Edmonton (Alta.) - 1984 - Edmonton Valley Zoo_master plan (1984-09) by Edmonton Tower Resource Centre Online Library

P6. SD LIBRARY

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2691

111

VALLEY-ZOO, MASTER PLAN, EDMONTON.-PARKS-AND-

3320.1a .E3 :L387 1984

R041/0023/

4 c/ Letter dated April 30, 1984 from C. H. Weir, Chairman, Citizen's Zoo Advisory Committee, 112 Laurier Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T5R 5P8 Re: Development Plan for Proposed Expansion of Valley Zoo (E.1a-July 25, 1984

RECOMMENDATION: 1.

That the 1984 Valley Zoo Master Plan be adopted in principle to guide all future development of the Valley Zoo (See Enclosure I). That the commitment of City funds will be considered, depending on City Council priorities, only after the full amount of the community portion of funds for the phase under consideration has been raised by the Friends of the Valley Zoo Foundation.

HISTORY This item was considered at the regular meeting of the Public Affairs Committee held on Tuesday, September 11, 1984, at which time the following motion dealing with Points A and B are concurred in: (Points stated below the referral motion) Move A and B be referred to the Administration for a report on the financial issues that have been raised today and as well as to what costs would be involved in the feasibility of the development of a reduced plan and the procedures that would have to be followed. "A. That the 1984 Valley Zoo Master Plan guide all future Valley Zoo development. B.

That the capital financing responsibilities defined in the 1984 Valley Zoo Master Plan be adopted."

Please provide the Public Affairs Committee with a report (a report and presentation if necessary) dealing with a financial analysis of the project including capital costs, phasing, financing responsibilities and sources, and related operating deficits or surpluses. How would the Department assess the priority of this project in relation to other projects facing the Parks and Recreation Department under the current capital expenditure guidelines. The Public Affairs Committee suggest that the Administration meet further with the three Committees concerned with this issue, the Friends of the Edmonton Valley Zoo Foundation, the Citizen's Zoo Advisory Committee and the Valley Zoo Citizen's Action Committee. DISCUSSION Scaled-down Zoo Plan On January 28, 1985, a meeting was held involving the Citizen's Zoo Advisory Committee, Friends of the Valley Zoo Foundation and the Parks and Recreation Department. The Citizen's Action Committee had indicated that they would send

- 2 -

representatives, however, no one did attend from that organization. The concensus of the meeting was that: - the 1984 Valleâ&#x20AC;&#x17E; 230 Master Plan should be supported, - it was not advantageous to scale-down the plan. The Administration estimates that undertaking a new plan resulting in a scaled-down zoo would cost approximately $125,000 and would be done by a consultant. Because of the relationships between exhibits in the present concept and the existing utility infrastructure on the site, redoing a scaled-down plan is not a simple matter of taking out a few exhibits. While the planning principles established for the 1984 Plan would be retained, site design would need to be redone. The 1984 Master Plan was considered by committees attending the meeting, to have the flexibility in implementation which will ensure that City Council maintains control. The zoo will only grow as large as the public will support through their provision of funds provided to the Friends of the Valley Zoo Foundation. Implementation Strategy The implementation strategy, included with the Plan, provides City Council with full control over the progress of development on a phase by phase basis. Approval for a phase and construction start up will not be requested until finances for that phase are in place. Each decision to approve implementation of a phase is independent and must be approved by Council (See Enclosure II). Capital Costs The project will be financed as a joint-venture between the City and the Friends of the Valley Zoo Foundation. The City's portion of funds generally provides the infrastructure while the community's share, generated by the Friends of the The City will Valley Zoo Foundation, provides for - exhibits and amenities. contribute approximately 30% of the capital funds while the community will contribute approximately 70%. The pace of construction will be determined by the speed with which the Friends of the Valley Zoo Foundation can generate funds. They have made a commitment to raise $1 million per year for the next ten years (See Enclosure III). Thus, over the next eight to ten years, Phases One and Two could be undertaken at a cost to the Friends of the Valley Zoo Foundation of $8.432 million while the cost to the City would be $4.067 million. While the Valley Zoo construction is not the top priority for capital funding by the Parks and Recreation Department, the considerable proportion of funds provided by the community will raise the priority sufficiently to enable the Department to include the City's share within debenture borrowing guidelines. Both the portion supplied by the Friends of the Valley Zoo Foundation and the portion supplied by the City is eligible for matching grants through the Community Recreation/Cultural Grant Program.

- 3 -

Total capital construction costs were estimated to be $43.05 million plus $10.7 million contingency by Dennis Walsh Ltd. At the request of the Friends of the Valley Zoo Foundation, PCL Construction prepared a subsequent estimate which totalled $39.4 million plus $9.0 million contingency. Operations Utilizing a model applied successfully to twenty-one zoos in North America, the revenue and expenditures have been projected. The model gauges the attractiveness of the zoo to a target market within a fifty mile radius of the zoo. As exhibits are added, the zoo is able to attract a greater proportion of the total population. Expenditures have been accurately projected on the basis of costs for animal care, utilizing current standards, and on standards for operation of buildings. The analysis indicates that the deficit is currently at its highest point in the life of the zoo. As development occurs, the revenues will increase more rapidly than expenditures, thus reducing the deficit (See Enclosure IV). In support of the model analysis, original research has shown that a considerable unmet demand for the Valley Zoo exists within Edmonton. The citizens have indicated that they would like to see the zoo expanded (817.) and that they would attend the zoo year-round (70%). The Valley Zoo is recognized as an important tourism resource for the City of Edmonton. With the implementation of the Master Plan, the Valley Zoo will be an attractive, high quality zoological park. JUSTIFICATION 1. The Valley Zoo is a facility that the citizens of Edmonton would like to see improved. Approval in priniciple of the 1984 Valley Zoo Master Plan provides the Friends of the Valley Zoo Foundation with the necessary tools to initiate a fund raising campaign. 2. The implementation strategy for the Master Plan provides City Council with full control over the approval of construction on a phase by phase basis, with no commitment for construction of subsequent phases implied through the approval of an earlier phase. The addition of new exhibits will maintain present visitors and attract new visitors with the end result that the deficit will be reduced. No request will be made of City Council to approve a phase until all community funds have been raised and even at that time, City Council has the option not to provide funds if other priorities are more pressing. ENCLOSURES 1984 Valley Zoo Master Plan II Implementation Strategy - Principles III Letter of Commitment from Friends of the Valley Zoo Foundation IV Chart indicating reduction in Subsidy Written By: B.D. Card Approved By: D.S. Ausman's,.. Approved By: T. Burn, Controller Parks and Recreation Department July 9, 1985

ENCLOSURE II

Implementation Strategy Principles

* All development will be undertaken as a jointâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;venture between the City and other interested organizations or individuals,

* Friends of the Valley Zoo Foundation will be responsble to locate interested organizations or individuals as well as conduct fund raising activities,

* No proposal for approval of a phase or request for financial contribution shall be presented to the City Council until funds for the community portion have been raised by the Friends of the Valley Zoo Foundation,

* Approving the construction of one phase does not commit City Council to providing funds for a subsequent phase of construction,

* City portion funds infrastructure, community portion funds exhibits and amenities,

* Construction of new development is a higher priority than redevelopment of existing Zoo facilities,

â&#x20AC;˘ Repairs or retrofitting of the existing Zoo facilities to maintain operational viability will be implemented through Parks and Recreation Department budgets.

ENCLOSURE III

March 23, 1985 Mr. D. Ausman General Manager Edmonton Parks and Recreation City of Edmonton P.O. Box 2359 Edmonton, Alberta T5J 2R7 Dear Mr. Ausman,

Friends of the Valley Zoo Educational Progruns and Interpretative Studies 13407 Bkna Vista Road Edmonton Alberta. Canada T5R 5R1 Te!ev.v,hone (403) 483 5511

This letter will erve to confirin that the Friends of the Edmonton Valley Zoo Foundation are pledged to raising approximately $1 million per year over the next ten years toward the capital development costs of the Edmonton Valley Zoo. Thee funds would be raised from sources other then the City of Edmonton. As I have indicated previously, the Friends of the Zoo, since being recognized by City Council as the official fundraising organization for the Valley Zoo, have succeeded in contributing over $50,009 to date, in financial contributions and goods and services to the existing facility. It is our sincere hope, that Edmonton City Council will approve the new Valley Zoo master plan in principle, so that our foundation can begin the task of raising Valley Zoo capital development funds in 1985. I trust the above meets with your approval.

D'Arcy L. Levesque President The Friends of the Edmonton Valley Zoo Foundation

MAR 2 7 1985 _.

c.c. Board of Directors COPES IC.

- tykr.-

NCLUUE 1 v

2.5

Valley Zoo Revenue/Expenditures

Cost in Millions ofDollars

2.0-

1.5-

1.0

••••••••

00 in, mon

vm•Milli.•

•••

•11•••••• 4•1. 410

Expenditures

0.5-

Revenue

0 1985

1 1990

I 1995 Year

1 2000

i 2005

el THE CITY OF nion

PARKS AND RECREATION

September 1984

Mayor Decore and Members of City Council, On behalf of the Parks and Recreation Department, I am proud to submit the Valley Zoo Master Plan for your consideration. This plan represents more than two years of collaboration between staff of the Parks and Recreation Department and the citizens of Edmonton through the Citizen's Zoo Advisory Committee appointed by City Council. A series of issues have been considered and resolutions proposed to concerns that were raised by area residents and citizens-at-large. This plan will guide future development of the Valley Zoo. The funding responsibilities portion of the plan clearly defines the controlling role played by City Council as each exhibit in each phase is proposed for individual approval. The Parks and Recreation Department is excited about the prospects of providing the citizens of Edmonton and their visitors with a high quality zoological facility that will stand as an Edmonton landmark for future generations. Respectfully submitted,

D.S. Ausman General Manager

EDMONTON VALLEY ZOO

MASTER PLAN

THE CITY PARKS AND @ntoti RECREATION

1984

TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

1 7

I BACKGROUND A. B. C. D. E.

HISTORY PLANNING PROCESS DEMAND 1984 PLAN THE EXISTING SITUATION

9 11 13 15 17

THE PLAN A. B.

PURPOSE AND GOALS CONCEPT ZOOGEOGRAPHIC ZONES AND STORYLINES

21 23 25

a. AFRICAN ZONE i) Savannah ii) Tropical Zone iii) Wetlands Zone

29 30 30 32

b. ASIAN ZONE i) Alpine Zone ii) Temperate Zone iii) Tropical Zone

35 37 37 38

c. AUSTRALIAN ZONE

TABLE OF CONTENTS d. SOUTH AMERICAN ZONE i) Tropical Rain Forest: Ground Level ii) Tropical Rain Forest: Intermediate Canopy Level iii) Tropical Rain Forest: Upper Canopy Level iv) Outdoor Exhibits e. POLAR ZONE f. DOMESTIC ZONE g. STORYLAND ZOO C.

PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN A. ACCESS B. PARKING C. ENTRY D. NATURALISTIC EXHIBITS E. VIEWING F. CIRCULATION G. CENTRAL PEDESTRIAN MALL H. LANDSCAPING I. BUFFERING J. BARRIERS AND SECURITY K. BUILDING DESIGN L. INTERPRETATION AND GRAPHICS M. PUBLIC CONVENIENCES N. ANIMAL SUPPORT

D. PHASING

49 50 52 52 53 57 63 69 77 77 79 81 85 89 93 95 99 101 103 105 107 109 111 115

TABLE OF CONTENTS III

FINANCIAL ANALYSIS A. B. C. D.

CAPITAL COSTS OPERATING COSTS REVENUE FINANCIAL SUMMARY

119 121 127 133

IV FUNDING A. B.

FUNDING RESPONSIBILITIES PRIVATE SECTOR FUNDING

135 143

V APPENDICES A. B. C. D. E.

ISSUES RELATED TO DEVELOPMENT TELEPHONE SURVEY: INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS SITE ANALYSIS ATTENDANCE PROJECTIONS TRANSPORTATION ASSESSMENT

147 153 163 179 185

VI BIBLIOGRAPHY A. B.

BIBLIOGRAPHY PHOTO CREDITS

193 197

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Celebrating its silver anniversary in July of 1984, the Valley Zoo has been serving the citizens of Edmonton for the past twenty-five years with an imaginative collection of storybook and nursery rhyme characters. The Zoo peaked in attendance and public appeal in 1970. Since then, the physical plant has begun to age and now requires increased maintenance funds. The Storyland Zoo was originally designed to be the first phase of a 100-acre, world-class zoo as defined by the Edmonton City Council in 1956. Since the opening of the Storyland Valley Zoo, several plans have been proposed for completion of the zoo development. In each instance, for varying reasons, the proposed plan was never fully implemented. The 1984 Valley Zoo Master Plan has developed a long-range site plan covering approximately seventy acres which will revitalize the role of the zoo in the leisure lifestyle of both residents and tourists. With the knowledge gained from previous plans, as well as the invaluable input submitted by Edmonton residents through the Citizen's Zoo Advisory Committee, both the Advisory Committee and the Parks and Recreation Department are confident that existing and potential problems have been dealt with in an effective manner. Thus, the implementation of the 1984 Valley Zoo Master Plan is a logical next step in the process. In the early stages of planning, the demand for an enlarged facility was substantiated through the use of a city-wide telephone survey, a user survey, a survey of North American zoos and a user group survey. The results of the telephone survey indicated that eighty-one (81%) of the survey respondents are in favour of further development, ninety percent (90%) of the survey respondents feel that the River Valley location is appropriate, and seventy percent (70%) of the respondents would visit the zoo in the winter, if it was open.

LEGEND: a.STORYLAND 1 CONCESSION AREA 2. FERRIS WHEEL 3. MERRY-GO ROUND 4 ROLLER COASTER 5 OTTER EXHIBIT 6 SMALL AN/MAI. EXHIBIT 7. FARMYARD / CONTACT AREA 8. CHILDRENS PLAYGROUND 9 NIGHT ONE STORIES BUILDING 10. REFURBISHED POND 11 TRAIN STATION 12. MILL POND 13 AMPHITHEATRE 14 UPGRADED EXHIBIT IS. DUTCH ORGAN AREA 18 PRAIRIE 000 EXHIBIT

b.SER VICE AREA 17. PARKING AREA 18 STAFF PARKING 19. MAINTENANCE 20 WINTER QUARTERS BUILDING 21. COMMISSARY 22. HOSPITAL 23 ISOLATION PENS 24. GREENHOUSE 25. GREENHOUSE STORAGE 26 GARDEN 27 TRASH BINS 28 ZOO SERVICE ACCESS

c.PEDESTRIAN MALL

e.ASIAN ZONE

29 GIFT SHOP RESTROOMS 53 INTERPETTVE CENTRE 8. EXHIBITS 30 INFORMATION. STROLLER RENTAL 54 IBEX 31 ENTRY PLAZA 55 SNOW LEOPARD 32 TICKET BOOTHS 6 LOO ENTRANCE 56 HIMALAYAN BEAR 33 ORIENTATION PLAZA 57 SIBERIAN TIGER 34 REFRESHMENTS sa PERE DWID DEER 35 ZOO EXIT 59 JAPANESE MACAQUE 38 PUSHCART VENDING 60 PHEASANTS 37 PROGRAMMING AREA 61 ASIAN WATERFOWL 38 REFRESHMENT AREA 62 LEOPARD 39 WATER FEATURE ea ORANGUTAN 40 STROLLER STORAGE 84 GIBBON 65 ASIA BUILDING

d.DOMESTIC ZONE

41. ELEPHANT BUILDINGS EXHIBIT 42, LLAMAS ALPACA 43, REINDEER 44. DOMESTIC ZONE BUILDING 45. POTBELLIED PIG 46. HIGHLAND CATTLE 47. DINGO 46. EXOTIC FOWL 49. SHEEP & GOATS 50. DUCKS 6 GEESE 61. DEMONSTRATION AREA 62. CAMELS

I. AFRICAN ZONE 66 AFRICA BUILDINGS RESTAURANT 67 CHIMPANZEE 68 AFRICAN WATERFOWL 69 BABOON 70 DIK 71 CHEETAH 72 HYENA 73 ELAND /4 ZEBRA! VULTURE 75 ZEBRA! OSTRICH 76 SECRETARY BIRD 77 AFRICAN VELDT BUILDING 78 LION BUILDING 6 EXHIBIT 78 LARAFFE BUILUINU a EXHIBIT

g.AUSTRALIAN ZONE 80 AUSTRALIA BUILDING 81 WALLABY 82 KANGAROO / FMU 83 INTERPRETIVE CENTRE

h.SOUTH AMERICAN ZONE 84 GUANACO / RHEA 85 SOUTH AMERICAN WATERFOWL 815 FLAMINGO 87 CAPYBARA 99 JAGUAR 89 COUGAR 90 SOUTH AMERICA BUILDING 91 INTERPRETIVE CENTRE i.

POLAR ZONE

92 IIMBER WOLF 93 MUSK OX 94 SNOWY OWL 95 POLAR BEAR 96 SEAL 97 SEA LION 98 POLAR BUILDING

THE PLAN

The plan for the zoo is based on the following goals, agreed to by the Parks and Recreation Department and the Citizen's Zoo Advisory Committee: - that the zoo be designed within the 70-acre site; - that the Advisory Committee composed of property owners from the immediate area and citizens at large be involved throughout the study process; - that the design be compatible with the surrounding river valley; - that the zoo be open to the public on a year-round basis; - that private sector financing be incorporated; and - that the Valley Zoo recover a significant proportion of its operating costs.

THE PLAN The Valley Zoo will provide a highly entertaining, educational, and marketable yearround opportunity to view wildlife displayed in selected habitat types representing a variety of international areas. The visitor will explore exhibits which are linked to show relationships among animals occupying the same range. The predator-prey relationship is typical. The animals selected for exhibition and the linking of exhibits are based on predetermined storylines which focus visitor attention and provide the basis for interpretation of the zoo. The exhibits will be organized on a zoo-geographic basis and will include Africa, Asia, South America, Australia and the Antarctic/Arctic Regions. In concert with the citizens of Edmonton through the Citizen's Zoo Advisory Committee, the Parks and Recreation Department, and a Zoo Consultant, developed the following principles to guide the site and exhibit design: - that a naturalistic approach be utilized in zoo-geographic (exhibit) zones; - that a central pedestrian mall be developed with manicured landscaping and a variety of picnic and programme areas located at several points along its length;

- that animal barriers be hidden or screened from view; - that there will be a minimal number of buildings designed to blend into the site topography; - that landscape development will maintain a river valley, park-like character; - that landscaping of the Buena Vista Road vehicular access should be developed to create a sense of arrival; and - that adjacent landowners should be contacted at the detailed design stage to identify visual impacts and solutions. The Storyland portion of the Valley Zoo will be maintained and upgraded to provide a zoo experience for young children. The transition from Storyland Zoo to the zoogeographic zones development is accomplished through the use of a Domestic Zone. This Zone will provide exhibits of animals used by man throughout the world. Also included in this Zone is an amphitheatre which will facilitate demonstrations by interpretive staff and volunteers. A key principle in the site development includes a Central Pedestrian Mall. All public conveniences, buildings and zoo-geographic zones are accessed from this Mall. Highly manicured landscaping creates a beautiful "park-like" setting as the core to the zoo and contrasts sharply with the wild, natural landscaping of the zoo-geographic zones. The contrast will underscore the intent of exhibiting animals in naturalistic settings. Picnic sites, food service outlets, push cart vending, and programme presentation venues will be located along the Mall.

CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT The implementation of the 1984 Valley Zoo Master Plan has been formulated based on the following strategy: - the development of the Valley Zoo will be undertaken as a joint venture between the City and other interested bodies, with the level of financing responsibility for each phase determined by the Master Plan; 3

â&#x20AC;˘ the development will be phased to provide City Council with complete implementation control on an exhibit-by-exhibit basis, ensuring that the rate of development is reviewed in light of the economic climate of the time and in the context of other emerging budgetary pressures; and the development will maintain current technical standards as each exhibit design will be reviewed during the preparation of working drawings. The capital costs for development, including substantial contingencies, are projected to be $59 million in 1984 dollars. Private contributions will account for seventy percent (70%) of the total cost. The City would finance $19 million or thirty percent (30%) of the cost by providing underground utilities, service features, roads and walkways, and some landscaping and site preparation. The phasing of construction was premised on the following: that an operable zoo is maintained at all times; that disturbance of the recently completed African Veldt exhibit is delayed until an exhibit(s) of equal magnitude is (are) available to redirect visitor attention; that upon completion of each phase, a complete, independently operable entity is in place; and that by undertaking the construction of a particular phase, the City is not automatically commited to development costs in subsequent phases. The "Friends of the Valley Zoo Foundation" has been formed by interested City residents and has defined its goal as the raising of capital funds from contributors other than the City of Edmonton.

OPERATING BUDGET Operating costs have been projected for each phase. Attendance statistics, based on the exhibits included in each phase, have been projected and converted to admission revenue. Additional sources of revenue have been identified including contracted services, rides and programmes.

Phase

IIA

III

IIIA

Operating Costs (000's)

1.411

1.825

2.145

2,378

2.378

2.781

Revenue (000's)

1,037

1,461

1.778

2.134

2.631

Deficit (000's)

374

367

244

150

26.5%

20.4%

17.1%

17.3%

17.30/0

5.40/0

0/0

Tax Subsidy

The attendance projected completion of phase four is the year 2006.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The creation of an extensive Master Plan for a facility as complex as the Valley Zoo requires a great deal of effort and commitment from a number of people. From the beginning of the process in January of 1981, when the Citizen's Advisory Committee met for the first time, the planning process was a collaborative effort between the citizens of Edmonton and the Parks and Recreation Department. Parks and Recreation would like to thank the Citizen's Advisory Committee: Mr. Charlie Weir, Chairman, Mr. Jack Benbow, Ms. Bev Matthiessen, Mr. Art Beckett, Mr. Pat Butler, Mr. Rick Haag, Ms. Terry Laing, Mr. Kim McKenzie and Mr. Al Doherty for the time and effort they have contributed to the development of the Master Plan. Thanks also is extended to Mr. Jon Coe, Zoo Consultant, who provided invaluable knowledge and assistance in the preparation of the concept for the Valley Zoo Master Plan and to the staff of the many Zoos throughout the world who have shared their experiences and expertise. Members of the Parks and Recreation Department responsible for the plan were Mr. Greg Wilkes, Supervisor of Recreation Planning, Mr. Ed Newhook, Project Planner, Mr. Frank Gasparik, Landscape Architect, Mr. Gus Vandepolder, Director of the Valley Zoo, Mr. Randy Darr, Supervisor of Valley Zoo Operations, and Mr. Ron Ellis, Illustrator. Thanks is also extended to the many other staff members who made contributions in various ways to the Master Plan. Portions of the text describing the flora and fauna of the various continents replicated at the Valley Zoo were taken, by permission, from The Atlas of World Wildlifegl 973 by Mitchell Beazley Ltd. published in the U.S. by Rand McNally and Company. Thanks is also extended to those publishers gracious enough to allow photographs originally published in their books and magazines to be reproduced for use in this document; in particular National Geographic, and Van Nostrand Reinhold. To the photographers who originally took those photographs, thanks are extended for granting permission to reproduce their material within this report. Thanks are extended for the contribution provided by other City Departments in the production of the Valley Zoo Master Plan document. 7

A. HISTORY In 1909, the City of Edmonton opened the doors to its first zoo located in Borden Park. The Zoo remained there until City Council passed a motion in 1954 which designated a 100-acre site at the bottom of Buena Vista Drive as the location for a permanent public zoo. Five years later, in 1959, Storyland Valley Zoo first opened its doors to the public with a most imaginative transformation of what was once a barren gravel pit. The Storyland portion of the Valley Zoo was to be the first of several phases of proposed development. The remaining phases were to develop the area south-west of the children's zoo into a zoological park scaled to meet the needs of the City of Edmonton. In 1963, a Master Plan was prepared for expansion to a full-scale zoo. It was developed by a Zoo Advisory Board and the Edmonton Parks and Recreation Department but was too elaborate for the City's means and was never supported by City Council. The City, however, did supply funds in 1965 to develop the winter quarters in urgent response to the Calgary Zoo's rejection of any further assistance in housing Edmonton's animals during the winter months. In 1973, a Master Plan for Laurier Park and the Valley Zoo was prepared by the Parks and Recreation Department. It failed to reach the implementation stage as it also was not supported by Council. By 1975, there was a strong need recognized by Edmonton Parks and Recreation and commitment by the City's administration to enhance the dilapidated Valley Zoo to meet the needs of the growing City. The firm of Johnson, Sustronk, Weinstein and Associates was hired to prepare another Master Plan. The plan submitted at the end of that year was revised in 1977 and submitted to City Council as a component of the Parks and Recreation Master Plan, 1979-1983. Council approved this Master Plan in September of 1978. Since that time it has provided the basis for expansion of the Zoo. In the summer of 1980, a further review of the Zoo Master Plan was initiated. Zoo Consultants, hired by the Parks and Recreation Department, proposed that lands adjacent to the zoo be included to make the Valley Zoo a 220-acre, world-scale zoo. A

marketing study, a traffic study and an overall feasibility study were conducted resulting in the Laurier Park/Buena Vista Flats area being deemed a feasible site for such development. A conceptual plan was prepared and presented at two meetings attended predominantly by area residents. The plan was not well received by the area residents. The Valley Zoo Action Committee (a group of concerned citizens residing near the Zoo) was then created with the objective of opposing development of this 220-acre proposal. As a result of their discussions with City Council, the following motion was passed on October 14, 1981: A. That a maximum of $50,000 be directed to the Parks and Recreation Department to allocate staff time and planning resources to prepare detailed design plans, phasing, cost estimates, selection of display specimens and accommodation for year-round use and the appropriate extent in type of zoo facilities, on the 70 acres as approved in theParks and Recreation Master Plan 1979-83. B. That the study provide recommendations respecting the potential and directions for private sector financing. C. That an Advisory Committee appointed by Council and composed of property owners from the immediate area and citizens-at-large be involved throughout the approved study by June 30, 1982. D. That as a matter of policy, there will not be any expansion of the zoo facility beyond the 70 acres approved in the Parks and Recreation Master Plan 1979-83. Edmonton Parks and Recreation Department, in unison with the newly commissioned Citizen's Zoo Advisory Committee, followed City Council's directions to create the Master Plan for the Valley Zoo development contained in this document. Highlights of the Planning Process were: 1. An identification of issues related to development (found in Appendix A). The issues came from an analysis of previous public input, public meetings and a meeting held between the Citizen's Zoo Advisory Committee and the Valley Zoo Citizen's Action Committee.

2. The approval of the Development Programme which was a document prepared to provide the landscape architect with the necessary information to produce a concept plan. 3. A design workshop led by the zoo design consultant and attended by members of the Citizen's Zoo Advisory Committee, the Valley Zoo Citizen's Action Committee and staff from the Parks and Recreation Department. 4. The circulation of the plan to all concerned parties for comment.

B. PLANNING PROCESS Preliminary planning was initiated in the winter of 1981. From the outset, the nine member Advisory Committee was involved in providing advice to the City regarding the viability of specific elements of the plan as well as providing direct, creative input to the development of the plan. The first task in the planning sequence was to identify all issues that were related to development. Information collection techniques included a random city-wide telephone survey, a survey of users of the existing Valley Zoo, a survey of other zoos throughout North America, a request for input from the Valley Zoo Citizen's Advisory Committee, a survey of organized groups throughout the City, a request for input from other governmental agencies, and a request for input from any interested citizens of Edmonton. The resultant list of issues which pertained to development were considered by the planning team. Each issue was examined, possible solutions were proposed and analysed and an "optimum" solution was prepared for each issue (see Appendix A). At this point the Development Programme was prepared. This document was the tool used to communicate the tangible (technical analysis of the site) and the intangible (purpose, goals, objectives and concept) aspects of the plan to the landscape architect in order to direct design. The Development Programme was reviewed by the Advisory Committee (with the aid of an independent zoo consultant) and by staff of the Parks and Recreation Department. Upon receipt of comments and advice by all involved, conceptual design began. The conceptual design phase culminated in a three-day workshop during which members of the Citizen's Zoo Advisory Committe, residents of the area surrounding the zoo, and staff of the Parks and Recreation Department were aided by the Advisory Committee's zoo consultant. The conceptual design that was created at the workshop provided the foundation for the Preliminary Master Plan and subsequent site design. The plan was then detailed and circulated for comment to various groups, agencies and departments. After scrutiny, the circulated plan underwent several changes

which ultimately concluded with the present plan. The final step in the process was the costing, phasing and assessment of the construction viability of the plan. Resulting from this planning process is a Master Plan developed expressly to provide a high quality zoological experience for the citizens of Edmonton.

C. DEMAND Amid opposition to development of the Valley Zoo, by a group of Laurier Heights residents, it became the responsibility of the project's planners to ascertain the proportion of residents, city-wide, who supported expanded development of the Valley Zoo. In order to obtain a valid and substantiated response to this issue, several public opinion gathering techniques were employed. The Citizen's Zoo Advisory Committee played an active role in this phase of planning as they served to insure that all of the techniques employed would result in an unbiased, representative answer. The methods utilized and the results are outlined in the following paragraphs: 1. Telephone Survey, August 1982 Of the numerous possible alternatives to measure general public demand for development of the Valley Zoo it was decided that a random, city-wide telephone survey would be conducted. In addition to a question regarding whether the respondent was in favour of development or not, other questions were asked which provided a basis for future decisions. A synopsis of the results indicate that most respondents favour a family-type zoo with an increase in the variety of animals. It was apparent from the survey results that an overwhelming majority of residents wish to see the Valley Zoo developed to its full potential. There is a strong indication that the attendance potential of the zoo has not been realized. Two predominant reasons for this are that; first, the zoo has remained static since its opening twenty-five years ago, and second, it is considered to be a children's zoo. Future development of the zoo was considered to be warranted in light of the following statistics: - 81% of the survey respondents wanted further development; - 90% of the survey respondents felt that the river valley location is appropriate; and - 70% of the survey respondents would visit the zoo during the winter if it were open. (Complete results are found in Appendix B).

2. User Survey, August 1982 A survey of users was conducted at the zoo, using questions similar to those in the telephone survey. The respondents mirrored the telephone survey results with a slightly higher affirmative response to the question of further development. 3. The Edmonton Zoo Market and Financial Analysis, February 1981 This report, prepared by a consultant, was the final component in the analysis of the Edmonton Valley Zoo's market area and the City's capacity to support an expanded zoo operation in 1980. The research concluded that, "the existing Valley Zoo is small relative to the attendance potential of Edmonton's existing population base." The demand was measured using a theoretical model successfully applied previously to other zoos. 4. Leisure Survey, Parks and Recreation, 1980 Based upon the survey data, slightly more than one third (35.4%) of the City's residents visited the Valley Zoo at least once within the twelve months preceding the administration of the survey. 5. Other An illustration of latent demand is demonstrated through the annual attendance at the Calgary Zoo, approximately 120% of the population base. In Winnipeg's Assiniboine Park Zoo the annual attendance is usually in excess of 200% of their population base. The Valley Zoo's attendance is less than 40% of the Edmonton population. Other factors which indicate that there is a strong demand for further development of the Valley Zoo include: - the general public has developed an interest and an awareness of environmental and conservation issues to which the Zoo is devoted. These programmes promote interest in zoos, thereby increasing demand. - the users of leisure services demonstrate through attendance and participation that 14

lower quality facilities and services are becoming less acceptable. People are becoming less prepared to attend low quality attractions while high quality attractions have obvious popular support.

D. 1984 PLAN As previously described, there are an abundance of plans which have been developed for the Valley Zoo which collectively provide fuel to the question, "Why another?" The 1980's have brought significant changes to the social and economic climate of Edmonton. The need to undertake this planning exercise results from the following: 1. The proposal for a 220-acre zoo created a strong local resident backlash. Any future development on the site requires extensive resident involvement to ensure compatibility and cooperation. 2. The change in economic climate placed increased emphasis on recovery of operating costs, and the tax based subsidy is under pressure to be reduced. As well, the availability of capital funds from tax based sources has been reduced. Previous plans were not well developed to emphasize operational cost recovery, nor were they specifically designed to encourage philanthropic contributions. 3. Increasing emphasis is being placed to ensure that development within the North Saskatchewan River Valley is complementary to its natural setting. 4. The City of Edmonton has grown to the point where a zoo serving the residents of Edmonton and tourists to this City should be of sufficient quality to provide a major attraction as well as a high quality recreational/educational experience.

CITY CONTEXT

NEIGHBOURHOOD CONTEXT

E. THE EXISTING SITUATION The Valley Zoo is located in the west end of Edmonton, in the Laurier Heights neighbourhood on the north bank of the North Saskatchewan River. The site generally slopes to the south, bounded to the west by the Whitemud Freeway, to the east by Buena Vista Road and Buena Vista Park, to the north by Laurier Drive and the residences of Laurier Heights, and to the south by Laurier Park and the North Saskatchewan River. The Children's Zoo contains approximately seven acres of exhibit and public area with two additional acres of service area. The Children's Zoo revolves around a storybook theme with animal exhibits, programming, rides and support features related entirely to children. The bright colours and cartoon-like forms seen throughout often tend to overshadow the animals being displayed. Little has been done to incorporate the tactile and educational elements of modern children's zoos. A service area contains a commissary/food preparation facility, administrative and staff quarters including a staff parking area, maintenance facilities, storage areas, and an animal wintering facility. Adjacent to the Children's Zoo to the southeast is a thirteen acre parking area. Approximately one-half of the area is developed as formal parking while the other portion serves as overflow. (The overflow zone also serves as a winter snow dumping and storage facility). The staff parking, administrative and service areas of the Storyland Zoo have a separate access off Buena Vista Road. The Children's Zoo contains the following utilities: - gas service; - telephone service; - power service; - storm drainage; 17

- sanitary sewer drainage; and - water service (summer capabilities only). The remaining area of the Valley Zoo has been designated as an expansion zone. The boundary is delineated by a 3-metre (10 foot) high chainlink fence, erected in 1974. The area has, for the most part, been left in its pre-1974 state with the exception of the establishment of large paddock areas within the fenced boundary to accommodate hooved animals. In 1977 expansion commenced. By the end of 1982 a utility service corridor, an elephant exhibit, a birds-of-prey exhibit, a sheep/goat exhibit, a donkey/pony exhibit, an African Veldt exhibit, and a mountain sheep exhibit had been established within the fenced area. Associated landscaping was developed with these exhibits. All exhibits are fully operational. A complete discussion of the technical aspects of the existing site is located in Appendix C.

A. PURPOSE AND GOALS Market research determined that Edmonton citizens want the Zoo to provide a high quality recreational/educational experience on a year-round basis. A majority of the land available to the Zoo for development is vacant, providing an opportunity to create a zoo which incorporates state-of-the-art exhibit techniques. Due to the Edmonton climate, with five months of cold weather each year, there is considerable interest in exhibits from warm weather or tropical countries. The economic and educational responsibilities of the Zoo may be effectively fulfilled by providing an exposure to specific and thoughtfully chosen representative ecosystems of the world. The purpose of the Valley Zoo is therefore defined as: to provide a highly entertaining, educational and marketable year-round opportunity to view wildlife displayed in selected habitat types representing a variety of international areas."

GOALS:

EDUCATION AND INTERPRETATION a. To introduce Zoo patrons to exotic wildlife displayed in habitats which replicate the natural situation to which those animals have adapted. b. To explain through the design and layout of exhibits the relationships between the wildlife and their habitat. c. To provide school children with an excellent basis for exploration of zoological fundamentals such as adaptation, specialization and predator-prey relationships.

RECREATION a. To provide exhibits which are visually attractive and highly entertaining.

b. To engender within the patrons a sense of relaxation and refreshment through the provision of numerous amenities throughout the Zoo. c. To involve the visitor in the exhibits in a way which encourages the use of the visitors' imagination. ECONOMIC a. To develop a zoo which will recover a significant proportion of its operating costs. b. To design and construct high-quality exhibits which encourage return visits and facilitate marketing and promotion to non-users. c. To choose wildlife for exhibition which has proven appeal to zoo visitors. d. To choose themes which are cost effective in terms of initial capital investment and return on capital investment. e. To design exhibits which encourage funding donations from the private sector. LAND - USE a. To develop a zoo which will be compatible with all adjacent land-uses and responds to the concerns of neighbourhood residents. b. To prepare a zoo design which has considered all of the issues raised by citizens residing in the area of the Zoo. c. To design and construct a zoo which complements the river valley setting. d. To design a zoo with an emphasis on sensitivity to the topography and local environment. PUBLIC - ROLE a. To foster a supportive organization to increase public awareness of the Zoo's needs. b. To create a means by which private sector donations may be solicited.

B. CONCEPT The development of the Valley Zoo will create for Edmontonians a zoological experience that is both entertaining and educational. Based on an evaluation of the existing site and the options available in terms of zoological principles, the most appropriate option for development at the Valley Zoo is that of a zoo-geographic orientation. Briefly defined, this zoological concept displays animals according to their geographic origin (e.g. New World, Old World, Asian, Eurasian, Polar, etc.). Thus, all Zoo exhibits will be arranged zoo-geographically. Through purposeful design, the Zoo will attempt to elicit feelings and reactions comparable to those one may experience on a real-life "international safari". A successful, involving, recreational experience will provide the visitor with enjoyment, interest and an understanding of the inter-related components of ecosystems in specific regions of the world. More importantly, the Zoo will provide a learning experience for children, adults and seniors - a learning experience that will continue to be fresh and exciting time-and-time again. Upon completion of a Zoo tour, the visitor will have experienced a variety of areas of the world. Each area provides an entertaining and thought provoking encounter with wildlife exhibited in a habitat which replicates that to which the animals have naturally adapted. Additionally, the existing Children's Zoo will undergo renovations and be augmented with a Domestic/ Contact area emphasizing animals which have been used domestically throughout the world.

ZOOGEOGRAPHIC ZONES AND STORYLINES

DOMESTIC ZONE

SERVICE AREA STORYLAND

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PARKING & ENTRY EXPERIENCE

ZOOGEOGRAPHIC ZONES AND STORYLINES In order to bind the entire collection of animals, exhibits and amenities together, a theme was developed for each zone. These themes or "storylines" as they are called, differ in each zone according to the opportunities presented. The intent was to lead the Zoo visitor through a variety of representative ecosystems, thus creating the potential for a series of exhibits. When linked, these representative ecosystems provide the basis for the interpretation of the zoo-geographic zones. However, the storylines do not necessarily represent all of the regions found on the represented continent. Determination of the storyline was based upon the opportunities presented by each continent, the limitations of the site, its climate, and the conditions imposed by the goals of the zoo. The zoo-geographic zones to be portrayed at the Valley Zoo include: a. African; b. Asian; c. Australian; d. South American; and e. Polar The following pages outline the storylines used to create the various zoo-geographic zones.

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The richest of all continents in the exuberance and variety of its wildlife, Africa is distinguished for its unique habitats. It is considered one of only seven zoo-geographic realms of the world. The dominant vegetation cover of the continent's heartland is the tropical rain forest, a green world of even temperatures and humidity stretching from the Gulf of Guinea in the west to the highlands and Great Rift Valley in East Africa. Evidence suggests that this immense forest was once even greater before it was supplanted, to its north and south, by grassy savannah - the plains and open skies which provide the backdrop for the world's great herds, the stalking cats which prey upon them, and the ravenous dogs and vultures performing their seemingly unpleasant but biologically necessary scavenging tasks. The savannah is the tourist's Africa. To the biologist, it is one of a series of unique environments harbouring plant and animal communities each adapted to its niche. The deserts which lie north and south, beyond the savannah - the Sahara, the Kalahari, and the Namib contain life forms endowed with features which enable them to survive where men cannot. The fauna of African lakes ranges from the threatened crocodile basking along the shores to the spectacular flocks of flamingoes wading happily in the searingly alkaline waters of the shallow lakes. Alpine highlands, rivers and swamps complete the rich tapestry of the continent where man himself may have originated. The African zone at the Valley Zoo will bring to Edmonton a representative sampling of this continent by replicating the savannah and the tropical rain forest as well as providing an area for African waterfowl to be exhibited.

SAVANNAH ZONE

Savannah is a description of a habitat characterized by certain types of vegetation. Broadly, it describes open grasslands with varying combinations and densities of mainly deciduous trees and shrubs intersected by occasional fingers of riverine forest and thicket along water courses. The African savannah zone at the Valley Zoo will be an area which appears to be open grasslands, free of any barriers to animal movement. In actuality, there will be an intricate series of dry moats and recessed fences located in the moats which will define the animal areas. The intent is to provide long views of the animals and their replicated environments. An example of the views that will be created includes looking over the Cheetah exhibit past the Hyena ultimately to the Zebra, Ostrich and Vulture. The distance of these views ranges from approximately eighty metres to more than one hundred and sixty metres. The southern portion of the Valley Zoo's savannah exhibit is the lowest elevation of the African area and will replicate the wetter areas of the savannah. The elevation of the land rises as one moves through the exhibits northward making that area the logical choice for replication of the dry savannah. There will be two zoological concepts illustrated in the savannah zone; the sense of community and the social behaviour of the animals on the savannah as well as the predator-prey relationships that exist in the ecosystem. A pattern of communal living exists among almost all the animals of the savannah. Few creatures are reclusive, least of all in the open, grassy plains where species proliferate as in few other places on earth. In the wild, vast herds of differing species of herbivores gather together for the mutual benefit of all. In times of danger each species performs its individual role, thus benefitting the community as a whole. The roles may be as passive as designating the outer bounds of safe travel from the group or as active as standing sentry while others are feeding. Many species of predators also adopt a social or communal pattern of

existence, particularly in hunting. For example, it is deadly teamwork that enables a group of Cheetahs or Hunting Dogs to down an adult Wildebeest. The second storyline for the African savannah zone is that of the predator-prey relationships that exist naturally and will be replicated at the Valley Zoo. With long views over several animal enclosures it will be possible to illustrate the inter-relationships as well as describe them in graphics and/or with the aid of an audio system or audio-visual system. Intangible concepts such as predator-prey relationships are very difficult to convey to the average visitor and few zoos have achieved success in attempting this storyline. Therefore, good signage will play a crucial role in illustrating this concept. The savannah will predominate within the African zone with the following animals exhibited: Baboon Cheetah Dik Dik Eland Giraffe Hyena

ii)

Lion Ostrich Secretary Bird Vulture Zebra

TROPICAL ZONE

The African tropical zone will be contained almost exclusively within the tropical house. It will be situated adjacent to the Zoo entrance area and will contain a restaurant/food concession and meeting rooms as well as the tropical component of the African area. The indoor exhibits will be composed of primates, birds, reptiles and amphibians and will take the form of a large open aviary in a conservatory building rather than a museum environment with enclosed exhibits. The atmosphere generated will be similar to that encountered when walking through a jungle. The only African tropical exhibit with outdoor viewing will be that of the Chimpanzee. It

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The visitor to the African Zone will experience a variety of animals sharing a common savannah habitat similar to the Serengetti Plains of Africa. The animals will appear to be in one large open area while, in fact, they will be separated by an intricate system of hidden barriers and moats.

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PARKS AND RECREATION

will be located as the first exhibit out of the African building with its holding and indoor viewing a component of the tropical house. While most of the vegetation in the tropical house will be indigenous to the tropical region it is possible in the outdoor exhibits to substitute some local plants such as rhubarb or others having a tropical appearance. This will insure vegetation with a long growing season. Some of the animals to be exhibited in the tropical zone are: Chimpanzee Congo peafowl Crocodile Forest Robin Frogs Gabon Viper

Green Mamba Guinea Fowl Mandrill Meerkat Spitting Cobra Toraco

iii) WETLANDS ZONE The waterfowl of Africa will be exhibited in an area with limited dry land and an extensive pool network. This area will be visible from the entrance area and will provide the visitor with a view of his first outdoor exhibit at the Valley Zoo. The area will interpret the transition from the open water (Egyptian Geese), to the marshy fringe (Saddlebill Stork), to a wet meadow area around the marsh (East African Crowned Crane, European White Stork). The birds of this area will be exhibited in the tropical house during the winter. Some of the birds that will be exhibited in this area include: Bar Headed Geese East African Crowned Crane Egyptian Geese European White Stork

Pelican Saddlebill Stork Spoonbill Stork Whooper Swan

The African zone will be located immediately west of the entrance area and can be entered at three points along its perimeter. The first entry point will be from the entry plaza. This will lead directly into the African tropical house with its indoor exhibits which, in turn, will lead to the outdoor exhibits with the waterfowl pond and the savannah area. The second entry point will be located at the beginning of the primary pedestrian pathway of the Zoo known as the Central Pedestrian Mall. This entry point will start at the waterfowl exhibit and then offer an option to the visitor to proceed left to the tropical house or right to the savannah zone. The third and final access point is located further along the pedestrian mall. This will likely become the access point used most frequently because it will be used as an entry point for those visitors using a right-hand circulation pattern and an exit point for those patrons using the other two entrances.

66. AFRICA BUILDING & RESTAURANT 67. CHIMPANZEE 68. AFRICAN WATERFOWL 69. BABOON 70. DIK DIK 71. CHEETAH 72. HYENA 73. ELAND 74. ZEBRA/VULTURE 75. ZEBRA / OSTRICH 76. SECRETARY BIRD 77. AFRICAN VELDT BUILDING 78. LION BUILDING & EXHIBIT 79. GIRAFFE BUILDING & EXHIBIT

AFRICAN ZONE

ASIAN ZONE Asia is the world's largest landmass. It almost touches North America near Alaska; Africa across the man-made ditch of the Suez Canal; and Australia, through the chain of islands of Indonesia. The Himalayas, a young giant among mountain ranges, is a natural divide separating northern and central Asia from another completely different world; the warm, moist south and southeast. The landmass is composed of a series of ocean-washed peninsulas dominated by a monsoon climate caused by regions of low pressure originating over Asia and drawing landward rain-laden winds from the Indian Ocean. The extreme southeast of the continent forming the islands east to Borneo and Java is the least stable region, a volcanic, fragmented tapestry of islands on a shallow shelf of submerged land. Rich in reminders of the distribution and extinction or threatened extinction of species, the islands remain among the most rewarding and intriguing for naturalists as well as being among the most scenically beautiful areas. The wildlife of Asia provides many illustrations of animal invasion when new, amiable habitats are found. Where the Himalayas tumble away into China, there is a faunal crossroads between north and south and a home for some of the world's rarest animals, including the Giant Panda and the more brilliant forms of Pheasant. The forests of southeast Asia are the home of one of man's closest relatives, the Orang-utan, as well as the odd, long-nosed Proboscis Monkey, the very mobile Gibbon and other primates whose survival depends on their ability to adjust to the impact of man on this environment. The Tiger and the Rhinoceros cling to diminishing habitats scattered across the region. North of the Himalayas are the central and northern regions of the Continent composed of great, horizontal bands of taiga, steppe and desert bounded to the north by the Arctic tundra and to the south by the soaring mountains of the Karakoram and Pamir as well as the Himalayas. The seemingly endless expanses of conifer in the taiga form the greatest forest in the world, linking the Atlantic (through Scandinavia) with the northern margins of the Pacific. The deserts reach from China to join the Sahara with little interruption and the fertile steppes unroll across the Russian river basins into eastern Europe. Each of these unique regions is occupied by life forms peculiar to themselves. In some cases the evidence is diminishing, like Pere David's Deer, or the Siberian and Caspian Tigers, still holding on to life in a habitat from which their genus first emerged. 35

ASIAN TRANSECT

Before the animals were selected for exhibition, a storyline was developed so that the exhibits lead a visitor through a particular part of the world in a meaningful and interesting manner. For example, the Asian zone will draw its exhibits from an imaginary line beginning in the Archipelago of Indonesia, following into the temperate forests in Japan and Korea, ending ultimately in the desolate tundra of Siberia.

The focus of design was to replicate a region as expansive as Asia and instill a sense of its grandeur on a site with the spatial limitations of the Valley Zoo. It is crucial that the various regions of Asia be represented for it is these regions which many unique species of the world inhabit and to which they are indigenous. The Valley Zoo's Asian zone will replicate a hypothetical transect from southeast Asia to northern Asia. Specifically, the tour will begin in Indonesia. This is the zoological boundary of Asian fauna as described by Alfred Wallace's line (east of the line lies the Weber line which demarcates the westerly limits of truly Australian fauna). From Indonesia the transect enters continental Asia through the tropical areas of Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand and across the Himalayas into China. From there the line runs into the temperate forests of Japan and Korea ultimately terminating in the Siberian tundra.

The species that will be exhibited in this area of the Zoo are: Himalayan Bear Ibex Snow Leopard

ii)

TEMPERATE ZONE

The replication of this transect at the Valley Zoo will begin in northern Asia and continue through to the Asian Tropical House. There are three biomes that will be identified along the transect; the alpine zone, the temperate zone and the tropical zone.

ALPINE ZONE

In the area north of the Sayan mountain range lies a region of coniferous forest, tundra and alpine. The largest contiguous natural vegetation zone on the face of the earth, this area spans the entire Asian continent east to west for thousands of miles. In a north-south direction it runs for approximately one-third of the continent. This area is the first zone reached by the visitor to the Valley Zoo's Asian zone and will be appropriately located on the highest point of the site. As displayed in the African savannah, it will be possible to also interpret a predatorprey relationship with certain animals in this zone. Specifically, the Snow Leopard and the Ibex will be exhibited in this manner with the aid of supporting graphics to complete the interpretation.

A distinct region covering more than half a million square miles (800,000 sq. km.), eastern Asia includes the great basins of Manchuria (the northeast province of China) and Korea. Offshore are the islands of Japan, Sakhalin and the Kurils. The climate is dominated by summer monsoons and cold arctic winds in the winter. The monsoon winds reach far inland, producing the moist conditions necessary for the growth of lush vegetation, but the winter cold is far more severe than any encountered in southern Canada and northern U.S. which share the same latitudes. This region of Asia is crossed by the north-south transect and it is from this region that the fauna will be drawn to illustrate the temperate forests of Asia. Although there are few animals exhibited in this area the Siberian Tiger and the Pere David's Deer will be exhibited in a predator-prey relationship similar to the Alpine zone. Even though there are no longer any Pere David's Deer in the wild, having been extinct there for perhaps 1,700 years, this relationship is an accurate one, for the deer would be a probable meal for the Tiger in the period when both animals roamed the same territory. The animals which will represent the Asian temperate zone are: Japanese Macaque Pere David's Deer

iii)

Pheasants Siberian Tiger

TROPICAL ZONE

The Asian tropical zone will be a replication of the land found south and to the east of the Himalayan range. Most of the tropical exhibits will be contained within the Asian Tropical House. The underlying theme of the Asian tropical zone will be an illustration of diurnal and nocturnal adaptations. There are more nocturnal animals in the world than there are diurnal animals. Some adapt to conditions in similar ways and some adapt tremendously differently. It is the manner in which Asian animals adapt to different environments and the way their environment affects their evolution that will be explored here.

The tropical animals to be portrayed in a diurnal environment are: Fishing Cat Gibbon Leopard

Orang-utan Waterfowl

The nocturnal areas will be devoted exclusively to low levels of light which will make the exhibits look more convincing and allow for the use of artificial plants, mirrors and artificial rockwork. The nocturnal area will give the impression of a walk through a forest at night with exhibits on either side of the walkway. The least obtrusive barrier available will be used (e.g. harp wire versus glass). The animals which illustrate nocturnal adaptations in Asia are: Binturong Fishing Cat Fruit Bats

Old World Porcupine Pangolin Slow Loris

The Asian area will have three points of entry. The first point, the main entrance to Asia, will be located approximately one quarter of the way (160 metres) along the pedestrian mall. Asia will be introduced at the interpretive centre (presently the birds of prey exhibit), through which all visitors will pass. The Asian tour will begin in the northern latitude and progress to the tropical zone. The remaining two access points are near the end of the pedestrian mall, through the Asian tropical building. It will be possible to interpret the storyline in the opposite direction for those visitors entering the Asian zone in the tropical area.

NOCTURNAL ENVIRONMENT

There are more nocturnal than diurnal animals in the world. The Valley Zoo will show the adaptations and characteristics of various kinds of nocturnal animals drawn primarily from the continent of Asia.

All aspects of the zoo-geographic zones (vegetahon, barriers. buildings etc.) will contribute to a sense ol being in the same area with the animal that is pre. sented. Everything will be arranged to convey the impression that the visitor and the animal share the seine forest.

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PARKS AND RECREATION

53. INTERPRETIVE CENTRE & EXHIBITS 54. IBEX 55. SNOW LEOPARD 56. HIMALAYAN BEAR 57. SIBERIAN TIGER 58. PERE DAVID DEER 59. JAPANESE MACAQUE 60. PHEASANTS 61. ASIAN WATERFOWL 62. LEOPARD 63. ORANGUTAN 64. GIBBON 65. ASIA BUILDING

ASIAN ZONE

AUSTRALIAN ZONE Australia is the flattest of the continents and has been isolated geographically from the rest of the world for at least 50 million years. More than one-half its area is less than 1,000 feet above sea-level with the remainder composed of an arc of mountains reaching from northern Queensland south to the Bass Strait and beyond into Tasmania. To the west of the mountains is the greater part of the continent and those regions that characterize it best; the deserts of sand, stone and clay. At first forbidding and inhospitable, these deserts are friendless only to modern man. They are the regions where nature best demonstrated the effects of a long, predation-free isolation on lifeforms which have no counterpart in other continents - except vestigially in South America to which it may once have been joined as part of a great southern continent. These life forms were the marsupials, the "pouched" animals, which radiated into almost as wide a range of forms and niches as those occupied by their more advanced placental counterparts in the rest of the world; and the even stranger monotremes, a breakaway group tracing its ancestry back to that moment in time when the early reptilians were diverging into primitive mammals. When a plant or animal group breaks into a new environment it escapes from the pressures of competition for food and the way of life in its old environment. The breakthrough can be geographical, in the case of invasion on a new land area, or anatomical, where the perfection of some new structure allows a new way of life; for example, feathers. In each case the group shows a rapid increase in the number of species. When this occurs a whole new range of types appear. This pattern of evolution is called radial evolution and is demonstrated by the marsupial fauna of Australia. During the early Mesozoic geologic period (150 - 200 million years ago), the mammal group evolved, although the source is not clear. The great southern continent broke up about this time and it is thought that the marsupials spread from South America to Australia by passing through Antarctica, which was then not the icy continent it is today. The three continents have separated over the past 100 million years and Australia and New Guinea have since been moving north towards the Equator and southeast Asia. No placental mammals seemed to have passed into Australia by the same route as the marsupials, which were left, unhindered by competition, to adapt and to radiate throughout the whole 43

range of ways of life and ecological niches. Australia's marsupials include animals as large as the Great Grey Kangaroo or as carnivorous as the Marsupial Wolf, or as agile as the Flying Phalanger. Related to the radial evolution theme is the storyline of convergent evolution. This is an evolutionary phenomenon that occurs between unrelated animals that are found in different areas of the world. The demands imposed upon an animal by its environment are duplicated in two or more areas of the world. An example of this is found by examining the Anteater. The requirements of the Anteater have resulted in the development of powerful digging claws, long snout, narrow tongue and dense fur for protection against ant bites. The same characteristics apply to both the marsupial and placental versions with the result that there is a remarkable resemblance between the two groups wherever they are found, though they evolved from unrelated ancestors. Also found in northern Australia in great abundance is the family of birds called the Paradisaeidae or as they are more commonly called, the Birds of Paradise. While New Guinea is their true home, many species live in the forests of northern Australia along with the Parrot family, which also populates Australia in great profusion. The Australian zone at the Valley Zoo will contain a tropical building with a bird aviary to exhibit the many colourful birds. Also included in the Australian tropical house will be a service and holding area for animals with only outdoor enclosures. The Australian zone will exhibit primarily tropical animals. Some of the animals listed for the Australian zone are: Bandicoot Cassowary Cockatoo Emu Flying Phalanger Frogs Kookaburra Reptiles 44

Parakeets Parrot Red Kangaroo RoseIla Toads Tree Kangaroo Wallabies Wombat

The Australian zone is accessed at two places. The first and prime entrance is from the pedestrian mall. This pathway will provide the introductory interpretive graphics to the Australian zone. The second point of access is from the South American zone.

Shown here. from a vantage point inside the exhibit, . it is evident that service areas will be discreet from viewing areas, and that viewing areas will be hidden one from another.

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PARKS AND RECREATION

CONVERGENT EVOLUTION An interesting example of adaptation to specific habitat is exhibited in a unique manner at the Valley Zoo. Animals of unrelated ancestral backgrounds have adapted in remarkably similar ways to similar habitats located on totally separated continents. The Rhea from South America and the Emu from Australia demonstrate convergent evolution.

80. 81. 82. 83.

AUSTRALIA BUILDING WALLABY KANGAROO / EMU INTERPRETIVE CENTRE

AUSTRALIAN ZONE

SOUTH AMERICAN ZONE For much of the geologic history of the world, South America was isolated from the rest of the world by sea barriers. During the period of isolation the fauna evolved independently of other world fauna. A connection was re-established with North America during the late Oligocene period of geologic history. South America represents a continent with flora and fauna characteristically its own. It is also a continent of greatly divergent geography. On the west side of the continent, the Andes Mountains extend for thousands of miles from Colombia in the north to the southern tip of Argentina in the south. In the north is the Amazon River, much greater in almost every sense than any other river in the world. A tropical rain forest covers approximately one third of the continent with a luxuriance and beauty found nowhere else. Its coastal waters teem with marine life. Offshore, the Galapagos Islands harbour species which inspired Darwin to develop his theories of species origin. It is ultimately the river and the forest that sets South America apart from other areas of the world. In the forest, vegetation and river are largely indivisible. Most life forms must either climb or swim. The result is a collection of birds lavish in colour and a small but exceedingly diverse animal population that will climb or, if need be, take to the water with ease. The tropical rain forest will be the focus of the South American zone at the Valley Zoo with some outdoor exhibits dedicated to other biomes found in South America. The Amazonian rain forest is the largest in the world, covering some 1.6 million square miles in Brazil alone. More than 4,000 species of tree can be found here, up to 80 species of plant have been found living on a single tree, and more than 400 trees of 87 different species have been found within an area of less than 3 acres. Variations in soil, terrain and water level determine the distribution of major types of forest. Within each type many different layers of strata can be identified. Emergent trees may reach an average height of 50 meters with some exceptional examples twice that tall. The main canopy provides even further arboreal habitats. The forest is thus a three-dimensional mosaic of niches varying in height, shade and the availability of food.

The fauna, too is stratified and distributed in a complex manner to take advantage of many different ecological situations. Examples of special adaptations to arboreal life such as prehensile tails, opposable digits, enlarged claws and binocular vision can be seen in various groups of animals. The fauna, particularly in the upper levels of the forest, is characterized by many brightly coloured birds and relatively small mammals. The unlimited wealth of species to be found in the Amazonian rain forest is in marked contrast to the actual number of animals to be seen there. Populations are not normally large and because of the almost opaque density of luxuriant vegetation, they are difficult to observe in the countless hiding places. The Valley Zoo's South American zone will illustrate and interpret the vertical zonation of the rain forest; the ground level (0 - 5 m.), the intermediate canopy level (5- 25 m.), and the upper canopy level (25 - 50 m.). Each level has fauna and flora uniquely adapted to the requirements imposed by the co-habitants of its level, be they plant or animal. The South American zone will have the largest building on the site. This is primarily a function of the species of animals to be represented and the manner in which they will be exhibited. The South American building will be composed of the following features: a). a major rest area which will be the focal point of the Valley Zoo during inclement weather. Patrons to the zoo will be able to sit in this area and relax while being surrounded in a tropical environment. An associated concession area will serve food and beverages and an area designed for indoor entertainment will be developed. This will provide a venue for small-scaled, programmed activities such as interpretive drama, demonstrations, musical recitals or other performing arts activities. Restrooms will be adjacent this area; b). a large open conservatory which will house a replicated tropical rain forest. As the forest will be interpreted at three elevations (ground, intermediate canopy and

upper canopy), the building will require three storeys for visitor circulation around a central aviary. A basement dedicated to service requirements will also be developed; and c). indoor holding and service area for those South American exhibits with outdoor viewing only.

TROPICAL RAIN FOREST i)

GROUND LEVEL

The forest floor will represent a transect through the river, to the river bank, into the dense jungle growth, and ultimately to the interior of the forest. One end of the transect will be in the dark forest blending into total darkness, while the other end will terminate at the brightly lit river. This will provide the opportunity for interpretation of a jungle and its creation. Where a tropical forest meets a river or any place that sunlight can reach, a dense impenetrable mass is created by the plants. The vegetation is only 6 - 10 meters thick around the outside, enclosing huge room-like spaces on the inside. When a tree falls in the forest the flora quickly reach for the sunlight and eliminate the opening that has been created. Another opportunity for interpretation at the ground level in the South American Pavillion is a description of the energy cycle of the tropical rain forest. In temperate climates the energy of the forest is held in the soil most of the time. In the autumn, the trees lose their leaves, thus the energy is stored over the winter in the form of rotting leaves. The roots then pick up the nutrients in the spring and grow new leaves. In a tropical rain forest there is virtually no energy stored in the soil, it is all in the trees all of the time. Every leaf that drops rots immediately and the energy is recycled. It is for this reason when a tropical forest is burned nothing will grow on the land for a long time due to the lack of nutrients in the soil. Cross-sections through the soil could be illustrated at the ground level and interpreted, possibly through a comparison to local or representative temperate soils.

INTERPRETATION OF RAIN FOREST The South American Pavillion will house a rain forest typical of the Amazonian region. This area offers some of the world's unique adaptations to habitat, many of which will be interpreted at Valley Zoo. Viewing areas will wind through a huge, open aviary-style exhibit area, housing all of the,animals behind seemingly non-existent barriers.

UPPER CANOPY LEVEL

INTERMEDIATE CANOPY LEVEL

FOREST FLOOR

The vegetation inside the forest at the ground level is composed of a combination of huge tree trunks and scrubby bushes waiting for a hole in the canopy so that they can shoot up. The animals that live on the floor of the rain forest are characteristically small and usually locate themselves at the forest's edge. Some of the animals that will be exhibited at the ground level of the South American rain forest are: Amphibians - Poison Arrow Frog Anteater Caimen Coatimundi Collared Peccary Fish - Pirhana, Electric Eel, Hatchet Fish Arapaim, Archer Fish Humming Birds ii)

Jaguar Iguana Insects Army Ants, Giant Millipede Mara Ocelot Paca Reptiles - Agama, Turtles

INTERMEDIATE CANOPY LEVEL

Within the rain forest are several plants and trees that have a maximum attainable height which is less than that of the upper canopy level. These plants, along with the lower branches of the large trees, create an environment for animals that require special adaptation. Among the fauna at this level are many of the monkeys and birds so prevalent in South America. Some of the animals to be exhibited at Valley Zoo which make the intermediate canopy their home are: Anaconda Sloth Spider Monkey

Owl Monkey Prehensile-tailed Porcupine

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UPPER CANOPY LEVEL

It is this level of the rain forest that the sunlight reaches. The intensity of the sun is so strong that anything exposed to it virtually burns. For this reason, tropical trees characteristically have extraordinarily large leaves with waxy surfaces. When these leaves are located at the top of the canopy they reflect the sunlight when it becomes overly intense. Yet, when they are located inside the canopy, they can absorb the greatest possible amount of ultraviolet light from the sun. They also serve to reduce the rate of transpiration. As is the case with the ground level, a complete ecosystem can be found at the upper canopy level. Some plants are indigenous only to this zone of the rain forest. Debris collects in the crotches of large limbs and decomposes to form soils which will support other plants. Some animals too, especially insects such as termites, centipedes and earthworms, live their entire life in these nooks and never touch the earth. Some species of frogs are only found at this canopy level existing in the cups of water created by certain water catching plants. The upper canopy is where most of the brightly coloured birds can be found. It is home to the huge-billed Toucan, whose distinctive colouring like that of the Macaws, Parrots, Puffbirds, and Hummingbirds helps it to blend with the luminous, lightdappled foliage of the higher forest strata. The heat, moisture and profusion of evergreen vegetation provides a permanently well-stocked environment, encouraging the birds to be sedentary. As they are not required to travel any distance, they have developed short, broad wings to manoeuvre among the trees; an adaptation contrasting them with the slender pointed wings of the migratory species. This difference illustrates the adaptive traits developed among the fauna of the rain forest. Some of the animals to be exhibited in the upper canopy are: Cotton-top Marmoset Macaw Parrots

Puff birds Squirrel Monkey Toucan

OUTDOOR EXHIBITS Outside of the tropical house will be several exhibits which do not follow the tropical rain forest theme. Those exhibits will be representative of areas such as the grasslands, the temperate forests and the desert regions. Some of the animals that will be exhibited in the South American zone, representing biomes other than the tropical rain forest are: Brown Pelican Cape Baron Goose Cougar Croscoba Swan Flamingo Guanaco

Jaguar Rhea Scarlet Ibis Torrent Duck Waterfowl - Black-necked Swan

The South American zone is located at the western terminus of the Central Pedestrian Mall. There are three access points to this zone. The first is located through the South American building and is accessed from the relaxation area. The second is from the pedestrian mall to the outdoor South American exhibits and the third is from the Australian zone. There is also a connection between the South American zone and Polar zone located immediately to the west.

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PARKS AND RECREATION

Inside the tropical pavilion, exhibits will follow a horizontal lransect from the waters edge to the interior of the rain forest, as well as a vertical transeci from the ground level to the upper canopy of a replicated Amazonian rain forest

SOUTH AMERICAN ZONE 84. GUANACO / RHEA 85. SOUTH AMERICAN WATERFOWL 86. FLAMINGO 87. CAPYBARA 88. JAGUAR 89. COUGAR 90. SOUTH AMERICA BUILDING 91. INTERPRETIVE CENTRE

POLAR ZONE The polar regions have brought a new kind of environment to the recent geologic history of the world. Only in the last two or three million years have ice caps covered the ends of the earth, causing long, bitterly cold winters and short cool summers in the high latitudes. In that time birds, mammals and flowering plants began.

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The Arctic region in the north is an ice-covered ocean basin, rimmed by the northern edges of North America and Eurasia and the ice-capped islands of Greenland and the Canadian Archipelago. Its southern boundary on land is the tree line which coincides roughly with the 10 C summer isotherm. The Arctic is a region where trees do not grow and mean July air temperatures do not rise above 10 C. Within this boundary lies tundra; low standing communities of grasses, sedge, shrubs, mosses and lichens growing on "permafrost" soils which thaw only at the surface for a brief growing period each summer. Where tundra becomes taiga, a narrow zone exists where stunted, wind-crippled trees struggle for a foothold among the water-logged grasslands. In the southern hemisphere is Antarctica; the world's most desolate continent. As a contrast to the land, the water is considered to be the richest aquatic habitat in the world; more nutritious than the coral seas of the tropics. Over two thirds of the continent's surface consists of ice, nearly two miles thick in places. All but five percent of the ice in the world is concentrated in Antarctica. Along the coasts of the island continent the influence of the sea (relatively warm, around the freezing point) keeps temperatures higher and moisture-laden winds bring more snow, or summer rains, to the northern-most islands and coasts of the Antarctic peninsula. Here, there is much snow-free moist ground in summer and many small lakes whose surfaces thaw for a month or two. These regions are relatively rich in land plants and animals, and in seals and seabirds supported by a wealth of marine food. Together the Arctic region and the continent of Antarctica comprise the polar regions of the earth and will be represented by the Polar Zone at the Valley Zoo. Although the two regions are geographically separated by approximately six thousand miles, the fauna of the regions have adapted to the similar environments in similar ways. The predominant theme of the Polar Zone will be that of marine adaptation. 57

With very few exceptions all animals in the polar regions are aquatic. Emphasizing the aquatic adaptation rather than the area to which the animals are indigenous will allow northern and southern polar animals to be displayed in the same general exhibit complex without compromise to the storyline. A geographical distinction is not necessary within the exhibit as long as the signage identifies the northern or southern home of the species. For example, the question may be posed, "Do Polar Bears eat Penguins?" The signage would then go on to explain that Polar Bears would if they could, but Polpr Bears and Penguins live on opposite ends of the earth. Convergent evolution is a concept that will also be displayed in certain exhibits of the Polar Zone. Convergent evolution has occurred to an extent with Penguins from the southern polar regions and Puffins and Guillemots of the northern polar area. The Polar Bear is an excellent example of marine adaptation. For example, the Polar Bear has developed a subdermal fat mass on its hips to help keep it afloat and to keep it warm; its paws are shaped like paddles to efficiently move the animal through the water; the head, neck and torso are streamlined to aid in movement through water; and its coat of fur is actually composed of millions of hollow tubes of hair which serve to insulate the animal from cold air and water. Several of these adaptive features are common to many polar animals. Another point to be interpreted is the migratory nature of the animals, especially in the bird population, but also with some seals, whales and ungulates. The Arctic tundra in summer provides support for 100 species of birds. Only a few of them are hardy enough to stay for the winter. The southern polar region, specifically South Georgia Island, is the home of the Albatross - the most efficient flyer of all birds. The Albatross has been known to spend the winter 8,000 miles from their nesting sites. Polar migratory animals have in common the facts that they maximize the use of the land during the summer when they are rearing young, and that in the winter months they leave these areas for more temperate climates to seek the more abundant food of warmer oceans, forests, and grasslands.

As with other display zones, the Polar area offers the opportunity to depict several animals in a predator-prey relationship. The exhibits that will be developed with this basis for interpretation are: Snowy Owl/Snowshoe Hare and Arctic Hare; Timber Wolf/ Musk Ox; and also the Polar Bear/Musk Ox. Located at the west end of the site the Polar Zone will offer exhibits replicating both terrestrial and aquatic biomes which can be viewed year-round from indoor and outdoor areas.

The Polar Zone will feature: Arctic Tern Peruvian Sea Lions Eider Polar Bear Hare - Arctic, Snowshoe Puffins Harp Seal Snow Goose Kelp Goose Snowy Owl Muskox Timber Wolves Penguins - Adelie, Emperor The Polar Zone is accessible only through the South American Zone via a single access point.

PARKS AND RECREATION

Much of the viewing in the Polar Zone will be associated with the pavillion. From this building the aquatic animals will be viewed, during all four sea. sons, from both above and below the water level.

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VOLUNTEER PROGRAMME A team of trained volunteers will be used throughout the Zoo to assist and aid in the interpretation and understanding of the animal exhibits and display concepts. This process will present interpretive opportunities and community involvement that would not otherwise be possible.

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DOMESTIC ZONE Bringing childhood fantasies to life with real and artificial animals was the goal of the original Storyland Zoo. For more than twenty years it was successful in achieving its original goal. With the development of the Valley Zoo to its full potential, a link between the existing children's zoo and the new zoo-geographically based zoo is necessary. Several methods of achieving this linkage were considered, with the method chosen for the Valley Zoo being the development of a domestic/contact area. The theme that will be represented and interpreted in each of the exhibits in this area is "Animals from around the world; their value to man." The selection of animals and the manner in which they are presented will maintain and expound upon this theme. The advantage of a worldwide domestic zoo within the larger zoo will be to enhance and strengthen the total zoo-geographic concept. Domesticated animals are usually better suited both physically and psychologically to close contact with people, and therefore, are less stressed by the tactile zoo situation. By exhibiting domestic animals from elsewhere in the world, problems associated with creating exhibits of familiar, therefore, potentially less interesting Alberta farm animals is eliminated. It is assumed that the Edmonton region has ample opportunities for exposure to local farm animals. A demonstration area will be included in this zone. The demonstrations may include illustrating the relationship between modern domestic animals and their wild ancestors, or depicting the value of the animal to man (e.g. elephant moving logs, llama packing, reindeer pulling sleighs, etc.).

The animals which will be shown in the Domestic zone include: Alpaca Camel Dingo Elephant Exotic Fowl Goat

Highland Cattle Llama Pot Bellied Pig Reindeer Sheep

The Domestic zone will be situated between the children's Storyland Zoo and the Zoogeographic Zoo and will be accessed from either area,

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By showing domestic animals found elsewhere in the world and depicting them in a manner that is representative of their utility to man, an educational fink wit be established between the existing Story. tend Zoo and the zoo-geographic zones.

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PARKS AND RECREATION

41. ELEPHANT BUILDING & EXHIBIT 42. LLAMA & ALPACA 43. REINDEER 44. DOMESTIC ZONE BUILDING 45. POTBELLIED PIG 46. HIGHLAND CATTLE 47. DINGO 48. EXOTIC FOWL 49. SHEEP & GOATS 50. DUCKS & GEESE 51. DEMONSTRATION AREA 52. CAMELS

DOMESTIC ZONE

STORYLAND UPGRADED

The Storyland portion of the Zoo will emphasize activities and animals of special interest to young children. Storyland will be modified to a higher standard in keeping with this theme. A children's activity centre, additional amusements and food service facilities will be developed to complete this part of Valley Zoo.

STORYLAND ZOO Storyland Children's Zoo has gained wide acceptance in Edmonton. Its continued presence at the Valley Zoo will not only provide a variety of experiences but will add to the marketability of the facility. However, a considerable amount of renovation is required to upgrade it to present day zoological techniques. The Storyland Zoo's emphasis on young children and their literature will remain. In addition to the increased amount of open and green spaces, there will be three distinctive zones: 1. amusement and food services area; 2. a children's activity area; 3. a children's zoo. 1. The amusement and food services area will be located in the area presently occupied by the food concession and merry-go-round. The merry-go-round will be relocated, an area will be developed for additional rides, and there will be a small animal component. Additional seating and relaxation areas will also be developed. The amusement and food services area is expected to provide revenue that will offset operating expenses. 2. The children's activity area will be composed of a creative playground and an animal tactile area. 3. The children's zoo zone will be an upgrading of the existing exhibits and features found within the remainder of Storyland Zoo. The location of Storyland Zoo is such that a visit to the Valley Zoo does not necessarily mean a visit to the Storyland Zoo. Those families wishing to attend only the zoogeographical zoo may do so without travelling through the Storyland portion. Storyland will contain unique, entertaining opportunities aimed primarily at families with pre-teen children. The following pages detail the required renovations.

Each feature is keyed to the map of the Storyland Zoo.

1. Storyland Entrance The castle-like turrets which flank the existing entrance have been symbolic of the Storyland Zoo since its opening. This landmark will continue to provide an entrance to an area that emphasizes the interests of children. In order to provide an unobstructed view through the Storyland gates to the exhibits contained within, the entrance buildings (including gift shops and admission booths) will be removed. They will then be replaced by landscaping that will be functionally oriented to discourage exiting through this area. The landscaping will encourage pedestrian traffic to pass into the "domestic animal" zone and on to the zoo-geographic zones of Valley Zoo. 2. Humpty-Dumpty The figure of H um pty-Dum pty, as with all of the nursery rhyme related figures located throughout the zoo, will remain in the Storyland portion of the zoo. Relocation of the figures to other places throughout the children's zoo is possible and will be left to the discretion fo the designer responsible for more detailed drawings. The singular exceptions to this will be the garbage receptacles that are currently in use. The receptacles in question are designed as colourful animals that can be "fed" garbage through their mouths. These waste receptacles will be replaced by less offensive units, designed perhaps to build upon rather than conflict with the established goals of Valley Zoo. 3, Sea Lion Pool The Sea Lion pool, in its present state, does not meet current legislated standards. The pool lacks the necessary plumbing for the production, circulation and filtration of salted water. The pool is also considered to be too shallow for large marine animals. After renovation, this area will be used as a water feature for a storybook diorama, viewable from the walkways, and as one passes by on the Storyland train. The exhibit will remain a Sea Lion exhibit until such time as the Polar Zone of the Valley Zoo is constructed to accommodate all of the salt-water mammals. Interim measures will be taken to meet currently legislated standards.

4. Lamb's Pen The lamb's pen will remain with minor alterations being undertaken to improve its function and appearance. 5. Train Station The train is a central feature of the Storyland Zoo. Both the train and the tracks require annual maintenance. The anticipated life of the present train system (rolling stock and rails) is not longer than ten years. As the train is built to 16-gauge specifications (a size which is no longer commercially produced), it will ultimately be replaced with either 20- or 24-gauge stock. The implications of this are, that not only will the train itself be replaced, but the railway bed and tunnel will require modification to increase the turning radii required by the larger vehicles. Additionally, a decision will be made at the time of replacement regarding route modifications: i.e. whether the route itself shourd be adjusted and/or lengthened. 6. Duck Pond/Duck Island The duck pond is one of the features that has required an ever-increasing amount of upgrading over the past years. The pond is constructed with an asphalt bottom and concrete sides which make it susceptible to differential freeze-thaw action resulting in its destruction. To bring the pool to an acceptable standard will require that two primary tasks be performed. The first necessitates the provision of a pond filtration system to remove the growth of odour-causing bacteria. Secondly, an upgrading of the existing sub-drainage system is also necessary to enable drainage of the pond water into the City's sanitary sewer system rather than into the storm sewer system as is presently the case. In addition, the duck island requires improvement to make it more naturalistic (It is currently an unattractive concrete slab). This can be done through selective, imaginative landscape treatment. Another island will be constructed in the north portion of the pond which will be a naturalistic complement.

To overcome the effects of winter, the pond needs to be reconstructed. The depth (and consequently, the volume) of water can be reduced by raising the bottom, thereby, allowing installation of a smaller capacity filter system. However, the water should be sufficient to accommodate future paddle-boat rides (if the demand indicates feasibility). The minimum depth of water should be 0.6 metres (2 feet). 7. Wallaby Pen With the Australian Zone completed, the Wallabies in the Storyland Zoo will be a redundant exhibit. The location that is presently occupied by the Wallabies will be used to tell another nursery rhyme. Suggested characters include: "Bambi", the "Three Little Pigs", or "Winnie the Pooh's" donkey. 8. Squirrel Monkey Pen This feature is one of the least attractive exhibits at Storyland Zoo. The most redeeming feature of the exhibit, from a functional standpoint, is the house adjoining the cage. The house will be retained for programmed activities (which may include an animated display), but the cage will be dismantled. 9. Nocturnal House The nocturnal house with its present display does not fit into the Storyland theme. With the redevelopment of the children's zoo, the building currently used to house nocturnal animals will be used to depict a nightime story. This will be achieved by using animated displays and nocturnal animals. Suggested stories include: "Okeefenokee Swamp", Mother Goose's "Cow Jumped Over the Moon", "Hansel and Gretel", or "Peter Pan". Seating will be provided along the east perimeter of the building for the benefit of parents whose children are using the nearby playground.

10.Three Little Pigs; 11. Barn Yard 13. Chicken Coop 12. Rabbit Pens; The above exhibits together comprise the "Old Macdonald's Farmyard". This area does not achieve the sense of farm that was originally intended. This space will be renovated to provide a tactile area which will include a cow, and a selection of ducks, chickens, geese, rabbits, sheep, and similar Alberta barnyard animals. Because the children will be encouraged to touch the animals, all of these animals will be selected for their ability to remain calm around large groups of people. The entry point will be controlled at the train overpass by means of a turnstile gate. The animals will all be contained within corrals into which the children will be allowed entry (in some cases only under the supervision of a staff attendant). The existing chicken coop and rabbit pens will be altered to allow human interaction. As this area is to resemble a farmyard, farm-type apparatus will be located throughout so that children will be able to use it as play equipment. A tractor, wagon, or plough may be the implements to accomplish this need. Seating will be required for the parents and guardians of the children and will be located within the farmyard. 14.Emu Pen; 15. Peccary Pen Outside the farmyard, where the Peccary and Emu pens presently exist, a playground will be developed. The playground will be a creative-type design utilizing natural materials. Included also will be spring-mounted, animal-shaped rides. These play pieces will only be modelled after those animals which would normally be ridden by man (e.g. Horses, Donkeys, Camels, etc.).

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PLAYGROUND APPARATUS:

BIG CITY CUBES 1 2 PLAYHOUSE WOOD FOOTBRIDGE 3 TUBE CONNECTOR 4 LOG CLUSTERS & BALANCE BEAMS 5 6 JUNIOR SWINGS SPRING ANIMALS (HORSES) 7 WOOD DECK 8 TUBE CONNECTOR 9 10 WOOD DECK 11 WOOD STAIRS 12 SPIRAL SLIDE 13 ARCH CLIMBER 14 TIRE SWING & SKYWALK 15 TUBE CLIMB & WOOD DECK 16 TUBE CONNECTOR 17 WOOD DECK 17a TIRE CLIMB 175 WOOD LADDER 18 TUBE SLIDES 19 TIRE TUNNEL 20 WOOD DECK & TUBE CLIMB 20a CHAINWOOD NET CLIMB 2011 TIRE CLIMB 20c FIREMAN S POLE 21 WOOD DECK 22 HORIZONTAL LADDER 23 WOOD DECK AND STEPS 24 SUSPENSION BRIDGE 25 LOG RAMP 26 WOOD DECK 27 WOOD STAIRS 28 HALF TUBE SLIDE 29 TUBE SLIDE 30 TRACTOR 31 INFORMATION WALL 32 MODEL GIRAFFE 33 THREE LITTLE PIGS HOUSES

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9. NIGHT TIME STORIES BUILDING 10. REFURBISHED POND 11. TRAIN STATION 12. MILL POND 13. AMPHITHEATRE 14. UPGRADED EXHIBIT 15. DUTCH ORGAN AREA 16. PRAIRIE DOG EXHIBIT

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ENTRY BOULEVARD

Buena Vista Road is the beginning of the visitor's experience at the Zoo. In order to create a sense of excitement, anticipation and arrival, Buena Vista Road will be planted on both sides with a colonnade of coniferous trees. These trees, along with strategic berming on both sides of Buena Vista Road will effectively screen the Zoo from houses along this route.

C. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN A. ACCESS Transportation to the site will be primarily by private automobile. It is anticipated that 85% of the visitors will arrive by private motor vehicle via Buena Vista Road. The plan identifies Buena Vista Road as the beginning of the visitors' experience at the Zoo. Planting along Buena Vista Road has been designed to engender a sense of anticipation and arrival, through the use of a colonnade of coniferous trees on each side of the road. Planting will begin on Buena Vista Road at 81st Avenue and will terminate in the parking lot of the Zoo. A traffic circle proposed for the foot of Buena Vista Road will provide a clear terminus for the roadway. An issue of concern in the development of the plan was that access to the Zoo should not adversely affect access to Laurier Park, Buena Vista Flats and the North Saskatchewan River. The proposed traffic circle satisfies this concern and increases control to these areas as well as the Zoo.

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B. PARKING The Valley Zoo public parking area is designed to accommodate 1010 cars. The design has also provided parking space for taxis, transit and tour buses, and vehicles of disabled users. The "transportation assessment" (Appendix E) elaborates upon the technical aspects of parking at the Zoo. The parking lot includes primary and secondary roadways. The primary circulation road begins at Buena Vista Road, proceeds through the centre of the lot to the entrance area and then continues back to the traffic circle in a continuous loop. The intent of this primary road is to allow visitors arriving in automobiles or buses to unload at the Zoo entrance without impeding the movement of those vehicles proceeding directly to a parking space. The secondary roadway provides the link between the primary circulation road and the parking stalls. Speed reduction devices (e.g. speed bumps) will be installed throughout the parking lot. In the parking lot, visual continuity with Buena Vista Road will be established by planting trees on either side of the primary circulation road. Deciduous, rather than coniferous trees will be used to effect this continuity for a variety of reasons: - Deciduous trees will not allow winter snow drifting and snow build-up in rights-ofway and parking zones to the degree of coniferous plantings; - Deciduous trees will also be planted throughout the parking lot to provide summer shade for parked vehicles; and - Deciduous trees will be selectively planted to aesthetically interrupt the vastness of the parking lot.

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PARKS AND RECREATION

Looking south from the existing Stowland Zoo, one sees the proposed African Pavillion and waterfowl exhibit across the plaza from the entry gates.

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C. ENTRY The design of the public entry to the Zoo resolved the potential for congestion to occur when large numbers of visitors arrive at the same time. Adjacent to the public dropoff is a large marshalling area where families or groups may gather before entering the Zoo. The area is very much alive with colour and pagentry developed by using flags, banners, innovative landscaping and creative building design. A separate entry to the African Tropical Pavillion will be provided so that access to its restaurant will be available without requiring restaurant patrons to enter the Zoo. Admission to the Zoo will be collected at two admission booths (each serving two queues) located adjacent the African Tropical Pavillion. The admission booths will be large enough to accommodate either two ticket sellers during peak times or, during slower times, a single ticket seller with enough room to perform other work. In order to reduce pedestrian congestion, the entry and exit areas will be separated. Upon entering the Zoo, another marshalling area will be provided for meeting and regrouping. From this area, several features will be visible including: - the information kiosk which will be manned with Zoo staff (or volunteers) and automated with electronic displays; - the stroller rental area associated with the information kiosk; - the gift shop with substantial window frontage; - a food service area designed with seating; - an area for push-cart vendors, and - an attractive water feature. Valley Zoo will feature a myriad of technological advancements to aid in the display and interpretation of exhibits. The state-of-the-art features will appear at selected exhibit viewing areas, at the entry portals to display zones, at interpretive centres throughout the Zoo, within the larger service areas and display buildings (the artist's

rendering on the following page depicts the "High Tech and Touch" area within the Polar Zone Building), and in the main entry to the Zoo itself. The Visitor's first exposure to this technological experience will be at the informtion kiosk located centrally within the entrance area. Here, visitors will be able to select and obtain information or tour material that will add to their overall enjoyment and involvement in the Zoo experience. Armed with information, the visitor then proceeds to the exhibit areas of his choice.

INTERPRETIVE AIDS

The Valley Zoo will take full advantage of "state - of - the - art" technology to interpret exhibits and storylines. Electronic educational media will be "hands - on" and will expand upon the educational themes developed within the exhibits. While the interpretation of concepts and storylines is enhanced by the use of technological aids as illustrated here, the animals and their exhibits will be the focus of educational programming at the Zoo. The electronic equipment throughout the Zoo, will be located as inconspicuously as possible.

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LANDSCAPE IMMERSION Surrounding the visitor with the sights and sounds of the part of the world being replicated is the prime design principle. Landscape treatment outside the exhibit will be the same as inside the exhibit, thus creating the illusion that the visitor is completely immersed in the native habitat of the animal being displayed.

NATURALISTIC EXHIBITS

The zoo-geographic zones are designed to exhibit animals in settings which are realistically similar to the native habitat of the animals. The design intent is to create the illusion for visitors that they are within the same area as the animal. Techniques to accomplish this include: - creation of a strong sense of entry from the built-form environment of the Central Pedestrian Mall to the natural, rough-textured form of the secondary pathways in the exhibit zones; development of viewing bays which do not appear as architectural structures but rather resemble "openings in a forest"; installation of barriers which are hidden from public view; - development of exhibits portraying relationships between animals which would occur in the natural setting. The term used to describe these exhibition techniques as one concept is "landscape immersion". All areas contacted by the public in the zoo-geographic zones will be designed, constructed, planted, and maintained to further this concept. At the entry to each zoo-geographic zone, a dominant "entry portal" will be created. This portal will ensure that the visitor feels a distinct "sense of entry" to the zoogeographic zone. The portal also introduces the storyline of its zoo-geographic zone through the interpretive information provided and the actual structural form developed, e.g. African huts for the African Zone. The difference in landscaping between the Central Pedestrian Mall and the zoo-geographic zones will be underscored through the use of the portal. Naturalistic exhibits will significantly reduce animal stress, one of the major animal care problems experienced by zoos. Exhibit layouts will ensure adequate physical separation between animals and visitors, provide space for animals to retreat from public view, and eliminate views which dominate the animals. 85

ENTRY PORTALS Portals to each exhibit zone will be developed to provide a distinctive introduction to the storyline of the zone. For instance, the Polar Zone portal may include an igloo, while the Asian Zone portal may depict a village of grass huts. Contained within each portal will be appropriate signs, displays, artifacts and other interpretive elements to engender a sense of visiting the zone being replicated. The portal will also serve as the transition from the Central Pedestrian Mall to the zoo-geographic display zones.

ENTRY PORTALS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

ENTRY TO STORYLAND ZONE ENTRY TO DOMESTIC ZONE ENTRY TO AFRICAN ZONE ENTRY TO ASIAN ZONE ENTRY TO AUSTRALIAN ZONE ENTRY TO SOUTH AMERICAN ZONE ENTRY TO POLAR ZONE

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VIEWING CONCEPTS

Viewing areas have been designed so that the visitor will obtain a variety of exposures to a particular exhibit zone. Exhibits will be planned to create "in-the-wild" scenes at viewing zones. Panoramas, vistas, closeups, surprise, and interpretive viewing will all be accommodated. Animal stress from "being on display" will be minimized while allowing the visitor to feel part of the environment.

VIEWING

Exhibit viewing has been designed utilizing the following principles: - viewing takes place from secondary pathways only; - exhibits generally utilize multiple viewing bays with each bay showing a portion of the exhibit; - exhibits have been designed so that relationships between animals in adjacent exhibits are obvious; - views have been designed to focus attention on the exhibit with extraneous elements such as barriers, buildings, utility wires, and residential houses being screened, thus furthering the naturalistic "landscape immersion" concept; - viewing bays have been designed to minimize animal stress. Viewing zoo animals from above or from all sides have been identified as sources of stress; - where a view is desirable of an animal in the portion of the exhibit designed as its retreat, techniques are used which allow the visitor to view the animal without the visitor being obvious to the animal; viewing bays have been designed to accommodate all visitors with special needs.

WINTER USE

A selection of winter hardy animals, a sensitive balance.of interior and exterior exhibits and short distances between heated exhibits has enabled winter use at the Valley Zoo. Winter is an interesting season at the Zoo and the revenue generated by visitors will assist in offsetting the costs of animal care.

PREDATOR - PREY RELATIONSHIP Natural relationships among animals provides the basis for interpretive display. In the case of Asia, the Pere David's Deer and the Siberian Tiger will be shown in a simulated predator-prey relationship. Most exhibits have been located to illustrate important zoological relationships.

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CIRCULATION PEDESTRIAN MALL MALL PARK AREAS & PLAZAS EXHIBIT VIEWING SERVICE ROADS AUTO & BUS ROUTES BUILDINGS

CIRCULATION

The circulation system at the Valley Zoo has been separated into visitor circulation and service circulation. Generally, the two systems are not intended to overlap. However, in occasional circumstances this does occur. The pedestrian circulation utilizes primary and secondary routes. The primary system follows the Central Pedestrian Mall providing direct and easy access to all zoogeographic zones, all buildings, major features and public conveniences. The secondary routes provide access to exhibits in a manner which minimizes the need to backtrack, giving the visitor the feeling that the entire Zoo has been experienced. Service circulation provides access to exhibits for vehicles required for regular maintenance and for emergencies. The circulation follows the full perimeter of the Zoo. The service road will be constructed of a high-quality gravel, 6 meters in width for two-way traffic. The road will be physically and visually screened from pedestrian areas. While all exterior viewing bays will not be useable by winter visitors, all outdoor exhibit areas will be open and accessible. The emphasis however, will be placed on indoor exhibits. Through the modification of the summer routes for winter use, the walking distances between buildings and warmup areas will be reduced.

PEDESTRIAN MALL Spanning the length of the Zoo is a Central Pedestrian Mall. All amenities and exhibit zones of the Zoo can be accessed from this feature. Picnic sites, food service outlets, push cart vending and programme presentation venues will be located on the mall. The highly ornamental, manicured landscape treatment of the mall will contrast sharply with the wild, natural landscaping of the zoo-geographic exhibit zones.

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G. CENTRAL PEDESTRIAN MALL The design of the Valley Zoo is based upon the concept of a linear pedestrian circulation corridor traversing the overall development. The Central Pedestrian Mall will link the entrance area directly to major features at the west end of the site and will provide direct access to each one of the zoo-geographic display zones. The Central Pedestrian Mall plays an important role in accentuating the "landscape immersion" element of the zoo-geographic zones. Its manicured landscaping and hardsurfaced walkway will contrast sharply with the naturalistic grasses and shrubbery of the exhibit areas. The Mall is designed as an attractive formal "green-space" through the heart of the Zoo, providing the elements of service in a manner similar to urban parks. This primary circulation system provides access to all buildings, picnic areas, public conveniences, food services, program venues and zoo-geographic exhibit areas. A paved pedestrian walkway averaging six metres in width will be developed. This will enable a motorized zoo transportation system to travel the Mall's length, if such a system is deemed feasible in the future. On either side of the pathway will be an area of manicured landscaping with trimmed hedges, formal flower beds and picnic areas. This area will vary in width from 3 metres to 15 metres. This will be a direct contrast to the ung roomed vegetation located on either side of the secondary pathways. Also included as a feature of the Mall will be an amphitheatre for demonstrations, exhibitions and performances. The Mall terminates near the South American Pavillion at a water feature, concession and relaxation area. No exhibit viewing will take place from the Central Pedestrian Mall. However, glimpses of exhibits may be possible, thus, arousing curiosity and interest in the zoogeographic zones. The Central Pedestrian Mall is designed to provide visitor orientation and group gathering functions. If specific zoo-geographic zones appear crowded, the Mall 95

provides the direct access to the next zone. Signage directing visitors to zoogeographic zones and visitor services will be located along the Mall.

CENTRAL PEDESTRIAN MALL 29. GIFT SHOP, RESTROOMS 30. INFORMATION, STROLLER RENTAL 31. ENTRY PLAZA 32. TICKET BOOTHS & ZOO ENTRANCE 33. ORIENTATION PLAZA 34. REFRESHMENTS 35. ZOO EXIT 36. PUSHCART VENDING 37. PROGRAMMING AREA 38. REFRESHMENT AREA 39. WATER FEATURE 40. STROLLER STORAGE ;

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HIDDEN BARRIERS The means used to confine the animals will be well hidden behind planting or other camouflage methods. The intent is to create an exciting sense of being in the same area as the animal.

H. LANDSCAPING Landscape treatment is the critical element in creating the experience intended by zoo designers in all areas of the Zoo. The hard and soft landscaping of the Central Pedestrian Mall has been designed quite differently from that intended for the zoogeographic zones. The Central Pedestrian Mall features formalized, ornamental shrub and flower beds. The walkway is paved and includes concrete curbs. The zoogeographic zones are planted in arrangements which appear natural and informal. The pathways' surfacing is different from the Mall and complements the natural setting being replicated. The landscape treatment used within the exhibit is extended into the public areas surrounding the exhibit, further reinforcing the concept of "landscape immersion". Plant materials, selected not only for their inherent aesthetic values, will be used functionally to direct pedestrian traffic, to control and focus views, to enclose, frame or accentuate special areas and to provide shelter from wind, sun, rain and snow. Buildings, barriers and other intrusive elements will be screened, softened, or made to complement their surroundings through the use of plant materials, earth moulding, or specialized landscape construction techniques. Plant material in-and-around exhibits will be selected for its similarity to the animal's natural habitat and for its hardiness to the Edmonton climate. Other plant materials have been selected because they lend themselves to being pruned or trimmed to the shapes of plants resembling those from the area being replicated. Plants within exhibits, where animals may cause them harm, will be protected by subtle mechanical means. Other plants, because of their relationships to certain animals, may be used as barrier aids and control devices. Still other plants, because of their form and nature, will be used in areas where odour and noise abatement may be necessary. A greenhouse has been planned for the service area to support the horticultural needs of the Zoo. Both indoor and outdoor plants will be grown in the greenhouse including tropical plants, bedding plants, and flowers. A small nursery operation is also included which will grow primarily shrub stock. .99

SCREENED SERVICE AREAS

The potential for unsightly views, unpleasant odors and unwanted noise has received considerable attention throughout the design process. Measures such as selective planting, exhibit location, open space and building design, pedestrian and service system design have all led to a facility that will be entirely compatible with both the surrounding River Valley and the neighbouring residences.

BUFFERING

Buffering is utilized to reduce or temper elements in the physical plant which are termed undesirable. At the Valley Zoo, these elements may include buildings and storage/service areas, as well as, noise generators, dust generators and, to some extent, smell generators. The design of the Zoo has incorporated grade changes, plant material and distance to provide buffering around the Zoo perimeter. The intrusive elements in views from surrounding homes will be screened, while maintaining access to attractive and desirable aspects of the vista. Within the Zoo, planting, berming or other grade changes, and specialized construction methods have been utilized to screen service areas from Zoo patrons' view. In dealing with sound, vegetation is, to a degree, useful as an absorbtion device. The orientation of the exhibit and the use of structural elements will redirect and/or absorb sound. Plants can control air-polluting gases through oxygenation and dilution. Since the Zoo will have a tremendous amount of planting, odours can be minimized. Frequent and thorough maintenance of exhibit areas will also aid in the control of any apparent animal odours.

101

BARRIERS AND BUFFERS BUFFER PLANTING OUTSIDE ZOO BUFFER PLANTING INSIDE ZOO PRIMARY BARRIER SECONDARY BARRIER TERTIARY BARRIER ....---- PERIMETER BARRIER

BARRIERS AND SECURITY

Creating controlled, secure spaces is an integral aspect of zoo design. Area residents have a concern for the potential of an animal to escape the Zoo. In addition, zoo managers have a concern that the public may attempt to access unauthorized areas. Animal accidents at zoos occur almost exclusively as a result of human vandalism. The Valley Zoo design has incorporated a series of barriers to deal with these issues. All exhibits have a primary barrier designed to maximum specifications for the animal involved. This barrier is the strongest, most difficult barrier for the animal to cross, keeping the animal in its enclosure. All exhibits have a secondary barrier which keeps the public from approaching the primary barrier. The secondary barrier also keeps animals exhibited adjacent each other from physical contact. A tertiary barrier, while not common in most zoos, is included at the Valley Zoo in exhibits of potentially dangerous animals. Some exhibits may even be totally enclosed, with a roof barrier of a nature that still maintains the naturalistic feeling of the exhibit. Holding areas will have the same heirarchy of barriers. The perimeter barrier has a double security fencing system with gate controls throughout to create security zones. For some exhibits, this essentially provides four barriers of security.

103

BUILT INTO HILL The buildings at the Valley Zoo will be architecturally blended into the landscape, to maintain the natural feeling of the River Valley. Views of the River Valley from adjacent houses will not be obstructed. Where possible, buildings will be built into the southfacing slope.

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BUILDING DESIGN

The river valley setting of the Valley Zoo offers tremendous scenic opportunities. Emphasis has been placed on designing a zoo which complements the river valley through the utilization of considerable plant material and the screening of intrusive elements from view. Building design has been based on the following principles: - buildings will be built into the hill to take advantage of the site topography in reducing the visual impact of the building; - smaller buildings will have roofs covered with sod, thus eliminating their exposure to views from the top of the bank; - where earth sheltering is not possible, buildings will be screened by plant material; and where necessary, building facades will be treated to blend with the naturalistic surroundings. The exhibits inside the building will be developed utilizing the same principles employed in designing outdoor exhibits. Public conveniences will be located in major buildings. Minor buildings accessible to the public will be heated in the winter.

105

INTERPRETIVE PROGRAMMING In addition to the animals being exhibited in natural settings, demonstrations, signage, tours, programmable venues, audio-visual displays and other amenities will be used throughout the Zoo to make a visit an entertaining and educational experience.

INTERPRETATION AND GRAPHICS

Since the inception of the planning process for the Valley Zoo, a priority has been placed upon the importance of conveying the storyline of the exhibits to the visitor in a meaningful, entertaining manner. The visitor information centre, at the entrance to the Zoo, provides the initial resources for interpretation of the Zoo. Self-guided tours, tape-recorded tours and guided tours will all be available to the visitor. The entrance to each zoo-geographic zone will contain considerable interpretive material in the form of signage and audio-visual displays. On-site audio-visual displays supplementary to the exhibits themselves will be used extensively throughout. Services will be installed to ensure that technological advancement requiring this form of communications hardware will be available. As technology changes, it is expected that the Zoo will take advantage of the new systems. Special graphics have been designed into the exhibits to assist disabled visitors. An example of this involves the use of tactual maps to provide blind visitors with information. Information centres have been located in areas of the Zoo where important concepts are to be interpreted. Additionally, gathering areas have been designated where demonstrations and interpretive programming will occur. Plant materials will be labelled so that the public can be informed regarding the planting being used to effect the "landscape immersion" concept.

107

PRIMARY WINTER CIRCULATION SECONDARY WINTER CIRCULATION PUBLIC ACCESS BUILDINGS SHELTER & REST RESTROOMS REFRESHMENTS & FOOD SERVICES PICNIC AREAS SUNDRY SHOP

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WINTER USE AND PUBLIC CONVENIENCES

M. PUBLIC CONVENIENCES The provision of services is based upon the principle that by creating a positive experience, a visitor would be tempted to make return visits to the Zoo. The design of the Zoo provides for the needs of visitors in ways which create such positive experiences. The need to generate revenue to assist in reducing the operating deficit has also played a role in defining the types of services provided to the visitor and the manner in which they are provided. Many conveniences such as picnic areas, rest areas, and pathside benches will be provided in obvious proximity to visitor activity. Other services such as food and beverage outlets, souvenir sales, gift shop and stroller rentals are provided to maximize revenue potential. A visit to the Valley Zoo will be of a duration whereby most visitors will require the use of food services. Food services have been provided through push cart or portable vending on the Mall, fixed food concessions in the South American Pavillion and Storyland (both complete with outdoor patio seating), and a full-service restaurant in the African Pavillion. Complementing the zoo-geographic zones, food services will provide foods characteristic of the areas exhibited. This will add to visitor appeal and creates another avenue of interest for the visitor. Washrooms, and sheltered areas have been included throughout the Zoo to provide shaded spaces, dry spaces, and warm-up areas for winter-use. First-aid and other emergency services have been located to give quick response to situations which may arise.

109

ANIMAL SUPPORT

Animal related research and conservation of rare and endangered species are two important functions performed by zoos. As the Valley Zoo increases in number of species exhibited, the capability to undertake these two vital functions improves. Support facilities have been staged for construction at key intervals in the development of the Zoo.

ANIMAL SUPPORT

Animals have been chosen for their popularity, ability to fulfill storyline requirements, and hardiness to Edmonton's climate. Many of the animals chosen will be zoo-bred and will be received in exchange from other zoos until a full breeding programme is established at Valley Zoo. The naturalistic design of exhibits will facilitate research projects and animal propogation, emphasizing rare and endangered species. Animals will be displayed in these exhibits as closely as possible to the condition in which they would appear in the wild. The naturalistic surroundings will be conducive to less stressful behaviour patterns being shown by the animals. Even holding areas and service buildings will be incorporated into the naturalistic appearances of exhibits, eliminating the need to seasonally move animals, thereby allowing animals to mark territories and establish natural habits. Regular maintenance of animal exhibit areas will ensure healthier, happier animals in sanitary surroundings. Support facilities such as; the Commissary, where careful diets containing foods that assimilate the in-the-wild condition (vitamin and mineral supplements may be added when necessary) are prepared for the animals: the Animal Clinic and Isolation Pens, where veterinary attention is given to animals and research facilities are located; and the Greenhouse Operation, where plants and flowers and vegetables may be grown for Zoo use, will all be operational on a year-round basis. Lecture, demonstration, tour, and animal adoption programmes will be run as part of the educational service that the Valley Zoo will provide to the community.

111

ZOO SUPPORT FACILITIES

17. PARKING AREA 18. STAFF PARKING 19. MAINTENANCE 20. WINTER QUARTERS BUILDING 21. COMMISARY 22. HOSPITAL 23. ISOLATION PENS 24. GREENHOUSE 25. GREENHOUSE STORAGE 26. GARDEN 27. TRASH BINS 28. ZOO SERVICE ACCESS

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Includes Commissary development , Domestic Zone Budding & exhibita development, Asian Zone exhibits implementation, Parking area & vehicular incirculation construction (interim development of Phases 3 & 3a parking at this time), pedestrian circulation development (including temporary linkage to existing African Veldt exhibit), service roads construction, utilities' installation. perimeter fencing & buffer landscaping instanatIon, Buena Vista Road landscape treatment, general site landscaping.

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Includes Polar Regions building & exhibits development, pedestrian circulation A interpretive centre Implementation, serviCe Wads & Security fencing construction, utilities instelfation, buffer & general site landscaping treatment. Includes South American buirding a exhibits development, pedestrian circulation development, service road construction, ulalles Installation, general site landscaping.

Includes Giraffe building & exhibit construction, Hospital & quarantine Pens development, African savannah exhibits implementation, pedestrian circulation development, service roads & security fencing construction, utilities installation, buffer & general site landscaping treatment. Includes Storyland upgrading, African building & restaurant & chimPanme exhibit development, greenhause services implementation, pedestrian circulation development, service roads & security fencing construction, utilities installation, buffer & general site landscaping treatment. Includes Pedestrian Mall development, African Veldt redevelopment. African waterfowl exhibit implementation, Parking area &vehicular circulation development, pedestrian& service vehicle circulation construction, utilities installation, buffer & general site fandscaping treatment. I11<lodes Parking area and vehicular circulation development, 510111e5 upgrading. general site landscaping.

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Includes Asian building exhibits development, Pedestrian MS a pedestrian circulation development. service road construction, utilities instatiallon. . Â° general site landscaldinlâ&#x20AC;˘ Includes Australian building & exhibits devalo)mentdestrian Hall completion, South American exhibits developfnent , pvinst,ran circulation & Â° interpretive centre Implementation, serske reds s urity fencing construction, utilities installation, butler seeping treatment.

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PHASING

D. PHASING Development of the Valley Zoo will ultimately contain seven zones that will be segmented into seven phases and two sub-phases for purposes of fund-raising and construction. The phasing map on the following page indicates how the site has been phased. The determination of the elements to be included in each phase and the sequence of phasing was based on several criteria, namely: - its proximity to the existing Zoo (development generally begins at the Children's Zoo on the east side of the site and will end at the west side); - the ability of each phase to enable the Valley Zoo to become a fully functional zoo and provide a legitimate zoological experience with a feeling of completeness; - the ability to always open the Zoo for the entire year without a significant hardship or burden imposed by the presence of construction; and - the ability to make the Zoo an attractive marketable commodity as early as possible by providing the full variety of experiences that could be expected from a visit to the Zoo. All of these points were tempered with the desire to keep the costs of each phase as uniform, and therefore, as manageable as possible. Phases 2 and 3 both have a sub-phase designated on the phasing plan. The two subphases, 2A, and 3A are designated as such to indicate that their development is to occur after Phase 2 or Phase 3 respectively, but each need not be constructed prior to undertaking the next phase in the sequence.

115

COMPONENTS OF THE PHASES A.

PHASE 1

Phase one includes: construction of the Domestic Zone's interpretive building development of exhibits in the alpine area of the Asian Zone development of exhibits in the temperate area of the Asian Zone renovation of the existing "Birds of Prey" exhibit - construction of a pOrtion of the parking area - construction of pedestrian circulation pathways including a temporary link between the Asian area and the existing African savannah exhibit. construction of the service roads installation of utilities installation of the perimeter security fencing and associated landscaped buffer installation of landscaping along Buena Vista Road general site landscaping B.

PHASE 2

Phase Two includes: - construction of the Giraffe building and exhibit - consturction of the animal hospital and associated isolation pens - development of the southern portion of the African savannah exhibit - construction of pedestrian circulation pathways - construction of service roads - installation of security fencing - installation of utilities - installation of landscaped buffering - general site landscaping

116

PHASE 2A

Phase Two-A includes: - upgrading of the existing Storyland Zoo - African Pavillion construction - construction of the greenhouse building and associated storage area - construction of pedestrian circulation pathways - construction of service roads - installation of security fencing - installation of utilities - installation of landscaped buffering - general site landscaping D.

PHASE 3

Phase Three includes: - Central Pedestrian Mall development - redevelopment of the northern portion of the African savannah exhibit - parking lot construction - Buena Vista Road traffic circle construction - construction of pedestrian circulation pathways - construction of service roads - installation of utilities - installation of landscaped buffering - general site landscaping E.

PHASE 3A

Phase Three-A includes: - parking lot completion - utilities upgrading - general site landscaping

PHASE 4

Phase Four includes: - Asian Pavillion construction - development of Asian tropical zone exhibits - Central Pedestrian Mall extension - construction of service roads - installation of utilities - general site landscaping G.

PHASE 5

Phase Five includes: - Australian Pavillion construction - development of Australian zone exhibits - Central Pedestrian Mall completion - development of South American outdoor exhibits development of the South American PaviIlion's food services component construction of pedestrian circulation pathways construction of Australian interpretive center construction of service roads installation of security fencing - installation of utilities installation of landscaped buffering general site landscaping H.

- construction of pedestrian circulation pathways - construction of the Polar interpretive centre - construction of service roads - installation of security fencing - installation of utilities - installation of landscaped buffering - general site landscaping I

PHASE 7

Phase Seven includes: - South American Pavillion construction - construction of pedestrian circulation pathways - construction of service roads - installation of utilities - general site landscaping

PHASE 6

Phase Six includes: - Polar Pavillion construction - development of the Polar terrestrial and Polar aquatic exhibits

117

I I 1 I I I I U I I I I I I I

A. CAPITAL COSTS To enable decision-makers to assess the financial implications of the plan, a preliminary budget was prepared for the proposed development. This cost forecasting was prepared prior to a detailed design of any of the facilities and should only be used as a guideline to assess the proposal. The capital cost forecasts were based on the work performed by a construction cost consultant. His work identified the cost of all construction for the entire plan. It did not however, include all costs necessary to open and operate the Zoo. The expenditures that will be required in addition to those identified in the construction budget were: - animal acquisition costs; - professional fees and expenses; and - fixed assests. The construction budget is in January, 1984 dollars based on stipulated lump sum competitive tendering in single contract packages. Due to the preliminary stage of the plan, a contingency of twenty-five percent (25%) has been added. This is allocated as follows: - a design contingency of 10% to cover the cost of unforeseeable design requirements which will not become known until detailed design stages; - a scope contingency of 10% to cover the cost of increasing the scope of the project; and - a construction contingency of 5% to cover the cost of changes to the project that are made during the construction period. The chart on the following page shows the forecasted budget for capital construction; professional fees; animal acquisitions; and furniture, furnishings and drapes.

119

CAPITAL BUDGET FOR PROPOSED VALLEY ZOO MASTER PLAN PHASE IIA

PHASE III

PHASE IIIA

PHASE IV

PHASE V

PHASE VI

PHASE VII

TOTAL

PHASE I

PHASE II

Sub-Total

5,781,000

3,313,000

8,373,000

5,870,000

400,000

3,780,000

4,262,000

5,271,000

6,000,000

43,050,000

Contingencies

1,410,000

828,000

2,093,000

1,454,000

100,000

945,000

1,065,000

1,305,000

1,500,000

10,700,000

Total

7,191,000

4,141,000

10,466,000

7,324,000

500,000

4,725,000

5,327,000

6,576,000

7,500,000

53,750,000

85,000

24,000

19,000

24,000

34,000

88,000

22,000

30,000

326,000

578,000

331,000

837,000

587,000

378,000

426,000

527,000

600,000

4,304,000

40,000

109,000

53,000

79,000

11,000

57,000

16,000

399,000

7,894,000

4,605,000

11,385,000

8,014,000

5,148,000

5,898,000

7,149,000

8,146,000

CONSTRUCTION COSTS

Animal Acquisition Costs Professional Fees and Expenses 10% Fixed Assets (Furnishings, Furniture and Fixtures

TOTAL

120

40,000

540,000

58,779,000

B. OPERATING COSTS The cost of any facility is quite often measured only by the capital costs of construction. Just as significant are operation and maintenance costs. The following pages show the projections for the cost of operating the Valley Zoo. For purposes of comparison, the existing operational budget for the Valley Zoo has been included.

121

1 OPERATIONAL AREA

CURRENT YEAR (1984) LABOUR PERM

MAN/YR

ADMINISTRATION

ANIMAL WELFARE

contract

—

VETERINARY SERVICE HORTICULTURE

GROUNDS MAINTENANCE SECURITY

— 1

REVENUE COLLECTION

1 — 1

—

OPERATIONAL AREA COST

TEMP

PERM

TEMP

137

ADMINISTRATION

377

ANIMAL WELFARE

VETERINARY SERVICE

1.0

HORTICULTURE

3.5

105

GROUNDS MAINTENANCE

—

SECURITY

4.5

REVENUE COLLECTION

PROGRAMMES

—

— 9

017

MAN/YR

COST

1.5

—

LABOUR

MAN/YR

—

PROGRAMMES

TOTAL

PHASE I

10.5

contract

TOTAL

MAN/YR 137

1.5

— 1

467 16

2.0

4.0

180

—

3.5

112

— 7

040

11.0

MATERIALS & SERVICES

UTILITIES VEHICLES & EQUIPMENT

90 33

VEHICLES & EQUIPMENT

SERVICE CONTRACTS

TOTAL

122

1,062

MATERIALS & SERVICES UTILITIES

128 110

TOTAL

1,411

OPERATIONAL AREA

PHASE II

OPERATIONAL AREA

LABOUR PERM

MAN/YR 5

VETERINARY SERVICE

HORTICULTURE

GROUNDS MAINTENANCE

FACILITY MAINTENANCE

TEMP

LABOUR

MAN/YR

PERM

157

ADMINISTRATION

2.0

542

ANIMAL WELFARE

2.0

155

HORTICULTURE

4.0

240

GROUNDS MAINTENANCE

VETERINARY SERVICE

, z1- LO N N N CO

ANIMAL WELFARE

COST

LC) CO N ,-

ADMINISTRATION

PHASE IIA

FACILITY MAINTENANCE

0.5

SECURITY

REVENUE COLLECTION

3.5

REVENUE COLLECTION

PROGRAMMES

MAN/YR 157 2.0

602 81

2.0

215

4.0

270

0.5

3.5

112

TEMP

SECURITY

MAN/YR

COST

TOTAL

12.0

TOTAL

12.0

MATERIALS & SERVICES

170

MATERIALS & SERVICES

180

UTILITIES

160

UTILITIES

180

VEHICLES & EQUIPMENT

SERVICE CONTRACTS

TOTAL

1,835

50 100

TOTAL

2,145

123

OPERATIONAL AREA

PHASE III LABOUR PERM

MAN/YR

COST

TEMP

MAN/YR

PERM 157

2.0

632

ANIMAL WELFARE

HORTICULTURE

1.5

200

HORTICULTURE

GROUNDS MAINTENANCE

4.0

300

GROUNDS MAINTENANCE

FACILITY MAINTENANCE

SECURITY

1.0

153

SECURITY

REVENUE COLLECTION

3.0

120

REVENUE COLLECTION

PROGRAMMES

TOTAL

ANIMAL WELFARE VETERINARY SERVICE

FACILITY MAINTENANCE

PROGRAMMES

11.5

TOTAL

MATERIALS & SERVICES

240

UTILITIES

190 60

VEHICLES & EQUIPMENT

125

SERVICE CONTRACTS TOTAL

124

ADMINISTRATION

2,378

MAN/YR

TEMP

MAN/YR

157

2.0

632

2 5

1.5

200

4.0

300

'I' CO CO

if) CD CV LC) (1) CV -,-

COST

LABOUR

ADMINISTRATION VETERINARY SERVICE

PHASE IIIA

OPERATIONAL AREA

1.0

153

3.0

120

11.5

MATERIALS & SERVICES

240

UTILITIES

190 60

VEHICLES & EQUIPMENT

125

SERVICE CONTRACTS

TOTAL

2,378

OPERATIONAL AREA

PHASE IV

OPERATIONAL AREA

LABOUR PERM

MAN/YR

ADMINISTRATION

ANIMAL WELFARE

PHASE V

COST

TEMP

LABOUR

MAN/YR

2.5

PERM 193

ADMINISTRATION

707

ANIMAL WELFARE

MAN/YR

VETERINARY SERVICE

COST

TEMP

MAN/YR 193

3.0

812 275

VETERINARY SERVICE

HORTICULTURE

2.0

245

HORTICULTURE

2.0

GROUNDS MAINTENANCE

4.0

FACILITY MAINTENANCE

GROUNDS MAINTENANCE

4.0

330

FACILITY MAINTENANCE

SECURITY

1.0

155

SECURITY

1.0

155

REVENUE COLLECTION

2.5

130

REVENUE COLLECTION

2.0

140

PROGRAMMES

100

PROGRAMMES

TOTAL

12.0

TOTAL

MATERIALS & SERVICES

290

UTILITIES

240

VEHICLES & EQUIPMENT

SERVICE CONTRACTS

150

TOTAL

2,781

360 120

100

12.0

MATERIALS & SERVICES

350

UTILITIES

280

VEHICLES & EQUIPMENT

SERVICE CONTRACTS

175

TOTAL

3,121

125

OPERATIONAL AREA

PHASE VI

OPERATIONAL AREA

LABOUR PERM

MAN/YR

ADMINISTRATION

ANIMAL WELFARE

PHASE VII

COST

TEMP

LABOUR

MAN/YR

PERM

MAN/YR

213

ADMINISTRATION

3.5

872

ANIMAL WELFARE

VETERINARY SERVICE

HORTICULTURE

2.5

4.0

COST

TEMP

MAN/YR 213

3.5

932

VETERINARY SERVICE

275

HORTICULTURE

2.5

305

360

GROUNDS MAINTENANCE

5.0

390

150

FACILITY MAINTENANCE

GROUNDS MAINTENANCE

FACILITY MAINTENANCE

SECURITY

1.0

155

SECURITY

1.0

155

REVENUE COLLECTION

2.0

140

REVENUE COLLECTION

2.0

140

PROGRAMMES

100

PROGRAMMES

065

TOTAL

12.0

TOTAL

150

100

12.0

MATERIALS & SERVICES

400

MATERIALS & SERVICES

450

UTILITIES

350

UTILITIES

400

VEHICLES & EQUIPMENT

SERVICE CONTRACTS

200

TOTAL

126

3,376

VEHICLES & EQUIPMENT

SERVICE CONTRACTS

225

TOTAL

3,621

C. REVENUE A zoo has several potential sources of revenue available. The utility of these potential sources is governed by the philosophy of the zoo. A decision had to be made to either maintain the attitude toward zoos as a place where people can go to see animals regardless of their ability to pay, and the economic reality of making the Zoo marketable and able to recover a significant proportion of its costs. The design of the Valley Zoo has successfully melded the two apparently conflicting points of view into a plan that fulfills the quintessential ideals of each without compromising the other. The sources of revenue that have been identified in the revenue projections are: a) Admission charges; b) Rides; c) Contracted services; and d) Programmes There are additional sources of revenue that have not been included in the revenue projections because of the difficulty in determining the point at which, or to what degree they will become a factor. Those additional sources include: - the sale of animals; - production of laboratory animals; - animal food sales in the Domestic zone contact area; - coin-operated interpretive aids; - rental of advertising space; - money made from volunteer programming; "adopt-an-animal" programmes; and rental of space for schools or research projects.

127

A. ADMISSION CHARGES The most significant source of revenue for the Valley Zoo will be the income derived from the gate receipts. The charge for admission will be commensurate with the amount of development at the Zoo. The principle employed in establishing an admission charge for each phase is that each phase represents a fraction of the optimal admission charge. Therefore, the admission charge for each phase prior to phase seven (the point at which the optimal charge will be imposed) will be less than could be charged under optimal conditions. In order to start at a level that reflects a minimal level of development and end at the optimal level, the adult admission charge will rise in each phase by $.25, beginning at the current price of $2.25. The children's admission price begins at $1.25 and has an upper limit of $1.50. Assuming a fee structure that is in line with both the market potential of Edmonton (as demonstrated by other facilities and activities) and the other zoological facilities in Alberta, the following chart indicates the admission charges for each phase of development: PHASES I

Existing

IIA

III

IIIA

VII

Adults

$2.25

2.50 2.75 2.75 3.00 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00

Children

$1.00

1.25 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50

The pricing plan is roughly the equivalent of the Calgary Zoo's 1984 admission charges which are: Adults Students Children 128

$4.00 $1.75 $0.75

Previous studies of zoos have indicated that attendance is composed of about 60% adults and 40% children. Currently in Edmonton, the attendance is approximately 50% to 55% children and 45% to 50% adults. The shift in orientation from a children's zoo to a family zoo is expected to result in a more normal distribution of attendance and should increase revenue by attracting more adults.

RIDES

The second most important source of revenue for the Valley Zoo is the money derived from the various rides that will be operating in the Storyland Zoo. The inclusion of rides in the Storyland Zoo is consistent with the goal that the Zoo should recover a significant portion of its operational cost. In the initial two phases there will be no change to the existing situation. The train and the merry-go-round will continue to be the only source of amusement-type revenue. Approximately 60% of the people that attend the existing Zoo are paid riders of the train. The merry-go-round attracts about 35% of the children that attend the Zoo (adults are currently not charged on the merry-go-round). With a shift away from the children's zoo image, it is expected that the ratio between attendance and ridership will decrease. The revenue projections for the train reflect a 5% decrease in ridership per phase due to the shift in the Zoo's image, as well as a 15% decrease for those months of the year that the train will be non-operational due to the weather conditions. The merry-go-round's useage was decreased by 50/s in the first phase to account for a shift in the type of visitor that the Zoo will attract. In Phase 2A the mini-ferris wheel and the mini-roller coaster will be installed. The existing merry-go-round will be replaced by a larger carousel which will be a ride that will also appeal to adults. In order to remain conservative with the revenue estimates, no revenue is projected from adult sources for rides other than the train. For purposes of projecting revenue it is expected that the three new rides will stimulate greater attractiveness than the present merry-go-round, yet individually

they will carry less than the merry-go-round's existing ridership because they will be sharing a defined market. The revenue for each ride will be calculated at 13% of the children's attendance. This figure was derived from historical useage data when winter closure is considered. Although adults will be charged for riding the children's rides, the percentage of adults that will ride is unknown, so this has not been included in the calculation. The charge for all rides is presently $.75. There has been no increase shown in this fee for the revenue projections.

REVENUE PROJECTIONS CURRENT 1984

CONTRACTED SERVICES

There is no current policy stipulating the services Edmonton Parks and Recreation contracts to the private sector. However, at the Valley Zoo it is anticipated that the two fixed food concessions, the gift shop, the stroller and sleigh rental and the full service restaurant will be contracted for a fee to the private sector. The following charts represent the revenue projections for each of the first four phases including the current situation. Projections beyond the fourth phase were not performed because attendance projections beyond that time period cannot be accurately quantified. All of the aforementioned services could be performed by Zoo staff to increase the Zoo's share of profit, but have been itemized as contracted services to keep the projections conservative, and to keep the requirement for administrative staff at the Zoo to a minimum.

TOTAL (000's)

ITEM

Admission - adult (60%) - children (40%)

Attendance 120,000 80,000

Total Attendance

200,000

Rides - train (60% of total attendance) - merry-go-round (35% of children)

Attendance 102,000 28,000

X X

Rate $2.25 $1.00

270.0 80.0

X X

Rate $0.75 $0.75

76.5 21.0

Contracted Services 45.0 3.0 8.0

- food concessions - souvenir sales - stroller/sleigh TOTAL

$503.5

129

PHASE

PHASE II

Admission - adult (60%) - children (40%)

Attendance 224,890 149,927

Total Attendance

374,817

Rides - train (51% of total attendance) - merry-go-round (30% of children)

X X

Rate $0.75 $0.75

Admission 562.2 107 A

(50% cost recovery)

4. 20.0 TOTAL $1036.6

130

Attendance 292,855 195,238

Total Attendance

488,093

Rides

Attendance 229,404 58,571

X X

Rate $2.75 $1.50

805.4 292.9

X X

Rate $0.75 $0.75

172.1 43.9

Contracted Services - food concessions ($0.14/capita) - souvenir sales ($0.05/capita) - stroller/sleigh ($0.05/capita)

52.5 18.7 18.7

Programming

- adult (60%) - children (40%)

- train (47% of total attendance) - merry-go-round (30% of children)

143.4 33.7

Contracted Services - food concessions ($0.14/capita) - souvenir sales ($0.05/capita) - stroller/sleigh ($0.05/capita)

Attendance 191,157 44,978

Rate $2.50 $1.25

TOTAL (000's)

ITEM

TOTAL (000's)

ITEM

68.3 24.4 24.4

Programming (50% cost recovery)

30.0 TOTAL $1461.4

PHASE IIA

PHASE III AND IIIA

ITEM

Admission - adult (60%) - children (40%)

Attendance 350,183 233,455

Total Attendance

583,638

Rides - train (38% of total attendance) - merry-go-round (13% of children) - mini-ferris wheel (13% of children) - mini-rollercoaster (13% of children)

Attendance 221,782 30,349 30,349 30,349

X X

X X X X

Rate $2.75 $1.50

Rate $0.75 $0.75 $0.75 $0.75

963.0 350.2

2. 166.3 22.8 22.8 22.8

81.7

TOTAL $1778.0

TOTAL (000's)

- adult (60%) - children (40%)

Attendance 411,286 274,191

Total Attendance

685,477

Rides

Attendance 205,643 35,645 35,645 35,645

X X

Rate $3.00 $1.50

1233.9 411.3

X X X X

Rate $0.75 $0.75 $0.75 $0.75

154.2 26.7 26.7 26.7

Contracted Services - food concessions ($0.14/capita) - restaurant rental (3,000 sq. ft. $20/sq. ft.) - souvenir sales ($0.05/capita) - stroller/sleigh ($0.05/capita)

60.0 29.2 29.2

30.0

Admission

- train (30% of total attendance) - merry-go-round (13% of children) - mini-ferris wheel (13% of children) - mini-rollercoaster (13% of children) 3.

Programming (50% cost recovery)

ITEM

Contracted Services - food concessions ($0.14/capita) - restaurant rental (3,000 sq. ft. @ $20/sq. ft.) - souvenir sales ($0.05/capita) - stroller/sleigh ($0.05/capita)

TOTAL (000's)

96.0 60.0 34.3 34.3

Programming (50% cost recovery)

30.0 TOTAL $2134.1

131

PHASE IV TOTAL (000's)

ITEM

Admission - adult (60%) - children (40%)

Attendance 487,529 325,019

Total Attendance

812,548

Rides - train (26% of total attendance) - merry-go-round (13% of children) - mini-ferris wheel (13% of children) - mini-rollercoaster (13% of children)

Rate $3.25 $1.50

1584.5 487.5

Rate $0.75 $0.75 $0.75 $0.75

158.4 31.7 31.7 31.7

Contracted Services - food concessions ($0.14/capita) - restaurant rental (3,000 sq. ft. @ $20/sq. ft.) - souvenir sales ($0.05/capita) - stroller/sleigh ($0.05/capita)

Attendance 211,262 42,252 42,252 42,252

X X

113.8 60.0 40.6 40.6

Programming (50% cost recovery)

50.0 TOTAL $2630.5

132

The figures given in the preceeding charts indicate that the revenue per capita attendance ranges from a low of $2.77 in the first phase to a high of $3.23 in phase four. In order to streamline their revenue analysis, the Calgary Zoo currently uses a figure of $4.50 per capita attendance as their rule of thumb. This figure lends confidence to the conservative nature of the Valley Zoo's projections as outlined in the preceeding charts.

D. FINANCIAL SUMMARY I I.

III

IIIA

VII

TOTAL

7,191,000

4,141,000

10,466,000

7,3244,000

500,000

4,725,000

5,327,000

6,576,000

7,500,000

53,750,000

578,000

331.000

837,000

40,000

378,000

426,000

527.000

600,000

4,304,000

C. Fixed Assets

40,000

109,000

63,000

79,000

11,000

57,000

24,000

16,000

309,000

D. Animal Acquisition Costs

85,000

24,000

19,000

34.000

88,000

22,000

30,000

326,000

7,894,000

4,605,000

11,385,000

8,014,000

540,000

5,148,000

7,149,000

08,146,000

58,779,000

B. Professional Fees

Total

Operating Costs 1,108,000

1,425,000

1,635,000

1,763.000

1,763,000

2,031,000

2,236,000

2,346,000

2,466.000

B. Material and Services

128,000

170,000

180,000

240,000

290,000

350,000

400,000

450,000

C. Utilities

110,000

160.000

180.000

190.000

240,000

280.000

350,000

400.000

D. Vehicles and Equipment

40,000

50,000

50.000

60,000

70,000

80.000

.80,000

80,000

E. Service Contracts

25,000

50,000

100,000

125.000

125,000

150,000

175,000

200,000

225,000

1,411,000

1,835,000

2,145,000

2,378,000

2,781,000

3,121,000

3,376.000

3,621,000

A. Admission

750,000

1.098,000

1,313,000

1,645,000

2,072,000

B. Rides

177,000

216,000

235,000

235.000

234,000

254,000

C. Contracted Services

90,000

117,000

200,000

225.000

225,000

255,000

D. Programming

20,000

30.000

30,000

30.000

50,000

1,037,000

1,461,000

1,778,000

2,134,000

2,631,000

374,000

376,000

244,000

150,000

A. Staffing

Total

III.

IIA

CAPITAL COSTS A. Construction

II.

REVENUE

Total

OPERATIONAL DEFICIT

OPERATIONAL COST RECOVERY

73.5%

79.6%

82.9%

89.7%

94.6%

133

A. FUNDING RESPONSIBILITIES In order to reduce the overall length of time required to comPlete development, and alleviate the tax burden that a public facility of this nature would impose if funded totally through property tax revenue, the development of the Valley Zoo will be a City of Edmonton joint venture with other interested bodies. The determination of the areas of responsibility is premised on the assumption that the only features of the Zoo that can be sponsored by outside agencies are those that are high-profile items, or items that can be labelled with a sponsor plate. The City of Edmonton would undertake the remaining development. In most cases the City's responsibility would include items such as underground utilities, service features, roads and walkways, some landscaping, site preparation and mechanical and electrical site services. The charts on the pages following detail the areas of funding and the respective funding responsibilities.

135

CITY

OTHER SOURCES

0/0

TOTAL

PHASE I

CITY

0/0

OTHER SOURCES

TOTAL

PHASE II

Construction Sub-Total

1,579,000

4,202,000

5,781,000

Construction Sub-Total

1,390,000

1,923,000

3,313,000

Construction Contingency

395,000

1,015,000

1,410,000

Construction Contingency

347,000

481,000

828,000

Construction Total

1,974,000

5,217,000

7,191,000

Construction Total

1,737,000

2,404,000

4,141,000

Professional Fees

158,000

420,000

578,000

Professional Fees

139,000

192,000

331,000

2,000

38,000

40,000

Fixed Assets

57,000

52,000

109,000

85,000

Animal Acquisition

24,000

Fixed Assets

Animal Acquisition Total Interest During Construction TOTAL

136

2,134,000

235,000 2,369,000

27%

5,760,000

73%

7,894,000

Total Interest During Construction TOTAL

1,933,000

213,000 2,146,000

42%

2,672,000

58%

4,605,000

CITY

OTHER SOURCES

TOTAL

PHASE IIA

CITY

0/0

OTHER SOURCES

TOTAL

PHASE III

Construction Sub-Total

3,153,000

5,220,000

8,373,000

Construction Sub-Total

3,277,000

2,593,000

5,870,000

Construction Contingency

789,000

1,304,000

2,093,000

Construction Contingency

819,000

635,000

1,454,000

Construction Total

03,942,000

6,524,000

10,466,000

Construction Total

4,096,000

3,228,000

7,324,000

Professional Fees

315,000

522,000

837,000

Professional Fees

328,000

259,000

587,000

Fixed Assets

63,000

Fixed Assets

68,000

11,000

79,000

Animal Acquisition

19,000

Animal Acquisition

24,000

Total Interest During Construction TOTAL

4,257,000

468,000 4,725,000

37%

7,128,000

63%

11,385,000

Total Interest During Construction TOTAL

4,492,000

56%

3,522,000

44%

8,014,000

494,000 4,986,000

137

CITY

OTHER SOURCES

0/0

TOTAL

0/0

CITY

OTHER SOURCES

0/0

TOTAL

PHASE IV

PHASE IIIA Construction Sub-Total

400,000

Construction Sub-Total

206,000

3,574,000

3,780,000

Construction Contingency

100,000

Construction Contingency

52,000

893,000

945,000

Construction Total

500,000

Construction Total

258,000

4,467,000

4,725,000

Professional Fees

40,000

Professional Fees

21,000

357,000

378,000

Fixed Assets

11,000

Animal Acquisition

34,000

Total Interest During Construction TOTAL

138

540,000

59,000 599,000

100%

540,000

Total Interest During Construction TOTAL

279,000

31,000 310,000

4,869,000

95%

5,148,000

CITY

0/0

OTHER SOURCES

0/0

CITY

TOTAL

OTHER SOURCES

0/0

TOTAL

PHASE VI

PHASE V Construction Sub-Total

2,080,000

2,182,000

4,262,000

Construction Sub-Total

853,000

4,418,000

5,271,000

Construction Contingency

520,000

545,000

1,065,000

Construction Contingency

213,000

1,092,000

1,305,000

Construction Total

2,600,000

2,727,000

5,327,000

Construction Total

1,066,000

5,510,000

6,576,000

Professional Fees

208,000

218,000

426,000

Professional Fees

85,000

442,000

527,000

Fixed Assets

19,000

38,000

57,000

Fixed Assets

13,000

11,000

24,000

88,000

Animal Acquisition

22,000

Animal Acquisition Total Interest During Construction TOTAL

2,827,000

311,000 3,138,000

48%

3,071,000

52%

5,898,000

Total Interest During Construction TOTAL

1,164,000

16%

5,985,000

84%

7,149,000

128,000 1,292,000

139

CITY

OTHER SOURCES

TOTAL

PHASE VII Construction Sub-Total

CITY

TOTAL

224,000

5,776,000

6,000,000

Construction Sub-Total

13,162,000

29,888,000

43,050,000

Construction Contingency

56,000

1,444,000

1,500,000

Construction Contingency

3,291,000

7,409,000

10,700,000

Construction Total

280,000

7,220,000

7,500,000

Construction Total

16,453,000

37,297,000

53,750,000

Professional Fees

22,000

578,000

600,000

Professional Fees

1,316,000

2,988,000

4,304,000

Fixed Assets

11,000

16,000

Fixed Assets

159,000

240,000

326,000

Animal Acquisition

30,000

Animal Acquisition

326,000

Total Interest During Construction TOTAL

140

302,000

33,000 335,000

3.7%

7,844,000

96.3%

8,146,000

Total Interest During Construction TOTAL

17,928,000

1,972,000 19,900,000

30.5%

40,851,000

69.5%

58,779,000

The previous charts indicate that the City of Edmonton will be financially responsible for 30.5% of the total project of $19.9 million in 1984 dollars. With the largest percentage of the funding resting with bodies outside the City of Edmonton's corporate structure, an ongoing mechanism is built in to re-affirm the public's support for the project. If the funds cannot be assembled through private means, the implication is that interest in the project is waning. Furthermore, another condition of this implementation scheme is that City Council has the freedom to provide funding for Zoo development only when deemed to be an appropriate use of public funds. This implies that the rate of Zoo development will be regulated by City Council and reviewed annually in the City's budget establishment and approval process. Due to the complexity of preparing plans for state-of-the-art, naturalistic exhibits with constant variety and imagination, it is suggested that the minimum length of time required to develop this Zoo is twenty-eight years. This will allow for an orderly construction schedule, and will give planners and designers sufficient time to develop fresh ideas. In addition, the projected development period will allow the construction industry time to further the state-of-the-art. The construction of a zoo is unlike the development of a swimming pool or ice arena because there is no pressure to have everything completed as quickly as possible. Each phase has been designed so that once complete, it builds upon the storylines created in previous phases, and produces a completely functional zoo in terms of servicing, exhibit display and variety, circulation, and all other measures of a zoo's corn pleteness.

141

B. PRIVATE SECTOR FUNDING In reviewing the history of the Valley Zoo and the inability of previous plans to reach a significant stage of implementation, a great deal of concern was expressed by the people involved in the creation of this plan. In discussions regarding previous plans, it was surmised that the plans were never implemented due to: - insufficient attention paid to financing the capital development of the proposed Zoo, as was the case in 1963; - a lack of commitment by the approving bodies, as in 1973; - a lack of priority in capital funds allocation which happened in both 1975 and to a lesser extent in 1977; - opposition by area residents, as in 1980. In 1984, the Valley Zoo faces a set of circumstances which combine the old problems with new and different ones. The realities of today are: - the economy of the nation is just beginning to climb out of a recession and is forecasted to be below par for the next few years; - the 1983 Budget for the City of Edmonton was held to an increase of only 8%, or in real terms, a decrease of 2% when the inflationary factor is considered. Restrained budgets are expected for at least the next two fiscal years. - corporate donors and private philanthropists have less money available with an increased demand for that money; - citizens residing in the neighbourhood adjacent the Zoo are concerned about further development. The greatest single obstacle for the plan's implementation is capitalization. It is the manner in which all of these realities are addressed that will dictate the success or failure of any attempts to implement the present plan. The current economic climate places special constraints on available money. To aid in the raising of capital for construction it is recommended that a society be formally

143

recognized by the City of Edmonton as a fund-raising body and be approved as a component of this plan.

Fund-raising:

RESPONSIBILITIES OF A SOCIETY The responsibilities for any society range from being soley a promotional entity to being responsible for ownership and management. The following continuum illustrates the range of responsibilities available to a Zoo society:

The Valley Zoo is in somewhat of a paradox. On the one hand, it does not achieve its full market potential in terms of attendance, so additional funding is not felt to be the most cost-effective way of spending the tax dollar. On the other hand, without an infusion of capital to upgrade and improve the facility, the attendance will constantly remain below the potential. Fund-raising goes handin-hand with the promotion of a facility, for one act will improve the performance of the other. The society should be able to solicit and secure both capital and operational dollars.

SECOND STAGE Promotion Fundraisers

Advisors for predefined matters

Advisors for all matters

Partial Lessors/ managers managers

Full ownership/ management

For this reason it is recommended that the responsibilities of the society be phased into a minimum of four stages. FIRST STAGE In the initial stage of the society it is best to limit the areas of responsibility, in order to develop a strong support system and organizational network. Under the first stage, the mandate of the society would be restricted to promotion and fund-raising. Promotion:

The Valley Zoo is currently bound to the Parks and Recreation Department's Facilities Branch budget for advertising funds. In times of fiscal restraint it is this budget that suffers the greatest impact and consequently affects the attention and attendance that the facility receives.

With the society's involvement with fund-raising and promotion, the next logical level of responsibility is to become involved in programming and educational services. The Valley Zoo does not presently make use of volunteers in providing a zoological service to the City. It is common practice in other zoos throughout North America to make use of volunteers, or docents, in the interpretive programmes they provide for school groups, tour groups, and the general public. Only after the society makes a demonstrated commitment to the Zoo, should the society be allowed to encompass the responsibilities yet to be outlined. The third stage will deliver the society membership into a realm of money management; a realm that will require not only time commitment, but a commitment from society members able to perform the required tasks. THIRD STAGE The third stage will involve the society in fund-raising on a more specific basis. Instead of simply soliciting donations, the society should be able to generate revenue through the management of selected facilities at the Zoo. As happens elsewhere, a non-profit gift shop is a logical starting point to introduce a young society into this phase of operation. Once the necessary skills are acquired

144

and/or honed, other opportunities exist in the food concession and in the full service restaurant areas. The work could involve a "hands-on" approach, or more simply, it could be only the administration of contracts with various operators to provide those services.

SUGGESTED STAGES OF SOCIETY RESPONSIBILITY

RESPONSIBILITY

STAGE

FOURTH STAGE The final stage to be discussed is by far the largest and most difficult step. It is best described as "money management". This level is one which will require negotiations between the society and the City to resolve areas of responsibility, since much of the control could be taken from the City. It should be clear that for any authority the society assumes, a proportionate amount of responsibility for that authority will be required. As would be expected, a clear definition of stages or points in time at which the society would be prepared to proceed to greater responsibility cannot be predetermined. Thus, the stages outlined here serve to define logical shifts to increased responsibility, rather than to propose precise steps or lengths of time. In addition to the defined areas in which the society could potentially be useful, there are also a number of areas where zoos have experienced hardships or inefficiencies when their societies were involved. The areas in which a sponsoring group at the Valley Zoo should be limited to making recommendations to Zoo management staff are:

Fund raising Promotion

Programming Education

Revenue Generation - gift shop - food concessions - restaurant

(Money) Management

- animal welfare - animal handling procedures - purchase and dispossession of animals - operational scheduling - veterinary care - horticulture and grounds maintenance

145

A. ISSUES RELATED TO DEVELOPMENT TRANSPORTATION PARKING Concern: That there be enough parking available to serve Zoo patrons. The Master Plan shall designate an area of parking capable of accommodating the vehicular accumulation that will be generated by the Zoo, Laurier Park and adjacent recreation lands. According to the projections of Alfred Gobar and Associates Inc. the following requirements should be met to satisfy the demand for parking created by a zoo with 1,810 specimens:

Parking Requirements

1980

1986

1991

1996

2001

Number of stalls

1,250

1,630

1,810

1,970

Number of acres

10.0

11.6

13.0

14.5

15.8

Source: Alfred Gobar Associates, Inc., 1980 The above figures are included only to illustrate the maximum number of stalls required for parking at the Zoo. As the proposed specimen count is significantly less than the theoretical optimum established in the Gobar Report, it is felt that required parking will be less than projected in 1980. Due to the isolated nature of the site, planning will be based on a peak measurement rather than an average measurement. There currently exists approximately 13.4 acres of land to serve the parking requirements of the Zoo, Laurier Park and Buena Vista flats. As the projections are based upon a zoo with more exhibited specimens than the present Valley Zoo, and as the short-term demand for parking can be accommodated on the existing site, a system

147

of monitoring the parking demand will be developed and outlined in the Master Plan. The transportation study conducted by DelCan listed three parking options for the Valley Zoo that can be considered: 1. Provide all parking on-site; 2. Provide all parking south of the river; and 3. Provide parking both on-site and south of the river. It was recommended by the consultant that the third option be instituted with 1,000 on-site parking spaces. When additional space is required it would be developed on the south side of the river.

Ltd.) and submitted to the Parks and Recreation Department in January, 1981. In essence, the report stated, that because the roadway led through "an exclusive residential area and traverses a significant grade over much of its length", its level of service should be reduced from what would normally be in the D to E service range to a C range "with a capacity of approximately 700vph per lane". The current peak traffic volumes are felt by residents to be unacceptable. The definition of what constitutes an "acceptable traffic condition" to a neighbourhood resident and to a traffic engineer are two completely different things. One is perceived while the other is quantifiable.

In addition, the Zoo entrance should be designed to be accessible only from public parking lots, thus discouraging zoo visitors from parking on neighbourhood streets.

There is significant traffic volume using Buena Vista Road which has destinations other than the Zoo. The transportation assessment (Appendix E) established the proportion of Zoo-related traffic using Buena Vista Road.

Charter buses-will be serving the site and sufficient parking should be allocated to accommodate these buses. Incorporation into the regular transit "turn-around" would be advantageous so that the walking distance from the bus is minimized.

Parking will be limited to the land presently available (approximately 13.4 acres) on the north side of the North Saskatchewan River. The erection of a sign at the top of the hill to indicate when the parking lot is full will be considered.

DUST

PUBLIC TRANSIT SERVICE

Concern: The present parking lot generates a considerable amount of dust which is blown throughout the neighbouring community.

Concern: That adequate provision is made for public transit service.

The dust problem at the Valley Zoo exists because the parking lot is presently unpaved and untreated. Paving the lot in phase one (considering construction traffic) is expected to not only eliminate the dust problem but also to maximize the land available for parking. TRAFFIC Concern: Will traffic generated by the Zoo be more than existing roadways can handle? This issue was addressed in a report prepared by Deloan (DeLeuw, Cather, Canada 148

The Valley Zoo is presently served by Edmonton Transit, Route 123 only on Sundays and holidays between Victoria Day and Labour Day of each year. The Transit Department will be requested to reinstitute regular transit service year-round. In this way, the figure of 15% of Zoo patrons arriving by transit can be maintained or increased as suggested in the transportation assessment. The design of the Zoo has included the provision of shelters for those waiting for buses. Bus lanes will be provided in close proximity to the Zoo entrance. Edmonton Transit has requested that a "turn-around" be developed to provide a smooth and efficient flow of bus traffic. This has been provided in the parking lot plan.

Currently, Edmonton Transit periodically uses the Zoo parking area for a special event "Park-'n-Ride" lot. As "Park-`n-Ride" is required to accommodate transportation needs to other Parks and Recreation facilities, Edmonton Transit has requested that this joint useage of parking be continued for as long as possible on dates acceptable to both parties.

OPERATIONS NOISE Concern: That the noise of the Zoo not affect the surrounding residential community. The design need not necessarily eliminate all wildlife sounds since they are a desirable feature of a Zoo experience. Some means to achieve a development that does not create unpleasant sounds are: 1. designing animal enclosures to restrict the passage of sound; and 2. locating those animals that can be expected to create the greatest amount of noise furthest from area homes. SECURITY

FLIES Concern: That the propagation of flies at the Zoo will become a problem. At the first public meeting held in December of 1980, area residents expressed a worry that the propagation of flies would be a problem at an enlarged facility. To date, there have been no complaints made to the Valley Zoo, the Parks and Recreation Department, nor the Citizen's Action Centre regarding a problem concerning flies. From this, one can surmise that the concern is one of a perceived potential rather than an existing problem. The existence of flies are not consistent with good animal husbandry. The Zoo will ensure good waste disposal procedures. Disposal of waste will occur off site. ODOURS Concern: That an enlarged Valley Zoo would create undesirable odours in the adjacent residential area. This concern will be carefully considered in the development of the detailed design. Buffering will be provided to alleviate some of the odours that may exist. The following actions mitigate any odour problems now, and will continue to do so in the future: 1. maintain a regular washdown and cleanup programme;

Concern: That further development of the Valley Zoo will increase the current security problems in the Laurier Park area.

2. use deodorant chemicals as necessary;

The Zoo does not have a security problem, however, there currently is such a problem in Laurier Park.

3. continue to carry out a waste disposal programme with the Water and Sanitation Department.

At the Zoo itself, design will eliminate areas that are difficult to secure. This should be tempered with the knowledge that eliminating hidden areas can make it impossible to create natural settings. Sufficient, well-placed lighting, adequate fencing and proper access control will help insure the integrity of the facility.

4. develop aeration and recirculation ponds; and 5. use fragrant plant materials. DISPOSAL OF WASTES Concern: That the disposal of wastes could be detrimental to the land, water, and air in-and-around the Zoo. 149

The control of effluent is a major concern to Zoo management. The current practice is to remove all sewage via the City sanitary sewer system. An engineering study of the flows will be undertaken to determine the extent of upgrading required for the expansion of the Zoo.

private sector funding will be examined, If successful, the Zoo's development will minimally increase the capital cost to the City. Present operational cost subsidy per capita is approximately $0.78/year. With a more marketable product, the subsidy will be reduced considerably.

The storm system will be designated to preclude the entry of fecal coliform or any other wastes. Solid wastes will be frequently removed from the site.

As criteria for development, the design and layout of the Zoo has recognized revenue opportunities and has taken advantage of such opportunities where appropriate.

HEALTH U NC rmNI

DECLINING 1-'11U1-'Ll1 I Y VALUES

Concern: That the potential exists for the spread of zoonosis to be transmitted to the neighbouring community.

Concern: That property values will decline due to the proximity to an enlarged Valley Zoo.

The development and management of the Zoo shall place the health and safety of the animals, employees and general public as the highest priority in all aspects of design. Management currently deals with this through:

Improvements to the Zoo will have an effect on the neighbourhood, including property values. Experience elsewhere indicates the following impacts:

1. an extensive washdown and cleanup programme; 2. use of construction materials which facilitate sanitation (e.g. metal vs. wood); 3. elimination of areas that are difficult to sanitize; and 4. provision of adequate facilities for cleaning, food handling and preparation, and veterinary services. Good health care and disease contro are essential to a zoo's survival and progressive development.

1. homes adjacent to public parks, including zoos, enjoy greater value than those which are not so situated; and 2. the more improvements in a park or zoo, the greater the increase in adjoining property values. It is anticipated, that through development which addresses all of the issues presented by area residents, the value of property in the area adjacent the Zoo will not be detrimentally affected, but rather, enhanced. YEAR - ROUND USE

FINANCIAL

Concern: Should the Zoo be opened year-round?

COST TO TAXPAYER

Area residents have questioned the value of a year-round operation. City Council had directed that the Valley Zoo be designed for year-round operation. This is rationalized as follows:

Concern: That the cost of the development should impose no undue hardship on taxpayers. As a component yet to be pursued by the proposed Zoo Society, potential sources of 150

1. the winter operation will serve to reduce the fixed operating costs which are constant year-round;

2. a winter educational programme at the Zoo is presently non-existent. A yearround operation will permit an active programme to be incorporated into local schools; 3. additional construction required for public viewing is minimal relative to the overall development. Buildings will be designed with inside public viewing to allow users to view the exhibits during inclement weather. Most exotic Zoo specimens require controlled climates, thus buildings are an identified need even for a Zoo open only in the summer; 4. animals would have familiar year-round enclosures rather than different holding enclosures for the winter months; 5. Seventy percent of the respondents in the telephone survey said they would attend a zoo in the winter if it was "designed, constructed and programmed" for winter activity; and 6. analysis of trends in northern zoos indicates this approach is cost effective.

DESIGN BUFFERING Concern: That the Zoo does not impinge on the immediate residential area through poor or unsightly views, noise* or smells*. As part of the design process, the consideration of unsightly views, noise and smells will receive specific attention. The techniqes to be used in reducing or eliminating the potential impact these items may have on residents include: 1. providing physical separation for the residents from obtrusive elements;

ACCESS TO RIVER Concern: That free and unrestricted access to the North Saskatchewan River be preserved. This was a concern borne out of the conceptual plan proposed in 1980. That plan proposed to include Laurier Park and Buena Vista Flats within the Zoo, thereby restricting River access. Although the actual zoo development by virtue of its location will not present a physical barrier to the River, every effort will be made to ensure that other influences (i.e. traffic, etc.) do not affect access to the walking, jogging, cycling and skiing trails located in Laurier Park and along the River. It is intended that design of the perimeter Zoo fence include an area suitable for jogging and cross-country skiing. The Planning Department has requested that "any development proposals should allow access to the River Valley trail system". LINKAGE TO OTHER FACILITIES AND AREAS Concern: That any linkages to other facilities not interfere with, or impede, access into recreation areas from residential areas. Current user patterns of Laurier Park visitors indicate that there are pedestrian movements from the adjacent residences into the park. Present access points will not be eliminated without the provision of suitable alternatives. The pedestrian flow along the River has been discussed in "Access to the River". The zoo design will not impede this flow. In the long-term, access potential to other major facilities in the vicinity must be kept open, though it is not the intention of the City to construct any additional bridges across the North Saskatchewan River in the forseeable future.

2. screening obtrusive elements through the use of berms and/or plant material; and 3. locating obtrusive elements in areas which minimize impact. *Note: Noise and odours have been dealt with specifically under "Operations".

ESCAPE OF ANIMALS Concern: That sufficient precautions are taken to ensure that the animals being exhibited do not escape from their enclosures.

151

The design of the Valley Zoo shall foster the safety of the animals, staff and patrons of the Zoo as well as area residents. Measures to ensure this safety are: 1. provide a perimeter security fence around the Zoo with additional primary and secondary double fences erected as each exhibit is developed; 2. detailed design of each exhibit will limit the effects of human error in the confinement of the animals; 3. where necessary, selected animals will be secured in housing after normal operating hours; and 4. provide twenty-four hour security on site (manned and electronic).

152

B. TELEPHONE SURVEY SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS It becomes readily apparent from the survey informtion that the Valley Zoo is a worthy investment for the City of Edmonton. There is a strong indication that the attendance potential of the Valley Zoo has not been realized. The main reasons for this are that it has remained static, and that it is perceived as being exclusively a children's zoo. Future development of the Zoo is warranted by the response to the key questions. Eighty-one percent of the population is in favour of further development within the fenced area, ninety percent feel that a river valley location is appropriate and seventy percent would visit a facility that was opened year-round. These results remain relatively constant, regardless of the amount of visits per year, or residence location in the City.

153

SCATTERG RAM AVENUE (DOWN) 024 (ACROSS) 023 STREET -177.65 -158.95 -140.25 -121.55 -102.85 -84.15 -65.45 -46.75 -28.05 -9.35

153.90 + 153.90

136.80 + 136.80 I I I I 119.70 + 119.70

METHODOLOGY

* 8* X*

171.00 + 171.00

V ** *

8* * X

2* * 2 *

* *

*82

TELEPHONE SURVEY ANALYSIS

***

** 4

* **

8* * *

8 2

2 : X

The exercise began by formulating and refining the questions. Once that was completed, eight hundred telephone numbers were randomly selected to represent the areal dispersion of the population. Briefly described, each of the telephone exchanges in the City (i.e. 420, 421...) were listed, and the number of residential phones in service on each exchange were calculated by Edmonton Telephones. The sample size of eight hundred was calculated and distributed equitably to each of the exchanges, according to the percentage of the total residential phones in service on each exchange.

* I * 2 ** *** 2 *2 .** I * 2 * * ** X * 2 * I * ^ 232 ** *2* 2 ** *8 * 102.60 + 102.60 2* * 1* * 3 * * I, * * I * * 8 8 * * 8 * I 1441111111177 * * 1* *8 - * * * * *8* * * 2 85.50 + 2 $ 85.50 * * 2 * * * * X *** X * * *8 X 2 *8 ** ** *X

34.20 + 34.20

-0.0 -0.0

* *

SIGNIFICANCE OF DATA

3 *

* * * *

2 * *8*

* * * *

** * * * *

* $

* * **

X *

* * 17.10 + 17.10

2**

I 2 51.30 + 51.30

The primary data from the survey was then post-coded, entered into a computer, and analyzed using the SPSS programme. The respondents' addresses were plotted on a scattergram (to check for a random areal distribution). Cross-tabulations with selected data were performed and broken down by age, and by respondents' City residential location.

* *

+ -187.00 -168.30 -149.60 -130.90 -112.20 -93.50 -74.80 -56.10 -37.40 -18.70

154

The intent in selecting the sample was to survey a cross-section of Edmonton citizens based on age, sex and area of residence. The response rate to the survey was 47%. As displayed on the scattergram, the dispersion of the responses is indeed random and does encompass the entire residential population of the City. To provide a landmark to better understand the scattergram, the approximate location of the North Saskatchewan River has been superimposed upon the graph opposite. The first demographic variable is age. To insure an accurate representation in this category, the information received in the telephone survey was compared to the 1981 census data.

The following table compares the telephone survey information with the census information: Age Group 15 - 29 30 - 49 50+

Survey Response

Actual

45.8% 34.1% 19.7%

44.1% 31.4% 24.5%

99.6%

100.1%

The second variable is sex. Once again, the figures have to be compared to the actual data as obtained from the census:

Male Female

Survey Response

Actual

33.7% 66.3%

51% 49%

1. On average, how often do you visit the Zoo per year. If not, why? The response to this question is that 40.1% of the respondents never visit the Zoo. When the people that don't know or didn't respond to the question are removed, a total of 59.10/0 is left which represents the proportion of people that do visit the Zoo on an on-going basis. The greatest reason for not attending the Zoo is "no kids", and the greatest reason for attending the Zoo is that the Zoo is "for kids". When the "no response" category is removed from the list, these top two reasons account for 48.9% of the reasons given. The interpretation of this data is that the Zoo's identification as strictly a children's zoo is adversely affecting attendance. In order to appeal to a broader range of population, the design of a future Zoo should provide more of an "all ages" facility, while upgrading the Storyland portion to maintain the percent advantages. Other noteworthy reasons given for not attending the Zoo are: - no handicapped services (2.4%);

This variable is the one which most digresses from the actual. It is not, however, considered to detract from the utility of the data for interpretation purposes.

- new in town (7.5%); - no time (13.5%); and

Based on the above demographic data, the responses received from the telephone survey are valid, and may be used in the formulation of policy for future zoo development. The results of the survey achieved a 94% to 95% confidence level which means that in 94% of the cases, the results of the survey can be assumed to be an accurate representation of the population. This is a statistically suitable level of significance. INTERPRETATION The most significant answers in the telephone survey are those dealing with further development of the Zoo within the fenced area, appropriateness of the river valley for zoo development, and attendance at a facility open to the public year-round.

- not interested (9.9%).

A full list is provided in Table I. 2a. Are you in favour of Zoo development within the fenced area? As mentioned in the preamble, this was a crucial question of the exercise to determine whether City Council, in their motion to expand the existing Zoo, was indeed expressing the wishes of the citizens of Edmonton. The results of this question support City Council's directive:

155

Absolute Frequency Yes No Don't Know No Response

291 32 27 7

81.1 9.5 7.5 1.9

359

100.0

This response ratio did not vary across different opinion or demographic groups. There was, however, a slightly lower incidence of "yes" responses immediately adjacent the Zoo when the boundaries were reduced in size. This slightly lower incidence cannot be used as a statistically significant observation. 2b. Is the Zoo an appropriate use of land in the river valley? The response frequencies for this question also provided a mandate from the people for development of the Zoo in its present location. They are: Absolute Frequency Yes No Don't Know No Response

The results are:

Percent

324 13 18 4

90.3 3.6 5.0 1.1

359

100.0

3. What type of zoo would you like to see developed?

Absolute Frequency

Percent Family zoo Primarily a children's zoo Traditional zoo Game Farm No change Don't know No response More monkeys More rides Combination children/family Mix of animals More diversity Develop now Large animals Mini golf Larger Aquatics

Percent

193 62 17 16 15 18 8 7 6 3 3 2 1 1 1 3 3

53.7 17.3 4.7 4.5 4.2 5.0 2.2 1.9 1.7 .8 .8 .6 .3 .3 .3 .8 .8

359

100.0

The responses to this question indicate that a family-type zoo is preferred with strong support for a children's zoo. Key comments worth extracting from the list are requests for more monkeys, rides, and a greater variety of animals and displays. 4. List the three things that you most enjoy about the Zoo. The following is an abbreviated response list. The top ten responses and their respective frequencies are given below. A full list is provided in Table II.

156

Frequency Animals Train Good for kids Storyland Clean Convenience Layout Park setting Petting zoo Natural habitat

134 73 48 44 33 32 30 21 20 19

From this list it is apparent that the Valley Zoo's major functions are to entertain and educate. The utility of this list is to ensure that the new Master Plan recognizes the positive aspects of the present Zoo, and wherever possible, build upon them. 5. List the three things you least enjoy about the Zoo. As with the previous question only the top ten responses are given. The full list can be found in Table III. Frequency Nothing Not enough variety of animals Food Too small Animals crowded Too expensive For kids only Not open evenings

48 20 17 16 14 11 11 10

Too much walking Lineups

9 7

Many of the points listed under this question dealt with operational considerations (food, too expensive, not open evenings, etc.). This question then becomes of interest to those administering the Zoo on a day-to-day basis. 6. List three things you would like to see added or enhanced in the enlarged Zoo. The following are the top ten responses. Table IV contains the complete table. Frequency Greater variety of animals Picnic area Game farm More concessions Landscape More young kids' rides More rides Petting zoo More land Sea World

120 19 19 16 15 14 13 10 10 10

The results of this question are quite straight forward and can be incorporated into the final design. Care must be exercised in reviewing this list, since the request for a greater variety of animals was by far the most popular, and therefore, most important point. The remainder of the points come from a small percentage, and discretion should be shown in accepting the points on the lower spectrum of the list. 7a. Do you favour linking the Zoo with other facilities? 7b. What kind of link do you favour?

157

Many people (67.4%) do favour linking the Zoo to other facilities as the following table illustrates: Absolute Frequency Yes No Don't Know No Response

242 99 15 3

359

Percent 67.4 27.6 4.2

River bus Pedestrian bridge River show boat Cable car LRT - direct bus Train with Fort Edmonton Bike path

100.0

Percent

290 84 20 5

69.6 23.4 5.6 1.4

359

100.0

The above chart indicates that almost 70% of the respondents would visit a zoo that is open year-round. Care should be exercised in accepting this percent as a legitimate attendance projection, for it would translate into a winter attendance of 385,000, which exceeds the present attendance at the Valley Zoo by more than 150,000. The utility of this result lies in substantiating Council's directive that the citizens of Edmonton would like the option of attending this type of facility in the winter.

Percent

76 59 56 27 11 2 2

32.6 25.3 24.0 11.5 4.7 .8 .8

233

99.7

Further study is required to assess the cost-benefits of each alternative, as well as to find sponsors for the projects (public or private). 8. If the Zoo was designed, constructed and programmed for winter activities, would you visit the Zoo in the winter time? 158

Yes No Don't Know No Response

The purpose of linking the Valley Zoo to other facilities is two-fold. First of all, attendance at linked facilities could be increased by as much as 40%. Secondly, the shared use of facilities and support services decreases operating expenses, making each facility more cost effective. Absolute Frequency

Absolute Frequency

9. Should the Zoo be subsidized by tax dollars or should it be operated totally on a user-pay basis, or should it be a combination of both? Almost three-quarters of the people responding indicated that a combination of tax subsidy and "user-pay" would be the preferred method of funding. Absolute Frequency Combination User-pay Tax subsidy Heritage Trust Don't Know No Response

Percent

269 57 15 1 11 6

74.9 15.9 4.2 .3 3.1 1.7

359

100.0

The results of this question will be interpreted when further study into private sector donations has been completed. This question indicates that the method of meeting costs currently employed at the Zoo is the most preferred. 10. What concerns do you have or what do you see as being an issue in the future development of the Zoo? Many of the concerns identified as a result of this question have been previously mentioned. This does, however, provide a means of judging the importance of each concern. Absolute Frequency

Neighbourhood effects Budget - taxes Traffic increases Aesthetic improvement Expropriation of land Become like Disneyland Welfare of animals River pollution Crowding of animals Devaluation of property Become too commercial Lose child aspect If not kept small Type of development Don't know/no concern Questionable value to City Will development increase use Threats for further development

61 48 15 4 13 2 7 1 3 1 5 2 9 6 59 2 2 1

Percent 17.0 13.4 4.2 1.1 3.6 .6 1.9 .3 .8 .3 1.4 .6 2.5 1.7 16.4 .6 .6 .3

1 1 1

If made traditional zoo Poor administration Parking

.3 .3 .3

TABLE I For what reason do you not visit the Zoo? Absolute Frequency For Kids No handicapped services Not interested Unable to climb, walk New in town No kids No time Other interests No response Too far No one to go with Like traditional zoo Too old No opportunity Don't go out much Never thought about it No transportation Health bad Animals caged

Percent

27 3 12 1 9 33 16 2 240 3 2 1 3 1 1 2 2 2 1

7.0 .8 3.3 .3 2.5 9.2 4.5 .6 66.9 .8 .6 .3 .8 .3 .3 .6 .6 .6 .3

359

100.0

159

TABLE II

TABLE II (continued)

List the three things that you most enjoy about the Zoo.

Absolute Frequency Absolute Frequency

No answer Convenience Good for kids Storyland Animals Clean Petting Zoo Rides Natural habitat Park setting Layout Not expensive Train Safety Exhibits Everything Photographs well Size Entertaining Quiet Friendly Don't Know Food Special events Playgrounds Dutch organ Educational 160

66 15 21 22 88 11 9 3 5 10 10 2 40 2 1 7 1 2 5 2 2 31 3 1

165 12 22 16 30 11 5 7 10 7 10 2 26 3 4 3 2 2 3 3 0 0 1 2 2 2 1

242 5 5 6 16 11 6 3 4 4 10 11 7 3 2

7 2 1 1 2 1 3

66 32 48 44 134 33 20 13 19 21 30 15 73 5 8 12 3 2 15 7 3 31 5 5 3 2 4

3 2 2 1

Refreshments People Picnicking Nocturnal Parking Good view Litter baskets - phone

1 1 2 359

359

6 2 2 1 1 1 2

359

TABLE III List the three things that you least enjoy about the Zoo. Absolute Frequency No answer For kids only Not enough variety /animals Too small Too much walking Parking Transportation poor Open evenings Lineups Bad washrooms Not enough shade Inconvenient Vending machines

133 6

309 5

348

133 11

10 12 7 5 3 6 6 2 3 1 1

9 3 2 2

1 1

20 16 9 7 3 10 7 3 6 2 1

4 1 1 3 1

Unused land Mosquitoes Prefer natural setting More family oriented Nothing Don't know Food Machine noise Too expensive Smell Litter Animals crowded Not clean Can't see well Nocturnal exhibit unsafe Pony rides Local animals Wall around zoo

5 1 4 1 48 62 8 2 9 4 1 12 2 1 1 1 1 1

o 1 1

1 1 1

2 1 1 1

7 1 6 1 48 62 17 3 11 5 1 14 3 2 1 2 1 1

TABLE III (continued) Picnic area Another theme needed Can't feed animals Concrete More sitting places

1 1

2 1 1 1

1 1 359

359

TABLE IV List three things you would like to see added or enhanced in the enlarged Zoo. Absolute Frequency No answer More variety of animals More adult content More resting places More rides Gear to age 10-16 More young kids' rides More "storyland" approach Paved parking Winter activities More education concentration Improved transport Animal writeups Indoor caging Landscape Larger cages Improve train More attractions Picnic area Like game farm More family oriented More land Extend hours Keep simple Reduce odours Don't know More concessions

87 101 6 3 5 2 8 6 2 1 3 1 1 2 10 3 1 3 10 10 1 3 1 4 1 45 8

262 18 2 4 8

314 1 1 1

2 2 2

1 1 3 3 2 1 5 3 1 5

1 1 2 2 2 4 6 2 1

1 1

7 120 9 8 13 2 14 6 5 3 6 2 4 3 15 6 5 4 19 19 2 10 2 5 2 45 16 161

Nothing Make another zoo More exhibits Playground Elephant ride Sea world Petting zoo More traditional zoo More space for animals Get visitors involved Special events Handicapped facilities No picnic area Protect animals more Exhibits closer together

6 3 5 2 1 3 6 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2

1 1 1

2 2

5 2 1 1

3 1

2 1 1

1 1 1

359

6 6 8 5 1 10 10 2 5 2 1 1 3 1 1

TABLE IV (continued) Animal shows Bad weather shelters Tours Feed animals 359

1 1

2 1 2 1

TABLE V What concerns do you have or what do you see as being an issue in the future development of the Zoo? No response Neighbourhood effects Don't know/no concern Budget taxes 162

113 61 59 48

31.5% 17.0 16.4 13.4

Traffic increase Expropriation of land If not kept small Welfare of animals Type of development Too commercial Aesthetic improvement Crowding of animals Become like Disneyworld If doesn't remain for kids Is development of value? Will development increase use River pollution Devaluation of property Threat of other development If made traditional zoo Poor administration Parking

15 13 9 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

4.2 3.6 2.5 1.9 1.7 1.4 1.1 .8 .6 .6 .6 .6 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3

C. SITE ANALYSIS I. EXISTING CONDITION Valley Zoo is located in the west end of Edmonton in Laurier Heights neighbourhood on the north bank of the North Saskatchewan River. The site generally slopes to the south, being bounded to the west by the Whitemud Freeway, to the east by Buena Vista Road and Buena Vista Park, to the north by Laurier Drive and the residences of Laurier Heights, and to the south by Laurier Park and the North Saskatchewan River. A.

FACILITIES

Located in the river valley, which gives it a strong, attractive regional setting, the Valley Zoo consists of three basic facility zones: 1. The Children's Zoo 2. The Parking Area 3. The Expansion Zone 1. The Children's Zoo The Children's Zoo contains approximately seven acres of exhibit area with about two additional acres of service area. The Children's Zoo incorporates a storybook theme with animal exhibits, programming, rides, and support features related entirely to children and their imagination. The bright colours and interesting forms seen throughout, often tend to overshadow the animals being displayed. Little has been done to incorporate the tactile and educational advantages of more modern children's zoo developments. The Children's Zoo is an ornamentally landscaped area in the north-eastern portion of the site. Along with the animal exhibit areas, it contains a central, seasonal water feature, a souvenir/gift shop, train and merry-go-round rides, and a refreshment and washroom facility area all maintaining the storyland theme. A service area (less theme oriented) contains a commissary/food preparation facility, administrative and staff quarters (including a staff parking area), maintenance facilities, storage areas, and an animal wintering facility.

163

2. Parking Area Adjacent the Children's Zoo to the southeast is a gravelled parking area of approximately thirteen acres. About half of this area is developed as formal parking while the rest serves as possible expansion and overflow. (The overflow zone also serves as a winter snow dumping and storage facility). The parking is accessed from Buena Vista Road with its entry road also providing access to Laurier Park. Buena Vista Road also provides additional access to the staff parking, administrative and service area of the Children's Zoo. Even though Buena Vista Road is the primary access for vehicular (private auto, service and maintenance vehicles, private and public bus transportation) traffic, there are other alternatives to reaching the Zoo. The River Valley Trail system provides summer walking and winter cross-country skiing options to access the Zoo. The use of the North Saskatchewan River as a traffic artery to access the Valley Zoo has potential and should be further studied to assess the impact upon traffic, the local residents and the benefit to other facilities. 3. The Expansion Zone The remaining area of the Valley Zoo had been designated as expansion zone. It was established with the construction of a 3-metre (10 foot) high chainlink fence enclosure in 1974. The area has been left in its pre-1974 state with the exception of the establishment of large paddock areas within the fenced enclosure to house hooved animals. In 1977, expansion did commence into the designated zone following a Development Master Plan prepared by Johnson Sustronk Weinstein and Associates Limited of Toronto. A utility service corridor, an elephant exhibit, a birds of prey exhibit, a sheep/ goat exhibit, a donkeys/ponies exhibit, an African Veldt exhibit, and a Mountain Sheep exhibit have been established in accordance with that plan. Associated landscaping was developed with these exhibits.

164

These exhibits have added approximately twelve acres of developed land area within the fence. The remainder of the fenced site exists essentially in its 1974 condition. B.

UTILITIES

The Children's Zoo contains the full complement of utilities which includes: i) Underground gas service to all buildings requiring heat. H) Underground telephone and intercom lines to the administration and main gate area. Hi) Underground power service. All buildings, exhibits, rides and concessions requiring electrical input and lighting capabilities are serviced. All transformers, switching cubicles and lighting standards (walkway and security type) are located at grade, being served by underground power. iv)Underground storm drainage which collects the surface runoff of walkways, public areas and parking lots. The central water feature and exhibits featuring pools and moats have drains which connect into the system, which ultimately connects to the City system. Moats and ponds should be designed to have storm runoff retention capacity, so that sanitary sewers need not be as large as sewers designed for peak loads. v) Underground sanitary sewer system which is connected to all buildings, lavatories and visitor service facilities and ultimately to the City system. vi)Water service providing City water through an underground loop system to all buildings, on-site drinking fountains and fire hydrant locations. This line also contains connections for hosebibs at various locations to washdown areas and exhibits; as well as provide lawn, shrub and tree watering outlets. This water line is also used to supply water for the central water feature,exhibit pools and various ornamental pools on-site.

runoff to and from these ponds has also taken place). In addition, security lighting has been installed at the existing Birds of Prey and African Veldt exhibits.

II.

BIOPHYSICAL/GEOTECHNICAL

TOPOGRAPHIC

The Valley Zoo site is situated within a series of steppes occurring from Laurier Drive at the high extreme, through Laurier Park, and on to the North Saskatchewan River at the low extreme. The Valley Zoo site is characterized by three existing generalized landscape zones which include: an upland sloping area; a flatter, mid-level area; and a flat lowland area. The lowland zone then drops abruptly into the flat area of Laurier Park. This strong steep ridge provides a natural edge and control feature to any development proposal for the Zoo site. Within the three landscape zones are a number of distinct landscape features. These include an area which appears as an old quarry scar in the upland zone; a large open pit on the south end of the mid-level area, surrounded on three sides by steep banks and trees (probably another quarry operation remnant); and a combination marsh and prominent hillock to the southeast side of the lowland area. The site topography becomes an important factor in determining the location of exhibit areas; the location and installation of circulation systems; the siting of buildings and facilities; the location and installation of utilities; the development of special or unique features; and the development or retainment of impressive views and vistas. Site topography, in combination with other biophysical and geotechnical data, can also impact on vegetation requirements for particular areas. Where structures may be required, the topography can be most advantageous in developing unique and exciting architecture, which may enhance an exhibit, especially if the exhibit structure is melded to the landform. Design and construction techniques can not only minimize disturbance of the existing landscape, but may also aid, through judicious regrading, in the stabilization of areas considered unstable.

SLOPE

A discussion regarding the topography of the Valley Zoo site cannot be made without consideration of slope. The following table indicates the variety of slopes that occur on the Valley Zoo site: Map Unit Classification

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Percentage Slope

0% 0.5% 2.5% 5.0% 7.5% 10.0% 12.5% 15.0% 30.0% 45.0%

0.5% 2.5% 5.0% 7.5% - 10.0% - 12.5% - 15.0% - 30.0% - 45.0% - 100.0%

Approximate Percent of Site (excluding parking area)

0% 22% 20.7% 12.4% 10.9% 9.3% 10.9% 11.5% 2.2% 0%

Corresponding to this table is a map at the end of this section which indicates where the preceding classifications occur on the Valley Zoo site. For purposes of simplification, the percentage slopes for 0% to 5% are considered "flat". The classification of zero to two fall within this generalization. The slopes ranging from 6% to 15% are generalized as "moderately steep". The classifications of three to six lie in this range. Slopes of 16% to 45% can be considered "steep" and the unit classifications in this category are seven and eight. Unit classification nine indicates slopes greater than 45% which are considered to be "very steep". The "flat" slopes would be suitable for all potential development including exhibit areas, buildings, roadways, and walkways. "Moderately steep" slopes also have 165

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vii) No supplemental underground irrigation system and no overhead utilities exist in the Children's Zoo.

sewers installed as required. Filtered pools located within buildings, could only discharge into the storm system if coliform ratings were sufficiently low.

The surface water runoff, of the Parking Area was proposed to be handled through an underground storm sewer network (linked to the Children's Zoo) which ultimately connects to the City system.

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In the Expansion Zone, a full complement of utilities were proposed to be installed as per the 1975 Master Plan. These utilities were to be an extention of the services already in place and were designed to service the proposed exhibits of the 1975 Master Plan. To date, a major portion of these utilities have been installed, both in the Parking Area and the Expansion Zone. The exhibits that have been added since 1975 are being serviced from those installations. From the existing Children's Zoo, the underground utilities extend in a corridor through the site to it's western end, terminating prior to a major depressed area. Contained within this utility corridor are a water service line, power and telephone service lines in the same trench, a sanitary sewer line, and a natural gas line. From the western termination of this corridor, the water service line continues north, then east, and back to the Children's Zoo, so that a continuous loop system is created.

4:7

.11tri UTILITY CORRIDOR

@MAWR PARKS AND RECREATION

VALLEY ZOO

UTILITIES

Fire hydrants and electrical transformers are located, at grade, in various locations along the corridor, pertaining to major exhibit areas (containing buildings) as proposed in 1975. The storm drainage, as proposed in the 1975 Master Plan, was to be primarily surface drainage supplemented by an underground storm sewer system to drain exhibit areas containing moats. The underground storm sewers would also provide a more controlled collection system in major public areas, walkways, and parking lots. Present exhibits, developed since 1975, have had the necessary underground storm

Proposed filtered pools within exhibit areas would also discharge into the storm sewer system. The entire underground storm sewer system would be connected to the existing Municipal system. The 1975 Master Plan's proposed underground irrigation has not been installed; and the proposed ponding system has not been implemented. However, to date, utilities and storm drainage have been installed up to, and including, the middle series of ponds as proposed by the 1975 Plan. (Appropriate regrading to facilitate surface

167

potential for all development, except that roadways and walkways become increasingly more difficult to negotiate as slopes become steeper. "Steep" slopes can easily maintain grasses and plant material. "Very steep" slopes are more susceptible to faster surface runoff and will require mechanical and technological aid to maintain vegetation.

and snow build up, making winter walking on these slopes difficult or impossible. For wheelchair negotiation, walkway slopes will not exceed 5%. For long distances, walks will ideally maintain a 1% longitudinal slope, and a 2% to 3% cross-slope. Roadways, for adequate drainage, will have a minimum longitudinal slope of 0.5% (1% is more desirous since 1% is easier to construct accurately). Maximum road slopes to consider are 6% also, but can be constructed to 10% and still be easily negotiated. However, winter conditions may make manouvreability on 10% road slopes very difficult. Cross-falls for roadways will vary with the type of man crosssection and surfacing material. Earth banks will not exceed a 50% slope. This slope is the maximum to maintain vegetation and grasscover where no maintenance and cutting is required. Where machine maintenance is a prerequisite, slopes will not exceed 33%. "Very steep" slopes, ideally, will not have a high degree of usage so that erosional factors are not increased. However, through mechanical means, or through use of other natural materials, even these slopes can be put to good exhibit use. Through these same means such slopes can even be made to be more stable. C.

einomon

PANS AND RECAEAT4ON

ASPECT

Associated with discussions of topography and slope is "aspect", if the slope faces in a southerly direction, then that slope's aspect is south.

VALLEY ZOO -

The following table indicates the aspect classifications used on the map: SLOPE

In general, structures will have land sloping away at 2% (1% minimum) so that water percolation is kept to a minimum, not adversely affecting foundations. Walks ideally should not exceed a slope of 6% (but can go to 8%, if necessary) to maintain pedestrian comfort. This is especially important in a cold climate where ice

168

1. 2. 3. 4.

South-facing slope West-facing slope East-facing slope North-facing slope

facing slopes will retain snow and ice for longer periods. As well, building structures and their corresponding architecture are affected by aspect; especially if energy conservation techniques are being considered. D.

SOILS

The soils of the Valley Zoo site fall basically into two categories as can be seen from the map regarding soil type. The uplands zone contains one soil type and the mid-level and lowland regions contain another.

ASPECT

The majority of the Valley Zoo site faces south, indicating rapid drying of the slopes, especially in the upland zone. This reduces maintenance costs and insures biological decomposition of feces; thus lessening the chance of infectious transfer. Aspect will also be a determining factor in the selection of vegetation. Since south facing slopes will be in full sun the majority of the time during daylight hours; and consequently will be hotter and dryer, hardy plant material must be chosen. The plant materials selected for the south aspect slopes will be much different than those selected for north aspect slopes, which are colder and in shade for longer periods.

fi , r'll.O.MON PARKS ANC, RECREATION

rk.

SOILS

Similarily, aspect has a bearing on circulation system locations; since paths on north-

169

Knowledge concerning these soil types will aid in determining the types of vegetation best grown in those soil conditions. The type and amount of fertilizer necessary to retain vegetative cover can also be determined from the soil type. In addition, the soil depth, coupled with topography, also has a bearing on the vegetative cover type and location best suited for the condition. From the map, the uplands zone has a CB4 notation. this indicates that the soil is 6-8 of a Colluvial Bank in association with Calcareous Orthic Humic Regosols. The texture of this zone of soil is medium to coarse colluvium, with "steeply sloping and strongly rolling" to "extremely sloping and very hilly" topography. The mid-level and lowlands zone has a DL4 notation indicating that the soil 3-6 conditions have been disturbed at some point by construction. The level of topsoil in this area, from the notation, is less than 10 centimetres in depth, with a rooting zone indicated to be less than 50 centimetres in depth. The texture of the soil in this area is medium to coarse situated on "gently sloping and undulating" to "steeply sloping and strongly rolling" topography.

EIM011101.1 PARKS A NO RECREATION

VALLEY ZOO-

HyDROLOGY

The depth of soil, coupled with the soil type and topographic conditions give an indication of the infiltration capacity, water retention capacity, the erosional characteristics and stability factors, as well as the soil fertility. Knowledge of these conditions will indicate the construction methods necessary to install structures and utilities. They dictate to an extent, the location of water features and the sizing of storm sewer requirements. The existing soil conditions also determine methods needed to stabilize weakened or unstable areas. E.

HYDROLOGY

Valley Zoo, with its predominantly south-facing, sloping topography, of which the major portion is grassed, can be considered to be well drained. There may be pockets of runoff storage in the mid-level zone of the Zoo where major site depressions occur. 170

From the map, it can be seen that the developed portion of the Zoo drains into the City system whose river outfall is situated to the southeast of the Zoo at point 30. The undeveloped, designated expansion area drains naturally to the North Saskatchewan River. There also exists another storm drainage river outfall to the southwest of the Zoo at point 26. Based on the 75-year and 100-year flood plain boundaries, the Valley Zoo itself is virtually free from possible flooding. However, an area southwest of the Zoo, immediately adjacent the existing west fencing, lies within the 100-year flood plain boundary, and is considered flood prone.

Thus, with the exception of the flood prone area, development can occur within the designated expansion zone, without any flooding threat. Care will be taken not to drastically alter the existing watershed characteristics of the site.

GEOLOGY/GEOMORPHOLOGY

Geology and Geomorphology deal with the materials and landforms describing the topography. A system of terrain classification has been utilized which describes various areas. This system can be seen in the legend associated with the map dealing with this subject and is described as follows: A combination of letters is used to designate each map unit, for example f(g)Cs. The upper case letter (C) designates the generic class. The lower case letter or letters that follow (if present) indicate the morphology. Morphology includes a description of topographic expression, landform, and in places considers the extent of the unit. The lower case letter or letters preceeding the generic class (if present) designate the texture. The modifying process(es) (natural and man-related) is (are) described by the upper case letter(s) separated from the foregoing by a hyphen; for example: f(g)Cs-FaTR. Letters within brackets indicate that this texture, morphology, or modifying process is only present in places within the map unit.

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GEOLOGY/GEOMORPHOLOGY

Statigraphic information is provided by the separation of terms by a horizontal bar; for example:

"slip-off slope" processes. Also in this zone are located pockets of undifferentiated fill, denoted UF, indicating possible man-made disturbance or development.

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Immediately to the southwest of the Zoo, adjacent the western fence, is an area labelled f(g)Cs-(FI),7. This indicates an area of fine textured colluvium with gravelly deposits situated on steep slopes with areas of inactive slope failure rated at 7 on the slope stability scale. It would appear, from this description, that this area is fragile but in a state of equilibrium. Attempts have been made to additionally stabilize this area with reforestration methods.

fgTu At Valley Zoo, the terrain classifications closely follow the topographic zones. In the uplands zone, the terrain is classified FCs, indicating a steeply sloping area underlain by fine textured colluvium. In the mid-level and lowlands zone, the terrain is SSAt(F)SS. indicating sandy, silty river alluvium and till, with pockets of fill, all resulting from

171

VEGETATION

The North Saskatchewan River Valley and Ravine System Biophysical Study of 1981 states; "Apart from its obvious aesthetic and recreational value, vegetation is important as a means of mitigating noise, heat, flooding and soil erosion (Roosakis, 1978). Also, according to Smith (1978), vegetation can potentially remove air pollutants of significance to human health. These factors present a strong case for the preservation and maintenance of vegetation within urban areas. Preservation of this resource, however, requires an understanding of plant communities and their capabilities for withstanding environmental stress."

Valley Zoo, as shown on the map is considered to be a "manicured" situation, that is, cleared and mowed. There are, however, in the designated expansion area, stands of moderately dense Aspen (Balsam Poplar) and its associated understory. These occur to the southwest of the expansion area and exist primarily in the "uplands zone". The remaining expansion area consists of native grassland-type vegetation, that is primarily grasses and forbes. The existing, developed exhibit areas have introduced plant materials; both native and non-native shrubs, trees and grasses; depending on the specific exhibit, location and maintenance requirements. Peripheral to the existing Valley Zoo and its expansion zone are other vegetation classifications. To the south, on the ridge separating the Zoo from Laurier Park (another "manicured" designation) exists a stand of Aspen trees and its associated understory. On the river bank edge is a zone of Balsam Poplar and associated shrubs and grasses. On the southwestern periphery exists a zone of predominantly tall and low shrubbery and associated grasses. Here also, some reforestration with spruce and pine plantings has been undertaken. Except for the reforested areas and the introduced, ornamental plantings, the majority of trees on the Valley Zoo site appear to be Aspen and Balsam Poplar, and are between 40 and 60 years of age. These species tend to have a life span of between 80 and 100 years. In the natural succession process, these will be replaced generally by white spruce communities. Exotic species are being integrated into the area by "escaping" from cultivation in neighbouring residential areas. For example, birds feed on berry-producing vegetation in cultivated areas and when the birds roost in the river valley, the seeds of the "exotics" are introduced, grow and become part of the community.

c".7A, eknortton PARKS AM RECREATK.

VEGETATION

172

Exotic species are also introduced through man's efforts, primarily through ref orestration methods in order to stabilize faulty areas. Where development has occured, introduced vegetation that is a part of the development becomes part of the overall system in the long term.

The introduction of vegetation, especially to a Valley Zoo expansion, will be governed by various conditions: slope conditions regarding percentage, aspect and stability would all affect the choice of plant material; soil conditions and hydrology will also effect vegetation; and of course, the location of exhibit areas, structures, circulation systems and utilities will all have a bearing on the type and location of planting.

The design implications of the data provided in this section are summarized as follows:

Valley Zoo development will create exhibits as close to natural habitats as possible. This will be done to a great extent through plant material introduction which would closely resemble native, natural flora, particularly those of tropical origins. To complement interpretive programming, introduced plant materials could be described and labelled.

the daily temperature variation is an average of 11°C, and can be as wide as 16 °C;

Introduction of plant material will also be affected by aesthetic requirments. Vegetation that provides interest seasonally; vegetation that provides interesting form, color and texture; and vegetation that exudes pleasant scents will all be considered when choosing plant material for introduction. If all conditions are met, and the plant material is available and installed properly, development of the Valley Zoo will most certainly become a fine zoological garden, truly integrated with the entire river valley.

If. CLIMATIC FACTORS The climatological factors affecting the Valley Zoo can be dealt with at both a micro and macro scale. The data used for the macro scale analysis is dervived from Environment Canada's Atmospheric Environment Service. The climatological data for the City of Edmonton was measured at the Edmonton Municipal Airport. A.

MACRO SCALE CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA

Edmonton's climate is influenced primarily by latitude, altitude, distance from the ocean and mountains, and direction of the prevailing winds. The City's location is measured as 53°34' N latitude and 113°31 W longitude. It is located in the central belt of the northern cool temperate zone, characterized by long, cold winters, and short, hot summers.

the City has relatively low humidity and precipitation levels; the temperature can vary from -45°C to + 34°C, giving an annual variation of almost 80°C;

the lowest mean temperature is normally found in January, the highest in July; the prevailing winds are from the north-northwest in the winter and from the south in the summer. Although average wind speeds are 16.1 km/h or less, gusts of from 64 to 96 km/h are not uncommon; the city enjoys a high average number of sunshine hours per year, although the high latitude dictates short winter daylight hours and correspondingly long summer daylight hours. The ratio of bright sunshine between January and July is almost 1:3. AVERAGE WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION The prevailing winds in the Edmonton area from of the south at an average of 15.43 km/h for ten months of the year. In June and July the prevailing winds are from the west-northwest at an average speed of 14.7 km/h. The following details wind speed and direction: Average wind speed (km/h) Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.Annual 13.0 13.0 13.8 15.5 16.1 15.4 14.0 13.4 14.6 14.3 13.5 13.0 14.1 Prevailing Wind Direction SSSSS WNW WNW SS SS SS Source: Environment Canada, Climatic Normals; 1951-80 173

The annual wind rose provides a graphic illustration of the prevailing winds in the Edmonton area:

NNW NW

NNE

SUNLIGHT The amount of bright sunlight per year is cyclical, peaking in the summer (specifically in July); being lowest in December.

290

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ENE

240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150

ab 130

WSW

ESE

120 110 100 90 80 70 60

THIS CHART SHOWS THE AVERAGE TOTAL HOURS Of SUNSHINE PER MONTH

50 40 30 20 10 0 JAN FEB MAR APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC X m SPEED Ym FREQUENCY

Note that the winds from the north quadrant are of greater velocity; rather than greater frequency as is the case for southern winds. It is the northern winds that are felt most often. 174

Bright Sunlight (hours)

TEMPERATURE

Jan.

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116.3

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277.6

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Oct.

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276.8

182.2

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The following diagram depicts the sun arc (path of the sun from sunrise to sunset) and the azimuth (path of the sun related from zenith to horizon) for Edmonton:

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The average monthly temperature ranges from 23.0°C to 19.2°C. The following graph shows the annual variations in temperature:

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PRECIPITATION

SUNSET 93Opm SUMMER TIME

The maximum rainfall occurs in the summer months of June, July and August with a total mean rainfall of 346 mm/year. The maximum snowfall occurs in January and December with the annual average being 135.7 cm/year. There are a total of 124 days per year, on average, when there is measurable precipitation; roughly 1 out of 3 days.

175

There is little variation monthly, although the summer months (June, July and August) have the greatest number (13) and October has the least (6) number. 31 30 29 135

PRECIPITATION (mm) SNOW (cm)

28 27

130

RAIN

Summer rain is generally heavy, often occurring as thunderstorms. The hours of sunshine, therefore, remain quite high. Due to persistently low temperatures, snow, with its high degree of light reflection, remains throughout the entire winter. The preceeding graph illustrates the average amount of precipitation. B.

MICRO SCALE CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA

The site specific climatological data for the Valley Zoo is derived from meteorlogical principles rather than measured data.

125 120

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23 22 21

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19 18

The prevailing wind direction is modified by the wind tunnel effect that the River Valley creates. The wind is refracted towards the east when the prevailing wind is from the south. The winds originating from the north are modified very little at the Zoo by the River Valley's presence. The microclimate map illustrates the temperature variation on the site.

85 80

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SUNLIGHT

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70 65

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The Valley Zoo site is generally oriented to the south. This, combined with the limited vegetation cover over most of the Zoo, gives a high degree of incoming solar radiation which can be used passively in the site design. TEMPERATURE Local topography can influence weather conditions to a great degree. For example, the official temperature at the Municipal Airport on Febraury 22, 1982 was -30°C. In the River Valley, however, a temperature of -37°C was recorded. This is due to its low elevation relative to the rest of the City and the effect of proximity to a water body. The microclimate map on the following page illustrates the temperature variation on the site.

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PARKS AHD RECREATION

MICRO CLIMATL

PRECIPITATION The Zoo receives the same amount of precipitation as the City on the whole; however, due to the lower temperatures and lower elevation, the precipitation that falls (especially snow) remains longer.

177

D. ATTENDANCE PROJECTIONS I.

INTRODUCTION

In the past twenty years there have been numerous master plans prepared for the development of Edmonton Valley Zoo. This document represents a component of the most comprehensive and thoughtful plan yet produced. The projections of attendance at the Valley Zoo contained herein represent a recalculation of projections that were performed by the firm of Alfred Gobar and Associates Inc. in the autumn of 1980. The projections were originally commissioned to determine the optimal relationship of such factors as zoo design, species/specimen counts, regional population with the trade area's potential to support attendance at the zoo. The fruits of Gobar's effort were used in a feasibility study that deemed the existing site at the bottom of Buena Vista Road to be capable of development of a zoo larger than that of the existing Storyland Zoo. The projections performed by Gobar in 1980 surveyed approximately twenty zoos throughout North America located in cities having a population roughly equivalent to that of Edmonton. The resultant information provided a foundation to correlate several factors and calculate an optimal attendance projection. Although the 1980 projections are considered accurate for 1980, there have been changes occurring in the past years which affect their applicability to 1984. The demographic changes that were taken into account for 1984 are: 1. Over the short term, the Edmonton Metropolitan Regional population has declined as a share of provincial population. This has occurred as a result of the longer term trend indentified in the following observation:

179

FIGURE 1.

2. The Edmonton Metropolitan Region's share of provincial population growth has declined in every five year period since 1961. This can be attributed to various factors, notably:

BOUNDARY OF EDMONTON REGION • •

•

* •

REDWAT ER

a) provincial government decentralization policies; and

• • • •

b) an increase in the number of specific, large-scale natural resource extraction activities dispersed throughout Alberta (e.g. tar sands, forestry operations).

ON ACCORD CEIIIRONS

• • • • • •

0 0 0 • • 0 0 0 0 0

NAPAA0

e caLAHoo

FORT SASK ATCHE WAN

0000 • •

V It L;NEU VE

• • •

r— r_ ST \ ALBERT-;

• e.

The attendance projections contained herein are based on the relationships of regional population, animal population and projected attendance as defined by Gobar.

EDMONTON ARDROSSAN

STONY BLAIN

r—

I SHE I PAR

SI.....'

• • •

An examination of both the projected trade area population (as defined in Figure 1) and the optimal attendance projection (as calculated in 1980) revealed an optimal attendance estimate could be determined by calculating 89% of the trade area population as defined in Figure 2.

• GE AUMON T

••

1,7?

•

C`\ \

1 LEDUC

••• •

°?S4EREPTA 0 • 0550 • • • • • • • • •

SOURCE: EDMONTON REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION

180

H. METHODOLOGY

•

r •

3. For the first time in decades, national migration patterns displayed a net emigration for Alberta in the year 1983. Although this is expected to be a short term trend, resulting from a failing provincial economy and the cancellation or postponement of the large-scale natural resource extraction projects, its influence is expected to be felt for many years.

FIGURE 2. POPULATION PROJECTIONS â&#x20AC;&#x201D; EDMONTON REGION

YEAR

FIGURE 3.

ATTENDANCE PROJECTION FOR OPTIMALLY-SIZED ZOO*

POPULATION (METRO AREA) LOW

HIGH

1986

782,500

800,000

1991

850,000

900,000

1996

929,000

992,500

2001

1,017,500

1,111,500

2006

1,100,000

1,250,000

Source:

Edmonton Regional Planning Commission Edmonton Regional Plan, September 1083.

By applying this factor to the current projections for the Edmonton regional population, an estimate of optimal attendance for the Valley Zoo was determined (Figure 3). This optimal attendance estimate implicitly represents (in the proper proportion) each factor that Gobar evaluated. Similar calculations were performed to define optimal peak day attendance (1.6% of annual attendace) and optimal peak hour attendance (60% of the peak day attendance).

1986

1991

1996

Low Estimate

782,500

850,000

929,000 1,017,500

1.100,000

High Estimate

800.000

900.000

992.500 1.111,500

1.250,000

Low Total Attendance Peak Day Attendance Peak Hour Attendance

696.425 11.212 6.727

765.500 12.308 7.738

826.810 13.312 8.738

905.575 14,580 9.556

High Total Attendance Peak Day Attendance Peak Hour Attendance

712.000 11.463 6.878

801.000 12.896 7.738

883,325 14.222 8.738

989,235 1,112,500 15.927 17,911 9,556 10,747

2001

2006

REGIONAL POPULATION PROJECTION

ATTENDANCE ESTIMATES

Source:

979,000 15.762 10.747

Edmonton Parks and Recreation Department, 1984. Based on calculations made by A. Gobar and Associates, Inc., 1980.

*These figures are based on a zoo that is 100% completed. They will only be accurate when the Valley Zoo is fully constructed. The figures provide the first step in arriving at the projections of Figures 5 and 6.

181

In 1980, the calculations stopped, as the assigned task was to provide an optimal attendance figure to target design. However, the reality of delays in development due to phasing were not accounted. In order to reflect those delays, an additional step was performed. That step was to determine the relationship between the amount of work completed at the Valley Zoo at a given time (measured in number of mammals on display) and the optimal attendance estimates. It was surmised that the relationship between the two factors could be represented as depicted in Figure 4. FIGURE 4.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OPTIMAL ATTENDANCE AND NUMBER OF MAMMALS ON EXHIBIT

100%

PERCENT OF OPTIMAL ATTENDANCE

100% of optimal attendance is achieved after 80% of the plan is developed.

line of perfect correlation (1% increase in mammal population effects a 1% increase in attendance)

PERCENT OF TOTAL MAMMALS

182

80% 100%

The previous graph illustrates several assumptions that require clarification. The first portion, or bottom of the curve, indicates that the attendance increases at a very rapid rate. This is due to the fact that there is a segment of the population who find new facilities interesting and will attend regardless of the number of exhibits that have been developed. The next segment shows a levelling-off in the relationship. This occurs when the initial curiosity has been satisfied, yet development has not progressed enough to provide a full zoological experience. The third segment shows that the Zoo is standing on its own as a major facility, drawing an increasing number of visitors based on the number of exhibits it has to offer. At the upper end of the line the relationship between the two variables drops off, indicating that it requires more exhibits to draw an increased percentage of the optimal attendance. The correlation between attendance and animal counts break down at the upper end of the curve. Other factors such as completeness of development, total time required to view exhibits, variety of exhibits, and quality of exhibits begin to play an ever-increasing role in drawing attendance. The top end of the curve terminates prior to 100% of the number of animals. It is felt that 100% of the optimal attendance will be achieved prior to completion of the plan (roughly the 80% point). This is not to arbitrarily say that the later phases of the plan are not as economically justifiable as the earlier phases; rather it is theorized that the perception of an adequate recreational experience will be made prior to complete development of the entire site. The latter phases of development are justified by means other than increasing attendance potential. Specifically, the later phases will complete the Zoo-geographic concept, give the Zoo a finished appearance, and complete the functional aspect of the plan (i.e. circulation, winter shelter, buffering, service capability, etc.). The theoretical projection regarding the relationship between total number of animals and optimal attendance estimate provides the basis for the final attendance projec-

tions. These final projections are charted on Figure 5. It is recognized that the information contained in Figures 5 and 6 is based on hypothetical timelines calculated in reference to a medium-paced construction progression through the phasing. FIGURE 5.

ATTENDANCE PROJECTIONS FOR PROPOSED VALLEY ZOO

1986

1991

1996

2001

2006

I. II

1,11

High Total Attendance

2 250,000

481,401

587,411

682,572

864,413

Peak Day Attendance

6,250

7,751

09,457

10,989

13,917

Peak Hour Attendance

3,750

4,650

5,674

6,594

8,350

Completed phases

Existing Storyland Zoo

66% of II Animal count (mammals) Mammal count as % of optimal mammal count

â&#x20AC;&#x201D;

80% of IIA

IIA. 80% of III

IIA. III. IIIA

270

260

270

304

60.1%

66.5%

69%

77.7%

624,847

760,680

Low Total Attendance

2 220,000

Peak Day Attendance

5,500

7,320

8,852

10,060

12,247

Peak Hour Attendance

3,300

4,391

5,311

6,036

7,348

454,657 u 549,829

1 Optimal mammal count defined as 80% of total mammals 2 Based on historical attendance patterns Should funds become available to proceed with construction at a faster rate, then attendance would more closely approximate the optimal attendance shown in Figure 3. In order to put the projections into perspective, Figure 6 assigns an attendance estimate to each of the early phases. Estimates beyond phase four were not produced due to the lack of projected population information, and the inherent error factor which results by projecting too far into the future.

183

FIGURE 6.

ATTENDANCE ESTIMATES BASED ON PHASING

Years to complete 1

Year completed 2

IIA

III

IIIA

VII

1989

1992

1997

2002

2003

2006

2008

2011

360,793 5,809 3.485

473,583 7,625 4,575

560,832 9,029 5,418

552,014 10,497 6,298

â&#x20AC;¢ 652,014 10,497 6,298

760,683 12,247 7,348

388,840 6,260 3,756

502,603 8,092 4,855

606,443 9,764 5,858

718,940 11,575 6,945

864,413 13,917 8,350

Projected Attendance Low Estimate: Total Attendance Peak Day Attendance Peak Hour Attendance

High Estimate: Total Attendance Peak Day Attendance Peak Hour Attendance

1 based on a moderately paced construction schedule through the phasing plan. 2 assuming construction begins in 1985 unavailable due to temporal constraints of the population projects

184

E. TRANSPORTATION ASSESSMENT I. INTRODUCTION This transportation assessment is based upon the model utilized by Delcan Canada, Ltd. presented in a report titled, Transportation Assessment, Valley Zoo Master Plan, January, 1981. The projections herein contained have applied principles and relationships between volumes and capacities that are similar to those established in the 1981 Delcan transportation assessment.

H. ATTENDANCE PROJECTIONS In the document entitled The Edmonton Valley Zoo Attendance Projections, dated January 13, 1984 it was estimated that the attendance at the Valley Zoo by the year 2006 would be as follows: FIGURE 1.

ATTENDANCE PROJECTIONS â&#x20AC;&#x201D;2006

Low: Total annual attendance Peak day attendance Peak hour attendance

760,683 12,247 7,348

High Total annual attendance Peak day attendance Peak hour attendance

864,413 13,917 8,350

The data contained in Figure 1 provides the foundation for this assessment of parking requirements and peak hour traffic generation.

III. EXISTING CONDITIONS The Valley Zoo is accessed by a four-lane divided collector roadway: Buena Vista Road. The entrance to the Zoo is located at the foot of Buena Vista Road; meaning that Zoo patrons are required to travel southeast along its entire length, from 142 Street, to reach the Zoo (see Figure 2). 185

FIGURE 2.

When the Zoo first opened in 1959, Buena Vista Road was a two-lane gravel road. In the early 1960's the road was paved, and in 1967 it was upgraded to a four-lane divided roadway to serve the future needs of the local residents, the Valley Zoo, Laurier Park and Buena Vista Park. By 1968, the houses opposite the Zoo, on the north side of Buena Vista Road, were constructed.

ZOO AREA

In May 1983, a traffic count was made at three locations along Buena Vista Road. The first location was on the east side of the Buena Vista Road/142 Street traffic circle. This counter measured all traffic that entered Buena Vista Road. The second counter was situated beyond the last residential street. By subtracting the total obtained by this machine from the first machine, a count for the amount of traffic destined to a residential location was ascertained. The final machine was located at a temporarily barricaded entrance to the Valley Zoo. Subtraction of its total from the total of the second machine gave a result for the total traffic proceeding to Laurier Park. The results of the study are found in Figure 3, and indicate that the Zoo currently generates approximately 30 - 35% of the weekend traffic and less than 10% of the weekday traffic found on Buena Vista Road. Peak day traffic generation is estimated to be approximately 50%. BUENA VISTA PARK

p VALLEY ZOO

LAURIER PARK

186

FIGURE 3.

DAY

Outgoing traffic departs the Zoo at a more constant rate; thus, the incoming measure will identify the highest volume of traffic on Buena Vista Road at any one time.

VALLEY ZOO AND AREA DAILY TRAFFIC VOLUMES

LAUR. PK. TRAFFIC

ZOO TRAFFIC

LOCAL TRAFFIC

INCOMING TRAFFIC

Thurs. May 5

3802

100

2986

816

78.5

21.5

Fri. May 6

4359

100

3260

74.8

'298

6.8

801

18.4

Sat. May 7

5713

100

3375

59.1

1012

17.7

1326

23.2

Sun. May 8

5560

100

2668

48.0

1797

32.3

1095

19.7

Mon. May 9

3776

100

2961

78.4

144

3.8

671

17.8

Tues. May 10

3988

1100

2982

74.8

294

7.4

712

17.8

As a measure of peak day traffic on Buena Vista Road, the formula employed by Delcan was applied to the 1983 attendance data. In 1983, the peak day attendance registered 5,645 paying customers at the Valley Zoo. Considering that this figure is a day-long count, approximately 3,300 persons (from 1:30 p.m. to 3:30 p.m.) would be on the site. Delcan's model suggested that 60% of these persons arrive at the Zoo in the peak hour, and 90% of the patrons arrive by means of a private vehicle in which there are 3.2 riders, on average. Based on those assumptions, approximately 557 vph (vehicles per hour) would be travelling towards the Zoo on Buena Vista Road.

The existing parking conditions are such that the present parking lot, in its undeveloped state, is capable of accomodating approximately 500 vehicles. On a peak day, the parking lot is at a 75% level of capacity. In past years, for brief intervals, the lot has been observed to be at 100% capacity. V.

PROJECTED TRAFFIC VOLUMES

The most significant constraint regarding the location of the Valley Zoo is that further development will increase traffic on what has come to be considered by area residents as a residential street. The definition of what constitutes "an acceptable traffic condition" to a neighbourhood resident and to a traffic engineer are two completely different things. The engineering definition is quantifiable while the other is perceived. The optimal capacity of Buena Vista Road is approximately 1,400 vehicles per hour per direction, as recommended by Delcan in the following excerpt from their 1981 assessment of the traffic related to the Valley Zoo: "Most of Edmonton's arterial roadways can accommodate up to 1,000 vph per lane at a level of service in the D to E range. Actual counts indicate that some have experienced up to 1,500 vph per lane. In awareness of Buena Vista Road's location and function, it is recommended that it should operate at a Level of Service in the C range with a capacity of approximately 700 vph per lane. The total capacity of 1,400 vph per direction for this four-lane divided roadway is, therefore, very conservative when compared to other arterial roadways." *1 This capacity measurement is made considering the slope of the road, the number of turns in the road, historical usage of the road, and the wishes of the local residents. If the road's capacity is assessed solely on its engineered design; the capacity would be much greater. *1 Delcan, Deleuw, Cather, Canada, Ltd., Transportation Assessment, Valley Zoo Master Plan (Edmonton: January, 1981), p.4.

187

Attendance at the Valley Zoo will theoretically increase in perpetuity as the population continues to increase. However, in order to project data related to traffic and parking, a target date was identified as the "planning horizon". This planning horizon had to be far enough into the future to be useful in assessing potential impacts, yet close enough to lend a degree of confidence to the figures. The work prepared for the 1981 Deloan feasibility study used a ten-year horizon. For this study, a fifteen-year horizon was deemed to be more in accordance with the aforementioned criteria. Traffic and parking requirements will be assessed according to data projected for the year 2001. The following chart (Figure 4) shows the projected traffic on Buena Vista Road and the anticipated requirement for parking at the Zoo: 1. Using a median of the high and low attendance projections. 2. Peak vehicle accumulation is a momentary occurance during the peak hour of the peak day of the year. Since it is not cost effective to develop a parking lot that will be used to capacity for only one or two Sunday afternoons per year, it is recommended that the parking lot be designed to accommodate 80% of the peak accumulation. 3. Sixty percent of the vehicles were projected to arrive and 30% to leave in the hour prior to the peak hour of vehicle accumulation.

FIGURE 4.

YEAR 1986

1991

1996

2001

2006

Peak hour attendance

3625

4521

5493

6315

7849

Attendance by private vehicle (85%)

3081

3843

4669

5368

6279

Attendance by all other means (15%)

544

678

824

947

1177

3.0

Vehicle accumulation (peak hour)

1027

1281

1556

1789

2093

Parking requirements (80% of peak accumulation)

822

1025

1245

1431

1674

616 308

769 384

934 467

1073 537

1256 628

Average vehicle occupancy

Peak hour vehicle trips

188

PROJECTED PARKING REQUIREMENTS AND GENERATED TRAFFIC

Inbound (VPH) Outbound (VP H)

As shown in Figure 4, development of the Zoo to the year 2001 service level will generate 1073 inbound vehicle trips during the peak hour. It is expected that local traffic will maintain its present levels which peak at approximately 3,500 trips/day or 300 trips/direction in the peak hour. When peak hour Zoo-generated traffic, peak hour Laurier Park traffic, and peak hour local traffic are combined, the total is expected to be slightly in excess of 1400. This is an acceptable traffic volume, for it occurs only momentarily. Prior to, and after the peak, the volumes diminish significantly. Furthermore, peak patterns of traffic will become apparent to local residents. Should one wish to avoid Buena Vista Road during peak times, there are numerous alternate routes one can take to either exit or enter the area.

V. PARKING REQUIREMENTS In Figure 4, it was projected that the parking requirements for the Valley Zoo would be approximately 1,431 vehicles by the year 2001. The 1984 Master Plan proposes that the parking area should be developed to accommodate 1010 automobiles. The discrepancy between the site capability and the projected requirements for parking is an area requiring additional thought in order to rectify the inherent site constraints. There are several means by which the peak accumlation can be accommodated on those few days of the year when it occurs. They are: 1. Increase the percentage of people coming to the Zoo by means other that private vehicles: Improved public transit service to the area would decrease the percentage of visitors coming by private vehicle. This will probably be a result of an improved facility because demand for improved transit service will increase. The route previously serving the Valley Zoo was eliminated in 1983 due to a lack of riders. However, it will be reinstated upon demonstration of demand. A fare reduction package for Zoo visitors could also be considered. 2. Shuttlebus service: A shuttlebus service to the Zoo from other nearby parking areas is a viable option. By

offering a regular service from shopping malls (peaks days at the Zoo and Peak shopping days are different), schools, or other Parks and Recreation facilities, there can be a significant number of visitors that would come to the Zoo by means other than their cars. This service would only be necessary on days peak, or nearly peak attendance is expected; perhaps regularly scheduled on every Sunday throughout the summer months. 3. Linkage to other facilities via riverbuses on the North Saskatchewan River: With sufficiently high latent demand for riverbus service it is feasible to consider such a feature for the North Saskatchewan River. This type of service would be ideal for a contracutal agreement between the City and private enterprise. A riverbus service would effectively link together the Convention Centre, Muttart Conservatory, Capital City Recreation Park, Hawrelak Park, Whitemud Equestrian Centre, Fort Edmonton and the Valley Zoo. 4. Adjacent overflow parking: The area north of the Valley Zoo across Buena Vista Road is known as Buena Vista Flats. This area is approximately 47 hectares in size, with the City of Edmonton presently owning 41 hectares. The site has had few improvements to it in the past and could, in its present state, accommodate overflow parking on a sporadic basis. The ultimate design of this area could accommodate the Zoo's overflow parking requirements. 5. Parking on the southside of the River: Consideration was given in the 1980 feasibility study to link the Valley Zoo to Parks and Recreation facilities such as Fort Edmonton or the Whitemud Equestrian Stables on the southside of the River. This link would be a physical one in the form of a footbridge and connecting pathways which could be travelled by a "people mover" such as a rubber-tired train. The purpose of such a link would be to park people on the southside of the river and transport them to the Valley Zoo on the northside. The construction of a bridge to span the river at this point cannot be economically justified 189

by Zoo use alone. However, if other uses warrant consideration of such a connection (such as an extension of the Capital City Recreation Park), its application to the Valley Zoo would be valuable.

which will occur for an instant on only a few days of the year. Except for these few minutes, the vehicle accumulation for the remainder of the peak hour will be significantly less.

In the interim, a connection could be made between the north and south side of the North Saskatchewan River via the existing horsepath on the Ouesnell Bridge. Although the distance from a potential parking lot (be it at the Whitemud Equestrian Stables or at Fort Edmonton) is great, travelling this route could become an event in itself; exposing the visitor to the various facilities contained in the area.

A number of alternatives have been put forth as solutions to the concerns associated with traffic flows and parking capacities. It is recommended: when either factor becomes an issue, that a re-evaluation of the entire situation should be conducted, and a decision made regarding the most satisfactory solution. At the present time, an increased emphasis on public transit appears to be the best method to ameliorate any potential concerns.

One of the solutions to the parking dilemma as recommended by the Citizen's Zoo Advisory Committee was to install an "electronically-controlled sign indicating that the parking area at the Zoo is full". The use of such a sign, in combination with improved transit and shuttle-bus service, will not only reduce the problems associated with parking; but will also reduce the volume of traffic on Buena Vista Road, especially during the most crucial peak time periods. 6. Redesign the Parking Lot: The land dedicated to the parking lot is approximately 13.4 acres. If the previous five solutions are not feasible, a redesign of the parking lot could easily make room for 1675 stalls; thereby eliminating the potential problem well into the next century. This figure is calculated on a design that does not allow generous planting medians or additional secondary circulation roads.

VI. SUMMARY In summary, the volumes of traffic generated by the Zoo will fall within the capacity of Buena Vista Road. During the peak hours of the year 2001, Buena Vista Road will reach capacity. The parking analysis indicated that peak hour parking lot capacity will be attained by the year 1991. Both the expected traffic and parking volumes are acceptable as a basis for development and should pose no operational problems. These expected volumes are based on a peak hour measurement; a measurement

190

I I I I I I I I I I I p I I p

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195

PHOTO CREDITS Executive Summary, Page 4: Reprinted, by permission, from Lion Cubs Growing up in the Wild, page 16. Photography by Hugo van Lawick. Copyright C) 1972 National Geographic Society African Zone, Page 28:

1. Reprinted, by permission, from Etosha: Namibia's Kingdom of Animals by Douglas H. Chadwick, National Geographic Volume 163, No. 3 March, 1983, page 353 top. Photography by Des and Jen Bartlett. Copyright C) 1983 National Geographic Society. 2. Reprinted, by permission, from Animals in Danger: Trying to Save Our Wildlife, page 4 centre. Photography by M. Philip Kahl. Copyright © 1978 National Geographic Society. 3. Reprinted, by permission, fromJan Nagel Clarkson, Tricks Animals Play page 31. Photography by Hugo van Lawick. Copyright © 1975 National Geographic Society. 4. Photograph courtesy of London Zoo Guide Photographer: Michael Lyster

197

Asian Zone, Page 34:

1982 National Geographic

Asian Zone, Page 37: Reprinted, by permission, from Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia Volume 12. Mammals Ill, page 346 bottom. Photography by ZEFA. Copyright 0 1975 Litton World Trade Corporation Copyright 1972 Kindler Verlag A.G. Zurich.

1 4

Australian Zone, Page 42:

5 3

1. Reprinted, by permission, from Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia Volume 8. Quids II, page 36 bottom. Photography by Muller/Schmida. Copyright (C) 1972 Litton World bade Corporation Copyright (0 1968 Kindler Verlag A.G. Zurich. 2. Reprinted, by permission, from Grzirnek's Animal Life Encyclopedia Volume 10. Mammals I, page 266. Photography by A. van den Nieuwenhuizen. Copyi ight © 1975 Litton World Trade Cot poration Copyright 0 1968 Kindler Verlag A. G. Zuuch. 3. Reprinted, by permission, from How Animals Behave: A New Look at Wildlife, page 12. Photography by C.H. McDougal/Ardea London. Copyright © 1984 National Gec4jiaphic Society 4. Reprinted, by permission, from Living With the Great Orange Apes by Birute Galdikas, National Geographic Volume 157, No. 6 June, 1980, page 844 top. Photography by Rod Brindamour Copyright 1980 National Geographic Society.

5. Reprinted, by permission, from Pere David's Deer Saved Flom Extinction by Larry Kohl, National Geographic Volume 162, No. 4 October, 1982, page 484 top.

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2 1

1. Reprinted, by permission, from They're A Marvelous Mob Those Kangaroos! by Geoffrey B. Sharman, National Geographic Volume 155, No. 2 February, 1979, page 196. Photography by Des and Jen Bartlett. Copyright 1979 National Geographic Society. 2. Reprinted, by permission, from Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia Volume 7. Birds I, page 97. Photography by Kraft/Bavaria. Copyright 1972 Litton World Trade Corporation Copyright C) 1968 Kindler Verlag A.G. Zurich. 3. Photograph courtesy of London Zoo Guide Photographer: Michael Lyster 4. Photograph courtesy of London Zoo Guide Photographer: Michael Lyster

5. Photograph courtesy of Guide Book To The Zoological Gardens of Bolin Photographer: Schioder-Borm.

Copyright 0 1981 by American Museum of Natural History Copyright 1981 by E. D. Starin. Reprinted, by permission, from Grzimek's Animal Life Encylopedia Volume 6. Reptiles, page 385 right, third from top.Photography by Dr Schultze-Westrum. Copyright ÂŠ 1975 Litton World Trade Corporation. Copyright ÂŠ 1971 Kindler Verlag A.G. Zurich,

South American Zone, Page 48:

South American Zone, Page 53: 2

Photograph courtesy of Zooperstars Photography by The Milwaukee Journal. 4

Polar Zone, Page 56:

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1 1. Reprinted, by permission, from Teeming Life of a Rain Forest by Carol and David Hughes, National Geographic Volume 163, No. 1 January, 1983, page 48. Photography by Carol and David Hughes. Copyright 0 1982 National Geographic Society 2. Reprinted, by permission, from Grzirnek's Animal Life Encylopedia Volume 9. Birds III, page 81 top.Photography by Zellerman "Berliner Zoo". Copyright c 1973 Litton World -Trade Corporation. Copyright 0 1968 Kindler Verlag A.G. Zurich. 3. Reprinted, by permission, from Living With Guanacos: Wild Camels of South America by William L. Franklin, National Geographic Volume 160, No. 1 July 1981, page 65. Photography by William L. Franklin. Copyright 0 1981 National Geographic Society Reprinted, by permission, from Monkey Moves by ED. Starin, Natural History Volume 90, No. 9 September 1981, page 39. Photography by ED. Starin.

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Reprinted, by permission, from Grzimek's Animal Life Encylopedia Volume 8. Birds II, page 209 bottom. Photography by Schabbon/Munchuer Internationaler Fotosalon. Copyright C) 1972 Litton World Trade Corporation. Copyright 1968 Kindler Verlag A.G. Zurich.

2. Reprinted, by permission, from Jennifer C. Urquhart, Animals That Travel, page 1982 National 29 top. Photography by Roger Tory Peterson. Copyright Geographic Society

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3. Reprinted, by permissioil, trout' Mitchell BeazIey, The Mitchell Beazley Atlas ol World Wildlife, page 152 centre. Photography by B. Hawkes/NHPA. 0 Mitchell Beazley, Ltd., 1973 © Rand McNally & Company 1973. 4. Reprinted, by permission, from Animals in Danger: Trying To Save Our page 7. Photography by John L. Ebeling. Copyright C) 1978 National Geographic Society 5. Reprinted, by permission, from Ron Fisher Animals in Winter page 23. Photography by Masterfile. Copyright © 1982 National Geographic Society 6. Reprinted, by permission, from Mitchell Beazley, The Mitchell Boazley Atlas of World Wildlife, page 161 centre-left. Photography by R.M. Laws. © Mitchell Beazley, Ltd., 1973 Rand McNally & Company 1973. Polar Zone, Page 58: Reprinted, by pei mission, from Donna K. Grosvenor Zoo Babies, page 4 bottom. Photography by Donna K. Grosvenor Copyright C) 1978 National Geogiiiphic Society All Illustrations by Ron Ellis.

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