Harnessing mineral resources for Africa's transformation
CARTE GÉOLOGIQUE DE L’AFRIQUE
GEOLOGICAL MAP OF AFRICA
à 1 : 10 millionième 20°O
15°O
10°O
5°O
1:10 million scale
0°
5°E
10°E
15°E
20°E
25°E
30°E
35°E
40°E
45°E
50°E
1 1 98
12
5
5 12
5
10
5
10
12
10
18 18
18
Se
1
18
a
u
louy
5
1
Jabal Nafusah
BASSI N
DU
SAHARA
5
N I S A B
65
po
a
n
d
58
69 - PP2mNP3 - with Ediacaran metamorphism (Hoggar) Ovamboland
h
64
44
49
64
60
B
K
Etosha pa n
65
72 - PP2m - metamorphic 74
113 Ma
73 - PP2p - plutonic
13
74 - PP2pm - plutonic and metamorphic
Ota vi
P
U
74
P
E
17
28
84
Okavang 49
er
K A LA H A
93
20°N 10°N 5°S 72
11
84 85
^^
S r
g
e
al
an
s
^
n
Tugela
^
23
^
MASERU
^ ^
B 49 27
K
A
R
63 36
ge
27
1
96 - P€PZd - diorite and dolerite
e
^ 17
1
Or
k Sa
Va
^ ^^ ^^
k
^
e
5
78
^
r
IN
^ ^
65 1
27 64
- sedimentary
Anoysien
Androyen
MAPUTO 93
17
A 70 64
63 27
1
96
^ ^ ^
^
5
79 Ma
1
1
12 93
1
83
B 27 27
64
92 - MAm - metamorphic
64
21
5
17
95
X
Orange
91 - MApm - plutonic and metamorphic
Precambrian to Paleozoic 4.6 - 0.252 Ga
5
17
23
49
90 - MAp - plutonic
5
5
84
^
MBABANE
I
92
95 - PApm - plutonic and metamorphic
10
93 73
65
93
78
95
R
91
1 95
^ 17
X PRETORIA ^ ^^
94
X
54
b
t ser De
90
94 - PAvsm - volcano-sedimentary and metamorphic
54 11
1
11
g
93
1
17
73
70
93 - PAMApm - plutonic and metamorphic
95
84
44 64
23
^64 ^
1
D
mib
R
Na
ARCHEAN
rb
1 84
78
27
63
89 - MAvsm - volcano-sedimentary and metamorphic
89
93
94
54
84
72
12 21 1
1 65
te
^ GABORONE 94
1
23
42
X
88 - MAvs - volcano-sedimentary
88
1
1
12
^ Wa
65
70
Desert
Stampriet artesian basin
E
87 - MAmPP3 - with Orosirian metamorphism (Hoggar)
Mesoarchean 3.2 - 2.8 Ga
12
1
23
94
17
Kalahari
W
87
Paleoarchean 3.6 - 3.2 Ga
1
Save
5
^ Limpopo ^
X 23
LO
Mesoarchean 3.2 - 2.8 Ga
Paleoarchean to Mesoarchean 3.6 - 2.8 Ga
5
9 54
74
5 17
23 86
5
17
63
1 63
- Ds - sedimentary
44 84 64
1
63
74
17
49
1
- Dp - plutonic
10°S 10 5
84
23 78
84 17
74
86 - MAm - metamorphic
- sedimentary
ANTANANARIVO 5 1
^^
17
1
structure
86
85 - MANAvs - volcano-sedimentary
86
- sedimentary
54 44
93
83
1
o Delta
^
- Ghanzi
81 - NAPPp - plutonic 82 - NAvsm - volcano-sedimentary and metamorphic
85
93
84
11 60
23
Damarides
R
23
83 - NAvsp - volcano-sedimentary and plutonic
Mesoarchean to Neoarchean 3.2 - 2.5 Ga Mesoarchean (to Neoarchean ?) 3.2 - 2.5? Ga
- sedimentary
62
1
a
80 - NAPPpm - plutonic and metamorphic
84 - NApm - plutonic and metamorphic
- sedimentary
93
83
o
81
83
93
23
17
ar
Gobabis
80
82
84
^ am
WINDHOEK
79 - NAPPm - metamorphic
79
Neoarchean 2.8 - 2.5 Ga
28 - CPsK - sedimentary (Karoo) 29 - CPp - plutonic
54
83
93 49
D
Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic 2.8 - 1.6 Ga
27 - CPs - sedimentary
85 83
21
5
15
78 - NAPP2svs - sedimentary and volcano-sedimentary
84
12
11 11
60
12
63
85 5
77 - PPvp - volcanic and plutonic 58
sedimentary
93
23
1
1
86 58
sedimentary
9
10 1
61 12 12
HARARE
1
84
O
S
A
I N
17
30°S
75
76 - PPpm - plutonic and metamorphic
54
65
75 - PP2v - volcanic
78
84
60 1
13
93 83
X
64
28
61 84 74
49
49
ry
74
A
10
54 23
X
64
Zambezi trip ivi S Capr
bo
73
H
54
^ ^
1 5
hi
72
A
N
I ^
1 1
60
m
77
L
A
S
A
I
R
44
61
64
re
71
76
9
1
1
64
5
61
ny mavo Ikala
70
Neoarchean to Rhyacian 2.8 - 2.05 Ga
58 Bemarivo
60 1
44
44
It
Rhyacian 2.3 - 2.05 Ga
Paleoproterozoic 2.5 - 1.6 Ga
- sedimentary (Karoo)
sedimentary
5°N
e mb 44
LUSAKA
44
ito
70 - PP2svs - sedimentary and volcano-sedimentary 71 - PP2vsm - volcano-sedimentary and metamorphic
- dolerite, carbonatite, syenite
GN - continental sedimentary (Nubian Sandstone)
1
61
Lurio 62
44
26
C u b a n g o
A
9 62
60
60
Vo
69
edimentary
Cu
o
LA BAI-ET SI OS N H
2
Lu
bom Ka
LILONGWE
a
Rhyacian 2.3 - 2.05 Ga
VE
1
1
60
62
25°S
CU
a
63 62
il
ene Cun
PROTEROZOIC
Igo
B u
5
64
5
5
Ruwum 5
63
bide
10
C
74 78
ne Cune 49
49
18 44
64
ng
68 - PP3p - plutonic
0°
O G I N S
S
Lualaba
O C E A N A T L A N T I C
N O
U D
go Con
A 67 - PP3mNP3 - with Ediacaran metamorphism (Hoggar)
68
18
1
58 60
15°S
i Oubangu
C ou é Og ut Ha
67
Orosirian 2.05 - 1.8 Ga
18 5
26
Malawi
5
Orosirian 2.05 - 1.8 Ga
5
hah
5
Lake
M
do
- TJs - sedimentary
Rufiji
a Ru 58
mtns
x
DAR ES SALAAM 26
ra
26
62
74
ge
54
- TJsK - sedimentary (Karoo)
ne
o
o
a
a
61
Tum
X1
78
- subvolcanic (CAMP)
sto ing
Ran
26
an
74
49
66 - PP3-4pm - plutonic and metamorphic
- Jv - volcanic
g
o
c
Cu
ang
65 - PP3-4vs - volcano-sedimentary
66
64 63
54 54
i
g
74
in
49
Kafue
Cub
65
26 74
86
64
k
Liv
fira
1
86
1
X
64
74
74
5
63
63
58
64 - MPpm - plutonic and metamorphic
sh
am
49 54
63 - MPs - sedimentary
64
be Ch
1
44
o
i bez
63
Orosirian to Statherian 2.05 - 1.6 Ga
e Bung
Zam
Mesoproterozoic 1.6 - 1.0 Ga
Lungu
Benguela
61 - MPNPm - metamorphic
a
62
yk
e
61
an
o
ng
60
5 45
49
12 86
1
U
1
Huambo
60 - MPNPms - metasedimentary 62 - MPNPpm - plutonic and metamorphic
- Js - sedimentary
1
77 28
1
56
sa
5 81
4
#
86
^
59 - MPNPs - sedimentary
59
sai
74
58 - NPm - metamorphic Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic 1.6 - 0.541 Ga
81
U
1
#
1
18
65
81
1 63
i
58
1
94
1
74
50
Cas 84
57 - NPp - plutonic
65
77
54
45 5
58
74
64
5
12
56 - NPvs - volcano-sedimentary
57
63
1
X
1
1
5
1
86
5
Dodoma belt
5 5
63 45
56
5
1
1
63
5
Kasaï
5
26
1
84
93
63
63
91
^
Galana
54
1
1 5
^ 14
31
# #
1
^
^
70
28
5
^
ang
18
Cuanza
Cuanza 5 Sul
58
#
Kilimandjaro
1 84
ng
64 63
76 91 5
31
86
1 5
Neoproterozoic 1.000 - 541 Ma
plutonic
36 21
63
O 21
1
sedimentary
97 - P€vs - volcano-sedimentary Precambrian 4.6 - 0.541 Ga
97
98
99
- €Os - sedimentary
50 Ma
X
98 - P€mp - metamorphic and plutonic 99 - P€v - volcanic
1
36
1
42
Lake
CAPE TOWN
Cape
36 1
38 Ma
2 4 6
3
diamondiferous kimberlite
2 - Fault
Carbonatite
3 - Inferred fault 5
4 - Thrust fault #
5 - Inferred thrust fault 7
p - plutonic
Historically active volcano
6 - Normal fault
X
7 - Inferred normal fault
Astroblem
#
30 Ma
#
OCEANIC CRUST (Atlantic and Indian Oceans) and OCEANIC DOMAIN 5
6
21
13
18
MAGNETIC ANOMALY
SDRs (Seaward deeping reflector sequences) related to the opening of the South Atlantic ocean during Early Cretaceous (passive margin volcanism)
Cenozoic
AGE (Ma)
Cretaceous
Oceanic plateau (with mean age) and second order elevation (white contour)
x Ma
fold
belt
35°S
Main occcurence of
^
1 - Geological contact
1
€s - sedimentary
25
THE AMDC APPROACH
Swartberge
- €Ovs - volcano-sedimentary
sedimentary
Os - sedimentary
O
1 - COB - Continental Ocean Boundary 1 2 - Spreading ridge axis
2 3
I N
D
E
A N
3 - Isochron line 5
4
4 - Transform fault 5 - Inferred transform fault 500
0.01
20.1
9.7
33.1
40.1
55.9
47.9
Jurassic
1
2
0
500
1 000
1 500
2 000 km
1 - Red Sea. West Mediterranean 2 - East Mediterranean
SCALE 1:10,000,000 20°O
C
N I A 40°S
29
70 5 12
76
^^
Cuanza No rte
a la
sedimentary
i
5
58
LUANDA 1
Cu
- K1s - sedimentary - K1v - volcanic
64
Lu
55 - NP1s - sedimentary
2
58
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^
58
yua
54 - NP1-2vs - volcano-sedimentary
55
63
55
14
76 31
53 - NP1-3s - sedimentary
54
64
55
84
76
51 - NP2vs - volcano-sedimentary 52 - NP2p - plutonic
53
Tonian to Cryogenian 1.000 - 635 Ma
M
- K2s - sedimentary - K2v - volcanic
^^ ^ sa
Lu
52
Tonian to Ediacaran 1.000 - 541 Ma
Tonian 1.000 - 850 Ma
63 84 1
^^
1 49
54
Ta
51
Ka
ngo
l sta
50 - NP2s - sedimentary
50
31
CZs - sedimentary CZv - volcanic
63
55
Kwa
Cri
5
Cryogenian 850 - 635 Ma
sedimentary
70
5
49 - NP2-3vs - volcano-sedimentary
sedimentary
olcanic
19
ke
^
de
1
49
1
54
70
La
ts
Cryogenian to Ediacaran 850 - 541 Ma
70
28
12
## 58 4
76
BUJUMBURA
55
63
5 5
on
Np - plutonic
9
70
1 5
Sank uru
1
NAIROBI
63 72
28 5
5
84
78
84
Lake Victoria
56
Lukenie
Kas ai 10
5
Tana
2 4 1
4
## 4# KIGALI
64
5
10
5
84 84
63
KINSHASA
31
54 58
47 - NP3pca - plutonic calco-alcalin (Hoggar)
aba
4
^
63
1
5
5
1
46 - NP3pa - plutonic alcalin and alcali-calcic
48
85
72
MUGDISHO elle Sh
1
KAMPALA
70
85
1
M
47
58
Jubba
5 10
BRAZZAVILLE 49
46
78
1
2
2
78
70
76
76 76
Congo
Plateaux Batéké
84
45
48 - NP3m - metamorphic
Nv - volcanic
56
5
Athi
oun
93
54
45 - NP3s - sedimentary Ediacaran 635 - 541 Ma
Qv - volcanic
58
# 58
9
85 76
76
12
apa
56
76
CONTINENTAL AREAS
Qs - sedimentary
49
49
2
49
49
55
ni
5
n
1
# #
86
85
mi
ma
5
e
44
6
4
85
Aruwi
Lo
Ng
10
LEGEND
70
d
4
86 85
Tshu
a
12
4
Uele
50 5
85
Ruki
Ogoué Lolo
1
Mount Kinyeti (3187 m)
84
i
en
ui
g
bele
le
49
20°S
ng
45
Ogoué
84 76 12
15°N
Nile u
Ogo ja
o
bar
m
Cala
o
ba
Gena
1
54 54
1
6
4
Ou
45
1
5
58 4
i y a h
5
1
72
5
58
58
a
Congo
o
She
49
b
Ivi
I s t i w
72
49
a
N
4 1
A l
u
85
gh
u
O 2
M
S an
e ol
10 6
6
84
Mbom
93
45
Bembi en 5
W
4
58
8
t
te
70
45
70
72
70
nd
18 9
al
57
45
i
Liki
10
5 1
az
8
Oubangu
ye
u
de
56
42
70 85
m
4
# Gh
72
56
94
BANGUI 72
ba
12
Ka
ba
93
te
44 2#
#
l
84 70
K o t t o 72
84
Mbini 84 49
LIBREVILLE
e
1
ADIS ABEBA
56 B a s s e 45
72 5
9
r
58
tto
84
58
OmbellaMpoko
a 58
um
72
Kotto
70
72
58
éré mb - Ma
H
Bo
58
YAOUNDE
1
12 H a u t e
84
58
84 72
na
Lo
San
5 5
57
ui
58 58
Na
10
mi ng
Ko
am
44 44
18
58
to
Ba
Ouh
72 44
# MALABO
h
Bamingui Bangoran
56
72
9
a
ou
58
2
6
54
6
8
An
72
a ma
aga
10
49 10
49
9 54
B A S I N
72
9
72
Ad
#
72
1
Vina
58
44
72
1
ra
one
72
44 44
86
9
58
44
DJIBOUTI 4
Maso
é B
Log 54 12
44
9
M i n t u m b a
de
u
oué
12 86
1
d es
ea
Ben 44
12
5 1
#
1 8
BA
at
ola ng Go at
Pl
10
10
5
25°N
N
I N
r ï a d u O
uri ol
é u o n
70
70
86 70
5
70
a
u
74
72
Aw as
Massif de Termit
Vallée
Dallol Bosso
Mao
70
44
5
COTONOU LOME ACCRA
74
74 1 72
B
a
eh
6
58
1
72
57
C h a ï n e
t mo un
44
10 5
X
70
Ged
#
2 54 8
8
57
5
H
nd
49
R U WA
72
Chari
44
12
Gra 93
74
58
1
U M 8 M 5 5
12
la
4
N u b a (Mts)
86
44 86
44
5
#
8
12
44
12 44
1
#
Luapula
uho
Volta
rani Sanka
White
53
o
i
Volta
nt
Mon
s
pe
44
58 43
ha
Lac
tain
Ca
44
63
70
As
na
ABUJA
10
9
# 1
1
i
70
YAMOUSSOUKRO 70
Grand Bassa
du
86
Niger
44 58
49
14 58
#
# #
8
irm
74 70
90
74
MONROVIA
44
9
25
25
gu Ba
74
u
oe
if ss an M
a
a d
93
94
a
un mo
l
Bong
Kom
lla
M 90
St Pau
Nzi
Su
a
54
Bandam
^ 90
Mo
Ka 86
74 53
Oueme
Sassandr
^
FREETOWN
73 Ma
5
63
43
7
58 49
# # 5 18
Gre
i
5 12
ra Guer
70
ari
70
72
^ ^
^
U
Ah n oua sili
Me
Tas
ret aga l'Az de ée
ak
Vall
de l'Azaou
ale Dors
du Tilemsi
a gar dia Ban
ndo Go
s de
du
Grè
ine
un
44
70 86
Ch
74 70 74
kel
u
r
ar
H
ouad l'Aza de
Dall
GA NE SE
IN
SS
Vallée
NI ITA UR
MA
LO
Mo
57
70
Atak ora
Ro
93
Black Volta
42
58
1
86
1 49
#2
6 6
54 8
57
bé
74
20
1 9
39
NDJAMENA
86
58
44
#
49
18
58
10
10
58
# SANAA
#
6 54
49
e Nile
on
Lac Tchad
70
1
18 2
49
#
ASMARA 54
58 9
gou
Chari
zin
Bougoumi - Sikasso
44 6 44
58
58
49
Blu
Pla
N
ko
mas
49
44
44
AL KHURTUM
25 25
70
74
#
58
dou Kora
44
9
25
25
25 9
49
9
58
29
Plain e des
adi
49
9
39
Bayuda desert
58
39
B
12
Mar
58
49
X
25
garam Moun io
E
BA
D
So
34
T C H A D 57
Dama
12
1 44
44
5
D U
de al te az et Gh u v El C r ah
10
E
1
de
a
49
# 58
9
A
M lmi
1
25
10
E
t
Rim
to
74
Na
ide Tef
5 7
7
14
25
E n n e d i
1
B A S S I N
Damergou
X
49
44
27
39
S
de
OUAGADOUGOU
70
90
E
Grès de Koutiala
74
Tinkisso
g
12
rg
E
nd
ra
G
a
74
CONAKRY
1
70
am
fin
7
7
7
NIAMEY
a
Nak
1
Sirb
Gou
de
g
am
10
7
7
7
74
Er
Teg
7 7
7
49
58 7
30 5
10
10 7
er
24
25 44
1
49 14
25
10
du
L
Bani
er
s
L
ie
Ba
9
5
Nig
70
Massif de Liptako
BAMAKO
20
5 7
53 70
7
49 44
9
44
44
54
25
24
E r d i
1
X a
m
9
1
24
Emi Koussi (3415 m)
.
il
B
12
U
rieu inté er Nig
14 35
35 34
97
ré
Grè
I
lta
74
Fouta Djallon 37
10
7
7
an ais
u a h o T a
De
né
Té
du
1
1
58
ssé
mb
^
Nig
gou
20
10
34
So ud
53
r du
20
^ ^
53
BISSAU
10
5
it
Ga
Nara
de
44 1
30 45
12
Fo
n
53
70 74
41
5
Ba
Plateaux mandingues
Ga 56
ssi
S
Ba
é
10 78
25
1
25
33
r
E
l 7
de
Se
oul
ze
D
ga 7
X
tro
de o
sé
Plaine de Nioro
Bakoye
N
né
ben
1
Fos
45
20
Cas ama nce
12
Dé
Gra
53
Infracambrien plissé de Gourma
20
74
74
78
35
Tibesti
67
Aïr
ha
78
Djabal al Uwaynat
9
39
25
10
47 12
10
I
Niger
20
53
59 70
70
1
Té néré du Ta fassasset
Ta mesna
Ir
X
25
57
47 35
33
46
1
45
37 7
1
7
I
14
37
56
Bassin de l'Azaouad sud
S
7
7
Ferl o
oum Sal 42
BANJUL
N
S
7
Sé
1
E
35
87
12
D
39
39 1
45
Iforas
U
A
O
44
9
D
A
Tim
47 51
Bassin de l'Azaouad nord
T
1
45 47
47
69 12
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SPECIAL EDITION FOR THE 35TH INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGICAL CONGRESS
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“Transparent, equitable and optimal exploitation of mineral resources to underpin broadbased sustainable growth and socio-economic development”
THE AFRICA MINING VISION 2009|
Africa Mining Vision (AMV) adopted by African Union (AU) member states as the continental framework for the development of the minerals sector in Africa. It puts Africa’s long term and broad development objectives at the heart of all policy-making concerned with mineral extraction.
Contents
4
Milestones
Who we are
2
Harnessing Africa’s mineral resources
3
AMDC Workstreams
4
How we are making a difference: A changing paradigm
6
Working with regions and member States
8
Examples of where we are making a difference
10
AMDC Partners
12
From Vision to action: Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
13
Increasing community engagement
14
AMDC’s work - future strategic directions
15
Learning more
16
AMDC Contacts
17
2011| 2013| 2014present
AU Member States adopt a comprehensive AMV Action Plan The African Minerals Development Centre (AMDC) established to accelerate the implementation of the AMV across Africa. AMDC leads concerted and strategic efforts to put the AMV framework into operation through programme activities and studies with AU Member States, African regions, and key global initiatives.
A joint message from our Commissioner and the Executive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Africa Africa’s mineral resources have a tremendous potential to transform the continent’s development perspective. But for too long, our resources have been exploited without benefits to our people. This has to change. In 2009, the African Mining Vision (AMV) was endorsed with this objective in mind. The AMV offers a unique, pan-African pathway to finally reverse the old paradigm regarding the management of our mineral wealth. The Vision is designed to support our governments in addressing the complex linkages that must be unlocked to make mineral resources truly developmental. These include improving governance in resource management; linking minerals to industries; building a solid knowledge base; enhancing the capacity of our people to negotiate fair and equitable contracts; breaking down trade and infrastructure barriers; integrating smallscale mining into the broader economy; and improving our people’s livelihoods. In 2013, the African Minerals Development Centre (AMDC) was set up to implement the Vision and its Action Plan, in response to the need for a central and strategic organisation. We are proud to see that in less than three years, the AMDC has made remarkable progress. It is working globally with international institutions; regionally with our Regional Economic Communities; and, already in half of the Member States of the African Union, supporting our countries to develop Country Mining Visions to meet countryspecific needs. Through its multi-stakeholder engagement, AMDC is contributing to improvements in the lives of communities - for example, through its work on artisanal and small-scale mining and its compact with the private sector to foster private-public dialogues. As we move forward, we expect to see our engagement in the mineral sector as a cornerstone to the continent’s structural transformation for a brighter future for our people. 1 H.E. Fatima Haram Acyl Commissioner of Trade and Industry African Union Commission
Dr. Abdalla Hamdok Executive Secretary, a.i. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
Who we are The African Minerals Development Centre (AMDC) is the lead institution that helps AU Member States to fast-track alignment of their mineral sector development to the Africa Mining Vision, to achieve better developmental outcomes. AMDC operates under the leadership of the African Union Commission’s Department of Trade & Industry. It is currently housed within the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.
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AMDC was set up in 2013 to meet the demand for a single, Africa-wide, strategic coordinating capacity for implementing the AMV. We do this by reframing stakeholder thinking beyond mining to encompass minerals for development.
develop integrated solutions across seven key workstreams, identified by African governments as central to their needs.
The AMDC operates as a ‘think-and-do’-tank. We are the organisation of choice to provide technical assistance to AU member states on the transformative potential of their mineral resources through the domestication of the AMV. Although the AMDC does not provide financial support, we support our Member States with advice and expertise. We
• African Union Commission (AUC)
AMDC’s four Strategic Partners are:
• African Development Bank (AfDB) • United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) • United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA).
AMDC Leadership and Team
The AMDC Vision
Dr. Kojo Busia is the current coordinator of AMDC. Under his leadership, AMDC and its seven workstreams (see pages 4-5) supports the development of a knowledgedriven African minerals sector, that catalyses and contributes to broad-based, inclusive, and sustainable growth for the structural transformation of the continent.
To become a Centre of Excellence and the facilitator of choice to enable AU Member States to realise the Africa Mining Vision.
Collectively, AMDC staff bring more than 100 years of professional experience, acquired across all five regions of Africa and in Southeast Asia, Australasia, the Caribbean, Central and Western Europe, North America and South America. The Centre’s staff has comprised international experts representing several nations across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, South America and Oceania.
AMDC Mission To work with AU Member States and their national and regional organisations, including the AUC, the NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency (NPCA), and Regional Economic Communities (RECs) to enable mineral resources to play a greater transformative role in the development of the continent through increased economic and social linkages, and in this manner, help address its intractable poverty and limited development.
Harnessing Africa’s mineral resources From Vision to action: Realising the potential of Africa’s mineral resources Historically, Africa had faced many challenges on its journey to harnessing the power of its minerals, as a result of national and also - importantly - global and geopolitical factors. Nevertheless, it is precisely this context that can stimulate African nations to future-proof against weak, revenue-only mining regimes and unleash the transformative potential of its minerals. Structural challenges faced by the African mineral sector have been compounded by a prolonged fall in commodity prices, driven by factors such as the slowdown of growth in China - which consumes over 50 per cent of global metal production. Africa’s growth projections are also down - even though, at 4.5 per cent (2015) the continent continues to outperform the global average. Interestingly, this context provides a renewed impetus to accelerate the implementation of the AMV. The AMV offers a unique paradigm shift, from mineral rents maximisation to one where countries can harness broader and more sustainable opportunities, notably through innovation, broad-based linkages and sustainable diversification. To achieve the Vision, changes are needed. Comparatively, Africa consumes the lowest amounts of iron, copper, zinc and bauxite in the world and needs to consume more of its minerals to industrialise. It also needs to establish forward-looking, viable institutions, address governance challenges, and build capacity and higher-value skills - together with a new mindset that embraces the AMV. The beginnings of change are evident. Governance is improving. Trade in processed mining products is growing within Africa, suggesting more opportunities for regional value chains. Governments are domesticating the Vision, and shaping context-specific approaches through country mining visions. All these signs suggest that Africa is on the way to turning its minerals into engines of inclusive and sustainable development.
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AMDC Workstreams Our expertise draws from our seven workstreams, to provide integrated policy options that support African mineral-rich countries to maximise the developmental impact of their mineral resources.
Our workstreams reflect the priorities identified by African governments. We harness knowledge from these areas to support and inform a wide range of stakeholders (see pages 6-11). Together, this work supports African mineral economies to: develop consistent developmentoriented mineral policies and regulatory frameworks; make effective use of geological and geospatial information for developmental outcomes; diversify their
economies by unlocking linkages; establish a knowledgedriven and well-governed African mineral sector that is socially and environmentally accountable, mainstreams gender and contributes to broad-based growth and development; and build a viable and sustainable artisanal and small-scale mining sector to provide decent quality of life for rural communities.
AMDC WORKSTREAMS Policy and licensing
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• Supports countries towards implementing more efficient fiscal policies in the mineral sector and maximising opportunities to exploit minerals-based linkages with the broader economy. • Works to combat illicit financial flows. • Strengthens capacity in contract negotiation.
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• Aligns with AMV harmonization and architecture for mineral resource governance.
Geological and mining information systems
2
• Works to improve production, management and dissemination of geological and geospatial information and its use in Africa. • Serves as a tool for investment, governance and transparency. • Formulating and implementing of the Geological Mineral Information Systems (GMIS) Strategy (see page 6). • Helps governments plan for the sustainable development of Africa’s ‘Blue Economy’ (see page 9).
Governance and participation
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• Expands policy space and leverages political will for domestication of the AMV in AU Member States, through the country mining vision (CMV). • Aims to improve balance and equity in decision-making in the sector; and strengthens stakeholder consultations and capacities in governance. • Works to improve human rights in the sector. • Works to improve social and environmental management.
Women in Africa typically play a much larger role in artisanal mining as compared to large-scale mining. [Source: African Women in Artisanal and Small-scale Mining, Special Report by the AMDC, 2015]
Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM)
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Linkages, investment and diversification
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• Works to reinforce the extent to which ASM frameworks in African countries align and support AMV implementation.
• Works to optimise the full potential of all minerals and overcome trade and industry related constraints.
• Carries out targeted interventions to help optimize ASM contributions towards local entrepreneurship, livelihoods and integrated socio-economic development, with particular focus on the key role of women in ASM.
• Works with African governments to diversify their economies by adding and sharing value from their minerals.
• Provides thought leadership in collaborative efforts to leverage the potential of ‘development minerals’ for transforming the ASM sector.
Human and institutional capacities
6
• Works to make the African minerals skills base stronger, more competitive, and better aligned to AMV outcomes. • Enables movement of skills across regions by improving access to, and accreditation of, education and training. • Strengthens decision-making capacities of stakeholders in the sector
• Explores opportunities to foster dynamic regional and global value chains around minerals-based industrial development.
Communication and advocacy
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• Builds understanding, acceptance and ownership among stakeholders of AMV and AMDC activities and their role in economic and social transformation. • Increases access to information and knowledge to support improved analysis and decision making. • Strengthens capacities of AMDC workstreams and stakeholders to make informed decisions affecting various aspects of the mineral value chain.
“Cross-border illicit financial leakages drain away much needed resources available to finance development5 priorities.” Source: Impact of Illicit Financial Flows on Domestic Resource Mobilization: Optimizing Africa’s Mineral Revenues, UNECA/AMDC 2017
How we are making a difference: A changing paradigm
AMDC works with AU Member States, and their national and regional organisations, to unlock the transformative power of Africa’s mineral resources to improve economic and social outcomes. The Centre collaborates with a wide range of stakeholders at all levels to achieve this vision.
Geological and Mineral Information System (GMIS) Africa lacks sufficient geological map coverage, and its Geological Survey Organisations (GSOs) are underfunded and poorly resourced, which puts countries at a disadvantage. The AMV stresses that geological information is a vital, integrated element of Country Mining Visions. AMDC has collaborated with regional partners to develop the GMIS Strategy, which aims to strengthen the African geological and mineral information resources that are crucial for legal, economic, social and environmental applications in mining and development processes in Africa.
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Developing human and institutional capacity Mineral resources exploitation in Africa has been held back by the shortage of available skills and resources to adequately support the sector, and hampered by weak institutions. To address these gaps, AMDC is providing capacity building support to dozens of countries to help them negotiate better and fairer contracts. For example, AMDC implements a capacity building programme on contract negotiations (see page 9). AMDC has also influenced key global initiatives, such as the G7 CONNEX initiative, with a view to aligning their principles with the AMV.
Improving the lives of women in artisanal and small scale mining (ASM) In Africa, women make up around half the ASM workforce. AMDC, in partnership with UNECA/ African Centre for Gender, produced a study on women in artisanal and small-scale mining in five countries1, highlighting key gender-related challenges. The findings will be used to influence government policy, planning and actions to address these challenges, and to enable women to realise their full potential in the vital ASM sector. 1 Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Tanzania and Zambia
Africa’s share of the global exploration budget, mainly from mining companies, remains the lowest in absolute terms – less than US$5 per square kilometre, compared to US$65 for Canada
“Owning technologies, having easier access to capital and information will be of highest benefit to women in ASM. Government support to women in the sector would be through educating financial institutions on ASM operations… This will open doors for financing women in the sector.”
[Source: International Study Group Report on Africa’s Mineral Regimes, 2011]
Leah Kalua, Miner, Chunya, Tanzania [Source: African Women in Artisanal and Small-scale Mining, Special Report by the AMDC, 2015]
Tackling Illicit Financial Flows AMDC has supported the globally recognised work of the AU and the UNECA High Level Panel on Illicit Financial Flows (IFF), led by former South African President Thabo Mbeki. UNECA estimates that between 2000-10, more than half (56.2%) of the IFFs from Africa came from the extractives sector. African governments have collectively committed to tackle IFFs - defined as ‘money illegally earned, transferred or used’ - in key policy documents including the AMV. AMDC, together with UNECA’s Macroeconomic Policy Division, has produced a report addressing the impact of IFFs on domestic resource mobilisation, and offering policy recommendations for global, regional and national decisionmakers on strategies to optimise Africa’s mineral revenues in this context.
More than half of the illicit financial flows from Africa come from the extractive sector and are highly concentrated in a few countries [Source: Impact of Illicit Financial Flows on Domestic Resource Mobilization: Optimizing Africa’s Mineral Revenues, UNECA/AMDC 2017]
African Mining Vision Compact – working with the private sector During Mining Indaba 2016, the AUC and AMDC launched the AMV Compact. The compact aims to incorporate mining companies into the AMV process and close existing gaps between mining communities, the private sector and governments. It primarily targets extractive companies including oil and gas, Chambers of Mines and other mining associations. Incentives for private sector cooperation include the business benefits that they will derive from AMV implementation, such as the potential for operational cost reductions and productivity enhancements. In the run-up to the Indaba, the Mining Industry Association of Southern Africa (MIASA) expressed support for the new Compact.
“We believe [the Compact] is an important - and exciting - step towards even greater collaboration and coordination between African governments and private industry in achieving development.” HE Fatima Haram Acyl, AU Commissioner of Trade and Industry
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Working with regions and member States At the regional level, the AMV means ensuring coherence and coordination between national efforts and regional agendas and commitments. The Vision stresses the importance of regional cooperation and integration in building a successful – and developmental – minerals sector. AMDC’s activities and studies have covered 25 countries in Africa - more than half of all AU member States. These include Angola, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
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Private sector engagement:
Intra-African trade:
AMDC, together with the AUC, has engaged with Chambers of Mines and other mining associations from three dozen African Member Countries in four regions. As a result, we have witnessed the formation of the East African Chambers of Mines, the strengthening of the West African Chambers of Mines, and efforts towards the establishment of a Central African Chambers of Mines (see also AMV Compact p7)
AMDC advocates strongly the need to improve synergies between minerals, trade and investment policies across countries, RECs and the continent, by removing trade-related barriers to deepen mineral-led regional value chains. The Centre supports countries in the implementation of the Continental Free Trade Area, through effective policy sequencing, coordination and coherence between national policies, regional commitments and continental ambitions.
High-level regional meetings:
Geological knowledge management:
Participation in expert discussions with the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to develop a ‘High-Level Dialogue on Harmonized Policies for Natural Resource Management in the ECOWAS Zone’; and a continent-wide high level roundtable to develop the African Minerals Governance Framework (AMGF), led by the AU and UNECA.
AMDC contributes to the capacity building of regional and continental database and geoprocessing centres, and advocates for the strengthening of geological information in RECs (see also GMIS p6).
Country Mining Visions:
Helping emerging and new entrants to the sector
AMDC’s CMV Guidebook (see p16) provides a major implementation tool to break down the CMV mechanism into practical processes to domesticate the AMV at the country-level, based on national development priorities. We offer targeted or systematic support to countries at different stages of mining development. For example, in mature mining countries such as Ghana, we are supporting the development of institutional structures to support AMV-aligned strategic planning for the minerals sector.
AMDC works with emerging and new entrants, such as Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi and Sierra Leone, to develop ‘forward looking’ policies and regulations. For example, in 2015, Lesotho adopted a Minerals and Mining Policy designed to reposition the mining industry to bring growth, jobs and revenue - the first time that the country has developed a policy specifically focused on its mineral resources sector.
Country support on contract negotiations:
Under the sea: Leveraging Africa’s ‘Blue Economy’
In practice, the AMV means making sure countries are able to negotiate contracts with investors and mining companies that generate fair resource rents and ensure sustainable management of resources beyond the mining life cycle. AMDC is implementing capacity building programmes in contract negotiations in Chad, the Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Malawi and Niger. Burkina Faso will soon join the programme.
Maritime zones under Africa’s jurisdiction total around 13 million square kilometres. AMDC aims to improve understanding of the potential for the sustainable development, exploration and exploitation of Africa’s marine mineral resources, for the benefit of all Africa’s citizens. The Centre has contributed to the production of a handbook on Africa’s Blue Economy, and is working to improve access to geological and environmental knowledge about Africa’s aquatic and marine spaces.
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Examples of where we are making a difference At national level, the Country Mining Vision (CMV) is one of AMDC’s main pathways towards domesticating the AMV. However, not all countries need to formulate a CMV: this depends on the particular country’s mineral sector development trajectory or typology. Some member states opt for targeted interventions in specific areas (e.g. Guinea, Sierra Leone); others require a more comprehensive CMV initiative (e.g. Lesotho, Mozambique); a number of countries combine both the targeted and comprehensive approach (Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania); and in a few countries (e.g. Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger) the CMV engagement is more of a social movement characterized by civic engagement to domesticate the AMV.
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“[Lesotho’s new minerals policy] harmonises with the Africa Mining Vision, the continent’s roadmap for using the exploitation of mineral resources for socioeconomic development.” Hon Tlali Khasu, Minister of Mining, Lesotho
CMV Policy Dialogue: An instrument of reform
AMDC has institutionalized a Policy Dialogue initiative. This builds on a political economy approach, to enhance countries’ efforts towards implementing the AMV at country-level. Starting with Sierra Leone and Malawi, AMDC’s Policy Dialogue process entailed: • Leveraging the convening power of the African Union Commission as well as the UN Economic Commission for Africa, to bring together governments, other stakeholders, and interest groups, for CMV consultations in Addis Ababa; • Jointly conducting gap analyses as an initial step towards aligning countries’ mineral sector governance interests and priorities with the AMV; and • Building consensus on the sociopolitical trade-offs, strategic options and frameworks for further engagement to enhance alignment with the AMV.
Lesotho:
An integrated approach to the CMV Following sustained technical assistance and substantive engagement by AMDC in the development of Lesotho’s new mining legislation, the Cabinet approved the drafting process for Lesotho’s new mining legislation. AMDC (in partnership with the Law Office of the Kingdom of Lesotho) supported the Ministry of Mines to build a consensus on the key issues to be covered by a new mining law.
“Ghana is working very closely with the African Mineral Development Centre to indigenise the AMV, through a Country Mining Vision.” H.E. President Mahama of the Republic of Ghana, Keynote Address, First ECOWAS Mining & Petroleum Forum ”
Malawi:
Sierra Leone:
New AMDC-supported contract negotiation task team
Kenya:
Advancing Kenya’s CMV
AMDC provided technical advice to facilitate the integration of AMV tenets into the first revision of Kenya’s mining legislation in over 70 years (Kenya Mining Act of 2016). Moreover, with key support from AMDC, the government has institutionalized its CMV process by launching a National Steering Committee as the CMV coordinating body. The Centre also played a leading role in supporting mineral sector governance engagement between the government, civil society and ecumenical groups. “Remarkably, this is our first new mining law in over 70 years, and it is primarily based on the AMV, Kenyan Constitution and its Vision 2030.” Cabinet Secretary, Hon. Dan Kazungu, Ministry of Mines, Kenya
AMDC (in collaboration with Southern Africa Resource Watch) engaged with Malawi’s Parliament, on the draft Mines and Minerals Bill. This resulted in the Government of Malawi delaying submission of the Bill to Parliament for consideration and enactment; it helped strengthen the enabling environment for Malawi to reassess the Bill, as part of its broader review of the Mines and Minerals regime. AMDC is also helping to strengthen Malawi’s capacity for complex contracts negotiations, and providing advisory services for Malawi to optimize its CMV process. “It is my hope that the minerals of Malawi bring health, happiness and prosperity for all Malawians. This is the responsibility of the people who will negotiate [on Malawi’s behalf]. Malawi will be a rich or a poor country depending on what you do.” Honourable Bright Msaka SC, Minister of Natural Resources, Energy and Mining, Malawi
AMDC technical support for new minerals policy
Ghana:
Unpacking industrial linkages As part of the CMV process, AMDC, in collaboration with public and private stakeholders, is conducting an in-depth diagnosis of the mineral sector in Ghana. The aim is to assess the scope and opportunities for creating industrial linkages across sectors, using the mining sector as an ‘anchor’. The analysis will feed into Ghana’s ongoing industrial policy reforms and ambitions to become a trade and industry regional hub.
AMDC’s Policy Dialogue initiative has helped build consensus on the sociopolitical trade-offs and strategic options for aligning the country’s mineral sector governance regime with the AMV. The Centre is providing technical and advisory input to facilitate the integration of AMV tenets into the new Core Minerals Policy as well as the Strategic Plan for Ministry of Mines and Mineral Resources. AMDC has also helped to reinforce the country’s consultative approach to mineral sector governance.
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AMDC Partners Strategic Partners: the African Union Commission (AUC), African Development Bank (AfDB), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA).
Thematic partnerships
Hosting arrangement with UNECA: AMDC’s mandate aligns closely with the vision of UNECA, to promote inclusive structural transformation and industrialisation across African countries. In cooperating with ECA, AMDC leverages technical expertise from several divisions, namely the Centre for gender, and the capacity development, macroeconomic policy, regional integration and trade, and social development divisions.
Development of the African Minerals Governance Framework (AMGF): OXFAM, Third World Network, Southern African Resource Watch, Alternative Mining Indaba consortium, GIZ
Implementing and operational Partners including: Multilateral organisations: OECD, UNCTAD, G7-CONNEX initiative, WEF, IGF, World Bank, ACP Secretariat, EU Bilateral partners: BGR, Canada, GIZ, DFID Think Tanks and Academic institutions: ACET, CCSI, IISD, SAIIA, ASI CSO partners: TJN, ATAF, Third World Network, SARW
Funding partners:
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Illicit financial flows: TJN, ATAF, OECD BEPs, AU-ECA High Level Panel on Illicit Financial Flows from Africa
Implementation of CMV: UNDP, Minerals Commissions, Chamber of Mines, National Governments, RECs, World Economic Forum (WEF) Private sector compact: Mining Indaba, Southern African Chamber of Mines, East and West Africa Chambers of Mines; World Bank Value addition: ACET, BGR, OECD, IGF Management of Geological information: World Bank, Panaf Geo, Geological Society of Africa, OAGS
From Vision to action: Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Adopted in 2009, the AMV offers a sustainable development paradigm, leveraging the potential of Africa’s minerals to achieve the structural transformation of the continent. The AMV has inspired the African position in the design and adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015. The AMV has therefore proved to be ahead of its time, and its core principles are in line with the 2015 SDGs. On 25 September 2015, spearheaded by the United Nations, countries adopted a set of seventeen SDGs, setting a fifteenyear agenda that aims to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all.
communities. The strong linkages between the AMV pillars and the SDGs are evident, and provide a mutuallyreinforcing framework for structurally transformed mineralled development for the continent.
Preceding the global SDGs by more than six years, the AMV departed from the conventional wisdom on minerals to focus on broad-based development. The overriding goal of the AMV is a sustainable and well-governed mineral sector that effectively garners and deploys resource rents and is safe, healthy, gender- and ethnically-inclusive, environmentallyfriendly, socially responsible and appreciated by surrounding
Below we note strong impacts between four key SDGs and the minerals sector. Several other SDGs also relate strongly to AMV principles. For example, SDG 4 on quality education reinforces the AMV’s emphasis on skills development and skills transfer; SDG 17 on partnerships echoes the importance placed by the Vision on private – public partnerships.
Positive SDG impacts on the minerals sector:
• Renewables - efficiency • Sustainable and reliable access • Shared use
• Economic diversification/ industrialisation
• Mining corridors, shared use
• Fiscal regimes
• Multiplier effects (linkages )
• Local content, value chains
• Revenue management
• Employment
• Innovation
• Tackling tax evasion • Reporting (country or project) • Conflict mitigation 13
Increasing community engagement AMDC supports broad-based participation from groups including communities, CSOs, trade unions and faith-based groups. A key part of this engagement is the AMDC’s policy dialogue and communications initiative through which AMDC helps to disseminate the AMV message. AMDC’s community engagement also enhances an approach to corporate social responsibility (CSR) that is aligned with national interests and priorities.
Valuing civil society’s contribution: At the 2016 Alternative Mining Indaba, Dr Claude Kabemba, Director of the Southern Africa Resource Watch, praised AMDC for ensuring that civil society and communities were brought to the table in discussions on the extractives industry. A growing number of CSOs and trade unions – national, regional and pan-African – are involved in outreach and capacity building to increase knowledge of the AMV and build advocacy around implementation. In September 2016 the first African Mining Vision Civil Society Organisation Forum was held in Nairobi, Kenya, with a wide range of participants from across the region. A voice for artisanal and small scale miners (ASM):
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UNECA and AUC estimates indicate that Africa has more than more than eight million artisanal miners. This is a conservative estimate, since in many countries ASM operates below the radar. AMDC has a workstream dedicated to this sector and is working to support its formalisation and professionalisation. (See also p6 on women miners). Boosting skills: AMDC is advocating for new approaches that enable African citizens to gain higher-level sector skills, and for transferable skills to enable the movement of skilled workers between countries.
“Developing a Country Mining Vision is a big step towards ensuring that Kenya’s mineral wealth benefits not just a few people but contributes to the country’s growth. It is important that Kenyans participate effectively in developing this vision. Civil society and communities must be involved.” Kenya Civil Society Conference (Nairobi 2015)
AMDC’s work - future strategic directions 1
Supporting African countries in leveraging their geological and mineral information beyond mining to broader socio-economic development.
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Catalysing the harmonisation of mineral fiscal regimes in Africa to enhance domestic revenue mobilisation for development.
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Raising the profile of Africa’s mineral sector in the Blue Economy development agenda.
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Developing and influencing the formulation of emerging norms in deep sea mining in accordance with the AMV.
Producing high level reports on Illicit Financial Flows with action-oriented recommendations for closing systemic loopholes that undermine domestic revenue mobilisation along the mineral value chain.
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Supporting countries in formulating forward-looking mining policies and regulatory frameworks through Country Mining Visions (CMVs).
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Strengthening the emergence of viable regional value chains around mining.
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Providing support to develop local content strategies that include a regional dimension.
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Promoting viable mineral value chains for production of critical feed stocks to drive industrialisation in Africa.
Providing key capacity building support for negotiating better mineral contracts that mobilise greater revenues and foster broad-based linkages with other sectors of the economy.
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Learning more The Africa Mining Vision, Country Mining Vision Guidebook and other AMDC publications are all free to download at http://www.uneca.org/publications/ african-minerals-development-centre or search ‘African Minerals Development Centre – Publications’. Africa Mining Vision, 2009 Sets out the Vision and explains the rationale for a developmental mining approach that enables growth through building economic and social linkages to benefit African citizens.
Country Mining Vision Guidebook, 2014 A step-by-step guide to developing and implementing a Country Mining Vision (CMV), including planning multi-stakeholder consultative processes, policy design and monitoring and evaluation.
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African Geological and Mineral Information System (GMIS) Strategy, 2016 Promotes geological knowledge as a tool for investment, governance and transparency. It enables African countries to exercise governance over their mineral resources and deal with them in a sovereign manner. Africa's Blue Economy: A policy handbook, 2016 A guide to help African member States to better mainstream the Blue Economy (aquatic and marine resources) into national development plans, strategies, policies and laws.
Special Report by the AMDC: African Women in Artisanal and Small-scale Mining, 2015
Assessment of Mineral Regimes in the East African Community: Aligning Frameworks with the African Mining Vision, 2017
Highlights the significant, yet underreported role African women play in artisanal and small scale mining, where they comprise around half the workforce; and reveal the key challenges that women face and what can make it more gender responsive. Includes personal testimonies from Ghana, Guinea and Tanzania.
The study reveals the state of mineral policy amongst EAC member states, identifies gaps between these policies and the AMV, and proposes policy actions to fill these gaps and ensure an AMV-aligned approach to mineral linkages and development.
Optimizing Domestic Revenue Mobilization and Value Addition, 2016
Impact of Illicit financial flows on domestic resource mobilization: Optimizing Africa’s mineral revenues, 2017
Options for harmonization and their implications for supporting domestic revenue mobilization and regional value chains.
The report demonstrates that inhibitive practices related to illicit financial flows and domestic resource mobilization in the mineral sector are increasingly widespread and complex.
AMDC Contacts www.uneca.org/amdc www.africaminingvision.org Email: eca-amdc@uneca.org
AMDC - Keeping in touch Sign up for AMDC’s quarterly newsletter at eca-amdc@uneca.org @amdc_amv search ‘Africa Mining Vision’ www.youtube.com/user/unecaVideo
Disclaimer Opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations or its Member States, or AMDC partners and funders. All reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the contents of this publications are factually correct, but AMDC and its funders disclaim all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on this material. Readers should not rely or act upon information provided for any possible legal purpose or any circumstance where loss or damage could arise as a result of reliance or acting upon any such information, without first seeking specific legal or professional advice.
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AMDC Contacts: www.uneca.org/amdc www.africaminingvision.org African Minerals Development Centre, UN Economic Commission for Africa, Menelik II Avenue, P.O. Box 3001, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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