Page Margins: Top: .5 Bottom: .625 Inside: .75 Outside: .56 Number of Columns in Grid: 3 Column Width: 2.625 Column Gutter Width: .25 Page Furniture used: Running Footer
Even though the pages may look different because they show different numbers and widths of columns, the underlying grid structure remains constant. Publications use several page layouts to indicate different sections or kind of content presented.
Inside of magazine showing running footer
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Typeface Categories, Type Basics
Compressed, Condensed, Wide, or Extended fonts, and character weights such as Thin, Book, Semi Bold, Extra Bold, etc. How Type is Measured: Points, Picas, Leading and ‘the Measure’ The units of measure used for type include: the point and the pica. 12 points = 1 pica, 6 picas = 1 inch, so 72 points = 1 inch
Typefaces Categories There are many ways to categorize typefaces or fonts, but the two main ways we will learn about are general classifications and how they are used. General classification is historical; usage is about the names given to the roles type plays in different parts of the document.
General Classification: Serif vs. Sans Serif
Type size is measured in points. This unit of measure has been around since the 1600’s and was standardized in the 1990’s for digital publishing. Conventional point sizes are available in the drop down menus of most software programs. These sizes (6, 8, 10, 12, 14, etc.) correspond to the sizes that—once upon a time, and still today—hot type or metal type is produced. Leading
One of the most basic distinctions in type is Serif or Sans Serif. A serif is that little foot or spur or appendage on the end of the stroke of a letterform. The word ‘sans’ means, ‘without’ so this category has no little spurs or appendages, the letterforms end bluntly.
The space between lines of type is referred to as leading. This term comes from the thin strips of metal used when hot type is set by hand. Leading is also measured in points. The default amount of leading is two (2) points between each line of text.
Both of these categories have additional classifications. Kinds of Serifs include Hairline, Bracketed, Slab, Wedge (and more) and Sans Serif include Geometric, Humanist, Transitional.
The Measure
Text vs. Display Typefaces are designed for different purposes. The two major categories are Display and Text typefaces. Text faces are used for body text meant for extended reading and so their letterforms are
Line length or the width of a line or column of text is measured in picas. The length of a line or a column or block of text is called its ‘measure.’ If a the measure is too long, the reader will tend to lose their place as they go from one line to the next. If it is too short, the ideas in the text become chopped up rather than flowing. Because point size affects the number of words on a line, line length is also measured with character count. Optimum line lengths are around 45-65 characters including spaces.
clear, clean and simple. Display faces, on the other hand, can be more ornamental because they are used for use titles or headlines that only have a few words.
How Type is Used In any publication, whether for print or for screen, the text can be categorized by its use, such as: Headline, Subhead, Body Text, Pull Quote, Captions, etc. These designations are important to know as part of design terminology and because they are used when naming the Styles in your digital document.
Type Basics Typefaces have Families A single typeface is often designed with several variations such as Regular, Italic, Bold, and Bold Italic. Some typefaces have large families that include variants in character width including 30
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Type Ruler
Fonts & Typefaces Typesetting, Typography Fonts & Typefaces
Readability refers to how the text is arranged on the page. A
Typefaces have Families
number of factors affect the readability of text. These include point
There is confusion about what a Typeface is and what a Font is. Most typefaces are designed with several variations such as Regular, Italic, Bold, and Bold Italic. Each one of these variants is technically a single font. Some typefaces have large families that include variations in character width with names like, Compressed, Condensed, Wide or Extended, and character weights with names such as Thin, Light, Book, Bold, Semi Bold, Extra Bold, etc.
size and leading, the measure, alignment and spacing.
Designers will utilize a range of typefaces to complete their work. You need to own the fonts you use for your design work or the license to use them. Fonts and entire typeface families can be purchased and downloaded from digital font houses or foundries. Free fonts are available from plenty of websites, but are not usually professionally designed or prepared. That means they will have limited use.
Typesetting
Point Size in relation to Text The point size of the type you set is an important matter that is dictated by the purpose of the text and the audience you are addressing. Very small type will be difficult for very young as well as older readers. Type that is set too big looks clunky and also interferes with reading.
Leading Another important factor in enhancing or detracting from readability is leading. The amount of leading affects the overall appearance of a block of text. Generous leading adds space or ‘air’ between the lines, which creates an open and inviting appearance. Tight leading will give the text block a dense, impenetrable look. Default setting for Leading is 2+ points.
The act of setting type involves building or following the grid structure, determining appropriate typefaces, typestyles, measure (line length), leading (line spacing), type alignment and paragraph indicators. These are all factors affecting readability and legibility of text. Formal considerations of contrast also play a key role here.
When typesetting the type size and the leading is expressed in this way: point size / point size + leading. The type for this column of text would be expressed as 8/10 Measure
Legibility / Readability of Text Legibility refers to how a specific typeface is designed and how easy or difficult it is to make out the letters. The x-height of a typeface is a primary consideration in any typeface’s legibility. As stated earlier, legibility is strengthened when you use the appropriate typefaces for the specific purpose. That is, you should
The length of line or block of text is called its measure. If a line of text is too long, the reader will tend to lose their place as they go from one line to the next. If it is too short, the ideas in the text become chopped up rather than flowing. Line length is measured with character count. Optimum line lengths are around 45-65 characters including spaces.
use a typeface made for body text (text face) and a typeface considered a display face for things like headlines, page heads and perhaps pullquotes.
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Alignment of Text Running text or a large amount body text such as for articles or books need to use the most appropriate alignment to aid in reading. The two best options would be either Flush Left of Justified.
Flush Left Most commonly, the left edge of a column of type is aligned. This is called ‘Flush Left’ alignment. In this configuration, the right edge of the column is not aligned and has a ragged appearance. This non-aligned edge style is referred to as the ‘rag.’
Justified Another commonly used alignment is called ‘Justified’ or when the text is aligned flush on both the left and the right. This arrangement produces a much more formal look to a layout.
Centered Centered text is reserved only for things like invitations or sometimes for short pieces of text like pullquotes.
Flush Right For a particular design of say, a poster or an advertisement, text is sometimes set Flush Right. This alignment is used pretty rarely and only with short amounts of text when the look it create adds strongly to the composition.
Randomized Finally, text alignment is sometimes purposefully random to create a liquid, or poetic feel. The random alignment is only used for short passages.
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Spacing in Page Layout and Typesetting You know about spacing as in page margins can affect the feeling of a page layout. Spacing between headings, subheads and paragraphs is another area you need to be sensitive to. Proximity is comes into play when adding space after heads and sub heads. We tend to group elements together based on their visual proximity to one another. Subheads should be closer to the text they head than the text above them. Captions should align with and/or be near the image they describe. Headlines usually span a number of columns, and sometimes the entire page spread. This automatically communicates that the head refers to the entirety of the page content. There should be sufficient air between the heads and the copy below them. Paragraph Indicators: Indents or Space Between The separation of long texts into paragraphs allows the reading to be broken into distinct areas or ideas. There are a number of ways to indicate paragraphs; indents and spacing are the two most common.
Above photo shows typesetting leading options
Photo shown below demonstrates the x-height
You can use space between paragraphs to separate them, however, be aware that an all-too-common mistake is to insert two returns after a paragraph, which produces too much space between them. Instead, apply Space After the end of your paragraphs. The best, most professional way to work with spacing in your text is to include it when you create your Paragraph Styles. When using indents, there are a couple of rules to be aware of. One is that you do not use an indent on the first paragraph of a story or article. There is no need to indent because an indent is used to indicate a new paragraph following a previous one. The other rule is to use indents only if you are not using space between paragraphs. They are both used to tell one paragraph from another, so only one is needed.
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About Color Designers need to know a lot about color. From color theory, the psychology, cultural and mythic meanings of colors, to the technical aspects of how to handle color digitally, to knowing the systems of used in specifying color, the knowledge base you need to acquire is expansive.
Tints of a color swatch
This workbook covers a few fundamental aspects including: Color Systems, Color Spaces, Spot Color vs. Process Color, and Color Books.
Color Systems: Additive vs. Subtractive Humans see color because our eyes are equipped with specialized receptors called rods and cones that detect and translate different wavelengths of light. We perceive color differently depending on whether we are seeing light directly versus seeing light reflected off of a surface. These two different systems are called Additive and Subtractive.
Pantone differences
Additive Color System When we look at a screen on any device, we are looking at light illuminating the screen from behind. When we look at a film or slide show being projected onto a screen we are also looking at light. The colors we see are a result of light wavelengths being added together to produce the whole spectrum of other colors. Thus this color system is referred to as Additive. Subtractive Color System When we look at color that is painted on a canvas or dyed into a fabric or printed on paper we are seeing light bouncing off the surface. The colors are a result of wavelengths for colors being subtracted from the spectrum and those colors/wavelengths enter into our eyes. That is why this color system of dyes, inks and pigments is referred to as Subtractive.
Pantone colors
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Color Spaces (or Modes): RGB vs. CMYK As a designer you need to be aware of and consciously match the color spaces with the medium you work in. Colors on screen look different than those same colors printed on paper. So, when you are designing for the web or work that is mean to be projected, you should use one color space and when you are designing work meant to be printed, you need to use another.
CMYK Coloring
All of the colors we see on a screen are made up of pixels with varying amounts of Red, Green, and Blue. Thus, the color space for screen work is identified as RGB. Most all of the colors we see on a full-color printed piece are made up of dots of color ink in varying density. These colors are Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and black. Thus, the color space used for print work is CMYK.
Working with Color in Print Design Process Colors There is more to know about color in print than just CMYK vs. RGB. An important term to know is that cyan, magenta, yellow and black are referred to as the Process Colors. This name references the printing process where full color images are separated out into their component CMYK colors as dots. This is done in order to print the colors one on top of another and produce a visual recreation of all of the colors present in the image.
RGB Coloring
Spot Color A Spot color is printed as a solid color either instead of CMYK or in addition to CMYK (Process Colors). Why would you use a Spot Color? Sometimes there is a specific color that needs to be consistently presented. An example of this would be the Target Red color. This is a valuable part of Target’s brand. In order to maintain consistency the color is mixed up using a specified formula of percentages of CMYK inks.
Creating a spot color
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Specifying a Spot Color in InDesign You have to go through a set of steps to specify a Spot Color in InDesign. Note that the process varies a little in different software programs such as Illustrator. If you want to use a tint of a specific color you must make it a Spot Color first.
Pantone Color Creating a tint from your spot color
The Pantone Matching System is the most used color matching system in the design industry. Pantone colors allow designers to spec colors for their clients and ensures that printers will be able to reproduce the specified color. Pantone colors are available in swatch books that fan out for easy comparison and selection. Because there are many different kinds of papers, coatings and kinds of options for printed design work, there are numerous Pantone swatch books to represent the various kinds of printing and papers. The most basic distinction between these swatch books is Pantone Coated vs. Pantone Uncoated. These simulated what the color will look like on coated and uncoated paper stock. There are also swatch books that show how a specific color will look when it is “built� out of CMYK. You can specify Pantone colors in InDesign as well as in other Adobe programs, Illustrator and Photoshop.
Color Swatches
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Pantone Color Swatches
Automatic Correction Options
False Duotone
In Photoshop there are several options for color, tone and contrast corrections. They are not perfect for every job, though can help you detect if there are some problems. These automatic features are located under the Image dropdown menu. Auto Color will adjust major color shifts, Auto Tone will “tone down� unnatural looking saturation in photos and Auto Contrast will enhance the differentiation in low contrast situations.
A false duotone has the appearance of a two-color image. It is really a photograph that has been de-saturated and placed on a color background. This is sometimes called a fake duotone. In order to achieve this effect, you need to use the Multiply Blending Mode on the two different layers.
Blending Modes Photoshop allows for the combination of images in multiple ways. You can Blend two photographs with different effects and use transparency on the top layer to adjust the amount or strength of the stylization. False Duotone
Opacity 15%
Blending-Exclusion
Corrections
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Design Principles in Page Layout/Photography & Design Principles: Visual Hierarchy White Balance All layout design is concerned about the communication of ideas. As a designer you need to figure out what is most important and present that first in the visual hierarchy. We follow general rules for reading. In Western cultures we read from left to right and top to bottom. Thus attention usually goes to the upper left hand corner of a page. An effective poster design will have a focal point, something that catches the eye first. There are plenty of methods to create this using scale, color, and/or contrast to draw the viewer’s attention. Alignment, Balance, Unity Elements on a page need to have some alignment to look purposefully laid out and to unify the composition. This is a basic tenant of 2D Design. The layout also needs to achieve a visual balance either symmetrical or asymmetrical.
Using the blending Tool
Unity in page layout is achieved through deliberate use of a few well-chosen typefaces and a limited or purposeful color palette. Graphic elements or treatments such as gradients, specific textures or borders can add a sense of completion to a layout. Choose these thoughtfully in order to add visual power to your conceptual communication.
Photography & White Balance When taking photographs of an object or a product, you will want to control your lighting. The White Balance is something you set in the camera so the color temperature of the lighting is recorded correctly. Having an outline can sometimes obscure the actual word and not look so good
Auto settings can often get good results, though you may want to use a gray card or measure the light and set the WB in the camera at the time of the photo shoot. Of course, it is possible to correct color casts in an existing photo using Photoshop, however it is far preferable for you to use the proper white balance to begin with as every digital adjustment will result in a loss of digital information.
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Printing Process Color Spaces and Printing Most of the time when working on digital images, you will be in the RGB format. The RGB color mode creates a smaller image size than CMYK, and you are looking at the image on a screen, which uses Red, Green and Blue to create millions of colors. The color modes RGB and CMYK are set in the Image > Mode menu. In Photoshop you also can adjust the Color Settings for the document. If you are intending to prepare your image to hand off to an offset printer, you will want to communicate directly with them about what specific color setting to use for their digital system workflow and their specific press.
Print Quality Color Perception: Screen vs. Print If you are sending your image to a desktop color laser or largeformat banner printer, the sRGB format will suffice. In fact, it will often yield better results than converting your image to CMYK. However, if your monitor is not calibrated—which many are not— there can be a pronounced difference in the appearance of the colors on screen verses the colors when they have been printed. Also, some colors tend to shift more dramatically than others.
The quality of both the paper and the printer you use will affect the appearance of your final output and colors. Running color tests can help you see how the chosen printer will perform. Commercial copy and Print facilities can usually produce much better final results than desktop color printers.
Overall, on screen the colors are illuminated from behind, so you can perceive a greater range of midtones in an image, whereas a printed image reflects light off the surface of the inked paper.
Putting a picture within a word
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Projects
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Grid Project
Handdrawn Element
Original Photo
Color test
In progress
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In progess
Final Outcome
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Paper Creature
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We had to first sketch out our ideas and try to figure out the shapes for our paper craft creature and then scan them into the computer
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We then had to place our images into indesign and trace over our original shapes and tweak them to be more precise. We then added color to help make it come alive as shown to the left and right of this text.
We then had a photoshoot to capture the best side of our creatures as shown below.
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Finally we started putting everything into a poster format and began rearranging everything to fit the page and of course be aesthetically pleasing, as shown above. After figuring out the right fit and making sure everything looked right, we sent them to the banner printer to create our final product, as shown in the image below.
Merry Sherry All about Merry Sherry Merry Sherry lives in an ice cave somewhere in the North Pole. She is very friendly, but gets startled very easily. Because of this she uses her big ears to warn her of things creeping up behind her. She mostly gets along with the other creatures, but they all make fun of her for getting startled so easily and make a joke of it. Everytme she gets scared, too, her ice cube, that keeps her cold, melts a little.The others make it a game to see who can get away with scaring her and make her “leak” and Merry Sherry gets very frustrated and sad and usually just retreats to her cave.
Your Papercraft Creature Poster Here
How to make Merry Sherry come alive ❶
Start by cutting out the body/cone part. On the bottom of the cone, cut up on each dotted line until you hit the solid line. After you cut, fold each tab back along the solid line. Then fold on each dotted line to form your cone. One the far right (excluding tab) and second from the left sections cut a slit about halfway down for the arms. Then you will need to glue all the bottom tabs together to form a rectangle as well as connect the side tab to close the cone shape.
❷
Cut out the head. Fold along the dotted lines to form your head shape. Then fold the lower side tabs and attach them to the side of the creature. Then you want to fold the top tabs (for the two on the side you will need to fold in a triangle shape). Then attach teh one in the middle top and finish by pushing in and attaching the tops of the sides.
Although bullied, Merry Sherry stilll has hope for the world and believes the best in everyone. One day when she was weak and hardly had any ice left to her, she felt something pick her up and then she blacked out. When she woke, she was looking at Santa Clause himself and he told her that he saw all the nasty things the others did to her and invited her to live with him and his elves and reindeer instead. She gladly accepted and with newly replenished ice, she went about getting used to her new life. She had such a nice heart that she even told Santa that she forgave the other creatures and that they deserved a present just like everyone else., and so all was well in the North Pole.
❸
Fold the tabs on the top of the cone and attach the head to the body/cone.
❹
Cut out the ice cube form and fold along the lines so that there is 6 squares. On the square with 3 tabs, cut a hold large enough to fit the base of the cone. Then fold all the tabs and connect to make a cube shape.
➎
Cut out the puddle and connect the ice cube to the top of the puddle.
❻
Cut out the arms and fold along the dotted line. Then fit them into the slots on the side of the cone.
❼
Finally attach the cone into the hole you cut in the ice cube.
Adriana Reese Art 211 GD Production Section 2 2016 UWSP Illustrator
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8 Page Brochure
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Front and Back covers of Brochure
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