Assessing Progress in Africa toward the Millennium Development Goals
African Union
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PE ME NT
S ND FO
AF R
Economic Commission for Africa
ELOPME D EV NT
I
AF R
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N CA
NT ME
BANQU
INE DE DÉVE LO CA
D UN
I FR
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A
MDG Report 2010
ICA EL IN DE DÉV
OP
African Development Bank Group
United Nations Development Programme
Table of Contents List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Note to the Reader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iv v vii ix xi xiii
SECTION I: INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
SECTION II: TRACKING PROGRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goal 4: Reduce child mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goal 5: Improve maternal health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goal 6: Combat HIV, AIDS, malaria, and other major diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 14 21 28 33 41 51 57
SECTION III: THE ROLE OF GOAL-SPECIFIC AND INSTITUTIONAL INNOVATIONS IN ACCELERATING PROGRESS TOWARD THE MDGs IN AFRICA . . . . . . . 74 3.1 Goal-specific innovations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 3.2 Broad-based institutional innovations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
SECTION IV: CONCLUSIONS AND AN AGENDA FOR ACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 References and Web Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Annex 1: Official list of MDG indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Annex 2: African optimism about the future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Annex 3: Global Peace Index (GPI) rankings and scores of African countries (2007–2010) . . . . . . Annex 4: Global Hunger Index (GHI) for African countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Annex 5: Composition of subregional country groupings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90 95 100 101 102 103
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List of Tables Table 1:
Percentage change in employment-to-population ratio 1991–2007 for selected African countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2: Enrollment in private primary schools (% of total enrollment and aggregate primary completion rates), 1999 and 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 3: Contraceptive prevalence rates in Africa, various years (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 4: Adolescent birth rates in Africa, various years (per 1,000 girls aged 15–19 years) . . . Table 5: Antenatal care coverage in Africa, various years (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 6: Unmet need for family planning in Africa, various years (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 7: Percentage of under-fives sleeping under insecticide-treated nets, 2000–2008 . . . . Table 8: Net Official Development Assistance, 2008 and 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 9: ODA to Africa by sector as a percentage of total bilateral commitments, 2004–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 10: Tariffs imposed by developed countries on African exports of agricultural products, textiles and clothing, 2000, 2007, and 2008 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 11: OECD Aid for Trade commitments to Africa by sector at constant prices (2008 USD millions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 12: Classification of African countries by HIPC status (January 30, 2010) . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Assessing Progress in Africa toward the Millennium Development Goals, 2010
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19 38 40 42 43 47 58
61 64 66 67
List of Figures Figure 1a: Growth rate of GDP per person employed, for selected African countries, 1992 and 2008 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 1b: Change in growth rate of GDP per person employed, 1992–2008 (%) . . . . . . . . . . Figure 2a: Growth rate of GDP per person employed over time by African subregion, 1992–2008 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 2b: Change in growth rate of GDP per person employed by African subregion, 1992–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 3: Employment-to-population ratio by African subregion, 1991 and 2007 (%) . . . . . . . Figure 4: Prevalence of underweight under-five year-olds for selected African countries, 1990–99 and 2000–09 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 5: Percentage of population undernourished according to WFP/FAO subregional groupings (excluding North Africa), 1990–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 6: Expenditure on primary education (as % of total educational expenditure) . . . . . . . . Figure 7a: Progress in net enrollment ratio in primary education for selected African countries, 1991, 2005, and 2007 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 7b: Gap to net enrollment target in primary education for selected African countries, 2007 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 8: Primary completion rates for selected African countries with data for 1991, 2005, and 2007 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 9a: Literacy rate of 15–24 year olds, for selected African countries, both sexes, 2007 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 9b: Literacy rate of 15–24 year olds for selected African countries, disaggregated by gender, 2007 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 10: Gender parity index in primary education for selected African countries, 1991 and 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 11: Gender parity index in primary education by African subregion, 1991–2007 . . . . . . . Figure 12: Gender parity index in secondary education for selected African countries, 1991 and 2007 . . Figure 13: Gender parity index in tertiary education, for selected African countries, 1991 and 2007 . . Figure 14: Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector, for selected African countries (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 15: Percentage of seats held by women in national parliaments, 1990 and 2009 . . . . . . Figure 16: Percentage of women in national parliaments by African subregion, 1990–2009 . . . Figure 17: Under-five mortality rates for 1990, 2008, and 2015 (target) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 7 8 8 10 12 13 15 17 17 18 20 20 22 23 23 24 25 26 27 28
Assessing Progress in Africa toward the Millennium Development Goals, 2010
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Figure 18: Under-five mortality rates in Africa for 1990, 2007, and 2015 (estimated rate and target) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 19: Causes of under-five mortality in Africa in 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 20: Under-five mortality rate per 1,000 live births by African subregion, 1990–2007 . . . Figure 21: Under-five mortality rate per 1,000 live births by African subregion, excluding the most populous countries, 1990–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 22: Progress (% change) in Infant Mortality Rate, 1990–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 23: Percentage of one-year-old children immunized against measles in 2008 and percentage change between 2000 and 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 24: Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) per 100,000 live births by African subregion, 1980–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 25: Percentage of births attended by skilled health personnel for selected African countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 26: Tuberculosis prevalence rate per 100,000 population by African subregion, 1990–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 27: Tuberculosis prevalence rate per 100,000 population by African subregion excluding the most populous countries, 1990–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 28: Tuberculosis mortality rate per 100,000 population by African subregion, 1990–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 29: Tuberculosis detection rate under DOTS, 1995 and 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 30a: Percentage of population using an improved drinking water source, 1990–2008 . . . Figure 30b: Percentage of population using improved sanitation, 1990–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 31: Net ODA as a percentage of GNI, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 32: ODA received in Small Island Developing States as a proportion of their GNIs, 2000–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 33: Percentage of imports from Africa, LDCs, and developing market economies admitted free of duty by developed countries, 1996–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 34: Total debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services, Africa excluding North Africa, 1990–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 35: Cellular subscribers per 100 population, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 36: Cellular subscribers per 100 population by African subregion, 2000–2008 . . . . . . . . Figure 37: Internet users per 100 population, 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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29 30 31 31 32 34 36 37 49 49
50 51 55 55 60
62 63
68 71 72 73