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2015 Vol 2
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MAGNA CARTA 800
This year marks the 800th anniversary of the proclamation of Magna Carta. Most Valuable
Magna Carta has been one of the most valuable exports of Great Britain to the rest of the world. Magna Carta has truly blessed all the families of the earth. Magna Carta was the first Statute, the first written restriction on the powers of government. “…I will make you a great nation; I will bless you and make your name great; and you shall be a blessing…and in you all the families of the earth shall be blessed.’” Genesis 12:1-3
Foundational
Magna Carta, signed by King John at Runnymede, 15 June 1215, recognised foundational Scriptural principles:
15 June 1215 at Runnymede, a foundational document for freedom was sealed. Justice must not be sold, delayed or denied; no taxes must be levied without the consent of representatives of those being taxed; no one may be imprisoned without a fair trial by a
jury of their peers; property must not be taken from any owner without just compensation. The Church shall have all “its rights undeminished and its liberties unimpeded.”
A Response to Xenophobia
"You shall neither mistreat a stranger, nor oppress him, for you were strangers in the land of Egypt." Exodus 22:21 Murderous Mobs
Ethiopians were petrol bombed and a 14 year old boy murdered in a wave of xenophobic attacks on foreign nationals in KwaMashu and Umlazi in KwaZulu
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over recent weeks. Xenophobia is the fear and hatred of foreign people.
Open Borders
The Southern African Migration Project (SAMP), reported that one of the unanticipated by-products of the ANC government's "open border" policy has been a growth in intolerance towards foreigners. Violence against foreign citizens and refugees has become increasingly common. The United Nations High Commission for Refugees has expressed concerns over the safety of refugees in South Africa.
Unfriendly
A study based on a citizen survey across the member states of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), found South Africans expressing the harshest anti-foreigner sentiment out of all proportion to
any other countries in the region. The rainbow nation now has a reputation for Xenophobia.
Victimised
The Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation (CSVR), found that 87% of police officers in the Johannesburg area believed that most undocumented immigrants are involved in crime. Many refugees, particularly Zimbabweans, report being victimised, threatened, Continued on page 5
Continued from page 1 Magna Carta 800
Magna Carta is recognised as the grandfather of all Bills of Rights. Magna Carta was the inspiration for the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the model for the English Bill of Rights of 1689; and for the Bill of Rights of the United States of America. Lord Denning described Magna Carta as “the greatest Constitutional document of all times – the foundation of the freedom of the individual against the arbitrary authority of the despot.”
Under God and Law
Reformation
During the greatest century of Reformation, in the 16th century, there was a tremendous upsurge of interest in Magna Carta and strenuous efforts to apply these Biblical principles of justice and freedom into all areas of British life.
Liberty
Magna Carta is an important symbol of liberty today. It is greatly respected worldwide by both historians and lawyers, as a potent foundational document for the protection of personal liberties. It has been described as one of the most important legal documents in history. “Do not remove the ancient landmark…” Proverbs 23:10
God-Honouring
The Archbishop of Canterbury, Stephen Langton, wrote Magna Carta, which declares: “John, by the grace of God, King of England… know ye, that we, in the presence of God and for the salvation of our soul, and the souls of all our ancestors and heirs, and unto the honour of God,
and the advancement of the Holy Church, and amendment of our realm… by this our present charter confirmed, for us and our heirs, forever; that the Church of England shall be free, and have her whole rights and her liberties inviolable…”
Bible-Based
The Bible was clearly recognised as the foundational authority for Magna Carta. “You shall do no injustice in judgement. You shall not be partial to the poor, nor honour the person of the mighty. In righteousness you shall judge your neighbour.” Leviticus 19:15
Justice
Magna Carta established the right of Trial by Jury to protect the accused from capricious condemnation by authorities. The high value that Christianity, from its inception, has placed on the individual is in stark contrast to the ancient Egyptian, Babylonian, Persian, Chinese, Greek and Roman cultures, in which the individual was always subordinate to the state. True liberty, individual rights and respect for human personality found no place in the ancient world.
Christian Emphasis
It was the Christian emphasis on the individual that established the freedoms and rights enshrined in Magna Carta of 1215, and the later English Petition of Rights of 1628, the English Bill of Rights of 1689 and in the American Bill of Rights of 1791.
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Sir Edward Coke, Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, challenged King James I, that Magna Carta gave the Courts of Common Law the right to provide justice “from the highest to the lowest” because the king was “under God and the Law.” “’You could have no power at all against Me unless it had been given you from above…’” John 19:11. All civil authority is delegated by God and answerable to God.
The Christian Roots of Liberty
Dr. Alvin Schmidt, in How Christianity Changed the World, documents that the freedoms and liberties expressed in Bills of Rights and Declarations of Independence, are extensions of Magna Carta, which is thoroughly Christian. Civic freedoms and liberties could not have occurred had it not been for the Christian values that prompted and shaped the formation of these documents, all of which are extensions of Magna Carta. Magna Carta is revered throughout the world as the cornerstone of modern freedom.
Reaction to Tyranny
Sir Winston Churchill noted in his History of the English Speaking Peoples, that the rights and liberties of English speakers owes more to the vices of King John, than to the virtues of any man. King John was one of the worst kings that England ever had. His cruelty and capriciousness drove the barons of England to mobilise and compel King John to set his royal seal to Magna Carta, or Great Charter.
Habeas Corpus
The sealing of Magna Carta, 15 June 1215, was a splendid victory for the English people. It marked an end to the arbitrary power of any ruler to throw a man in prison without granting him opportunity to prove his innocence. Magna Carta decrees that any man arrested must be tried in court and
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Continued from page 2 Magna Carta 800
The site of Magna Carta, Runnymede. if it could not be proved that he had done wrong, he must be set free. “He who justifies the wicked, and he who condemns the just, both of them alike are an abomination to the Lord.” Proverbs 17:15
Just Weights and Measures
No taxation is legal that is not authorised by those being taxed. Weights and measures must be standardised. “You shall do no injustice in judgment, in measurement of length, weight, or volume. You shall have honest scales, honest weights, an honest ephah, and an honest hin: I am the Lord your God.” Leviticus 19:35-36
Parliament
A Great Council of nobles and bishops is to advise and guide the king in governing the country. This Great Council soon developed into the English Parliament, which is the model and mother of all parliaments. (Exodus 18:21)
Rule of Law
The right of a fair Trial by Jury of one’s peers, the right of having a voice in the running of government and in determining taxes, the right to a just and uniform standard of weights and
measures for money and goods, are just some of the many blessings which have flowed from the Magna Carta. “Hate evil, love good; establish justice in the gate… let justice run down like water, and righteousness like a mighty stream.” Amos 5:15,24
The Authority of the Archbishop
Archbishop Stephen Langton strongly sympathised with the Northern barons who openly rebelled against King John. The Archbishop declared that if John refused to negotiate, then he would excommunicate every man in the Royal Army. The Barons advanced on London, where they were warmly welcomed. By the time they had pursued the king to Staines, Magna Carta included 63 demands. On Monday, 15 June 1215, the Barons met the king in a meadow named Runnymede, on the South bank of the Thames River, halfway between Staines and Windsor. John agreed to the demands, but another four days were spent in hammering out the details of the wording and in making copies of the document. On Friday, 19 June, John fixed the royal seal to Magna Carta.
Enduring Legacy of Liberty
Despite attempts by King John to violate his commitment, and the hostility of Pope Innocent III to Magna Carta, the regency of John’s young son, Henry III, reissued the Magna Carta in 1216, and his son, Edward I, reissued Magna Carta in 1297, confirming it as England’s Statute Law.
The Dooms of King Alfred
as outlined in Magna Carta led to the Glorious Revolution of 1688, which ousted the Catholic James II, welcoming Protestant William and Mary to the throne and the signing of the English Bill of Rights in 1689. “Righteousness exalts a nation, but sin is a reproach to any people.” Proverbs 14:34
Charter Rights in America
The colonists in the 13 colonies of North America protested the violation of their chartered rights as outlined in Magna Carta when Parliament failed to provide redress for their grievances. In 1687, William Penn published The Excellent Privilege of Liberty and Property: Being the Birthright of the Free-born Subjects of England, which contained the first copy of Magna Carta printed on American soil. Penn’s comments reflected those of Coke’s, that Magna Carta is fundamental Law. The American colonists quoted extensively from Magna Carta concerning their rights to Trial by Jury and Habeas Corpus. The American founding fathers declared that their Constitution was to preserve their rights and liberties as enshrined in Magna Carta. The American founding fathers claimed Magna Carta as foundational for their American Constitution of 1789, which became the supreme law of the land in the USA. In 1976, Britain lent one of the four surviving originals of the 1215 Magna Carta to the United States for their Bicentennial celebrations and also donated an ornate case to display it. A replica is still on display in the United States capitol crypt in Washington DC.
During the time of the Reformation in the 16th century, there was an upsurge of interest in Magna Carta as lawyers and historians traced the principles of freedom in the Great Charter, to Biblically-based laws enacted during the times of the Anglo Saxons, such as The Dooms of King Alfred the Great at the end of the 9th century. “…It is not good to show partiality in judgment. He who says to the wicked, ‘You are righteous’, him the people will curse; nations will abhor him.” Proverbs 24:23-24
Restoring Liberty
Both James I, and his son, Charles I, attempted to supress the discussion of Magna Carta and this led to the English Civil War of the 1640s and the execution of Charles for high treason. The violation of the Rights of Englishmen
King Alfred the Great 3
From Sea to Sea
William Stubb in his Constitutional History of England, published in the 1870s, documented that Magna Carta had been a major step in the shaping of the English people as a nation governed by laws under God. The British dominions, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Southern Rhodesia and the Union of South Africa, all regard Magna Carta as foundational to their laws and sought to model their Constitutions on its provisions.
Birth Certificates of Freedom
Four exemplifications of the original 1215 Magna Carta remain in existence and are held by the British Library and the cathedrals of Lincoln and Salisbury. At least 13 original copies of the 1215 Magna Carta were issued by the Royal Chancery at the time. These were sent to county sheriffs and bishops who made more copies and ensured that the provisions were understood by the population. The original Charters were written on vellum sheets, using quill pens, in abbreviated Latin. Each was sealed with the royal great seal using beeswax and resin, most of which have not survived. The 63 numbered clauses of Magna Carta were introduced by Sir William Blackstone in 1759 as the original Charters formed a single, long unbroken text. The four original 1215 Charters will be on joint display at the British Library this year, to mark the 800th anniversary of Magna Carta.
Precious Heritage
Lincoln Cathedral’s original copy of the 1215 Magna Carta was being displayed at the World Fair in New York when the Second World War broke out and spent the war years in Fort Knox. Prime Minister Winston Churchill attempted to gift the Charter to the American
government, hoping that this would encourage the USA, then neutral, to enter the war, but Lincoln Cathedral refused to hand over the rights to such a precious heritage. (In 2007, a 1297 Magna Carta was sold at an auction for US$21 million - the most ever paid for a single page of text!)
Invaluable Documents
Only one exemplification of the 1216 Charter survived and is held in Durham Cathedral. Four copies of the 1217 Charter exist, three of these are held in the Bodleian Library in Oxford and one at Hereford Cathedral. The
Salisbury Cathedral continent with its Corpus Juris, while the Church in England was establishing Habeas Corpus and Trial by Jury. “… Should you help the wicked and love those who hate the Lord? Therefore the wrath of the Lord is upon you.” 2 Chronicles 19:2
The Threat from Brussels
Runnymede Australian government has a 1297 Charter on display in the Members Hall of Parliament House, Canberra. The National Archives in Washington DC has a copy of the 1297 Charter.
Christian Heritage
The Church in England played a central role in drafting Magna Carta, initiating the negotiations between the Barons and the king, and at least eleven other bishops were present at the signing of Magna Carta, along with its author, Archbishop Stephen Langton. “Now the Lord is the Spirit; and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty.” 2 Corinthians 3:17
Continental Clash and Contrast
It was not surprising that Pope Innocent III reacted with hostility to Magna Carta and attempted to annul it. The Inquisition was being established on the
For those who think Magna Carta is only a matter of distant interest for historians, Britain’s membership of the European Union is threatening to undermine our Chartered Rights as Englishmen. Brussels is attempting to create a unified European criminal code which would abolish Trial by Jury, Habeas Corpus and other safeguards entrenched in Magna Carta. More influenced by the papal Inquisition and Napoleonic code’s Corpus Juris, if allowed to progress unchecked, an EU prosecutor could issue European warrants, which could violate the foundation stones of our freedoms established in Magna Carta. “Unless the Lord builds the house, they labour in vain who build it; unless the Lord guards the city, the watchman stays awake in vain.” Psalm 127:1 “Stand fast therefore in the liberty by which Christ has made us free, and do not be entangled again with a yoke of bondage… For you, brethren, have been called to liberty; only do not use liberty as an opportunity for the flesh, but through love serve one another.” Galatians 5:1,13 Dr. Peter Hammond www.ReformationSA.org
Lincoln Cathedral 4
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Continued from page 1 A Response to Xenophobia
lasting ordinance for the generations to come. You and the alien shall be the same before the Lord. The same laws and regulations will apply both to you and to the alien living among you." Numbers 15:15-16 "Do not pervert justice; do not show partiality to the poor, or favouritism to the rich, but judge your neighbour fairly." Leviticus 19:15
assaulted and robbed by South African officials.
Go Home!
Human Rights Watch reports immigrants from Malawi, Zimbabwe and Mozambique have been targeted for physical assault under a campaign known as Buyelekhaya ("Go back home"), which blamed foreigners for unemployment. "Destructive forces are at work in the city; threats and lies never leave its streets." Psalm 55:11
Love in Action
No Immigrants!
In Olievenhoutbosch, Zimbabweans were attacked and killed and their belongings set alight amidst demands by the locals that police remove all immigrants from the area. "These foreigners disrespect our culture, they don’t speak our language, they take our women and they take our jobs!" "These foreign people come to South Africa with nothing, but tomorrow he has cash, third day he owns a shop and fourth day he has a car. Where do these foreign people get this money from?"
Jobs for Us - Not for You!
Local people attacked immigrants from Malawi, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. "Because the foreigners are taking away our jobs!" Statistics South Africa Quarterly Labour Force Survey reports that officially 4.6 million South Africans are unemployed, 25% of the workforce. However, realistically they stated that 36.7% are actually unemployed.
Fleeing Oppression
Zimbabweans point out that the reason why over half of the population of Zimbabwe have fled their country is because of the oppression of Robert Mugabe's ZANU-PF regime, which is supported by the South African government. "The solution is to stop supporting the tyrant Mugabe who is destroying our country and we will return to our homes and farms in Zimbabwe."
Economic Suicide of Zimbabwe
In 2005, Mugabe launched Operation Murambatsvina ("Drive out the filth"), which destroyed the homes of over 1.5 million Zimbabweans. This was in retaliation to these areas voting against the ruling party in the elections. Zimbabwe has committed national suicide by destroying the commercial
farms, which not only fed the country, but provided the largest amount of foreign exchange, employed over a million people and provided homes for more than 2.5 million.
Instability Fuels Xenophobia
The unprecedented influx of Zimbabweans running away from the collapse of their country has placed greater strain on South Africa, which has received most of these displaced people. Instability in Zimbabwe has led to greater social pressures and tensions in South Africa. The Human Science Research Council estimates illegal (undocumented) foreigners in South Africa as between 5 to 10 million. A major solution to the fierce competition for jobs and services in South Africa would be to help re-establish stability and freedom North of the border. In this age of globalisation, the ripple effects of instability in one country affects its neighbours.
Dictatorships Produce Refugees
The violence, insecurity of property and oppression in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola and other parts of Africa, fuels the flood of refugees and immigrants pouring into South Africa, placing ever-increasing strain on the limited infrastructure, resources and job market. "They promise them freedom, while they themselves are slaves of depravity…" 2 Peter 2:19
The Only Solution
Only Biblical Christianity offers a rational basis for opposing racism and xenophobia, and for pursuing justice. Equality before the Law is a Biblical principle. "The community is to have the same rules for you and for the alien living among you; this is a
Christians are commanded to love the foreigners and aliens in our midst, to love our neighbour, to be good Samaritans and do to others what we would want them to do to us. "Therefore, if anyone is in Christ, he is a new creation; the old has gone, the new has come! All this is from God who reconciled us to Himself through Christ and gave us the ministry of Reconciliation: That God was reconciling the world to Himself in Christ… and He has committed to us the message of Reconciliation." 2 Corinthians 5:17-19 "For He Himself is our peace who has made the two one and has destroyed the barrier, the dividing wall of hostility." Eph. 2:14
Who is My Neighbour?
When Jesus was challenged by a potentially xenophobic question: Who is my neighbour? Our Lord specifically chose a Samaritan, who was a foreigner, despised by the Jews of his day, as an example (Luke 10:29-37). The people of Israel were commanded to treat foreigners with kindness, because they themselves were once foreigners in Egypt (Exodus 22:21). When King Herod sought to kill the infant Jesus, Mary and Joseph fled with Him to Egypt.
Christian Response
The Christian response to Xenophobia is to love our neighbour as ourselves, to do to them as we would want to be done unto ourselves, which means not only opening our church doors to minister to foreigners in our community, but working to help them establish freedom and justice in their own lands, so that they will be able to return to their homes with hope for the future (Mark 12:3031). Dr. Peter Hammond www.ReformationSA.org 5
Was the Use of ATOMIC BOMBS on HIROSHIMA and NAGASAKI Militarily and Morally Justified?
My own feeling was that in being the first to use it, we had adopted an ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages. I was not taught to make war in that fashion, and wars cannot be won by destroying women and children.”
70 Years Ago
No Military Justification
Hiroshima 6 August 1945
Nagasaki 9 August 1945
Did They Actually Save Lives?
I was taught that the U.S. dropped nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in order to end WWII and save both American and Japanese lives. But most of the top American military officials at the time said otherwise. The U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey group, assigned by President Truman to study the air attacks on Japan, produced a report in July of 1946 that concluded: “Based on a detailed investigation of all the facts and supported by the testimony of the surviving Japanese leaders involved, it is the Survey’s opinion that certainly prior to 31 December 1945 and in all probability, prior to 1 November 1945, Japan would have surrendered, even if the atomic bombs had not been dropped, even if Russia had not entered the war, and even if no invasion had been planned or contemplated.”
Not Needed to End the War
General Dwight Eisenhower, Supreme Commander of all Allied Forces stated:
Hiroshima and Nagasaki had the largest concentrations of Christians in Japan. 6
“The Japanese were ready to surrender and it wasn’t necessary to hit them with that awful thing.” (Newsweek, 11/11/63, Ike on Ike). Eisenhower also noted: “In July 1945, Secretary of War Stimson, visiting my headquarters in Germany, informed me that our government was preparing to drop an atomic bomb on Japan. I was one of those who felt that there were a number of cogent reasons to question the wisdom of such an act. ... I voiced to him my grave misgivings, first on the basis of my belief that Japan was already defeated and that dropping the bomb was completely unnecessary, and secondly because I thought that our country should avoid shocking world opinion by the use of a weapon whose employment was, I thought, no longer mandatory as a measure to save American lives. It was my belief that Japan was, at that very moment, seeking some way to surrender with a minimum loss of ‘face’. The Secretary was deeply perturbed by my attitude….”
Unnecessary and Unethical
General Douglas MacArthur agreed: “MacArthur’s views about the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were starkly different from what the general public supposed…. He saw no military justification for the dropping of the bomb. The war might have ended weeks earlier, if the United States had agreed, as it later did anyway, to the retention of the institution of the emperor.”
The Potsdam Threat
The Potsdam Declaration, in July 1945, demanded that Japan surrender unconditionally, or face ‘prompt and utter destruction’. MacArthur was appalled. He knew that the Japanese would never renounce their emperor, and that without him an orderly transition to peace would be impossible anyhow, because his people would never submit to Allied occupation unless he ordered it. Ironically, when the surrender did come, it was conditional, and the condition was a continuation of the imperial reign. Had the General’s advice been followed, the resort to atomic weapons at Hiroshima and Nagasaki would have been unnecessary.
Missed Opportunity
Assistant Secretary of War John McLoy noted: “I have always felt that if, in our ultimatum to the Japanese government issued from Potsdam (July 1945), we had
Admiral William Leahy, the highest ranking member of the U.S. military from 1942 until retiring in 1949, who was the first de facto Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, wrote: “It is my opinion that the use of this barbarous weapon at Hiroshima and Nagasaki was of no material assistance in our war against Japan. The Japanese were already defeated and ready to surrender because of the effective sea blockade and the successful bombing with conventional weapons. The lethal possibilities of atomic warfare in the future are frightening.
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Continued from page 6 Atomic Bombs Justified?
referred to the retention of the emperor as a constitutional monarch and had made some reference to the reasonable accessibility of raw materials to the future Japanese government, it would have been accepted. We missed the opportunity of effecting a Japanese surrender, completely satisfactory to us, without the necessity of dropping the bombs.”
The War was Already Won
Under Secretary of the Navy Ralph Bird said: “The Japanese were ready for peace, and they already had approached the Russians and the Swiss. And that suggestion of giving a warning of the atomic bomb was a face-saving proposition for them, and one that they could have readily accepted. In my opinion, the Japanese war was really won before we ever used the atom bomb. Thus, it wouldn’t have been necessary for us to disclose our nuclear position and stimulate the Russians to develop the same thing much more rapidly than they would have if we had not dropped the bomb. It definitely seemed to me that the Japanese were becoming weaker and weaker. They were surrounded by the Navy. They couldn’t get any imports and they couldn’t export anything. Naturally, as time went on and the war developed in our favour it was quite logical to hope and expect that, with the proper kind of a warning, the Japanese would then be in a position to make peace, which would have made it unnecessary for us to drop the bomb and bring Russia in.” (War Was Really Won Before We Used A-Bomb, U.S. News and World Report, 8/15/60)
Nothing to do with Ending War
General Curtis LeMay, the tough cigarsmoking Army Air Force “hawk”, stated publicly shortly after the nuclear bombs were dropped on Japan: “The war would have been over in two weeks… The
Hiroshima 1945 atomic bomb had nothing to do with the end of the war at all.”
No Invasion was Necessary
The Vice Chairman of the U.S. Bombing Survey Paul Nitze wrote: “I concluded that even without the atomic bomb, Japan was likely to surrender in a matter of months. My own view was that Japan would capitulate by November 1945. Even without the attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, it seemed highly unlikely, given what we found to have been the mood of the Japanese government, that a U.S. invasion of the islands scheduled for 1 November 1945 would have been necessary.”
Opening Asia for Communism
Deputy Director of the Office of Naval Intelligence, Ellis Zacharias wrote: “Just when the Japanese were ready to capitulate, we went ahead and introduced to the world the most devastating weapon it had ever seen and, in effect, gave the go-ahead to Russia to swarm over Eastern Asia. Washington decided it was time to use the A-bomb. I submit that it was the wrong decision. It was wrong on strategic grounds. And it was wrong on humanitarian grounds.” (Ellis Zacharias, How We Bungled the Japanese Surrender, Look, 6/6/50)
Immoral and Unnecessary
Brigadier General Carter Clarke, the Military Intelligence officer in charge of preparing summaries of intercepted Japanese cables for President Truman and his advisors, said: “When we didn’t need to do it, and we knew we didn’t need to do it, and they knew that we knew we didn’t need to do it, we used them as an experiment for two atomic bombs. Many other high-level military officers concurred. For example: The commander in chief of the U.S. Fleet and Chief of Naval Operations, Ernest J. King, stated that the naval blockade and prior bombing of Japan in March of 1945, had rendered the Japanese helpless and that the use of the atomic bomb was both unnecessary and immoral.”
A Double Crime
Remains of Urakami Cathedral, Nagasaki 1945, 10,000 Christians were killed in the bombing of Nagasaki
Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz stated in a press conference on September 22, 1945, that “The Admiral took the opportunity of adding his voice to those insisting that Japan had been defeated before the atomic bombing and Russia’s entry into the war.’ In a subsequent
speech at the Washington Monument on October 5, 1945, Admiral Nimitz stated ‘The Japanese had, in fact, already sued for peace before the atomic age was announced to the world with the destruction of Hiroshima and before the Russian entry into the war.’ It was learned also that General Eisenhower had urged Truman, in a personal visit, not to use the atomic bomb. Eisenhower’s assessment was ‘It wasn’t necessary to hit them with that awful thing… to use the atomic bomb, to kill and terrorize civilians, without even attempting negotiations, was a double crime.” Eisenhower also stated that it wasn’t necessary for Truman to ‘succumb’ to the tiny handful of people putting pressure on the president to drop atom bombs on Japan.
Revulsion
“British officers were of the same mind. For example, General Sir Hastings Ismay, Chief of Staff to the British Minister of Defence, on hearing that the atomic test was successful, Ismay’s reaction was one of ‘revulsion.’”
Why Populated Cities?
Even military officers who favoured use of nuclear weapons mainly favoured using them on unpopulated areas, or Japanese military targets… not cities.
Demonstration Proposed
Special Assistant to the Secretary of the Navy Lewis Strauss proposed that a non-lethal demonstration of atomic weapons would be enough to convince the Japanese to surrender… and the Navy Secretary agreed: “I proposed to Secretary Forrestal that the weapon should be demonstrated before it was used... The war was very nearly over. The Japanese were nearly ready to capitulate… My proposal was that the weapon should be demonstrated over... a large forest of cryptomeria trees not far from Tokyo... would lay the trees out in windrows from the centre Continued on page 10
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Action Items
South Africa Mission
5600km through 6 provinces, 140 meetings at 11 schools, 7 churches, 5 mission stations and 2 Bible Colleges.
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CHRISTIAN ACTION – FOR REFORMATION AND REVIVAL 2015
Ministers Conference - KwaSizabantu Mission
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Continued from page 6 Atomic Bombs Justified?
of the explosion in all directions as though they were matchsticks, and, of course, set them afire in the centre. It seemed to me that a demonstration of this sort would prove to the Japanese that we could destroy any of their cities at will… Secretary Forrestal agreed wholeheartedly with the recommendation… It seemed to me that such a weapon was not necessary to bring the war to a successful conclusion, that once used it would find its way into the armaments of the world…”
No Warning Given First
General George Marshall agreed: “these weapons might first be used against straight military objectives such as a large naval installation and a number of large manufacturing areas from which the people would be warned to leave - telling the Japanese that we intend to destroy such centres….’”
Targeting Civilians
Neither Hiroshima nor Nagasaki were deemed militarily vital. (This is one of the reasons neither had been heavily bombed up to this point in the war.) Moreover, targeting at Hiroshima and Nagasaki was aimed explicitly on residential areas.
Historians Agree
Historians agree that nuclear weapons did not need to be used to stop the war or to save lives. As historian Doug Long noted: “U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission historian J. Samuel Walker writes, ‘The consensus among scholars is that the bomb was not needed to avoid an invasion of Japan and to end the war within a relatively short time. It is clear that alternatives to the bomb existed and that Truman and his advisors knew it.’” (J. Samuel Walker, The Decision to Use the Bomb: A Historiographical Update, Diplomatic History).
Nagasaki Ground Zero Memorial 10
Ruins of the largest church in East Asia at the time, Urakami Cathedral, Nagasaki 1945. Hiroshima and Nagasaki had the largest congregations of Christians in Japan.
Atomic Bombs Not Needed
Ex-president Herbert Hoover said: “The Japanese were prepared to negotiate all the way from February 1945… up to and before the time the atomic bombs were dropped;… if such leads had been followed up, there would have been no occasion to drop the atomic bombs.”
Why Were Bombs Dropped?
If dropping nuclear bombs was unnecessary to end the war, or to save lives, why were they dropped? Especially over the objections of so many top military and political figures?
Scientists Like to Test their Toys
One theory is that scientists like to play with their new toys: On September 9, 1945, Admiral William F. Halsey, commander of the Third Fleet, was publicly quoted extensively as stating that the atomic bomb was used because the scientists had a:”toy and they wanted to try it out… The first atomic bomb was an unnecessary experiment… It was a mistake to ever drop it.”
Scientists Opposed the Bomb
However, most of the Manhattan Project scientists, who developed the atom bomb, were also opposed to using it on Japan. The scientists questioned the ability of destroying Japanese cities with atomic bombs to bring surrender when destroying Japanese cities with conventional bombs had not done so. They recommended a demonstration of the atomic bomb in an unpopulated area of Japan.
Atomic Arms Race
Albert Einstein, an important catalyst for the development of the atom bomb (but not directly connected with the Manhattan Project), said: “’A great majority of scientists were opposed to the sudden employment of the atom bomb’. In Einstein’s judgment, the dropping of the bomb was a political, diplomatic decision rather than a military or scientific decision. Indeed, some of the Manhattan Project scientists wrote directly to the Secretary of Defense in 1945 to try to dissuade him from dropping the bomb”. “We believe that these considerations make the use of nuclear bombs for an early, unannounced attack against Japan inadvisable. If the United States would be the first to release this new means of indiscriminate destruction upon mankind, she would sacrifice public support throughout the world, precipitate the race of armaments, and prejudice the possibility of reaching an international agreement on the future control of such weapons.” (Political and Social Problems, Manhattan Engineer District Records, Harrison-Bundy files, National Archives (also contained in: Martin Sherwin, A World Destroyed).
Launching the Cold War
History.com notes: “In the years since the two atomic bombs were dropped on Japan, a number of historians have suggested that the weapons had a two-pronged objective…. It has been suggested that the second objective was to demonstrate the new weapon of mass destruction to the Soviet Union. By August 1945, relations between the Soviet Union and the United States
CHRISTIAN ACTION – FOR REFORMATION AND REVIVAL 2015
had deteriorated badly. The Potsdam Conference between U.S. President Harry S. Truman, Russian leader Joseph Stalin, and Winston Churchill (before being replaced by Clement Attlee) ended just four days before the bombing of Hiroshima. The meeting was marked by recriminations and suspicion between the Americans and Soviets. Russian armies were occupying most of Eastern Europe. Truman and many of his advisers hoped that the U.S. atomic monopoly might offer diplomatic leverage with the Soviets. In this fashion, the dropping of the atomic bomb on Japan can be seen as the first shot of the Cold War.”
Russia was our Real Enemy
A Crime Against Humanity
Conservatives Opposed Bomb
The conventional explanation of using the bombs to end the war and save lives is disputed by Peter Kuznick and Mark Selden, historians from Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. New studies of the US, Japanese and Soviet diplomatic archives suggest that Truman’s main motive was to limit Soviet expansion in Asia. New Scientist reported in 2005: “The US decision to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 was meant to kick-start the Cold War rather than end the Second World War, according to two nuclear historians who say they have new evidence backing the controversial theory. Causing a fission reaction in several kilograms of uranium and plutonium and killing over 200,000 people was done more to impress the Soviet Union than to cow Japan. ‘He knew he was beginning the process of annihilation of the species’, says Peter Kuznick, director of the Nuclear Studies Institute at American University in Washington DC, US. ‘It was not just a war crime; it was a crime against humanity.’”
Japan was Searching for Peace
According to an account by Walter Brown, Assistant to US Secretary of State James Byrnes, Truman agreed at a meeting three days before the bomb was dropped on Hiroshima that Japan was ‘looking for peace’. Truman was told by his army generals, Douglas Macarthur and Dwight Eisenhower, and his Naval Chief of Staff, William Leahy, that there was no military need to use the bomb. “Impressing Russia was more important than ending the war in Japan.”
John Pilger points out: “The US Secretary of War, Henry Stimson, told President Truman he was ‘fearful’ that the US Air Force would have Japan so ‘bombed out’ that the new weapon would not be able ‘to show its strength’. He later admitted that ‘no effort was made, and none was seriously considered, to achieve surrender’... General Leslie Groves, Director of the Manhattan Project that made the bomb, testified: ‘There was never any illusion on my part that Russia was our enemy, and that the project was conducted on that basis.’” University of Maryland professor of political economy, and former Legislative Director in the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate, and Special Assistant in the Department of State, Gar Alperovitz declared: “Though most Americans are unaware of the fact, increasing numbers of historians now recognize the United States did not need to use the atomic bomb to end the war against Japan in 1945. Moreover, this essential judgment was expressed by the vast majority of top American military leaders in all three services in the years after the war ended: Army, Navy and Air Force. Nor was this the judgment of ‘liberals’, as is sometimes thought today. In fact, leading conservatives were far more outspoken in challenging the decision as unjustified and immoral than American liberals in the years following World War II.
Enabling Communism in Asia
“Instead of allowing other options to end the war, the United States rushed to use two atomic bombs at almost exactly the time that an 8 August Soviet attack had originally been scheduled: Hiroshima on 6 August and Nagasaki on 9 August. The timing itself has obviously raised questions among many historians.”
A Political Decision
General George C. Marshall is on record as repeatedly saying that it was not a military decision, but rather a political one.
Official Protest
On 11 August 1945, the Japanese government filed an official protest over the atomic bombing to the U.S. State Department through the Swiss Legation
Urakami Cathedral rebuilt in Nagasaki. in Tokyo, observing: “Combatant and non-combatant men and women, old and young, are massacred without discrimination by the atmospheric pressure of the explosion, as well as by the radiating heat which result therefrom. Consequently there is involved a bomb having the most cruel effects humanity has ever known… The bombs in question, used by the Americans, by their cruelty and by their terrorizing effects, surpass by far gas or any other arm, the use of which is prohibited. Japanese protests against U.S. desecration of international principles of war paired the use of the atomic bomb with the earlier firebombing, which massacred old people, women and children, destroying and burning down Shinto and Buddhist temples, schools, hospitals, living quarters, etc. They now use this new bomb, having an uncontrollable and cruel effect much greater than any other arms or projectiles ever used to date. This constitutes a new crime against humanity and civilization.”
Judicial Review
In 1963, the bombings were the subject of a judicial review. The District Court of Tokyo found, “the attacks upon Hiroshima and Nagasaki caused such severe and indiscriminate suffering that they did violate the most basic legal principles governing the conduct of war.”
The Hague Conventions
In the opinion of the court, the act of dropping an atomic bomb on cities was at the time governed by International Law found in The Hague Regulations on Land Warfare of 1907 and the Hague Draft Rules of Air Warfare of 1922 1923 and was therefore illegal.
War Crime
In the documentary The Fog of War, former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara recalled General Curtis LeMay, who relayed the Presidential order to drop nuclear bombs on Japan,
Continued on page 15
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Monuments and Museums for Destruction
Anglo-Boer War Monument set on fire. In March 2015, Black students of the University of Cape Town demanded that the statue of Cecil Rhodes which honours the great 19th century benefactor of education, be removed from the grounds, because it was a symbol of “imperialism.” They threw human faeces at the monument and staged a sit-in at the vice- chancellor’s office who, together with his colleagues, gave way to their so-called ‘anger,’ and brought down the statue amidst rejoicing.
But who was Cecil Rhodes?
He was the son of an English Anglican minister who, as a teenager, came to sunny Natal because he was suffering from advanced tuberculosis. By God’s grace he recovered, and when diamonds and gold were found in South Africa he
Xenophobic mobs rampage. 12
became a successful businessman and then politician, who helped to civilize Africa and expand British interests. He gave his name to Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and was twice elected Prime Minister of the Cape. When he died in 1902, he bequeathed much of his fortune to the nation, including the ground on which the University of Cape Town (UCT) now stands.1) He also provided the ongoing prestigious Rhodes Scholarships to Oxford University. Even Nelson Mandela gave credit to Cecil Rhodes having been a recipient of various benefits from his funds. Many UCT alumni had good reason to say: “Praise the LORD, O my soul, and forget not all His benefits.” (Psalm 103:2) Today’s professors and students seem to spurn the benefits which past generations have provided. All over South Africa statues and monuments are suddenly being vandalized (e.g. Paul Kruger’s, Queen Victoria’s, even Andrew Murray’s under whose ministry the great 1860 Revival took place). Across the border, Zimbabwean radicals want to exhume Cecil Rhodes’ bones from his granite grave in the Matopos Hills where they have rested, protected by Matabele chiefs, for the past 113 years.
The Re-Writing of History
Much of the campaign was spearheaded by Julius Malema and his Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF). The fall of the Rhodes statue, he said, “is a major step towards defeating white supremacy in South Africa… It is not an event, but a process. We collapse Rhodes today and then collapse all other systems and then begin to educate the white minority that you are not superior. You are equal to black people.” He has set up “EFF Student Commands” at 103 South African university and college campuses to fight for the ‘transformation’ of everything deemed ‘euro-centric.’ 2) It reminds us of the Chinese Cultural Revolution of 1966-1976. When Mao Zedong feared that Communist discipline was slackening, he launched, with the help of young people and students, the Cultural Revolution. Historical relics and artifacts were destroyed and cultural and religious sites ransacked. “Educational establishments were considered to be too academic and
therefore, too elitist.” Successful people, e.g. engineers, scientists, managers, etc, were accused of having a superior attitude. They were regarded as enemies of the Communist Party and politically persecuted. Schools and colleges were closed. The radicals turned their anger on foreigners, and embassies were attacked. After more than 10 years of this upheaval, great damage had been done to the nation and to the Communist Party. 3) “They promise them freedom, while they themselves are slaves of depravity- for a man is a slave to whatever has mastered him.” 2 Peter:2:19 Dr Peter Hammond of Frontline Fellowship, takes a great interest in monuments, museums and battle sites, even on his Missions. He writes: “While some of these museums are well run and
The removal of the Cecil Rhodes statue from the University of Cape Town. carefully maintained by diligent and committed people, those that are in state hands are often mismanaged, and we saw evidence of attempts to hijack history… It is critically important that we seek to preserve and treasure our history from a Christian perspective. It was shocking to visit the Mission Church Museum in Long Street, Cape Town, see how all the beautiful wooden free-standing displays of Missions, Churches and Missionaries who established Christianity in South Africa have been taken off the floor, folded up and are collecting dust upstairs behind the organ. Political ANC, Mandela, and Islamic propaganda displays have been set up obscuring the Bible displays and part of the pulpit area in what is the oldest place of worship still standing in South Africa.” 4) - “We are involved in a world war of worldviews,” he adds, “a clash of civilizations… There is a desperate need
CHRISTIAN ACTION – FOR REFORMATION AND REVIVAL 2015
“Remember the days of old; consider the generations long past. Ask your father and he will tell you, your elders, and they will explain to you…” (Deut 32) “At one time we too were foolish, disobedient, deceived and enslaved by all kinds of passions and pleasures. We lived in malice and envy, being hated and hating one another. But when the kindness and love of God our Saviour appeared, He saved us, not because of righteous things we had done, but because of His mercy. He saved us through the washing of rebirth and renewal by the Holy Spirit, whom He poured out on us generously through Jesus Christ our Saviour.” Titus 3:3-6 Cleaning up the vandalised monument to Rev. Andrew Murray in Wellington. for an independent Christian Heritage Museum.”4) “We must tell the next generation the praiseworthy deeds of the LORD – even the children yet to be born.” Ps 78:4-6
War against God
Monuments remind and admonish us of how God has dealt with the nation. They educate us about the struggles and achievements of past generations who lived, loved, and fought in an untamed land. They are historical Christian landmarks, for the mainspring of our civilization is religion. Through faith and sacrifice, the men and women thus commemorated lifted Africa from the stone age to the space age, and raised her peoples to faith in Jesus Christ. To desecrate and destroy them is rebellion also against God.
National Democratic Revolution
During the past 20 years of ‘liberation,’ South African students found no reason to complain about “imperial” South African statues. The present burst of manipulated anger, therefore, signifies a cultural revolution in line with the “radical second phase of the national democratic revolution,” as outlined by the SA Communist Party (SACP). 5) The ANC government, too, seems to be committed to this policy. Since the national elections of 2014, most of the senior members of the South African Communist Party have become ministers or deputy ministers in the government. Dr Pieter Mulder of the Vryheidsfront Plus states: “This confirms the ideological shift to the left in Cabinet which correlates with the President’s comments that a more radical phase of the socio-economic transformation will now follow.” 6)
ANC march in Cape Town turns violent.
People say that Communism is dead, but in South Africa it is part of our national life. It has inspired the Black youth to hooliganism and destructiveness. But Karl Marx is no role model for nation building. He was a Satanist and lacked humanity. While he spent his days at the British Museum writing “Das Kapital”, his wife and children suffered poverty and hunger. Four of his seven children died in early childhood. Two daughters
Lawlessness in the townships. and a son-in-law committed suicide. His destructive theories brought down mighty nations, and they are now destroying South Africa. God says: “My people are destroyed from lack of knowledge. Because you have ignored the Law of your God, I also will ignore your children.” Hosea 4:6 Let us pray, then, that South Africa may return to the living God, that she may not exchange righteousness for wickedness, light for darkness, and Jesus Christ for Satan. God has appointed this nation for better things. “As He has said: ‘I will live with them and walk among them, and I will be their God, and they will be My people. Therefore come out from them and be separate’, says the Lord. ‘Touch no unclean thing, and I will receive you. I will be a Father to you, and you will be My sons and daughters’, says the Lord Almighty.” 2 Corinthians 6:16-18 May God bless you richly, D. Scarborough Gospel Defence League P. O. Box 587 Sea Point 8060 Cape Town South Africa dscarborough@telkomsa.net www.gospeldefenceleague.org
Footnotes:
1. The area comprises the State President’s residence Genadendal, the Groote Schuur Hospital, Rhodes Memorial, Kirstenbosch Gardens, Newlands Forest – it stretches up to Constantia Nek. 2. Internet: The fall of Rhodes’ statue is only the first step, says Malema, 30.3.2015 3. Wikipedia: Cultural Revolution 4. The Battle over History, 30.3.2015 (www.ReformationSA.org) 5. Internet: Bua Komanisi! Discussion Document on the second, more radical phase of our transformation. Going to the Root. 6. Dr Pieter Mulder, Freedom Front Plus leader, Media Release 26.5.2014. 7) Alexander Solzhenitsyn, 1983, Henry R Pike, A History of Communism in South Africa.
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Russia Bans Internet Pornography Russia’s ban on internet pornography is the country’s latest move to strengthen Biblical family values. This is one of at least 5 pro-family pieces of legislation to be enacted in Russia in the last three years. Other pro-family legislation includes the prohibition of propagating homosexuality, especially to children, the prohibition of homosexual public rallies, the criminalisation of abortion after 12 weeks, banning of abortion advertising, and cash benefits to couples who have more than one child.
Court Ruling
According to a report on International Business Times, a Russian court has instructed Roskomnadzor, the country’s state-controlled Internet watchdog, to block 136 websites hosting “pornographic material” under the terms of international conventions signed in 1910 and 1923. Vague language in the ruling, first reported by the newspaper Izvestia, means all Internet pornography could soon be illegal in Russia. All of the websites on the list, including some of the most frequently visited in the world, must be blocked immediately after the court ruling, Global Voices Online reported.
Pornography Distribution Banned
The court banned the illegal distribution of pornography, though it failed to precisely to define what “legal distribution” of pornography is, meaning millions of other Russian pornography
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websites could soon be knocked offline as well.
European Countries Waking Up
Russia is the latest in European countries that are waking up to realise the devastating impact of pornography on society. Iceland is considering installing blocks on Internet porn. Last year, the UK persuaded all internet service providers in the UK to automatically block pornography on all their users’ internet-enabled devices.
You Can Make a Difference
Put pressure on Internet Service Providers and elected representatives to block all internet pornography in your country.
This Could Happen in South Africa
This could happen in South Africa too, but not without you getting involved and putting up a fight.
Be Informed
What can you do to protect yourself and your children? How can we take back the culture from the pimps and pornographers? Africa Christian Action’s book: Porndemic, will equip and empower you, with the help of God, to make a positive difference. Taryn Hodgson
CHRISTIAN ACTION – FOR REFORMATION AND REVIVAL 2015
Continued from page 11 Atomic Bombs Justified?
Hiroshima Ground Zero Memorial Park said: ‘If we’d lost the war, we’d all have been prosecuted as war criminals.’ And I think he’s right. He, and I’d say I, were behaving as war criminals. LeMay recognized that what he was doing would be thought immoral if his side had lost. But what makes it immoral if you lose and not immoral if you win?”
Indiscriminate Mass Murder
Takashi Hiraoka, Mayor of Hiroshima, said in a hearing to The Hague International Court of Justice (ICJ): “It is clear that the use of nuclear weapons, which cause indiscriminate mass murder that leaves effects on survivors for decades, is a violation of international law”. Iccho Itoh, the mayor of Nagasaki, declared in the same hearing: “It is said that the descendants of the atomic bomb survivors will have to be monitored for several generations to clarify the genetic impact, which means that the descendants will live in anxiety for [decades] to come... with their colossal power and capacity for slaughter and destruction, nuclear weapons make no distinction between combatants and noncombatants or between military installations and civilian communities... The use of nuclear weapons... therefore is a manifest infraction of international law.”
Genocide
University of Chicago historian Bruce Cumings states there is a consensus among historians “the Nagasaki bomb was gratuitous at best and genocidal at worst.”
Democide
Professor R.J. Rummel’s definition of democide includes not only genocide, but also an excessive killing of civilians in war, to the extent this is against the agreed rules for warfare; he argues the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were war crimes, and thus democide. Rummel quotes among others an official protest from the US government in 1938 to Japan, for its bombing of Chinese cities: “The bombing of non-combatant populations violated international and humanitarian laws.” He also considers excess deaths of civilians in conflagrations caused by conventional means, such as in the Tokyo bombings, as acts of democide.
Terrorism
In 1967, Noam Chomsky described the atomic bombings as “among the most unspeakable crimes in history”. Chomsky pointed to the complicity of the American people in the bombings. The definition of terrorism is “the targeting of innocent civilians to achieve a political goal”. Twelve US Navy pilots also died in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. Although the US authorities knew of their incarceration in the jail in Hiroshima, it did not change their order.
Unnecessary Suffering
The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 set rules in place regarding the attack of civilian populations. The Hague Conventions stated that religious buildings, art and science centres, charities, hospitals, and historic monuments, were to be spared as far as possible in a bombardment, unless they were being used for military purposes. The Hague Conventions also prohibited the employment of “arms, projectiles, or material calculated to cause unnecessary suffering”. “When you besiege a city for a long time, while making war against it to take it, you shall not destroy its trees...” Deuteronomy 20:19 Dr. Peter Hammond www.ReformationSA.org
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