Women Up! Master of Architecture Thesis

Women Up!

A social and economic development hub for abused women in Sentul, KL

AFIZZAT AHMAD Master of Architecture (UiTM) Part 2 Final Year Design Thesis Report

AFIZZAT AHMAD afizzatahmad@gmail.com issuu.com/afizzatahmad

Portfolio 2022

ARK850 Design Thesis 2 Masters of Architecture March 2022 - August 2022

Author: Nur Afizzat bin Ahmad Nasrul 2020878384

With guidance from Supervisor, Dr Nurulhusna binti Qamaruz Zaman and Studio Master, Dr. Aidatul Fadzlin Bakri.

All works produced by CTRL+

Copyright 2022

UiTM Puncak Alam All rights reserved

No part of the publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or in any means, electronics or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher.

This design thesis is dedicated to my beloved parents, for their continuous support in my choices in life. To my lecturers who always believed in me and continuously encouraging me in completing this thesis.

Thank You.

acknowleDgement

All Glory to Allah, the Almighty, whose grace and mercies have been with me throughout the studies. ALthough it has been a whole lot of task, His Mercies and Blessings on me ease the journeyu in completing this Thesis. I am most indebted to my supervisor, Dr Nurulhusna Qamaruz Zaman, whose enduring disposition, kindness, thoroughness and friendship have facilitated the successful completion of my work. Her detailed comments, usefull suggestions and inspiring queries which have considerably improved this design thesis. Her immaculate mind brilliantly grasping the intention of this thesis and the contents of this works, leading her to give insightful comments and suggestions that helped me to a great deal. Despite her commitments, she took the time to listen and attend to me whenever requested. The moral support she extended to me is in no doubt a boost that helped in building and writing this design work.

An appreciation is also given to the Studio Leader, Dr Aidatul Fadzlin Bakri, supporting lecturers and advisors PM Josmin Yahya and Dr Nik Farhanah Nik Azhari. Their support and guidance throughout the duration of the thesis helped me to improved the design and presentation, allowing my ideas to be presented in a timely manners.

My gratitude goes to my beloved parents, for their endless prayers during my stressed-out time, understanding my difficulties and financial support in times needed. Not to forget my dear friends whose always encourage me, sharing ideas and skills during finishing my master’s degree.

Once again, we glorify Allah for His endless mercy on us, one of which enabling us to successfully round off the efforts of writing this thesis.

Thank you.

The enemy doesn’t stand a chance when the victim decides to survive.

Rae Smith

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Copyright Dedication

Acknowledgement

Table of Content

1. Project Brief 005

Background Study of Abuse Cases

Types of Domestic Violence

Victim Demographic & Shelter Locations

Shelter Inefficiency and Cycle of Violence

Project Opportunity

Project Brief and Objective

Target User and Collaborators

2. Site Context & Analysis

Site Consideration and Images

Site Overview and Inventory

Site Analysis

Land Usage and Planning Guidelines

Site Synthesis and Site Keypoints

SWOC Analysis

3. Design Approach

Design Framework

Theory 1 - Feminism and Architecture

Blueprint of Feminine Space

Special Study 1 - Feminine Space

Special Study Findings

Feminine Space Framework : Barrier

Feminine Space Framework : Fields Theory 2 - Architecture of the Veil

Initial Programming and User Development

Precedent Study

Schedule of Accomocation (SOA) and Parking Allocation

4. Design Development

Initial Planning Sketches and Ideas

Sectional Planning and Programming

Initial Bubble Diagram

Site Axis Planning

Principle Planning of Building Layout

Initial Building Form

Design Progress on Building Forms

006 007 008 009 010 011 012 II III IV VI 048 050 051 052 053 054 057 016 018 020 022 024 025 028 029 030 031 032 034 038 040 042 045 048

047 015 027

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5. Building Scheme

Site Plan

Ground Floor Plan

First Floor Plan and Sub-Basement Plan

Exploded Diagram of Activity Zoning

Sectional Perspective 1 : Economic Zone

Sectional Perspective 2 : Social Zone

Sectional Perspective 3 : Retreat Zone

Building Elevations

Special Study 2 : Retreat Space and Social Space

Interior Building Views

6. Sustainibility Approach & Construction Technology

Structural Study

Structural Details

Sustainable Study (Sectional Diagram)

7. Economic Viability

Feasibility Study

Location Feasibility

Preliminary Detail Abstract

Gross Development Cost

Revenue and Return on Investment (ROI)

8. Technical Configurations

Fire Protection System (Passive)

Fire Protection System (Active)

Water Supply System

Sewage & Sanitary Plumbing

Electrical System

Air-Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation

Telecommunication Systems

Conclusion and References

Conclusion References

Apendix

063 086 092 101 119

065 067 069 071 073 075 077 079 081 083 088 089 091 094 095 096 098 099 102 104 107 108 110 114 117 120 121 122

Silent Cries

The economic downturn caused by the Covid-19 pandemic heavily impacted the low income group, specifically families dependant of a single income. These women from low income group are unable to escape their surrounding due to lack of exposure and training. These circumstances worsen for these women during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Women Up!

Although there are many abused shelter for women throughout Malaysia, it usually only provides a space for temporary recovery and shelter. Further development of these women are limited and opportunities are hard to come by. This thesis explores the necessary programmes and environment that could encourage these women to escape their current predicaments.

PROJECT BRIEF

250% increaseininquiries duringCovid-19lockdown

InquiriesDuringCovid-19Pandemic,WAO(2020)

Escalation of Cases

The economic downturn caused by the Covid-19 pandemic heavily impacted the low income group, specifically families dependant of a single income. These women from low income group are unable to escape their surrounding due to lack of exposure and training. These circumstances worsen for these women during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Malaysian Reported Cases

The economic downturn caused by the Covid-19 pandemic heavily impacted the low income group, specifically families dependant of a single income. These women from low income group are unable to escape their surrounding due to lack of exposure and training. These circumstances worsen for these women during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Background Study of Abuse Cases

The number of cases has run rampant during the Covid-19 pandemic, as the victims are locked down and impacted with severe economic crisis. Numbers of cases are rising as the existing shelters are unable to cater for the increase of cases in Malaysia.

ReportedcasesthroughoutMalaysia,KPWKM

82%

49% 37% reported cases reported cases reported cases

cases faces multiple types of abuse

65% 74% 30%

cases

Type of Domestic Violence

When the general public thinks about domestic violence, they usually think in terms of physical assault that results in visible injuries to the victim. This is only one type of abuse. There are several categories of abusive behavior, each of which has its own devastating consequences. Lethality involved with physical abuse may place the victim at higher risk, but the long term destruction of personhood that accompanies the other forms of abuse is significant and cannot be minimized.

Age Group of DV Survivors

The economic downturn caused by the Covid-19 pandemic heavily impacted the low income group, specifically families dependant of a single income.

Socio-Economic Variables

Victim Demographic

The economic downturn caused by the Covid-19 pandemic heavily impacted the low income group, specifically families dependant of a single income. These women from low income group are unable to escape their surrounding due to lack of exposure and training. These circumstances worsen for these women during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Shelter Location

Re-integration will be more succesfull if the woman survivor has support in her community through encouragement, assist with psycho-social issues; practical tasks like childcare and transportation which can enable victims to work or study while monitoring for her security situation. Further violence can be responded faster with the participation of the community.

Income Group of these victim show heavy inclination toward woman with no income.

typology

Existing Shelter

Re-integration will be more succesfull if the woman survivor has support in her community through encouragement, assist with psycho-social issues; practical tasks like childcare and transportation which can enable victims to work or study while monitoring for her security situation. Further violence can be responded faster with the participation of the community.

duration

Lack EconomicofOppo

Caused of theCycles

Lack ofImproved Social

Mandal, K. C. (2013, May). Concept and Types of Women Empowerment. In International Forum of Teaching & Studies (Vol. 9, No. 2).

Cycle of Domestic Violence

Re-integration will be more succesfull if the woman survivor has support in her community through encouragement, assist with psycho-social issues; practical tasks like childcare and transportation which can enable victims to work or study while monitoring for her security situation.

Further violence can be responded faster with the participation of the community.

govermentalinstitute NGO initative

Average20tennats

DV survivors and singlemotherwith kids

month shelter

Abuse

Social Reintegration

Re-integration will be more succesfull if the woman survivor has support in her community through encouragement, assist with psychosocial issues; practical tasks like childcare and transportation which can enable victims to work or study while monitoring for her security situation. Further violence can be responded faster with the participation of the community.

Economic

Feminist resource theory within the sociological literature also predicts that as women’s income increases and their alternatives to violent marriages improve, there will be less wife abuse. Evidence from previous studies suggests that women are more likely to leave abusive relationships if they have better economic opportunities outside the household.

PROJECT BRIEF

Issues surrounding women in Malaysia is a fairly critical issues, encompassing from physical abuse to economic opportunities. These issues are critically understudied and underfunded, impacting these women in need. The current spaces created for these women are usually catered for the trauma-centred cases. These short term approach for helping these troubled women are abysmal, as the victim usually fell into the same troubles again due to their living environment and economic dependancy. A new approach that tackles not only the trauma-centered feminism, but addressing the economic and environment inequality that the victims faces in order to overcome their problems.

Overcoming these issue needed a radical change of mindset, prioratising these programmes that promotes an engaging environment for the abused women. These thesis will be exploring the charactheristics of the build environment that indirectly impacts the women psychology and engaging women empowerment.

Project Typology - Institute, Commercial, Women Center

AIM

To provide an environment that nuture privacy, protection and empowerment for women through effective design strategy.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the issues and needs faced by the women suffered from domestic violence.

To analyse the building charactheristics of empowerment spaces that encourage women engagement, security and privacy.

To create an integrated building emcompassing the architectural features and charactheristics that promotes woman empowerment through effective programming and social spaces.

Benifittors

Engagement

Target User and Programme Enrichers

The thesis aims mainly are tergetted toward the abused women, where the building programming are targetted toward encouraging abused women to engage in social and economic participation, acting as the second stage shelter in Malaysia.

Single Mother

Women

About - The Ministry of Women, Family and CommunityDevelopment (Malay: Kementerian PembangunanWanita, Keluarga dan Masyarakat), abbreviated KPWKM, is a ministry of the Government of Malaysia responsible for social welfare: children, women, family, community, children, older people, destitute, homeless, disaster victim, disabled.

Objective - is a place of worship for Muslim, or it is also called Mosque or Masjid

Main Client Main Collaborator

About - NGO’s that promotes and provides shelter for abused womens lack a proper rehabilitation center for abused women. This development could improve the facilities provided by these NGO’s.

Vision - providing critical support during early stages of rehabilitation.

Objective - providing critical support during early stages of rehabilitation

Economic Collaborator

Textile - providing critical support during early stages of rehabilitation.

Cosmetics - providing critical support during early stages of rehabilitation.

Culinary - providing critical support during early stages of rehabilitation.

Computer Skills - providing critical support during early stages of rehabilitation.

Clients and Collaborators

The main clients are the KPWKM itselfs, where the thesis are proposing a second stage shelter for abused women, where abused women throughout Malaysia who are in need are transferred into this facility to further rehabilitate and develop to escape the circle of violence.

SITE CONTEXT & ANALYSIS

2nd Stage Rehab

There are several numbers of women abuse shelter within the Klang Valley itself, thus the location of this proposal targetted to be wihtin the center of each shelter, acting as the second stage development for the abused women. Chosen location are wihtin Kuala Lumpur Itself, where it is accesible to many and facilities such as transportation mode and parks are easily accesible.

Sentul South

Located at the north of Kuala Lumpur, Sentul South is a lowincome neighbourhood that has ample security and calm environment, within close proximity of the Taman Tasik Titiwangsa. It is accessible with trains, walking and other modes of transportation.

Low-Income Neighbourhood Security

Accesibility Active Community Economic Opportunity

Site Considerations and Images

Kuala Lumpur are chosen as the location of the proposed building, as the majority of cases are happening wihtin the Klang Valley itself. Thus accessibility are critical towards the site.

View 2 - Gated empty site accesible fromJalan 1/48a, Sentul Suth

View 1 - Access to site through LRT Sentullocated 50m from site access

View 4 - Riverside view of the side (Part of River of Life Project)

View 3 - Mixed Development Area

BANDAR BARU SENTUL, KUALA LUMPUR

Overview - considered as the suburb of Kuala Lumpur, Bandar Baru Sentul are dominted by medium to low-cost housing as well as several business areas. Accesibility to site is critical for Kuala Lumpur, as 5% of all cases are concentrated in these area.

Land use - Govermental Building

Neighbourhood - site chosen is located within the housing area of South Sentul, neighbouring the commercial and hospital area.

Site Overview and Inventory

Several of the facilities are identifies wihtin the surroundings of the site, particularly the LRT and the Hospital are within 5 minutes of the site. Close by are the MAKPEM traning facility, which also falls under the KPWKM ministry that could provide assistance in running the building operations.

LRT

MASJID AMRU IBNI AL-AS

HOSPITAL KPJ

MAKPEM TRAINING CENTER

From Jalan Pahang

From Sentul

Jalan

SITE AREA : 2.61 ACRE owned by KPWKM. Site category is unspecified

CONTOUR

Site is a flat plain with a riverfront with a depth of 3m on the riverbank

SUNPATH

The site is elongated towards the east and west, avoiding direct sunlight

Site Chosen

NATURAL FEATURES

Facing Gombak river and lowcost housing within the area

Site Analysis

WIND DIRECTION

Wind of maximum of 12 kmh coming from the South-West and North-East

ACCESS

Only access is within the 1/48a Road, accessible with LRT and Jalan Pahang

Several of the facilities are identifies wihtin the surroundings of the site, particularly the LRT and the Hospital are within 5 minutes of the site. Close by are the MAKPEM traning facility, which also falls under the KPWKM ministry that could provide assistance in running the building operations.

SITE

SENTUL LAND USE

SENTUL LAND USE SURROUNDING SITE

PLANNING GUIDELINES

Land Usage and Planning Guidelines

The site is categorised as empty land, however as stated in the previous pages, the land is owned by KPWKM, awaiting development according to the department planning. Being wihtin the frontage of the Gombak river, it is a part of the River of line Project, thus needing to design a double frontage building to be accesible on both side of the frontage.

Key Points

Potential Access for Pedestrian Access to other Landmarks

Services Location

Lobby Location

Site Synthesis and Key Points

Several access keypoints and site axis are identifies, allwoing for an initial framework of the building circulation and programming location to be decided during the design process.

Pedestrian

Strength

Opportunity

HIGH DENSITY NEIGHBOURHOOD

Site located at nearby existing neighrbourhood, attracting local community from multicultural background and income group.

STRATEGIC LOCATION-

STRATEGIC LOCATION

Low-Medium Income Neighbourhood Potential utilisation by local within the surrounding area

Existing Shelter

Existing shelter location is critical to allow conection to the site

MOBILITY-

Site is Accessible through LRT and existing road, with conenction to river of Life project

NOISE AND RIVER POLLUTIONNoise from nearby LRT and existing issue of river pollution of Gombak river is a concern.

NOISE AND RIVER POLLUTION

Weakness

Constrain

NEARBY HOUSING

Site chosen is front of the Low-Cost housing area, which may cause concern over privacy and distraction.

SWOC Analysis

Several key SWOC analysis are identified to set a proper aims of the design and building programming that suits the intended users while minimising the outside disturbance.

DESIGN APPROACH

Short Term Recovery

Major Issue Within Existing Shelter

Trauma-Centered Recovery

Lack Social and Economical Engagement

Gendered Spaces within Build Environment

Solution? Hypothetical Programme

Focus Theory

Spatial Recovery Security and Comfort Social Engagement Economic Opportunity

Recovery Space Engagement Space Economic Space

GradualSelfImprovement

Empowerment Through Architecture

Feminine Spaces

Gendered Space Theory Transparency

Feminine Spaces

Architecture of the Veil

This proposal aims to provide a 2nd stage shelter for abused women’s self-development

Design Framework

One of the major issues within the

Women Abused Existing Shelter Liberation2nd Stage Shelter

Feminist Criticism of Architecture

Gendered Spaces

Local culture and other factors impacting women presence within certain spaces

The advocacy of women’s rights on the ground of the equality of the sexes

POLITICAL

ViolenceWomenAgainst Feminism in Malaysia

Unsafe Build Environment

Unsafe environment due to poor design of the urban and building elements.

Personal Confidence Regaining DV confidence engaging with community and public Social Empowerment

Community providing critical support and engagement to DV survivor

Social Networking Opportunity to increase networking and opportunity

Financial Empowerment

DV Escape Potential providing an escape towards domestic violence cycle

Power to Make Decision Regaining decision making skill with the gain of economic power

Life Improvement through financial empowerment helps to elevate the poor

Blueprint of Feminine Space

Poorly lit laneways, unreliable public transit and a lack of public space. This set of very modern problems is rooted in an outdated and sexist approach to building cities, which creates barriers to wealth, health and safety. It also makes city living hard for women—and everybody else.

https://www.chatelaine.com/living/ feminist-city-a-blueprint/

Feminine Space and the Physical Environemental Factors Encouraging Women Presence

Quality that are attributed to a feminine spaces are broadly defined, thus the aim of the special study is to identify the physical environmental factors encouraging women presence, which are divided into two categories; Barriers and Fields.

Note : Perimeter of this study is based on John Zeisel: Inquiry by Design

Special Study Findings

Based on previous research findings, this study managed to identify the physical environmental factor of a feminine space that encourages women’s presence in public places. Through these comparisons, different approaches can be seen utilized between the two case studies, resulting in various activities conducted at various spaces or behaviour settings. This provided the possibility of understanding the similarities in the physical properties that encourage women’s presence within these spaces. For instance, pocket spaces that offer a semi-visual barrier are associated with a higher level of social activities among women. Design elements comprising barriers and fields show that they can significantly impact women’s behaviour and presence in an open outdoor commercial space, as shown in the findings. implemented to improve the current limitation faced by women in public places

Physical Environmental Factor : Barrier

physical elements that can keep people apart or join them together on one or more of the five dimensions; seeing, hearing, touching, smelling and perceiving.

Walls

OUTSIDE

ACTIVITY

Hard Barrier Seclusion Visual and Audio Block

Visual Connection

Semi-Visual Connection

Accesibility Audio Visibility

Audial Block Safety Safety Comfort

SOLID WALL

Note : Perimeter of this study is based on John Zeisel: Inquiry by Design

Screen

OUTSIDE

Hard Screen Seclusion Visual and Audio Block

ACTIVITY

REPETETIVE DESIGN

AFTER

Symbols

COMPLEXITY & VARIETY

POCKET SPACES ATTRACTION

Variety in Planning Contrast of Greenery

use of symbols are vagues, but primarily through the use of greeneries and design elements in planning spaces.

Objects

Seating spotwithin pockets

Objects asspatial barrier

use of objects as a spatial barrier are prominent in these spaces, which allows for a transparent space without the need of a solid barrier in between

Planning CENTER INTERMEDIATE SPACE

AFTER

CLUSTERED PLANNING

Linear Planning

Pocket Spaces Bland Environment Complexity and Variety

VISUAL SECLUSION From Outside

within space

Pocket Spaces

POCKET SPACE

CENTER INTERMEDIATE

SOLID AND VOID

INDOOR ACTIVITY

Planning of a feminine space priorities the use of pocket spaces, and clustered planning, where small and medium spaces are present to create a intimate spaces for womens.

OPEN SPACE

Physical Environmental Factor : Fields

is the charactheristics of an entire place that can alter people’s ability to be together or apart by altering the visual, aural, tactile, and perceptual relationship take place.

Size & Shape

Large Open Space Limited Privacy

SIZE

AFTER

Small to Medium Size

Shape and Levelling Spatial Separation Boundry Creation Intimacy & Comfort Safety Comfort

Visual

Orientation

AFTER AFTER

Environmental

ACTIVITY

The veil: symbol of modesty, privacy and femininity, but also cultural, religious and political emblem.

Blueprint of Veil Architecture

PRIVACY

Spaces arranged surround courtyard

Limited visibility from outside

Vegetation wihtin the spaces

The veil dividing spaces, its an architecture motif that allows perception of different spatial location, allowing transparency between spaces.

Architecture of the Veil

Water Element Greenery

Nature Within

Integration of nature within the space creates an escape and intermidiate area for the users.

Architecture of the veil is a concept where the the spaces are interconnected to a central garden, whe it is protected from an external view, allowing women to engage in activities without the wild observations of the public.

D. K. Amro, A. Bahauddin

Mashrabiyyah

Privacy Transparency Landscaping

AudioPrivacyInclusion

Architecture of the Veil - Mashrabiyyah

The mashrabiya, usually wooden screens used to separate women from men, “divides outside and inside, public space and private space. mashrabiya commonly designate windows or a traditional latticed screen of turned or carved wood that protected from sunrays and shielded women from onlookers. Mashrabiya were prevalent in the early 20th century, at a time when women were often kept from public view.

Separation between men and women

Transparency Intimacy within Space Light and Heat Play Visual Transparency MODERN

Semi-Transparent Wall

How

Retreat EconomicSocial

Fabric

Economic

Culinary Workshop Beauty Workshop Media Workshop

Formal

Initial Programming and User Development

Three major programmes are projected within the building, where it is aimed towards the rehabilitation of these abused women as well as the development of social and economic skill. Breakdown of these spaces and how each programmes interacted and supported each others are identified.

Economic

EmpowermentSpace

Social EngagementArea

Empowering Economy providing a platform for

Abused Women Battle

Removing Isolation

independance to escape

Temporary

STUDY

Rwanda Women Opportunity Center

Location Rwanda Designers Sharon Davies

Area 2200m2

Concept Being Random / Accidental Landscape

Design Intention

We chose the idea of a vernacular Rwandan village as our organizing principle: a series of human-scaled pavilions clustered to create security and community for up to 300 women. Designed in collaboration with Women for Women International—a humanitarian organization that helps women survivors of war rebuild their lives—this mini-village transforms urban agglomeration and subsistence farming with an architectural agenda to create economic opportunity, rebuild social infrastructure, and restore African heritage.

Area 20,000m2

Concept Being Random / Accidental Landscape

Design Intention

It also helps to create open spaces for the building, bringing in light and natural air to its functional areas in a harmonious manner. Such natural elements deliver an additional touch of delicacy to the existing structure, generating shifting movements across architectural environments while creating a positive impact on visitors’ emotions when they are inside.

Socialing Space For local women to gather and exchange information and skills

Learning Space For local women to gather and exchange information and skills

Location Vietnam Designers Sharon Davies

White

PRECEDENT STUDY

N

Location

Oita, Japan

Designers

Sou Fujimoto

Area 2200m2

Concept

In-Between Space

Design Intention

The house itself is comprised of three shells of progressive size nested inside one another. The outermost shell covers the entire premises, creating a covered, semiindoor garden. Second shell encloses a limited space inside the covered outdoor space. Third shell creates a smaller interior space. Residents build their life inside this gradation of domain.

A distinct boundary is nowhere to be found, except for a gradual change in the domain. One might say that an ideal architecture is an outdoor space that feels like the indoors and an indoor space that

OPENESS AND PRIVACY

PRECEDENT STUDY

No to Violence Shelter

Location Tel Aviv, Israel Designers

Jacobs-Yaniv Architects + Amos Goldreich Architecture

Area 1600m2

Concept

Double Facade

Design Intention

The new shelter is composed of two facades – a secure, protective external façade and an inner façade leading onto a central garden, the therapeutic “heart” of the shelter. This courtyard plays the pivotal role of providing visual connections between staff and families, women and children, and serving as a meeting place for residents. The building is thought of as a single small village.

Inner Facade Protective space with garden

PRECEDENT STUDY

Protective External Facade

Children Center for Psychiatric Rehab

Location Japan

Designers Sou Fujimoto

Area 3800m2

Concept

Being Random / Accidental Landscape

Design Intention

This is the treatment center for mentally disturbed children where they live together to get regaining their mental health. It may be thought that it is a very special building when I write so, but it is truly rich life space that requested in origin like a large house and also like a small city, the intimacy of a house and also the variety of the city. This is a proposal of a loose method.

Randomness Creates multiple spaces, volume, that provides privacy and social space

Selective & Contigency Spaces can be intepreted freely by the users

Creating a gradation between private, semi-private space

Creating a gradation between private, semi-private space

GRADATION SPACE SOLID AND VOID

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Initial Planning

AUTHORITY REGULATION

Site chosen was designated as Undeveloped Land with connection to the Gombak River, thus requiring a double frontage design

ACCESS AND CIRCULATION

Due to the double frontage requirement, pedestrian access from the riverfront is also put into consideration

SITE AXIS

Sunlight direction and access path is the two main consideration in designing the form of the building

ZONING

Center site was dedicated for public space, with the spaces gradually zoned to private from the center

from the center

Intimate Spaces

Initial Planning Ideas

Based on the feminine space framework and the architecture of the veil ideas, an initial planning of the site is proposed with the main ideas to create an internal garden protected from the outside view, allowing ease of access and activity.

Funtionally Close

Visual Inclusion

Transparency

Visual Seclusion

Functionally Close Visual Inclusion

Sectional Planning

Sectional sketches are aimed to create a space where the activities are visually and functionally close, creating a sense of security and transparency in-between spaces.

Transparency

Visual Seclusion

Transparency

Initial

Poorly lit laneways, unreliable public transit and a lack of public space. This

Poorly lit laneways, unreliable public transit and a lack of public space. This set of very modern problems is

The Garden

An informal meeting place, a place to hangout, relax and enjoy within the boundry of the site.

Initial Bubble Diagram

Spaces listed in the SOA are carefully tabulated in the bubble diagram with a few options are provided. Engagement of this activites with the central garden are critical to provide a transparency and functionally close environment.

#1

#2

Recomended Idea

Retreat

Site Axis Planning

Circulation axis based on the site synthesis are added to the intital planning, allowing to site access to hospitals, LRT and kindergarden. These axis are also critical in determining the location of the three main programmes as well as the internal garden itself.

Site Axis

The Garden

The Assembly Commerce

Pocket Axis

The Garden

An informal meeting place,a place to hangout, relaxand enjoy within theboundry of the site.

Principle Planning

Both bubble diagram and the inital site axis planning are merged together to create the principle site planning, creating a clustered development that are visually and functionally close to each others as wihtin the feminine space parameters.

Site Axis + Bubble

Finalised Prelim Layout

Workspace

Drop-Off

Retreat

The Garden

The Assembly Commerce

Initial Building Form

Site Plan

The Garden

An informal meeting place, a place to hangout, relax and enjoy within the boundry of the site.

The initial clustered building form are able to achive the functionally close environment that are set within the feminine principles, however, the internal spaces are not protected from external view as intended yet.

The Garden

from LRT

Kindergarden from Hospital

Initial Building Form

Spaces are interconnected within the clustered planning, where the spaces are visually and functionally close to each other, further development of spaces using barrier and fields are to be detailed up.

Initial Building Form (Section)

Visual engagement in-between spaces are critical to engage women interaction and activites within the building environment, the central garden acts as the linkage in-between spaces, while providing a semi-private space for social interactions.

Progress Building Form

Several building forms are generated to create the veiling from the external views, protecting the users while creating an intimate internal spaces to engage in activities. Several ideas were adapted, such as the use of parametric roofing to create a veil-like coverings.

ADAPTIVE VEILING

BUILDING SCHEME

Social Space

A large open space are created as the central social space within the development, engaging the abused women to interact and socialise. The use of objects are critical in creating a mental barrier in a large open space, allowing the users to feel intimate although within a public setings

The Veil

The roof structure not only shades the building and the internal garden space, but also protect it from the external view and noises.

Site Plan

First Floor Plan

Scale : 1:250

Sub-Basement Plan

Scale : 1:250

ZONE 1 : ECONOMIC

Abused women are provided with activity that enhaces their skill, either with culinary, cosmetics, computer skill and others. Retail spaces are also provided for them to encourage them working and escaping their hardship.

OPAQUE PANEL

Providing privacy is integral to several parts of the building, thus the curvature of this roof reduce exposure to outside view, while being adaptive to allow sunlight penetration and visibility.

TRANSLUCENT PANEL

Translucent panel was used in public open area, hosting internal garden while protecting the users from the weather.

WORKSHOPS

RESTAURANTS AND

SERVICE AREA

Open social area overlooking the riverfront.

SOCIAL

Providing privacy is integral to several parts of the building, thus the curvature of this roof reduce exposure to outside view, while being adaptive to allow sunlight penetration and visibility.

Central social space for women, with amphitheater and multi level pocket spaces with multi-screening levels

MANAGEMENT

CENTRAL GARDEN

RIVERFRONT DECK

RETREAT

Retreat zone are spaces dedicated for abused women rehabilitation, providing a safe space for healing, stress reducing activity and social engagement wihtin the area.

HYDROPONIC

Micro Housing unit are surrounded by hydroponic wall, allowing abuse victim to engage in hands-on activity such as farming while being close to natural elements

Rainwater are directed into a collection pool where the water being recycled back into usage.

This riverside is a part of the river of like, KL project. This will allow pedestrian access as well as quality infrastructure surrounding the site.

Proximity to a public kindergarden allows abused victim to attend activities within the facilities at ease.

Direct pedestrian access to hospital and Pekeliling Commercial Area

MICRO HOUSING

PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE

RIVER OF LIFE, KL

MAKPEM Kindegarden

RAINWATER RUNOFF

AMPHITHEATER

CENTER GARDEN

MEDIA WORKSHOP

Social activities are protected from external disturbance and audial disruption

RESTAURANTS

Skill learned from the culinary workshops can be practise within these retail spaces as business spot are provided.

POCKET GARDEN

Active visual engagement within the pocket space

POCKET HANGOUT SPACE

CULINARY WORKSHOP

COSMETIC WORKSHOP

RIVERFRONT VIEW

Sub-basement are open and visually visible from the ground level, providing a safer parking space

TREEHOUSE

A multilevel social spots for women who are in need of semi-private social space while also providing audial exclusion from the public.

CENTRAL GARDEN

Covered center garden with lush greeneries and pocket space, providing women a safe and comfortable space to socialise

AMPHITHEATER

Open activity area for events and social egagement activites for women in a safe space.

TREE-LIKE STRUCTURE

MANAGEMENT OFFICE

BALCONY

Balcony overseeing the riverfront as well as surrounded by green wall on both sides, allowing user to interact closer with natural element as part of the rehab process.

Wall are stacked with vertical hydroponic farm, able to cultivate small edible plants, ecouraging hands-on activity for thedomestic violence survivor.

MICRO-HOUSING

A temporary settlement space forabused women wihtin the facility.The housing space are retrofittedwith a green wall and hydroponicwall that acts as a rehabilitation element.

VISUAL AND AUDIAL INCLUSION

REHAB FARM

INTERNAL GARDEN

SPECIAL STUDY RETREAT SPACE

POLYESTER MESH

DRIP IRRIGATION

STEEL STRUCTURE

DRIP IRRIGATION

RESIN PLANTER BOX PLASTIC SOIL POT

Site Axis Planning

Poorly lit laneways, unreliable public transit and a lack of public space. This set of very modern problems is rooted in an outdated and sexist approach to building cities, which creates barriers to wealth, health and safety. It also makes city living hard for women—and everybody else.

SERVICES PANEL

Service panel sole purpose were creating a green wall consisting of climber tree. This is part of the rehabilitation process, where the participant are stimulated with the proximity within the plants, the scent of flowers and soothing eyesight within the building itself

STEEL STRUCTURE

PRODUCTION PANEL

Production panel are specifically designed for small crops cultivation. ecouraging abused women to have a hands on activity with nature. Food produced from this farm could be sold at the retail spaces or cooked.

Wisteria Floribunda

Vegetables

Sweet Peas

Herbs True Jasmine

Fruits

Allowing water to spread evenly horizontally throughoutthe service wall

The planter box is filled with soil, or organic mesh for hydroponic planting

CLIMBER PANEL

COLLECTION GUTTER

Rainwater are harvested and reserved into a water tank.

COLLECTION PIPE

Rainwater are harvested and reserved into a water tank.

SUPPLY TANK

RAINWATER TANK

DISTRIBUTION PIPE

Water is evenly distributed throughout the hydroponic wall through gravity.

Excess water are directed into main RWH Water Tank to be filtered and reuse.

STEEL STRUCTURE

ROOF TRUSS

SUPPORT BEAM

SOIL POTS

The use of multi-levelling of the tree-house creates multiple pocket spaces that allowing women to

OPAQUE ROOF SECLUSION IN PUBLIC

Providing sufficient shading while also providing a well lit environment

The use of greeneries as object to create a spatial barrier in an open space, providing a semi-private social space.

Hard barrier are replaced with natural screen, allowing for semi-visual privacy and audial seclusion

MULTI-LEVELLING BETWEEN SPACE

Distancing the users apart from each other through the use of multi levelling, allowing visual privacy while also having audial connection

SEMI-VISUAL SECLUSION

USE OF CRAWLER

TREE-LIKE STEEL STRUCTURE

GREENERIES AS SPATIAL BARRIER

Plot

SEMI-VISUAL SECLUSION

Treehouse platform

Crawler Fence

TREEHOUSE SOCIAL

RETREAT

POCKET

SUSTAINIBILITY & STRUCTURE

CONCRETE BEAM

A total of 360 unique panel was used, consisting of 2 different types of glass panel : GFRC and opaque panels

glass panel to manufdetail

Structural Study

The main building utilise a standard post and beam structure, while the parametric roofing adopted the synclastic shell structure, where tree-like column are used to support the structure

120x70mm hollow rectangular m.s. section bar roofing

Constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern

Grade C25 in-situ concrete slab

120x70mm hollow rectangular m.s. section bar framing

a bionic structural form. Branching elementswithin a treelike column are connected into a single node. Load istransmitted from several point into a columnsingle

Treelike Column

STEEL FRAME CONCRETE FLOOR SLAB

SYNCLASTIC SHELL STRUCTURE

FROSTED GLASS PAN EL OR GFRC M.S SECTION MULLION

M.S. END CAP

SINGLE LAYER LATTICE STRUCTURE

FRICTION PILE

COLUMN

OVERALL SECTION DETAIL

cast universal pin nodes

Branch Joint Single Lattice Shell with treelike column

ss caps overanchor rod nuts weld

150mm dia. Hollow circular section

315mm dia hollow circular column

25mm thk cast steel column base node

150mm dia. Hollow circular section

25mm thk. cast steel column middle node

315mm dia hollow circular column

BRANCH TO FRAME DETAIL

120x70mm hollow rectangular m.s. section bar roofing

gusset plate

cast universal embedded anchor rods concrete foundation

150mm dia. hollow circular m.s. section

Glass / GFRC Steel Shell Structure

Steel Purlin

PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL

The solid panels among the building parametric roof are installed with photovoltaic solar film. The large roof coverage will allow for high energy production throughout the year.

Precedent Study : Living Garden

Architect : MAD Architects

Project TItle : Living Garden -CHina House Pavilion

Technology : Thin-film Solar (Hanergy)

Photovoltaic plated panel

Sustainable Strategy

Several key stratefy was able to be adapted into the building design, such as the clustered planning allows for cross-breeze throughout the building, and the synclastic roofing allows for redirection of rainwater into a collection pool.

DOUBLE ENVELOPE FACADE

Reducing heat penetration inside the building, reducing energy usage for cooling and airconditioning

POROUS BUILDING LAYOUT

Allowing for cross ventilation along the building, cooling and incresing comfort within the spaces

Cross-breeze through building

ECONOMIC VIABILITY

INCREASING NEED FOR SHELTER IN MALAYSIA

RMK-12 on Women Empowerment

Reported Cases of Women Abuse

COST

Land cost in Bandar Baru Sentul =RM 280/psf

Due to the land owned by KPWKM, the land cost for this project is RM 0

Land cost for development =RM 0

Commercial rental cost in Sentul =RM 4/psf

Due to the nature of the programme as community service, rental rates are set below market average to encourage social and economic activites among marginalised women within the site

Suggested Rental rate for development =RM 1/psf

COMMERCIAL

PRELIMINARY

Preliminary Detailed Abstract Preliminary DetailedAbstract (PDA) An assessment of activities and processes needed to be carried out before construction begins. Such assessment may involve discussions between contractor and quantity surveyors several times until it is deemed complete.

Total Building

- 20,1931876180 337,680.00

3062,9165845546 3,191,370.00

1062,324579014808,569,200.00

Brickwork - 5,360498210 104,580.00

Curtain Wall -7,072657480 315,360.00

Plastering -5,360498 26 12,948.00

Tiling Works -62,916584575 438,375.00 Painting -5,360498 5 2,490.00

COST

Total

D. CONTIGENCIES

Total

D. CONTIGENCIES

Total

RM15,744,207.15

1

C. LAND COST (Not

15% of BCC RM2,361,631.07

Item

D. CONTIGENCIES (Not Included)

10% of BCC

Total Building Construction Cost (BCC)

GFA Rate(RM/sqft) RM1,574,420.72 Amount (RM)

Not Applicable

RM2,893,587.95

Total Building Construction Cost (BCC)

Professional Fees

RM31,352,841.00 sqft Sqm

GFA Rate(RM/sqft)Amount (RM)

5% of construction cost

Item Description Note Total

1 RM931,889.76 RM18,637,795.10 RM296.23

1

Total Cost of Construction Works (A+B) Cost per Square FeetCost does

2 C&S

Cost

Refer Scale of min fees

Refer Scale of min fees Refer Scale of min fees

Refer Scale of min fees Not applicable

Other Fees

Cost

- 1,002,795.27

- 838,700.78

- 631,041.34

- 420,694.22

Total Building Construction Cost (BCC)

- 0.00 RM2,893,231.61

Note Total

TCC RM279,566.93

Calculation

1,974,181.66 RM26,241,356.98

Yearly

1 3,886,339.18 326,668.73 219,496.03 546,164.76

2 3,541,587.12 344,752.06 201,412.70 546,164.76

3,177,750.71 363,836.41 182,328.35 546,164.76

- 675,398.26

2,793,773.50 383,977.21 162,187.55 546,164.76

- 532,129.45

2,388,540.54 405,232.96 140,931.80 546,164.76

- 419,098.46

1,960,875.22 427,665.32 118,499.44 546,164.76

- 279,398.97

1,509,535.71 451,339.51 94,825.25 546,164.76

1,033,211.54 476,324.17 69,840.59 546,164.76

RM1,906,025.13

530,519.59 502,691.95 43,472.81 546,164.76

530,519.59 15,645.44 546,164.76

15,120.00 181,440.00

11,760.00 141,120.00

6,840.00 82,080.00

11,760.00 141,120.00

6,840.00 82,080.00

15,240.00

1,380.00

Total 68,940.00 RM827,280.00

FeetMeter

Monthly Based 6,000.00 72,000.00

Total 6,000.00 RM72,000.00

5,000.00

3,750.00

Total 8,750.00 RM105,000.00

Event Based 12,000.00

Total 12,000.00 RM144,000.00

25,000.00

75,000.00 RM900,000.00

TECHNICAL CONFIGURATION

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (PASSIVE)

PURPOSE GROUP AND FIRE APPLIANCES ACCESS

Fire System Needs

The Building topmost floor is 7.5m. Thus the building does not required any fire system due to the topmost floor does not exceed 18.3m (required to install dry riser system >18.3meter)

UBBL Fifth Schedule :

Purpose Group (By-Law 134,138)

used as living accomodation, or for treatment, care, or maintainence of, persons sufferings from disability due to illness or old age, where such persons sleep in the premise

Shop, or shop premises used for carrying on there of retail trade or business (including the sale to members of the public of food or drink for immediate consumption)

Fire Appliances Access(By-Law 134,138)

All buildings in excess of 7000 cubic meters shall abut upon a street or road or open space of not less than 12 meters width and accessible to fire brigade appliances

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (PASSIVE)

END LIMIT

Area

Commercial Training Shop (V) 1150 183.33 60 1680 1.4 1 2

Retreat and Rehab Area Institutional (II) 1211 201 60 1850 1.54 1 2

Basement Parking Storage & Gen (VIII) 1560 260 60 2383 1.99 1 3

Clause 165 - Travel Distances & Dead End Limit

travel distance measured from door if room less than 15m and with less than 6 occupants

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (ACTIVE)

FIRE DETECTION, ALARM AND HYDRANT

EXTERNAL FIRE HYDRANT(By-Law 225(2,3))

Every building shall be served at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5m radius from the nearest point of fire brigade access. Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided.

BUILDING PERIMETER HYDRANT

Bilding perimeter acces for fire brigade / Hydrant Distance= 225m / 91.5m = 2.45 Fire Hydrant = 3 Hydrant Provided

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (ACTIVE)

FIRE DETECTION, ALARM AND HYDRANT

Institutional Purpose Group

Institutional Purpose Group

Clause 225 - Detecting AndExtinguishing Fire

Every building shall be provided with means of detetecting and extinguishing fire with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the specific requirement as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these ByLaws.

UBBL Tenth Schedule

The schedule refer to the types of fire alarm as follows:

1. Automatic Fire Detectors

2. Manual Fire Alarm System

Signal Indicator Alarm System

Manual Alarm

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (ACTIVE) HOSE REEL

HOSE REEL TANK CALCULATION

Hose Reel System : 1st Hose Reel = 300 Gallon Additional Hose Reel = 300 Gallon Min. Gallon for System = 9000 Gallon Total Hose Reel per Floor at 30m Radius

Total Water Capacity ; = No. of Hose reel x 300 gallon = 8 x 300 gal = 2400 gal

Number of FRP tank unit required := Total Water Capacity / 380 gallon= 2400 / 380 = 6 Unit of FRP tank

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM (ACTIVE) SPRINKLER SYSTEM

Sprinkler System

(By-Law 226(1), 237 (1))

UBBL Tenth Schedule : Fire extinguishment, Alarm Systems and Emergency Lighting

HOSE REEL TANK CALCULATION

Sprinkler System : No of sprinkler head per floor= Floor Area / 12m2 = 4512m / 12m2 = 376 nos

Number of Sprinkler System to be used= Total Sprinkler Unit / 1000 = 0.376 = 1 unit

Overall Water Capacity = Nos of system used x 3000 gal = 0.376 x 3000 gal = 1128 gallons

Total number of water tank required := Overall Amount of Water / 380 gal (per unit of 1.2m3) = 2.96 units = 3 Unit of FRP Water tank

Number of suction tank required := Number of tank / 3 = 3 Unit of FRP Suction tank

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

& WATER TANK

TO

HOUSES

COLD WATER TANK

CALCULATION

TANK TOTAL

TAP INTO MAIN

LINE

SPRINKLER

SPRINKLER

HOSE

COLD WATER TANK SUCTION TANK

PUMP

TOILET AND GYM

TAP INTO MAIN

SEWAGE / SANITARY SYSTEM

DIAGRAM

Sanitary sewers must be laid near to all occupied building in order to collect wastewater efficiently. Connecting pipes must be connected with the building plumbing system to the public sanitary wastewater collection system.

SEWER MANHOLE CALCULATION

Population equivalent : = 3 per 100 sqm per gross Area= 3 x (6 000 sqm /100) = 180 users PE

Sewareage Production at Average Daily Flow, Q:= (peak flow x PE x 360) / (24 x 60 x 60)= 3.2 l/s

Pipe Sizing for Full Capacity :

a) Diameter of Pipe, d = 0.225 (min 0.25m)b) Gradient = 1:110 or 2.5 degreec) Length = 30 - 45m

MH

MH STP

BATH & SINK

GREY WATER SYSTEM

EXTERNAL MANHOLE TO SEWAGE MAINLINE

BATH & SINK BATH & SINK

WC WC WC

SEWAGE / SANITARY SYSTEM

SANITARY PLUMBING DIAGRAM

All Refuse receptacles shall be housed in a chamber which shall;

a. Provided with concrete curb for the refuse to stand on

b. Be adequately fly and vermin proofed

c. Be connected to and drained by a foul water drain

d. Open to external air

ROAD

Waste Typology Waste Management

Waste Waste Segregation Method

Organic Waste

Dewatering

Recycling Center

Waste Disposal Calculation

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM System and location

DEMAND ELECTRICAL ESTIMATION

Total Gross Floor Area (GFA) = 5845sqm

Total Demand = GFA x 80 / 0.87 = 5845 x 80 / 0.87 = 537 kVa

Therefore, Total demand of electrical estimation = 537 kVa

LIGHTING LOAD

General Rule = 0.9w per sqft

Demand needed = GFA x 0.9 = 62915sqft x 0.9w = 56,623.5 W

Therefore, Lighting demand = 56kW

AIR CONDITIONING

General Rule = 4.7w per sqft

Demand needed = GFA x 4.7 W = 37,673sqft (3500sqm) x 4.7 W = 177,063 W

Therefore, Lighting demand = 177kW

EQUIPMENT & FUTURE LOAD GROWTH

General Rule = Total Load x 20%

LIghting + AC = 56kW + 177kW = 233kW

Total Future Load = 233kW x 0.2 = 46.6kW

MAIN SWITCH BOARD (MSB ROOM)

Provided to a group main disconnect switch and circuit breaker.

The size is

= GFA / 1000 x 2sqm = 5845sqm / 1000 x 2sqm = 12 sqm

Therefore, Provided MSB room = 4m x 6m = 24sqm

GENSET

Generel rule is 2sqm for 1,000 sqm floor area.

Size of Genset room = GFA / 1000 x 2sqm = 5848 / 1000 x 2sqm = 12sqm

Total Genset size provided = 4m x 5m = 20sqm

ELECTRICAL ROOM DIMENSION

Type of Load Load (kW) Diversity Factor Max Demand (kw)

Lighting 56 0.8 44.8 Air-Conditioning 177 0.8 141.6 Equipment & Future Load Growth 46.6 0.6 28.0

Total Maximum Demand 214.4

Total electricity demand =214.4kW

Total demand for this building was 214.4 kW

Therefore, 1 unit of single chamber TNB Substation is required because maximum power demand for 1 unit of single chamber is 850kW

Single-Chamber TNB Substation

SOLAR ROOF PANELS

General Rule of thumb

energy generated = 15W per sqft

Estimated Solar Panel Coverage = 1404 sqm ~ 15112 sqft

Estimated Electricity production = 15112sqft x 15W = 226,680 W = 266kW

LIGHTINGS

Precedent Study : Living Garden

Photovoltaic plated panel

AIR CONCITIONING AND VENTILATION SELECTION CRITERIA AND ZONING

Types of Air Conditioning System Used

Split AC System

Daikin VRV System

VRV is a technology that alternates the refrigerant volume in a system to match a building’s precise requirements. Only a minimum amount of energy is required for a system to maintain set temperatures, and ensure that it automatically shuts off when no occupants are detected in a room.

Mechanical Ventilation Zoning

Mechanical Ventilation

Natural Inlet

Smoke extractor system

An extraction system in the kitchen is required by all commercial kitchens. An extraction canopy consists of an engineered system of exhaust hoods, make-up air ventilators, grease removal apparatuses, ducting, fans etc. Cooking in the kitchen produces heat, grease and smoke.

AIR CONCITIONING AND VENTILATION MECHANICAL EXTRACTION FOR KITCHEN SPACE

ExhaustUpblastFan

Vented

Extraction Ducting

Cooking Space Exhaust

Mechanical Extraction Distribution Diagram

Extraction Ducting Supply Ducting

Exhaust Hood

Cooking Space

ExhaustUpblast Fan Supply Fan

Library, Surau

pax

AIR CONCITIONING AND VENTILATION

AC SYSTEM FOR HOUSING UNIT

Rehab Micro-Housing

Air Conditioning needed for Each Housing Size of Each House = 12.7ft X 22.6 ft = 26 sqm ~ 279 sqft

Room Height = 3.5m Energy Usage = 17145 btu = 1.7kW = 1 unit of 2HP AC unit

Outdoor Unit Condenser

Bedroom Toilet Exhaust Hood

Split AC Distribution Diagram for Single Unit

Indoor Air Handler

Outdoor Unit Condenser

Indoor Air Handler

Unit Out Unit

CONCLUSION & REFERENCES

conclUsIon

The women’s spatial needs within public places are usually disregarded while designing a building. The injection of feminine qualities within public places is vital in providing an equitable space for men and women. The information obtained from this study demonstrated that the physical environmental factors comprising of barriers and fields could be incorporated within the future design to encourage women presence within the commercial, public places. The use of organic planning, effective use of soft barriers and appropriate application of field’s elements could afford women’s needs to engage in social and leisure activities within these public places.

Using a behavioural mapping approach to identify the behavioural setting of women’s activities, this study investigated the relationship between the physical environmental factors and women’s behaviour and presence within public places. The study has demonstrated that physical factors significantly influence women’s presence within these spaces. Although architecture for women was discussed for a long time, there is limited empirical research identifying the physical factors influencing women’s behaviours. The data obtained from this study should be helpful for designers when planning a public place. However, the research was conducted through specific case studies and open areas, and the findings may not be generalised to all open outdoor spaces. Similar research could be conducted in the future, identifying the physical factors in other types of public places. The outcomes of the research may be compared to achieve a general finding.

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AFIZZAT AHMAD