nvbßÕ= j.dj
l¾;D ohdkkao wfíiqßh ksfhdacH lDIsl¾u wOHlaI" lDIs jHdmdr ixj¾Ok iy f;dr;=re fiajdj" wxl 01" iriú udj;" fmardfoKsh'
lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=fõ m%ldYkhls 2012
l¾;D ohdkkao wfíiqßh ^ksfhdacH lDIsl¾u wOHCI&
úOdhl iïnkaëlrKh wdpd¾h frdydka úfÊfldaka
m%ldYkh ieliqu pduÍ ksÆIs is,ajd
;dCIKsl iydh wdpd¾h Ô' tï' jika; Ñ;%d,a - wOHCI ^îc yd frdamK øjH& wdpd¾h ,lañKs m%shka; ñh - m¾fhaIK ks,OdÍ ^jHdêfõoS& fla'tka'iS' .=Kj¾Ok ñh - m¾fhaIK ks,OdÍ ^lSg úoHd& ví'tï' rxc,d l=udß ñh - m¾fhaIK ks,OdÍ ^wNsckk& Ô'ta' .=Kj¾Ok ñh - m¾fhaIK ks,OdÍ ^wdydr úoHd& wdpd¾h ä'tÉ' uq;=l=v wdrÉÑ uhd - ysgmq wOHCI ^me,Eá cdkiïm;a& wdpd¾h ta' ud,sud fmf¾rd ñh - ksfhdacH wOHCI ^m¾fhaIK& tia'tka' chj¾Ok uhd - m¾fhaIK ks,OdÍ fla'tï' lreKdr;ak uhd - úY%dñl m¾fhaIK ks,OdÍ tÉ'tï' lreKd;s,l uhd - ,s|.," mÈh;,dj tia'tï' rxð;a wfí,d,a - lDIsl¾u WmfoaYl ^f.dúm,a hdka;%sl m¾fhaIK&
f;dr;=re /ialsÍu wd¾'î'fyar;a ^lDIsl¾u WmfoaYl& fla'î' r;akdhl ^lDIsl¾u WmfoaYl&
ixialrKh wdpd¾h frdydka úfÊfldaka tka'mS'iS' o is,ajd pduß ks¨Is is,ajd
msgq ieliqu ã' ta' Ô' ch,;a l=udr;=x.
msgljrh .hdks È,areCIs Bßh.u
ks¾udKh Y%jH oDIH uOHia:dkh
wkq.%yh Asian Food & Agriculture Cooperation Initiative
uqøKh lDIsl¾u uqøKd,h" .kafkdrej
wdishdkq wdydr yd lDIsl他u iyfhda.s;d jevigyka f,al誰 ld他hd,fha iqN me;=誰 mKsjqvh Greetings from the Asian Food and Agriculture Cooperation Initiative (AFACI)! AFACI is an intergovernmental and multilateral cooperation body established by the Rural Development Administration (RDA) of the Republic of Korea, aiming to improve food production, realize sustainable agriculture and enhance extension service of Asian countries by sharing knowledge and information on agricultural technology. RDA, a governmental organization for agricultural research and extension services, has been trying to develop and distribute the agricultural technology for last "fty years. As a part of these efforts, I am honored to have opportunity to publish agricultural books for AFACI member countries with a special fund from RDA. This activity aims at facilitating the publication and distribution of agricultural technology books for providing agricultural technologies directly to local farmers and sharing educational materials in their local languages or English. I believe that it is meaningless not to be distributed and practically used no matter how great the technology may be. I truly hope that this book serves as a useful guide for farmers as well as becomes a touchstone for closer relationship between Sri Lanka and Korea. Thank you very much. Sincerely,
Cho, Yang-Hee Secretary General Asian Food and Agriculture Cooperation Initiative (AFACI) Secretariat
lDIsl¾u wOHCI ckrd,ajrhdf.a mKsjqvh lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j ishji iurk 2012 j¾Ifha§ YS% ,dxlSh f.dú ck;dj fj; ;dlaIKh ,nd§u i|yd m%ldYk rdYshla ìyslrkq we;' fuu ;dlaIK .%ka:ho tjka ishjia m%ldYkhls' ishji m%ldYk j,§ wm úfYaIfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka yqfola .;dkq.;sl l%uhg ;dlaIKsl lreKq muKla wvx.= m%ldYk ìyslrkjdg jvd wog iy fygg jeo.;a jk lDIsl¾ufha kj m%jK;d we;=¿ ;dlaIK .%ka:hla m%ldYkhg m;a lsÍuhs' fuys§ lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=fõ oekg isák m%ùK lDIs úfYaI{hkaf.a fukau úY%du ,;a lDIs úfYa{hkaf.ao kùk ;dlaIK l%u iy wkd.; oelau ms<sn| woyia m%ldY jkq we;' jdKsc lDIsl¾uh" mßir ys;ldó lDñ md,kh" f.j;= j.dj, kj m%jK;d" N+ñ w,xlrKh yd m,;=re WoHdk md,kh jeks lafIa;% yryd fuu ishji m%ldYk ksl=;a jkq we;' fuu fft;sydisl wjia:dfõ§ m%ldYK i|yd wdishdkq wdydr iy lDIsl¾u iyfhda.S;d jevigyka {Asian Food And Agriculture Cooperation Intaitive (AFACI) } wdh;kfha wkq.%yh ,nd§u .ek udf.a lD;{;djh Tjqkg fuhska mqolrñ' fla'Ô' Ys%hdmd," lDIsl¾u wOHCI ckrd,a" Message from the Director General of Agriculture At this juncture when our beloved Department of Agriculture is celebrating its Centenary, I am extremely proud and take pleasure in issuing this statement as the Director General of Agriculture. The Departments of Agriculture has already initiated action to release number of publications with timely guidelines to the local farmers, educating them on the latest technologies developed. The main objective of these publications is to create awareness of farmers regarding the timely need for them to adhere to the modern technologies developed by our scientists cater to the present national requirements instead of catering with the ancient procedures which appear to be out dated for us to compete with the international levels in ensuring global self suf"ciency in food. It provides a forecast on matters of relevant which will be bene"cial to our farmers for their future development. Valuable ideas and suggestions supported by the present of"cers as well as the retired scientists are duly composed through these publications. These books provide content according to the present national importance such as Commercial Agriculture, Management of Food Orchard, Intergrated Pest Management, Edible Landscaping, Urban Agriculture etc. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the Asian Food and Agriculture Cooperation Initiative (AFACI) for their kind gesture for coming forward to provide sponsorship for these publications of historical value to the Department of Agriculture in its centenary year. K.G. Sriyapala, Director General, Department of Agriculture, Sri Lanka.
fmrjok nvbßÕ= ksIamdokh iy tu fnda.h furg f.dú wd¾:slhg jeo.;ajk wdldrh ms,sn| iúia;rd;aul f;dr;=re we;=,;a fmd;la ,sùfï woyi m%:u jrg ud ;=< we;sjqfha 1996 jif¾ §h' fuu fnda.fha jHdma;s lghq;= ms<sn|j cd;sl uÜgfï j.lSï orñka lDIsl¾u wud;HdxYh uÕska msysgqjd ;snqKq w;sf¾l wdydr fnda. ld¾h idOk lñgqjg wkqhqla;j fiajh l, ld,h ;=<§ ,;a lafIa;% w;aoelSï wkqj nvbßÕ= fnda.h m%j¾Okh lsÍu uÕska úh<s l,dmsh f.dú ck;djg uy;a m%fhdackhla w;alr Èh yels nj mila jQ ksid tu úIhg wod,jQ lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ks,OdÍkaf.ka fukau f.dúkaf.kao f;dr;=re /ialrf.k 1997 ueo § fmd; ,shd wjika l,;a th wm fomd¾;fïka;=fjka idudkHfhka m,flfrk ;dlaIKsl WmfoaYKh i|yd isudjk fmd;a j,ska fjkiajQ tlla jQ neúka uqøKh lsÍug wjia:djla fkd,enqKs' lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=jg ishjila iïmq¾Kjk fuu jif¾§ fuu jeo.;a wd¾:sl fnda.h ms<sn|j fmd;la ,sùug kej; jrla wjia:dj ,enqk w;r fmr§ ,shk,o fmdf;a iuyr fldgia" kj f;dr;=re iy ld,sk ;dlaIKsl ks¾foaY o we;=,;a lr fuu fmd; ,shd ksu lf,ñ' furg ck;djf.a wdydr mqreÿ j,g uekúka .e,fmk ksid;a" wm rfgys mj;sk foaY.=Ksl ;;a;aj hgf;a uekúka j.d l, yels fnda.hla ùu ksid;a" by, l¾udka;uh úNjhla iys; ksid hym;a fj<|fmd<la È.ska È.gu mj;sk ksid;a" nvbßÕ= fnda.h fjk;a Wiaìï fnda. j,g jvd .eñ wd¾:slh kexùug odhl ù ;sfí' fuu fnda.h f.dúka w;r m%p,s; lsÍu i|yd lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska ork ,o m%h;akhkays tla;rd jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhla jkafka zzisf,daka wef.%da bkaviaá%iaZZ (Ceylon Agro Industries) mqoa.,sl wdh;kh iy wef.kaÜ (AgENT) kï rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkh o iuÕ 1995$96 uy lkakfha isg bÈßhg jir 03la muK
l%shd;aul l, ' DACMET ' hk kñka ye¢kajq jHdmD;shhs' wdkhkh lrk ,o zmeis*sla 11Z kï fouqyqka j¾.h iuÕ ;uqkag yqre mqreÿ zrejkaZ foaYSh m%fNaoh tlg j.d lsÍug f.dùka 400lg muK m<uq lkakfha §u wjia:dj i,ik ,o w;r tjlg ;snq ks¾foaYs; fmdfydr uÜgug jvd by< fmdfydr uÜgï i|yd jq m%;spdrho fï iuÕu w;ayod n,kq ,eîh' fuu w;aoelSïj, m%;sM,h jqfha wêl wiajekakla fok fouqyqka nvbßÕ= j¾. j.d lsÍug l%u l%ufhka f.dùka wkqj¾;kh ùuh' by< wiajkq j,g .e,fmk f,i fmdfydr ks¾foaYho h:dj;a lrkq ,eìh' by; jHdmD;sh wjika jq miqj o jHdma;s wxYh uÕska úYd, mßudKfha hdh wdo¾Yk iEu nvbßÕ= j.d lrk m%foaYhlu fkdlvjd ixúOdkh lr f.dùka oekqj;a lrk ,§' ksIamdokh lrk nvbßÕ= j,g hym;a ñ,la ,eîu iy;sl lsÍu i|yd lDIsl¾u wud;HdxYh ueÈy;aj wdkhksl nvbßÕ= i|yd úfYaI noaola mkjk ,o w;r mqoa.,sl wxYh uÕska m%udKj;a ;rï fouqyqka îc wdkhkh lr f.dùkag imhk ,§' j¾;udk fmdis, bkaOk w¾nqoh yuqfõ nvbßÕ= i|ydjq b,a¨u jeäù f,dal fj<|fmd,a nvbßÕ= ñ, b;d by< uÜgul mj;S' fï ish,af,ys m%;sM,h f,i foaYSh nvbßÕ= ksIAmdokh jeäfjñka mj;sk w;r fï jk úg wm nvbßÕ= ksIamdokfhka iajhxfmdaIs; Ndjh ,nñka isák w;ru 2012 jir b;sydifha m%:u jrg nvbß`.= wmkhkh l, jir f,i iksgqyka lsÍug iu;aj isáuq' nvbßÕ=j, j¾;udk wdkhk úhoug idfmalaIj foaYSh ksIamdok úhou ie,lsh hq;= f,i wvqh' ta ksid w;sßla; ksIamdokhla fõkï wmkhkh l, yel' iy,a ksIamdokfhys úYd, w;sßla;hla mj;sk j¾;udkfha ù fjkqjg j.d l< yels úl,am fnda.h jkq we;af;a fj<|fmd, wjodku wvq nvbßÕ=h' fuu fmd; ,sùu i|yd ;dlaIKsl ks¾foaY" wdydr jÜfgdare" fjk;a f;dr;=re iemhSfuka iyh olajk ,o ish,a,kag;a" fmd; ieliSu" uqøKh iy fjk;a wdldr j,ska iyh ÿka ieug;a uf.a wdor ia;=;sh msß kuñ' ohdkkao wfíiQßh
mgqk ye`oskaùu'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''1 1' wd¾Òl yd iudÔh jeo.;alu'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2-9 1'1 1'2 1'3
Y%S ,xldfõ nvbßÕ= ksIamdokh nvbßÕ= Ndú;d lrk wdldr nvbßÕ=j, fmdaIKSh w.h yd fi!LHuh jeo.;alu
2' Y%S ,xldfõ nvbßÕ= ksIamdok úNjh''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''10-13 3' nvbßÕ= j.d lsÍu''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''14-36 3'1 3'2 3'3
3'4 3'5 3'6 3'7 3'8 3'9 3'10 3'11 3'12 3'13 3'14
iqÿiq m%foaY j.d lrk ld,h nv bß`.= m%fNao 3'3'1 lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j uÕska ks¾foaYs; m%fNao 3'3'2 wdkhkh lrkq ,nk fouqyqka m%fNao mi 3'4'1 l=Uqre bvï j, nvbßÕ= j.dj$bmke,af,a j.dj ìï ieliSu îc wjYH;djh ks¾foaYs; mr;rh isgqùu fmdfydr Ndú;h c, iïmdokh j,a me,eá u¾Okh lDñ md,kh frda. md,kh wiajekak fk,Su
4' nvbßÕ= Ydlfha ldhsl úoHd;aul j¾Ok wjia:d iy tu wjê wiajekakg we;s iïnkaO;djh''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''37-45 4'1 4'2 4'3
j¾Ol wjê wdY%s; úfYaI ,laIK 4'1'1 VE isg V6 olajd jq wjê m%ckl wjê nvbßÕ= wiajkq ixrpl
5' nvbßÕ= wNsckkh iy îc ksIamdokh''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''46-56 5'1 foaYSh újD; mrd.kh isÿjk m%fNao j, îc ksIamdokh 5'2
foaYSh fouqyqka m%fNao ^iïm;a& ksmoùu 5'2'1 îc ksIamdok fCIa;%hla f;dard .ekSu 5'2'2 ìï ilia lr .ekSu
5'3
5'2'3 5'2'4 5'2'5 5'2'6 5'2'7 5'2'8 5'2'9 5'2'10 5'2'11 5'2'12 5'2'13 5'2'14 úfoaYSh 5'3'1 5'3'2
uq,sl fmdfydr fh§u îc isgqùu u;=msg fmdfydr fh§u kqiqÿiq me< bj;a lsÍu msßñ u,a .e,ùu mrd. fma<s bj;a lsÍu j,a me,eá md,kh yd mia tl;= lsÍu frda. yd lDñ md,kh wiajekak fk,d .ekSu úh,d .ekSu yd îc fjka lsÍu .nvd lsÍu îc m%;sldr fouqyqka iy wfkl=;a m%fNao ksmoùfï ;dlaIkh fouqyqka nvbßÕ= m%fNao cdk bxðfkare ;dlaIKh uÕska ksmojk ,o m%fNao
6' OdkH m%ñ;sh iy Bg wkql=,j ksIamdokhg .;hq;= mshjr''''''''''''''''''''''57-65 6'1
we*f,dfgdlaiska hkq l=ulao @ 6'1'1 nvbßÕ= j,g fuu úI we;=,a jkafka flfiao @ 6'1'2 nvbßÕ= j,g fuu úI we;=,aùu j,lajd .kafka flfiao @
7' nvbßÕ= j.dj i|yd iqÿiq hka;% yd WmlrK''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''66-69 7'1 7'2 7'3 7'4 7'5
f.dv fnda. îc jmalrh^w;ska l%shd lrk& f.dv fnda. îc jmalrh^g%elagrhg iïnkaO& bkafclag¾ ma,dkagrh nvbßÕ= wiajkq u`äkh nyqfnda. wiajkq ue`ãfï hka;%h
8' nvbßÕ= ksIamdok úhoï''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''70-71 9' nvbßÕ= fhojqï iemhSu iy wf<úh yd iïnkaO wdh;k'''''''''''''''''''''72-74 9'1 9'2
i;aj wdydr yd ñksia wdydr ksIamdokh yd iïnkaO wdh;k nvbßÕ= îc wdkhkh lrkq ,nk wdh;k
10' nvbßÕ= wdY%s; iïm%odhsl yd kj wdydr ksIamdok''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''75-79 10'1 10'2 10'3
nvbßÕ= wdY%s; kj wdydr ksIamdok idïm%odhsl wdydr i|yd nvbßÕ= nvbßÕ= wdY%s; úúO idïm%odhsl wdydr
11' nvbßÕ= j.dj wdY%s; idïm%odhsl jHjydr yd ks¾udK''''''''''''''''''''''''''''80-81
13
ye¢kaùu America)
isÿúh' 2000 oYlfha ueo§ re' ñ,shk
iïNjhla we;ehs ie,flk ishd fïia
2"500 muK jehlr nvbßÕ= fuá%la fgdka
(Zea mays L.) hk WoaNso úoHd;aul
150"000 muK jd¾Islj furgg wdkhkh
kñka y÷kajk fuu fnda.h jßka jr
lr ;sfí'
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furg wdl%uKh l, hqfrdamsh cd;slhska úistla jk ishjfia isg W;aikakj mj;sk
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Wiaìïj,;a iSó; jYfhka fuu fnda.h
,xldfõ ksmojkq ,nk lDIs øjH w;ßka
j.d lrkq ,efí' ÈhqKq rgj, nvbßÕ=
f,dal fj<|fmdf,a ñ,g jvd wvq ksIamdok
i;aj iy ñksia wdydr l¾udka; fukau
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m%fhdackhg .kq ,nkafka i;a;aj wdydr
ksIamdokh
j,g we;=,;a lrk Yla;s ix>glhla
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mßfNdackh oYl lsysmhlg fmr isgu
furg nvbßÕ= j.dlrk jmißh ie,lsh
l%ñlj jeäfjñka mj;sk w;r i;aj i|yd
Èß.kajk
yd nvbßÕ= i|yd hym;a ia:djr ñ,la
f,ih' foaYsh l=l=,a uia iy ì;a;r
ksmoùu
ie,lshhq;= fldgila
Ndú;d lsÍug mgka .ekqKs' ta yd iuÕu
fyaka fnda.hla f,ih' h,a lkakfha§
wdydr
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hq;=f,i jeä fjñka mj;S' j¾;udk
nvbßÕ=j,g
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imqrd,Sug i|yd m%udKj;a fkdjqkq neúka
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ysÕh úfoaY rgj,ska wdkhkh lsÍug
bÈßfha§ furgg nvbßÕ= wdkhkh lsÍu wjYH fkdjkq we;'
1
1' wd¾Ól yd iudÔh jeo.;alu ù
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i|yd
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fõ,aj, n;a
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j,g ysñúh' fyaka j.dj j¾;udkfha
lsÍug yelsùu" mjqf,a wdydr wjYH;d
t;rï m%p,s; fkdjqjo Y%S ,xldfõ úh<s
imqrd .ekSu i|yd uekúka .e,mSu" wvq
iy w;rueÈ l,dmsh m%foaYj, Wia ìïj,
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yels ùu" lDñ iy frda. ydks wfkl=;a fnda.
j,g
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b;d m%fhdackj;a iy Tjqkaf.a Ôjk rgdjg
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.e,fmk fnda.hla njg m;aj we;'
2
1990 jif¾ isg fï olajd nvbßÕ= j.d
1'1' Y%S ,xldfõ nvbßÕ= ksIamdokh
lrk ,o jmißfhys isÿù ;sfnk fjkialï wOHhkh lrk úg lemS fmfkk ,laIKhla
Y%S ,xldfõ nvbßÕ= ksIamdokh ms,sn|
jkqfha 2004 jif¾ isg bÈßhg tu j.d
j¾;udk ;;a;ajh fu iuÕ olajd ;sfnk
jmißh b;d ie,lshhq;= f,i jeäfjñka
m%ia:drh ksÍlaIKh lsÍu uÕska wjfndaO
mj;sk njhs' ta iuÕu fmkShk wfkla
lr.;
m%Odk
jeo.;a lreK jkqfha jeäjk jmißhg
ksIamdok lkakh jkafka uy lkakh jk
jvd jeä fõ.hlska nvbßÕ= ksIamdok
w;r" jd¾Isl ksIamdokfhka 85] la muK
M,odhs;djo
tu lkakh ;=<§ j¾Id fmdaIs;j ksmojkq
m%ia:drfha oelafjk mßÈ uq,a jir 14
,efí' h,a lkakfha j.dj m%Odk jYfhka
;=< nvbßÕ= j.dfõ idudkH wiajekak
isÿlrkq ,nkafka w;sf¾l c, iïmdokhla
jeäù we;af;a b;d iq¿ jYfhks kuq;a
isÿl, yels" c, jykh fyd¢ka mj;sk
2004 jißka miqj t<ô jir 7 ;=< tys
l=Uqre bvï j,h'
idudkH wiajekak fylaghdrlg fuá%la
yelsh'
fuu
fnda.fha
jeäfjñka
mj;sk
njhs'
fgdka 1'1 isg 2'81 olajd ^fo.=Khlg
Y%S ,xldfõ nvbßÕ= ksIamdokh yd wdkhkh 1990 - 2010 3.0
160,000 2.5 140,000 120,000
2.0
100,000 1.5 80,000 60,000
1.0
40,000 0.5 20,000 19 90 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08 20 09 20 10
0
jmißh fyla’ wdkhkh fu’ fgdka
ksIamdokh fu’ fgdka idudkH wiajekak fgdka$ fyla’
3
0.0
idudkH wiajekak fgdka$ fyla’
180,000
jvd& j¾Okh ù we;' fjk;a whqrlska
j.dj i|yd Ndú;d lsÍu" nvbßÕ= i|yd
mejiqjfyd;a 2003 jif¾ nvbßÕ= jmißh
wdl¾IKsh
iuÕ ii|kúg 2010 jif¾ j.d jmißh
mej;Su iy jeä wiajekakla ,ndfok
2'1 .=Khlska jeäh kuq;a Bg iu.dó
fouqyqka nvbßÕ= îc Ndú;h f.dúka
nvbßÕ= ksIamdokh 5'5 .=Khlska jeäù
w;r m%p,s;ùu fuu m%jK;djhg m%Odk
;sfí' fu;rï iS>%fhka f.dùka w;r
jYfhka odhljQ fya;= fj;s' 2000 oYlfha
ckm%sh jq iy ksIamdok uÜgï j¾Okh jq
uq,a ld,fha i;aj wdydr ksIamdolhskag
fjk;a fnda.hla fkdue;' ù j.dj i|yd
furg nvbßÕ= ksIamdok úhoug jvd
iykdOdr l%uhg ,enqKq fmdfydr j,ska
fnfyúka wvq ñ,lg b;d myiqfjka
b;sßh .%dóh f.dú ck;dj úiska nvbßÕ=
nvbßÕ= wdkhkh lsÍug yelshdj mej;=ks'
yd
ia:djr
fj<ofmd,la
j.=j 1 # uy lkakfha nvbßÕ= ksIamdokh lkakh
*
*
2003$04
04$05
05$06
06$07
07$08
08$09
09$10
jmißh fyla
20"275
23"905
26"310
27"095 42"860
44"786
48"887
41"906
ksIamdokh fu'fgdka
31"449
36"342
40"376
45"068
91"050
114"655
127"761
104"491
1'55 id' wiajekak ;yjqre fkdl, o;a;
1'52
1'53
1'66
2'11
2'56
2'61
2'49
10$11
uq,dY%h # ck yd ixLHdf,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j
j.=j 2 # h, lkakfha nvbßÕ= ksIamdokh
*
lkakh
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
jmißh fyla
3"146
4"496
5"692
7"008
8"744
6"071
8"580
9"150
ksIamdokh fu'fgdka
3"752
5"462
7"145
11"350
21"241
15"114
33"373
24"079
1'19
1'21
1'25
1'62
2'43
2'49
3'88
2'63
id' wiajekak
* ;yjqre fkdl, o;a;
uq,dY%h # ck yd ixLHdf,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j
j.=j 3 # i;aj wdydr ksIamdokh i|yd nvbßÕ= wdkhkh j¾Ih
2011
m%udKh fu' jákdlu fgdka ^re' ñ,shk&
wdkhk ñ, re'$ls'.%Eï
(CIF)
2003
128"450
1777'80
14'00
2004
148"782
2506'70
16'85
2005
146"849
2508'95
17'08
2006
83"695
1628'05
19'45
2007
78"336
2073'54
26'46
2008
82"488
2469'70
29'94
2009
27"201
729'74
26'83
2010
9"570
283"62
30'00
2011 ^fkdjeïn¾ f;la&
6"697
247'67
37'00
uq,dY%h # Y%S ,xld f¾.=j iy îc wdkhk iud.ï 4
fuh foaYSh ksIamdokh kexùu i|yd ;snQ
ksIamdokh ms,sn| jd¾;dù ;sfnk kj;u
m%Odk ndOlhla jQ neúka nvbßÕ= i|yd
o;a; wkqj j.d jmißh fylaghdr 72"874
úfYaI wdkhk noaola mkjkq ,enqKs'
olajd jd¾;d.; f,i by, f.dia we;s w;r wfmalaIs; ksIamdokh fuá%la fgdka
kuq;a j¾;udkfha§ f,dal fj<|fmdf,ys
191"417 ls' fuh furg nvbßÕ= ksIamdokfha
nvbßÕ= ñ, .Kka iS.%fhka by< f.dia
iajhxfmdaIs; Ndjh iksgqyka lrkq we;'
;sfnk w;r furg nvbßÕ= ksIamdok úhou" wdkhks; (CIF) ñ,g jvd fnfyúka my,
1'2 nvbßÕ= Ndú;d lrk wdldr
jQ uÜgul mj;s' 2011 jif¾ mej;s fhojqï ñ, .Kka wkqj" c, iïmdokh hgf;a j.d
nvbßÕ= wêl l¾udka;uh úNjhla iys;
lr ksmojk nvbßÕ= lsf,da .%Eï 1la i|yd
fnda.hla jk w;r iDcqju wdydrhg
jQ ksIamdok úhou re' 22'48 la muK úh'
.ekSfï yelshdj w;skao th jeo.;a h'
tu jif¾ wdkhkh l, nvbßÕ= lsf,da
Ndú;hg .kakd wdldrhg iqÿiqjk whqßka
.%Eï 01la i|yd jehlr ;sfnk (CIF) uqo, re'37 ls' nvbßÕ=
ÈhqKq lrk ,o nvbßÕ= m%fNao rdYshla
fufia wêl ñ,.Kka j,g wdkhkh
lr
i;aj
f,dalh mqrd j.d lrkq ,efí'
wdydr
ksmoùfuka m%udKj;a m%;s,dN fkd,efnk
1. i;aj ksIamdokfha§ i;=kag imhk
fyhska wdkhkh oeäf,i iSudù furg
wdydrj, m%Odk Yla;s ix>glhla
ksmojk nvbßÕ= i|yd fyd| b,a¨ula
f,i nyq, jYfhka f,dalh mqrdu
ks¾udKhù ;sfí' tfiau Yla;s wdfoaYl
rkajka ly meyefhka hq;a nvbßÕ=
f,i Ndú;d l<yels levqKq iy,a (broken
j¾. Ndú;hg .kq ,efí' fjk;a
rice)" ù fmd;a; muKla bj;a l, iy,a
OdkH j,g jvd blaukska ÔrKh jk
(peacock rice) wdÈh iq,Nj mj;sk ksid
ksid i;aj wdydrj, wdydr mßj¾;k
i;aj wdydr i,dlj,g tajdo ñY% lsÍug
ld¾hlaIu;dj
i;aj wdydr ksIamdolhskaf.ka ie,lshhq;=
ef!ciency) by,ska u mj;ajd.ekSug
fldgila fm<ö we;' fuu ;;a;ajh ksid
fuh WmldÍ fõ'
furg ksmojk w;sßla; ù m%udKfhka
2. ;eïnq
fldgila i|yd úfYaIs; fj<|fmd<la
(feed
fkdfïre
conversion
nvbßÕ=
lr,a
^lsß bßÕ=& furg ck;djg w;r
w¨;ska ks¾udKh ù ;sfnk w;r ;jÿrg;a
b;d ckm%sh wdydrhls' h, lkakfha
nvbßÕ= wdkhkh wkjYH ùu i|yd
ksmojk nvbßÕ= j,ska jeä m%udKhla
fuho tla fya;=jlaj ;sfí' j.= wxl 3 ys
mßfNdackh lrkq ,nkafka wuq lr,a
we;=,;a wdkhk o;a; wkqj fulS ;;a;ajh
^lsß bßÕ=& f,i fk,d ;ïnd lEfuks'
;yjqre fõ' 2011$12 uy lkakfha nvbßÕ=
tfiau <má lr,a .sks wÕ=re hg oud 5
fyda Wÿkl oud m,yd .;aúg b;d
6. úfYaI
r;alsÍfï
Wml%u
Ndú;d
rij;a wdydrhla jk w;r <má
lrñka zzfmdßzz f,i ilid .kakd
lr,aj, îc fjkalr f;ïmrdÿ lr
nvbßÕ=
úfYaI wdydr ilid .ekSuo l,yel'
wjia:dj,È f,dalh mqrd b;d nyq,
fuf,iu ñksia wdydrhg .;yels
jYfhka wdydrhg .kakd øjHhls'
meKsriska jeä úfYaI nvbßÕ= m%fNao
(Pop
Corn)
úfkdaojk
7. yn,fm;s wdldrfhka nvbßÕ= j,ska
(Sweet Corn) /ila ìyslr ;sfnk
ilialr.kakd
w;r tajd Y%S ,xldfõ ck;dj w;ro
zzfldaka
*af,alaiazz
(Corn Flakes) ;rula ñ, wêl ckm%sh
l%ul%ufhka ckm%sh fjñka mj;Ss' by,
Woeik wdydrhls'
ñ,la ,efnk ksid lsß bßÕ= j.dj 8. Y%S ,xldfõ .eñ ckhd nvbßÕ= îc msá
fukau meKsri bßÕ= j.djo f.dúka
njg m;alr ;,m" msÜgq" frdà" w.a.,d
w;r me;sfrñka mj;S'
wd§ wdydr ilialr .kakd w;r 3. fíì fldaka (Baby corn) jYfhka
jxf.äfha oud u| jYfhka fldgd.;a
ye¢kafjk fi'ó' 6 - 9 È.ska hq;= wjêfha§
fk,d.kakd
b;d
îc j,ska n;a yd iudk wdydr o úúO
<má
ri leú,s o ilid .ks;s'
nvbßÕ= lr,a iqmsß wjkay,a iy 9. fïÍug m%:u nvbßÕ= .ia msákau lmd
ixpdrl jHdmdßl ia:dkj, úfYaI
uia iy lsß i|yd we;slrkq ,nk
wdydr ms,sfh, lsÍug;a" ieliq wdydr
.jhska i|yd ilik Wiia ;;a;ajfha
ksmoùug;a" m%fhdackhg .kq ,nhs'
ihsf,ac 4. nvbßÕ= îcfha mj;sk l<,h (embrio) fldgiska
b;d
Wiia
ie§u
i|yd
m%fhdackhg
.kS'
.=Kd;aufhka 10. .eìks ujqjrekag iy l=vd orejka
hqla; t<j¿ f;,a ksiaidrKh lr
i|yd ilik wê fmdaIH wdydr jk
m%fhdackhg .kq ,efí'
;%sfmdaI iy iufmdaI jeks ksIamdok j, 5. f;,a bj;al< nvbßÕ= wUrd ilid
m%Odk ix>glhla jkafkao nvbßÕ=h'
.kq ,nk nvbßÕ= msIaGh (Corn 11. uE;l isg bkaOkhla f,i iam%S;a;=
Starch) wdydr l¾udka; i|yd nyq,j
ksmoùu i|yd ÈhqKqjq rgj, nvbßÕ=
Ndú;d fõ' rileú,s i|yd wjYH isrma
ksIamdokfhka 20] lg jvd jeä
ie§ugo" ilik wdydr Wl= njg m;a
m%udKhla Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs'
lsÍugo" úiaflda;= j, ndysr fmkqu iy .=Kd;auh jeä lr.ekSugo fuu msIaGh Ndú;d lrhs'
6
;Èkau
1'3 nvbßÕ=j, fmdaIKSh yd fi!LHuh jeo.;alu
yels¿Kq
iajNdjhla
olajhs'
ú<o (pop corn) f,i Ndú;d lrk m%fNaoj, (Zea mays averta) N%EK fmdaIfha msIaGh
nvbßÕ=j, fmdaIKSh w.h
b;du;a oeä f,i weisÍ mej;Su wjYHjk w;r tu msIaG lKsld fm%daàk cd,hl
nvbßÕ= m%fNaoh" tajd wNsckkh lr
;ekam;a ù ;sfí' WIaK;ajh jeä lsÍfïÈ
;sfnk ld¾hh iy wiajekak fk,d.kakd
wêl
wjia:dj" wkqj îch ;=< ;sfnk fmdaIK
m%idrKhlg
hñka mj;sk
ixhq;sh fjkiafõ'
Ndckh
ù
mqmqrd
mßudj 15 - 25 .=Khlska
jeäjkafka ta ksidh'
nvbßÕ= îchl m%Odk ix>gl
i;aj wdydr i|yd Ndú;hg .kakd nvbßÕ=j, fmdaIK ixhq;sh
msIaGh ^75] - 77]& fm%daàka ^9] - 10]& fi,shqf,daia yd iSks ^7]& f;,a ^5]& LKsc øjH ^2] - 3]& N%EKfmdaIfha ixhq;sh wkqj îcfha iajNdjh iy ,laIK fjkiajk ksid z;oZ (Flint) iy yels¨kq (Dent) hk m%Odk wdldr follg i;aj wdydr ksmoùug .kakd nvbßÕ= j¾. l, yelsfõ'
z;oZ îc yg.kakd
ldfndayhsfâ%Ü
fïoh
c,h
fjk;a
fm%daàk
m%fNaoj, N%EKfmdaIfha ;ekam;ajk msIaGh ;Èka weisÍ msysgk ksid îcfha u;=msg j.=j 4# úh,s .%Eï 100l wvx.= fmdaIl
rjqï iajNdjhla .kS' zyels¿KqZ îc
c,h
12 .%Eï
fm%daàk
9'2 .%Eï
fïoh
4'7 .%Eï
ldfndayhsfâ%Ü
74'3 .%Eï
le,aishï
12 ñ,s .%Eï
(Sweet Corn) (Zea mays var saccharata)
hlv
2'7 ñ,s .%Eï
îc ;=< ;ekam;ajk iSks msIaGh njg
;hñka
0'38 ñ,s .%Eï
yerùu wvq ksid
rhsfnda*aúka
0'2 ñ,s .%Eï
Yla;sh
365 lsf,da le,ß
yg.kakd m%fNaoj, msIaGh ;Èka weisÍ msysgkafka îcfha me;sj, muKls' ta ksid tu îc úhf,k úg we;=,;g jl.eiSula ^yels,Sula&
isÿfõ'
meKsri
m%fNaoj,
úksúo fmfkk N%EK
fmdaIhla mj;sk w;r" ;Èka
msIaGh
weisÍ fkdmj;sk ksid tu îc úhf<kúg 7
nvbßÕ=j, fi!LHuh jeo.;alu
wï,h o iEfyk m%udKhla nvbß`.= j, wvx.=h' ly mdg nvbß`.= j¾.j, hym;a
nvbßÕ= wdydrhg .ekSfuka ie,fik
weia fmkSula iy iula mj;ajd .ekSug
fi!LHuh jdis w;r Èhjeähdj md,kh"
Wmldrjk ta úgñkh iEfyk m%udKhla
yDo wdY%s; kd, wjysr;d wvqlsÍu" wdydr
wvx.=jk w;r tajd wdydrhg .ekSfuka
ud¾.h wdY%s; ms<sld iy w¾Yia we;sùu
jhia.; ùfï ,CIK md,kh lr.;
je<elaùu iy wê reêr mSvkh my,
yel' nvbß`.= OdkHj, iajdNdúl m%;s
uÜgul mj;ajd .ekSu hk oE m%Odkfõ'
Tlaisldrlhla jk B úgñka o ie,lsh hq;=
f,daljdiska w;r b;d ckm%sh OdkHuh
m%udKhla wvx.=h' YÍrfha ukd j¾Okh
wdydrhla jk fuh wm%sldkq yd uOHu
i|yd th jeo.;a h'
weußldkq
rgj,a
fndfyduhl
m%Odk
ñksidg
wdydrh f,io ie,fla' úgñk ta" î" B
ue.skSishï"
ffoksl lghq;= i|yd wjYHjk Yla;sh
w;ßka
ueka.kSsia"
iskala"
hlv
jYfhka fif,akshï o wvx.=fõ' fmdiamria
ksid u,noaOh"
ukd YÍr j¾Okh i|yd o ue.akSishï
w¾Yia iy wdydr ud¾.h wdY%s; ms<sld
yo .eiau md,kh i|yd iy wiaÓj,
we;sùu j,lajhs' tys wka;¾.;j mj;sk (Antioxidents)
øjH
iy ;U o nvbß`.= j, wvx.= w;r iq¿
imhk wdydrhls' nvbß`.= j, iEfyk= o,
m%;sTlaisldrl
LKsc
m%Odk jYfhka fmdiamria o" Bg wu;rj
iy Lksc j,ska fmdfydi;a" YÍrfha
;ka;= m%udKhla wvx.=
jeo.;a
Yla;su;a nj mj;ajd .ekSug o WmldÍ
ms<sld
fõ' nvbß`.= j, ;sfnk m%;sTlaisldrl
m%;sfrdaOl f,i l%shd lrhs'
ms<sld md,kh i|yd m%fhdackj;a jk
nvbßÕ= úgñka nyq, wdydrhls' fuys
nj;a" meKs ri bß`.= ;eïîfï § wvx.=
;sfnk î ldKavfha úgñka w;r ;hñka
jk m%;sTlaisldrl m%udKh jeä jk nj;a
(Thiamin) iy kshiska
(Niacin) m%Odkh'
fldafk,a úYaj úoHd,h u`.ska isÿl,
;hñka iakdhq yd fud,fha l%shdldß;ajh
mÍCIK wkqj ;yjqre lr ;sfí' tys wvx.=
yd
.ekSugo"
*Sfkd,sl ixfhda.hla jk *are,sla wï,h
(Pellagra) jeks frda.
f.ä" mshhqre ms<sld iy wlaud ms<sld
;;a;aj j,ld .ekSugo m%fhdackj;ah'
we;sùug tfrysj l%shdlrk nj mejfia'
nvbßÕ= j, ;sfnk mekafgdf;ksla wï,h
Èhjeähdj iy wê reêr mSvkh md,kh
(Pantothenic acid) YÍrfha ldfndayhsfâ%Ü"
lsÍu i|yd o m%fhdackj;a jkafka fulS
fm%daàka iy ,smsv mßjD;a;sh l%shd hym;aj
*Sfkd,sl ixfhda. fõ' nvbß`.=j, wvx.=
mj;ajd .eksug m%fhdackj;a fõ' wvq nr
f;,a" yDo kd, yd iïnkaO frda. ;;a;aj
ore Wm;a j,ld .ekSu i|yd .eìKs
je<elaùug o" úgñka î 12 iy f*da,sla
ujqjrekag fnfyúka jeo.;a jk f*da,sla
wï,h reêr W!K;djh je<elaùug o
hym;a
f,i
kshiska fm,.%d
mj;ajd
8
m%fhdackj;a fõ'
úNjhla we;' ;sß`.= msá wdkhkh i|yd msg rgj,g we§hk úYd, uqo,ska ie,lsh
ñksia mßfNdackhg .kakd OdkH j¾.
hq;= fldgila furfgysu r|jd .ekSug
w;ßka by,u Yla;sh imhk OdkH jkafka
nvbß`.= wdY%s; úúO wdydr j¾. furg
nvbß`.=h' tys .%Eï 100l wvx.= le,ß
ck;djg ;j ;j;a y÷kajd Èh hq;=j
m%udKh 342 ls' ;eïnQ nvbß`.= fldamam
we;'
1 la wdydrhg .;fyd;a ffoksl o, ;ka;=
oekg wm rfgys ck;dj w;r nyq,
wjYH;djfhka 1$5 muk imqrd.; yels
jYfhka m%p,s; mdka" nksia wd§ fílß
w;r tÈk Yla;s wjYH;djfhka 1$10 la
ksIamdok ksmoùu i|yd ;sß`.= msá nyq,
bka iemfha' furg ck;dj úiska wêl
jYfhka Ndú;d jkafka tys wvx.= .a¨gka
f,i mßfNdackhg .kakd Yla;sh imhk
kï fm%daàkuh øjH ksid m%Yia; f,i tu
tfy;a fmdaI.=Kfhka wvq ;sß`.= msá jeks
wdydr msmSsug ,lajk ksidh' nvbß`.= msá
wdydr øjH ksid we;s ù ;sfnk fi!LHuh
j, .a¨gka m%udKj;aj wvx.= fkdjk
.eg¨ fndfyduhla ksrdlrKh lr.ekSug
ksid mdka" nksia wdÈh iEÈug tajd Ndú;d
nvbß`.= fyd| úl,amhls' u`. f;dg§
l, fkdyels kuq;a flala" úiaflda;= iy
;eïnQ nvbß`.= wdydrhg .ekSug uE;l
uqrelal= jeks wdydr j¾. /ilau 100]
isg furg ck;dj uy;a reÑl;ajhla olajk
nj
fmfkkakg
;sfnk
la u nvbß`.= msáfhka ksmoùug yelsh'
w;r
nvbß`.= Ndú;fhka ielish yels wdydr
meKsri bß`.= j¾. y÷kajd foñka fuu
ms<sn| úia;r fuu fmdf;ys 75 msgqfjys
;;a;ajh ;j ;j;a j¾Okh lsÍug fyd|
we;=,;a lr we;'
9
2' Y%S ,xldfõ nvbßÕ= ksIamdok úNjh nvbßÕ= id¾:lj
,xldfõ j.d
´keu
lsÍug
m%foaYhl
yelsh'
j.=j 5# nvbßÕ= wjYH;djh iy iq,N;djh 2012
OdkH
ksIamdokh fu'fgdka
jYfhka m%fhdackhg .ekSu i|yd nvbßÕ= ksmojkafka wjia:dfõ
kï úh<s
wiajekak
fk,k
ld,.=Khla
mej;Su
wjYH jk neúka tu j.dj jvd;a iqÿiq jkafka úh<s iy w;rueÈ l,dm i|ydfõ'
2011$12 uy lkakh
191"417 ñksia mßfNdackh iy fjk;a
28"000
2012 h, lkakh
24"777 i;aj wdydr ksIamdokhg
215"344
216"194 jif¾ iïmq¾K wjYH;djh
243"000
ta wkqj jif¾ mßfNdackh i|yd ysÕ nvbßÕ= m%udKh fu'fgdka
27"000
jif¾ iïmq¾K ksIamdokh
kuq;a wuqfjka fk,d lsß bßÕ= fyda meKsri bßÕ= wdldrhg m%fhdackhg .kakd úg§ ´kEu m%foaYhla j.dj i|yd fhdod.;
wjYH;djh fu' fgdka
yelsh' Ydlh fyd¢ka j¾Okh ùu i|yd
wvq ñ,g ,nd.; yels iy,a iy levqKq
fikaáf.%â wxYl 25-30 w;r WIaK;ajhla
iy,a Ndú;d lsÍug l=vd mßudK i;aj
mej;Su b;d iqÿiq jk w;r mfia c, jyk
wdydr ksIamdolhska fndfyduhla fm<ö
;;a;ajh hym;aj mj;ajd .ekSu b;du;a
isák ksid ;jÿrg;a msgráka nvbßÕ=
jeo.;ah' l=Uqre bvï nvbßÕ= j.dj
wdkhkh
i|yd Ndú;d l, yelafla c, jykh
foaYSh nvbßÕ= wjYH;djh ms,sn| o,
ms<sn| iqÿiq mshjr .;fyd;a muKls'
weia;fïka;=jla
YSs; foaY.=Khla mj;sk m%foaYj, j.dfõ
;sfí' furfgys wd¾Ól j¾Ok fõ.h 8]
j¾Ol ld,h ;rula §¾> fõ'
uÜgfï mj;sk ksid tal mqoa., wdÞhfï
lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=fõ iudc wd¾Òl
j.=j 6 (- b,lal.; nvbßÕ= j.d jmißh iy ksIamdokh 2012-2020
iy ie,iqï uOHia:dkfha fnda. ksIamdok mqfrdal:k Y%S
,xldfõ
jd¾;d
wkqj
2012
weia;fïka;=.;
j.== wxl 5 ys i|yka mßÈ foaYSh
fkdjkq
we;'
j.= wxl 5 ys olajd
j.d jmißh fyla'
2012
78"500
203"777
2'6
nvbßÕ=
wxl 5 ys olajd we;'
wjYH
j¾Ih
jif¾
ksIamdokh iy foaYSh wjYH;djh j.=
lsÍu
ksIamdokh fu'fgdka
idudkH wiajekak fgdka$fyla'
2013
79"000
237"000
3'0
2014
79"100
253"120
3'2
2015
79"200
269"280
3'4
285"480
3'6
2016
79"300
wjYH;djh imqrd,Su i|yd j¾;udk
2017
79"400
301"720
3'8
ksIamdokh m%udKj;a fkdjk njla neÆ
2018
79"500
318"000
4'0
ne,aug fmfkkakg ;sfí' kuq;a nvbßÕ=
2019
79"500
349"800
4'4
2020
79"500
381"600
4'8
fjkqjg wdfoaYl Yla;s ix>glhla f,i 10
i;=gqodhl j¾Okhla we;sjk neúka i;aj
fnda.hl c, wjYH;djh fuka fo.=Khla
udxY" lsß yd ì;a;r mßfNdackh i|yd
muK fõ' ù j.dj iSud lsÍfuka b;sß jk
mj;sk b,a¨u ie,lsh hq;= f,i by, hñka
c, m%udKh Ndú;dlr c, iïmdokh
mj;S' Bg wu;rj ixpdrl l¾udka;fha
hgf;a nvbßÕ=
iS.% j¾Okh o udxYuh wdydr i|yd jk
lkakfha j.d fkdlr w;ayefrk l=Uqre
b,a¨u jeälrkq we;' úúO f,i ñksia
bvï fndfyduhl b;d id¾:l f,i
wdydr ieliSfï l¾udka; j,skao nvbßÕ=
nvbßÕ= j.d lr ù j.djg jvd fnfyúka
j,g ;sfnk b,a¨u jeäjkq we;' nvbß.=
jeä m%;s,dN Wmhd .; yelsh' tu ksid
OdkH jYfhka fyda i;aj wdydr jYfhka
w;sßla; ù ksIamdokh ms<sn| .eg¿j
wmkhkh lsÍugo úNjhla mj;S' fï
yuqfõ wkd.;fha§ ù f.dúhdg Èh yels
ish,af,a m%;sM,hla f,i nvbßÕ= i|yd jQ
id¾:lu úl,am j.dj nvbßÕ= jkq we;'
j.d l, yelskï h,a
b,a¨u È.ska È.gu jeäjkq we;' tneúka w¨;ska Wodù ;sfnk iduldó jd;djrKh
b,lal.; ksIamdokh ,Õd lr.ekSu ksid
hgf;a W;=re iy kef.kysr m<d;aj,
nvbßÕ= f.dùkag fj<|fmd, .eg¿jla
mÈxÑ lrkq ,nk ck;dj i|yd ,ndfok
mekfkdk.skq we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾'
Wiaìï j,ska úYd, m%udKhl wd¾Ólj by; i|yka l< hym;a wd¾Òl j¾Ok
,dNodhs
miqìu ksid furg nvbßÕ= ksIamdokh ;j
we;'
ÿrg;a jeälsÍu i|yd by, úNjhla mj;S'
iys;" mjqf,a Y%uh b;d ld¾hlaIuj
j¾;udkfha
Wmfhda.S lr.; yels iy j¾Id c,fhka
furg
iy,a
ksIamdokfha
fnda.
j.d
lsÍug
isÿjkq
idfmalaIj wvq ksIamdok msßjehla
w;sßla;hla mej;sho tu w;sßla; iy,a
id¾:lj
j.d
l<yels"
i|yd iqÿiq úl,am ksIamdok iy úfoaYSh
ia:djr;ajhla
fj<|fmd<la fidhd .ekSu wmyiq ù ;sfí'
nvbßÕ= fnda.h fuys§ m%uqL ia:dkhla
f.da,ShlrKh iy talmqoa., wdodhfï
.kS' tfukau fuu m%foaYj, w¨;ska wrUk
j¾Okh furg
ck;djf.a wdydr mqreÿ
úYd, mßudK f.dúfmd< i|yd iqÿiq uy
fjkialr" n;aj,g wu;rj úúO wdydr
mßudKfhka j.d l<yels iy myiqfjka
j¾. mßfNdackh i|yd Tjqka fmd<Ujkq
hdka;%SlrKh l, yels fnda.hla jkafka
we;' tneúka wkd.;fha§ furg iy,a
o nvbßÕ=h'
iys;
fj<|fmd,
fnda.hla
f,i
ksIamdokh foaYSh wjYH;djhg .e,fmk oekgu;a nvbßÕ= j.dj isÿlrk f.dúka
f,i iSud lsÍug isÿjkq we;snj ie,ls,a,g
fndfyduhla fokd úiska isÿlrk lafIa;%
Ndckh l<hq;= nj fmfka' wêl iykdOdr
lghq;= j, mj;sk ÿ¾j,;d ksid tu
u; isÿlrk ù j.dj i|yd Ndú;d flfrk
fnda.fhka
c,h m%udKh" nvbßÕ= jeks fjk;a lkak
,efnk
idudkH
wiajekak
fylaghrhlg fu'fgdka 03lg u|la wvqh' 11
jÕ= wxl 7 # Y%S ,xldfõ nvbßÕ= fouqyqka îc Ndú;h m%p,s;ùu" 2002 - 2011 j¾Ih
uq¿ j.d jmißh fyla'
*fouqyqka îc wdkhkh fu' fgdka
**fouqyqka îc j.d jmißh fyla
7
***uq¿ j.d
* wod, j¾Ih ;=< îc isgqùu wkqj
jmißfha m%;sY;hla f,i
jmißh ^Wod' 2010 h, iy 2010$11 uy tl;=j 2010 j.d jmißh f,i&
2002
26"533
504
2]
2003
23"886 o;a; fodaI iys; neúka we;=,;a lr ke;
** wdkhkh l, îc j,ska 90] la j.d l, nj i,ld weia;fïka;= lrk ,§'
2004
27"051
84
6"048
22]
2005
30"806
80
5"760
19]
2006
32"787
348
25"056
2007
50"259
391
28"152
*** w;sf¾l wdydr fnda. j.d
2008
53"530
677
48"744
2009
54"958
832
59"904
jmißh fukau wiajekako jd¾;dùfï fodaI mj;S' t wkqj 56] iuyr j¾Ij, jd¾;d.;ù ;sfnk 91] j.d jmißh Ndú;djq îc m%udKhg idfmalaIj wvq w.hls' 109]
2010
63"579
935
67"320
106]
2011
64"374
750
54"000
84]
76]
uq,dY%h # Y%S ,xld f¾.=j iy îc wdkhk lrejka
12
nvbßÕ= j.d lrk f.dúka w;=ßka 95]
uÜgu blaujd mj;sk w;r lsf,da.%Eï 1 la
lg jvd fylafghrhlg fu' fgdka 6-7
re'37$} lg wvqfjka tajd furgg wdkhkh
w;r wiajekakla ,nd §fï yelshdj we;s
lsÍuo l, fkdyelsh' j.dj hdka;%SlrKh
wdkhkh l, fouqyqka nvbßÕ= m%fNao j.d
lrkafka kï tall ksIamdok úhou ;j
lrk nj fï iuÕ bÈßm;a lr ;sfnk j.=
ÿrg;a wvqlr .ksñka ,dNdxY ;j;j;a
wxl 07 wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ' fuu ;;a;ajh
jeä lr.ekSug f.dùkg yelshdj mj;S'
nvbßÕ= j.d lrk ÈhqKq rgj, mj;sk ;;a;aj yd
iudkh'
tneúka
by; úia;r l, jdisodhl ;;a;ajhka
oekg
f.ka Wmßu m%fhdack ,nd .ksñka nvbßÕ=
wkq.ukh lrk fnda. md,k lghq;=j,
ksIamdokh by, kexùu furg i;aj
mj;sk wvqmdvq uÕyrjd.;fyd;a oekg
ksIamdok l¾udka; j, wfmalaIs; j¾Okh
f.dùka úiska ,nk idudkH wiajekak
i|yd w;HjYHh' ta iuÕu furgg wjYH
fo.=Khlska muK jeälr .ekSug yelshdj ;sfí'
lsß yd wfkl=;a udxY j¾. ysÕhlska
fuys§ l%uj;aj ìï ieliSu" c,
f;drj ksIamdokh lr .ekSug;a" lDIs
md,kh iy j,a u¾Okh hk lghq;= j,g
wxYfha fiajd kshqla;sh ;j ;j;a j¾Okh
jeä wjOdkhla fhduqùu wjYHh' furgg
lr .ekSug;a yelshdj ,efnkq we;'
iqÿiq l=vd mßudKfha hka;% Ndú;h uÕska nvbßÕ= f.dùkaf.a Y%u ld¾hlaIu;dj iy fhojqï ld¾hlaIu;djh j¾Okh lr
N+ñ
M,odhs;djh
jeälr
.;
yelsjk w;r tfia lsÍu ;=<ska j.d lrkq ,nk jmißfhys ie,lshhq;= jeäùula isÿfkdlr jir lsysmhla ;=<§ nvbßÕ= ksIamdokh fo.=Khlska muK jeälsÍu wmyiq fkdfõ' nvbßÕ= j.dfõ fnda. ksIamdok úhoï iy m%;s,dN ms,sn| iúia;rd;aul úia;rhla iy weia;fïka;=jla 70 - 71 msgq j, bÈßm;a lr we;' tu Wodyrkhkag wkql=,j 2011 jif¾ nvbßÕ= lsf,da .%Eï 01la ksmoùu i|yd oeßh hq;=jQ msßjeh re'22 lg u|la jeäh' nvbßÕ= i|yd j¾;udkfha ^2012& ,efnk ñ, lsf,da .%Eï 1lg re' 30$} 13
3'3 nvbßÕ= m%fNao
3' nvbßÕ= j.d lsÍu
1960 jif¾§
3'1 iqÿiq m%foaY
fomd¾;fïka;=j
m%:u jrg úiska
lDIsl¾u
fylaghdrhlg
Y%S ,xldfõ úh<s iy w;rueÈ l,dm j,
fu' fgdka 3'5 l muK wiajkq úNjhlska
Wiaìïj,
j¾IdfmdaIs;j
hq;a à 48 kï nvbßÕ= m%fNaoh f.dùkag
id¾:lj nvbßÕ= j.dj isÿl, yel'
y÷kajdÿka w;r bka miqj ;jÿrg;a jeä
OdkH fnda.hla f,i Ndú;d lsÍu i|yd
ÈhqKq l, ,laIK iys; újD; mrd.kh
j.d lrk úg wiajekak fyd¢ka úh,d
jk nvbßÕ= m%fNao lsysmhlau y÷kajd§
.ekSu w;HjYH ksid by; lS m%foaY j.dj
;sfí' 1995$96 uylkakfha úfYaI nvbßÕ=
i|yd jvd;a iqÿiqh' h,a lkakfha§ o c,
jHdmD;shla f,i m%:u jrg fouqyqka
iïmdokh hgf;a fuu j.dj fyd¢ka
nvbßÕ= m%fNao w;ayod ne,Sug Èjhsfka
isÿl, yels w;r lsß bßÕ= i|yd Èjhsfka
m%Odk nvbßÕ= j.d lrk Èia;%slal j,
´kEu m%foaYhl fuu j.dj l, yelsh'
f.dúka 400la iyNd.S lr.kq ,eîh' ta
udialkakfha
iuÕu wdrïN jq fouqyqka îc jHdma;sfha
3'2 j.d lrk ld,h
m%;sM,hla f,i 2010 jir wjidk jk úg
fnda.fha ukd j¾Okh i|yd lkakh mqrd
furg nvbßÕ= j.d lrk jmißfhka 95]
me;sreK ^ñ'ñ 500 - 600 muK jq& jeiaila
lg jvd fouqyqka nvbßÕ= j¾. j.dflfrk
wjYHjk ksid uy lkakfha uq,a jeis iuÕ
w;r tajd Ndú;d lrk iuyr f.dúka
j.dj wdrïN lsÍu iqÿiqh' túg ukd
fylaghdrhlg fu' fgdka 7l muK jQ
úh<ss ;;a;ajhla mj;sk ckjdß w. fyda
by< uÜgul wiajekakla ,nd.ekSugo
fmnrjdß uq,a ld,fhaÈ wiajekak fk,d
iu;aj we;'
ilid.; yel' h,a lkakfha oS j.dj wfm%a,a udifha§
3'3'1' lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j uÕska ks¾foaYs; m%fNao
wdrïN lr wf.daia;= ui jk úg wiajekak
furg mj;sk j¾Idm;k rgdj wkqj
fk,d .ekSu iqÿiqh' túg h, lkakfha
udi 3 - 3 1$2 ld,hla ;=< wiajekak
,efnk
m%fhdackhla
fk,d.; yels m%fNao lsysmhla lDIsl¾u
w;alr .; yelsh' Wiaidk c, iïmdok
fomd¾;fïka;=j uÕska ks¾foaY lr ;sfí'
l%u iy wfkl=;a jdß c, myiqlï jir
tajd ms,sn| úia;r my; olajd ;sfí' fïjd
mqrd mj;sk m%foaY j, lsß bßÕ= ksIamdokh
w;ßka újD; mrd.kh isÿjk nvbß.=
i|yd lkak fNaohlska f;drj jir mqrdu
m%fNaoj, wiajekak ;rÕldß fouqyqka
nvbßÕ= j.dlrkq oelsh yelsh'
m%fNaoj,ska ,efnk wiajekakg jvd ;rula
jeiafika
Wmßu
wvqh' 14
rejka
wreK
1990 § lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j ks¾foaY lrk ,o m%fNaohls' isgqùfï isg wiajkq fk,Sug Èk 105- 110 w;r ld,hla .;fõ' jevqkq Ydlfha Wi fi'ñ' 215 muK jk w;r m;% 13 la muK we;' meiqKq lr,l È. fi' ó' 21 muK jk w;r lr,l îc fma,s 12-14 la ;sfí' tl fma<shl ;sfnk îc ixLHdj 40la muK fõ' îcj, j¾Kh ;eô,s meyeh fõ' úNj
wiajekak
fylaghdrhlg fu' fgdka 04ls' 1992 § lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j úisska ks¾foaY lrk ,o m%fNaohls' isgqùfï isg wiajkq fk,Sug Èk 90 - 100 w;r ld,hla .;fõ' jevqkq Ydlfha m;% 10 - 13 la muK we;' meiqKq lr,l È. fi'ó' 14 muK jk w;r lr,l îc fma,s 14 la ;sfí' tl fma<shl ;sfnk îc ixLHdj 42la muK fõ îcj, j¾Kh ly - ;eô,s meyeh fõ'
úNj
wiajekak
fylaghdrhlg
fu' fgdka 04 ls' Nød 1972
lDIsl¾u
fomd¾;fïka;=j
=
uq;
úisska
ks¾foaY lrk ,o m%fNaohls' isgqùfï isg
1992 § lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j úisska
wiajkq fk,Sug Èk 105 - 110 w;r ld,hla
ks¾foaY lrk ,o m%fNaohls' isgqùfï isg
.;fõ' jevqkq Ydlfha Wi fi'ó' 195 muK
wiajkq fk,Sug Èk 110 - 115 w;r ld,hla
jk w;r m;% 13 la muK we;' meiqKq
.;fõ' jevqkq Ydlfha Wi fi'ó' 170 muK
lr,l È. fi'ó' 22 muK jk w;r
jk w;r m;% 13 la muK we;' meiqKq
lr,l îc fma,s 14la ;sfí' tl fma<shl
lr,l È. fi' ó' 22 muK jk w;r
;sfnk îc ixLHdj 40 la muK fõ' îcj,
lr,l îc fma,s 14la ;sfí' tl fma<shl
j¾Kh ;eô,s meyeh fõ' úNj wiajekak
;sfnk îc ixLHdj 42 la muK fõ' îc iqÿ
fylaghdrhlg fu' fgdka 04ls'
meye;sh' úNj wiajekak fylaghdrhlg fu' fgdka 04 - 4'5 ls' 15
jq wiajekakla ,nd.; yelsjq fuu m%fNaoh
iïm;a lDIsl¾u
jir 3 - 4 l ld,hla ;=<§ f.dùka
fomd¾;fïka;=j uÕska ks¾foaYs; tlu
w;r fyd¢ka ckm%sh jQ w;r miqj fuu
fouqyqka nvbßÕ= m%fNaohhs' wdkhkh lrkq
m%fNaoh fjkqjg meis*sla 984kï m%fNaoh
,nk fouqyqka m%fNao j¾. ;rugu by,
y÷kajd fokq ,enqKs' fouqyqka m%fNaoj,
wiajekakla ,ndfok ksid fuu m%fNaoh
ckm%sh;dj l%ufhka jeäj;au lDIsl¾u
j.d lsÍug f.dùka leu;sh' isgqùfï isg
fomd¾;fïka;=jo 2004 jif¾§ iïm;a
wiajkq fk,Sug Èk 105 - 110 w;r ld,hla
kï fouqyqka m%fNaoh ksoyia lsÍug lghq;=
.;fõ' jevqKq Ydlfha Wi fi'ó' 180
lrk ,§'
2004
jif¾
§
y÷kajdÿka
muK jk w;r m;% 15 la muK yg.kS' furgg îc wdkhkh lrk m%Odk mqoa.,sl
meiqKq lr,l È. fi'ó' 22 muK jk
iud.ï /ila úúO fouqyqka m%fNao w¨;ska
w;r lr,l îc fma,s 12 - 14 la ;sfí' tl
furgg y÷kajd§ug lghq;= lrñka isà'
fma<shl ;sfnk îc ixLHdj 44 la muK
fïjd fndfyduhla bkaÈhdj" ;dhs,ka;h
fõ' îcj, j¾Kh ;eô,s meyeh fõ' úNj
wiajekak
iy bkaÿkSishdj jeks wdishdkq rgj,
fylaghdrhlg
w;ayod n,d ckm%shjQ m%fNao jk w;r
fu' fgdka 05 - 06 ls' kshÕhg Tfrd;a;=
furg ;;a;aj hgf;a § o by, wiajekakla
§fï yelshdjla iys; m%fNaohls'
3'3'2 wdkhkh lrkq ,nk fouqyqka m%fNao furg f.dúka w;r m%:u jrg 1995 j¾Ifha§ w;ayod ne,Sug Ndckh l, fouqyqka nvbßÕ= m%fNao meis*sla 11 kï
meis*sla wdo¾Y j.djla
úh' fylaghdrhlg fu' fgdka 6 la muK 16
,nd§ug iu;aj ;sfí'
fufia wdkhkh
wf,ú lrkakka lrf,a ;sfnk mqIaáu;a
lr f.dùkg wf,úlrkq ,nk m%fNao j,
iajNdjh iy is;a.kakd meyeh ksido
;;a;aj mÍlaIK lghq;= uybÆmam,a,u
l¾udka;lrejka OdkHj, fmkqu iy
msysá lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=fõ lafIa;%
.=Kd;auh ksido fouqyqka m%fNao j,g
fnda. m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok wdh;kh
m%sh lr;s'
uÕska isÿlrkq ,nk ksid kj m%fNao
˜
Ndú;hg m%:u tu wdh;kfhka m%fNaofha
j,g idfmalaIj 20] l muK jeä
fhda.H;djh ms<sn|j úuid ne,Su iqÿiqh' idïm%odhsl
újD;
mrd.kh
foaYSh ùjD; mrd.kh jk m%fNao wiajekakla
isÿjk
,efnk
ksid
,dNdxY
jeäh'
nvbßÕ= m%fNaoj, îc j, ñ, fuka 4-5 ˜
.=Khl ñ,la f.ùug isÿjqj;a f.dúka
fouqyqka j¾. fndfyda úg frda. iy lDñ ydks j,g ,laùu wvq w;r c,h
fïjd ñ,gf.k j.d lsÍug fm<ö isá'
ysÕ ;;a;ajh hgf;a jqjo i;=gqodhl
fouqyqka iy cdk bxðfkare úoHd;aul l%u
wiajekakla ,nd§ug iu;ah'
uÕska b;d ÈhqKq nvbßÕ= m%fNao W;=re iy ol=Kq wefußldj iy hqfrdamh m%uqL
˜
îcj, me< ùfï Yla;sh iy Èßh b;d
ÈhqKq rgj, ksmojd ;sfnk w;r ta ms,sn|
by, uÜgul mj;sk ksid m%Yia;
úia;rhla msgq wxl 54 ys i|yka
me< .ykhla mj;ajd.ekSug myiqh'
lr
jeämqr îc isgqjd miqj me< ;=kS lsÍula
;sfí'
wjYH fkdfõ tneúka ta i|yd wu;r
3'3'2'1 fouqyqka m%fNao j.d lsÍfï jdis-wjdis
úhoula oeÍu wjYH fkdfõ' ˜
iudldr cdk ixhq;shlska hqla; ksid
mqoa.,sl wxYfha iud.ï /ila f,dalfha
j.djo
m%p,s;
tlúg fudarhs' túg tlúgu wiajekak
îc
ksIamdok
iud.ï
j,ska
iudldrj
fk,d.;
m%fNao
.=Kd;auh by, ;;a;ajhl ;sfnk
wiajekafka
ksid hym;a ñ,la ,nd.; yel'
mßÉfPaofha msgq wxl 73-74 yS i|yka lr ;sfí' ta ta iud.ï ms<sn|j jQ f;dr;=re
˜
iuÕ we;=,;a lr ;sfí'
fouqyqka
m%fNao
j,
m%Odk
lr,
msysgkafka .fia my, mqrelaj, ksid l=re,a,ka f.ka jk ydksh idfmalaIj
fouqyqka m%fNao j.d lsÍfï jdis ˜
w;r
lr,
furgg wdkhkh lr fnodyßk fouqyqka /ils' tajd ms<sn| úia;r 9 jk
yels
j¾Okhù
wvqh'
mdßfNda.slhska iy l¾udka;lrejka fouqyqka nvbßÕ= ñ,g .ekSug jeä
˜
lr, msÍu taldldrj isÿfõ' îc j, >Kluo wvqh' j¾Kh taldldrh'
leue;a;la olaj;s' wuq lr,a ;ïnd 17
myiqfjka îc fjkalr.; yel' úh<Su
˜
˜
o blaukah' ta ksid .=Kd;aufhka jeä
wiajekak jYfhka fk,d.kakd îc
OdkH ksmojd.; yel'
kej; kej; lkak lsysmhla ;siafia j.d lsÍug yelshdj we;;a fouqyqka
j.dfõ úúO wjê j, ldhsl fïÍu
m%fNaoj, îc iEu lkakhlu wÆ;ska
fndfydaÿrg iudk ;;a;ajhl mj;sk
ñ,gf.k isgqùu wjYHh'
ksid m%Yia: wjia:dfõ j,a u¾Okh yd fmdfydr fh§u isÿlr M,odhs;djh
˜
jeälr .; yel ' ˜
fouqyqka
j¾.j,
mrd.
uÕska
idïm%odhsl j¾. wdidokh jk ksid j¾. mdßY=oaO;ajh mj;ajd .ekSug
hdka;%slrKh uÕska úhoï wvqlr.;
fkdyelsù foaYSh j¾. Ndú;h f.dúka
yel isgqùug .kakd îc taldldÍ ksid
w;ßka l%u l%ufhka bj;aj hd yel'
îc jmalrhla Ndú;fhka isgqùug yelshdj ;sfí' ;jo j.dfõ tlu
˜
fouqyqka îc j, ñ, wêlh' tneúka
Wilska lr,a ish,a, msysgk ksid
fïjd
wiajkq fk,k hka;%hla jqjo Ndú;d
jehlsÍug isÿj we;'
lsÍug yel' ˜
foaYSh ùjD; mrd.kh jk m%fNao j,
˜
wdkhkhg
úYd,
uqo,la
furg fkdue;s kj m,sfndaO fuu îc
kùk cdk ;dlaIK Wml%u wkqj
iu`. furgg me;sÍfï wjodkula
j,a kdYl j,g m%;sfrdaë iy úúO
we;'
m,sfndaO j,g m%;sfrdaë nvbßÕ= m%fNao
˜
j¾. ksmojd ;sfnk w;r tajd Wmßu
msg
rgj,
îc
ksmoùfï
.eg¿
yd w¾nqo mj;sk wjia:dj, furg
M,odhs;ajhla iys; tajdh'
f.dùkag j.dj i|yd l,g fj,djg
wdkhks; fouqyqka îc Ndú;fha wjdis
îc fkd,eîfï wjodkula ;sfnk ksid
iuyr îc wdkhkh lrkakka wúêu;a
iïmq¾Kfhkau wdkhkh l, îc u;u
f,i fyda jxpksl f,i furg ;;a;ajhkag
n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;eîu kqiqÿiqh'
kqiqÿiq iy wod< m%ñ;Skaf.ka f;dr îc wdkhkh lr iemhQ wjia:d ;sfnk w;r tfia wdkhkh lrk,o iuyr m%fNao wêl f,i lDñ iy frda. ydks j,g Ndckhùu ksid
j.dl<
f.dúka
wmyiq;djhg
m;aùuo isÿj ;sfí' tjeks oE kej; kej; isÿfkdùu i|yd wjYH mshjr f.k we;;a fouqyqka îc Ndú;h iu`. my; i|yka wjdis j,g o uqyqKmEug isÿfõ' 18
3'3'2'2 meKsri bßÕ= (Sweet Corn) iy ú<| (Pop Corn) jYfhka Ndú;d lsÍug .kakd m%fNao
bßÕ=
fj<|fmd,
mj;sk
neúka
iq¿
mßudK f.dúka i|yd fuu j.dj WÑ;h' Èk 75- 80 w;r§ wiajekak fk,d.; yels ksid blaukska wdodhï Wmhk fnda.hls'
idïm%odhsl nvbßÕ= j.dfjka neyerù
oekg uÕf;dg§ nyq, jYfhka úlsfkk
jvd;a
.ekSug
lsß bßÕ= fj<|fmdf,ka úYd, fldgila
W;aiqljk f.dùka i|yd iqÿiq úl,am
wdl%uKh lsÍug m%kS; rihlska hqla;
fnda. f,i meKsri bßÕ= iy fmdß
meKsri bßÕ= j,g yelshdj mj;sk ksid
by,
,dNhla
Wmhd
wkd.;fha fuu j.dj ;jÿrg;a mq¿,a lsÍug
fyd| úNjhla
mj;S' mqoa.,sl
wxYfha ueÈy;aùu u; furg meKsri bßÕ= j.dj ms<sn| lrk ,o w;ayodne,Sï j,g wkqj zfiñksia (Seminis)Z cd;Hka;r iud.fï zzúka99 (Win 99) ZZ jeks m%fNao b;d fyd| m%fNaoh
m%;sM, ,nd§ ;sfí' fulS
;rula
merKs
h'
meKsri
.;sh lDñ wdl¾IKh jeälrk ksid meKsri
nvbßÕ=
md,kh
i|yd
j.dfõ§ jeä
m,sfndaO ie,ls,a,la
oelaùu wjYH úh yel' lr,a <má wjia:dfõ wdydrhg .kakd ksid ridhksl u¾Ok l%u Ndú;h wju lsÍu i|yd meKsri nvbßÕ= m%fNaohla
fyj;a
ú<|
bßÕ= ye¢kaúh yel'
idudkHfhka j.dlrk bßÕ= j,ska ,nk
msßila
ke;;a
kqÿre
wkd.;fha§
tu
m%fNao imhd.; yels wdh;k jkafka zisf,dka we.afrda bkaviaà%iaZ iy z iS'whs'iS'
l, yel' iqmsß fj<|ie,a yd fjk;a mdßfNda.slhska
Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka lDó
;;a;ajhkag .e,fmk kj meKsri bßÕ=
fuka fo.=Khl muK jmißhl j.d wefok
;dlaIKh
;;a;ajh myj hk ,l=Kq we;' furg
tfy;a tajdfha
nr wvq ksid idudkH m%fNaohl îc
lrd
l%ufõohka
iq,N
ñ,la o fuu ksIamdok j,g ,efí' fuu
fj<oie,a
cdk
wjYH îc imhk wdh;k j¾;udkfha
,nd.kakd w;ru ie,lshhq;= f,i jeä
úfYaI
úiska
m%;sfrdaë m%fNao ksmojd we;' j.dj i|yd
wiajekakg fndfydaÿrg iudk wiajekakla
îc j, ñ, by,h'
wNscklhska
iSâiaZ wdh;k jk w;r tu iud.ï
iSñ;
ms<sn| f;dr;=re fuu fmdf;ys 9 jk
i|yd meKsri 19
mßÉfþofhys we;=,;ah'
j¾Okh wekysà'
fmdß ksmoùu i|yd Ndú;d lrk nvbßÕ=
lrk úg fyd¢ka ìï ilid c, jyk
iïmq¾Kfhkau jdf.a úfoaY j,ska wdkhkh
ldKq moaO;s o m%udKj;aj ielish hq;=h'
lrkq ,nk w;r tu m%udKh furfgysu
uq,sl ìï ieliSï j,ska miqj ßcrhla
ksmoùu ÿIalr lghq;a;la fkdfõ' flfia
Ndú;dlr we,s iy jeà l%uhg nvbßÕ=
jqjo mrmrd.kh ksid .=Kd;auh ÿ¾j,
j.d lrkafka kï fuu .eg¿j fndfyda
fkdù mj;ajd .ekSu msKsi fuu j¾.
ÿrg uÕyrjd .; yel'
folu j.d lsÍfï§ iïm%odhslj nvbßÕ=
3'4'1 l=Uqre bvï j, nvbßÕ= j.dj$bmke,af,a j.dj
j.d lrk m%foaY j,ska neyerj ksmoùu fhda.H jkq we;'
tneúka nvbßÕ= j.d
uyb¨mam,a,u lafIa;%
fnda. m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok wdh;kh
l=Uqre bvï j,go we,s iy jeá l%uh
fuu ld¾hhka i|yd iqÿiq nvbßÕ= m%fNao
fhda.Hhh'
lsysmhla ksmojd w;ayod n,ñka mj;S'
ke;fyd;a
,shoao
jfÜg;a
ueÈkq;a wÕ,a 9la j;a .eUqrg c, niakd ldkq ilia lr wä 2'5 la m<, md;a;s
3'4 mi wêl f,i wdï,sl fyda NdIañl fkdjk .eUqre f,dau mila nvbßÕ= j.dj i|yd jvd;a WÑ;h' tys mS' tÉ w.h 5'8 isg 7 w;r mej;su iqÿiqh' Y%S ,xldfõ úh<s iy w;rueÈ l,dmj, olakg ,efnk r;= ÿUqre miaj, fuu fnda.h fydÈka j¾Okh fõ' tfy;a l=Uqre bvï iy pq¾kuh
Wiska msysá l=Uqre ,shÈ nvbßÕ= j.dj i|yd WÑ;h
fkdjk ÿUqre mia ;sfnk ia:dkj, j.dj isÿlrk úg mfia c,jykh ÈhqKq l,
j, ldkq j,g wÕ,a 4 la muK we;=,;ska
hq;=h' mfiys c,h r|d mj;sk ;;a;aj
nvbßÕ= îc isgqùh yel' flfia jqjo
hgf;a nvbßÕ= Ydlh fyd¢ka j¾Okh
blaukska jeä c,h niaijd yeßh fkdyels
fkdfõ'
fï ksid nvbßÕ= j.d lrkafka
wêl ueá iys; fyda l=Uqf¾ my,u
kï mfiys c, jykh ms<sn|j oeä f,i
msysá j.,a kñka y÷kajk fldgiaj,
ie,ls,su;aùu wjYHh'
nvbßÕ=
úh<s l,dmfha
j.d fkdl< hq;=h' wu;r c,
Wia ìï wdY%s; my, nEjqïj, uy lkakfha
iïmdokhlska f;drj jqjo uy lkakfha
wêlj jeis ,efnk wjia:dj, W,aÈh
ù wiajekak fk,Su;a iuÕu bmke,a,g
oeóu isÿùu idudkH isoaêhls túg tu
nvbßÕ= j.d l<yels nj uybÆmam,a,u
fldgiaj, j.dlr ;sfnk nvbßÕ= j, 20
lafIa;% fnda. m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok wdh;kfha§ l, w;ayod ne,Sï wkqj ikd: lr we;' fuys§ fmdf<dfõ mj;sk f;;ukfhka Wmßu m%fhdack .ekSu i|yd ù wiajekak fk,k Èkhg i;s follg muK fmrd;=j wÕ,a 2x2 m%udKfha l=Üá ;jdkaj,
isgqjd
ilialr.;a
nvbßÕ=
me< ù wiajekak fk,Su;a iuÕu isgqjd .; hq;=h' iSiEfuka f;drj îc isgqùug Ndú;dlrk
îc
jmalrhla
Ndú;dlr
fma,shg îc isgqùu jqjo fuys§ l, yel' w;sf¾l c, iïmdokhla l, yelskï jvd;a fyd| wiajekakla ,nd.; yel'
3'5' ìï ieliSu nvbßÕ=
fnda.fha uq, moaO;sh fi'ó'
120-150 olajd .eUqrg úyso hhs' kuq;a .fia
úYd,h' tjeks ìul mdxY= Ldokhg
fmdaIKhg jvd;au odhl jk fldgi jkafka
,efnk wjldYh jeäh' ta ksid nvbßÕ=
tys m<uq fi'ó' 45 l muK m%udKhhs'
j.dj i|yd ìu ilik úg ifudaÉP jeá
tuksid ìï ieliSfï§ wvqu jYfhka
fyda fjk;a Wml%u uÕska mdxY= ixrlaIKh
fi'ó' 20-25 la j;a .eUqrg mi fmr,d leg
isÿl, hq;=h' nvbßÕ= Ydlh ysre t,sh
fmdälr îc isgqùug ilia lr.; hq;= fõ'
m%shlrhs' tneúka Wmßu jYfhka wdydr
;eá k.=, uÕska mi fmr,d frdgfõgrh
ksmoúh yels f,i kef.kysr - ngysr
uÕska leg fmdälr.ekSu iqÿiqh' mi
ÈYdjg fma<s msysgqùu iqÿiqh' jeá oukh
fyd¢ka
f;;ukh
^ßcrh& Ndú;d lrñka we,s iy jeá
r|d mj;sk wdldrfha fjkialï ksid
l%uhg fma<s msysgqjk úg N+ñfha msysàu
iuyr ia:dkj, îc fyd¢ka me< fkdúh
wkqj ifudaÉP l%uhg tajd ieliSfuka
yelsh'
mi fukau mfia fmdaIl;ajho È.=ld,hla
uÜgï
fkdlf,d;a
ìu ilikúg fylaghdrhlg
fgdka 10 la muKj;a ÈrE ldnksl fmdfydr
iq/flkq we;'
tl;=
3'6
l<fyd;a
b;d
by,
uÜgul
îc wjYH;djh
wiajekakla ,eìh yelsh' fjk;a w;sf¾l wdydr fnda. iuÕ ii|kúg nvbßÕ=
foaYShj ksmojd f.dúka w;r fnodyßkq
j.dfõ§ tlg wiajoaok ìfï m%udKh
,nk îcj, mj;sk úúO ÿ¾j,;d ksid 21
fylaghdr 1 l isgqùu i|yd îc lsf,da
fyj;a wlalrhlg me< 22"000 ls'
.%Eï 20 la muK wjYHh'
.ykh mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd ks¾foaYs;
wdrlaIs;j
wiqrd ;sfnk wdkhks; fouqyqka j¾. j,
tu
mr;r folls'
îc j, m%frdayK m%;sY;h 95] muK fõ' 1. fi'ó' 60x60 ^wä 2x2& wldrhg iudk
ta ksid fylafghrhlg tu îc lsf,da .%Eï 13 la muK
mr;r me< w;r iy fma,s w;r ;nñka
isgqùu m%udKj;a h' újD;
tl ;ekl îc 02 ne.ska isgqùfï
mrd.kh isÿjk îc iys; m%fNao j.d lrk
l%uh
úg B<Õ lkakh i|yd isgqùug iqÿiq îc iys; lr,a f;dard ;nd.; yel' fuys§
2. fma,s 02 la w;r fi'ó'60 la ne.ska iy
j.dfõ ueo fldgiska wod< m%fNaohg
me< 02 la w;r fi'ó' 30 la neÕska
wkql+, ,laIK ;sfnk b;d fyd¢ka msreKq
jkfia ^wä 2x1& l%uhg isgqùu
lr,a f;dard fjkalrf.k tu lr,a j,
tfia kuq;a nvbßÕ= iuÕ fjk;a w;=re
ueo Nd.fha msysá taldldr m%udKfhka
fnda. j.dj fyda j.dj hdka;%slrKh jeks
hqla; îc muKla imhd .; hq;=h'
úfYaI wjYH;djhka mj;sk wjia:dj,
3'7
fma<s w;r fi'ó' 75-90 olajd jQ jeä
ks¾foaYs; mr;r
mr;rhla ,nd§u wjYH fõ' túg m%Yia: furg isÿlr ;sfnk m¾fhaIK wkqj jeäu
me< .ykh mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd me<
wiajekakla ,ndfok ks¾foaYs; me< .ykh
w;r mr;rho Bg wkqrEmj fi'ó' 20-22
fylaghdrhlg 1 lg me< 55"000 la
muK olajd wvq flf¾' úYd, mßudKfhka nvbßÕ= j.d lrk f.dúkayg j.d md,k lghq;=
i|yd
wjYH;rï
lïlrejka
imhd .ekSu .eg¿jlaj mj;sk fuu jljdkqfõ nvbßÕ= j.dj i|yd iqÿiq hka;% iy WmlrK y÷kajd §u jeo.;a wjYH;djhlaj mj;s' wefußldj iy hqfrdamsh rgj, nvbßÕ=
j.dfõ§ nyq,
f,i Ndú;dlrk wê Odß;djhlska hqla; hka;% iq;% fndfyduhlau furfÜ mdxY= iy foaY.=Ksl ;;a;ajhka hgf;a id¾: l m%;sM, ,nd§ug iu;aj ke;' tneúka furg ;;a;ajhka hgf;a ksmojd w;ayod n,k ,o ieye,aÆ iy ld¾hlaIu hka;% Ndú;h jvd;a iqÿiqh' 22
3'8' isgqùu îc isgqùu w;ska fyda îc jmalrhla uÕska isÿl, yelsh' isgqjk .eUqr mfia ;;a;ajh wkqj u| jYfhka fjkia l< hq;=h' ieye,aÆ f;; f,daï mil fi'ó'3-4 olajd .eUqrl îc isgqùu iqÿiq w;r ueá .;sh jeä mil ñg jvd wvq .eUqrlska isgqùu iqÿiqh' fudKreka" lgqiaika wd§ ndysr Wmøj j,ska isgjk îc j,g ydks isÿ fkdùug j. n,d .kafka kï iy isgqjk îcj, m%frdayK Yla;sh b;d by, kï isgqùu wjYH me< m%udKhg wkqrem îc m%udKh isgqùu iqÿiqh' túg fi'ó' 60x60 mr;rfha § tla ia:dkhl îc 02 la o fi'ó' 60x30 mr;rfha § tla ia:dkhl tl îchla o ne.ska isgqjhs' wdkhksl fouqyqka îc fuu wdldrhg isgqùu iqÿiqh' kuq;a újD;
mrd.kh isÿjk rejka iy Nød
jeks m%fNaoj, îc isgqjkúg tla ia:dkhl fmr i|yka l, m%udKh fuka fo.=Khla îc isgqùu wjYHh' tu îc j, m%frdayK m%;sY;h ;rula wvq ksid;a" îcfhka îchg Èßh fjkiajk ksid;a ridhksl m%;sldrl fhdod fkdue;s tu îc j,g lgqiaika jeks i;=kaf.ka ydks úhyels ksid;a wjYH me< m%udKhg jvd fo.=Khla muK îc isgqjd jeämqr ;sfnk me< j,ska ÿ¾j, me< .,jd bj;alsÍu lrkq ,nhs' îc me< ù foi;shlg miq ks¾foaYs; me< .ykh ,efnkfia Èßfhka jeäu me< b;sßlr w;sßla; me< bj;a l, hq;= w;r fï i|yd ie,lshhq;= Y%uhla jehlsÍug isÿùu fuu 23
l%ufha we;s wjdishls' úYd, mßudKfhka
c,fha fmÕjQ îc fl,skau fyda hykalr
nvbßÕ= j.d lrk úg ks¾foaYs; uq,sl
lKq lmamjd ^m%frdayKh lr& isgqùu iqÿiq
fmdfydr m%udKh mi u;=msg taldldßj
Wml%uhls' ridhksl øjH uÕska m%;sldr
úisrejd
^leg
lr ;sfnk îc j, m%;sldrl Èhù bj;aúh
fmdälr ieliSu& isÿlr mfia m%udKj;a
yels neúka tajd i|yd fï l%uh iqÿiq
f;;ukhla mj;sk f,i ^wjYHkï& c,
fkdúh yel'
iïmdokh lr îc isgqùug ks¾foaY lr
fjk;a i;=kaf.ka isgjQ îcj,g isÿjk
;sfí'
tfia ke;fyd;a îc isgqùug Èk
ydksh j,lajd .ekSu i|yd hdka;ñka
02 lg muK fmr fma,s w;r ks¾foaYs;
N+ñf;,a ;ejre frÈlvlska tu îc msiod
fmdfydr m%udKh úiqrejdyer kshñ;
isgqùu iuyr f.dùka wkq.ukh lrk
mr;rhg miajeá ilialr miqj îc
l%uhls'
wjidk
ìï
ieliSu
lafIa;%fha§
lDóka
iy
isgqùu iqÿiqh' tfy;a fndfyduhla f.dùka
3'9'
fuu l%u wkq.ukh lsÍug ue,sjk w;r md;a;s fyda fma,s l%uhg fi'ó' 30 ka 30 g
Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk foaY.=Ksl iy j.d
fyda fi'ó' 60 ka 60g l=vd j,j,a ydrd
md,k l%u j, olakg ,efnk úIu;d
wjYH îc m%udKh isgqj;s' fuu l%uh
wkqj nvbßÕ= j.dfõ§ fmdfydr Ndú;d
wkq.ukh lrk úg ridhksl fmdfydr
lrk wdldrhkays fjkialï mj;S' m%Odk
fhÿfjd;a tajd îc iuÕ fl,skau iam¾Yù
jYfhka Wiaìïj, udia lkakfha nvbßÕ=
îc me< fkdjk ksid fndfyda f.dúka uQ,sl
j.dlrkq ,nkafka uq,a jeis iuÕ îc
fmdfydr fhdokafka îc me, mfika u;=jQ
isgqúfuks' fuu wjia:dfõ jeiai È.gu
miqjh' kuq;a jvd;au iqÿiq jkafka îc iuÕ
,eîu ms,sn| hï wjodkula mj;sk ksid
fmdfydr tlg fkd.efgk f,i fma,sfha me;a;lska
yerE
fk.eUqre
fmdfydr Ndú;h
fndfyda f.dúka uq,sl fmdfydr fh§ula
ldKqjlg
fkdlr;s'
fmdfydr fhdod îc isgqùuh' blaukska
tjeks wjia:dj,
îc me<ù
uq,a i;sh ;=< ks¾foaYs; uq,sl fmdfydr
îc me< lr .ekSu wjYH jkúg Èkla
m%udKh me< j,g fh§u iqÿiqh'
Bg;a
j.=j # 8 nvbßÕ= i|yd jq j¾;udk fmdfydr ks¾foaYh ^fylaghdrhlg fmdfydr lsf,da .%Eï j,ska& fmdfydr wjia:dj
fhdok j.d l%uh
hqßhd
uq,sl fmdfydr ^îc isgqjk úg&
j¾IdfmdaIs; fyda c, iïmdokh 75 hgf;a
u;=msg fmdfydr ^isgqjd i;s 4§&
j¾IdfmdaIs; ;;a;aj hgf;a
140
c, iïmdokh hgf;a
250 24
idkaø iqm¾ ñhqßfhaÜ fmdiafmÜ fmdgEIa 100
50
T*a
uÜgu f;la j¾Okh ù mj;S' fuu wjia:dfõ § Ydlh iS.%fhka j¾Okhùug mgkaf.k ;sfnk w;r mfia .eUqrg úysfok
uQ,
moaO;shla
we;sùug;a
lrf,a ksYaÑ; îc ixLHdj we;sùug;a u;=msg fmdfydr f,i hqÍhd fhdod .ig wjYH khsg%cka fmdfydr iemhsh hq;=h' me;sreKq j¾Idm;khla mj;skafka kï fyda c, iïmdok myiqlï ;sfíkï fuu u;=msg fmdfydr m%udKh wjia:d foll§ fyda ;=kl§ Ndú;d lsÍu jvd;a m%;sM,odhsh' Ydlfha ldhsl úoHdj wkqj m;% 5 - 7 la ygf.k ;sfnk wjia:dfõ isg m;% 15 la yg.kakd wjia:dj olajd b;d fyd| fmdaIKhla iemhSu uÕska by, wiajekakla ,eîug u,a
wjia:dj
ie,fia'
j.dfõ
u;=jk
wjia:dj
fnda.fha
jvd m%udoù uq,sl fmdfydr Ndú;fhka ksis
msßñ
m%fhdackhla w;a fkdfõ' 4 jk mßÉfPofha
khsg%cka wjYH;djh Wmßu nj olajk
we;=,;a fnda.fha ldhsl úoHdj wdY%s;
iqÿiq o¾Ylhls' fouqyqka nvbßÕ= m%fNao
f;dr;=re iuÕ fmdfydr ld¾hlaIu f,i
fmdfydrg wêl m%;spdrhla olajk ksid
Ndú;h ms,sn| jeä ÿr úia;r wvx.=h
;uqka ,enQ lafIa;% w;aoelSï u; mokïj nvbßÕ=
u;=msg
fmdfydr
#
udia
lkakfha
f.dúka
fndfyduhla
tajdg
wjia:d foll§ j;a u;=msg fmdfydr
j¾IdfmdaIs;j nvbßÕ= j.dj isÿlrkúg
fh§ug mqreÿj isá;s'
wvq fmdaIl m%udKhla ^fylaghdrhlg khsg%cka lsf,da .%Eï 100la& Ndú;d lsÍug
fmdfydr
ks¾foaY lr ;sfnk w;r c, iïmdokh
ld¾hlaIuj fnda.hg m%fhdackhg .;yels
hgf;a j.dj lrk úg Ydlj,g jvd
ùu i|yd mfia hym;a f;;ukhla mej;Su
ld¾hlaIuj
mßfNdackh
wjYHh' we,s iy jeá l%uhg j.d lsÍu
l<yels ksid tu m%udKh fylaghdrhlg
uÕska ld¾hlaIu c, iïmdokhla iy
khsg%cka lsf,da .%Eï 150 olajd jeä lr
fmdfydr mßfNdackhla isÿlr .; yel'
fmdfydr
fh§ug ks¾foaYlr ;sfí' i;s 4 la
îc isgqjd
jkúg fnda.h oKysfia 25
fhdok
wjia:dfõ
tajd
îc isgqùfuka miqj jeá oeófï l%uh
olajd fnda.h" c, W!k;djhlg ,la
fmdfydr Ndú;h jvd ld¾hlaIu lsÍu
lafIa;% Odß;dj wNsnjd c,h iemhSuo
i|yd;a" c, iïmdokh iy j,a u¾Okh
nvbßÕ= Ydlfha j¾Okh m%n, f,i
myiq lsÍu i|yd;a îc isgqùfuka miqj
u¾Okh lsÍug fya;= fjhs' jeiai fkd,efí
jqjo jeá oeóu l, yel' fuysÈ fi'ó' 75
kï Èk 5-7 w;r jQ ld,dka;rhlska j.djg
mr;rhg fma,shg nvbßÕ= isgqjd foi;shla
c,h iemhSu fhda.H jkq we;'
.sh miq frdagfõgrh fhdod fma,s w;r j,a
ld,dka;rh fnda.h j.d lrk m%foaYh iy
u¾Okh l, hq;=h' me< j, jhi udi 01la"
mfiys .;s ,laIK wkqj fjkia úh yels
jQ miq fma,s w;rg u;=msg fmdfydr fhdod"
ksid jvd;au iqÿiq l%uh jkafka fikaá óg¾
g%elagrhg iúl, jeá oukhla uÕska me<
15 la muK .eUqßka ,nd.kakd mia idïm,
uq,g mia ,x l, yel'
.=,slr mßlaIdlr n,d wjYHkï muKla
jqjfyd;a th wiajekak wvqùug m%n, f,i fya;= fjhs'
c, W!k;djh fukau mfia
fuu
c,h iemhSuh' udia lkakfha fkdjeïn¾
3'10'
c, iïmdokh
iy foieïn¾ udij, ,efnk wêl jeis iuÕu mi ix;Dma;ù W,aÈh we;sùu ksid
j.dfõ m%Yia; j¾Okhla we;slr .ekSu
úh<ss l,dmsh m%foaYj, nvbßÕ= j.dj,g
i|yd fhdok fmdfydr Wmfhda.s lr
ydksùï ks;ru isÿfõ' fuh je<elaùu
.;yels jkafka mfia ukd f;;ukhla mj;ajd
.;fyd;a
muKls'
i|yd jeáj, nvbßÕ= j.dlsÍu iqÿiqu
c,
l%uh fõ'
W!k;djhla mej;shfyd;a th wiajekakg n,mdk
wdldrh
fï
iuÕ
jeä c,h b;d blaukska
neyer l, yelsjk ksid c, iïmdokh
oelafjk
hgf;a nvbßÕ= j.dlrkúgo tu l%uh
m%ia:drh ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka jgyd.;
wkq.ukh lsÍu b;du iqÿiq h' udi 3 1$2
yel' ta wkqj Ydlfha msßñ u,a msmsug
jhia ldKavfha nvbßÕ= j.djl jhi
foi;shlg muK fmr isg .eyeKq u,a
Èk 85-90 w;r§ c, iïmdokh k;rlr
^Pdhdx.ss& msmS u| l,la miqjk wjia:dj
wiajekak fk,Su i|yd j.dj iqodkï l, yel'
3'11'
j,a me<Eá u¾Okh
nvbßÕ= j.djl uq,a i;s 06 j,a me<Eá j,ska f;drj mj;ajd .;hq;=h' j.dj wdrïNfha isgu m%Yia; me< .ykh mj;ajd .kafka kï jhi i;s 4 blaujq 26
jydu fnda.h b;d iS.%fhka j¾Okh ù ìu
ridhksl j,a u¾Okh
jid .kakd ksid j,a me<Eá j,ska ;¾ckhla we;s fkdfõ' fndfyda f.dúka j,a u¾Okh
jvd fyd| m%;sM, ,nd.ekSu i|yd w;a
lrkqfha Wo¨ uÕska fnda. fma,s w;r
biakdjla Ndú;d l, hq;=h'
w;=reh;a.Eu u.sks'
îc isgqjd wjika jQ miq tajd me<ùug fmr
lafIa;%fha
mfia ukd f;;ukhla mj;sk wjia:dfõ fnda.hg i;s 2la jhiajq úg
jeämqr
fmkaäfu;,ska 300 .%Eï$,Sgrhg idkaø
.<jd
ouñka
ff;f,daoh fï i|yd Ndú;d l, yel'
l,
hq;=h'
fylaghdr tlla i|yd ñka ,Sgr 3'5 la
fnda.fha jhi i;s 04la jk wjia:dfõ§
fh§u wjYH jk w;r c,h ,Sgr 10 lg
m%:u
bka ñ',S' 88 - 110 m%udKhla fyd¢ka ñY%lr
;sfnk nvbßÕ= m%:u
j,a
me<o u¾Okh
u;=msg fmdfydr fh§u iuÕ
fhÈh hq;=h'
hka;% uÕska j,a u¾Okh frdao
fofla
w;a
g%elagrhg
wuqKk
frdgfõgrhla u`.ska me< fma,s w;r ;sfnk j,a me<Eá myiqfjka u¾Okh l, yelsh' kuq;a fuh l, yelafla Bg iqÿiq mr;rhla iys;j me< fma,s msysgqjd ;sfnkafka kï muKls' fuúg fma,s w;r mi nqre,a ùuo isÿjk ksid fnda.fha j¾Okho fõ.j;a fõ' îc jmalrhla Ndú;d lr fi'ó' 75-90 olajd jQ mr;rhlg fma,s msysgqjd .ekSu u`.ska j.djg lsisÿ ydkshla fkdfldg j,a me<Eá o u¾Okh l,hq;=h' Ndú;fhka
fuu
lghq;a;
myiqfjka hdka;%slj j,a u¾Okh lr.;
Wo¨
yel'
bgqlsÍu
i|yd ie,lshhq;= Y%uhla iy ld,hla jehùu fndfyda f.dùkg we;s .eg¿jls' wiajekakg m%udohlska
n,mEula f;drj
fkdjk
f,i
j,au¾Okh
lsÍu
wjYH ksid úYd, mßudKfhka nvbßÕ= j.d lrk úg hdka;%slj fyda ridhkslj j,a u¾Okh lsÍu b;d jeo.;a fõ' 27
3'12'
iqyqUq,a i,nhd Ydlfha fkdfïre m;%
lDñ md,kh
;,fha fma,shg ì;a;r ;ekam;a lrhs' tajd Y%S ,xldfõ nvbßÕ= j.dj f.dúka w;r
iqÿmeye;s me;,s ´j,dldr yd Y,aluh
m%p,s;ùug tla fya;=jla jkafka ie,lshhq;=
iajremhla .kS'
f,i ydks isÿlrk lDñ iy frda. ks;r
tk lSghska l| ;=<g we;=,aù <má m;%
olakg fkd,eîuhs'
WIaKdêl ld,j,§
fldgia wdydrhg .ksñka jefv;s' Ydlfha
mqrela mkqjdf.a ydksh hï;dla ÿrlg
uq,a yereKq úg b;sß ishÆu fldgia j,g
me;sÍu isÿfj;;a wfkl=;a ydks isÿjkafka
fuu i;=ka ydks lrhs'
úr, jYfhks'
ly meye;sh'
3'12'1' mqrela mkqjd (Chilo partellus!)
l¿ meye;s ;s;a msysgd we;' jevqkq
ì;a;r fudard msg;g
fuu lSghska ,d
Wkaf.a YÍrfha mDIaàhj
lsghskaf.a È. fi'ó' 2-2'5 muK jk w;r ms,d wjêh Ydlfha l| ;=< .;lrhs' iqyqUq,a i;d msÿre meye;s fi'ó' 1'5 muK È. i,nfhls' ydksh fnda.h msysgqjd i;s 3 muK isg lr,a fudark wjêh olajdu fuu lDñ ydksh we;súh yelsh'
ydksfha uq,a wjia:dfõ§
wÆ;ska t,shg tk m;% j, fuu lSghska ydksl, isÿre olakg ,efnk w;r jevqKq lSghska me< j, j¾Ol ia:dkhg ydks l, úg msg;g olakg ,efnk f.dnh ueÍ zzu, yoj;zz kñka y÷kajk ,laIKh fmkajhs'
28
j.dj ks;r fyd¢ka ksÍlaIKh lr uq,sl ydksh m;% u; olakg ,enqk jydu leg lDñkdYlhla
Ydlj, f.dnh ;=<g
fh§fuka fuu ydksh myiqfjka md,kh lr.; yelsh'
ysia" mshr n÷kl uqäfha
isÿre lsysmhla úo n÷k ;=<g oeuQ fuu lDñ kdYl leg ^j.= wxl 9 mßÈ& me< j, fma,s w;r hñka j.djg fh§u úhoï wvq l%uhls' ydksh me;sreK úg l|ka myiqfjka leã
Wla; m%;sldrj,g wu;rj isgqjd Èk
weojefÜ' fuu lSghska lr,a j,go ydks
25 - 55 w;r m;% u;g bisk j.= wxl 10
lrk w;r túg wiajekafka .=Kd;auh
yS i|yka
wvqfõ'
ks¾foaYlr ;sfí'
md,kh uy
lkakfha
uq,a
jeis
iuÕ
oshr lDñ kdYlo fï i|yd
j.=j 9 # mqrela mKqjd iy lr,a úÈk mKqjd md,kh i|yd ks¾foaYs; leg lDñkdYl
fnda.
ia:dmkh l,fyd;a fuu ydksh fndfydaÿrg uÕ yrjd .; yel' m%udoù j.d l,úg;a h, lkakfha j.d l,úg;a fuu m,sfndaO
ridhksl ku
fyla'01 lg fhdok m%udKh
vhisfkdka 5]
10-15 lsf,da .%Eï
*smafrdks,a 0'35]
12 lsf,da .%Eï
ydksh jeäfhka we;sfõ' j.dj wjikajQ
;fhdaihsla,dï yhsv%cka 2 lsf,da .%Eï
jydu bmke,a, úkdYlsÍu uÕska m<sfndaO
Tlafif,aÜ 0'4]
me;sÍu wvq lr.; yel' j.=j 10 # mqrela mKqjd iy lr,a úÈk mKqjd md,kh i|yd ks¾foaYs; Èhr lDñkdYl
ridhksl ku
c,h ,Sgr 10 fylaghd¾ 01 lg miq wiajkq lg ñY%lrk fh§ug wjYH lDñ ld,h Èk m%udKh kdYl m%udKh ñ,s ,Sgr
;fhdaäldí 375g/l tia'iS
ñ,s ,Sgr 20
1000-1200
14
tf;daf*kafm%dlaia 100g/l
ñ,s ,Sgr 15
750-900
07
ñ,s ,Sgr 15
500-600
14
idkaøff;f,daoh fkdje,shqfrdaka 100g /l idkaø ff;f,daoh
29
3'12'2' lr,a úÈk mKqjd (Helicoverpa armigera) iqyqUq,a i;d ÿUqre meye;s i,nfhls' mshdm;a úysod isákúg W! ñ'ó' 40la muK m<,h' jevqKq lSghska ñ'ó' 40-50 muK È.e;s iy úúO j¾K iys; jk w;r md¾Yaúlj ,d iy ;o bß olakg we;' ms,d wjêh mfiys .; lr;s'
lr, ydks lrkq ,nk lSgfhla ydksh lSghska lr,aj, ;sfnk îc ld oeóu
3'12'3' l=ä;a;ka
isÿlr;s'
(Rhopalosiphum maidis)
tuksid
lr,a
iy
îc
mßfNdackhg kqiqÿiq ;;a;ajhg m;afõ' md,kh ydksh oreKq f,i ke;akï lSghska w;ska wyq,d úkdY l, yel' ydkshg NdckhjQ lr,a fldgia tl;=lr úkdY lsÍfuka me;sÍu wvq lr.; yel'
fuu lDñ
ydksh wd¾:sl ydks odhl uÜgu blaujd mj;Skï mqrela mKqjka i|yd ks¾foaYs; Èhr lDñkdYl tmßÈu Ndú;h ks¾foaY lr ;sfí'
>kdjdi f,i olakg ,efnk fuu lDñka
fïjd ijia ld,fha§ fh§u
fld< meyehg yqre ks,a meye;sh'
uÕska jvd id¾:l m%;sM, ,efí' 30
ydksh
md,kh
fuu i;=ka m;% j,ska hqI Wrdîu ksid
j¾Id ld,j,§ fuu ydksh wju jk w;r
tajd ly meye .ekafõ' Tjqka úiska
úh<s ;;a;aj mj;sk úg ydksh fõ.fhka
msglrk wef,k iq¿ øjH j.dfõ m;% u;
me;sf¾'
;ekam;ajk w;r tajd u; myiqfjka È,Sr
ydksh
j¾. jeã m;% ;,h l¿meye fõ' tuksid
tia't,a
Ydl j¾Okh ÿ¾j, fõ' msßñ u,a j,go
fyda bñvlaf,dm%sâ 70] f;;a l,yels l=vq
ydkslr mrd. úisßugo ndOd lrhs'
.%Eï 1'25la c,h ,Sgr 10l ñY%lr fhÈh yel'
oreKq
kï
bñvlaf,dm%sâ
20
400 ñ,s,Sg¾'$fylafghrhlg
ke;fyd;a ;hfuf;dlaidï 70]
f;;al,yels l=vq .%Eï 1'25la c,h ,Sgr 10l ñY%lr fhÈh yel'
3'12'4' nvbßÕ= .=,a,d (Sitophilus zeamais)
fk,d.;a wiajekak fkdie,ls,su;a f,i mßyrKh lsÍu fuu ydksh W.%ùug m%Odk
fya;=fõ fõ'
iqyqUq,d
ñ,s óg¾
3-4 la muK È.e;sh' ÿUqre meye;sh' iqÿ meye;s ì;a;r îch ;=< ;ekam;a lrhs' lSghd w÷re iqÿ meye;sh' ñ,s óg¾ 4la muK È.h' ms,d wjêh îc ;=<u .; lrhs' mßir WIaK;ajh 30co ys§ i;s 4-5l§ ðjk pl%h iïmq¾K lrhs'
ydks
l, îc wl%uj;a isÿrej,ska hqla;fõ' fj<| w.h msßfya' 31
3'13 nvbßÕ= j.dfõ frda. md,kh md,kh
3'13'1' io¾ka riaÜ
ydksh md,kh i|yd my; i|yka mshjr .; yel
mlaiSkshd fmd,sfidard (Puccinia polusora) kï È,Sr úfYaIh ksid we;sfõ' frda. ,laIK fuu frda.h je,÷k úg m;%" m;% fldmqj" l| yd lr,a j, fldmqfjys l=vd §ma;su;a ;eô,s meyehg yqre ìì,s we;s ù" fïßu;a iuÕ tajd leã f.dia ;eô,s meye îcdKq msg;g úisf¾' miqj m;% ly meye ù úh<Ss
˜
˜
kshñ; m%ñ;shg wkql=, jkfia îc
f.dia Ydlh ñh hhs' Ydlh l=vd wjêfha§
úh,d msßisÿ u¿j, weisÍu
È,Srh wdidokh jqjfyd;aa lr,a yg .kakd wjêfha§ frda. ,laIK fmkajhs'
îc .nvd lrk ia:dkh b;d msßisÿj kv;a;= lsÍu
˜
fldfydU" .ïñßia" fyda óf;,a îc iuÕ ñY% lsÍu" ke;fyd;a wÆ iuÕ îc ñY% lsÍu
˜
msßñf*dia ó;hs,a Èhrh ñ',S' 25la c,h ,Sg¾ 10l ñY%lr tajd u¿$f.daks j,g bi úh,d îc .nvd lsÍu
˜
úYd,
.nvd
f*diafgdlaiska
jeks
ridhksl øjHhla Ndú;dlr OQulrKh lsÍu
32
frda. md,kh fuu
frda.h
frda. md,kh je<£u
md,kh
i|yd
fuu frda. ldrlfha îcdKq fnda. wjfYaI
zziïm;aZZ jeks Tfrd;a;= fok m%fNao j.d
fldgia u; /£ wjqreÿ 3 l muK ld,hla
lsÍu iy mfia c, jykh ÈhqKq lsÍu
mfia ðj;a fjhs' tu ksid frda. md,kh
iqÿiqh'
i|yd fnda. wjfYaI fldgia úkdY lsÍu l< hq;= w;r mfia c,jykh ÈhqKq
jevqkq nvbßÕ= j.djka i|yd È,SrkdYl
l< hq;=h' lafIa;% ikSmdrlaIdj mj;ajd
fh§u wmyiq neúka fuu frda. md,kh
.ekSfuka
i|yd iqÿiqu l%uh frda.h we;s ùu j,lajd
myiqfjka
frda.h
md,kh
lr .; yelsh' fuh t;rï ydksodhl
.ekSuhs' fï i|yd wdrlaIs; mshjrla f,i
frda.hla fkdfõ'
isgqjd i;s 3 - 5 hk ld, j,È ixia:dksl È,Sr kdYl fh§u o l, yelsh'
3'13'3 fldmq l=Kq ùu
3'13'2' *sfidv¾ud ÿUqre mq,a,s frda.h
fuh we;s lrkq ,nkafka rhsfidlafgdakshd fid,khs
(Rhizoctonia
solani)
È,Sr
úfYaIh u.sks' fuh *sfidv¾ud fuhsäia (Pjysoderma frda. ,laIK
maydis) È,Srh ksid we;sfõ' frda. ,laIK m<uqj m;% ;,fha ly meye;s l=vd ,m we;s fjhs' m;%fha ueo kdráfha yd lf|a ,m fpdl,Ü ÿUqre meye fõ' ydksh W.%jk úg wdidÈ; ia:dk j,ska lvd jefghs'
uq,skau m;% fldmq u; fld< meyehg yqre w¿ meye;s úfYaI yevhlska f;dr ,m we;s fjhs' miqj fuu ,m tlg tl;= ù m;% fldmqj úh<sS úkdY jk w;r m;% ;,ho wdidokh
lrhs'
fujeks
wjia:dj, § fnd,a îc we;s fjhs' lrf,ys fldmqjo ;Èka wdidokh fjhs' È,Srhg jvd;a ys;lr ;;a;aj we;s úg m;% 33
fldmq ;=< wn weg jeks ÿUqre meye;s
;j ÿrg;a j¾Okh ùfï§ fuu ,m tlg
zialaf,frdaIshdZ úYd, m%udKhla idohs'
tl;= fjhs' mßk; ,m msÿre meyehla .kakd w;r tajd ,d ÿUqre meye;s odrhlska
frda. md,kh
jg ù we;'
fuu frda.h md,kh i|yd mfia c,jykh ÈhqKq l< hq;= w;r frda.S lafIa;% yryd
frda. md,kh
ksfrda.s lafIa;% fj; c, iïmdokh fkdl<
Ydl w;r wd¾ø;djh jeä fkdjk fia
hq;=h' frda.S .ia mia iuÕ j.dfjka bj;a
kshñ; me< .ykhla mj;ajd .ekSu iy
lr úkdY l< hq;=h' Ydl w;r ks¾foaYs;
mfia c,jykh ÈhqKq lsÍu frda. md,kh
mr;rh mj;ajd .ekSu frda. md,kh
i|yd .; yels l%shd ud¾. fõ'
i|yd jeo.;a fõ'
3'13'6 nelaàßhd l| l=Kqùfï frda.h
3'13'4 fy,añka;iafmdaßhï m;% ,m frda.h
w¾úkshd nelaàßhdj (Erwinia sp) frda.
fuu frda.h fy,añka;iafmdaßhï úfYaIfha
ldrlh fõ'
(Helminthosporium sp ) os,Srhlska we;s frda. ,laIK
fjhs'
fuu frda.h je,ÿk úg l| mduq, fldgia frda. ,laIK
ÿUqre meye ù uDÿ l=Kq ùula we;s fjhs' miqj tu ia:dkj,ska Ydlh lvd jefgk w;r ÿ.|la o yuhs' lr,a o l=Kq fjhs'
my, mßk; m;%j, uq,skau frda. ,laIK olakg ,efnhs' m;% u; l=vd ly meye;s È.á ,m uq,skau we;s jk w;r miqj tajd l%ufhka m;%fha Èla w;g j¾Okh fjhs' 34
frda. md,kh frda. md,kh i|yd frda.S Ydl mia iuÕ bj;a lr úkdY l< hq;=h' fCI;%fha c,jykh o ÈhqKq
l<
hq;=
wdidokh lrhs' wdidÈ; îc j, uDÿ ùula
w;r
yd meyeh fjkia ùula olakg ,efí' îc
frda.s j.djka fj; c,h yerùu fkdl<
j, w¿jka fld< meye;s È,Sr cd,hla
hq;=h'
oelsh yels w;r ydksh wêl jq úg îc
j.dj wdrïNfha§ ksfrda.Ss îc Ndú;d
l=Kq fjhs' îc me< j, frda. ,laIK
l< hq;=h' j.dj i|yd fhdod .kakd mi
jkqfha tajd ly meye ù úh<s ñh hduhs'
iq¾hdf,dalfhka ÔjdkqyrKh lsÍu yd
tu îc me< j, uq,a wj¾K ù ÿ¾j,
fnda. udrej o jeo.;a md,k l%u fõ'
j¾Okhla fmkakqï lrhs' wjidkfha îc me<h ñh hhs'
3'13'7' fmksiS,shï îc me< wx.udrh
frda. md,kh
fmksis,shï (Penicillium sp.) È,Sr úfYaIh
j,lajd .; yelsh' îc .nvd lrk úg
ksid we;sfõ
tajdfha f;;ukh 13] olajd wvq lr
frda. ,laIK
úh,Sfuka miq .nvd l< hq;=h' tf,iu
fuu È,Srh .nvdfõÈ îc wdidokh lrk
.nvd lsÍug m%:u îc È,Sr kdYlhla
w;r tu îc isgqùfuka miq fCIa;%fhaÈ me<
uÕska m%;sldr lsÍuo frda. md,khg
ksfrda.s îc Ndú;h uÕska frda.h we;sùu
.;yels mshjrls' 35
3'13'8' fkdo¾ka m;% wx.udrh
3'14 wiajekak fk,Su
fy,añka;iafmdaßhï g¾islï
3'15'1 lsß bßÕ=
(Helminthosporium turcicum) È,Srh
wreK m%fNaofha wiajekak Èk 65 l§ o"
wdidokh ùu ksid we;sfõ
wfkl=;a ks¾foaYs; m%fNao j, wiajekak
frda. ,laIK
Èk 75 l§ o ^lr,a yg f.k i;s 4 - 5
frda. ,laIK jkqfha my< m;% u;
bl=;a jQ úg & fk,d.; yel' Y%S ,xldfõ
we;s
,mhs'
idudkHfhka j.d lrkq ,nk fouqyqka
frda.h j¾Okhla iuÕ ish¿u fld<
m%fNao j, jhi Èk 75 - 80 w;r§ lsß
meye;s fldgia wdidokhg m;a fjhs'
lr,a fk,d.; yel'
jk
È.eá
w¿
meye;s
wjidkfha m;% msÿre meye ù úh<ss ueß
3'15'2 OdkH i|yd
hhs'
fnda.h fudard we;s wjia:dj t<fUk úg lr,aj, fldmqj lymeye .ekaù úh,Shdug mgka .kS' lrf,ka îc fjkalr ksÍlaIKh l< iïnkaOjk
fyd;a
tajd
lr,g
ia:dkfha l¿meye ia:rhla
oelsh yel' îc o;ska iemQ úg leã hhs' fï wjia:dfõ îcj, f;;ukh 25] - 30] muK úh yel' fuu wjia:dfõ wiajekak fk,d blaukska úh,d .; fyd;a tu îcj, .=Kd;auh b;d by< uÜgul mj;S' ^6 jk mßÉfPaofha .=Kd;aul OdkH ksIamdokh ms,sn| jeä úia;r we;=,;ah'&
frda. md,kh jirla folla muK Odrl fkdjk Ydl iuÕ fnda. udrejla wkq.ukh lsÍfuka yd fnda. wjfYaI fldgia úkdY lsÍfuka id¾:l
frda.
md,khla
w;alr
.;
yelsh' 36
4 nvbßÕ= Ydlfha ldhsl úoHd;aul j¾Ok wjia:d iy tu wjê wiajekakg we;s iïnkaO;djh m%fNaofha mj;sk cdk ixhq;sfha fjkialï wkqj fulS úNj wiajekak m%fNaofhka m%fNaohg fjkia fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ nvbßÕ= f.dúkaf.ka 95]lg jvd fouqyqka m%fNao j.d lrkq ,nk w;r ta ieu m%fNaohlau fylaghdrhlg fuá%la fgdka 6lg jvd wiajekakla ,nd §fï úNjhlska hqla;h' tfiau Tjqka úiska j.d lrk foaYsh m%fNaoj, úNj wiajekako fylaghdrhlg fuá%la fgdka 5lg wdikakh' kuq;a wm f.dúka nvbßÕ= j.dfjka ,nk idudkH wiajekak
fylaghdrlg
fuá%la
fgdka
2'8 la muK fõ" tu m%udKh j.dlrkq ,nk m%fNaoj, úNj wiajekafkka 50] la muK fõ' fldf;la by, wiajkq úNjhla mj;sk m%fNaohla j.dlrkq ,enqj;a fnda. md,k úIu;d iy foaY.=Kh wdY%s;j fnda.hg
we;sjk
wd;;s
fya;=fjka
fnda.fha ldhsl lghq;= j,g ndOdùu ksid ,eìh yels Wmßu wiajekafkka hï fldgila wvqùu isÿfõ' tlu lkakhla ;=< tlu hdfha tlu m%fNaoh j.d lrk f.dú msßila w;r jqjo iuyr f.dúka nvbßÕ= ´kEu
fnda.hlska
,nd.ekSug
yels
j.d
lrkq
7lg
iuyre bka wvlaj;a fkd,n;s' fujeks
idOlhla jkafka tu fnda. m%fNaofha úNjhhs'
fgdka
ióm wiajekakla ,nd .kakd úg § ;j;a
wiajkq m%udKh ;SrKh lrkq ,nk m%Odk wiajkq
fylaghdrhlska
wjia:djl lDIs foaY.=Ksl idOl iEu
,nk
f.dúfhl=gu fndfyda ÿrg fmdÿh' tneúka 37
fuys§ olakg ,efnk wiajkq úIu;djhg
m%Yia: whqßka bgqjk f,i fnda.hlg
fya;=j jkqfha j.d lrk mqoa.,hd fnda.
wjYH fhojqï iemhSu ^WÞ#- fmdfydr iy
md,k lghq;= fldf;la ÿrg wjfndaOfhka
c,h iemhsu& fukau wfkl=;a fnda. md,k
hqla;j iy m%Yia:j bgq lrkq ,enqfõo
lghq;= o m%Yia:j isÿlsÍug Tyqg yelsfõ'
hkak fõ' fnda. m%fNaofha j¾Ol iy
túg wju wd;;shla hgf;a fnda.h mj;ajd
m%ckl wjê ms<sn|j f.dúhdg fydo
.; yelsjk w;r tys m%;sM,h jkafka
wjfndaOhla ;sfíkï tys ldhsl l%shdj,sh
wjia:dkql+,j ,nd.ekSug yels Wmßu wiajekak ,eîuh'
remh 2 # nvbßÕ= Ydlfha ldhsl úoHd;aul j¾Ok wjë j.=j 11 # nvbßÕ= YdLfha j¾Ok iy m%ckl wjê ^j¾Ol wjê V wl=ßkao" m%ckl wjê R wl=ßka ixfla;j;a lr we;'&
j¾Ol wjê (V)
m%ckl wjê (R)
VE - îcdxl=rh miska u;=ùu
R1 - fiao wefok ^Pdhdx.S u, ksrdjrKh jk& wjia:dj (Silking Stage )
V1 - 1 jk m;%h ^mq¾Kj jevqKq&
R2 - îcj, nqnq¿uh wjêh
V2 - 2 jk m;%h ^mq¾Kj jevqKq&
R3 - îcj, laIsruh wjêh ( Milking stage)
V3 - 3 jk m;%h ^mq¾Kj jevqKq&
R4 - îcj, lsß >k jk wjêh (Daugh stage)
Vn - n jk m;%h ^mq¾Kj jevqKq&
R5 îc oka;uh wjêh (Dent stage)
Vt - mqudx.s u,a we;s jq wjia:dj
R6 ldhsl úoHd;aulj îc fudard ;sfnk wjêh (Physiological Maturity stage)
uQ,dY%h # wfhdajd úYaj úoHd,h - weußld tlai;a ckmoh 38
(Blister stage)
nvbßÕ= Ydlfha m;%j, msysàu iy îcj,
isg mqudx.s mqIamh ^msßñ u,& ksrdjrKh
j¾Okh
wjia:dj f;la nj meyeÈ,sh' t ksid
wfhdajd
mokï úYaj
lrf.k úoHd,h
weußldfõ
uÕska
m%isoaO
iSñ; iïm;la jk khsg%cka fmdfydr
lr ;sfnk fnda. j¾Ok wjê nvbßÕ=
jvd;a ld¾hlaIuj Ndú;d l<yels jkafka
j.dfõ lafIa;% lghq;= m%Yia: wkaoñka
nvbßÕ= fnda.fha V10 wjêfha isg VT
bgqlsÍu i|yd m%fhdackj;a jk o¾Yl
wjêh olajd iemhSfuks' idudkHfhka
f,i Ndú;d l, yel' lafIa;% ksÍlaIK
fnda.hla i|yd jk fmdfydr ks¾foaYhl
wkqj fuu o¾Yl foaYShj j.dlrkq ,nk
tu fnda.hg fh§ug kshñ;j ;sfnk
m%fNao i|ydo iqÿiqjk mßÈ ilid .ekSug
iïmq¾K
yelshdj we;'
jhi wkqj fnod fjkalr Ndú;d lrk
fmdfydr
m%udKh
fnda.fha
wdldrh i|yka lr ;sfí' kuq;a fhojqï nvbßÕ= Ydlfha fnda. md,k lghq;=
Ndú;h jvd;a ld¾hlaIu jkafka fnda.fha
i|yd Wla; o¾Yl Wmfhda.s lr.; yels
j¾Ok wjia:dj ksÍlaIKh lr ksjerÈu
wdldrh ms<sn| jq WodyrKhla by; olajd
wjia:dfõ
we;' fï iuÕ we;s m%ia:drh wkqj khsg%cka
m%ia:drhg
fmdfydr Ydlhg jvd;au wjYH jkafka tys
tajd wkqj
Ndú;d
lsÍu
ks¾foaYs;
u`.sks' khsg%cka
fmdfydr m%udKfhka l=uk fldgila" ta ta
m;% 9 - 10 la ksrdjrKh ù ;sfnk wjia:dfõ 39
wjêj,§ Ydlhg jeo.;a jkafkao hkak
6 jk m;%h olajd m;% mQ¾Kj ksrdjrKh
meyeÈ,sh' ta wkqj fnda.fha ðù; ld,h
ù ;sfnk ksid remfha oelafjkafka V6
;=< t<fUk úúO wjê ksßlaIKh lr
wjêhg m;a Ydlhls' 7"8"9 hk m;%
wjia:dkql+,j fmdfydr iemhSu uÕska
fyd¢ka oelsh yels kuq;a tajdfha fldmqfõ
fmdfydr Ndú;fha ld¾hlaIu;dj
fl<jr ;ju msg;g o¾Ykh fkdfõ'
jeä
lr.; yelsh'
wjidk j¾Ok wjêh VT f,i y÷kajk w;r
4'1 j¾Ol wjê wdY%s; úfYaI ,laIK
tu wjia:dfõ mQux.s u,a wjidk
lsks;a; olaajd ksrdjrKh ù msysghs' kuq;a Pdhdx.s u,a ^fiao& fïjk úg§ ksrdjrKh ù ke;' lafIa;%fha ;sfnk nvbßÕ= j.djl iEu Ydlhlau tl yd iudkj j¾Okh fkdjk ksid j.dfõ .iaj,ska 50] l i,ld n,kq ,nk ,laIKh fmkajk wjia:dfõ§ j.dj wod, wjêhg m;aj ;sfnk nj ;SrKh l, yel'
4'1'1 V3 isg V6 olajd jq wjê nvbßÕ= îc isgqjd Èk 4-5 l§ îcdxl=rh mfika by,g u;=j tk kuq;a Ydlfha j¾Ol fldgi i;s 2-3la .;jkf;la mi
remh 3 # V6 wjêhg m;aj ;sfnk nvbßÕ= me<hla - ^fuys 1 - 6 olajd jq m;% tajdfha fldmqj o o¾Ykh jk mßÈ mQ¾Kj ksrdjrKh ù we;'&
fuysoS
nvbßÕ=
;=<u /£ isá' m;% 3la o¾Ykh
jk
wjia:dj (V3) jk úg§
Ydlfha
m;%
mokï
lrf.k tys
msysgk m;% ixLHdj iy lr,a ixLHdj
j¾Ol wjia:dj ù1 (V1) isg ùà (VT) hk
;SrKh ù yudrh' uq,sl fmdfydr f,i
wjia:dj olajd me;sfrk nj y÷kajd §
fhdod ;sfnk fmdaIl fï wjia:dfõ§
;sfí' remh 3 wkqj fuh meyeÈ,s lr.;
Ydlhg m%fhdackj;a fõ' fï wjia:dfõ
yel' fuys§
(V1) wjêh f,i y÷kajk
j.d lafIa;%h Èk lsysmhla c,fhka hgù
wjia:dj jkúg Ydlfha m<uqjk m;%h
;snqfkd;a fnda.h iïmqKfhkau úkdY úh
iïmq¾Kfhkau ^m;% fldmqjo o¾Ykh jk
yelsh'
isÿjk wdldrh
msysàu
iïmq¾Kfhkau
Ydlh
<má
wjia:dfõ
;snqko"
tys
f,i& mßirhg ksrdjrKh ù ;sfí' fuúg m;% fldmqfõ fl<jr ;sfnk ,d j¾K
V6 wjêh jk úg Ydlh oKysia uÜgug
yria odrho meyeÈ,sj oelSug mq¿jk'
j¾Okh ù ;sfí' Ydlfha j¾Ol fldgia 40
iy <má mqux.s fldgia mi u;=msg uÜgug
^hqßhd& fh§u wdrïN lsÍug ks¾foaY lr
tkafka fuu wjia:dfõ§h' whdf,a hk
;sfnkafka fï wjia:dj jk úgh' fï jk
i;=ka fyda jki;=kaf.ka Ydlfha j¾Ol
úg fmdf<dj hg msysá m¾j j,ska kj
fldgiaj,g ydks isÿjqjfyd;a tjd kej;
uQ, moaO;shla ìysù ;sfnk w;r fnda.fha
m%lD;s ;;a;ajhg fkdmeñfKk ksid fï
wjYH;djhka iïmq¾K lrkq ,nkafka tajd
wjia:dfõ jk i;=kaf.a ydks j,ska fnda.
u.sks'
h wdrlaId lr.; hq;=h' V9 - V10 wjia:dj jk úg Ydlfha l| V6 - V8 olajd jQ wjê ;=<§ nvbßÕ= Ydlfha
;=< mqudx.S u,a iS.%fhka jefvñka mj;S'
iS>% j¾Okhla we;s fõ' tu ksid fuu
l|
ld,iSudj ;=< me< j,g ukd fmdaIKhla
fnda.fha fmdaIK
imhñka ukd f,i c,h iemhSugo lghq;=
fï wjia:dj jk úg ;j ;j;a jeäfõ'
l, hq;=h' nvbßÕ= lrf,a msysgkq ,nk
V9 wjêfha ;sfnk Ydlhl l| m,d
îc fma,s .Kk ;SrKh jkafka fuu wjê
ne¨jfyd;a
j,h' Ydlfha uq,skau yg.;a m;% 2 fï
mqux.s u,a wxl=r oelsh yel'
b;d
blaukska
Èlafjñka
mj;S'
iy c, wjYH;djh
úlikh
fjñka
mj;sk
wjia:dj jkúg úh<S leã bj;aj ;sfnkq V12 - V17 olajd jq jljdkqjo jeo.;a h'
we;' idudkHfhka iEu Èk 3 lg jrla
fuu wjêfha§ lrf,a msysgk îc ixLHdj
w¨;a m;%hla we;sfõ' nvbßÕ= j.djg
iy lrf,a
u;=msg fmdfydr f,i khsg%cka fmdfydr
úYd,;ajh
;SrKh
fõ'
nvbßÕ= Ydlfha c, mßfNdack wjYH;djh ^Èklg fikaá óg¾& 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0
m;% 12 msßñ u,a fiao nqnq¿ laIsr fmr oka; mq¾K oka; wjia:dj (V12) wjia:dj (VT) wjia:dj (R1) wjia:dj (R2) wjia:dj (R3) wjia:dj (R4) wjia:dj (R5)
41
fuu
wjia:dfõ c, yd fmdaIK W!k;d
we;sjqjfyd;a lrf,a îc iïmq¾K fkdù msysàu iy lr,a l=vdùu isÿfõ' V12 wjêhg Ydlh m;aùug idudkHfhka îc me< u;=ù Èk 42-46 muK .;fõ' fï jk úg iEu Èk 2lg jrlau kj m;%hla we;sjk ;rï j¾Okh fõ.j;ah' fuu wjia:dfõ we;sjk c, W!k;djhla ksid Èklg wiajekafkka 3]l muK ydkshla úh yelsh' V17 wjêh jkúg mqudx.s u,a j, w.%h
^uqÿk& msg;g tau iy
R1# fiao f,i y÷kajk l,xl ksrdjrKh jk
Pdhdx.S uf,a
wjia:dj
^lrf,a& w.%h o¾Ykh ùu isÿfõ' kuq;a
wkqjh' m%ckl wjêh R1 isg R6 olajd
fiao msg;g ú;a ke;'
wjê 6lg j¾. lr we;' fuys m%:u wjê 5 ;=< Ydlfha wdydr ksIamdok l%shdj,sh
V18 wjêh Ydlhg hï wd;;shla we;s
iy îcj, wdydr ;ekam;aùu fõ.j;aj
jqjfyd;a mqudx.s u,aj, mrd. ye,S wjidk
isÿjk ksid c, W!k;djhla we;s jqjfyd;a
jkf;la Pdhdx.S uf,a fiao msg;g ksrdjrKh
lr, ;=< fkdmsrek îc we;sùugo" msysá
fkdù mej;sh yel' fuys m%;sM,h jkafka
îcj, nr wvqùug o fya;= úh yelsh'
mrd.kh ksisf,i isÿ fkdùu ksid lr,aj, îc wiïmq¾Kj msysàuhs' j¾Ol wjêfha wjidk
R1
wjia:dj jkafka VT wjia:dj
fnda.fha jhi fï jkúg Èk 65-75 la muK
jk w;r lr,aj, fiao ksrdjrKh ùug
fõ'
Èk lsysmhlg l,ska fuu wjêh t<fò'
fuu lghq;a; Èk 5la muK isÿfõ' R1
mqux.s fldgiska mrd. ksoyia ùu
wjêhg Èk follg muK fmr úlikh jq
jeämqru isÿjkafka Woh jrefõ wmr
msßñ u,a j,ska mrd. msgùu wdrïN ù Èk
Nd.fha§h'
4'2' m%ckl wjêh
lr,ska t,shg úysfok fiao wdldr
l,xl fldgia iEu îchlskau wdrïNfõ'
fï jk úg Ydlh tys mq¾K Wig m;aù we;'
wjêh
5-8 la wLKavj mj;S' c, W!k;djhla fyda
(R)
fjk;a
wd;;shla
fya;=jla
we;s
jqfkd;a
ksid
Ydlhlg
lr,
uqÿkska
Ydlfha m%ckl wjêh j¾. lr ;sfnkafka
l,xl fl¢ msg;g tau isÿ fkdùu
îc j, olakg ,efnk fjkialï j,g
fyda 42
m%udoùu
isÿúh
yel'
túg
mrd.kh wid¾:l ù lrf,a îc we;sfkdùu
R3 wjêh
fyda lrf,a' b;d wvq îc ixLHdjla msysàu isÿfõ' f;;a núka hqla; ^fiao& l,xl
nqnq¿ wjia:dfjka i;shla muK bl=;ajq
fldgia u; mrd. m;s; jq úg mrd.kh
miqj t<fUkafka laISruh kñka y÷kajk
isÿfõ' lrf,a l,xlj, mrd.K ixfõ§
wjêhhs' lrf,a msg; fiaao ÿUqre mdgù
ld,h Èk lsysmhla hk;=re mj;S' fï
úh<Ss hhs' îcj, hqIh lsß mdgg mj;S'
wjia:dfõ§ fnda.fha fmdaIK wjYH;d fyd¢ka
imqrd,k
f,i
uQ,
moaO;sh
iliaj ;sìh hq;=h' ld,.=Kh wêl f,i WKqiqïj iy úh<sj mej;=fkd;a l,xl fl¢ úh<S mrd.khg ndOd ù lrf,a îc we;sùug ndOdfõ' tfiau c, W!k;djhla we;sjqfjd;a Èklg 7] l muK wiajkq ydkshla isÿùh yel' R3 laIsruhwjêh
R2 wjêh R4 wjêh
mrd.kh ù foi;shlg muK miq lrf,a ;sfnk îc nqnq¿ wdldrfhka
Èiafjk
îcj,
wjia:djhs' fï wjia:dfõ N%EK fmdaIfha
lsß
>k
iajNdjhg
m;ajk
wjia:djhs' fuu wjia:dj jk úgo îcj,
msIaGh ;ekam;aùu werö ;sfí' îc j,
msIaGh ;ekam;a ùu È.gu isÿfjñka
mj;sk f;;ukh 85] muK fõ'
;sfí'
R2 nqnq¿uh -wjêh R4 lsß >kjk wjêh
43
R5 wjêh lsß
>k
R6 ùfï
wjia:dfjka
wjêh
i;shlg
ldhsl jYfhka OdkH fïÍug m;ajk
muK miq t,fUk fï wjia:dj oka;uh
wjêhhs' fmr wjia:dfõ isg i;s 2-3 la
wjêh kñka ye¢kafõ' fï jkúg îcfha
.; jq miq fuu wjêh t<fUk w;r ñka
msIaG ;Ügqjla meyeÈ,sj olakg ;sfí'
miq ;jÿrg;a îcj, úh<ss nr wvqùug
îcj, f;;ukh 55] la muK jk fï
ndysr idOl n, fkdmdhs' OdkHh lr,g
wjia:dfõ Ydlhg hï wd;;shla we;s
iïnkaO jk ia:dkfha l¿mdg ia:rhla
jqjfyd;a îcj, nr wvqùug muKla th
j¾Okh fjñka mj;sk w;r lrf,a uqÿfka
fya;= úh yel' fuys§ we;súh yels wiajkq
msysá îcj, th m%:ufhkau isÿfõ' fuu
ydksh 15 - 20] muK fõ'
wjia:dfõ îcj, f;;ukh 25] - 35] muK fõ'
R6 îcj, l¿ meye ia:rhla mj;sk wjia:dj R5 oka;uh wjêh
R5 wjêh 44
4'3 nvbßÕ= wiajkq ixrpl lr ,l
,a
>k
dj LH ix
;aj h
îc
• îc fma,s ixLHdj • fma<shl îc ixLHdj
lr
uq¿ wiajekak
îchl iudkH nr Y%S ,xldfõ j.d lrkq ,nk fouqyqka
hgf;a § blauka j¾Okhla wfmalaId
nvbßÕ= m%fNao fndfyduhla Èk 105 - 110la
l,yel' nvbßÕ= Ydlfha wiajkq ixrpl
;=<§ fïßug ,lajk tajd fõ' idudkHfhka
jkafka lr,a >k;ajh ^tall ìï m%udKhl
fouqyqka m%fNaohl m;% 20 - 21 la msysgk
msysgk lr,a ixLHdj&" lr,l msysgk îc
w;r Èk 65l § muK lrf,a l,xl
ixLHdj iy îchl nr hk lreKqfõ'
fl¢ ^/jq,a& msg;g wefoa' fuh idudkH
b;d jeo.;a ldrKh jkafka fnda.fha ðj
;;a;ajh jk kuq;a m%fNaoh" j.dlrk
ld,h ;=< fuls wiajkq ixrpl ;SrKh
lkakh iy m%foaYh wd§ ,laIK wkqj
jk
by; i|yka Èk jljdkq yd m;% ixLHdj
oek isàuh' tu wjfndaOh wkqj fnda.
fjkia úh yelsh' ´kEu fouqyqka nvbßÕ=
l<ukdlrKh iy mßir idOl ;=<kh
m%fNaohla mßir WIaK;ajhg oeä ixfõÈ
lr.ekSu
njla olajk ksid Y%S ,xlsl mßir ;;a;aj
,nd.ekSug yelshdj we;'
wjia:djka yd wdldr fudkjdoehs
;=<ska
Wmßu
wiajekakla
j.=j 12( ksh`.h ksid nvbß`.= wiajekak wvqùu nvbßÕ= Ydlfha jhi
j¾Ol wjia:dj
Èklg wiajekak Wmßu wiajekq wvqùfï ydksùfï m%;sY;h m%;sY;h
Èk 1-33 w;r *
u;=ùfï - m;% 5 (VE -V5 )
---
---
B<Õ Èk 22-32
m;% 6 - 15 (V6 -V15 )
2'0]
25]
B<Õ Èk 5 - 15
m;% 16 - 2 jk m%ckl wjêh
6'0]
50]
B<Õ Èk 20 - 30
m%ckl wjêh 3 - 5 (R3 - R5 ) 1'5]
25]
B<Õ Èk 5 - 15 **
6 jk m%ckl wjêh (R6 )
---
(V16 - R2 )
---
* wiajkq ydksh i|yd îc me<ùfï m%;sY;h mfia f;;ukh wd§ fjk;a fndfyd úp,H idOl o n,mdhs' ** mq¾K jYfhka kshÕfha n,meula we;akï fï wjia:dfõ§ o hï ydkshla úh yel' Corn production Hand book, Univesity of Arkansas,United States Department of Agriculture and Country Governments Cooperating
45
5 nvbßÕ= wNsckkh iy îc ksIamdokh fuu fmdf;ys f;jk
mßÉfþoh we;=¿
5'1' foaYSh újD; mrd.kh isÿjk m%fNao j, îc ksIamdokh
wfkl=;a mßÉfPoj,o úia;r lr ;sfnk mßÈu fï jk úg újD; mrd.kh isÿjk m%fNao Ndú;h f.dùka w;ßka neyer
idudkH nvbßÕ= j.djl fuka ks¾foaYs;
fjñka mj;sk w;r jeä ÈhqKql, fouqyqka
mr;rhka wkqj ,shdmÈxÑ îc j.dlrñka
m%fNao Ndú;h i|yd mj;sk b,aÆu m%n,
iy;sl îc ksIamdokh l, yelsfõ' ksmojk
f,i jeäù ;sfí' tneúka f.dùka úiska
îcj,
j.dlrkq ,nk fouqyqka nvbßÕ= m%fNao
lr .ekSu b;d jeo.;ah' nvbßÕ= iq<Õ
ksmoùfï ;dlaIkh ms<sn|j fuys§ jeä
uÕska mrmrd.kh jk
wjOdkhla fhduqfldg f;dr;=re imhd
îc j.dj fjk;a j.djka fj;ska mrmrd.
;sfí'
kh isÿùfuka j,lajd.; hq;=h' tuksid
m%fõksl mdßY=oaONdjh wdrlaId fnda.hla neúka
îc j.djka wfkl=;a nvbßÕ= j.dj,ska jdKsc
uÜgñka
wf,ú
óg¾ 500 l j;a ÿrlska msysgqùu wjYHh' fuh
lrkafkakï lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=fõ
m%dfhda.slj isÿlsÍu ;rula ÿIalr ld¾hhla
îc iy;sl lsÍfï fiajfha kshñ; .dia;=
jk ksid îc j.dj wfkl=;a nvbßÕ=
f.jd ,shdmÈxÑ ùu kS;suh wjYH;djhla
j.dj, u,a msfmk ld,h yd iumd; fkdjk
jk w;r thg wod, úia;r yd whÿïm;a"
wdldrhg m%udolr fyda l,ska msysgqùu
ksfhdacH lDIsl¾u wOHlaI" îc iy;sl
iqÿiqh'
lsÍfï fiajh" .kafkdrej" fmardfoKsh
jk ;rug mrd. ksIamdokho jeäjk ksid
^ÿrl:kh# 081-2388217" 2388421&
iydNsckkh (inbreeding) wju jk ksid
,smskfhka
imhd.; yel' Bg wu;rj
.=Kd;aufhka by, îc ksmojd.; yel'
lDIsl¾u
fomd¾;fïka;=fõ
ks¾foaYs;
j.dfõ uq,a wjia:dfõ§u yd u,a msmSug
,shdmÈxÑ l, îc Ndú;d
fmr m%fNaohg wkql+,;djhla fkdolajk
m%fNaohl lrñka
újD;
îc
ksmojd
mrd.kh
jk
îc j.d lafIa;% jmißh úYd,
m%fNao
,laIK iys; me< .,jd bj;al, hq;=h'
ksmoùug;a" fouqyqka m%fNaohkaf.a îc
wiajekak fk,k wjia:dfõ§o m%fNaohg
ksmoùug;a kquqyqka fm<m;aj, (inbread
wkql=, ,laIK fkdolajk lr,a bj;a l,
lines) îc Ndú;d lsÍu wjYH jkq we;'
hq;=h'
fï ms,sn| jeä úia;r wOHCI" îc yd frdamK ;e'fm'19"
øjH
ixj¾Ok
lDIsl¾u
îcj, ÔjH;djh iy Èßh by, uÜgul
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;sîu
fomd¾;fïka;=j"
i|yd
j.dj
b;d
Wiiaf,i
kv;a;=lsÍu wjYHh' ;jo fmr lkakfha
fmardfoKsh hk ,smskfhka ,nd.; yel' 46
nvbßÕ= j.d fkdl, yd w;sf¾l c,
w;ska wdkhks; fouqyqka m%fNao iuÕ lrg
iïmdokhla l, yels N+ñhla f;dard
lr isákq ,eîh' tfy;aa tu fouqyqfï îc
.ekSuo jeo.;a fõ' frda. yd lDñ ydks
ksIamdok lghq;= jdKsc uÜgñka isÿlsÍug
j,g ,lajQ me< bj;a l, hq;=h' lr,ska
mqoa.,sl wxYfha iud.ï lsisjla fuf;la
bj;al<
blaukska
iu;aj ke;' ta ksid iïm;a m%fNaofha îc
isgqjk
fj<|fmdf,a ÿ¾,Nh' fïjkúg lDIsl¾u
îcj,
ÔjH;djh
wvqjk
neúka
lafIa;%fha
ld,hg
wdikakúg§
îc
îc
fomd¾;fïka;=fõ fouqyqka m%fNao ksIamdok
fjkalr wf,úh i|yd ilid.; hq;=h'
jevms<sfj, mq¿,a lr ;sfnk ksid jvd
îcj,g wju ydkshla isÿjkfia lr,ska
fyd| kj m%fNaohla blaukska ksoyia
îc
f;;uk
flfrkq we;ehs n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ' flfia
m%;sY;h 12] olajd wvqjk f;la úh,d
jqjo foaYsh nvbßÕ= ksIamdokh uq¿ukskau
.ekSu;a jeo.;ah'
jdf.a
fjkalr
lr,a
j,ska
.ekSu;a"îcj,
îc u¿ msßisÿ
úfoaY
j,ska
wdkhkh
lrkq
.nvdjl fmdf,dj uÜgñka wju jYfhka
,nk îc u; r|d mj;sk ;;a;ajhla
wÕ,a 6la j;a Wäka isákfia iy ukd
fïjkúg;a ks¾udKh ù yudrh'
jd;dY%hla ,efnkfia .nvd l, hq;=h'
t;rï i;=gqúhyels ;;a;ajhla fkdfõ'
5'2' foaYSh fouqyqka ^iïm;a& ksmoùu
m%fNao
lDIsl¾u
foaYShj
fouqyqka
fomd¾;fïka;=j nvbßÕ=
m%fNao
ie,lshhq;=
úfoaY
úksuhla
th
^2010
§
re' ñ,shk 298& jd¾Islj Bg jehlrk w;ru kj m,sfndaO o tajd iuÕ furg ;=< me;sÍfï wjodkula mj;S' mqoa.,sl
ksIamdokh
wxYfha
îc
furg
iemhqïlrejka
follg
lsysmfokla fouqyqka nvbßÕ= furg ;=<u
blauf.dia ;sfn;;a tu
ksmoùu ms<sn|j uq,sl mshjr .ksñka ;sfí'
m%fNao lsisjla jdKsc uÜgñka ksmoùu
iïm;a j¾.fha îc ksmoùu WodyrKfldg
;ju;a werö ke;' wod, ld¾hfhys
imhd ;sfnk ;dlaIKsl f;dr;=re tu îc
mj;sk ixlS¾K nj" mqyqKq
ksmojkakka yg m%fhdackj;a jkq we;'
lsÍfï jeä
lghq;= ld,hla
wrUd
oYl
m¾fhaIK
ks,OdÍkaa^wNscklhka& m%udKj;a fkdùu
nvbßÕ=
iy uq,H m%;smdok iSudiys; ùu fuhg
fouqyqka
îc
ksIamdokfhaos
ujqmsh fm<m;a j, îc" îc ksIamdolhska
n,md we;s m%Odk fya;= fõ' ;jo fujeks
fj; ,nd oSu" fN!;sl yd m%fõksl"
lghq;a;l § mqoa.,sl wxYfha ie,lshhq;=
mdßY=oaO;djh
ueÈy;aùula fukau uq,H wdfhdackhla
iy
me<ùï
m%;sY;h
wkqu; m%ñ;Ska mj;ajdf.k hdu lDIsl¾u
wjYHùu m%Odk .eg¿jls' 2004 jif¾§
fomd¾;fïka;=fõ m¾fhaIK wxYh uÕska
ks¾foaY lrk,o iïm;a fouqyqka m%fNaoh
isÿflf¾'
by, OdkH wiajekakla ,nd§fï yelshdj 47
5'2'1 îc ksIamdok lafIa;%hla f;dard .ekSu lafIa;%h
wfkl=;a
nvbßÕ=
˜
á,rh fhdod mi nqre,a lr .kak' frdgfõgrhla fhoSfuka mi isks÷ f,i l=vq lr .; yel'
j.dj,ska
˜
c,h fkd/fok fia bvu fyd|ska
yqol,d ùu b;du;a jeo.;afõ' wju
iu;,dj ilialrkak' túg îc
jYfhka óg¾ 1000l ÿrlska th yqol,dj
l=Kqùu" Ydl ly ù l=reùu yd
msysáh hq;=h' th l,ska lkakfha nvbßÕ=
uQ, uKav,h ÿ¾j, ùu j<lajd
j.d fkdl< lafIa;%hla úh hq;=h' tuÕska
.; yelfõ'
fmr
j.dfjka
b;sß
jQ
îc
me<ùu
5'2'3 uQ,sl fmdfydr fhoSu
je<elaùug yd lDñ yd frda. ydks wju lr .ekSug yelsfõ' c,h fyd|ska nei hk"
îc ksIamdokh l< hq;af;a w;sf¾l c,
fikaá óg¾ 45la ^wä 1 1$2&lg jvd jeä
iïmdokh
.eUqr ldnksl øjH nyq, je,s f,dau mila
;;a;aj
j.dj i|yd jvd;a iqÿiq jk w;r ojfia
hgf;a
hq;=fõ'
msßjeh wvqlr.; yels jqjo lafIa;%h fyd|ska ilia lsßu îc j.djka msysgqùfï§ jeo.;afõ' tuÕska" i;s 2-3 la olajd j,a me<Eá me<ùu md,kh fõ'
hqßhd
lsf,da .%Eï 75
lsf,da .%Eï 250
idkaø iqm¾ fmdiafmaÜ
lsf,da .%Eï 100
-
ñhqßfhaÜ T*a fmdgEIa
lsf,da .%Eï 100
-
mfia jd;dY%h yd c, jykh oshqKq îc wjYH;djh îc isgqùug fmr îc m%;sldr lsÍu l<
mi fyd|ska ñY% lr leg fmdälr
hq;=fõ' fï i|yd lemagdka fyda fydaudhs
.ekSfuka îc isgqùu myiq fõ
Ndú;d l< yel'
id¾:l ìï ilia lsßula i|yd
˜
ks¾foaYs;
5'2'4 îc isgqùu
fõ'
˜
hq;=
u;=msg ^isgqjd i;s 45lg miq&
wju ìï ilia lsÍu uÕska ksIamdok
˜
fhosh
c,iïmdos;
uQ,sl ^îc isgqjk wjia:dfõ&
5'2'2 ìï ilia lr .ekSu
˜
neúka
fmdfydr m%udKh fhoSu jeo.;afõ' fmdfydr wjYH;djh fylaghdr tll j.djla i|yd
jeä ld,hla ysre t<sh fyd|ska ,eìh
˜
hgf;a
wju jYfhka fojrla u;=msg mi
CML 348 - msh
fmr,kak'
^mrd.& fm,m; CML 20 - uõ
iEu fmr,Sulska miqj yefrdaj
^îc& fm,m;
uÕska leg fmdä lrkak' 48
4 ls'.%%E $ fyla 6 ls'.%%E $ fyla
fCIa;%fha uõ iy msh fm,m;a msysgqjk wdldrh olajk igyk
fuu kquqyqka m%fNaohkaf.a (Inbread lines)
ta uOHfha lr,a ,nd.kakd uõ fm,mf;a
uõmsh fm,m;a îc uyb¨mam,a,u lafIa;%
me< fma,s 4 la msysgk f,i îc isgqùu
fnda. m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok wdh;kfha
l,hq;=fõ' îc lafIa;%h wjYHjk mßÈ
wOHCI fj;ska ,nd.; hq;= fõ' me< fma,s
msysgqjk msh fm,mf;a me< fma,s fya;=fjka
2 la w;r îc isgqùfïÈ fma,s w;r fikaá
wd.ka;=l lafIa;% j,ska iq<Õ iuÕ uqiqù
ñg¾ 60 la iy me< w;r fikaáñg¾
tk mrd. j,ska uõ fm<m; wdidokh
30 l=;a jkfia îc isgqjd .ekSu l, hq;=h'
ùu i;=gqodhl f,i j,ld,hs' jdKsc
fouqyqka îc f,i m%fhdackhg .kq ,nk
jYfhka jeo.;ajk îc ,efnkafka uõ
bßÕ= lr,a yg.kakd zuõ fm<m;Z iuÕ
fm<m;ska jqj;a uõ iy msh fm,m;aj,
tu îcj,g wjYH mrd. imhk zmsh
4 # 1 wkqmd;h óg jvd jeälrfyd;a mrd.
fm,m;ZlafIa;%h ;=< ksYaÑ; wkqmd;hlska
iemhqu wvqjk ksid ksmojk îc m%udKh
hqla;j msysgqjd .;hq;= wdldrh fï iu`.
wvqùug th fya;=ùh yel'
olajd ;sfnk lafIa;% igyk msßlaiSfuka
îc isgqùfï§ ie,ls,a,g Ndckh l<hq;=
wjfndaO lr.; yelsfõ' j.d lafIa;%fha
jk b;d jeo.;a lreKla jkafka uõ
iSudj jfÜgu mrd. imhk msh fm,mf;a
fm,mf;a lr,aj, l,xl mrd.kh i|yd
me< fma,s 2 isg 4la msysgqjd .; hq;=h'
il%sh jk jljdkqj ;=<§u tajdg wjYH 49
mßÈ mrd. ysÕhlska f;drj iemhSu i|yd
fmdfydr m%udKhla ,nd §fuka o msh
msh fm<mf;a msßñ u,a o il%shj mej;sh
md¾Yjfha .iaj, Wi jeälr.; yelsfõ'
hq;= njhs' uõ iy msh fm<m;a isgqùfï §
mrd. fmdaIKh i|yd mrd. ksoyiajk
tajdfha j¾Ol ld,h" lkakh iy fnda.h
ld,iSudj
msysgqjk lDIs foaY.=ksl l,dmh wOHhkh
m%udKho jeäfõ' ta ksid foj;djl§ msh
lr tajd isgqúh hq;= Èk jljdkq ;SrKh
fm<mf;a îc isgqùu iqÿqiqh' msh fm<mf;a
l, hq;=fõ'
îc fldgia 2 lg fnod" m<uq isgqùfuka
jeäfõkï
ksmojk
îc
Èk 4lg miq fma,s w;r udrefjka udrejg iïm;a fouqyqka îc ksmoùu i|yd Ndú;d
îc isgqjd .ekSu ta i|yd iqÿiq l%uhls'
lrk uõ iy msh fm<m;a j, jhia i,ld
bÈßfha§ isÿlsÍug kshñ; lafI;% lghq;=
n,k úg msh fm<m; isgqjd Èk 8 la
j,§ uõ iy msh fm<m;aj, Ydl fjk
muK .;jq miqj uõ fm<m; isgqùfuka hym;a
mrd.
fmdaIKhla
fjku y÷kd.ekSu myiq úh hq;=fõ' ta
isÿlr.;
ksid msh fm<m;a fma,s fofl<jr Wi
yel' fjk;a uõ msh fm<m;a Ndú;d
fldagqjla isgqjd i,l=Kq ;eîu wjYHfõ'
lrñka fouqyqka m%fNao ksmojk úg ta ta fm<m;aj, ldhsl úoHd;aul ,laIK
msh fm<m; isgqjd Èk 8 isg 12la w;r ;=r
wkqj tajd isgjk Èk jljdkq ;SrKh l<
iïm;a m%fNaofha uõ fm<m; (CML20) tl
hq;=fõ' hïlsis wys;lr ;;a;ajhla u;
jru isgqjd .; hq;=fõ'
mrd. ksmojk msh mrïmrdfõ me< j,g
5'2'5 u;=msg fmdfydr fhoSu
ydkshla isÿjqfkd;a lr,a mQÈk wjia:dfõ wjYH ;rï mrd. fkdue;slu ksid îc
idudkH
ksIamdokh wvqúh yel' fuu wjodku
l § fylaghdrhlg hqßhd lsf,da .%Eï
isgqùu i|yd Ndú;d l< yelsh' iïm;a
250 la fma,s w;r úisrejd me< j,g mia ,x
m%fNaoh ksmoùfï§ bÈß lafIa;% lghq;=
l,hq;=fõ' fhdok fmdfydr ld¾hlaIuj
lrk wdldrh my; mßÈfõ' hq;af;a
msh
fukau
u,a mQÈk wjia:dj olajd jdr 2 isg 3
m%udKhla l=Üá ;jdkaj, isgqjd j.d md¿
isgqúh
j.djl§
me<j,g i;s 4la jhia jq wjia:dfõ isg
j,lajd .ekSu i|yd msh fm<mf;a hï îc
uq,skau
nvbßÕ=
Ndú;d ùu i|yd fuu wjêfha§ lafIa;%h j,a me< j,ska f;drj mj;ajd .ekSu;a"
fm<m;
fyd¢ka c,h iemhSu;a wjYHfõ'
(CML348) fõ' fuys§ îc ksIamdok lafIa;%h
mqrdu fyd¢ka mrd. úisÍhdu myiq lsÍu
5'2'6
i|yd uõ fm<m;g jvd jeä Wila iys;
kqiqÿiq me< bj;a lsÍu
jeáj, tu îc isgqùu iqÿiqfõ' me< w;r
m%fNaofha ,laIK j,g wkql=, fkdjk
mr;rh wvq lr jeä khsg%cka^hqßhd&
Ydl j.dfjka .,jd bj;alrkak' ta 50
i|yd iqÿiqu wjia:dj u,a mS§ug wdikak wjia:djhs' m%fNaohg wdfõksljq ldhsl ,CIK fyd¢ka m%o¾Ykh jkafka fï wjia:dfõ§h' wêl udxY, m;%" l<ska mSoSu" l,xlj, meyeh" lr,a fldmqfõ j¾Kh" Wi fjkiaùu" m;%j, os. yd m<, jeäùu yd yß;m%o m%udKh fjkiaùu fujka ,CIK lsysmhls' mrd. msgùu wdrïN ùug fmr fuu Ydl bj;a lr wjika l< hq;=h' iïm;a m%fNaoh ksmoùug .kakd uõ iy msh mrïmrdj, wdfõksl ,laIK my; i|yka mßÈh' iïm;a mrd. fm,m; ^msh md¾Yjh& - CML 348 l| - ,d r;= bß iys; l| Wi - fi'ó' 96 la muK l,xl meyeh ^/jq,& - iqÿ meye;sh
5'2'7
msßñ u,a .,jd bj;a lsÍu
msßñ u, - r;g yqre oï meye;sh id¾:l mrd.khla i|yd bv ie,eiSug
lrf,a fldmqj - ;o oï meye;sh
uõ fm<mf;a msßñ u,a j,ska mrd.
îc - ly meye;s" rjqï l=vd îc
msgùug bv fkd;eìh hq;=fõ' tajd msg;g ksrdjrKh jk wjia:dfõ §u jydu bj;a
iïm;a îc fm,m;
lsÍug lghq;= l< hq;=fõ' fuu wjêfha§
^uõ md¾Yjh& - CML 20
i;s 2-3 l ld,iSudjla ;=< wLKavj
l| - ,d r;= bß iys; l|
lafIa;%h fyd¢ka ksÍlaIKh lrñka tajd
Wi - fi'ó' 121la muK
bj;a l< hq;=h' w;miqùulska fyda uõ me< 1000lg msßñ u,a 2 la j;a lafIa;%fha
l,xl meyeh ^/jq,& - oï meye;sh
b;sß l<fyd;a ksmojk îcj, .=Kd;auh
msßñ u, - fld< meyefha isg ,d oï
ie,lsh hq;= f,i wvqúh yel' tjekakla
meyeh olajd
ksÍlaIKh l< yels jqjfyd;a îc iy;sl lsÍfï wxY u`.ska tu îc ksIamdok
lrf,a fldmqj - fld< meye;sh îc - ly meyehg yqre ;eô,s meye;s" úYd, me;,s îc
lafIa;%h m%;slafIam lrkq we;' 51
îc j, .=Kd;auh /l .ekSug bjy,a fõ'
5'2'8 mrd. fma<s bj;a lsÍu msh
fm,m;a
j,ska
mrd.
wLKav lafIa;% ksÍCIKh uÕska j.djg msgùu
je<|sh yels lDñ yd frda. y÷kd.;yels
iïmQ¾Kfhka wjikajQ miq mshfm,m;a
w;r tajd j<lajd .ekSug iqÿiq md,k l%uo
.ia lmd bj;a lrkak' fuuÕska îc
wkq.ukh l< hq;= fõ'
ñY%ùu j<lajd .; yelsjk w;r" îc
5'2'11 wiajekak fk,d .ekSu
fm,m;a fma<s j,g jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍugo bv ,efí' bj;a l< Ydl" i;a;aj
wiajekak f,i fk,d .;hq;= jkafka uõ
wdydr i|ydo" fkdfïrE lsß lr,a ukqIH
fm,mf;a ^îc fm,mf;a& lr,a muKs'
mßfNdackh i|ydo Ndú;d l< yelsfõ'
lrf,a my;ska we;s îchla .e<jQ úg th
5'2'9 j,a me<Eá md,kh yd mia tl;= lsÍu
jy,a,g iïkaOj ;snQ ;ek l¿ ,mhla (Black layer) we;akï tu lr, fk,d
.ekSug iqÿiq wjia:dfõ mj;s' fuúg fouqyqka
îc
ksIamdokfhaoS
uq¿
j.d
îcfha m%frdayk Yla;sh yd osßh Wmßu fõ'
ld,h ;=<u j,a u¾Okh jeo.;afõ' ìï
f;;ukh 30] -35] ls' îc m%frdaykhg
ieliSug fmr ish,a, kik j,a kdYlhla
ydks fkdjk fia fk,d.;a lr,a m%jdykh
fhoSfuka i;s 6la olajd j,a me<Eá we;sùu
yd nEu iqrCIs;j l< hq;=h' îc fjkalsÍug
je<fla' îc isgjQ jydu f;;ukh iys;
fmr m%fNaohg wkql+, fkdjk ,CIK we;s
mig ks¾foaYs; j,a kdYl fhosh yel'
lr,a wksjd¾hfhkau bj;a l< hq;=fõ'
ke;skï isgqjd i;s 02loS muK j,a me<Eá
tjeks lr,a bj;a lr .ekSug we;s wjidk
Wo¿.d bj;a lsÍfuka i;s 2la olajd
wjia:dj fuhfõ' fjkia ,CIK iys; îc
j,a u¾Okh l<yel' bkamiq fkdi,hg
lsysmhla muKla we;s fyda lDñ$l=re¿
md,lhla (nozzle guard) fhdod fma,s
ydks iys; îc lsysmhla muKla we;s lr,a
w;rg j,a kdYl biSfuka kej; i;s 2la
fjkalr kqiqÿiq îc bj;alr idudkH lr,a
muK j,a u¾Okh lr.; yel' isgqjd i;s
f,i fhdod .; yelsfõ'
3-4 la ;=< fma<s w;ßka .ia uq,g mia tl;= lsÍfuka o j,a u¾Okh ùu;a" u;=msg ;o
mr
mia ;Ügqj nqre,aùu;a isÿfõ'
iajmrd.kh
ñY%jQ
îc
iy
jQ îc y÷kd .ekSu cdk
;dCIKh uÕska úoHd.dr ;=< isÿ l, yel'
5'2'10 lDñ yd frda. md,kh
fuh úhoï wêl neúka iqmßCIdldÍj ish¨u fCIaa;% l%shdj,shka isÿ lsÍu iy
nvbß.= fouqyqka îc ksIamdok lafIa;%hla lDñ yd frda. ydks
mrd.kfhka
mj;sk ;;a;ajhkag WÑ; m%ñ;Ska ilia
j,ska f;drj
lsÍfuka .=Kd;auh /l.; yelsfõ'
mj;ajdf.k hdu b;d jeo.;afõ' fuh 52
5'2'12 úh<d .ekSu yd îc fjka lsÍu
ùug fya;= fõ' ta ksid m%ñ;shg úh,d.;a
wiajekak
fk,d.;a
yels
mßirhl .nvd l< hq;=fõ ke;fyd;a tu
blauKska
úh<d"
îc
îc f;;ukh yqjudre fkdjk wiqrK j,
miq
lr,a
fY%aKs.;
lr"
îc" WIaK;ajh fikaá%f.%aâ wxYl 10 la muK yd wd¾ø;djh ishhg 45-55] la jk
fjkalr .;hq;=fõ' fk,d.;a lr,a i;shla muK
fiñka
yd
wLKavj
nyd isis,a mßirhl .nvd l< hq;=h'
úh<Sfuka
5'2'14 îc m%;sldr
f;;uk 10-12] f;la wvq lr.; yelsfõ' úh<SfïÈ fld<mq bj;alr tljr oeä ysre
iqÿiq os,Sr kdYlhla yd lDñ kdYlhla
t<shg ksrdjrKh fkdl, hq;=fõ' îc
Ndú;d lsÍu ;=<ska .nvdfõoS fyda isgjQ
wdrCIdldÍj lr,aj,ska fjka lsÍug by;
miq fCIa;%fhaoS we;sjk lDñ ydks yd os,Sr
i|yka f;;uk mrdih b;du;a iqÿiqh'
ydks wju lr.; yel' îc m%;sldr l<
w;ska l%shdlrjk hka;%hlska fyda îc
njg y÷kd .ekSug j¾Klhla fhdod .;
.,jk hka;%hlska îc fjkalsÍu isÿ l<
yel' Bg f;;ukh Wrd.kakd øjHhkao
yels w;r îc j,g ydks fkdjk uÜgul
tl;= l< yel'
hka;%fha N%uK fõ.h ;nd .ekSug;a" îc
5'3 úfoaYSh fouqyqka iy wfkl=;a m%fNao ksmoùfï ;dlaIKh
msmsÍu j<lajd .ekSug hka;%fha odrj,g rn¾ wdjrK iúlr ;sîu;a jeo.;afõ' fjkalr .;a îc wõfõ kej; jrla úh¿
fouqyqka nvbßÕ=
úg Y,al m;% .e<ù hhs' tajd bj;a lr
ksmoùfï ;dlaIKh
j¾;udkh jk úg wêl f,i ÈhqKqjg
iqÿiq fmfkarhlska y,d îc fYa%Ks.; l<
m;aù ;sfí kùk cdk ;dlaIK l%ufõohka
hq;=fõ' miqj wjYH m%udK wkqj u¿ j,
Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka kshÕhg Tfrd;a;=
weisßu l, yelsfõ'
fok m%fNao" j,akdYl j,g m%;sfrdaê;djh
5'2'13 .nvd lsÍu
olajk m%fNao" m,sfndaO ydks j,g m%;sfrdaë m%fNao"
îc .nvd lsÍfïÈ m%Yia: ;;a;aj hgf;a
m%fNao fyda fjk;a úfYaI wdldrfha OdkH
.nvd l,hq;=h' îc f;;ukfhka" lDóka yd
i;=kaf.ka
wdrCIdlr
udi 6-9 la muK ld,hla
.;
wêl fm%daàka m%;sY;hla iys;
.=kd;auhka iys; fouqyqka m%fNao ksmojd
fyd;a
j.dlrkq ,efí'
cSjH;djh
mj;ajd .; yelsfõ' mßir wd¾ø;djh
f.dúhdg
by, w.hla mj;sk úgÈ .nvd ;;a;aj
iys; fnda. o¾Y f;dardf.k tajd ld,hla
hgf;a mj;sk îc f;;ukh Wrd .kS'
;siafia úfYaIs; lafIa;%j, È.ska È.gu
th frda. we;sùug yd cSjH ld,h wvq
j.d lsÍfï§ iydNsckkh (inbreeding) 53
jvd;a
jdisiy.;
,laIK
ksid l,ska ;snQ jdisodhl ,laIK l%ufhka
l%ufõoh wkqj tajd my; i|yka f,i
ySkfõ'
j¾. l, yel'
m%fNao
újD; mrd.Kh isÿjk fnda. lkak
.Kkdjla
;siafia
j.d
5'3'1 fouqyqka nvbßÕ= m%fNao
l,úg fuu .eg¿jg uqyqKmEug isÿfõ' mrmrd.kh uÕska îc ksmojkq ,nk
tal fouqyqka (Single Cross Hybrid )
fnda.hla wLkavj iydNsckkhg ,lal, úg§ we;sjk fm<m;a j, Ydl iy lr,a
fuu wjia:dfõ wiudldr jq iydNsckkh
l=vd ù wiajekako wvqfõ' fuu .eg¿fjka
jk fm<m;a foll îc uõ iy msh
ñ§ug iqÿiq jQ úl,amhla f,i fouqyqka
mrïmrd jYfhka j.dlr msh mrïmrdfõ
îc ksmoùfï ;dlaIkh cks; úh' fuys
mrd. muKla uõ mrïmrdfõ l,xl u;g
uq,sl isoaOdka;h jkafka
hï fnda.hl
jeàug i,iajd îc ksmojd .kq ,efí'
iydNsckkfhka we;sjk o¾Y folla uõ
nvbßÕ= Ydlfha .eyeKq iy msßñ u,a
iy msh mrïmrdj f,i Ndú;dlr fouqyqka
fjka fjkaj yg.kakd ksid uõ mrïmrdfõ
lsÍu uÕska ,efnk m<uq mrïmrdfõ (F1)
msßñ
Ydl b;d by, wiajkq úNjhlska fmkakqï
lsÍu uÕska fuu lghq;a; l, yelsfõ'
lrkafka kï tu m%fNaoh fouqyqka f,i
tal fouqyqka j.djka jvd;a taldldßfõ
Ndú;d lsÍu fõ' fuu ;;a;ajh fouqyqka
(uniform)
Èßh
(hybrid vigour) f,i
y÷kajhs'
u,a
yg.kakd
wjia:dfõu bj;a
tf,i fouqyqka ÈÍh Wmfhda.S lr by,
;=ka wdldr (Three Way Hybrid )
wiajekak iys; fyda fjk;a fnda. m%fNao
fuu wjia:dfõ ujq iy msh mrïmrd ;=klaa
ksmoùu isÿflf¾'
B<Õ mrïmrdfõ§
îc ksmoùu i|yd Wmfhda.S lr.kS' fï
uõ iy msh mrïmrd kej; fjkaj hk
wjia:dfõ ujq Ydl f,i Ndú;d lrkafka
^úix.ukh jk& neúka fouqyqka îc
fmr§ i|yka l, wdldrfha tal fouqyqka
j.djlska ,nd.kakd îc kej; isgqùfuka
(single cross) m%fNaohls' msh mrïmrdj
tu (F1) m%fNaofha ;snQ .;s.=K iys; Ydl
f,i fjk;a iydNsckkh jq fm<m;la
.ykhla fkd,efí' tneúka f.dúfhl=g
(Inbread line) f;dard .kq ,efí'
fouqyqka îc ieu lkakhlu w¨;ska ñ,g .ekSug isÿfõ'
oaú fouqyqka (Double Cross Hybrid)
by; lS uq,sl isoaOdka;h wkq.ukh lrñka
fuu wjia:dfõ uõ iy msh mrïmrd y;rla
;jÿrg;a bÈßhg f.dia ys;lr ,laIK
îc ksmoùu i|yd Wmfhda.s lr.kS' fuys§
/ila we;=¿lr.;aa úúO ÈhqKq fouqyqka
uõ Ydlh fukau msh Ydlh f,io Ndú;d
m%fNao ìyslr we;' fouqyqka îc ksIamdok
lrkafka fmr§ i|yka l, wdldrfha tl fouqyqka (single cross) m%fNao folls' 54
uqÿka fouqyqka
uq,sl îc ksmoùu
(Top Cross Hybris)
fuu wjia:dfõ uõ iy msh mrïmrd j,ska
fuu wjia:dfõ wNscklhd úiska ksmojq
tlla újD; mrd.kh isÿjk m%fNaohla jk
msßisÿ uõ yd msh mrïmrdj, îc ;j
w;r wfkl tal fouqyqka (single cross)
ÿrg;a .=Kkh lsÍu fyda fkdtfiakï ;=ka
m%fNaohla fyda iydNsckkh jq fm,m;ls'
wdldr fouqyqka m%fNaohla fyda oaú fouqyqka m%fNaohla ksmoùu i|yd wjYH jk tal
fouqyqka îc ksmoùfïÈ j.d lkak lsysmhla
fouqyqka
;=< wd.ka;=l m%fNaohlska mrmrd.kh
m%fNaohla
ksmoùug
Ndú;d
flf¾
isÿùu j,ld,ñka oeä iqmßlaIdj hgf;a
iy;sll, fouqyqka îc ksmoùu
îc ksmoùfï lghq;= isÿlsÍu w;HjYHfõ' ;jo msh mrïmrdfõ Ydlj, yg.kakd
fouqyqka
lr,a fï i|yd Ndú;d l, fkdyelsfõ'
îc
ksmoùfï
wjidk
wjia:djhs' idudkHfhka îc ksIamdolhka
tneúka fouqyqka îc ksmoùu i|yd wêl
úiska fyda Tjqka yd iïnkaO m<mqreÿ
úhoula oeÍug isÿfõ' jdKsc uÜgñka
fldka;%d;a f.dúka Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka
fouqyqka m%fNao ksmojd .ekSfï§ m%Odk
iqÿiq fm<m;aj, uq,sl îc Ndú;d lr
wjê 3 la miqlsÍu wjYHh'
uyd mßudKfhka îc .=Kkh lsÍfï
wNsckkh lrkakdf.a îc ksmoùu
lghq;= bgqlr.kq ,efí' iïm;a m%fNaoh
;u mÍlaIK w;aoelsï wkqj wNscklhd
ksIamdokfha§
;ud
l%ufõoh msgq wxl 47 - 53 § úia;r lr
úiska
f;dard.;a
uõ
iy
WodyrKhg .;al, wod, fouqyqka îc
msh
mrïmrdj, iydNsckkh jk fm<m;a
wkq.ukh
lrkq
,nk
;sfí'
fjkfjku j.dlrhs' ta tla tla fm<m;a
5'3'2 cdk bxðfkare ;dlaIKh uÕska ksmojk ,o m%fNao
iajNdjfhkau ÿ¾j, neúka tuÕska ksmojd .; yelafla îc b;d iq¿ m%udKhls' fufia ksmojd.;a îc fouqyqka îc ksmoùu i|yd
fuhg fmr i|yka l, mßÈ fouqyqka
fyda ;jÿrg;a .=Kkh lsÍug fyda Ndú;d
nvbßÕ= ksmoùfï ;dlaIKh j¾;udkh
lrkq ,efí'
jk úg wêl f,i ÈhqKqjg m;aù ;sfnk w;r kùk cdk ;dlaIK l%ufõohka Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka kshÕhg Tfrd;a;= fok m%fNao" j,akdYl j,g m%;sfrdaê;djh olajk m%fNao" m,sfndaO ydks j,g m%;sfrdaë m%fNao 55
iy
wêl
fm%daàka
m%;sY;hla
;sfnk fyda fjk;a úfYaI wdldrfha OdkH
j.dlr ;sfnk nvbßÕ= me<j,g lsisÿ
.=kd;auhka iys; m%fNao ksmojd j.dlrkq
ydkshla isÿ fkdjk fia wfkl=;a j,a me<
,efí' cdk noaO l, lDIs øjH mßyKh
u¾Okhg lsÍu i|yd tu j,a kdYlh
i|yd mkjd ;sfnk isud hgf;a fujeks
Ndú;d l, yel' cdk noaO ;dlaIKhka
m%fNao furgg wdkhkh lr j.d lsÍug
Ndú;d lr ksmojk m%fNao j.d lsÍfïÈ
wjir fï jkúg ,nd§ fkdue;'
we;s úh yels mdßißl .eg¿ iy tu
kuq;a
Ñkh iy wefußldfõ j.dlrkq ,nk
ksIamdok
nvbßÕ= m%fNao fndfyduhla fuu l%uhg
yels wid;añl;djhka ms<sn|j f,dalfha
ksmojd we;s w;r tajd i;aaj wdydr yd
úoaj;=ka w;r úYd, jYfhka u;fNao
t;fkda,a ksIamdokh wd§ lghq;= i|yd
mj;Ss' tneúka cdk noaO lr ksmojq iuyr
nyq, f,i Ndú;d lrkq ,efí'
fujeks
m%fNao f;drd.;a f.dùka iuqyhla w;r
îc Ndú;dl, úg lafIa;% .eg¿ wju jk
muKla tjd ksmojq iud.ï j,ska mkjkq
ksid fnda. md,k lghq;= b;d myiqfjka
,nk iSud hgf;a j.d lsÍug wjir § ;sfí'
iy ld¾hlaIuj isÿlsÍug yelsù" fnda.
flfia jqjo f,dalfha úYd,;u nvbßÕ=
ksIamdok úhou wvqù" úYd, mßudk
ksIamdolhd jk weußld tlai;a ckmofha
ksIamdolhskaf.a ,dN jeälsÍug fya;=ù
j.d lrkq ,nk nvbßÕ= jmißfhka 85]
;sfí'
muK cdk noaO ;dlaIKfhka ksmo jq tajd
WodyrK
fudkaikafgda
jYfhka
iud.u
weußldfõ
úiska
wdydrhg
.ekSfuka
we;súh
ksmojd
jk w;r lekvdj" wd¾ckaákdj" n%iSs,h"
wf,úlrK #MON 863#, #MON 810# kï
ol=Kq wm%sldj" iy ms,smSkh hk rgj,o
m%fNao neis,ia ;=ßðfhkaisia nelaàßhdfjka
fuu îc nyq, jYfhka Ndú;d lrkq
imhd.;a cdk noaO lr ksmojq tajd jk
,efí'
w;r tu m%fNao ms,sfj,ska nvbßÕ= uq,a ldouk mKqjd (root worm ) f.a iy hqfrdamshd bßÕ= .=,a,d (Europian corn borer) f.a ydkshg m%;sfrdaê;djh olajhs' <má wjêfha wdydrhg .kakd meKs rih iys; bßÕ= wdÈh (Sweet corn and Baby corn) i|yd lDñkdYl j¾. Ndú;d lsÍï wjYH;djh uÕ yrjd .ekSug o fï ksid yelsù ;sfí' óg wu;rj tu
iud.
u .a,hsfmdfiaÜ (glyphosate) kï j,a kdYlhg m%;sfrdaOhla olajk nvbßÕ= m%fNao o ksmojd ;sfnk w;r fï ksid 56
6' OdkH m%ñ;sh iy Bg wkql=,j ksIamdokh i|yd .;hq;= mshjr furg f.dùka úiska ksmojk ,o nvbßÕ=
kñka y÷kajk úI øjH we;súh yel'
fj<|fmd<g bÈßm;a lsÍfï§ tajdfhys
Wiia j.d md,k l%u iy
m%ñ;sh ms<sn|j .ekqïlrejka úiska oeä
;dlaIK
iSud mkjd ke;' fï fya;=j ksid iuyr
fuu ;;a;aj we;sùu j,ld .; yel'
f.dùka wiajekak fk,d.;a jydu îc
j¾;udkfha fndfyda nvbßÕ= f.dúka fuu
fjkalr wêl f;;ukh iys; OdkH
wjYH;djh fyd¢ka oek
úlsKSug mqreÿj isá;s' .%dóh m%foaYj,
wod<
f.hska f.g f.dia OdkH ñ,g .kakd
f;d. ;%sfmdaI iy iufmdaI ksmoùu i|yd
w;rueÈ jHdmdßlhska o tajdfhys m%ñ;sh
ksIamdokhlr
ms<sn|j
isá;s' flfia jqj;a >¾ul,dmSh foaY.=Ksl
m%udKj;a
fkdlr;s'
ie,ls,a,la
fhduq
fï fya;=j ksid wvq ñ,la
;;a;aj
l%u
wiajkq
wkq.ukh lsÍfuka
m%ñ;Skaf.ka
isák
iukaú;
iemhSug
nvbßÕ=
miq
j,
Tjqka
w;r
nvbßÕ= iu;aj
we*f,dfgdlaiska
f.dùkag ,efnk w;r úúO wdldrfhka
we;sùug b;d ys;lr ksid tu úIøjH
ksIamdokh
tlu
j,ska f;dr nvbßÕ= ksmoùu i|yd wkq.
isÿfõ'
ukh l, yels l%shdud¾. iúia;rd;aulj
lrk,o
f;d.hla f,i .nvd fufia
nvbßÕ= lsÍu
/ialrk ,o f;d. ;=< mj;sk
my; i|yka lr ;sfí'
wêl f;;ukh iys; nvbßÕ= j,g È,Sr wdidokhùu ksid tajd ;=< úIøjH we;sfõ'
i;aj wdydr ksmoùu i|yd m%fhdackhg
tu nvbßÕ= i;aj fyda ñksia wdydr i|yd
.kakd
Ndú;d lsÍu kqiqÿiqh'
ñ,g .ekSfï§ ksYaÑ; m%ñ;shla ;ju;a
nvbßÕ=
foaYSh
fj<|fmdf<a§
y÷kajd§ ke;;a f,dal fi!nH ixúOdkh wjYH m%ñ;Skaf.ka hqla;j ksIamdokh
uÕska ks¾foaY lr ;sfnk mßÈ i;aj
fkdlsÍfï fya;=j u; uE;la jk ;=reu
wdydr ksmoùug mdúÉÑ lrk nvbßÕ= j,
furg ;=< ksmojk ,o nvbßÕ= ñksiqka
mj;sk we*f,dfgdlaiska m%udKh nvbßÕ=
úiska mßfNdackh lrkq ,nk ;%sfmdaI
fldgia ì,shkhlg úIøjH fldgia 20
jeks ieliQ wdydr j¾. ksmoùu i|yd
fkdblauúh hq;=h' fuu m%ñ;Skag wkql=,
Ndú;d fkdlrkq ,eîh' nvbßÕ= OdkH
fkdjk i;aj wdydr Ndú;dlr ksmojk
j, f;;ukh 12] m%udKhg jvd by,ska
uia yd ud¿ j¾. cd;Hka;rj fj<|dï
mj;sk úg iy by< mßir WIaK;aj iy
lsÍu l, fkdyelsjkq we;'
wd¾ø;d ;;a;aj hgf;a tajd .nvdlr ;nk úg È,Sr wdidokh ksid zzwe*f,dfgdlaiskazz 57
6'1 we*f,dfgdlaiska hkq l=ula o@ we*f,dfgdlaiska f,i y÷kajkq ,nkafka weiam¾ð,ia È,Sr mjq,g wh;a weiam¾ð,ia *af,ajia iy weiam¾ð,ia merisália hk È,Sr j¾. fol uÕska ksmojkq ,nk úI øjHhls' È,Sr wdidokh iys; nvbßÕ= lr,la
ueÍhdu .ek mßlaId l,úg 1962 jif¾ § fuu úI j¾.h ms<sn|j m%:u jrg fidhd.kq ,enqKs' bkamiq ieliQ wdydr øjH ksmoùu i|yd .kakd OdkHj, ;sìh yels Wmßu we*f,dfgdlaiska m%udKh ms,sn| isud mkjk ,o w;r ñksia wdydr ksmoùu i|yd .kakd nvbßÕ= fldgia ì,shkhl ;sìh yels we*f,dfgdlaiska weiam¾ð,ia È,Sr îcdkq oduhla
m%udKh fldgia 05 fkdblauúh hq;=h'
ksis m%ñ;Ska ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;aúulska
i;aj wdydr jYfhka m%fhdackhg .kakd
f;drj ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk iy,a"
nvbßÕ=
nvbßÕ= " rglcq wdÈh fuu È,Srh uÕska
bvÈh
wdidokhù
m%udKh 20 ls'
fõ'
fulS úI øjH
ksIamdokh
j, fldgia ì,shkhl ;sîug yels
we*f,dfgdlaiska
fldgia
furgg wdkhkh lrkq ,nk úh<s
ñßia j,o fuu ;;a;ajh ks;r olakg ,efnk nj mejfia'
we*f,dfgdlaiska
ms<sld ldrl úI øjHhls'
wdydr iuÕ
YÍrhg we;=¿jk fuu úI øjH wlaudfjys ;ekam;aj mj;sk w;r l%ul%ufhka ;j ;j;a úI tl;=ùu;a iuÕu frda.S ;;a;aj we;s lrhs' wdydr r;alsÍu fyda msiSu uÕska fuu úI øjH úkdY fkdfõ' tx.,ka;fha l=l=,kaf.a wlaudj bÈó nyq, f,i Wka
;Èka È,Sr wdidokh iys; nvbßÕ= lr,a 58
j.=j 12 # ;%sfmdaI ksIamdokh i|yd iqÿiq nvbßÕ= msßú;r fi!nH wud;HdxYfha fmdaIK iïnkaêlrK wxYh uÕska m%isoaO lr ;sfnk mßÈ ;%sfmdaI ksIamdokh i|yd wuqøjH jYfhka Ndú;d lrk nvbßÕ= j, ;sìhhq;= msßú;r my; i|yka mßÈh' 1' fN!;sl msßú;r mßlaId lrk .=Kdx.h
msßú;r
idïm, l%uh$;Sj%;djh
ndysr fmkqu
f;;uk m%udKh 14] g wvq
iEu u,a,lu
wmøjH
Wmßuh 3]
l%uj;a$wyUq
lDñ ydks ^mßud moku u;&
Wmßu 2]
l%uj;a$wyUq
>k;ajh ^ls'.%Eï$>k ógrhg&
670 jg jeä
l%uj;a
.=,a,ka iy wfkla lDñka
fkdisáh hq;=h
iEu u,a,lu$wyUq
we*f,dfgdlaiska - .=Kd;aul
.%Eï 200l idïm,hl È,sfik l%uj;a fld< meye ia:dk 05 lg jvd fkd;sîu
2' ridhksl msßú;r mßlaId lrk .=Kdx.h
msßú;r
idïm, l%uh$;Sj%;djh
we*f,dfgdlaiska m%udKd;aulj
.%Eï 200l idïm,hl È,sfik fld< meye ia:dk 05 lg jvd fkd;sîu
l%uj;a
fm%daàka weisÍu #
10] ^8] - 12]&
udi 3g jrla (wyUq -NISH)
ls'.%Eï 50 ne.ska jQ u¿j, wiqrd ;sìh hq;=h' fuu weisreï u¿ óg fmr§ fmdfydr yd fjk;a ridhksl øjH jeks ñksia mßfNdackhg kqiqÿiq lsisjla weisÍu i|yd Ndú;d fkdl< tajd úh hq;=h' idudkH wjYH;d# nvbßÕ= m%jdykh i|yd Ndú;d lrk jdykj,g tajd megùug fmr tu ;Ügq lsisÿ wmú;%ldrl øjHhlska ÿIKh ù ke;s njg;a" .=,a,ka iy wfkl=;a lDñ i;=kaf.ka f;dr njg;a ;yjqre lr.; hq;=h' tajd j¾Okh i|yd iqÿiq mßir ;;a;ajhla
6'1'1' nvbßÕ= j,g fuu úI we;=,a jkafka flfiao@
ks¾udKh ù ;sfnk úg fulS îcdkq myiqfjkau m%frdayKh ù úI øjH Y%djh lrhs' nvbßÕ= ksIamdokfha mshjr ;=kl§
weiam¾ð,ia È,Sr îcdkq mfia;a jd;fha;a ksr;=reju we;'
m%Odk jYfhka fuu È,Sr wdidokh isÿúh
iqÿiq Wmia:rhla yuqù
yel' 59
lr,a" wvqfjka msreKq lr,a" i;=ka fyda
w' wiajekak fk,Sug fmr ly-ÿUqre
lDñka ydks l, lr,a" jeiaig yiqjQ lr,a"
wjia:dfõ tajd u;g fuu È,Sr îcdkq
wdÈh fyd| lr,a iuÕ tlg mßyrKh
m;s;ù /£ mej;sh yel'
fuu È,Sr
fkdl< hq;=h' b;d Wiia m%ñ;sfhka OdkH
j¾Okh i|yd ys;lr WKqiqï f;;a
ksmoùu i|yd iqÿiq fyd¢ka msreKq" ydks
foaY.=Ksl ;;a;ajhla we;sjqjfyd;a túg
j,g fyda wys;lr foaY.=Ksl ;;a;aj j,g
îcdkq m%frdayKh ù miqj lrf,a ;sfnk
yiq fkdjqKq nvbßÕ= lr,a fjku úh,d
îc j,g o wdidokh úh yel' tneúka
OdkH fjkalr.; hq;=h' w¨;a fyda b;d
jeis we;sjk ;;a;ajhla ;sfí kï fïre
msßisÿ u¿j, weisßh hq;=h'
nvbßÕ=
lr,aj,
/jq,a
lr,aj, wiajekak fk,Su m%udo fkdl< hq;=h'
we' .nvd lsÍfï§
ñg wu;rj lr,a úÈk mKqjka"
fndfyda
/jq,a lk lDñka iy .srjqka wd§ i;=ka
nvbßÕ=
tu ia:dk ;=<ska fuu È,Sr wdidokh
nvbßÕ=
lr,aj,ska
îc
fjkalr.;a
jydu OdkH tl;=lrkakkag tajd úl=Kd
myiqfjka isÿúh yelsh' c,h ysÕ ;;a;aj
ou;s'
hgf;a nvbßÕ= j.d lrk úg;a" Ydlfha
fï wjia:dfõ§ fndfyda úg tu
OdkHj, f;;uk m%;sY;h 15] - 20]
ukd j¾Okhla ,eîug ;rï m%udKj;a
muK fõ'
f,i khsg%cka fmdfydr fkdfhdok úg;a lrf,a we;sjk widudkH ;;a;aj hgf;a fulS È,Sr wdidokh jeäjk nj jd¾;dù
fuu OdkH tl;= lrkakka
wfkl=;a
f.dùkaf.ka
tla/ia
lr.;a
nvbßÕ=
iuÕ l,jfï fuu f;;ukh
by, OdkH o .nvd lrk w;r f;; îc
we;' tneúka fnda. md,kh ukd whqßka
j, Yajik fõ.h jeä ksid WIaK;ajh
isÿl< hq;=h'
iy wd¾ø;djh jeäù myiqfjkau OdkH f;d.h È,Sr uÕska wdidokh fõ'
wd' wiajkq fk,Sfuka miq OdkH j, we*f,dfgdlaiska
jeämqru we;sjkafka wiajkq fk,Sfuka miqj isÿlrkq ,nk wlghq;= wdY%s;jh' fuys§ fkdie,ls,su;a f,i mßyrKh l< tla nvbßÕ=
uÜgfï
ksIamdolhska ;udg uqo,a wjYH úg§
nvbßÕ= lr,a j,g ydks lr ;sfnk úg
nvbßÕ=
.%dóh
lr,la ksid úYd, OdkH
f;d.hl m%ñ;sh kqiqÿiq uÜgug m;aúh yel' tneúka úh,Su i|yd nvbßÕ= lr,a f;dard .kakd wjia:dfõ§ we*f,dfgdlaiska iys; ùug bv ;sfnk fyd¢ka fudard ke;s 60
6'1'2 nvbßÕ= j,g fuu úI we;=,;aùu j,lajd .kafka flfiao@
l<fyd;a l,ska fïre lr,a ydksj,g
fmr
j¾Okh iy fïÍu isÿjk Wiia ;;a;ajfha
lS
mßÈ
fuu
È,Srfha
,laùug bv we;'
tneúka b;d Wiia
;;a;ajfha OdkH ksmoùu i|yd taldldßj
îcdkq
ksrka;rfhkau jd;fha iy fmdf<dfõ
fouqyqka nvbßÕ=
;snqk;a nvbßÕ= lr,a fyda OdkH u; tajd
iqÿiqh'
m%fNaohla j.d lsÍu
.egqKq fyda ;ekam;a jQ muKska wdidokh isÿjkafka ke;' È,Srfha j¾Okh weröu
iuyr nvbßÕ=
i|yd 14] lg jvd jeä f;;ukhla OdkH
úg tajdfhys w. msysá îc fld,mqj ;=<ska
j, mej;sh hq;=h'
t,shg ksrdjrKh ù msysghs' tfiau iuyr
jd;fha wd¾ø;djh
m%fNaoj, lr,a fudark
^f;;a iys; nj& by, uÜgul mej;Su
m%fNaoj, fld,mqj nqre,a h'
iuÕu mßir WIaK;ajh o by, uÜgul
wjia:dj, jeiaila m;s; jqjfyd;a lr,a
mej;Su
m%Yia;
;=<g jeis c,h ldkaÿúug bv ;sfnk w;r
wvq jd;dY%hla iys; ia:
tjeks lr,a j,g lDñ i;=kaf.ka ydksùug
dkj, by; i|yka l, f;;uk iSudj
;sfnk bvo jeäh' fulS ;;a;aj hgf;a
blaujQ OdkH .nvd l, úg b;d myiqfjka
È,Sr wdidokhg ,efnk bvlv jeäh'
È,Sr j¾Okh wdrïN fõ' tneúka by;
tneúka fulS ,laIK iys; m%fNao j.dj
úia;r l, ;;a;aj uÕ yrjd OdkH .nvd
i|yd f;dard fkd.; hq;=h'
l, hq;=h'
we*f,dfgdlaiska úI rys;
tjeks ,laIK fkdue;s m%fNaohla f;dard
ksmoùu i|yd my; i|yka
j.d l,o tu j.dfõ iuyr lr,a fulS
È,Sr
;;a;ajhkah'
nvbßÕ=
j¾Okh
i|yd
fujeks
iuyr úg
wys;lr ,laIK iys;j msysáh yel'
l%shdud¾. wkq.ukh lsÍu wjYHh'
tjeks wjia:dj, tu lr,a f;dard bj;alr w' iqÿiq m%fNao j.d lsÍu
OdkH ieliSu isÿl, hq;=h'
Wiia ;;a;ajfha m%fNaohl by, .=kd;auhla wd' ks¾foaYs; me< .ykh fkdblaujd j.d lsÍu
iys; îc j.dj i|yd f;dard .; hq;=h' újD; mrd.kh isÿjk nvbßÕ= m%fNaoj,
furg ks¾foaYs; nvbßÕ= me< .ykh
cdkuh úp,;djhla mj;sk ksid j.dfõ iEu
Ydlhlau
taldldrj
jkafka fylafghrhlg me< 55"000 ls' Bg
j¾Okhù
jvd jeä me< .ykhla mj;ajd .;af;d;a
tljru wiajekak fïÍu isÿ fkdlrhs'
tlsfkl w;r mj;sk ;rÕldÍ;ajh ksid
tjeks wjia:dj, fkÆ wiajekafka lr,a
me< ÿ¾j,j j¾Okhù iEu .ilskau fyd|
j, úIu;djhla mj;sk ksid tlsfkflys
lr,la wiajekak f,i fkd,efí' tfiau
mj;sk f;;ukh fjkia neúka taldldßj úh,Su wmyiqh' fudark
f;la
j.dj ÿ¾j,ù f,v frda. j,g md;%ùugo
lr,a ish,a, fyd¢ka
wiajekak
fk,Su
jeä wjldYhla we;sfõ'
m%udo 61
tneúka j.dj
ks¾foaYs; wdldrhg md,kh lr mj;ajd
bvlvla mj;sk ksid iqmßlaIdldßj isg
.; hq;=h'
md,kh l, hq;=h'
we' c, md,kh iy fmdfydr fh§u iqÿiq wjia:d j,§ c,h imhñka iy ukd
b' iqÿiq wjia:dfõ wiajekak fk,d .ekSu
f,i fmdfydr Ndú;d lrñka fnda.fha
nvbßÕ=
j¾Okh ukdj mj;ajd .; hq;=h' kshÕhg
wjia:dfõ lafIa;%fha jeä l,la ;sfnkakg
md;% jQ iy m%udKj;a f,i khsg%cka
bv fkdyer wiajekak fk,d .; hq;=h'
fmdfydr fkd,enqKq nvbßÕ=
fyd¢ka fïre nvbßÕ= lr,a j, fld,mqj
j.dj,
lr,a fyd¢ka fudard ;sfnk
îc idudkH ;;a;ajhg jvd jeäfhka
iïmq¾Kfhkau ly
we*f,dfgdlaiska wdidokhg ,lajk nj
mj;S'
ksÍlaIKh lr we;' nvbßÕ=
Ydlh
fld< meyefhka mej;sh yel' fuúg
ÿ¾j, c, jyk ;;a;aj j,g w;sYhska
nvbßÕ= îc ;oh' ;=jd, lsÍug wmyiqh'
ixfõ§ jk w;r c,h r|d mj;sk úg
kshfmd;af;ka ;o l, úg lsß u;= fkdfõ'
Ydlfha j¾Okh wekysà' tneúka mfia
îc m%fNaohg wdfõksl j¾Kfhka hqla;j
c, jyk ;;a;ajh ukdj mj;ajd .;hq;=
Èiafõ'
w;r wêl jeis ,enqkúg tl Èklg jvd
we;sfõhehs iel lrkafka kï meiqKq
lafIa;%fha c,h r|d mej;Sug bv fkd§ yels blaukska jeä c,h neyer l, hq;=h' j.d lafIa;%fha W,aÈh we;s fkdjkfia c, jyk ldkq moaO;s ilid kv;a;= l, hq;=h' wE' lDñ iy fjk;a i;=kaf.ka wdrlaId lr .ekSu lr,a úÈk mKqjka iy l=re,a,ka ;=jd, isÿl, nvbßÕ= lr,a j, fuu úI øjH we;sùug
;sfnk
bvlv
b;d
jeäh'
tfiau frda. j,g md;%ùu ksid ÿ¾j,jQ Ydl j, fuu úI o%jH we;sùug jeä bvla we;' tneúka j.dj fyd¢ka mßlaId lrñka fujeks ydks jydu j,lajd .ekSug lghq;= l, hq;=h' h,a lkakfha j.d lrk nvbßÕ=
j,g mqrela mKqjdf.ka iy
lr,a úÈk o<Uqjd f.ka ydks isÿùug jeä 62
ÿUqre meye .ekaù
we;=,; wdjrK 2-3 la muK ,d
wiajekak
fk,k
Èkj,
jeis
nvbßÕ= lr,a .ig iïnkaOjk ia:dkfhka
fyda wiuldrj msreKq lr,a wdÈh bj;a
my,g kud ;eîfuka jeis c,h lr, ;=<g
lr
ldkaÿùu j,lajd.; yelsh' b;d fyd¢ka
fyd¢ka wdjrKh ù ;sfnk lr,a muKla
ysre t,sh ,efnñka mj;Skï iy jeis
f;dardf.k úh,d .; hq;=h'
rys; foaY.=Khla mj;Skï .fiau ;sìh§
fyda fjk;a fya;=jla u; .ia ìug m;s;ù
;jÿrg;a lr,a fydÈkau úh<Sug bvyeÍu
;snqfkd;a tajdfhys ygf.k ;sfnk lr,a o
iqÿiqh'
fï i|yd fk,d fkd.; hq;=h'
tfy;a tajd l=re,a,kaf.ka iy
óhka jeks wfkl=;a i;=kaf.ka wdrlaId
meiqKq
iy
fld,mqfjka ;o iq<x
W' m%udohlska f;drj úh<sSu
lr.; hq;=h' fk,d.kakd lr,a iy OdkH
wiajkq fk,k ;;a;ajhg m;ajk nvbßÕ=
fyd¢ka úh,d .ekSug yels úh<ss mßir
lr,l
;;a;ajhla mj;sk wjia:dj,§ wiajekak fk,d ilid .;hq;=h'
fyd¢ka
mj;sk
f;;uk
m%;sY;h
25]-35] w;r fõ' wiajekak fkÆ jydu
tjeks mßir
yels blaukska îcj, mj;sk fuu f;;uk
;;a;ajhla fkdmj;S kï lD;Su úh<khla
m%;sY;h 13] olajd wvq lr.ekSu uÕska ta
uÕska fyda fkdmudju îc fyd¢ka úh,d
wdY%s;j isÿjk Ôj iy laIqøÔj l%shd b;du
.; hq;=h'
wju uÜgulg m;a l, yel' tneúka
B' iqÿiq lr,a muKla f;dard fjkalr .ekSu
wiajekak fkÆ
wiajekak
Wiia
ydks iys; lr,a olakg ,efíkï tajd bj;a
.=kd;aufha OdkH ksmoùu i|yd kqiqÿiq
lr fyd¢ka iïmq¾kjQ lr,a muKla fjkalr
fk,k
wjia:dfõ§u
ú.iu lr,aj, ;sfnk
fldmq bj;alr fyd¢ka îc fkdmsreKq iy
úh,d .; hq;=h' ùjD; ìfï È,Sr îcdkq nyq,j mj;sk ksid fldmqj bj;al< lr,a ud.,l fyda gd¾fmd,ska jeks w;=rkqjla u; oud fyda isfuka;sfhka ;ekQ msßisÿ lu;l oud Èk lsysmhla wõfjka úh,d .ekSu iqÿiqh' lr,a j, ;sfnk fld,mqj iïmq¾Kfhkau bj;a fkdlr îc iys; fldgia fyd¢ka ysre t,shg ksrdjrKh jk f,i tajd lrf,a miqmig kud lr,a hq.,
,laIK iys; lr,a fjkalr bj;a l, hq;=h'
ne.ska isákfia fld,mq tlg .eg.id
fuys§ fyd¢ka fkdfïrE lr,a"
.; yelsh' ìu isgjQ ,S o~q fyda .ia w;r
lDñka f.ka iy l=re,a,kaf.ka ydksjQ
wÈk ,kq fyda lïì u; fome;a; fírd
lr,a" frda. md;%ùu" ksis fmdaIKhla
fuu nvbßÕ= lr,a fma,shg ;ekam;alr
fkd,eîu wd§ fya;=ka u; w¾O f,i
ÿïfld< úh,k wdldrhg úh,d .ekSuo 63
.eñhkag yqre mqreÿ id¾:l l%uhls'
nvbßÕ= i|ydu ksIamdÈ; wiajkq ieliSfï
l=uk l%uhla wkq.ukh l,;a fuu lr,a
hka;%hla Ndú;d lsÍuhs'
jeiafika iy mskafkka wdrlaId lr.;
j¾;udk ñ, re' 125"000$} muK jk w;r
hq;=h' fyd¢ka fudard ;sfnk lr,a
Odß;dj mehlg fgdka 02la muK fõ'
Èk
fuu hka;%fha
4-5 la wõfõ oeófuka tajdfhys îcj,
lafIa;%fha§
f.dúka iuÕ .súiqï.;j
;sfnk f;;uk m%;sY;h 15] muK olajd
nvbßÕ= ñ,§ .kakd maf,akaá *qâia jeks
wvq lr.; yelsh' ÿï ueiail oud úh,Su
wdh;k fuu hka;% f.dùkag imhd fyd|
blauka jqj;a îc ÿ¾j¾K ùu iy wêl
.=Kd;aufhka hq;a OdkH ilid ñ,g .kS'
WIaK;ajh ksid îcj, ixhq;shg n,mEï
iq¿ mßudK nvbßÕ= ksIamdolhskag lr,ska
we;sjk ksid tfia lsÍu iqÿiq ke;' lD;Su
îc fjkalr .ekSu i|yd iqÿiq f.or fodr
;dm úh,khla Ndú;d l, yelskï m%Yia;
Ndú;d lrk ysrukhg ;rula iudk
úh,Ssula isÿl, yelsj we;;a ta i|yd
WmlrKhla miq wiajkq ;dlaIK wdh;kh
ie,lshhq;= úhoula oeÍug isÿjk ksid
úiska y÷kajd § ;sfí'
tjekakla l, hq;af;a w÷re ld,.=Khla
ilik îcj,g ;=jd, isÿùu b;du wvq
mj;sk wjia:d j,§ muKls'
jqj;a ld¾hlaIu;djh wvq ksid f.dùka
fuh Ndú;dlr
w;r fïjd Ndú;dùu úr,h' lr,aj,ska W!' ydks wju jkfia îc fjkalr .ekSu
îc
lr,ska îc fjkalr.kakd wjia:dfõ§ tajd
j¾;udkfha
jkafka wê Odß;djhlska hqla; iqkdñ
wjia:dfõ§ îcj,g jeämqr ydks isÿúh
kñka y÷kajk fld< uäk hka;%h Ndú;d
yelsh' ;=jd,jQ îc j,g È,Sr wdidokh
lsÍuhs' fuu hka;% uq,slj ilid ;sfnkafka
ùfï yelshdj jeäjk ksid tajd fyd¢ka
ù wiajekak ieliSu i|yd jk w;r tu
úh,d m%fõYñka fjkalr .ekSug lghq;=
hka;% j,ska nvbßÕ=
fndfyda f.dúka fï i|yd
ilid .kafka kï
tu ld¾hhg WÑ; mßÈ hka;%fha lerlSfï
lr,a f.dakshl oud uq.=rlska ;e,Su fyda g%elagrhla uÕska mE.Su isÿlr;s'
i|yd
f.dúka nyq;rhlau Ndú;d lrk l%uh
fyd¢ka úh<Ss ;sîu jeo.;a h' ke;skï fï
l, hq;=h'
fjkalr.ekSu
fõ.h md,kh l, hq;=h' kuq;a ld¾hh
kuq;a
blaukska ksulsÍu i|yd Wmßu fõ.fhka
fuu l%u j,§ îcj,g isÿjk ydksh jeäh'
fïjd l%shd;aul lsÍug tajd imhkakka
g%elagrhla Ndú;d lrkúg ghrj, yq,x
mqreÿj isák ksid fuu hka;% Ndú;fhka
m%udKh wvqlr mE.sh yelskï OdkHj,g
OdkH j,g isÿjk ydksh jeäh' tneúka
;=jd, isÿùu ;rula wvq lr.; yel'
Wiia .=kd;aufha OdkH ksIamdokh lsÍug
OdkH j,g wvqu ydkshla jkf,i wiajekak
n,dfmdfrd;a;=
ilid .ekSug yels fyd|u l%uh jkafka
jk
wh
iqkdñ
hka;%
Ndú;d lrk úg tajdfha fõ.h iqÿiq
nyq fnda. wiajkq ilik hka;%hla fyda
uÜgug md,kh lrjd .; hq;=h' lr,ska 64
fjkalr.;a OdkHj, mj;sk wmøjH bj;a
,efnk f,i m%udKj;a mr;rhla fma,s
lsÍu i|yd tajd iq<x lsÍu fyda fmd,d ilia
w;r ;eìh hq;=h' .nvdfõ jy,ska fyda
lsÍu wjYH úh yelsh' fufia ilid.;a
me;s j,ska jeis c,h fyda mskak .nvd
OdkH ud.,a u; fyda msßisÿ lu;a u;
l, OdkH u; m;s; fkdjk njg j.
w;=rd Èk lsysmhla fõ,d.; hq;=h' túg
n,d.; hq;=h' ;jo óhka iy fjk;a lDñ
OdkHj, f;;uk m%;sY;h 10] la ;rï
i;=kaf.ka ydks fkdjk f,i .nvdj b;d
wvq uÜgulg /f.k wd yel' Y%S ,xldfõ
msßisÿj mj;ajd .; hq;=h'
mj;sk foaY.=Ksl ;;a;aj wkqj jd;fha
.nvdj OqulrKhg ,lafldg lDñ ydks
mj;sk f;;ukh úh,s OdkHj,g fiñka
we;sùfï wjia:dj wju l, hq;=h'
wjfYdaIKh
lr.kakd
neúka
wjYHkï
fyd¢ka
úh,d ilial< OdkHj, f;;uk m%;sY;h Èk lsysmhla ;=< 13] uÜgug m;aùug bv we;' tu f;;uk m%;sY;h wju m%ñ;Skag wkql+=, jk ksid .eg¿jla we;s fkdjkq we;' flfia jqjo OdkH È.= l,la ;siafia .nvdlr ;eîu wjYH jqjfyd;a wêl jeis iys; iy w÷re f;;a ld,.=Ksl ;;a;aj mj;sk jljdkqj, .nvd lr ;sfnk OdkHj, f;;uk m%;sY;h whym;a f,i jeäùug bv ;sfnk neúka kej; úh,d
ta' wdrlaIdldÍj m%jdykh
.nvd lsÍu wjYH úh yelsh'
fufia
iqrlaIs;j
.nvd
lr
;sfnk
îc fj<|fmd,g fyda wdydr ksIamdok t' fyd¢ka .nvd lsÍu
l¾udka;Yd,d fj; m%jdykh lrk úg
fyd¢ka úh¨k îc tajd fha WKqiqu myj
my; i|yka wdrlaIl l%u wkq.ukh l,
hkf;la fijfka ;nd wÆ;a msßisÿ u¿j,
hq;=h'
wiqrd .; hq;=h' lDñkaf.ka iy È,Srj,ska
wdrlaId ùu i|yd OdkH f;d.h wdjrKh
wdidokh úhyels neúka l,ska OdkH fyda
lr f.khdu iqÿiqh' OdkH u¿ jdykhg
msá wdÈh wiqrd ;snQ merKs u¿ Ndú;d lsÍu
megùug fmr tys ;Ügqj b;d fyd¢ka
kqiqÿiqh' lsis úgl fuu OdkH weisrE u¿
msßisÿ l, hq;=h'
fmdf<dj u; .efgkfia fkd;eìh hq;=h'
lghq;= j,§ OdkH u,a,la isÿreù OdkH
iqÿiq ,S rduq u; fmdf<dfõ isg wähla j;a
;Ügqj u; fyda ìu úisÍ .shfyd;a tajd
Wäka fuu u¿ wiqrd ;eìh hq;= w;r u¿
tl;=lr kej; u¿j,g oeóu lsisfia;a
w;r ukd jd; ixirKhla isÿùug bv
fkdl< hq;a;ls' 65
w;ru.§ mskafkka iy jeiafika
hï fyhlska m%jdyk
7 nvbßÕ= j.dj i|yd iqÿiq hka;% yd WmlrK f,dalfha ÈhqKq rgj, nvbßÕ= j.dlrkafka
j.djg taldldr f,i c, iïmdokh lsÍu
wlalr 500lg jeä úYd, hdhka f,ih
i|yd;a" wêl jeis ,efnk wjia:dj,
fuys§ îc isgqùfï isg wiajkq fk,Su olajd
jeä c,h blaukska neyerlsÍug;a iqÿiqu
jq m%Odk l%shdldrlï ish,a,u hka;% uÕska
l%uh jeá oukhla Ndú;d lsÍu jk w;r
bgqlr .kq ,efí' Y%S ,xldfõ nvbßÕ= j.d
úh,s l,dmfha nvbßÕ=
lafIa;% l=vd neúka wm rgg iqÿiq jkafka
fldgiaj, W,aÈh we;sùu ksid isÿjk
l=vd mßudkfha hka;%fõ'
wiajkq ydksho fuu l%uh uÕska j,lajd
hdhj, my,
.; yelsh' ifudaÉP l%uhg jeá ieliSu j¾;udkfha lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd
uÕska j.d ìïj, mdxY= ixrlaIKhgo
wjYH l=,S Y%uh imhd.ekSu b;d ÿIalr iy
úhoï
wêl
lghq;a;laj
msájy,la ,efí'
;sfí'
fï ksid nvbßÕ= j.dfõ ìï ieliSu"
hka;% uÕska îc isgqùu jvd ld¾hlaIu
îc isgqùu" j,a me<Eá u¾Okh" iy
jk w;r tfia l,úg me< fma,s w;r
fmdfydr fh§u fukau wiajekak fk,d
j,a u¾Okh iy fmdfydr fh§uo jvd
ieliSuo i|yd iqÿiq hka;% iq;% y÷kajd§u
ld¾hlaIuj bgqlr.; yel'
ld,Sk wjYH;djhla njg m;aj ;sfí'
mshjrhkays wjidk m%;sM,h jkafka jvd
Y%S ,xldfõ f.dúka úiska nvbßÕ= j.dlrk
fyd| wiajekakla ,eîuh'
by;lS
l%ufha mj;sk ÿ¾j,;d uÕ yrjd oekg nvbßÕ=
,nk idudkH wiajekak ie,lshhq;= f,i jeälsÍugo
hdka;%slrKh
fukau
fjk;a
f.dv
fnda.
i|yd frdao fofla g%elagr iuÕ Ndú;d
m%fhdackj;a
l<yels
fõ'
fyda
w;ska
weof.k
hdyels
WmlrK lsysmhla f.dùkg y÷kajd§ug uybÆmam,a,u msysá f.dúfmd< hdka;%sl m¾fhaIK uOHia:dkh (FMRC) lghq;= lr ;sfí' Tjqka úiska y÷kajd§ ;sfnk w;ska weof.k hk f.dvfnda. îc jmalrh fyda frdao fofla g%elagrhg iúl< yels îc jmalrh Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka tla wfhl=g Èklg wlalr 05 la olajd îc isgqjd .ekSu l, yelsh' îc jmalrhla Ndú;d lrk úg
jeá oukhka
bka iudldrj lafIa;%fha îc jeàu isÿúh 66
hq;=h'
th tfia ùu i|yd mej;sh hq;=
oukhlao iúlr .; hq;=fõ' me< fma,s
b;d jeo.;a wjYH;djhla jkafka isgqùug
w;rg u;=msg fmdfydr úisrejd yer
.kakd îc tlu m%udKfhka (uniform)
l,ska úia;r l, WmlrKh fma,s w;r
hqla;ùuhs' wdkhksl fouqyqka nvbßÕ= îc
l%shd;aul l, úg j,a u¾Okh ù mi iuÕ
fuu m%ñ;Skaf.ka hqla; ksid îc jmalr
ñY%jQ fmdfydr me< uq,g ,xfõ'
iuÕ Ndú;hg tajd jvd;a iqÿiqh' ;uqka
iïmdokh i|yd iqÿiq f,i we,s iy jeá
úiska ksmojQ fyda wfkl=;a m%Njhka f.ka
l%uhg lafIa;%ho ilia fõ' îc jmalrhla
imhd.;a îc fuf,i isgqjkakfa kï Bg
fkdue;skï fi'ó' 80 x 22 mr;rhg w;ska
fmr kshñ; isÿre m%udKfha i,a,dvhlska
fma,shg îc isgqjd miqj hka;% Ndú;d lr
tajd y,d iqÿiq mßÈ taldldßj ilid .;
jeá oeóu" j,au¾Okh" fmdfydrfh§u iy
hq;=h' f.dúm, hdka;%slrK m¾fhaIK
c, iïmdokh myiqfjka lr.; yel'
c,
uOHia:dkh uÕska ks¾foaYlrk nvbßÕ= j.d l%uh my; i|yka mßÈh'
7'1' f.dv fnda. îc jmalrh ^w;ska l%shd lrk&
m<uqj
idudkH f,i ;eá k.=,la fyda fjk;a k.=,la Ndú;dlr mi fmr,d leg fmdälr
fuu hka;%h b;d ieye,a¨ ;ks mqoa.,fhl=g
îc isgqùug iqÿiq ;;a;ajhg ilialr.;
weof.k hd yels mßÈ ilid we;'
hq;=h' mfia m%udKj;a f;;ukhla mj;sk
m%d:ñl yd oaù;Sl ìï ilia l< N+ñfha
wjia:dfõ fma,s wkqj uq,sl fmdfydr fhdod
fuu hka;%h l%shd lsßfuka ldkqjla iE§u"
mi iuÕ ñY%lr Èklg muK miq îc
îc ta ;=<g jeàu iy jeiS hdu isÿfõ'
jmalrhla Ndú;dlr îc isgqjd .; yel'
tu`.ska tljr fma,s foll îc oeóu
fuys§ jmalrh fma,s w;r fi'ó' 80 jk
isÿjk w;r Èkl§ wlalr foll muK
f,i o me< w;r fi'ó' 15 mr;rh ,efnk
m%udKhl îc oeóu isÿl< yel' fuu îc
f,i o iSreudrelr ilid .;hq;=h'
jmalrh nvbß`.= muKla fkdj W÷" uqx yd
túg fylafghdrhlg 55"000 ne.ska jk
fidahd jeks fjk;a îc o fma,shg jemSÍu
ks¾foaYs; me< .ykh ,efí' îc me,ùug
i|yd o fhdod.; yel'
;rï f;;ukh m%udKj;a fkdfõ kï isgqùfuka miq c,iïmdokh l, hq;=h' bkamiq foi;shla .sh ;ek isÿlrk j,a u¾Okh frdao fofla g%elagrhg iúl< frdagfõgrhla
uÕska
isÿlr.;
yel'
jvd jeo.;a wjia:dj jkafka uilg miqj isÿlrk j,a u¾Okh iy fmdfydr fh§uhs'
ta i|yd frdagfõgrhg jeá 67
7'2' f.dv fnda. îc jmalrh ^g%elagrhg iïnkaO&
fuu
hka;%h
frdao
fofla
g%elagrhg
7'4 nvbßÕ= wiajkq u`äkh
iïnkaO l< yels mßÈ ilid we;' ìï ilia l< N=ñfha N+ñfha tljr fma,s foll
nvbßÕ= îc weg fjka lsÍu i|yd
îc oeóu ñka isÿl< yel' hka;%h ls%hd
úfYaIfhkau ieliq fuu hka;%h frdao
lrùfïoS ldkqjla iE§u;a" îc
jeàu;a"
fofla g%elagrh yd iïnkaO lr l%shdlsÍfï
tu îc miska jeishdula hdka;%slj isÿfõ'
yelshdj we;' fmd;= .e, jQ fukau fmd;=
Èkl § wlalr 5l muK îc isgqùu fuhska
fkd.e, jQ lr,aj, o îc fjka lsÍfï
l, yel' fuu îc jmalrh o W÷" uqx yd
yelshdj fuu hka;%h i;=h fuuÕska îc
fidahd jeks fjk;a îco fma,shg oeóu
fjkaùu" msßisÿùu hk ld¾hhka folu
i|yd fhdod.; yel'
isÿjk ksid msßisÿ wiajkakla ,nd .ekSug mq¿jk' nvbßÕ= îcj,g wju ydkshla
7'3' bkafclag¾ ma,dkagrh
jk mßÈ wiajkq ilid .ekSu ;=<ska fjf<ofmdf<ys
fuh frdao fofla g%elagrhg iïnkaO l<
jeä
jákdlula
,nd
.ekSug f.dú uy;=kag yelshdj we;'
yels mßÈ ilid we;s w;r" úfYaI ìï
fuys Odß;djh mehg lsf,da.%Eï 2500 la
ieliSulska f;drj nvbß`.= îc oeóu
olajd fõ'
i|yd muKla fhdod .; yel' fmdf<dfõ u| f;;uk ;;a;aj hgf;a fuu hka;% l%shd lsÍfuka îc fmdf<dj ;=<g we;=,aùu iy jeiShdu isÿfõ' bkafclag¾ ma,dkagrh l%shdlsÍfï§ tljr fma,s foll îc oeóu yd jeiSu isÿfõ' Èkl§ ìï ilia fkdl, N+ñhl jqjo wlalr 5l muK m%udKhl îc jemsßu isÿlsÍug mq¿jk' 68
7'5 nyq fnda. wiajkq ue`âfï hka;%h
fuu
hka;%
ñ,
kï
f.dúm,
uOHia:dkfha
§
.ekSug
hka;%sl
m¾fhaIK
,shdmÈxÑ
ksIamdolhkaf.ka
úuid
l<
hka;%
,nd.;
yels
w;r" uyb¨mam,a,u f.dúm, m¾fhaIK
wjYH
uOHia:dkh
hdka;%sl
uÕska
tu
ksIamdolhkaf.a f;dr;=re ,nd.; yel' ;jo by; WmlrK ksmoùug Wkkaÿjla olajk whg ta i|yd wjYH ;dCIKsl Wmfoia yd mqyqKqj fkdñ,fha ,nd§ug f.dúm, hdka;%sl m¾fhaIK uOHia:dkh iqodkïh nyq fnda. wiajkq u`äkh uÕskao nvbßÕ= îc fjkalr .ekSfï yelshdj we;' fuu
fuu
WmlrK
ms<sn|
wiajkq u`äkh n, .ekafjkqfha o frdao
tys
fofla g%elagrh uÕsks' tys Odß;dj mehlg
f;dr;=re wjYH kï my; ,smskfhka
lsf,da.%Eï 1000 l ;rï w.hla .kS' fuu
iy
hka;%h W÷" uqx" ljqms" jeks fnda.hla
ksfhdacH wOHlaI"
i|yd o fhdod.; yel'
f.dúm,a hdka;%sl m¾fhaIK
l%shdldß;ajh ÿrl;k
úia;r
ms<sn|
u`.ska
uOHia:dkh" uyb¨mam,u
lsÍfuka úYd, Y%u b;sßhla uÕska úhoï
ÿrl;k wxlh yd *elaia wxlh
wvqùula o" ld,h b;sß lr .ekSug o yelsh'
025 - 2249222"
úfYaIfhkau fuu hka;%h Ndú;fhka jeä .=Kd;aufhka hq;a wiajekakla ,nd.; yels w;r" tuÕska f.dú uy;=kaf.a wdodhu by< hkq we;'
69
;jÿrg;a
,nd.;
by; WmlrK ksis mßÈ ksis l,g Ndú;d
fyda
yel'
8' nvbßÕ= ksIamdok úhoï 2. fmdfydr
nvbßÕ= zzÿmam;a ñksidf.a fnda.h (poor
iy
fouqyqka
îc
i|yd
man's crop) ZZ hk wkaj¾: kdufhka
wlalrhlg re' 7"000$} muK jeh
y÷kajkq ,eîh' Bg fya;=j jqfha w;S;fha§
lsÍug isÿjk w;r th fjk;a fjk;a
fuu fnda.h ksIamdokh i|yd úhoula
fnda.hkag idfmalaIj wvq w.hla .ks'
oeÍug f.dùkag isÿfkdùuhs' ld,dka;rhla
3. j.dj i|yd wjYH Y%u tall .Kk 49
;siafia idïm%odhsl fyaka fnda.hla jq fï
la jk w;r tys jákdlu re' 34"300$}
fnda.fha j.dj i|yd wjYH îc fmr
fõ'
j.djlska imhd .;a w;r kj oe,s fyaka j,
myiqfjka
j.d lrkúg ridhksl fmdfydr Ndú;h
jmißhl nvbßÕ= j.d lsÍug yelshdj
wjYH fkdùh' wjYH Y%uh iïmq¾Kfhkau
mj;S' tfia l<fyd;a Èklg re' 700$}
mjq, ;=<skau iemhqks'
ne.ska udi 4la muK jk lkakh ;=<
j¾;udkfha wêl ñ,la iys; fouqyqka îc
Tyqf.a Y%uhg ,efnk jákdlu re'
iy ridhksl fmdfydr Ndú;h f.dúka
68"000$} muK fõ' Bg wu;rj wlalr
w;r m%p,s;j mej;sh;a nvbßÕ= fnda.
follg re' 36"000$} muK jk ,dNhla
h
o Wmhd .ekSug Tyqg yelsfõ'
i|yd
oeßhhq;=
ksIamdok
msßjeh
j¾;udkfha jqjo my, uÜgul mj;S' th
fï
wkqj
;ks
wlalr
mqoa.,fhl=yg foll
muK
4. lsß bßÕ= jYfhka ;u wiajekafkka
b;d ld¾hlaIu f,i f.dú mjqf,a Y%uh
fldgila
Wmfhda.S lr .kakd neúka mjqf,a Y%u
i|yka ,dN mrdih ;jÿrg;a by,
tallhlg ,efnk uq,H m%;s,dNh by,h'
kxjd.ekSugo"
2012 jirg wod,j bÈßm;a lr ;sfnk
,nd.ekSug o yelshdjla mj;S'
fnda. ksIamdok úhoï j.=fjyS we;=,;a
wf,ú
lrñka l,ska
by;
wdodhula
5. nvbßÕ= i|yd f,dal fj<|fmdf,a
o;a;hka my; mßÈ úYaf,aIKh l,úg§
fyd| b,a¨ula mj;sk w;r 2012 j¾Ih
.%dñh f.dú ck;djg fuu fnda.h jeo.;a
wdrïNfhaÈ wdkhk úhou (CIF) w.h
jk wdldrh jgyd .ekSug mq¿jkafõ'
lsf,da .%Eï 1la i|yd re' 38$} muK
1. wlalrhl j.djg .Kkh l, uq¿
úh' th by; i|yka .Kkhka i|yd
msßjeh re' 56"200$} jk w;r ta wkqj
Wml,ams; wf,ú ñ, jQ re' 30$}g
nvbßÕ= lsf,da .%Eï 1la ksmoùug hk
fnfyúka jeä ñ,ls' ta ksid foaYSh
úhou re' 22'48 ls' lsf,da .%Eï tll
nvbßÕ= i|yd re' 30lg jvd jeä
wf,ú ñ, re30$= kï lsf,da.%Eñ tllska
ñ,la n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh yels w;r
bmehsh yels ,dNh re' 7'52 ls'
f.dúka úiska Wmhk ,dNdxYo ta wkqj ie,lsh hq;= f,i jeä jkq we;' 70
nvbßÕ= fnda. ksIamdok weia;fïka;=j m%foaYh# uyje,s tÉ l<dmh
lghq;a;
wlalr 01 i|yd 2012 ckjdß
lïlrejka
l%uh ñksia Èk
n, Yla;s úhou
fhojqï úhou
uq¿ úhou
úhou re$wla' 1lg
re$wla' 1lg
re$wla' 1lg
re$wla' 1lg
ia:djr úhoï 3000.00
3000.00
mia mÍCIK .dia;=j
500.00
500.00
hka;% laIhùu
500.00
500.00
bvfï nÿ l=,sh
fnda. ia:dmkh úp,H úhou ìï ieliSu
frdao 4
5000.00
5000.00
2500.00
2500.00
1200.00
1200.00
g%elagrh OdkH fjkalr .ekSu
iqkdñ
wiajekak ieliSu
mxldj
hka;%h
m%jdykh fnda. rlaIKh îc^fouqyqka &
05 Kg
3500.00
3500.00
ridhksl fmdfydr
147 Kg
3528.00
3528.00
02 Kg
360.00
360.00
50 u¨
1500.00
1500.00
300.00
300.00
fnda. md,kh lDñ md,kh j,a me,eá md,kh weisreï u¨ fjk;a
lïlre wjYH;d 4
idukH ìï ieliSfï lghq;=
2800.00
2800.00
îc isgqùu
6
4200.00
4200.00
fmdfydr fh§u
5
3500.00
3500.00
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2800.00
2800.00
10
7000.00
7000.00
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3500.00
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6300.00
6300.00
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1400.00
1400.00
wiajekak ieliSu
2
1400.00
1400.00
wiajekak úh,Su
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700.00
700.00
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34300.00 700.00 2500.00 30.00 75000.00 18812.00
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13188.00
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011-2406006" *elaia#011-2406558" l=vd
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i|yd .kakd ,o w;r" fn,su,a" rKjrd"
yelsh' 05 - 06 fofkl=g m%udKj;ah'
bruqiq wd§ mdkhka i|yd lg .iajkakg tajd .kakd ,§' lnf,a neo l=vqlr meks fyda iSks oud .=,sfldg w.a.,d jYfhka o fï j¾.h mdúÉÑhg .kakd ,È'
78
3' msÜgq
6' nvbß`.= weg ;eïîu
mdysk ,o nvbßÕ= ls'.%E( 01 lska fmr mßÈ
mdysk ,o l=vd bß`.= len,s ls'.%E 01 hs'
ilia l, msá
,Sud" lõms" uE" N+uE" oU," fld,a¨ hk
wjYH ;rï ¨Kq
j¾.hlska .%E( 500
c,h iaj,amhla l,jïlr l=,af,ka l=vd
wjYH ;rï ¨Kq
leg iEfok msßÈ ilialr^msá u,alsÍu& iy,a bß`.= fidaod j;=r fldamam 06 la muK
jkavqfõ úkdä 15 la muK ;ïnd jEkack
tlalr meh 03 la muK ;ïnd .kak' fld<
iu`. fyda uqojdmq lsß iu`. wdydrhg .;
ue,a¨ula"
yel'
^jÜglald
o¿&
jEkackhla
iu`. fmd,a iïfnda," ¨Kq ñßia iu`. fyda
4' mqiakdUq
uqojdmq lsß iu`. wdydrhg .;yelsh 8-10 lg iEfya'
mdysk ,o fmr mßÈ ilia l, bßÕ= ls'.%E( 01 l msá" W¨÷ ^W÷& .%Eï 500 l msá" iSks .%E(500 fmd,a f.ä 02 lsß .ïñßia yd iqÿ¿EKq iaj,am jYfhka wUrd.;a øjH ish,a,u oud
Wl=jk f,i
l,jï lr úkdä 40 la muK jkavqfõ ^mskafka& ;ïnd ksjqk miqj lE,sj,g lmd wdydrhg .kS' 5 - 6 fofkl=g iEfya'
5' lsßn;a ilialr .;a nvbß`.= iy,a ls'.%E( 01 fmd,a f.ä 1 1$2l lsß' ¨Kq iaj,amhla iy,a lsßn;a fuka msi ;o ier ¨kq ñßila iu`. wdydrhg .kS' 5 - 6 fofkl=g iEfya'
79
11 nvbß`.= j.dj wdYs%; idïm%odhsl jHjydr yd ks¾udk nvbß`.= j.d lafIa;%h ;=< úfYaI Wmlrk yd jpk ud,djla mdrïmßlj mej; tk w;r" th ìka;ekafka .eñ ckhd w;r j¾;udkfhao Ndú;djkq olakg ,efí' îc isgjQ Èk isg lr,a fk,d.ekSu olajd .;jk udi 3 isg udi 4 1$2 la muK jQ ld,h ;=, j.dfõ wjia:d Tjqka yeÈkajQfha bÈlgq jdf.a" u,a ne;af;da ^iuk,hska jdf.a&" jgqjka jdf.a" fldfnhshka jdf.a" l=l=,ka jdf.a" ìx mqrela f;afrkjd" fld< lerflkjd" f.dak lr wÈkjd" lfÜ u,a" u,a bysfrkjd" msyd fldmq wefokjd" iqÿ /jq,a" /jq,a uefrkjd" uqy f;afrkjd"
me, ;ekSfï§ tla bßud Wohl ^bßod
l¿ m;=re msg jefgkjd" weUq,a m;=re
WoEikl& lKq ysgjkq ,efí' fuu lKq
uefrkjd" meys, wjika ^lr, fïß we;s
i|yd Yla;su;a ,S ovq fhdod.kS' weye,"
wjia:dj&" jr jefgkjd ^wiajkq fk,k
ud jeks ,S lKq 06la isgqjd" ;Ügq ^m,xÑ&
ld,h miqù we;s úg& wd§ jYfhks' Tjqka
05-06lA muK Wig nÈkq ,efí' fuu
nv bß`.= i|ydu l, ks¾udK lsysmhla
;Ügqjla ñksidf.a Wig ^wä 06la muK&
my; úia;r lr we;'
iudkh' ;Ügq 05 la kï Wi wä 30 la muK fõ' wjidk ;Ügqfõ y;r jgg
11'1' Wvme,
we,m;a ,S ^me;s ,S& 2 ne.ska jfÜg n¢kq wx.hla
,efí' fõ,k ,o l=vd fldagq j,ska neo
jk fuh jki;=kaf.ka j.dj wdrCId
.kakd ksod .kakd fldgi ^f.dayd,h& iy
lrf.k
i|yd
.sks oe,aùu i|yd idok ,o fldgi ^.sks
idod.kS' Wv me," jk i;=ka m,jd yeÍug
uv,& jYfhka Wv ;Ügqj fldgia 02 ls'
fukau jki;=kaf.a
ioao ^Yío& weiSug
.sks uv, idokq ,nkafka ;=kS .,am;=re
Wmldr jk w;r" f.dúhd wk;=re odhl
fyda l| fmd;= w;=rd ta Wvg wähla muK
jki;=kaf.ka
isÿfõ'
jQ >klug ueá ;Ügqjla oeófuks' jy,h
jeä Wilska th msysá ksid f.dúhdg
mrd, oud fldagq fõ,d w;=rd b¨la j,ska
uÿre jofhka fíÍug o yelsfõ' Wv
idokq ,efí' yeu neïula i|ydu úfYaIs;
nvbß`.=
fyakl rd;%s
wksjd¾h
ld,h
.;lsÍu
wrCIdùuo
bka
80
je,a j¾. lsysmhla fhdod.efka' jeksje,a"
;sfnk w;r" bka .nvdl, bß`.= j,g
keõje,a" .eglsß je,a" uqjlsßje,a" fuu
ks;r ÿï jÈkq ,efí' ueiaig Wäka yryg
je,a j¾. fõ' tajd fõhkag ydks lsÍug
;enQ fldagq j, îc i|yd .kakd bß`.= ^ìÈ
wiSre je,a j¾. jk w;r" iú Yla;su;a
bß`.=& lr,a wEod t,a,d we;'
núkao hqla;h' fldagq i|yd fndfyda úg W,alekao fldagq .kakd w;r" mrd, i|yd
11'3' .,a ÿkak
fudr" mkaäldxhx" fmdagd jeks ,S j¾.
nvbß`.= j.djg tk l=re,a,ka yd .srjqka
.kq ,efí' .sKs uvg Wäka ;=jlal=j
t<ùu i|yd .,a ú§ug .kakd WmlrKhhs'
t,a,k fldlal ^ldÿj& idod we;' j;=r
úfYaI ,S j¾.hlska ÿkakl wdldrhg fuh
,nq legho" mfil t,a,d we;' f.dayd,h
idod .kq ,efí' .egj,d fldagq" .,aleg"
^ueiai& ,`.skau oUq l| ^fnkh iys; ,S
yd l=l=re ,S j¾.o óg wdfoaY lrkq ,efí'
fldghla& t,a,d we;' oUq fld, j,ska
fuh iE§ug .kakd l=vd ,Kqj idod.kq
oUqleg .ik úg f.dl= Yíohla wefik
,nkafka ksheo yd wre¿ ^kq.je,a& j,ska
w;r" thska j,a i;=ka ìhfõ' oUqlog .kq
.;a flÈ yd mÜgd j,sks' ÿkak ueo w;g
,nkafka fõ¨k fj,x ^fj,x .ia& ,Sh
w,a,d .kakd ia:dkfha bá l,jï lrk ,o frÈ lE,a,la T;d we;' th báñg kï fõ'
11'2' bß`.= wgqj
.,alegh ;nk fldgi" .,a máh fõ' ,Kq
Y%S ,xldfõ ù j.dj nyq,j isÿlrk .%óh
fmdg fol ÿria lrk fldgi bms,a,Ej fõ'
m%foaYj, ;sfnk ù ìiaig iudk wkaoñka
bms,a,Ej i|yd b;a;El+re Ndú;d flf¾'
nvbß`.= j.dj flfrk m%foaY j, OdkH
4' bß`.= me;a;
/ialr Ⱦ> ld,hla .nvdlr ;nd .ekSug bß`.= wgqj Ndú;d fõ' Yla;su;a ,S lKq
bß`.= W, jYfhkao y`ÿkajhs' fï nv bß`.=
oud wgqj idokq ,efí' wiajekafka ;rug
lrf,a fld,mqfõ m;=re .e,ùu myiq ùug
lKq 4" 6 yd 8 jYfhka lKq ouk w;r"
fhdod .kakd W,a msyshla jeks WmlrKhls'
tla mila my;a lr th idokq ,efí' lKq
b;d ;o lrej," nqre;" .,alEr" weye,"
Wv yria ,S oud ^lmams,a, .id úh,a oud&
fiarE" .egj,d wd§ oejj, m¨ fldgia
thg Wäka l=vd yria ,S ^jeys,S& w;=rkq
j,ska ^lSr j,ska& idod .kq
,efí' ;=kame;a;la ì;a;sfhka wdjrKh
wr¿" ksho jeks ,Kqjlska .eg.id wf;a
jk w;r" ì;a;sh;a ueiai;a w;r" fldagq
ueKsla lgqj <`. t,a,d f.k bß`.= lr,a
me,e,a,ls' fldagq w;r mr;rh w`.,a 06 la
j, fld,mq È. w;g m,d wiajekak fk,d
muK we;' újD; me;af;ka wgqjg bß`.=
.kq ,nhs'
lr,a ouk w;r" th msfroaÈ we,am;a ,S oukq ,efí' fuu ueiai ^wgqj& hg ,sm 81
,nk fuh