18th AFA Int’l Annual Fertilizer Forum & Exhibition Feb., 7-9-2012, Sharm El-Sheikh , Egypt Maritim Jolie Ville Hotel
Growth of Fertilizer Industry in Volatile Market
Dr. U S Awasthi Managing Director, IFFCO India
1/25/2012
GROWTH OF FERTILIZER INDUSTRY IN VOLATILE MARKET Sharm El‐ Sheikh, Egypt
Dr. U S Awasthi Managing Director IFFCO IFFCO SADAN C-1 District Centre, Saket Place, New Delhi – 110017 usawasthi@iffco.in
Food correlating Fertilizer Fertilizer is the single biggest input cost for Grain farmers. Unprecedented Volatility in fertilizer & grain prices observed during last few years. Year 2008/2009, fertilizer & food prices hit all time highs & Year late 2009/ early 2010 dropped dramatically. However, 2008/2009 price movements are not new occurrences. Similar large price movements occurred in 1970s due to Oil shocks. 2
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Volatility 70s – Historical Prices
Source :World Bank Commodity Price 50
Urea (US $/MT) DAP (US $/MT) crude (US $/bbl)
350 300
405
41
286
40 30
29
258
250 192
200
20
150 13
100
13
126
50
10
1970s – Crude Oil price increased from US $ 1.2 to 13 per barrel in the first Run leading to speculative rise in fertilizer prices.
0
1986M01
1985M01
1984M01
1983M01
1982M01
1981M01
1980M01
1979M01
1978M01
1977M01
1976M01
1975M01
1974M01
1973M01
1972M01
10 1971M01
0
US $/ barrel Crude
400
1970M01
US $ per MT (UREA & DAP)
450
Steady rise in fertiliser prices was observed during second run of crude from US $13.20 to 40.75 per barrel. 3
Global food grain prices
Source : World Bank Commodity Price
900 762.7 732.4
800
US $ per MT
700
Barley
Maize
Rice, ThaiA1,Special/Super
Wheat, Canada
600 544.0
500 400 300 200
287.1
393.7
241.0
258.6 212.5
100
% Increase in prices
Barley Maize Rice Wheat Thai 75%
50%
71%
16%
Sorghu m
Sugar
67%
83%
Jan‐12
Oct‐11
Jul‐11
Apr‐11
Jan‐11
Oct‐10
Jul‐10
Apr‐10
Jan‐10
Oct‐09
Jul‐09
Apr‐09
Jan‐09
Oct‐08
Jul‐08
Apr‐08
Jan‐08
Jul‐07
Jan 2009.. Dec.2011
Oct‐07
Apr‐07
Jan‐07
0
Grain prices major driver of fertilizer prices 4
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Crude Oil driving Volatility in Urea Prices
Source :World Bank Commodity Price
700
Crude oil,Brent ( US $/bbl)
Prilled Urea FOB Bulk Arabian Gulf (US $/MT)
800
Prilled Urea FOB Bulk Arabian 133.9 Gulf (US $/MT)
140
815
120 107.9
600
100 80
500 400
429.63
300
60 40
200 20
100
Crude Oil Brent US Price (US $/bbl)
900
0 Jul‐11
Dec‐11
Feb‐11
Sep‐10
Apr‐10
Jun‐09
Nov‐09
Jan‐09
Aug‐08
Mar‐08
Oct‐07
May‐07
Jul‐06
Dec‐06
Feb‐06
Sep‐05
Apr‐05
Jun‐04
Nov‐04
Jan‐04
0
After sudden increase of 1970‐80s, the increase in 2008‐09 was very volatile but again it followed a pattern and in 2011‐12 it is expected to be gradual. 5
Crude Oil driving Volatility in other fertilizers
Source :World Bank Commodity Price
DAP FOB Bulk & MOP FOB Vancouver Prices (US $/MT)
1199
133.9
DAP FOB Bulk US Gulf (US $/MT) MOP FOB Vancouver (US $/MT) Crude oil,Brent ( US $/bbl)
140 120
872.5
100
107.9
80 575
60
475
40 20
Crude Oil Brent US Price (US $/bbl)
1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0
Dec‐11
Jul‐11
Feb‐11
Sep‐10
Apr‐10
Nov‐09
Jun‐09
Jan‐09
Aug‐08
Mar‐08
Oct‐07
May‐07
Dec‐06
Jul‐06
Feb‐06
Sep‐05
Apr‐05
Nov‐04
Jan‐04
Jun‐04
0
2008 – Volatility ;Crude Oil price increased to US $ 133.9 per barrel (Highest Peak Ever) posing pressure on fertilizer commodities. 6
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Forces driving Volatility Crude prices translate to food price volatility through transportation cost & fertilizer prices.
Markets increasingly integrated with the World economy. Shocks in the International arena now transpire and propagate to domestic markets much quicker than before.
Increased dependency on Global trade also contribute to price volatility. Political Uncertainty.
World population growth along with increasing average incomes in developing countries directly impacts the demand for food and indirectly impacts the demand for fertilizer.
Supply Outages and Interruption.
Concentric fertilizer market.
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Key Forces Driving Volatility in Fertilizers Weather & Climate change
Growing Demand
Resource Pressure
Stock Levels
Exchange Rates
Export & Import Trade Restrictions
Energy Prices
Ocean Vessel Transportation rates
Speculative activity in Future Markets 8
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Other Factors affecting Demand & Volatility
Fertilizer Demand Government policies & regulations Incentives and Subsidies to lower Cost
Credit facility
Fertilizer: Crop price ratio
Bio‐fuels Commu‐ nication & Extension Services
Besides, regional taxes hinder the farm‐gate price and subsequently demand. 9
Prices climbing up again World Bank Food Price Index increased by 33 % between January’09 and December’11. Higher the grain prices, farmers shall use more fertilizers leading to higher demand of fertilisers. Episodes of extreme volatility— especially large, unexpected price upswings—are a major threat to food security in developing countries.
Millions of people in the World’s poorest countries are today living on Knife’s edge – the victims of high and Volatile food prices. Benefits of Globalization are by‐ passing around 1.5 Billion peoples of the World who are in danger of becoming politically and socially disenfranchised and disconnected from Global society.
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Global Food System Vulnerable 2008 Food crisis led to over 40 riots in many poor countries. Countries that experienced food riots. Mozambi que
Bangladesh
Burkina Faso, Africa
Camer oon Egypt
Haiti
Indonesia
With price volatility again a heightened concern in 2011, the World Bank’s Board of Executive Directors extended the life of the food crisis program through June 2011– a move that paves the way for fast‐track processing and disbursement of some $760 million for countries in need. Horn of Africa was drought affected. India became a sourcing site for food grain aid to the World Food Programme (WFP) for distribution in Somalia. 11
Fertilizer Prices Volatility in 2008/2009 – What happened? Fertilizer Suppliers begun increasing Prices in a quest for higher profits disproportionate to demand. Due to Higher Fertilizer prices, consumption declined & fertilizer prices weren’t sustainable. Inventory started piling up. Some players to sustain prices, reduced operational cost by issuing lay‐offs notices. Stock continued piling up despite declining Prices. Prices continued to decline even after and companies opted for curtailing the production capabilities. Volatility thus had an impact on fertilizers suppliers & buyers balance sheet. 12
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Volatility‐Impact on Fertilizer Industry Profit Source :Annual Report PCS(CY)
Agrium(CY)
3500
IFFCO (FY)
200
173.6
180
3465.9
160
3000
140
2500
120
2000 1500
1806.2
84.6
78.3 63.9
100 80
980.7
1104
60
1322
1000
40
500
366
441
0
2007
731
2008
Inc./ (Dec.)%
0
2009
PCS (CY)
20
Net Income in US $ Million (IFFCO)
Net Income in US $ Million (PCS & Agrium)
4000
2010
Agrium (CY)
IFFCO (FY)
2008 w.r.t 2007
214%
200%
22%
2009 w.r.t 2008
(72%)
(72%)
8%
2010 w.r.t 2009
84%
95%
105% 13
Effects of Volatility Fertilizers Price Volatility – A growing challenge
Volatility in fertilizer prices bring extremely high risks and potential costs to society. Volatility hurts economic growth and trade. Raw material costs generally cannot be transferred quickly and efficiently down the value chain, Volatility thus lead to more unpredictable earning. Volatility impacts the organization differently due to variation in technology, product mix, geography and management information. Volatile fertilizers prices has a direct effect on farmers as well as impact the earnings of fertilizer companies. 14
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Effect of Volatility 2008/09 – Indian Context Fertilizers during Recession
Indian Fertilizer Sector was highly dependent on Subsidy by GOI. Subsidy on Phosphatic Fertilisers linked to International DAP Prices. Farmers were Insulated from International Prices. Despite Increasing fertilizer prices, Demand continued to Grow. GOI subsidy bill rose to US $ 21 Billion almost doubling the rise thereby affecting the fiscal budget.
Change : Post Recession GOI introduced Nutrient Based Subsidy w.e.f 01.04.2010 Manufacturers can now pass on the price rise to farmers. However, sharp rise can lead to demand destruction.
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Effect of Volatility 2008/09 on Indian Fertilizer Industry Volatility in fertiliser prices impacted earnings of the Industry. Despite impact on earnings, IFFCO profitability has grown modestly in 2008‐09. Indian Manufacturers were issued Fertiliser Fertiliser bonds by GOI in lieu of Bonds cash subsidy. • Liquidity crunch compelled major Indian Fertilizer Industry like IFFCO to sell the fertilizer bonds at discounted prices during recession period.
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Implementation of Nutrient Based Subsidy – Indian Context w.e.f 1st April 2010 Subsidy prices for P& K are pre‐ determined & shall remain constant through out the Financial Year. Stagnant subsidy prices result in managing the Govt. fiscal Subsidy budget & FX reserves, despite Volatility.
Product
Governing Price (2011‐12) (US $/Tonne)
Subsidy per kg of Nutrient (US $)
Efficient Contracting by Buyers is Need of the Hour.
Urea
350
0.59
DAP
612
0.71
Prices beyond NBS level can now have a direct impact on Farmers and Company’s balance sheet.
MOP
420
0.59
Sulphur
180
0.04
Further, GOI is considering to implement Nutrient Based Subsidy for Urea & bringing it under Open General License (OGL). 17
Effect of Volatility in Currency – Indian Context Indian Rupee witnessed an 19% depreciation against Dollar in its value over the course of a roller‐coaster year in 2011. Fixed Nutrient based Subsidy prices for P&K fertilizers in FY2011‐12 led to increase in Import cost & subsequently farm‐gate prices. Higher Farm‐gate prices led to destruction in demand of P&K fertilizers. Fertilizer companies had to absorb losses due to reduced demand.
The reduced demand has ultimately resulted in softening of International Fertilizer prices. 18
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Expected Demand and Inventory level ‐ India (All figures in Million Tonne)
2012‐13 (Estimated April.. June)
DAP
Complex MOP
Opening Stock as on 2.35 1st Apr 12
2.57
0.08
Opening Stock on 1st April 2011
Production
0.91
1.90
‐
Import
Nil
Nil
1.62
Total Availability
3.26
4.47
1.70
Demand
1.44
1.91
0.82
Balance for Opening 1.82 Stock as on 1st July 12
2.56
0.88
2.36
2012 (Expected) 2.57
0.090.08
0.02 DAP
MOP
0.14 Complex
High Inventory level in 1st Quarter of 2012‐13 sufficient to meet the demand up to September ‘12 and may delay the contracts. 19
Volatility and Investments in Fertilizer Sector 2008 effects prompted massive Investments in fertilizer sector. Since 2008, Sector has spent around US $ 40 Billion on new capacities. Another US $ 80 Billion will be invested between 2011 & 2015. Urea capacity to reach 224 Million Tonne by 2015, an increase of 21% over 2011. DAP capacity to reach 58 Million Tonne by 2015, an increase of 15% over 2011. Potash Capacity to reach 60 Million Tonne by 2015, an increase of 36% over 2011.
New projects planned between 2010 and 2015.
Urea
•58 Processed Phosphates
•40
Potash •30 20
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Managing Fertilizer Prices Volatility Traditional Management approach of sourcing raw materials are not effective in Volatile markets. • Traditional strategies are generally ineffective when supply is limited and being chased by many buyers. Integrated approach involving Procurement and Sales is required in order to manage the net exposure. Assessment of net exposure involving procurement of several raw materials and sale of many products with different exposure to Volatility, requires complex effort. Fertiliser Companies can use Price Volatility as a powerful tool in order to manage its impact and at the same time achieve gains.
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Strategy to play in Volatile Situations During rising market, where companies has limited buying power, procurement should be closely monitored with actual demand/sales. In periods of overcapacity, companies has higher leverage to negotiate favorable contracts with suppliers.
Companies should constantly strive, over multiple cycles, to maintain or improve the earnings.
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Strategy to play…. Effective Strategy to manage Volatile market depends on insight into the direction, both of pricing and supply conditions. Use of econometric models to build different scenario are required to provide predictive insights into direction of pricing and supply conditions. Strategies for procurement and sales can be built around these scenarios. Mix of fixed price contracts, Index based contracts and spot contracts help in managing the Risk. Shifting to Spot purchases in declining market will be more effective.
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Other Measures to Mitigate Volatility Shifting to other cropping pattern that require less fertilizer, as well as forms of the various products can also ease the Volatility. Fertilizing below the recommended rate may be a valid temporary strategy when the fertilizer/grain price ratio is higher than usual. Balanced use of chemical fertiliser along with Green manuring improves the Soil health and reduced fertiliser consumption. Educating farmers can play an important role in enhancing the productivity with reduced fertiliser consumption.
IFFCO has launched, "Save the Soil" campaign with emphasis on Soil Rejuvenation and Crop Productivity Enhancement. 24
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Buffer stocking can play an aggressive role Supply in any given location is erratic from year to year; demand is not.
Reserves provide short‐term bridge should supply run‐short, while Govt. has a chance to consider some longer‐term options. Reserves can play a long term role in stabilizing prices. (Reassuring markets that supply is sufficient and thereby calming possible speculation). Reserves are flexible instrument and can provide for meeting the unexpected demand.
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Fertilizer can Grow in Volatile Market Intense market competition and Volatility can be arrested through Joint Venture (JV) projects. JV projects with long term offtake can bring a Win‐Win situation for both the partners. Assured supply Stand‐alone long term offtake contracts with major producer of fertilizer and fertilizer inputs. Acquiring assets & setting projects in Resource rich countries can make available ample fertilizers to meet the growing demand and arresting Volatility.
‐
• JV projects with long term offtake Agreements can lead to a stable market.
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Potential for Offtake through long‐term/JV agreements – Indian Context Import (2010‐11)
Existing Import 4.57
Import (2013‐14)
JV (Offtake)
3.74
Likely Import 6.62
3.9
JV (Offtake)
5
4.69 2.24
0.86
1.01
0.86 0.13
N
P
Balance left for Import other than JVs
K
N
P
K
N
P
K
5.76
2.76
4.56 27
Balancing the ingredients‐ Opportunity with Fertilizer • G‐20 recomm. of inviting private investment in farm‐ to‐fork chain shall increase production & yields on the million of small farms in developing nations. Agriculture Production
Fertilizer Trade •While Fertilizers can arrest the Volatility in Agriculture production & Food prices, a Stable and Transparent system for Trade in Fertilizer can arrest the price Volatility to a certain extent.
• G‐20 recomm. for greater regulation of commodity exchanges to arrest the price shocks.
Food Prices
G‐20 recommendation for International policy coordination for “Stable, predictable, distortion‐free and transparent system for Trade” would arrest the Volatility. 28
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Fertiliser Ventures for Global Food Security Food is a basic human right and investment in raising agricultural products through efficient use of fertilizers has to come in future years. Need to establish Common ground between the goals of the Global food grain demand and the pragmatic needs of fertiliser companies. Set up is required to engage fertiliser companies to drive partnerships and invest in improved crop productivity initiatives to save lives in poor countries. Along with, many programs to be modeled by allying fertiliser companies, governments and non‐profit organizations to expand affordable access to fertiliser requirement during episodes of extreme Volatility. These spearheading efforts can only be achieved by combining fertiliser companies and social responsibility. 29
Profits and Social Responsibility Fertiliser companies to voluntarily allocate profit in social responsibility initiatives and extend it for “Fertiliser Ventures for Global Food Security” set up.
If every Global corporation took action to address the Global food crisis based on its own unique capabilities, that would be a welcome redefinition of social responsibility, and more important, the problem would soon be solved. The time to act is now‐ before the food riots of 2008 becomes the new normal.
30
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Cooperation with desire to rise through cooperation in business and user i.e. farmers has lead to growth of IFFCO to make it a successful enterprise.
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