NERICA : the New Rice for Africa - a Compendium

Africa Rice Center (WARDA) ®

NERICA : the New Rice for Africa – a Compendium

Editors EA Somado, RG Guei and SO Keya 2008 edition

About Africa Rice Center (WARDA) Africa Rice Center (WARDA) is an autonomous intergovernmental research association of African member states and also one of the 15 international agricultural research Centers supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR).

WARDA’s mission is to contribute to poverty alleviation and food security in subSaharan Africa (SSA) through research, development and partnership activities DLPHG DW LQFUHDVLQJ WKH SURGXFWLYLW\ DQG SUR¿WDELOLW\ RI WKH ULFH VHFWRU LQ ZD\V that ensure the sustainability of the farming environment.

WARDA hosts the African Rice Initiative (ARI), the Rice Research and 'HYHORSPHQW 1HWZRUN IRU :HVW DQG &HQWUDO $IULFD 52&$5,= WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 1HWZRUN IRU *HQHWLF (YDOXDWLRQ RI 5LFH LQ $IULFD ,1*(5 $IULFD DQG WKH ,QODQG 9DOOH\ &RQVRUWLXP ,9& ,W DOVR VXSSRUWV WKH &RRUGLQDWLRQ 8QLW RI WKH (DVWHUQ DQG &HQWUDO $IULFDQ 5LFH 5HVHDUFK 1HWZRUN (&$551 EDVHG LQ 7DQ]DQLD WARDA has its headquarters in Cotonou, Benin and regional research stations QHDU 6DLQW /RXLV 6HQHJDO DQG DW WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO ,QVWLWXWH IRU 7URSLFDO $JULFXOWXUH ,,7$ LQ ,EDGDQ 1LJHULD :$5'$ÂśV PDLQ UHVHDUFK FHQWHU LV LQ &{WH GÂś,YRLUH EXW most scientists and researchers are temporarily located in Cotonou. )RU PRUH LQIRUPDWLRQ YLVLW ZZZ ZDUGD RUJ Africa Rice Center (WARDA) Headquarters 01 BP 2031 Cotonou, Benin 7HO

)D[

(PDLO ZDUGD#FJLDU RUJ WARDA Nigeria Station

WARDA Sahel Station

Tanzania Station

WARDA c/o International Institute of 7URSLFDO $JULFXOWXUH ,,7$

2\R 5RDG 30% Ibadan Nigeria

$'5$2 %3 6W /RXLV Senegal

F R 0LNRFKHQL $JULFXOWXUDO Research Institute 32 %R[ Dar es Salaam 7DQ]DQLD

7HO )D[

7HO

)D[ ( PDLO ZDUGD LEDGDQ#FJLDU RUJ ( PDLO

ZDUGD VDKHO#FJLDU RUJ

7HO

)D[

(PDLO D OX]L NLKXSL#FJLDU RUJ

Africa Rice Center (WARDA)

®

NERICA : the New Rice for Africa – a Compendium

Editors

EA Somado, RG Guei and SO Keya

2008

i

Š Copyright Africa Rice Center (WARDA) 2008 WARDA encourages fair use of this material. Proper citation is requested.

Citation Africa Rice Center (WARDA)/FAO/SAA. 2008. NERICAŽ: the New Rice for Africa – a Compendium. EA Somado, RG Guei and SO Keya (eds.). Cotonou, Benin: Africa Rice Center (WARDA); Rome, Italy: FAO; Tokyo, Japan: Sasakawa Africa Association. 210 pp.

ISBN 92 9113 3167 English print 92 9113 3175 English PDF Printing Pragati Offset Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, India Photo Credits Photographs are by staff of the Africa Rice Center (WARDA) and networks and consortia convened by the Center.

Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Africa Rice (WARDA), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) or the Sasakawa Africa Association (SAA) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of VSHFLÂżF FRPSDQLHV RU SURGXFWV RI PDQXIDFWXUHUV ZKHWKHU RU QRW WKHVH KDYH been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by the Africa Rice Center (WARDA), FAO or SAA in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information SURGXFW DUH WKRVH RI WKH DXWKRU V DQG GR QRW QHFHVVDULO\ UHĂ€HFW WKH YLHZV RI WKH Africa Rice Center (WARDA), FAO or the Sasakawa Africa Association.

ii

PREFACE This publication builds on the work of many individuals within and outside the Africa Rice Center (WARDA). Our main partners in this effort are the chapter authors who participated in the research reported here. This document was made possible by the contributors only because of their willingness to provide, sometimes at short notice, the required information. We express our grateful thanks and appreciation to them all, as well as to the many unnamed technical assistants and support staff.

7KLV GRFXPHQW ZRXOG QRW KDYH EHHQ IHDVLEOH ZLWKRXW WKH VFLHQWLÂżF DQG ÂżQDQFLDO VXSSRUW IURP WKH $IULFD 5LFH &HQWHU :$5'$ WKH 8QLWHG Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the Sasakawa Africa Association (SAA), which jointly agreed to sponsor the preparation of this compendium. To them, and in particular to Dr Shellemiah O. Keya (WARDA), Dr Nguu Nguyen (FAO) and Dr Tareke Berhe, (Sasakawa Africa Association (SAA) we pay our special tribute for their foresight, interest and support throughout the preparation of this publication.

Their interest and enthusiasm, and their inputs were always a source of stimulation and satisfaction. They deserve our special thanks.

7KH ¿UVW GUDIW RI WKH GRFXPHQW ZDV UHYLHZHG DQG GLVFXVVHG E\ WKH WARDA’s Editorial and Publication Review panel led by Dr Shellemiah O. Keya as well as by FAO’s experts, including Dr Martinez Arturo (AGPS) and Dr Larinde Michael (AGPS). We also received invaluable feedback from Dr Tareke Berhe of Sasakawa Africa Association (SAA).

These various inputs helped rewrite part of the Compendium. We wish to acknowledge the helpful review comments received from them.

Finally, we wish to thank Dr Inoussa Akintayo, Coordinator of the African Rice Initiative (ARI), for his assistance in collating the material.

The editors Eklou A. Somado (Africa Rice Center) Robert G. Guei (FAO) Shellemiah O. Keya (Africa Rice Center) iii

FOREWORD The New Rice for Africa (NERICA) has been spreading rapidly in VXE 6DKDUDQ $IULFD 66$ VLQFH WKH ¿UVW VHHG RI WKHVH KLJK \LHOGLQJ rice varieties was introduced in 1996. In 2006, a conservative estimate of area grown to NERICA varieties in SSA was about 200,000 hectares. Further spread is hampered by a lack of readily DYDLODEOH VFLHQWL¿F OLWHUDWXUH RQ WKH QXWULWLRQDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DV well as the recommended production practices. Even the published material that exists has been rather scattered and sometimes anecdotal, thereby reducing its value to researchers, extension staff, farmers and consumers.

7KLV FRPSHQGLXP EULQJV WRJHWKHU WKH UHVXOWV RI VFLHQWL¿F UHVHDUFK RQ the NERICA varieties, ranging from the choice of land to planting, integrated crop and pest management, harvest and post-harvest operations, agro-processing technologies and NERICA nutritional quality, and adoption impact on rice farmers’ livelihoods.

Further contributions to the knowledge base on NERICA are welcomed and their channeling encouraged through the African Rice Initiative (ARI), which is hosted by WARDA. On behalf of WARDA’s Board and Management, I wish to express our appreciation to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the African Development Bank (ADB) and 6DVDNDZD $IULFD $VVRFLDWLRQ 6$$ IRU WKHLU ¿QDQFLDO VXSSRUW IRU the compilation of this compendium.

Dr Papa A. Seck Director General Africa Rice Center (WARDA)

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Foreword

iii iv

Module 1 – OVERVIEW: RICE IN AFRICA Unit 1 – The importance of rice in Africa Unit 2 – Major rice production systems in SSA and their environments Unit 3 – Addressing the challenge of low productivity in African rice ecologies: NERICA® varieties

1 1 5 9

Module 2 – NERICA®: ORIGINS, NOMENCLATURE AND IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS Unit 1 – What is the NERICA® rice ?

Unit 2 – Where, when and how was NERICA® rice developed?

Unit 3 – NERICA® variety key characteristics

12 27

Module 3 – NERICA® DISSEMINATION IN SSA Modus operandi: Partnership The role of ROCARIZ The role of INGER-Africa The role of the African Rice Initiative (ARI) The role of PVS

31 31 34 35 41 44

10 10

Module 4 – MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION 49 OF NERICA® LINES ® 8QLW ± 0ROHFXODU SUR¿OLQJ RI 1(5,&$ lines 49 Unit 2 – Microsatellites and agronomic traits for assessing genetic relationships among 18 NERICA® varieties 50 52 8QLW ± 0ROHFXODU SUR¿OLQJ RI XSODQG 1(5,&$® lines Module 5 – DROUGHT SCREENING UPLAND NERICA® VARIETIES

62

v

Module 6 – NERICA® RICE MANAGEMENT Unit 1 – Land selection and preparation Unit 2 – Land selection: Where to grow NERICA® rice?

Unit 3 – Cropping calendar Unit 4 – Planting of NERICA® varieties Unit 5 – Plant diversity Unit 6 – Weed management in NERICA® rice-based cropping systems Module 7 – SOIL FERTILIZATION AND NERICA® RICE NUTRITION Unit 1 – Rates and timing

65 65 65 67 67 69 70

75 76

Module 8 – INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) STRATEGIES FOR NERICA® VARIETIES 83 Unit 1 – Major insect pests of rice 83 Unit 2 – Major Components in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategies 87 Module 9 – RICE MAJOR DISEASES AND CONTROL 95 Unit 1 – Integrated Management of NERICA diseases 96 Module 10 – IMPROVING SEED DELIVERY SYSTEMS IN SSA 98 Module 11 – IMPROVING NERICA® SEED AVAILABILITY TO END-USER FARMERS Unit 1 – Conventional seed production scheme vs. CBSS Unit 2 – Pathway for NERICA® seed production Module 12 – HARVEST AND POST-HARVEST OPERATIONS Unit 1 – Harvesting, threshing and cleaning NERICA® paddy rice Unit 2 – Drying, storing and milling NERICA® rice vi

106 106 108

111 111 114

Module 13 – NERICA® GRAIN AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITY Unit 1– NERICA® grain quality characteristics Unit 2– NERICA® nutritional quality: protein and amino acid content Module 14 – NERICA® IMPACT AND ADOPTION IN SSA Unit 1 – NERICA® diffusion and adoption Unit 2 – Determinants of NERICA® adoption Unit 3 – Impact of NERICA® adoption

116 116 118

121 121 122 123

Module 15 – POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS FOR PROMOTING NERICA® COMPETITIVENESS IN SSA 127 Module 16– NERICA AND THE UNITED NATIONS MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS

135

Module 17 – NERICA® PREPARATION: FROM PLANT TO PLATE 138 References

143

Annexes – NERICA® Passport data

160

vii

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Evolution of paddy rice yields in sub-Saharan Africa (1961–2006)

4

Figure 2. Rice production constraints across ecosystems in West Africa

7

Figure 3. NERICA® SODQWV WKULYLQJ LQ D IDUPHU¶V ¿HOG

Figure 4. 'HYHORSPHQW RI LQWHUVSHFL¿F OLQHV

Figure 5. How the development team arrived at the new lowland NERICA® varieties

22

Figure 6. Countries in SSA where irrigated lowland NERICA® varieties were released or are being tested

27

Figure 7. Number of participating countries in INGERAfrica from 1994 to 2006

36

Figure 8. Rainfed upland and lowland/irrigated rice LQWHUVSHFL¿FV O. glaberrima × O. sativa), including NERICA® seed samples distributed in SSA by INGER-Africa 37 Figure 9. Area cultivated under NERICA® rice in 2005

42

Figure 10. NERICA® rice distribution in SSA (2006)

43

Figure 11. Diagrammatic representation of relative time scales for conventional variety development and PVS to deliver new varieties to farmers

47

Figure 12. Cluster and principal component (PC) analyses performed using 104 SSR markers: UPGMA

51

Figure 13. Pie charts for 12 rice chromosomes depicting the SURSRUWLRQ RI JHQRPH LQWURJUHVVLRQ LQ DQ LQWHUVSHFL¿F ULFH population derived from CG14 (donor) and WAB 56-104 (recurrent) parent 57

viii

Figure 14. $ ¹ *UDSKLFDO JHQRW\SLQJ RI LQWHUVSHFL¿F OLQHV using 130 microsatellite markers B – Graphical genotyping RI LQWHUVSHFL¿F OLQHV XVLQJ PLFURVDWHOOLWH PDUNHUV

Figure 15. 'HQGURJUDP RI WKH LQWHUVSHFLÂżF OLQHV XVLQJ VLPSOH PDWFKLQJ FRHIÂżFLHQWV GHULYHG IURP PLFURVDWHOOLWH markers 60 Figure 16. 6FRUH SORW RI WKH ÂżUVW WZR SULQFLSDO FRPSRQHQWV IURP SULQFLSDO FRPSRQHQW DQDO\VLV RI WKH LQWHUVSHFLÂżF OLQHV genotyped with 130 microsatellite markers 61 Figure 17. Grain yield (kg ha-1) of NERICAÂŽ and sativa varieties along the toposequence with and without fertilizer application.

66

Figure 18. Seedling emergence of pre-germinated versus dry seed in Namulonge, Uganda 68 Figure 19. NERICAÂŽ response to fertilizer application in the humid forest zone of West Africa 77 Figure 20. Aluminum accumulation in roots and shoots grown for days in different Al-treated solution conditions (pH 3.5). 81 Figure 21. Phenotypic analysis of Al tolerance: Comparisons of root volume and hematoxylin staining in Al-tolerant vs.

Al-intolerant rice: (A) Visual symptoms of Al toxicity in the roots; (B) Hematoxylin staining patterns showing differential Al accumulation in the roots.

82 Figure 22. Symptoms of rice stem borer damage and components of IPM strategies

87

Figure 23. Symptoms of termite attack on rice

91

Figure 24. Symptoms of leaf, neck and node blast on upland rice 96 Figure 25. Mechanical threshing of NERICAÂŽ rice

113 ix

LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Rice production trends by each rice production ecology in West Africa during 1984 and 1999/2003

3

Table 2. Total area (ha) under rice cultivation in various ecologies across countries in West Africa

6

Table 3. Grain yield of NERICA® rice grown by farmers without fertilizer application in selected countries

15

Table 4. Grain yield of NERICA® rice grown on-farm with fertilizer application in selected countries

16

Table 5. Upland NERICA® varieties with their pedigree

17

Table 6. NERICA® varieties released and adopted in SSA

by December 2006

18

Table 7. Irrigated-lowland NERICA® varieties (NERICA-L) in West African countries by May 2007 23 Table 8. The 60 lowland NERICA® varieties and their pedigree

25

Table 9. 8SODQG ULFH LQWHUVSHFL¿FV O. glaberrima × O. sativa), including NERICA lines, evaluated each year per country in West Africa by INGER-Africa, 1997–2006 39 Table 10. 8SODQG ULFH LQWHUVSHFL¿FV O. glaberrima × O. sativa), including NERICA®, evaluated each year per country in East, Central and Southern Africa by INGER–Africa, 1997–2006 40 Table 11. Production and distribution of foundation seed of NERICA® varieties by ARI Coordination Unit

41

Table 12. Farmers’ selection criteria applied in PVS-R in countries in SSA

48

x

Table 13. Proportion of genome for 70 NERICAÂŽ lines using 130 SSRs 50 Table 14. Pedigree and donor genome coverage (introgression) of 70 lines developed from WAB56-104 as recurrent parent and CG14 as donor parent 53 Table 15. Effect of 12 days drought stress on morphophysiological traits of upland NERICA lines with their parents WAB56-104 and CG14

64

Table 16. Selected herbicides recommended for NERICA rice production

73

Table 17. Difference in dry matter production of rice JURXSV LQFOXGLQJ LQWHUVSHFLÂżF OLQHV JURZQ IRU GD\V in various Al-treated solutions

81

Table 18. Distribution and host range of economicallyimportant stem borers of rice in West Africa

83

Table 19. Rice varieties combining both high Fe and Zn concentration (mg.kg-1) in brown rice samples

119

Table 20. Protein and selected amino acid values (%) of NERICAÂŽ rice from Guinea (2003) and from Benin (2005)

120

Table 21. Results of adoption studies in Benin, Côte d’Ivoire and Guinea

125

xi

Module 1 Overview: Rice in Africa

OVERVIEW: RICE IN AFRICA Contributors: Eklou A. Somado, Robert G. Guei and N. Nguyen Unit 1 – The importance of rice in Africa Africa has become a big player in international rice markets, accounting for 32% of global imports in 2006, at a record level of 9 million tonnes that year. Africa’s emergence as a big rice importer is explained by the fact that during the last decade rice has become the most rapidly growing food source in sub-Saharan Africa (Sohl, 2005). Indeed, due to population growth (4% per annum), rising incomes and a shift in consumer preferences in favor of rice, especially in urban areas (Balasubramanian et al., 2007), the relative growth in demand for rice is faster in this region than anywhere in the world (WARDA, 2005). This is occurring throughout the subregions of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).

In recent years (2001–2005), rice production has been expanding at the rate of 6% per annum, with 70% of the production increase due mainly to land expansion and only 30% being attributed to an increase in productivity (Fagade, 2000; Falusi, 1997; Africa Rice Center, 2007). Much of the expansion has been in the rainfed systems, particularly the two major ecosystems that make up 78% of rice land in West and Central Africa (WCA): the upland and rainfed lowland systems (Dingkuhn et al., 1997). Nonetheless, demand for rice in WCA has far outstripped the local production (Africa Africa Rice Center, 2007)..

According to OSIRIZ (1CIRAD’s Observatory of International Rice Statistics), Africa cultivated about 9 million hectares of rice in 2006 DQG SURGXFWLRQ ZKLFK VXUSDVVHG PLOOLRQ WRQQHV IRU WKH ¿UVW WLPH is expected to increase by 7% per year in future. In West Africa, where the rice sector is by far the most important in SSA, the situation is particularly critical. Despite the upward trends in international and 1

CIRAD: Centre de coopĂŠration ĂŠration ration Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement (FRANCE)

1

Module 1 Overview: Rice in Africa

domestic rice prices, domestic rice consumption is increasing at a rate of 8% per annum, surpassing domestic rice production growth rates of 6% per annum. The production-consumption gap in this region is EHLQJ ¿OOHG E\ LPSRUWV YDOXHG DW RYHU 86 ELOOLRQ SHU \HDU The share of imports in consumption rose from an average of 43% from 1991 to 2000, to an average 57% by 2002–2004 –2004 2004 (WARDA, Rice Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa, Third Edition, Cotonou, 2005, p. 31 and FAOStat; IRRI, Rice Almanac, 3rd Edition, Los Banos, 2002, p. 79).

7KH )RRG DQG $JULFXOWXUH 2UJDQL]DWLRQ RI WKH 8QLWHG 1DWLRQV )$2

estimated in 2006 that current rice imports into the West and Central Africa sub-regions had grown to more than 6 million tonnes costing RYHU ELOOLRQ LQ VFDUFH IRUHLJQ H[FKDQJH HDFK \HDU 7KH FRVW RI importing rice therefore remains a heavy burden on trade balances in the region.

R ice production and productivit y, qualit y and local institutions While rice is very much a cash crop for small-to medium-scale farmers in the East and Southern Africa (ESA) region, it is more of a subsistence crop in West Africa where most of the continent’s rice is produced. In West Africa, 75% of the total production of rice in 1999/2003 is from upland, hydromorphic and lowland ecosystems, ZLWK DERXW IURP LUULJDWHG ¿HOGV 7DEOH 5LFH LV DOVR SURGXFHG LQ PDQJURYH SURGXFWLRQ V\VWHPV DQG LQ ÀRRGHG HQYLURQPHQWV Research on the mangrove ecology is coordinated by the Rokupr rice research station in Sierra Leone.

Low yield constitutes one of the main challenges of rice production in SSA. In recent years (2001–2005) average rice yields in SSA exhibited a highly variable trend, positive or negative across subregions and countries (Africa Rice Trends, WARDA, 2007). The overall rice production increase during the same period was mainly 2

Module 1 Overview: Rice in Africa

due to the expansion of rice production into marginal areas in West Africa where most production occurs (Table 1).

Table 1. Estimation of rice production trend by each rice production ecology in West Africa during 1984 and 1999/2003 Area (million ha) 1984

Production Yield (t/ha) (million tonnes/year)

1999/2003 1984

1999/2003

1984 1999/2003

8SODQG Rainfed lowland 1.5 1.8 0.75 3.4 1.4 2.0 Irrigated lowland 0.23 0.56 0.64 1.9 2.8 3.4 Total

2.6

4.7

3.4

7.7

1.3

1.6

Source: CCER on Integrated Genetic and Natural Resources Management, Gurdev Kush, Toshiyuki Wakatsuki and Glitho Isabelle Adole, 22 January – 10 February 2006. Cotonou, Benin: WARDA.

Another challenge is the inferior quality of domestic rice vis Ă vis imported rice. Domestic rice is of uneven quality, has impurities, and is usually sold in bulk in unbranded 5kg bags at a discount of 30% to 50% compared to imported rice. There are exceptions to this, as in Guinea (Conakry) and in Mali, where local rice (for certain varieties) receives a price premium. In order to improve quality of local rice, institutional innovations are needed that make producers more responsive to end-user requirements and attach much more importance to milling and cleaning, and to identity preservation (no mixing of different rice varieties).

3

Module 1 Overview: Rice in Africa

3.00

Paddy yield, tonne/ha

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00 1961

1964

1967

1970

1973

West Africa

1976

1979

Central Africa

1982

1985

1988

East Africa

1991

1994

Southern Africa

1997

2000

2003

2006

SSA

Source: WARDA (2007) Africa Rice Trends.

Figure 1. Evolution of paddy rice yields in sub-Saharan Africa (1961–2006)

The institutional environment for the development of rice production in SSA represents a third challenge. It is gradually improving as a result of NEPAD’s (New Partnership for Africa Development) focus on agriculture with the CAADP (Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development Programme), the African Rice Initiative (ARI), and efforts by WARDA and its many partners, particularly its Council of Ministers (COM). How to create and support effective institutions is a major challenge.

The truth of the matter is that in SSA growth in rice demand as D SUHIHUUHG VWDSOH LV VR VWURQJ WKDW SURGXFWLRQ LQWHQVL¿FDWLRQ DQG KLJKHU \LHOGV SHU KHFWDUH ZLOO QRW EH VXI¿FLHQW WR ¿OO WKH JDS DQG PHHW ULFH GHPDQG 8QOLNH LQ $VLD GXULQJ WKH JUHHQ UHYROXWLRQ productivity gains are likely to come in small increments due to the diverse nature of Africa’s cropping systems (Balasubramanian et al., 2007). Yet the potential for growth in the African rice sector is

4

Module 1 Overview: Rice in Africa

enormous. A rapid increase in the area under rice, irrigated as well as rainfed, is necessary. In particular, the development of new irrigated rice schemes is vital. Only about 17% of the rice area in Africa is irrigated. Asia, in contrast, has about 57% of the rice area under irrigation, but has little or no room for further expansion. Indeed, Ram C. Chaudhary and Dat Van Tran (1999) seriously consider whether Africa can be the future rice bowl for Asia. By 2010, Asia may no longer have net rice exports because of increasing population and consumption, and decreasing land, labor, water and other resources. Instead, by 2020, it is expected that Asia may become a rice-importing continent. Chandhary and Dat Van Tran highlight that millions of hectares of land appropriate for rice growing lie idle in Africa. Water and other resources are available and plentiful. They add that there are other comparative advantages of Africa, which can complement Asian strengths. In addition, they argue that Asia-Africa cooperation in rice production can convert many African countries from net rice importers to net rice exporters, as well as provide hope IRU $VLDQ FRXQWULHV WR FRQWLQXH ¿OOLQJ WKHLU ULFH ERZOV Unit 2 – Major rice production systems in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and their environments :HVW $IULFDQ ULFH HFRV\VWHPV DUH FRQYHQWLRQDOO\ FODVVL¿HG DV irrigated, rainfed-lowland, rainfed-upland, mangrove swamp and deep-water systems. The total area under rice cultivation is currently about 4.4 million hectares (ha), with the rainfed upland and rainfed lowland ecosystems each accounting for about 1.7m ha and irrigated rice for another 0.5m ha, making these the high-impact ecologies (see Table 2).

5

Module 1 Overview: Rice in Africa

Table 2. Total area (hectares) under rice cultivation in various ecologies across countries in West Africa

Country

Total area (ha)

Mangrove swamp

Deep water

Irrigated lowland

Rainfed lowland

Rainfed upland

Mauritania

23,000

0

0

23,000

0

0

Senegal

75,000

6,000

0

33,750

35,250

0

Mali

252,000

0

161,280

52,920

30,240

7,560

Burkina Faso

25,000

0

0

6,750

16,250

2,000

Niger

28,000

0

14,000

14,000

0

0

Chad

31,000

0

28,520

620

1,860

0

Cameroon

15,000

0

0

14,700

300

0

Gambia

19,000

2,660

0

1,330

12,160

3,040

GuineaBissau

65,000

31,850

0

0

14,300

18,850

Guinea

650,000

84,500

65,000

32,500

162,500

305,500

Sierra Leone

356,000

10,680

0

0

103,240

245,640

Liberia

135,000

0

0

0

8,100

126,900

Côte d’Ivoire

575,000

0

17,250

34,500

69,000

454,250

Ghana

81,000

0

0

12,150

12,150

56,700

Togo

30,000

0

0

600

5,400

24,000

Benin

9,000

0

0

360

360

8,190

Nigeria

1,642,000

16,420

82,100

262,720

788,160

492,600

Total West Africa

4,011,000

160,440

360,990

481,320

1,243,410

1,764,840

Source: Lançon F. and O. Erenstein (2002)

Rainfed upland Rice yields in upland systems average about 1 t ha-1. Weed competition is the most important yield-reducing factor (Johnson et al., 1997) followed by drought, blast, soil acidity and general soil infertility. Farmers traditionally manage these stresses through long periods of bush fallow. More recently, population growth has led to a dramatic reduction in fallow periods and to extended periods of cropping in many areas, with resulting increases in weed pressure

6

Module 1 Overview: Rice in Africa

and in soil infertility. Additional weed competition further reduces labor productivity in upland rice-based production systems, which are already generally limited by labor availability during the main cropping season. Farmers also face increased risks of crop failure and generally lower productivity levels. Very early maturing varieties with tolerance to drought and blast are required in the dry zones where the growing season is short, while medium to late maturing and acid-tolerant varieties are needed for higher rainfall areas. Desirable agronomic traits include good vigor at seedling and vegetative stages for weed suppression, intermediate to tall stature, lodging resistance and moderate tillering ability. Of great LPSRUWDQFH LV WROHUDQFH WR VRLO DFLGLW\ DQG 3 GH多FLHQF\ 0RGHVW inputs of organic or inorganic fertilizer or soil amendments, such as rock phosphate, or the use of fallow legumes may counter soil fertility decline in the upland environments and improve yields.

Fallow legumes may also reduce weed infestation levels in the following rice crop.

Major problems by rice UPLAND

Drought Weeds Blast N and P deficiency Erosion Acidity/Acidity Stemborers Termites

HYDROMORPHIC

- ecosystem LOWLAND

Weeds Water Control N Deficiency Drought Iron Toxicity Stemborers Africa Rice Gall Midge Rice Yellow Mottle Virus Bacterial leaf blight

SAHEL IRRIGATED

Poor Water Control Extreme temperature N Deficiency Salinity Alkalinity/Acidity Bacterial leaf blight

Source: Africa Rice Center (WARDA)

Figure 2. Rice production constraints across ecosystems in West Africa

7

Module 1 Overview: Rice in Africa

Rainfed lowland 5LFH \LHOGV LQ UDLQIHG ORZODQGV ÀRRG SODLQV DQG YDOOH\ ERWWRPV GHSHQG on the degree of water control and vary from 1 to 3 t ha-1. These systems KDYH D KLJK SRWHQWLDO IRU LQWHQVL¿FDWLRQ ZKLFK LV SXVKHG E\ ORFDO ODQG pressures and pulled by urban market demand. With improved water control, use of external inputs may become attractive and rice yields may be increased rapidly in these systems that are inherently much more stable than the upland areas. Biophysical factors affecting rice \LHOG LQ UDLQIHG ORZODQG V\VWHPV LQFOXGH ZHHGV GURXJKW ÀRRGLQJ VRLO nutrient supply, iron toxicity, blast, rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) and African rice gall midge (AfRGM). High yield potential is the priority objective in breeding for rainfed lowlands, combined with weed competitiveness, short duration, resistances to blast, RYMV and AfRGM, and tolerance to iron toxicity. The major socio-economic constraints include resource availability, production risk, knowledge on best-bet crop management practices, and human health problems.

Irrigated rice Irrigated rice-growing areas are divided into three subcategories based on temperature. Two are found in West and Central Africa: favorabletemperature and low-temperature, tropical irrigated zones. The latter is restricted to the mid-altitude areas of Cameroon. The former is represented by the dry-season irrigated rice that is found in all agroecological zones from the rainforest to the Sahel. While nearly all the rice grown in Mauritania (Sahel) is irrigated, only 12–14% (0.5 million ha) of the total rice area in West and Central Africa is irrigated. This includes substantial areas in Cameroon (80%), Niger (55%), Mali (30%) and Burkina Faso (20%). Irrigated rice in these countries (except Cameroon) is mainly in the Sudan Savanna and Sahel, which account for nearly 60% of the irrigated rice area in West and Central Africa.

In Côte d’Ivoire, about 24,500 ha (7% of total area) is irrigated. Yield potential (10 t/ha) is higher in these drier zones than in others, because of high solar radiation and low disease stress.

8

Module 1 Overview: Rice in Africa

Unit 3 – Addressing the challenge of low productivity in African rice ecologies: NERICA® varieties Nearly half of sub-Saharan Africa’s 700 million people live below the poverty line (World Development Indicators, 2004). With population growth rate exceeding the growth rate in regional food production, and with only limited foreign resources to sustain increased levels of imports, the future for Africa’s poor appears grim.

WARDA’s breakthrough in producing the ‘New Rice for Africa’ (NERICA), based on crossings between African rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud.) and Asian rice (O. sativa L.), offers welcome relief to Africa’s rice farmers. It is a new and unique opportunity for sustainable agricultural development in the rainfed environments where most of Africa’s rice farmers earn a living.

NERICA varieties have high yield potential and short growth cycle.

Several of them possess early vigor during the vegetative growth phase and this is a potentially useful trait for weed competitiveness.

Likewise, a number of them are resistant to African pests and diseases, such as the devastating blast, to rice stemborers and termites. They also have higher protein content and amino acid balance than most of the imported rice varieties. Participatory varietal selection (PVS) trials in rainfed environments across WCA have met with an enthusiastic response from farmers.

9

Module 2 NERICA: origin, nomenclature DQG LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

NERICA: ORIGINS, NOMENCLATURE AND IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS Unit 1 – What is NERICA?

Figure 3. 1(5,&$ SODQWV WKULYLQJ LQ D IDUPHU¶V ¿HOG

7KH WHUP 1(5,&$ VWDQGV IRU µ1HZ 5LFH IRU $IULFD¶ DQ H[WHQGHG IDPLO\ RI VRPH VLEOLQJV /DUJH YDULDWLRQ H[LVWV WKHUHIRUH DPRQJVW 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV VXJJHVWLQJ WKDW WKH DJUR SK\VLRORJLFDO WUDLWV RI 1(5,&$ FDQ QRW EH JHQHUDOL]HG 1(5,&$ LV XVHG WR UHIHU WR JHQHWLF PDWHULDO GHULYHG IURP WKH VXFFHVVIXO FURVVLQJ RI WKH WZR VSHFLHV RI FXOWLYDWHG ULFH

10

Module 2 NERICA: origin, nomenclature and LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

WKH $IULFDQ ULFH (O. glaberrima 6WHXG DQG WKH $VLDQ ULFH O. sativa / WR SURGXFH SURJHQ\ NQRZQ DV LQWHUVSHFL¿FV WKDW FRPELQH WKH EHVW WUDLWV RI ERWK SDUHQWV 7KHVH LQFOXGH KLJK \LHOGV IURP WKH $VLDQ SDUHQW DQG WKH DELOLW\ IURP WKH $IULFDQ SDUHQW WR WKULYH LQ KDUVK HQYLURQPHQWV ,Q WKH LQWHUVSHFL¿F SURJHQ\ ZHUH GXEEHG 1HZ 5LFH IRU $IULFD 1(5,&$ DQG WKH QDPH WUDGHPDUNHG WZR \HDUV ODWHU 1(5,&$ ULFH LV SURGXFHG WKURXJK FRQYHQWLRQDO FURVVEUHHGLQJ DQG LV WKHUHIRUH QRW JHQHWLFDOO\ PRGL¿HG ULFH 1(5,&$ LV D QHZ JURXS RI XSODQG ULFH YDULHWLHV WKDW SHUIHFWO\ DGDSW WR WKH UDLQIHG XSODQG HFRORJ\ LQ VXE 6DKDUDQ $IULFD 66$ ZKHUH VPDOOKROGHU IDUPHUV ODFN WKH PHDQV WR LUULJDWH RU DSSO\ FKHPLFDO IHUWLOL]HUV RU SHVWLFLGHV +RZHYHU 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV DOVR UHVSRQG HYHQ EHWWHU WKDQ WUDGLWLRQDO YDULHWLHV WR KLJKHU LQSXWV 7KH XSODQG RU GU\ODQG HFRORJ\ ZKHUH UDLQIHG ULFH LV JURZQ ZLWKRXW VWDQGLQJ ZDWHU UHSUHVHQWV DERXW RI WKH WRWDO DUHD XQGHU ULFH FXOWLYDWLRQ LQ :HVW DQG &HQWUDO $IULFD :&$ ± WKH ULFH EHOW RI $IULFD ± DQG HPSOR\V RI WKH UHJLRQ¶V ULFH IDUPHUV 7KH QHZ YDULHWLHV ZLWK KLJKHU \LHOG SRWHQWLDO DUH VSUHDGLQJ IDVWHU WKDQ DQ\ QHZ IDUP WHFKQRORJ\ HYHU EHIRUH LQWURGXFHG LQ $IULFD FRYHULQJ E\ DQ HVWLPDWHG DUHD RI KHFWDUHV LQ :HVW &HQWUDO (DVW DQG 6RXWKHUQ $IULFD 7KH 1(5,&$ VHHGV RIIHU KRSH WR PLOOLRQV RI SRRU ULFH IDUPHUV DQG IRU FRXQWOHVV RWKHUV ZKR VWUXJJOH LQ XUEDQ VTXDORU VSHQGLQJ PRVW RI WKHLU PHDJHU LQFRPH RQ ULFH

11

Module 2 NERICA: origin, nomenclature DQG LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

O. sativa as female parent

O. glaberrima as male parent

Figure 4. 'HYHORSPHQW RI LQWHUVSHFL¿F OLQHV Unit 2 – Where, When and How was NER ICA® rice developed?

7KH 1(5,&$ ULFH YDULHWLHV ZHUH GHYHORSHG DW WKH $IULFD 5LFH &HQWHU :$5'$ ,Q WKH HDUO\ V D WHDP RI ULFH EUHHGHUV OHG E\ 'U 0RQW\ 3DWULFN -RQHV DW WKH PDLQ 0¶Ep UHVHDUFK FHQWHU RI :$5'$ LQ %RXDNp &{WH G¶,YRLUH GHYHORSHG VWDEOH DQG IHUWLOH SURJHQ\ IURP FURVVHV EHWZHHQ $VLDQ ULFH O. sativa / DQG $IULFDQ ULFH O. glaberrima 6WHXG -RQHV et al. E -RQHV et al. D

7KH ¿UVW JHQHUDWLRQ RI 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV WR LQFOXGLQJ WKH :$% SURJHQ\ ZDV GHYHORSHG IURP FURVVHV RI WKH H[LVWLQJ UHOHDVHG YDULHW\ &* O. glaberrima 6WHXG DQG :$% ZKLFK EHORQJV WR WKH VXEVSHFLHV MDSRQLFD RI O. sativa / DQ XSODQG 12

Module 2 NERICA: origin, nomenclature and LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

LPSURYHG YDULHW\ 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG 1(5,&$V WR DUH SURJHQ\ RI WZR VHULHV RI FURVVHV XVLQJ WKH VDPH O. glaberrima &* SDUHQW EXW WZR GLIIHUHQW O. sativa SDUHQWV :$% DQG :$%

7KH\ LQFOXGH WKH VHULHV RI :$% DQG :$% SURJHQ\ 7DEOH $QQH[

7KH SDUHQWDJH RI WKH WZR SDUHQWV RI :$% DQG :$% LQFOXGHV WKH IROORZLQJ

:$% ,'6$ ,$& :$% ,'6$ ,$&

,'6$ &2/20%,$ 0 $ ,$& '285$'2 '285$'2 '285$'2 35(&2&( ,$& 35(&2&( ,$&

7KH H[DFW SDUHQWDJH RI :$% LV QRW UHSRUWHG EXW LV EHOLHYHG WR EH :$% PL[HG ) V

0RUSKRORJLFDOO\ GLYHUVH JHQHWLFDOO\ VWDEOH DQG IXOO\ IHUWLOH WKHVH LQWHUVSHFL¿F SURJHQ\ KDYH EHHQ GHYHORSHG HLWKHU WKURXJK WKH UH¿QHG PHWKRG RI FRQYHQWLRQDO EUHHGLQJ RU ZLWK WKH XVH RI VSHFL¿FDOO\ GHYHORSHG DQWKHU FXOWXUH DQG GRXEOH KDSORLGL]DWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV WR RYHUFRPH VWHULOLW\ DQG WR KDVWHQ WKH EUHHGLQJ SURFHVV &URVVHV ZHUH PDGH DQG HPEU\R UHVFXH ZDV XVHG WR UHPRYH IHUWLOL]HG HPEU\RV DQG JURZ WKHP LQ DUWL¿FLDO PHGLD $QWKHU FXOWXUH DOORZHG UDSLG ¿[DWLRQ DQG KHOSHG WR UHWDLQ LQWHUVSHFL¿F OLQHV FRPELQLQJ GHVLUDEOH IHDWXUHV RI WKH WZR ULFH VSHFLHV :$5'$¶V OHDG UROH LQ LQWHUVSHFL¿F K\EULGL]DWLRQ IRU ULFH 7KLV DFKLHYHPHQW ZDV LQGHHG D VFLHQWL¿F EUHDNWKURXJK 3UHYLRXV FRQYHQWLRQDO EUHHGLQJ HIIRUWV HOVHZKHUH LQ WKH ZRUOG WR GHYHORS LQWHUVSHFL¿F K\EULGV RI ULFH KDG IDLOHG \LHOGLQJ RQO\ LQIHUWLOH RIIVSULQJ RI WKH WZR VSHFLHV EHLQJ XVHG IRU FURVVLQJ

:$% VLJQL¿HV D YDULHW\ RU OLQH GHYHORSHG DW :$5'$ %RXDNp :$5'$ +HDGTXDUWHUV LQ &{WH G¶,YRLUH

13

Module 2 NERICA: origin, nomenclature DQG LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

7KLV EUHDNWKURXJK HVWDEOLVKHG :$5'$¶V OHDG UROH LQ LQWHUVSHFL¿F K\EULGL]DWLRQ DQG DQWKHU FXOWXUH IRU ULFH -RQHV E ([SORLWDWLRQ RI WKH O. glaberrima JHQH SRRO LQFUHDVHG WKH VFRSH IRU WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI ORZ PDQDJHPHQW LQSXW SODQW W\SHV -RQHV et al.

D 'LQJNXKQ et al., O. glaberrima RULJLQDWHV LQ $IULFD DQG LV UHVLVWDQW WR D QXPEHU RI PDMRU $IULFDQ LQVHFW SHVWV DQG GLVHDVHV VXFK DV VWHP ERUHUV DQG ULFH EODVW O. glaberrima LV DOVR YHU\ FRPSHWLWLYH ZLWK ZHHGV $XGHEHUW et al., -RKQVRQ et al.,

WKH PDLQ FRQVWUDLQW WR ULFH SURGXFWLRQ DFURVV HFRORJLHV LQ 66$ +RZ PDQ\ 1(5,&$ ULFH YDULHWLHV KDYH EHHQ GHYHORSHG VR far?

6HYHUDO KXQGUHG XSODQG LQWHUVSHFL¿F SURJHQ\ KDYH EHHQ JHQHUDWHG WKHUHE\ RSHQLQJ QHZ JHQH SRROV DQG LQFUHDVLQJ WKH ELRGLYHUVLW\ RI ULFH IRU WKH ZRUOG RI VFLHQFH DQG HQG XVHU IDUPHUV 7KHUH DUH XSODQG 1(5,&$V DQG ORZODQG LUULJDWHG 1(5,&$V 2I FRXUVH VRPH RI WKHVH VLEOLQJV KDYH SXVKHG WKHLU ZD\ WR WKH IRUH PRUH WKDQ RWKHUV 7KDW LV ZK\ HYHQ WKH EHVW LQIRUPHG 1(5,&$ ZDWFKHUV VWLOO WKLQN RI 1(5,&$ WKURXJK ± WKH ¿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

14

Module 2 NERICA: origin, nomenclature and LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

2005

2000

NERICA 8-18

NERICA 1-7

Named Progress in naming the NERICA varieties

([SHULHQFH KDV VKRZQ WKDW SRWHQWLDO \LHOG RI WKH UDLQIHG XSODQG 1(5,&$ GHSHQGV RQ YDULRXV IDFWRUV LQFOXGLQJ EXW QRW OLPLWHG WR WKH YDULHW\ WKH IHUWLOLW\ VWDWXV RI WKH VRLO WKH UDLQIDOO DQG WKH PDQDJHPHQW SUDFWLFHV RI WKH IDUPHU $YHUDJH JUDLQ \LHOG UHFRUGHG LQ RQ IDUP WULDOV RI 1(5,&$ DGDSWDELOLW\ FRQGXFWHG ZLWKRXW IHUWLOL]HU DSSOLFDWLRQ LQ VHOHFWHG FRXQWULHV LQ :HVW $IULFD LV VXPPDUL]HG EHORZ 7DEOH

7DEOH *UDLQ \LHOG RI 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV JURZQ E\ IDUPHUV ZLWKRXW IHUWLOL]HU DSSOLFDWLRQ LQ VHOHFWHG FRXQWULHV &RXQWU\

6LWHV

9DULHW\ QDPH

NJ KD

&{WH G¶,YRLUH

0DOL

7RJR

%RXQGLDOL

'DQDQH

*DJQRD

6DPDQNR

6LNDVVR

$PODPH

1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$

Source: WARDA Database, PVS Research

15

Module 2 NERICA: origin, nomenclature DQG LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG 7DEOH EHORZ VXPPDUL]HV JUDLQ \LHOG RI 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV UHFRUGHG LQ VHOHFWHG FRXQWULHV ZKHUH D OLWWOH FKHPLFDO IHUWLOL]HU >YDU\LQJ LQ TXDQWLW\ DFURVV VLWHV EXW PRVWO\ D EDVDO NJ KD 13.

ZLWK NJ KD 1 DV XUHD@ ZDV DSSOLHG WR WKH FURS 7DEOH *UDLQ \LHOG RI 1(5,&$ JURZQ RQ IDUP ZLWK IHUWLOL]HU DSSOLFDWLRQ LQ VHOHFWHG FRXQWULHV &RXQWU\

6LWHV

*KDQD

*XLQHD

0DOL

.HQ\D

7DQ]DQLD

8JDQGD (WKLRSLD

1\DQNSDOD

*ROLQJD

*ROLQJD

)DUDQDK 'DQWLOLD )DUDQDK 'DQWLOLD /RQJRUROD

)LQNROR

.DUL .LERV

6RPDOL UHJLRQ

2URPLD UHJLRQ

9DULHW\ QDPH

NJ KD

1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ (intermittent LUULJDWLRQ

1(5,&$ UDLQIHG RQO\

± ±

± ±

± ±

Source: JICA Seminar on Promotion of Rice Production and Dissemination in Africa, Accra, Ghana, 6–8 December 2006; SG2000 presentation at the WARDA Research Evaluation and Planning Meeting, Cotonou, Benin, 2006; WARDA Annual Report, 2003–2004

16

Module 2 NERICA: origin, nomenclature and LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

Ratooning performance of NERICA varieties 6WXGLHV FRQGXFWHG LQ WKH VDYDQQD ]RQH RI 'pYp %HQLQ LQ RQ WKH QDPHG UDLQIHG XSODQG 1(5,&$ LQGLFDWHG D ODUJH YDULDWLRQ LQ WKH UDWRRQ SHUIRUPDQFH DPRQJ WKHVH YDULHWLHV ZLWK D UDWRRQ \LHOG UDQJLQJ IURP 1(5,&$ WR 1(5,&$ RI WKH PDLQ FURS \LHOG EULQJLQJ WKH WRWDO JUDLQ \LHOG SHU SORW DQG SHU FURSSLQJ 1(5,&$ VHDVRQ XS WR DERXW NJ KD 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ DQG 1(5,&$ H[KLELWHG WKH KLJKHVW UDWRRQ \LHOG SHUIRUPDQFH 7KH PHFKDQLVP FRQWULEXWLQJ WR WKH UDWRRQDELOLW\ RI WKHVH VKRUW GXUDWLRQ 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV ZDV QRW LQYHVWLJDWHG LQ WKH UHSRUWHG VWXG\ 6DQQL et al SHUVRQDO FRPPXQLFDWLRQ 6LPLODU ¿QGLQJV RQ WKH UDWRRQ \LHOG SRWHQWLDO RI LQWHUVSHFL¿F SURJHQ\ LQFOXGLQJ WKH 1(5,&$V ZHUH DOVR UHSRUWHG LQ .HQ\D .RXNR et al.

7DEOH 8SODQG 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV ZLWK WKHLU SHGLJUHH 9DULHW\

3HGLJUHH

1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$

:$% , % 3 +% :$% 3 +% :$% , % 3 +% :$% , % 3 +% :$% 3 +% :$% , % 3 +% :$% , % 3 +% :$% %/ +% :$% % +% :$% 3 +% :$% %/ '9 :$% 3 +% :$% 3 +% :$% 3 +% :$% 3 +% :$% 3 +% :$% 3 +% :$% 3 +%

%DFNFURVV

:$% &* :$% :$% &* :$% :$% &* :$% :$% &* :$% :$% &* :$% :$% &* :$% :$% &* :$% :$% &* :$% :$% &* :$% :$% &* :$% :$% &* :$% :$% &* :$% :$% &* :$% :$% &* :$% &* :$% :$% &* :$% :$% &* :$% :$% &* :$% :$%

1RWH WKH ¿UVW JHQHUDWLRQ RI 1(5,&$V LQFOXGLQJ WKH VHULHV RI :$% :$% DQG :$% ZDV GHYHORSHG IURP WKH FURVVHV EHWZHHQ &* :$% :$% &* DQG &* :$% UHVSHFWLYHO\ &* LV DQ 2 JODEHUULPD YDULHW\ ZKLOH :$% DQG :$% DUH LPSURYHG 2 sativa MDSRQLFD W\SH YDULHWLHV GHYHORSHG E\ :$5'$

17

Module 2 NERICA: origin, nomenclature DQG LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

7DEOH 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV UHOHDVHG DQG DGRSWHG LQ VXE 6DKDUDQ $IULFD DV RI 'HFHPEHU NERICA &RXQWU\

Benin %XUNLQD )DVR &RQJR Brazza &RQJR '5& Côte G¶,YRLUH (WKLRSLD *DPELD *KDQD *XLQHD .HQ\D

A A

A

R

R

A

A

R

A A

A A

R

R A

A

A

A A R R A

A R A A A R R A

R A

A A A

R

R R R

0DGD JDVFDU Mali

7RWDO per FRXQWU\

A

A

A A R

A

A

A

A

Nigeria

R

R

Sierra /HRQH 6XGDQ

A

A A

7RJR

A

A

A

8JDQGD

A

A

R

Total

11 9 10 10 4

A

A

A

A

3

4

0 1

3

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

2

Source: WARDA, 2006

R – Frequency of release of NERICA varieties (19); frequency of NERICA adoption (44) and grown D[ HCTOGTU VJQWIJ OKIJV PQV DG QHſEKCNN[ TGNGCUGF KP VJG EQWPVT[

18

Module 2 NERICA: origin, nomenclature and LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

World-class awards for Upland NERICA development 'U 0RQW\ -RQHV )DWKHU RI WKH 1(5,&$V EHFDPH LQ WKH ¿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for the high-potential irrigated and rainfed lowlands Contributor: Moussa Sié &KDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG SRWHQWLDO RI $IULFDQ UDLQIHG ORZODQGV $IULFDQ ORZODQGV FRQVWLWXWH RQH RI WKH PRVW FRPSOH[ ULFH HFRORJLHV LQ WKH ZRUOG 7KH UDLQIHG ORZODQGV ± ZKHUH ULFH LV JURZQ LQ EXQGHG ¿HOGV WKDW DUH ÀRRGHG IRU DW OHDVW SDUW RI WKH JURZLQJ VHDVRQ ± DUH PRUH IHUWLOH WKDQ WKH XSODQGV DQG KDYH WKH DGGHG DGYDQWDJH RI RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU LUULJDWLRQ 0RVW RI WKH WUDGLWLRQDO ORZODQG ULFH YDULHWLHV JURZQ LQ :HVW $IULFD KDYH D QDUURZ JHQHWLF EDVH ZKLFK OHDGV WR WKHLU YXOQHUDELOLW\ WR GLVHDVHV DQG SHVWV <HW ORZODQGV DFFRXQW IRU DERXW RI WKH DUHD XQGHU ULFH FXOWLYDWLRQ LQ :HVW DQG &HQWUDO $IULFD 7KH SRWHQWLDO RI LUULJDWHG DQG UDLQIHG ORZODQGV LV PXFK KLJKHU WKDQ WKDW RI XSODQG HFRORJLHV DV WKH\ DUH VXLWHG WR FURSSLQJ LQWHQVL¿FDWLRQ ZLWK WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI JURZLQJ WZR RU PRUH FURSV SHU \HDU ,Q :HVW $IULFD DORQH RXW RI D WRWDO ULFH DUHD HVWLPDWHG DW PRUH WKDQ PLOOLRQ KHFWDUHV RQO\ PLOOLRQ KHFWDUHV RI ORZODQGV DUH FXOWLYDWHG IRU ULFH SURGXFLQJ DQ DYHUDJH \LHOG RI WRQQHV SHU KHFWDUH 7KH ORZODQGV WKHUHIRUH RIIHU

19

Module 2 NERICA: origin, nomenclature DQG LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

JUHDW SRWHQWLDO IRU WKH VXVWDLQDEOH H[SDQVLRQ DQG LQWHQVL¿FDWLRQ RI ULFH DQG FDQ KHOS WR IHHG WKH UHJLRQ¶V H[SDQGLQJ SRSXODWLRQ *LYHQ VXFK KLJK SRWHQWLDO WKH QHZ ORZODQG 1(5,&$V DUH H[SHFWHG WR PDNH DQ HYHQ ELJJHU LPSDFW WKDQ WKH XSODQG 1(5,&$V ZKLFK SUHYLRXVO\ XQOHDVKHG WKH SRWHQWLDO RI WKH XSODQG ULFH HFRORJLHV DFURVV $IULFD Development process and potential of irrigated and lowland NERICAs 7KH GHYHORSPHQW RI LUULJDWHG DQG UDLQIHG ORZODQG 1(5,&$V IURP JODEHUULPD DQG VDWLYD LQGLFD VXEVSHFLHV FURVVHV ZDV LQLWLDWHG LQ E\ D UHVHDUFK WHDP OHG E\ 'U .RXDPp 0Lp]DQ WKHQ SULQFLSDO LUULJDWHG ULFH EUHHGHU DQG +HDG RI :$5'$¶V 6DKHO VWDWLRQ LQ 6DLQW /RXLV 6HQHJDO :$5'$ ,Q 'U 0RXVVD 6Lp :$5'$¶V ORZODQG ULFH EUHHGHU EXW WKHQ D UHVHDUFK IHOORZ LQ WKH LUULJDWHG ULFH EUHHGLQJ SURJUDP LQ 6DLQW /RXLV DQG D PHPEHU RI WKH WHDP XQGHUWRRN SLRQHHULQJ ZRUN LQ FROODERUDWLRQ ZLWK RWKHU QDWLRQDO SDUWQHUV WR GHYHORS DQG DGDSW QHZO\ GHULYHG LQWHUVSHFL¿F SURJHQ\ WR WKH UDLQIHG ORZODQG SURGXFWLRQ HQYLURQPHQWV RI :HVW $IULFD 7KLV JURXQGEUHDNLQJ ZRUN OHG WR WKH GHYHORSPHQW DW :$5'$¶V 6DKHO VWDWLRQ RI KXQGUHGV RI LQWHUVSHFLILF SURJHQ\ IURP WKH LQGLJHQRXV $IULFDQ ULFH O. glaberrima 6WHXG DQG WKH $VLDQ VSHFLHV O. sativa / VXEVS LQGLFD 7KHVH ZHUH WDLORUHG WR VXLW WKH LUULJDWHG DQG UDLQIHG ORZODQG HFRORJLHV LQ 66$ )LYH JODEHUULPD OLQHV FRPSULVLQJ 72* 72* 72* 72* DQG 72* NQRZQ WR EH KLJKO\ UHVLVWDQW WR WKH ULFH \HOORZ PRWWOH YLUXV 5<09 ZHUH FURVVHG ZLWK VDWLYD FXOWLYDUV ± PRVWO\ PRVWO\ LQGLFD ± LQFOXGLQJ LQGLFD ± LQFOXGLQJ -D\D %J %J LQFOXGLQJ -D\D %J %J , .RQJ 3DR ,7$ MDSRQLFD ,5 ,5 ,5 ,5 ,5 ,5 ,5 ,5 1RW DOO FRPELQDWLRQV ZHUH VXFFHVVIXO +RZHYHU 72* [ ,5 72* [ 72* [ ,5 DQG 72* [ ,5 ZHUH DPRQJ WKH PRVW SURPLVLQJ FURVVHV

20

Module 2 NERICA: origin, nomenclature and LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

7KLV YDULHW\ LV RQH WKH 1(5,&$ / UHOHDVHG LQ %XUNLQD )DVR DQG 0DOL DQG FDQ UHDFK D \LHOG SRWHQWLDO RI WRQQHV SHU KHFWDUH

Major differences in the process of upland and lowland NERICA varieties development 7KH PDLQ GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI ORZODQG 1(5,&$ DQG WKDW RI WKH XSODQG LQWHUVSHFL¿FV ZDV LQ WKH VHOHFWLRQ RI WKH $VLDQ ULFH YDULHWLHV IRU WKH FURVVHV 7KH $VLDQ ULFH O. sativa KDV WZR PDLQ VWUDLQV LQFOXGLQJ WKH MDSRQLFD WUDGLWLRQDO UDLQIHG RU µXSODQG¶ ULFH DQG LQGLFD WUDGLWLRQDO LUULJDWHG RU µORZODQG¶ ULFH ,Q WKH FUHDWLRQ RI XSODQG 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV MDSRQLFD YDULHWLHV ZHUH XVHG LQ WKH FURVVHV ZKLOH WKH LQGLFD VXEVSHFLHV ZDV XVHG IRU GHYHORSLQJ WKH QHZ ORZODQG ULFH $V LQ WKH SURFHVV RI XSODQG 1(5,&$ GHYHORSPHQW WKH LQLWLDO SUREOHP ZDV DJDLQ K\EULG VWHULOLW\ LQIHUWLOH RIIVSULQJ RI WKH FURVVHV 7KH VWHULOLW\ EORFNDJH ZDV RYHUFRPH E\ EDFNFURVVLQJ FURVVLQJ WKH K\EULG WR O. sativa WR UHVWRUH IHUWLOLW\

21

Module 2 NERICA: origin, nomenclature DQG LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

+\EULGL]DWLRQ VFKHPH IRU WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV Oryza glaberrima $IULFDQ ULFH

Ã&#x2014;

)

Ã&#x2014;

O. sativa

BC )

Ã&#x2014;

O. sativa

Oryza sativa $VLDQ ULFH

BC ) $QWKHU FXOWXUH +R

3HGLJUHH VHOHFWLRQ

)L[HG OLQHV %& ) BC ) QHZ SODQW W\SH

NERICA )LJXUH +RZ WKH GHYHORSPHQW WHDP DUULYHG DW WKH QHZ /RZODQG 1(5,&$ varieties

$IWHU IRXU EDFNFURVVHV VDWLYD DV UHFXUUHQW RYHU KLJKO\ IHUWLOH ¿[HG OLQHV ± IHUWLOLW\ ZHUH VHOHFWHG DQG HYDOXDWHG LQ WDQGHP ZLWK 1$56 VKXWWOH EUHHGLQJ LQ REVHUYDWLRQDO QXUVHULHV XQGHU LUULJDWHG FRQGLWLRQV LQ 6HQHJDO DQG &{WH G¶,YRLUH DQG XQGHU LUULJDWHG ±± DQG UDLQIHG DQG UDLQIHG ± ORZODQG FRQGLWLRQV LQ %XUNLQD )DVR 0DOL DQG 7RJR IRU DGDSWDWLRQ DQG ORZODQG FRQGLWLRQV LQ %XUNLQD )DVR 0DOL DQG 7RJR IRU DGDSWDWLRQ DQG ZLWK WKH :$5'$¶V SODQW SDWKRORJLVW DW 0¶Ep IRU UHVLVWDQFH WR 5<09 7KHVH OLQHV ZHUH HYDOXDWHG IRU SKHQRW\SLF DFFHSWDELOLW\ \LHOG SRWHQWLDO 5<09 UHVLVWDQFH QLWURJHQ ±± XVH HI¿FLHQF\ DQG DGDSWDWLRQ WR GLIIHUHQW XVH HI¿FLHQF\ DQG DGDSWDWLRQ WR GLIIHUHQW ZDWHU UHJLPHV K\GURPRUSKLF WR YDOOH\ ERWWRPV LQ %XUNLQD )DVR

7KURXJK D VWURQJ QHWZRUNLQJ DSSURDFK VXSSRUWLQJ WKH VKXWWOH EUHHGLQJ XQGHUWDNHQ ZLWK WKH DFWLYH LQYROYHPHQW RI WKH :HVW DQG &HQWUDO $IULFD 5HJLRQDO 5LFH 1HWZRUN 52&$5,= DQG WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 1HWZRUN IRU *HQHWLF (YDOXDWLRQ RI 5LFH ,1*(5 $IULFD :$5'$ KDV EHHQ DEOH WR DFFHOHUDWH WKH VHOHFWLRQ SURFHVV DQG DFKLHYH ZLGH DGDSWDELOLW\ RI WKH /RZODQG 1(5,&$V LQ 7RJR %XUNLQD )DVR 0DOL DQG RWKHU FRXQWULHV LQ :HVW $IULFD 22

Module 2 NERICA: origin, nomenclature and LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

2XW RI WKH KXQGUHGV RI LQWHUVSHFL¿F SURJHQLHV GHYHORSHG ZHUH SDUWLFXODUO\ DFFODLPHG E\ IDUPHUV LQ VHYHUDO FRXQWULHV WKURXJK WKH SDUWLFLSDWRU\ YDULHW\ VHOHFWLRQ 396 SURFHVV ± DQ DSSURDFK WKDW ZDV XVHG VXFFHVVIXOO\ LQ DFFHOHUDWLQJ WKH GLVVHPLQDWLRQ RI WKH XSODQG 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV ,Q WKHVH SURJHQLHV ZHUH QDPHG WKH 1HZ 5LFH IRU $IULFDQ /RZODQGV 1(5,&$ / RI ZKLFK VHYHUDO KDYH EHHQ UHOHDVHG DQG JURZQ LQ IDUPHUV¶ ¿HOGV LQ %XUNLQD )DVR 0DOL 7RJR 6LHUUD /HRQH 1LJHU DQG &DPHURRQ 7DEOH

7DEOH /LVW RI UHOHDVHG LUULJDWHG ORZODQG 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV 1(5,&$ /

LQ :HVW DQG &HQWUDO $IULFDQ FRXQWULHV DV RI 0D\ &RXQWU\

9DULHWLHV

%XUNLQD )DVR 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ /

).5 1 ).5 1 ).5 ).5 1 ).5 1

1

).5 1

0DOL

1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1

1

7RJR

1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ /

6LHUUD /HRQH 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / &DPHURRQ

1(5,&$ /

1LJHU

1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ /

%LRGLYHUVLW\ VXVWDLQHG DV D UHVXOW RI 1(5,&$ GHYHORSPHQW 7KH GHYHORSPHQW RI LQWHUVSHFL¿F ULFH YDULHWLHV IRU YDULRXV HFRORJLHV LV D VLJQL¿FDQW LQWHUQDWLRQDO SXEOLF JRRG 7KH $IULFD 5LFH &HQWHU :$5'$ KDV JHQHUDWHG VHYHUDO KXQGUHG 1(5,&$ OLQHV RSHQLQJ QHZ JHQH SRROV DQG LQFUHDVLQJ WKH ELRGLYHUVLW\ RI ULFH DYDLODEOH WR WKH ZRUOG RI VFLHQFH 7KLV GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV LV IXUWKHU DGYDQFLQJ WKH IDUP OHYHO DJUR ELRGLYHUVLW\ RI ULFH LQ WKH KLJK LPSDFW HFRORJLHV 23

Module 2 NERICA: origin, nomenclature DQG LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

%\ XQORFNLQJ WKH WUHDVXUH VWRUH RI JHQHV LQ $IULFDQ ULFH (Oryza glaberrima) :$5'$ KDV SUHVHQWHG WKH JOREDO ULFH UHVHDUFK FRPPXQLW\ ZLWK DQ RSSRUWXQLW\ WR H[SORLW WKH SURIHUUHG ELRGLYHUVLW\ Award for the development of NERICA lowland varieties ,Q 'U 0RXVVD 6Lp ZDV DZDUGHG WKH SUHVWLJLRXV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO .RVKLKLNDUL 5LFH 3UL]H RI -DSDQ LQ UHFRJQLWLRQ RI KLV OHDGHUVKLS LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH QHZ ULFH IRU $IULFDQ ORZODQGV 1(5,&$ /RZODQG

5DSLG KHDGZD\ PDGH E\ 1(5,&$ ORZODQG YDULHWLHV in LQ farmersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; IDUPHUV¶ ¿HOGV %\ 'HFHPEHU ORZODQG 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV ZHUH UHOHDVHG LQ 0DOL DQG %XUNLQD )DVR )LJXUH DQG ZHUH EHLQJ WHVWHG LQ RWKHU FRXQWULHV 7KH PRVW SRSXODU DPRQJ ULFH IDUPHUV LQ %XUNLQD )DVR ZHUH :$6 % 72* ,5 :$6 ,5 72* ,5 :$6 ,'6$ :$6 % 72* ,5 DQG :$6 ,'6$ :$6 72* ,5

7KHLU SRWHQWLDO \LHOGV UDQJH IURP ± WRQQHV SHU KHFWDUH DV DJDLQVW DQ DYHUDJH JUDLQ \LHOG RI WRQQHV SHU KHFWDUH IRU :HVW $IULFD DQG WKH\ KDYH D JURZWK GXUDWLRQ RI GD\V 7KHVH YDULHWLHV H[KLELW JRRG UHVLVWDQFH WR PDMRU ORZODQG VWUHVVHV DQG KDYH DOVR UHVSRQGHG ZHOO WR QLWURJHQ IHUWLOL]HU DSSOLFDWLRQ :$5'$

24

Module 2 NERICA: origin, nomenclature and LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

7DEOH 7KH ORZODQG 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV ZLWK WKHLU SHGLJUHH VDULHW\ QDPH

3HGLJUHH

1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ /

1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ /

1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ /

1(5,&$ /

1(5,&$ /

1(5,&$ /

1(5,&$ /

1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ /

:$6 ,'6$ :$6 ).5 :$6 ,'6$ :$6 ). 5 :$6 ,'6$ :$6 ).5 :$6 ,'6$ :$6

:$6 ,'6$ :$6 % ).5 :$6 ,'6$ :$6 ).5 :$6 ,'6$ :$6 ).5 :$6 ,'6$ :$6 % ).5 :$6 ,'6$ :$6 7*5 :$6 ,'6$ :$6 ).5 7*5

:$6 ,'6$ :$6 7*5 :$6 ,'6$ :$6 % ,(5 :$6 ,'6$ :$6 :$% % 7*5

:$6 ,'6$ :$6 :$% 7*5 :$6 ,'6$ :$6

:$6 ,'6$ :$6 % 7*5 :$6 ,'6$ :$6 :$% 7*5 :$6 ,'6$ :$6 % 7*5 :$6 ,'6$ :$6

:$6 ,'6$ :$6 %

:$6 % ).5

:$6 % ).5 7*5

:$6 ,'6$ :$6 ).5

:$6 ,'6$ :$6 ).5

:$6 ,'6$ :$6

:$6 % ).5

:$6 % %

:$6 % %

:$6 % %

:$6 % %

:$6 % ).5

:$6 % % 7*5

:$6 % %

:$6 % ).5

:$6 % ).5

:$6 % %

:$6 % %

3DUHQWV 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5

72* ,5 ,5 72* ,5 ,5 72* ,5 ,5 72* ,5 ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5

25

Module 2 NERICA: origin, nomenclature DQG LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ /

1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ /

1(5,&$ /

1(5,&$ /

1(5,&$ / 1(5,&$ /

1(5,&$ /

1(5,&$ /

1(5,&$ /

1(5,&$ /

1(5,&$ /

1(5,&$ /

:$6 % % % %

:$6 % :$% % 7*5 :$6 % ).5

:$6 %

:$6 ,'6$ :$6 % ,(5 :$6 %

:$6 ).5

:$6 % %

:$6 % %

:$6

:$6 ).5

:$6 ,'6$ % ,(5 :$6 ).5 7*5

:$6 :$% % 7*5

:$6 ).5

:$6 7*5

:$6

:$6 ).5

:$6

:$6 %

:$6 :$% % 7*5

:$6 :$% % 7*5

:$6 ).5

72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 ,5 72* ,5 ,5 72* ,5 ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 ,5 72* ,5 ,5 72* ,5 ,5 72* ,5 72* ,5 ,5 72* ,5 ,5 72* ,5 ,5 72* ,5

72* LV DQ 2 JODEHUULPD YDULHW\ ,5 QXPEHUV DUH 2 VDWLYD YDULHWLHV

Important Note $OWKRXJK VHYHUDO LUULJDWHG ORZODQG 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV KDYH EHHQ UHOHDVHG LQ VL[ FRXQWULHV LQ :HVW $IULFD IXUWKHU LQIRUPDWLRQ LV VWLOO EHLQJ JDWKHUHG LQ IDUPHUV¶ ¿HOGV LQ DERXW FRXQWULHV DFURVV 66$ RQ WKH SHUIRUPDQFH DQG WROHUDQFH OHYHOV RI WKHVH YDULHWLHV WR DELRWLF DQG ELRWLF VWUHVVHV DFURVV HFRORJLHV IDUPHUV EHLQJ WKH XOWLPDWH MXGJHV RI DQ\ QHZ WHFKQRORJLHV LQFOXGLQJ WKH 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV

26

Module 2 NERICA: origin, nomenclature and LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

,UULJDWHG DQG ORZODQG 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV YDULHWLHV DUH QRW FRQVLGHUHG IXUWKHU DUH QRW FRQVLGHUHG IXUWKHU LQ WKLV &RPSHQGLXP :H IRFXV LQVWHDG RQ WKH ¿UVW JHQHUDWLRQ RI WKH 1(5,&$ WHFKQRORJ\ ± WKH XSODQG 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV YDULHWLHV +HQFHIRUWK +HQFHIRUWK XQOHVV RWKHUZLVH LQGLFDWHG WKH XVH RI WKH WHUP 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV varieties LQ WKH UHVW RI WKLV GRFXPHQW UHIHUV WR WKH QDPHG XSODQG 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV

)LJXUH &RXQWULHV LQ VXE 6DKDUDQ $IULFD ZKHUH LUULJDWHG ORZODQG 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV ZHUH UHOHDVHG RU ZHUH EHLQJ WHVWHG DV RI 'HFHPEHU

Unit 3 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; NERICA® YDULHW\ NH\ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV ± D TXLFN JODQFH ± D TXLFN JODQFH at the NERICA® advantages %DFNJURXQG LQIRUPDWLRQ 7KH 1(5,&$V KDYH EHHQ HYDOXDWHG DQG FKDUDFWHUL]HG IRU D UDQJH RI DJURQRPLF WUDLWV DQG UHDFWLRQ WR NH\ $IULFDQ HQGHPLF GLVHDVHV DQG SHVWV 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV JHQHUDOO\ KDYH VKRUWHU JURZWK GXUDWLRQ WKDQ PRVW WUDGLWLRQDO ULFH YDULHWLHV $ $ QXPEHU RI 1(5,&$ QXPEHU RI 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV SRVVHVV HDUO\ YLJRU ZKLFK LV DQ LPSRUWDQW WUDLW IRU ZHHG

27

Module 2 NERICA: origin, nomenclature DQG LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

FRPSHWLWLYHQHVV LQ ULFH WKXV LPSURYLQJ WKH SURGXFWLYLW\ RI VFDUFH ODERU 0RUHRYHU VRPH RI WKHP DOVR KDYH WROHUDQFH WR GURXJKW DQG 0RUHRYHU VRPH RI WKHP DOVR KDYH WROHUDQFH WR GURXJKW DQG VRLO DFLGLW\ 1(5,&$ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV LQFOXGH FRRNLQJ DQG HDWLQJ TXDOLWLHV SDUWLFXODUO\ DFFHSWDEOH WR ORFDO FRQVXPHUV 1(5,&$ SURWHLQ FRQWHQW LV JHQHUDOO\ KLJKHU WKDQ WKDW RI PXFK RI WKH LPSRUWHG ULFH ZLGHO\ DYDLODEOH LQ $IULFDQ ORFDO PDUNHWV NERICA advantages (DUO\ PDWXULW\ E\ ± GD\V HDUOLHU WKDQ IDUPHUV YDULHWLHV 5HVLVWDQFH WR ORFDO VWUHVVHV EODVW VWHP ERUHUV WHUPLWHV

+LJK \LHOG DGYDQWDJH XS WR WRQQHV SHU KHFWDUH XQGHU IDYRXUDEOH FRQGLWLRQV

+LJKHU SURWHLQ FRQWHQW E\

*RRG WDVWH (DUO\ PDWXULQJ ZLWKLQ ± GD\V L H ± GD\V HDUOLHU WKDQ IDUPHUV¶ YDULHWLHV XQGHU ORZ DOWLWXGH FRQGLWLRQV PHWHUV DERYH VHD OHYHO PDVO

150â&#x20AC;&#x201C;170 days

Tolerance to Blast

Farmersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; variety

80â&#x20AC;&#x201C;100 days

NERICA

Tolerant

Susceptible

)DUPHUV PD\ EH DEOH WR JURZ WZR FURSV LQ RQH UDLQ\ VHDVRQ ± ZLWK SHUKDSV D OHJXPH DV the second crop.

28

Module 2 NERICA: origin, nomenclature and LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

Tolerance to Drought

6XVFHSWLEOH

7ROHUDQW

(DUO\ YHJHWDWLYH JURZWK FRQWULEXWHV WR WKH VKRUWHU GXUDWLRQ RI WKH XSODQG 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV ZKLFK LV RQH RI WKHLU PDMRU DWWUDFWLRQV IRU IDUPHUV 7KLV FDQ EH D XVHIXO WUDLW WR HVFDSH GURXJKW RU FRPSHWH ZLWK ZHHGV DQG LW HQDEOHV IDUPHUV WR GLYHUVLI\ WKHLU FURSSLQJ V\VWHPV WKURXJK URWDWLRQV RU LQWHUFURSV 6RPH RI WKH VHFRQG JHQHUDWLRQ 1(5,&$ UHFHQWO\ FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ :$5'$ DSSHDU WR PDWXUH LQ OHVV WKDQ GD\V 5HVLVWDQFH WROHUDQFH WR EODVW VWHP ERUHUV DQG WHUPLWHV LQ 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV KDV DOVR EHHQ LQGLFDWHG Soil tolerance ± 1(5,&$ DQG 1(5,&$ KDYH VKRZHG WROHUDQFH WR VRLO DFLGLW\ LQ WKH )RXWD 'MDOORQ PLGGOH *XLQHD -,&$

Drought tolerance ±± SUHOLPLQDU\ GDWD IURP :$5'$ VXJJHVW WKH SUHOLPLQDU\ GDWD IURP :$5'$ VXJJHVW WKH H[LVWHQFH RI YDOXDEOH JHQHWLF PDWHULDO DPRQJ WKH LQWHUVSHFL¿F SURJHQ\ IRU XVH LQ GURXJKW SURQH HQYLURQPHQWV 0RGXOH 0DQQHK et al.

29

Module 2 NERICA: origin, nomenclature DQG LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV

Responsive to fertilization ± KLJKHU \LHOG XS WR WRQQHV KD ZKHQ DSSURSULDWH OHYHOV RI IHUWLOL]HU DUH XVHG Higher protein content ± RQ RQ DYHUDJH DYHUDJH E\ E\ 7KH 7KH $IULFD ZLGH $IULFD ZLGH EHQH¿WV RI WKLV H[WUD SURWHLQ 0RGXOH FDQ EH YLHZHG IURP PDQ\ DQJOHV LPSURYHG KHDOWK VXEVWLWXWLRQ RI FRVWOLHU SURWHLQ VRXUFHV PHQWDO GHYHORSPHQW LQ \RXWKV HWF

30

Module 3 NERICA dissemination in sub-Saharan Africa

NERICA DISSEMINATION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (SSA) Modus operandi: Partnership The Africa Rice Center (WARDA) modus operandi is partnership at all levels. WARDA is recognized as a partnership center with privileged relations with its constituency of NARS. For accelerated dissemination of improved technologies, including NERICA varieties, WARDA has explored a range of partnership models and adapted several participatory approaches, such as Participatory Variety Selection (PVS), Community-based Seed Production Systems (CBSS) and Participatory Learning and Action Research (PLAR).

A Center-commissioned Evaluation Review (CCER) on partnerships FRQGXFWHG LQ ZDV QRW RQO\ WKH ÂżUVW HYHU E\ :$5'$ EXW WKH ÂżUVW HYHU ZLWKLQ WKH &*,$5 7KH &&(5 3DQHO FRPPHQGHG :$5'$ IRU LWV EROGQHVV LQ FRQGXFWLQJ VXFK D UHYLHZ ZKLFK QRW RQO\ FRQÂżUPHG WARDAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s partnership model as being unique and exemplary, but also highlighted the Centerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s contribution to reinforcing Africaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s capacity for agricultural research. This recognition culminated in December 2006 in WARDA receiving the prestigious United Nations Award for South-South Triangular Partnership for its pioneering efforts in brokering North-South partnerships in order to create hybridized varieties of rice applicable to conditions in the South.

For upstream research and development, the Interspecific Hybridization Project (IHP) model â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a triangular South-South partnership â&#x20AC;&#x201C; was developed to bring together the pool of expertise from advanced research institutes with that of national programs.

IHP was the key to the advancement of upland NERICA varieties in SSA.

31

Module 3 NERICA dissemination in sub-Saharan Africa

It was supported by Japan, the United Nations Development 3URJUDPPH 81'3 DQG WKH 5RFNHIHOOHU DQG *DWVE\ )RXQGDWLRQV The research on NERICA varieties has also been sponsored right IURP WKH EHJLQQLQJ E\ WKH &*,$5 5HVHDUFK DQG GHYHORSPHQW partners in the IHP include the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI); Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT); Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA); Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS); Institut de recherche pour le dĂŠveloppement (IRD); Cornell, Tokyo and Yunnan Universities; and the national programs of African countries. â&#x20AC;˘

Mechanisms of partnership: The achievements of WARDAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s partnerships in germplasm dissemination, including NERICA varieties, are captured through a variety of mechanisms, LQFOXGLQJ QHWZRUNV VXFK 52&$5,= $5, DQG ,1*(5 $IULFD and collaborative projects such PVS, CBSS, IHP and PLAR. The Center hosts these networks developed and created in close consultation with stakeholders. Activities of these networks and projects have resulted in tangible outputs which have been summarized throughout this document. The following paragraphs provide additional information.

â&#x20AC;˘

Participatory Varietal Selection (PVS): Introduced for the ÂżUVW WLPH LQ 66$ 396 KDV UHYROXWLRQL]HG WKH VFLHQWLVW IDUPHU interaction across SSA and unleashed a wave of NERICA adoption. This is being further advanced through the African Rice Initiative (ARI) coordinated by the Center to disseminate NERICA varieties and complementary technologies across SSA. Participatory Varietal Selection for Research and for Extension (PVS-R and PVS-E) is a means of involving farmers at all levels of the development process. PVS enhances capacity building and ownership of products, and reduces the time involved in the variety release process by up to 10 years. PVS has been quite instrumental in the release of varieties in several African FRXQWULHV LQFOXGLQJ %HQLQ %XUNLQD )DVR &{WH GÂś,YRLUH *XLQHD

32

Module 3 NERICA dissemination in sub-Saharan Africa

Mali, Nigeria and Togo. Participatory variety selection is the major vehicle enabling the speedy introduction of improved varieties that meet the requirements of resource-poor farmers.

Instead of taking 12 years to introduce a new variety under conventional breeding, PVS new lines reach the farmer â&#x20AC;&#x201C; for HYDOXDWLRQ Âą LQ ÂżYH \HDUV DQG IDUPHUV KDYH D PDMRU LQSXW LQWR WKH selection of lines released. Progress was made in the supply of VXIÂżFLHQW 1(5,&$ VHHG WR VXSSRUW ODUJH VFDOH GLVVHPLQDWLRQ â&#x20AC;˘

Community-based Seed multiplication Scheme (CBSS): CBSS ensures that seed multiplication is devolved to farmers and producers thereby bringing farmers closer to researchers and extension agents. CBSS has been instrumental in the production of seed used in the PVS trials.

â&#x20AC;˘

Participatory Adaptation and Diffusion of technologies for ricebased Systems (PADS): implementation of the PADS project has brought thousands of farmers into contact with WARDAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s NERICA varieties for use in low-input rainfed systems through SDUWLFLSDWRU\ ÂżHOG H[SHULPHQWDWLRQ GHPRQVWUDWLRQV DQG D VHHG PXOWLSOLFDWLRQ SURJUDP LQ &{WH GÂś,YRLUH *XLQHD *KDQD 0DOL DQG 7KH *DPELD 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV varieties KDYH have EHHQ been HVSHFLDOO\ especially appreciated by farmers because of their short growing cycle (80 to 100 days), which allows the crop to be harvested during the hungry season and reduces labor demand compared to the local rice varieties.

â&#x20AC;˘

PADS used the CBSS-approach to stimulate farmers in taking the lead in seed supply: PVS and CBSS involved more than 20,000 farmers and more than 20 tonnes of NERICA seed were produced and distributed. Local networks and communication FKDQQHOV LQ LQ ZKLFK 1*2V SOD\HG D FUXFLDO UROH KDYH ZKLFK 1*2V SOD\HG D FUXFLDO UROH have KDYH EHHQ been XVHG used to promote the new seed. PADS also developed extension PDWHULDOV VXFK DV WHFKQLFDO IDFW VKHHWV DQG OHDĂ&#x20AC;HWV RQ LPSURYHG rice varieties, weeds and fertilizer management, the use of biopesticides, improved parboiling technology, etc.

33

Module 3 NERICA dissemination in sub-Saharan Africa

The implementation of PADS led to the use of a methodological process-approach for Participatory Learning and Action Research 3/$5 LQYROYLQJ IDUPHUV H[WHQVLRQ 1*2V DQG UHVHDUFK LQ RUGHU WR LPSURYH SDUWLFLSDWRU\ H[SHULPHQWDWLRQ DQG ÂżQH WXQLQJ RI WHFKQLFDO RSWLRQV E\ WKH IDUPHUV WKHPVHOYHV UHJXODU ÂżHOG YLVLWV improved observation skills of farmers to allow improved analysis and decision-making; discovery of agro-ecological principles in a social learning setting; sharing basic knowledge of technologies DPRQJ IDUPHUV DQG DQDO\]LQJ ÂżQDQFLDO DQG ULVN LPSOLFDWLRQV RI QHZ practices by farmers themselves. PLAR has enabled the possibility of a Rural Knowledge Center where the interested farmers can be trained as facilitators and can (partly) take over the role of the JRYHUQPHQWDO RU 1*2 IDFLOLWDWRUV 7KH LGHD LV WKDW WKH IDUPHUV IDFLOLWDWRUV GLVVHPLQDWH ÂżQGLQJV DQG OHDUQLQJ WRROV PHWKRGV WR neighboring lowland sites through farmer-to-farmer learning on demand.

The role of ROCARIZ Contributor: Lawrence Narteh The partnership model that has been most acclaimed by WARDAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s national partners is the task force mechanism of the ROCARIZ (RĂŠseau ouest et centre africain du riz :HVW DQG &HQWUDO $IULFD 5LFH Research Network) rice network, which has played a central role in the development of the lowland NERICA varieties. It facilitated the shuttle-breeding approach to accelerate the selection process and achieve wide adaptability of the lowland NERICA varieties..

Thanks to the task force model, the Center has reinforced SSAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s capacity for rice research. The roots of ROCARIZ can be traced to 1991 under a different name and structure known as the WARDA Task Forces.

WARDA recognizes that there are too many rice production constraints to enable either it or the National Agricultural Research

34

Module 3 NERICA dissemination in sub-Saharan Africa

and Extension Systems (NARES) as individual entities to handle single-handedly the research agenda for developing, evaluating and transferring technologies for rice-based cropping systems. :$5'$ UHTXLUHV WKH FROODERUDWLRQ RI 1$5(6 WR HQVXUH VLJQL¿FDQW impact. As an association of West African states it has privileged access to NARES, and a particular responsibility to serve their respective countries. To this end, WARDA and NARES scientists KDYH SRROHG WKHLU VFLHQWL¿F VNLOOV WR DFTXLUH WKH VWUHQJWK WR DGGUHVV the most important research issues through network and partnership arrangements. ROCARIZ was instrumental in the development of the NERICA rice varieties for Africa when its members took an active part in the crossing of Oryza glaberrima × O sativa and also participated in the on-farm testing and release of the new varieties.

52&$5,= FRQWULEXWHG VLJQL¿FDQWO\ WR FORVHU DQG LQFUHDVHG UHVHDUFK collaboration between WARDA and NARS scientists and among the NARS. In addition, it has boosted capacity building through the devolution of responsibility for research activities to NARS and helped increase the capacity of NARS to generate project proposals DQG VFLHQWL¿F SXEOLFDWLRQV

The role of INGER-Africa Contributors: Eklou A. Somado and Robert G. Guei 7KH $IULFDQ ZLQJ RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 1HWZRUN IRU *HQHWLF (YDOXDWLRQ RI 5LFH ,1*(5 $IULFD LV WKH ODUJHVW ULFH WHVWLQJ QHWZRUN LQ $IULFD Operated by the Africa Rice Center (WARDA) since 1994, it has the mission to ensure wide and rapid dissemination of rice germplasm in sub-Saharan Africa. This network was created to meet the needs of most national rice research programmes in SSA, which have limited access to diverse genetic materials and rely on international centers to broaden their crop genetic bases.

35

Module 3 NERICA dissemination in sub-Saharan Africa

,1*(5 $IULFD KDV FDWDO\]HG UHJLRQDO HIIRUWV LQ SXEOLF VHFWRU ULFH research,resulting in the release of about 200 improved rice varieties over the past 25 years in West Africa alone. An impact study found that the producersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; surplus gains from these improved varieties were worth about USD 360 million in 1998 alone and that, without WKHP WKH :HVW $IULFDQ UHJLRQDO EDODQFH RI SD\PHQW GHÂżFLW IRU ULFH imports in 1998 would have been 40% higher. Additional 650,000 hectares of farmland would have to be under rice cultivation to maintain consumption levels at their current standard (Dalton and *XHL

Participating countries

WARDA has strengthened its germplasm distribution, regional evaluation and utilization activities across sub-Saharan Africa in recent years. Improved rice germplasm have been multiplied, processed and distributed â&#x20AC;&#x201C; free of charge â&#x20AC;&#x201C; WKURXJK ,1*(5 $IULFD nurseries for further evaluation under local conditions and utilization by national rice improvement programs in SSA.

Figure 7. 1XPEHU RI SDUWLFLSDWLQJ FRXQWULHV LQ ,1*(5 $IULFD IURP 1994 to 2006

36

Module 3 NERICA dissemination in sub-Saharan Africa

%HWZHHQ DQG ,1*(5 $IULFD UHVSRQGHG WR WKH GHPDQG IRU LQWHUVSHFL¿F ULFH YDULHWLHV O. glaberrima Ã&#x2014; O. sativa) from 29 countries in SSA, including 14 in West Africa (WA) and 15 in East, Central and Southern Africa (ECSA) (Figure 7) by multiplying, purifying and dispatching seeds of these improved materials initially received from WARDAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s breeders. ,QWHUVSHFL¿F JHUPSODVP O. glaberrima Ã&#x2014; O. sativa) distributed

by INGER-Africa in SSA, 1997â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2006 %DVHG XSRQ UHTXHVWV IURP 1$56 ,1*(5 $IULFD¶V QXUVHULHV ZHUH DVVHPEOHG IRU WKH UDLQIHG XSODQG DQG WKH UDLQIHG ORZODQG LUULJDWHG lowland systems (Figure 8).

8SODQG 5LFH ,QWHUVSHFL¿FV O. glaberrima Ã&#x2014; O. sativa), including NERICA seed VDPSOHV GLVWULEXWHG E\ ,1*(5 $IULFD LQ :HVW $IULFD ± 320 280 240 200 160 120 80 40 0

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

NERICA

0

0

46

49

10

16

2

51

11

40

Intersp.

5

29

221

269

55

82

6

84

21

60

8SODQG ULFH LQWHUVSHFL¿FV (O. glaberrima Ã&#x2014; O. sativa), including NERICA seed VDPSOHV GLVWULEXWHG E\ ,1*(5 $IULFD LQ (&6$ ± 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

NERICA

0

0

9

10

17

34

15

28

4

38

Inters p.

0

0

61

62

167

125

25

185

6

39

Figure 8. 5DLQIHG XSODQG DQG ORZODQG LUULJDWHG ULFH LQWHUVSHFL¿FV (O. glaberrima Ã&#x2014; O. sativa), including NERICA seed samples distributed by ,1*(5 $IULFD LQ VXE 6DKDUDQ $IULFD ± 37

Module 3 NERICA dissemination in sub-Saharan Africa

$ WRWDO RI VHHG VDPSOHV RI LQWHUVSHFLÂżF OLQHV LQFOXGLQJ of NERICA varieties, were dispatched as upland nurseries for evaluation by scientists in WA, while 670 samples, of which 155 were upland NERICA varieties, s, were sent to ECSA for the same purpose (Tables 8â&#x20AC;&#x201C;9). Between 2003 and 2006, Japan, Belgium, *HUPDQ\ DQG WKH 86$ UHTXHVWHG DQG ZHUH VXSSOLHG ZLWK VHHG VDPSOHV RI LQWHUVSHFLÂżF OLQHV RI ZKLFK VDPSOHV ZHUH XSODQG NERICA varieties.

It was only in 2005â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2006, â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2006, 2006, subsequent to the development and QDPLQJ RI WKHVH LQWHUVSHFLÂżF OLQHV WKDW WKH UHTXHVWV IRU DQG distribution of the lowland-irrigated NERICA varieties took off.

During that period a total of 17 seed samples were dispatched to *XLQHD /LEHULD DQG 6LHUUD /HRQH LQ :$ ZKLOH ZHUH VHQW XSRQ request to Ethiopia, Tanzania and the Central African Republic in ECSA. Also, upon request, Japan was supplied with 62 samples of the lowland-irrigated NERICAâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;L 32 variety.

7KH 66$ FRXQWULHV UHFHLYLQJ LQWHUVSHFLÂżF YDULHWLHV VHHG VDPSOHV during the period under review included 14 countries in WA (Benin, %XUNLQD )DVR &{WH GÂś,YRLUH 7KH *DPELD /LEHULD 6HQHJDO 6LHUUD /HRQH 1LJHU 1LJHULD 0DOL *KDQD *XLQHD *XLQHD %LVVDX DQG Togo) and 15 in ECSA (Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Congo-Brazzaville, Rwanda, Madagascar, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Sudan, Zimbabwe and Mozambique). See Tables 9 and 10.

38

1

0

0

0

0 0

0

0

0 0

5

0

0

5

*DPELD *KDQD

*XLQHD

*XLQHD %LVVDX 0

0

Côte dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ivoire

Liberia

Mali

Niger Nigeria

Sierra Leone

Senegal

Togo

Total

29

0

0

13

0 3

0

0 9

0

0

0

Burkina Faso

1998 3

1997 0

West Africa Benin

1

0

55(9)

0 47 (8)

45(10)

0

47(7)

2(2)

4(3) 34 (2)

21(1)

5 (2)

2000 8 (4)

0

0

24(4)

6(1) 0

12

0

0

0

4(2) 4(2)

0

4(1)

2001 0

0

0

61(8)

2(1) 0

0

0

8(1)

0

0 11(6)

0

0

2002 0

0

0

0

0 0

4(2)

0

0

0

0 2

0

0

2003 0

221(46) 269(49) 55(10) 82(16) 6(2)

20 (6)

0

12 (3)

0 48 (8)

0

10 (3)

0

24 (6)

21 (4) 46 (8)

0

42 (8)

1999 0

84(51)

0

0

7(7)

0 4(4)

32(13)

0

0

1(1)

0 23(23)

7

0

2004 3(3)

21(11)

0

0

0

0 0

0

0

10(2)

11(9)

0 0

0

0

2005 0

60(40)

0

2

12(4)

2(1) 10(8)

0

5(4)

0

11(9)

0 0

13(11)

0

2006 5(3)

TOTAL Upland NERICA variety 19(10) NERICA2, NERICA 4, NERICA5, NERICA6, NERICA7, NERICA8, NERICA11 51(11) NERICA1, NERICA2, NERICA4, NERICA6, NERICA7 41(12) NERICA1, NERICA2, NERICA3, NERICA4, NERICA5, NERICA6,NERICA7 29(9) NERICA1, NERICA4, NERICA6, NERICA 7 129(41) NERICA1, NERICA 2, NERICA 3, NERICA4, NERICA5, NERICA6, NERICA 7 50(27) NERICA1, NERICA 2, NERICA 4, NERICA7, NERICA8, NERICA9, NERICA12, NERICA13, NERICA14, NERICA15, NERICA16, NERICA17, NERICA 18 65(10) NERICA1, NERICA2, NERICA4, NERICA5, NERICA6 15(7) NERICA1, NERICA2, NERICA4, NERICA5, NERICA7 93(25) NERICA1, NERICA2, NERICA3, NERICA4, NERICA5, NERICA6, NERICA 7 10(3) NERICA1, NERICA2, NERICA4, NERICA 6 112(28) NERICA1, NERICA2, NERICA5, NERICA6, NERICA7, NERICA8, NERICA9, NERICA10 189(35) NERICA1, NERICA2, NERICA3, NERICA4, NERICA5, NERICA6, NERICA 7 2 WAB 450-I-B-P-153-HB, WAB 450-I-B-P-33-HB (,QWHUVSHFL¿FV RWKHU WKDQ QDPHG NERICA) 20(6) NERICA1, NERICA2, NERICA4, NERICA5, NERICA6, NERICA7 832(225)

Table 9. 1XPEHU RI OLQHV RI XSODQG ULFH LQWHUVSHFL¿FV (O. glaberrima Ã&#x2014; O. sativa), including NERICA (indicated in SDUHQWKHVHV HYDOXDWHG HDFK \HDU SHU FRXQWU\ E\ ,1*(5 $IULFD LQ :HVW $IULFD

Module 3

NERICA dissemination in sub-Saharan Africa

39

40 30(9)

20(6)

11(1)

61(9)

Chad

Tanzania Uganda Zimbabwe

Total

66(21)

4(1)

4(1)

13(7) 9(2)

8(7)

4(1)

23(7)

77(14) 29(7) 7(7)

29(7)

20(14)

62(13) 167(17) 125(34) 25(15) 185(28)

11

13(1)

Rwanda Sudan

1(1)

42(9) 30(7) 54

7

34

9(1)

40(9)

13(3)

Mozambique

Central African Republic

2

11(1)

Madagascar

4

Kenya

Burundi Cameroon Congo Republic Congo DR Ethiopia

(&6$

6(4)

6(4)

39(38)

18(18)

101(23) 3(2)

18(18)

670 (158)

6(4) NERICA1, NERICA 2, NERICA 4, NERICA 6, NERICA 7 34 NERICA1, NERICA 2, NERICA 4, NERICA5, NERICA 6, NERICA 7 13(1) NERICA 6 44(8) NERICA1, NERICA 2, NERICA 3, NERICA4, NERICA 5 , NERICA 6, NERICA7 125(31) NERICA1, NERICA2, NERICA3, NERICA4, NERICA 5, NERICA 6, NERICA7 103(39) NERICA1 to NERICA 18 40(8) NERICA1 to NERICA 7 7(7) NERICA1, NERICA 2 ,NERICA 3, NERICA5 , NERICA 6, NERICA 7

NERICA1 to NERICA 7 115(29) NERICA1 to NERICA 7 50 NERICA1, NERICA 2, NERICA 4, NERICA 6, NERICA 7 53(12) NERICA1, NERICA 2, NERICA 4, NERICA6 2 WAB 450-11-1-P41-3-HB WAB 450-I-B-P-23-HB

,QWHUVSHFL¿F OLQHV RWKHU WKDQ QDPHG NERICA)

7(0) NERICA1 to NERICA 7 18(18) NERICA1 to NERICA 18

7RWDO 8SODQG 1(5,&$ 9DULHW\ 1DPH

Table 10. 1XPEHU RI OLQHV RI XSODQG ULFH LQWHUVSHFL¿FV (O. glaberrima Ã&#x2014; O. sativa), including NERICA lines (indicated in parentheses) HYDOXDWHG HDFK \HDU SHU FRXQWU\ E\ ,1*(5 $IULFD LQ (DVW &HQWUDO DQG 6RXWKHUQ $IULFD ±

Module 3

NERICA dissemination in sub-Saharan Africa

Module 3 NERICA dissemination in sub-Saharan Africa

The role of the African Rice Initiative (ARI) Contributor: Inoussa Akintayo While ROCARIZ is mainly a research network, ARI was created to deal with one of the major bottlenecks of rice productionâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;the availability of quality seed. ARI covers the whole of SSA and maintains a presence in each participating country through a stakeholder platform. ARI has contributed to strengthening relationships between extension services and research institutions. It is a vehicle of dissemination for WARDA products from production and development to processing and marketing. Since ARIâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s inception in 2002, the following main achievements have been recorded: â&#x20AC;˘

Seed availability is constantly addressed by the Coordination Unit. Table 11 provides a summary of foundation seed produced and distributed to several countries through ARI.

Table 11. Production and distribution of NERICA foundation seed by ARI Coordination Unit <HDU

6HHG SURGXFHG 6HHG GLVWULEXWHG (kg) (kg)

%HQHÂżFLDU\ countries

BS1

FS1

Total

BS

FS

Total

2003

75

350

425

65

350

415

Mali, Togo

2004

151

1 063

1 214

100

1 000

1 100

Burkina Faso, Mali, Togo, Nigeria

2005-06

1 474

14 102

15 576

1 400

13 900

15 300

Benin, Burkina Faso, DR Congo, Ethiopia, 7KH *DPELD *KDQD *XLQHD ,QGLD .HQ\D Mali, Nigeria, Mozambique, Philippines, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda.

15 515

17 215

1 565

15 250

16 815

&XPXODWLYH Total 1 700 1

BS: Breeder Seed; FS: Foundation Seed

41

Module 3 NERICA dissemination in sub-Saharan Africa

â&#x20AC;˘

In order to increase adoption rate and boost production, ARI IDFLOLWDWHG WKH LQWURGXFWLRQ RI PRUH WKDQ LQWHUVSHFLÂżF OLQHV including NERICAs, to farmers through PVS. By the end of 2005, 11 new NERICA varieties (NERICA8â&#x20AC;&#x201C;NERICA18) NERICA8â&#x20AC;&#x201C;NERICA18) were named, from which three were released. The newlynamed materials are mainly extra-early (e.g. NERICA8 and NERICA9) at 80 days to maturity. ARI also contributed to the introduction and release of lowland NERICA lines; up WR KDYH EHHQ QDPHG IURP ZKLFK ÂżYH KDYH DOUHDG\ EHHQ released.

â&#x20AC;˘

ARI activities were initially restricted to pilot countries, but have been extended progressively to further countries. By 2005, NERICA lines had been tested in many countries in SSA (Figure 9). Forty six NERICA lines were adopted and 19 released in 17 countries, the number of varieties per country ranging from one to seven.

Area in SSA producing NERICA varieties

Figure 9. Area cultivated under NERICA varieties in 2005

42

Module 3 NERICA dissemination in sub-Saharan Africa

NERICA rice varieties have been making headway in SSA. In 2006 it was estimated that NERICA varieties were planted on more than 200,000 hectares across Africa, including about 70,000 KD LQ *XLQHD DQG KD LQ 8JDQGD )LJXUH LOOXVWUDWHV WKH DUHD grown to NERICA varieties in Africa in 2006. Figure 10 shows NERICA distribution in 2006 The NERICA dissemination effort is not intended to replace local varieties totally but to integrate NERICA varieties into the existing varietal portfolio of rice farmers, with complementary technologies, sound natural resource management practices and improved rice marketing and distribution systems.

Figure 10. NERICA distribution in SSA (2006)

43

Module 3 NERICA dissemination in sub-Saharan Africa

The role of PVS Contributors: Howard Gridley and Moussa SiĂŠ Farmers in the driving seat The goal of PVS (participatory variety selection) is to transfer LPSURYHG ULFH YDULHWLHV WR IDUPHUV HIÂżFLHQWO\ LQ RUGHU WR Â&#x2021; UHGXFH WKH WLPH UHTXLUHG WR PRYH YDULHWLHV LQWR IDUPHUV ÂżHOGV â&#x20AC;˘ determine the varieties that farmers want to grow â&#x20AC;˘ learn the traits that farmers value in varieties to assist breeding and selection â&#x20AC;˘ determine if there are gender differences in varietal selection criteria Research on PVS has revealed a gender-based varietal selection process whereby men and women farmers use different criteria to evaluate varieties. For instance, men gave importance to short growth duration and plant height, whereas women preferred traits such as good emergence, seedling vigor and droopy leaves that indicate weed competitiveness, since they are mostly involved in the sowing and weeding operations.

Research methodology The NERICA varieties were introduced to rice farmers in CĂ´te GÂś,YRLUH LQ DQG *KDQD 7RJR *XLQHD LQ WKURXJK Participatory Variety Trials (PVS), (WARDA, 1999). Farmers then started disseminating them through their informal channels. Seven NERICA varieties (NERICA1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;NERICA7) intended for upland rice farming were being used by farmers in 2000.

PVS was chosen because it: â&#x20AC;˘ shortens the time lag between varietal development and release â&#x20AC;˘ accelerates the rate of adoption of promising rice varieties from WARDA

44

Module 3 NERICA dissemination in sub-Saharan Africa

Â&#x2021; REWDLQV REWDLQV IDUPHU FULWHULD IRU FKRRVLQJ DGRSWLQJ ULFH YDULHWLHV DQG IDUPHU FULWHULD IRU FKRRVLQJ DGRSWLQJ ULFH YDULHWLHV DQG SDVVHV VXFK LQIRUPDWLRQ WR UHVHDUFKHUV IRU IXUWKHU UHÂżQHPHQW RI technology Â&#x2021; KDV KDV HIÂżFLHQW PHWKRGRORJ\ Âą D \HDU SURJUDP %R[

HIÂżFLHQW PHWKRGRORJ\ Âą D \HDU SURJUDP %R[

Â&#x2021; LV LV D WRRO IRU HIÂżFLHQW WUDQVIHU RI LPSURYHG ULFH WHFKQRORJLHV WR D WRRO IRU HIÂżFLHQW WUDQVIHU RI LPSURYHG ULFH WHFKQRORJLHV WR farmers ,Q WKH ÂżUVW \HDU RI 396 :$5'$ DQG QDWLRQDO VFLHQWLVWV DQG ORFDO IDUPHUV LGHQWLI\ FHQWUDOL]HG ÂżHOGV QHDU YLOODJHV DQG SODQW ÂľULFH gardensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; with up to 60 upland varieties. The varieties range from traditional and popular O. sativa cultivars to NERICA developments, African O. glaberrima cultivars and local varieties as checks. Men DQG ZRPHQ IDUPHUV DUH LQYLWHG WR YLVLW WKH ÂżHOGV DV RIWHQ DV SRVVLEOH but farmers are brought in groups for formal evaluation of the test entries at three key stages (maximum tillering, maturity and postKDUYHVW )RU WKH ÂżUVW WZR YLVLWV IDUPHUV FRPSDUH DJURQRPLF WUDLWV including weed competitiveness, growth rate, height, panicle type and growth cycle, while the third visit focuses on grain quality attributes such as size, shape, shattering, ease of threshing and husking and palatability. Each farmerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s varietal selection and the criteria for selection are recorded and later analyzed.

In the second year, each farmer receives as many as six of the YDULHWLHV ZKLFK KH RU VKH VHOHFWHG DV IDYRULWHV LQ WKH ÂżUVW \HDU WR grow on his or her own farm. Thus, new genetic diversity enters the FRPPXQLWLHV 396 REVHUYHUV ZKR PD\ FRPSULVH EUHHGHUV DQG RU WHFKQLFLDQV IURP 1*2V DQG ([WHQVLRQ 6HUYLFHV YLVLW SDUWLFLSDWLQJ IDUPHUVÂś ÂżHOGV WR UHFRUG SHUIRUPDQFH DQG IDUPHU DSSUHFLDWLRQ of the selected varieties. At the end of the year, farmers evaluate threshability and palatability to provide a full view of the strengths and weaknesses of the selected varieties.

For the third year, farmers are asked to pay for seeds of the varieties they select as evidence of the value they place on them. Thus, in three years, PVS-Research (PVS-R) allows the farmers to select 45

Module 3 NERICA dissemination in sub-Saharan Africa

YDULHWLHV ZLWK VSHFL¿F DGDSWDWLRQ DQG SUHIHUUHG SODQW W\SH DQG JUDLQ quality characters. These, in turn, can be integrated into the breeding programmes to tailor new varieties for farmers.

Participatory varietal selection Year 1: Rice garden: Farmers are exposed to a range of promising cultivars and make selections.

Year 2: Farmers plant selections alongside local varieties.

NERICA

Year 3: Farmers verify for a further year variety preferences–selection criteria.

%R[ 396 PHWKRGRORJ\ ± D \HDU SURJUDP Advantages of PVS methodology over the conventional scheme Conventionally, it takes at least 12 years to put varieties in farmers’ hands and, even then, farmers and consumers may not appreciate the varieties selected. A PVS extension (PVS-E) phase has recently been introduced to complement PVS-R and accelerate dissemination and RI¿FLDO UHOHDVH )RXU WR VL[ RI WKH PRUH FRPPRQO\ VHOHFWHG YDULHWLHV in the second year of PVS-R in an ecoregion are disseminated widely to farmers within the region for evaluation in the third year. After two years of PVS-E, the more-preferred of these varieties are enrolled in PXOWL ORFDWLRQ WULDOV WR JHQHUDWH GDWD IRU RI¿FLDO UHOHDVH Simultaneously, these varieties enter community-based seed systems (CBSS) for multiplication to ensure adequate seed supplies for rapid GLVVHPLQDWLRQ RI WKH YDULHWLHV RQFH WKH\ DUH RI¿FLDOO\ DSSURYHG for release. PVS research is a novel applied and adaptive research mechanism that favors farmers playing an active role in product 46

Module 3 NERICA dissemination in sub-Saharan Africa

development and spread. It has assisted in the early and broad dissemination and adoption of promising lines, including NERICA varieties, by NARES, development agencies and farmers in WCA. WARDA introduced PVS into Côte d’Ivoire in 1996 and farmers liked the concept of sharing responsibilities for rice research because they were able to select varieties that met their needs. Encouraged by the results, WARDA extended it to all 17 WARDA member countries by 1999. Regionally, more than 3500 farmers in WCA participated in the PVS and about 5000 farmers were exposed to improved upland rice varieties through PVS in 2000.

1

2

PVS-R and -E: PVS Research and Extension, respectively. CBSS: Community-based Seed System.

Figure 11. Representation of relative time scales for conventional variety development and PVS to deliver new varieties to farmers

WARDA has been providing varieties for participatory varietal selection over the last 10 years. Table 12 summarizes farmers’ selection criteria for adoption of NERICA rice varieties in different countries in SSA.

47

Short growth cycle

Height

Yield

12

12

13

13

10

7

4

4

High tillering

Weed competitiveness

Total

*UDLQ VL]H

9 9

9

9

*UDLQ ODUJH

*UDLQ FRORU

Togo 9

7KH *DPELD 9 9 9 9 9 Chad 9

9 Sierra Leone 9 9 9 9 Senegal 9 9 9 9 9 Niger 9 9 9 9 Nigeria 9 9 9 Mauritania 9 9 9 Mali 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Liberia 9 9 *XLQHD 9 Bissau 9 9 9 9 9 9 *XLQHD 9 9 9 9 9 *KDQD 9 9 9 9 Côte d’Ivoire 9 9 9 9 9 9 Cameroon 9 9 9 9 Burkina Faso 9 9 9 9 9

Benin 9 9 9 9

*UDLQ EROG 4

9

9 9

9

4

9 9

9

9

*RRG UHVSRQVH WR IHUWLOL]HU 4

9

9 9

9

Panicle size 3

9

9 9

Selection criteria

Lodging resistance

Country Bird damage resistance

Medium growth cycle

Drought tolerance

Non-sticky grain

Taste 3

3

3

2

2

1

1

9 9

9 9 9

9 9 9

9

9 9 9 9

9 9

Adaptability

48 Emergence rate

Table 12. Farmers’ selection criteria applied in PVS-R in 17 countries in SSA

Aroma

Disease resistance 1

1

9

9

Module 3

NERICA dissemination in sub-Saharan Africa

Module 4 Molecular characterisation of NERICA

MOLECULAR CHARACTERISATION OF NERICA LINES Contributors: M-N Ndjiondjop, K Semagn, M Cissoko, MP Jones and S McCouch 8QLW ± 0ROHFXODU SUR¿OLQJ RI 1(5,&$ OLQHV As mentioned throughout this compendium, NERICA rices are LQWHUVSHFL¿F LQEUHG SURJHQ\ GHULYHG IURP FURVVHV EHWZHHQ Oryza sativa Ã&#x2014; O. glaberrima. 7KLV FKDSWHU LV D UHSRUW RI D VWXG\ WKDW HYDOXDWHG BC2 LQWHUVSHFL¿F OLQHV GHYHORSHG E\ FURVVLQJ D WURSLFDO MDSRQLFD YDULHW\ :$% DV WKH UHFXUUHQW SDUHQW WR DQ O. glaberrima YDULHW\ &*

DV WKH GRQRU SDUHQW IROORZHG E\ WKH XVH RI DQWKHU FXOWXUH WR GHULYH GRXEOHG KDSORLGV '+ OLQHV RU HLJKW JHQHUDWLRQV RI LQEUHHGLQJ WR ¿[ WKH OLQHV OLQHV 6HYHQ RI WKHVH %&2 GHULYHG LQEUHG OLQHV KDYH EHHQ UHOHDVHG DV 1(5,&$ ±1(5,&$ ±1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 7KLV 7KLV VWXG\ VWXG\ H[DPLQHG H[DPLQHG WKH WKH UHODWLYH UHODWLYH FRQWULEXWLRQ RI HDFK SDUHQW DQG WKH H[WHQW RI JHQHWLF GLIIHUHQFHV DPRQJ WKHVH VLVWHU OLQHV XVLQJ ZHOO GLVWULEXWHG PLFURVDWHOOLWH PDUNHUV ZKLFK FRYHU F0 RI WKH ULFH JHQRPH 7KH DYHUDJH SURSRUWLRQ RI O. sativa UHFXUUHQW SDUHQW JHQRPH ZDV ZKLOH WKH REVHUYHG DYHUDJH SURSRUWLRQ RI O. glaberrima GRQRU JHQRPH ZDV 1RQ SDUHQWDO DOOHOHV ZHUH GHWHFWHG LQ RI WKH OLQHV EXW WKH RYHUDOO DYHUDJH ZDV /LQHV WKDW KDG XQGHUJRQH HLJKW JHQHUDWLRQV RI LQEUHHGLQJ LQ WKH ¿HOG FRQWDLQHG VLJQL¿FDQWO\ PRUH QRQ SDUHQWDO DOOHOHV DY FRPSDUHG WR WKH '+ OLQHV DY WKDW ZHUH GHYHORSHG IURP %&2 DQWKHUV 8VLQJ ERWK FOXVWHU DQG SULQFLSDO FRPSRQHQW DQDO\VHV WZR PDMRU JURXSV ZHUH GHWHFWHG LQ WKHVH PDWHULDOV 7KH 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV 1(5,&$ WR 1(5,&$ FOXVWHUHG LQ RQH JURXS ZKLOH WKH UHPDLQLQJ OLQHV FOXVWHUHG LQ DQRWKHU JURXS VXJJHVWLQJ WKDW WKH VHFRQG JURXS PD\ RIIHU VLJQL¿FDQW RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU IXUWKHU VHOHFWLRQ DQG YDULHW\ GHYHORSPHQW

49

Module 4 Molecular characterisation of NERICA

Table 13. 6XPPDU\ RI WKH SURSRUWLRQ RI JHQRPH IRU 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV XVLQJ 665V CG 14

WAB56-104

+HWHURJHQRXV

0LVVLQJ

Non parental

0LQLPXP

0D[LPXP

0HDQ

1(5,&$ OLQHV

0HDQ

2WKHU OLQHV

0HDQ

'+V Q

0HDQ 3HGLJUHH OLQHV Q 0HDQ

$OO OLQHV

8QLW ± 0LFURVDWHOOLWHV DQG DJURQRPLF WUDLWV IRU DVVHVVLQJ JHQHWLF UHODWLRQVKLSV DPRQJ 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV *HQHWLF GLIIHUHQFHV DQG SDWWHUQV RI UHODWLRQVKLS DPRQJ WKH ¿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

50

Module 4 Molecular characterisation of NERICA

NERICA1 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ NERICA2 1(5,&$ NERICA5 NERICA6 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ NERICA11 NERICA12 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ NERICA15 1(5,&$ NERICA16

(XFOLGHDQ GLVWDQFH

8

PC2

Scores 18 16 15

6

4

2 7 1 6 542

0

3

14 -2

17

11 89 13

-4 1012

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

)LJXUH &OXVWHU DQG SULQFLSDO FRPSRQHQW 3& DQDO\VHV SHUIRUPHG XVLQJ 665 PDUNHUV 83*0$ SKHQRJUDP RI 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHs EDVHG RQ (XFOLGHDQ GLVWDQFH PDWUL[ DQG VFRUH SORW RI 1(5,&$V WR IURP 3& DQDO\VLV 3& DQG 3& H[SODLQHG DQG UHVSHFWLYHO\ QXPEHUV LQ WKH SORW FRUUHVSRQG WR 1(5,&$ WR

51

Module 4 Molecular characterisation of NERICA

8QLW ± 0ROHFXODU SUR¿OLQJ RI XSODQG 1(5,&$ %DFNJURXQG LQIRUPDWLRQ 7KH VWXG\ UHSRUWHG DERYH 0RGXOH 8QLW RQ WKH SDWWHUQV RI YDULDWLRQ DQG JHQHWLF UHODWLRQVKLSV DPRQJ WKH QDPHG 1(5,&$ WR 1(5,&$ FRQFOXGHG WKHUH ZDV L D ODFN RI JHQHWLF GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ 1(5,&$ DQG LL D UHODWLYHO\ ZLGH UDQJH RI JHQHWLF YDULDELOLW\ DPRQJ DOO 1(5,&$V H[FHSW 1(5,&$ DQG 1(5,&$ DQG LLL D GLVWLQFW SDWWHUQ RI YDULDWLRQ WKDW FOXVWHUHG 1(5,&$ ± LQ RQH JURXS DQG 1(5,&$ ± LQ DQRWKHU 6HPDJQ et al.

+RZHYHU WKH SURSRUWLRQ DQG GLVWULEXWLRQ RI O. glaberrima LQWURJUHVVLRQV LQ WKH ODUJHU FROOHFWLRQ RI VLEOLQJ OLQHV ZKLFK DUH RI JUHDW LQWHUHVW IRU IXWXUH EUHHGLQJ HIIRUWV ZHUH QRW LQYHVWLJDWHG ,W LV QRWHZRUWK\ WKDW 1(5,&$ LV DQ H[WHQGHG IDPLO\ RI VHYHUDO KXQGUHG LQWHUVSHFL¿F SURJHQLHV RI ZKLFK KDYH EHHQ QDPHG E\ :$5'$ DQG UHOHDVHG LQ YDULRXV $IULFDQ FRXQWULHV 7KH IROORZLQJ VHFWLRQ KLJKOLJKWV WKH RXWFRPH RI D VWXG\ WKDW DQDO\]HG LQWURJUHVVLRQ OLQHV WR GHWHUPLQH L WKH H[WHQW DQG PDS SRVLWLRQ RI LQWURJUHVVLRQV IURP O. glaberrima LL WKH H[WHQW RI KHWHUR]\JRXV ORFL DQG QRQ SDUHQWDO DOOHOHV FRQWDLQHG LQ WKH LQWHUVSHFL¿F LQEUHG OLQHV DQG LLL WKH JHQHWLF UHODWLRQVKLSV DPRQJ WKH OLQHV ZLWK SDUWLFXODU LQWHUHVW LQ HYDOXDWLQJ WKH SRWHQWLDO EUHHGLQJ YDOXH RI WKH OLQHV WKDW KDYH QRW EHHQ UHOHDVHG DV YDULHWLHV 7KH LQWHUVSHFL¿F OLQHV 7DEOH ZHUH GHYHORSHG E\ FURVVLQJ :$% O. sativa MDSRQLFD DV WKH UHFXUUHQW SDUHQW DQG &* O. glaberrima DV WKH GRQRU SDUHQW 7ZHQW\ VL[ RI WKH OLQHV ZHUH GHYHORSHG DV GRXEOH KDSORLGV '+ GHULYHG IURP %&2F1 SODQWV XVLQJ DQWKHU FXOWXUH *XLGHUGRQL et al.

7KH UDSLG JHQHWLF ¿[DWLRQ DFKLHYHG LQ WKH '+ OLQHV LV H[SHFWHG WR UHWDLQ EORFNV RI JHQHV WKDW ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ ORVW WKURXJK FRQYHQWLRQDO LQEUHHGLQJ GXH WR 52

Module 4 Molecular characterisation of NERICA

VWHULOLW\ IDFWRUV DQG DUWL¿FLDO VHOHFWLRQ -RQHV et al. E 7KH UHPDLQLQJ VDPSOHV ZHUH %&2F OLQHV GHYHORSHG XVLQJ SHGLJUHH VHOHFWLRQ -RQHV et al., E $OO OLQHV LQ WKLV VWXG\ KDG JRQH WKURXJK WZR JHQHUDWLRQV RI EDFNFURVVLQJ IROORZHG E\ HLWKHU HLJKW JHQHUDWLRQV RI VHO¿QJ RU GRXEOLQJ WKH KDSORLG FKURPRVRPH QXPEHUV DQG DOO EHKDYHG DV LQEUHG LQWURJUHVVLRQ OLQHV Table 14. 3HGLJUHH DQG GRQRU JHQRPH FRYHUDJH LQWURJUHVVLRQ RI OLQHV GHYHORSHG IURP :$% DV UHFXUUHQW SDUHQW DQG &* DV GRQRU SDUHQW 3HGLJUHH

1DPH RU QXPEHU

,QWURJUHVVLRQ (%)

:$% , % 3 +% :$% , % 3 +% :$% , % 3 +% :$% , % 3 +% :$% , % 3 +% :$% %/ '9 :$% , % 3 +% :$% , % 3 +% :$% , % 3 +% :$% , % 3 +% :$% 3 +% :$% , % 3 +% :$% 3 +% :$% 3 +% :$% 3 +% :$% , % 3 +% :$% %/ '9 :$% , % 3 +% :$% 3 +% :$% 3 :$% , % 3 +% :$% , % 3 :$% %/ '9 :$% , % 3 :$% , % 3 +% :$% , % 3 +% :$% 3 +% :$% 0% +% WAB450-4-A9 :$% % $ :$% % $ WAB450-16A1.6 WAB450-B-16A1.4 WAB450-B-1A1.1 WAB450-4-1A14

1(5,&$ NERICA1 1(5,&$

5 6

1(5,&$ NERICA6 NERICA2 12 NERICA5

15 16

21 22

25 26

3HGLJUHH

WAB450-B-16A2.5 WAB450-B-16A2.10 :$% 3 +% :$% % $ WAB450-B-19A2.5 :$% % $ WAB450-B-3A1.2 WAB450-4-1-A22 WAB450-B-19A3.1 :$% , % 3 +% :$% , % 3 :$% , % 3 :$% , % 3 :$% , % 3 :$% , % 3 +% :$% , % 3 :$% , % 3 +% :$% , % 3 +% :$% , % 3 WAB450-4-1-A16 WAB450-4-1-A26 WAB450-B-16A2.7 WAB450-B-16A1.2 WAB450-4-1-A6 WAB450-B-19A1.2 :$% % $ :$% % $ WAB450-B-19A1.9 :$% % $ WAB450-B-16A2.4 :$% , % 3 +% :$% , % 3 +% :$% , % 3 :$% % + :$% , % 3

1DPH RU QXPEHU

,QWURJUHVVLRQ (%)

51 52

55 56

61 62

65 66

7KH OLQHV LQ EROGIDFH ZHUH GRXEOH KDSORLGV GHULYHG IURP %&2F1, ZKLOH WKH UHPDLQGHU ZHUH %&2F OLQHV GHYHORSHG XVLQJ UHSHDWHG VHO¿QJ DQG SHGLJUHH VHOHFWLRQ

53

Module 4 Molecular characterisation of NERICA

+LJKOLJKWV 7KH UHODWLYH FRQWULEXWLRQ RI HDFK SDUHQW DQG WKH H[WHQW RI JHQHWLF GLIIHUHQFHV DPRQJ WKH VLVWHU OLQHV ZDV HVWDEOLVKHG XVLQJ ZHOO GLVWULEXWHG PLFURVDWHOOLWH PDUNHUV ZKLFK FRYHU FHQWL0RUJDQV F0 RI WKH ULFH JHQRPH 7KH DYHUDJH SURSRUWLRQ RI O. sativaUHFXUUHQW SDUHQW JHQRPH ZDV F0 ZKLOH WKH REVHUYHG DYHUDJH SURSRUWLRQ RI O. glaberrima GRQRU JHQRPH ZDV F0

1RQ SDUHQWDO DOOHOHV ZHUH GHWHFWHG LQ RI WKH OLQHV DQG FRQWULEXWHG DQ DYHUDJH RI F0 SHU OLQH a RI JHQRPLF '1$ /LQHV WKDW KDG XQGHUJRQH HLJKW JHQHUDWLRQV RI LQEUHHGLQJ LQ WKH ¿HOG FRQWDLQHG VLJQL¿FDQWO\ PRUH QRQ SDUHQWDO DOOHOHV DY FRPSDUHG WR WKH '+ OLQHV DY WKDW ZHUH GHYHORSHG IURP %&2 DQWKHUV 8VLQJ ERWK FOXVWHU DQG SULQFLSDO FRPSRQHQW DQDO\VHV WZR PDMRU JURXSV ZHUH GHWHFWHG LQ WKHVH PDWHULDOV 7KH 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV 1(5,&$ WR FOXVWHUHG LQ RQH JURXS ZKLOH WKH UHPDLQLQJ OLQHV FOXVWHUHG LQ DQRWKHU JURXS VXJJHVWLQJ WKDW WKH VHFRQG JURXS PD\ RIIHU VLJQL¿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sativa DOOHOHV ZHUH GHWHFWHG DW DOO PDUNHU ORFL LQ RQH RU PRUH LQGLYLGXDOV EXW RQO\ PDUNHUV VKRZHG LQWURJUHVVLRQV IURP O. glaberrima :KHQ WKH GDWD IURP WKH PDUNHUV ZHUH XVHG WR HVWLPDWH WKH SURSRUWLRQ 54

Module 4 Molecular characterisation of NERICA

RI HDFK SDUHQWDO JHQRPH LQ WKH LQGLYLGXDOV O. glaberrima '1$ UHSUHVHQWHG IURP WR RI WKH JHQRPH 7DEOH )LJXUH

ZKLOH O. sativa UHSUHVHQWHG EHWZHHQ WR 7KH DYHUDJH SURSRUWLRQ RI WKH JHQRPH FRQWDLQLQJ O. glaberrima DOOHOHV LQ WKH OLQHV ZDV RI FHQWL0RUJDQV ZKLOH LW ZDV RI F0 IRU WKH O. sativa SDUHQW +HWHUR]\JRVLW\ ZDV REVHUYHG DW PDUNHU ORFL LQ D WRWDO RI OLQHV 7KH IUHTXHQF\ RI KHWHUR]\JRVLW\ UDQJHG IURP WR ORFL OLQH DQG WKH DYHUDJH ZDV RQO\ SHU OLQH 1RQ SDUHQWDO DOOHOHV ZHUH GHWHFWHG DW 665 ORFL LQ RQH RU PRUH RI WKH OLQHV 7KH IUHTXHQF\ RI QRQ SDUHQWDO DOOHOHV DPRQJ WKH OLQHV YDULHG IURP WR QRQ SDUHQWDO DOOHOHV OLQH ZLWK DQ DYHUDJH RI :KHQ WKH JHQRPLF FRPSRVLWLRQ RI WKH OLQHV GHYHORSHG WKURXJK SHGLJUHH VHOHFWLRQ ZDV FRPSDUHG ZLWK WKRVH RI WKH GRXEOH KDSORLGV WKHUH ZDV VLJQL¿FDQWO\ KLJKHU S

UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI O. glaberrima introgressions in the pedigree OLQHV WKDQ LQ WKH GRXEOH KDSORLGV EXW WKH SURSRUWLRQ RI UHFXUUHQW SDUHQW O. sativa JHQRPH UHPDLQHG LGHQWLFDO

0RUH VLJQL¿FDQWO\ S WKH QXPEHU RI ORFL FRQWDLQLQJ QRQ SDUHQWDO DOOHOHV ZDV WZLFH DV KLJK LQ WKH SHGLJUHH OLQHV

FRPSDUHG WR WKH GRXEOH KDSORLGV 7KH PHDQ SURSRUWLRQ RI ORFL VKRZLQJ LQWURJUHVVLRQ RI O. glaberrima LQ WKH VHYHQ 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV 1(5,&$ WR 1(5,&$ ZDV ZKLFK LV VLJQL¿FDQWO\ S KLJKHU WKDQ LQ WKH VLVWHU OLQHV +RZHYHU WKH SURSRUWLRQ RI QRQ SDUHQWDO DOOHOHV DQG RI UHFXUUHQW SDUHQW JHQRPH LQ WKH VHYHQ 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV ZHUH QRW GLIIHUHQW IURP WKHLU VLVWHU OLQHV 7KH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI LQWURJUHVVLRQV YDULHG DPRQJ WKH ULFH FKURPRVRPHV 7KH FKURPRVRPHV ZLWK WKH IHZHVW O. glaberrima DOOHOHV RI 665 ORFL DQG WKRVH ZLWK WKH KLJKHVW SURSRUWLRQ RI O. glaberrima DOOHOHV RI PDUNHUV ZHUH FKURPRVRPHV DQG UHVSHFWLYHO\ :KHQ WKH PDS GLVWDQFHV F0 EHWZHHQ PDUNHUV ZHUH FRQVLGHUHG DV WKH EDVLV IRU HVWLPDWLQJ WKH H[WHQW RI O. glaberrima 55

Module 4 Molecular characterisation of NERICA

LQWURJUHVVLRQV RQ HDFK FKURPRVRPH FKURPRVRPH KDG WKH VPDOOHVW DPRXQW RI LQWURJUHVVHG '1$ ZKLOH FKURPRVRPH KDG WKH KLJKHVW DQG WKH RYHUDOO DYHUDJH VL]H RI LQWURJUHVVHG '1$ SHU FKURPRVRPH ZDV )LJXUH 7KH SURSRUWLRQ RI UHFXUUHQW parent (O. sativa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í ZLWK WKH SURSRUWLRQ RI UHFXUUHQW SDUHQW :$% JHQRPH *HQHWLF UHODWLRQVKLSV DPRQJ OLQHV &OXVWHU DQDO\VLV XVLQJ WKH VLPSOH PDWFKLQJ FRHI¿FLHQWV GHULYHG IURP 665 PDUNHUV SURGXFHG WZR PDMRU JURXSV ZLWK VL[ VXE JURXSV REVHUYHG LQ WKH GHQGURJUDP LQ )LJXUH 7KH VHYHQ UHOHDVHG 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV EHORQJ WR RQH PDMRU JURXS JURXS ZLWK 1(5,&$ EHLQJ WKH PRVW JHQHWLFDOO\ GLYHUJHQW 3ULQFLSDO FRPSRQHQW DQDO\VLV 3&$

DOVR UHYHDOHG WZR PDMRU JURXSV $V VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH D SORW RI 3& DQG 3& FOHDUO\ VHSDUDWHG WKH WZR JURXSV LQ WKH VDPH ZD\ DV WKH GHQGRJUDP 7KHUH ZHUH WZR GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ WKH GHQGRJUDP DQG SULQFLSDO FRPSRQHQW DQDO\VLV L 1(5,&$ ZDV LQWHUPHGLDWH EHWZHHQ WKH WZR JURXSV LQ WKH 3&$ ZKLOH 1(5,&$ ZDV WKH RXWOLHU LQ WKH GHQGURJUDP DQG LL WKH VL[ VXEJURXSV IURP WKH GHQGURJUDP ZHUH QRW HYLGHQW LQ WKH 3&$ 6LQFH 1(5,&$ ±1(5,&$ ZHUH VHOHFWHG IRU YDULHW\ UHOHDVH IURP DPRQJ WKH OLQHV GHYHORSHG IURP WKH VDPH SDUHQWV WKLV VWXG\ FRPSDUHG WKH DYHUDJH LQWURJUHVVLRQ LQ WKHVH VHYHQ YDULHWLHV )LJXUH

ZLWK WKRVH LQ RWKHU VLVWHU OLQHV DQG IRXQG WKDW WKH UHOHDVHG 56

Module 4 Molecular characterisation of NERICA

YDULHWLHV FRQWDLQHG VLJQL¿FDQWO\ PRUH O. glaberrima '1$ WKDQ WKH RWKHU OLQHV %DVHG RQ UHVXOWV IURP ¿HOG HYDOXDWLRQ IRU SKHQRW\SLF WUDLWV DQG SDUWLFLSDWRU\ YDULHWDO VHOHFWLRQ WKH SUHVHQW VWXG\ VXJJHVWV WKDW WKH SUHVHQFH RI VSHFL¿F glaberrima introgressions is associated ZLWK VXSHULRU SHUIRUPDQFH LQ WKH ¿HOG 7KLV K\SRWKHVLV KRZHYHU UHPDLQV WR EH WHVWHG XVLQJ 47/ DQG DVVRFLDWLRQ DQDO\VLV WR LGHQWLI\ ZKLFK VSHFL¿F VHJPHQWV RI WKH O. glaberrima genome are associated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

)LJXUH 3LH FKDUWV IRU ULFH FKURPRVRPHV GHSLFWLQJ WKH SURSRUWLRQ RI JHQRPH LQWURJUHVVLRQ LQ DQ LQWHUVSHFLILF ULFH SRSXODWLRQ GHULYHG IURP &* GRQRU DQG :$% UHFXUUHQW SDUHQWV 7KH SLH FKDUWV ZHUH SORWWHG IURP WKH JUDSKLFDO JHQRW\SLQJ DQDO\VHV RXWSXWV WKH QXPEHUV LQ WKH FHQWHU RI WKH SLHV FRUUHVSRQG WR WKH QXPEHU RI 665 PDUNHUV XVHG LQ WKH VWXG\

57

Module 4 Molecular characterisation of NERICA

)LJXUH D *UDSKLFDO JHQRW\SLQJ RI WKH LQWHUVSHFL¿F OLQHV XVLQJ PLFURVDWHOOLWH PDUNHUV 9HUWLFDO EDUV UHSUHVHQW WKH FKURPRVRPHV RI ULFH ZLWK FKURPRVRPH QXPEHU JLYHQ RQ WKH OHIW VLGH RI HDFK EDU

58

)LJXUH E *UDSKLFDO JHQRW\SLQJ RI WKH LQWHUVSHFL¿F OLQHV XVLQJ PLFURVDWHOOLWH PDUNHUV 9HUWLFDO EDUV UHSUHVHQW WKH FKURPRVRPHV RI ULFH ZLWK FKURPRVRPH QXPEHU JLYHQ RQ WKH OHIW VLGH RI HDFK EDU

Module 4

Molecular characterisation of NERICA

59

Module 4 Molecular characterisation of NERICA

NERIC$ NERIC$ 22 NERICA1 NERIC$ 1 1 NERICA2 NERICA5

6 12 25 2 26 21

6 52

6 16 5 1 51 5 2

1 2 1 2 NERICA6 5 5

15 2 2 2

1 66 6

6 62 6 65 6

61

5 6 2

5 56 6 5 55 5 5

6LmpOH 0atching CoHIILcient

)LJXUH 'HQGURJUDP RI WKH LQWHUVSHFL¿F OLQHV XVLQJ VLPSOH PDWFKLQJ FRHI¿FLHQWV GHULYHG IURP PLFURVDWHOOLWH PDUNHUV 7KH OLQHV ZHUH VHSDUDWHG LQWR WZR PDMRU JURXSV DQG VL[ VXEJURXSV DOWKRXJK VL[ RWKHU OLQHV GLG QRW ¿W LQWR WKH ODWWHU 1XPEHUV FRUUHVSRQG WR WKH QDPHV DV VKRZQ LQ 7DEOH $OO OLQHV ZLWKLQ JURXS H[FHSW WKH ¿YH OLQHV LQGLFDWHG E\ DUURZV FRQWDLQHG LQWURJUHVVLRQ ORZHU WKDQ WKH DYHUDJH IRU WKH SRSXODWLRQ

60

Module 4 Molecular characterisation of NERICA

65

16

PC2

NERICA6

NERICA

1

61

62 66

56

55 15 5

NERICA

25 6 21 NERICA 51 26

NERICA1 22

NERICA2 NERICA5 12

52

16

5

PC1

)LJXUH 6FRUH SORW RI WKH ¿UVW WZR SULQFLSDO FRPSRQHQWV IURP SULQFLSDO FRPSRQHQW DQDO\VLV RI WKH LQWHUVSHFL¿F OLQHV JHQRW\SHG ZLWK PLFURVDWHOOLWH PDUNHUV 1XPEHUV LQ WKH SORW FRUUHVSRQG WR WKH QDPHV DV VKRZQ LQ 7DEOH

(DFK FKURPRVRPH LV VHJPHQWHG E\ KRUL]RQWDO OLQHV DW WKH PDUNHU SRVLWLRQV 1XPEHUV RQ WKH WRS RI WKH YHUWLFDO EDUV UHIHU WR WKH OLQHV 1 WR 1 UHIHUV WR 1(5,&$ WR H J 1 1(5,&$ 1 1(5,&$ OLQH QXPEHU DQG KDG WKH ORZHVW LQWURJUHVVLRQ ZKLOH OLQH DQG FRQWDLQHG WKH KLJKHVW LQWURJUHVVLRQ 5HIHU WR 7DEOH IRU SHGLJUHH IRU HDFK OLQH /HJHQG $ &* JHQRPH % :$% JHQRPH + KHWHUR]\JRWH 8 QRQ SDUHQWDO DOOHOHV 0 PLVVLQJ GDWD

61

Module 5 Drought screening of upland NERICA varieties

DROUGHT SCREENING OF UPLAND NERICA VARIETIES Contributors: Baboucarr Manneh and MN Ndjiondjop Eleven NERICA varieties (N1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 12) as well as WAB56-104 and CG 14, the parents of NERICA1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;7, were screened for drought tolerance together with 87 other rice genotypes that included O. sativa spp. indica, O. sativa spp. japonica, O. glaberrima DQG LQWHUVSHFLÂżFV (O. sativa Ă&#x2014; O. glaberrima), which were sourced from WARDA, CIAT and IRRI. The trial was conducted at Togoudo research station (Benin) in the dry season (December 2005â&#x20AC;&#x201C;March 2006). In this trial, the drought screening protocol used involved imposing 21 days drought stress at 45 days after sowing (DAS), which coincides with the vegetative/reproductive phase of crop development. The trial was laid out as a split-plot design with irrigation regime as the main plot factor and genotype as the sub-plot factor. Two irrigation levels were used â&#x20AC;&#x201C; full irrigation up to maturity and imposing 21 days drought stress starting 45 DAS. Recommended agronomic practices such as thinning, fertilizer application, weeding and spraying against pests and diseases were carried out. Soil water status at the trial site was measured in three 20 cm layers of soil from the surface to 60 cm depth.

7KH VRLO DW WKH WULDO VLWH LV DQ $OÂżVRO ZLWK D VDQG\ WH[WXUH Âą

from 0â&#x20AC;&#x201C;50cm depth and hence has a low water-holding capacity.

Soil moisture content in the top 20cm towards the end of drought VWUHVV WK GD\ RI VWUHVV ZDV LQ WKH VWUHVVHG WUHDWPHQWV DQG LQ WKH IXOO\ LUULJDWHG WUHDWPHQW 7KXV ZLWKKROGLQJ LUULJDWLRQ IRU GD\V ZDV VXIÂżFLHQW WR LQGXFH VHYHUH GURXJKW VWUHVV LQ WKH trial since the effective rooting depth of most rice varieties is the top 20cm of soil.

62

Module 5 Drought screening of upland NERICA varieties

7KH ¿UVW YLVXDO V\PSWRP RI GURXJKW VWUHVV ZDV OHDI UROOLQJ DQG severity of leaf rolling as well as leaf drying increased with duration RI GURXJKW 'URXJKW VWUHVV VLJQL¿FDQWO\ 3 UHGXFHG WLOOHU QXPEHU OHDI FKORURSK\OO FRQWHQW 63$' QXPEHUV DQG ZHLJKWV of fertile panicles and grain yield but increased leaf temperature DQG GHOD\HG Ã&#x20AC;RZHULQJ 7DEOH )ORZHULQJ ZDV GHOD\HG E\ days in the stress treatment compared to the non-stressed treatment.

Consequently, grain yield per plant was significantly reduced S IURP D PHDQ RI J LQ WKH IXOO\ LUULJDWHG WUHDWPHQW WR J LQ WKH VWUHVVHG SORW 7KH 1(5,&$V H[KLELWHG D ZLGH UDQJH RI UHVSRQVHV WR GURXJKW VWUHVV +RZHYHU VL[ 1 DQG

out of the 11 NERICAs screened gave higher than the average yield XQGHU GURXJKW DQG WKHUH ZDV QR VLJQL¿FDQW GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ \LHOGV RI 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ DQG WKH DYHUDJH \LHOG XQGHU GURXJKW )LJXUH 17). NERICA2, NERICA6 and NERICA10 performed poorly under drought stress in this trial. However, further trials are being FRQGXFWHG WR YDOLGDWH WKHVH SUHOLPLQDU\ UHVXOWV DQG WKH ¿QGLQJV ZLOO EH LQFRUSRUDWHG LQ WKH QH[W HGLWLRQ RI WKLV FRPSHQGLXP

63

64 31 32 31 31 31 32 32 31 31 31 30 31 0.1

NERICA3

NERICA4

NERICA5

NERICA6

NERICA7

NERICA8

NERICA9

NERICA10

NERICA12

CG 14

WAB56-104

Mean

S.E.M.

33

0.1

33

32

33

34

32

33

33

33

33

34

32

33

32

0.36

22

10

43

16

17

26

18

14

13

14

20

15

14

15

Irrig

0.35

19

12

39

13

10

14

12

7

11

15

12

12

16

9

Dry

Tiller no.

92

0.13

43.25

46

39

48

46

46

44

45

48

47

48

46

48

48

Irrig

0.13

43.06

46

38

47

46

43

43

44

45

44

48

48

46

44

Dry

63$' 92

1

74

71

59

73

76

72

69

63

80

63

69

70

78

73

Irrig

1

84

78

64

80

87

87

81

74

96

64

81

79

93

91

Dry

)ORZHULQJ

1

13

11

20

8

7

6

10

5

9

6

13

4

10

27

Irrig

1

8

9

3

9

6

11

5

7

8

24

5

13

8

9

Dry

)7312

6.39

0.35

14.55

16.88

7.96

7.24

6.92

3.96

11.78

6.39

8.78

5.54

19.73

2.67

15.14

1

7

6

9

6

4

8

8

5

7

6

6

7

4

4

Dry

Roll 67

2 1

1

1

4

2

3

3

2

4

1

2

2

2

2

2

Dry

Roll 80

3

1

4

3

2

4

5

3

5

3

3

2

1

2

Dry

Burn 67

1

2

2

3

1

2

3

3

2

4

2

2

1

2

2

Dry

Burn 80

Note: Irrig – continuously irrigated; Dry – drought stressed; S.E.M.–standard error of the mean; Temp. – leaf temperature measured with infrared thermometer; SPAD – leaf chlorophyll content; 50% Flowering – no. of days from sowing to 50% ÀRZHULQJ )7312 ± QR RI IHUWLOH SDQLFOHV )73:7 ± IHUWLOH SDQLFOH ZHLJKW 5ROO ± OHDI UROOLQJ VFRUH XQGHU GURXJKW VWUHVV %XUQ – leaf drying score under drought stress.

0.33

6.12

9.78

2.19

13.43

6.67

15.66

3.89

8.25

8.3

17.88

4.7

9.6

7.5

4.29

Dry

)73:7

Irrig

a - Numbers following trait names indicate the DAS on which the trait was measured.

31 31

NERICA1

Dry

Temp * 59 Irrig

NERICA2

Variety

Table 15. Effect of 21 days drought stress on morpho-physiological traits of upland NERICA lines with their parents WAB56-104 and CG14 at Togoudo research station, Benin.

Module 5

Drought screening of upland NERICA varieties

Module 6 NERICA rice crop management

NERICA RICE CROP MANAGEMENT Contributors: Sylvester O. Oikeh, Sitapha Diatta, Tatsushi Tsuboi and Tareke Berhe Background information The timeliness and quality of land preparation are critical to rice production. NERICA varieties are no exception. Good soil tillage SUDFWLFHV JHQHUDOO\ HQKDQFH HIÂżFLHQW IHUWLOL]HU XVH VRLO SRURVLW\ DQG DHUDWLRQ DQG WKHQ KDYH SRVLWLYH LPSDFWV GXULQJ JHUPLQDWLRQ VHHGOLQJ HPHUJHQFH DQG VWDQG HVWDEOLVKPHQW VWDJHV RI SODQW JURZWK in addition to weed control.

Unit 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Land selection and preparation Land preparation for NERICA varietiess can take the form of conventional tillage operations of ploughing and harrowing using WUDFWRU RU DQLPDO WUDFWLRQ 7KLV LV DSSOLFDEOH PRVWO\ IRU PHGLXP WR ODUJH VFDOH IDUPHUV 6PDOOKROGHU IDUPHUV SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ WKH KXPLG IRUHVW DJUR HFRV\VWHPV DIWHU FOHDULQJ DQG EXUQLQJ WKH GHEULV XVH minimum tillage operation consisting of opening up of the spot to dibble in the NERICA seeds using a hand hoe.

Unit 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Land selection: where to grow NERICA varieties??

The NERICA varietiess are developed for the upland production V\VWHPV 7KH\ FDQ JURZ LQ DQ\ DJUR HFRV\VWHP XQGHU XSODQG conditions so long as there is enough moisture to sustain the crop WKURXJKRXW WKH JURZWK SHULRG 6RPH RI WKH 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV varietiess (NERICA6 for example) can be grown in the hydromorphic fringes. +RZHYHU ZDWHUORJJHG VRLOV DUH QRW DSSURSULDWH NERICA varietiess can grow on a variety of soils ranging from moderately drained to well drained soils. In West Africa most of the 65

Module 6 NERICA rice crop management

VRLOV LQ WKH XSODQG ULFH SURGXFWLRQ DJUR HFRORJ\ DUH VDQG\ ORDPV WR sandy clays with pH ranging from 5.0 and 6.0. In the humid forest DJUR HFRV\VWHP ZKHUH WKHUH DUH KHDY\ ORVVHV RI H[FKDQJHDEOH EDVHV GXH WR H[FHVVLYH UDLQIDOO WKH S+ PD\ UDQJH EHWZHHQ DQG NERICA varietiess can grow at both low and relatively high altitudes. )RU H[DPSOH 1(5,&$ KDV EHHQ VKRZQ WR WKULYH LQ (WKLRSLD DW PHWHUV DERYH VHD OHYHO PDVO DQG PDWXUHG ZLWKLQ ± GD\V 1(5,&$ ± KDYH EHHQ JURZQ DW ORZ DOWLWXGH LQ WKH :DEH 6KHEHOOH ULYHU YDOOH\ LQ (WKLRSLD DQG PDWXUHG ZLWKLQ ± GD\V

6RXUFH :$5'$ -RLQW ,QWHUVSHFL¿F +\EULGDWLRQ 3URJUHVV 5HSRUW S

Figure 17. Grain yield (kg ha ) of NERICA lines and sativa along the WRSRVHTXHQFH ZLWK ) DQG ZLWKRXW ) IHUWLOL]HU DSSOLFDWLRQ

66

Module 6 NERICA rice crop management

Unit 3 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Cropping calendar ,Q JHQHUDO XSODQG ULFH FDQ JURZ LQ DQ\ HQYLURQPHQW ZLWK DW OHDVW WR PP RI ¿YH GD\ UDLQIDOO GXULQJ WKH JURZLQJ F\FOH 'XULQJ JHUPLQDWLRQ DQG HDUO\ JURZWK VWDJHV PP SHU ¿YH GD\ UDLQIDOO LV VXI¿FLHQW ,Q HQYLURQPHQWV ZKHUH WKHUH DUH WZR GLVWLQFW FURSSLQJ VHDVRQV LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR HVWDEOLVK WKH WLPH WR VRZ LQ HDFK VHDVRQ EDVHG RQ WKH ORQJ WHUP \HDU GDLO\ UDLQIDOO SDWWHUQ RU DFWXDO WULDOV on optimum sowing date. ,Q 8JDQGD (DVW $IULFD EDVHG RQ WKH ORQJ WHUP UDLQIDOO SDWWHUQ VRZLQJ GDWHV RI ± )HEUXDU\ IRU WKH ¿UVW VHDVRQ DQG $XJXVW ± IRU WKH VHFRQG VHDVRQ FURS ZHUH UHFRPPHQGHG IRU RSWLPXP 1(5,&$ SURGXFWLRQ 7XERL SHUVRQDO FRPP

,Q WKH PRQRPRGDO UDLQIDOO VDYDQQDK ]RQH RI &{WH G¶,YRLUH :HVW $IULFD XSODQG ULFH LV VRZQ LQ 0D\±-XQH ZKLOH VRZLQJ LQ 0DUFK± $SULO ¿UVW VHDVRQ DQG 0D\±-XQH VHFRQG VHDVRQ LV UHFRPPHQGHG LQ WKH ELPRGDO UDLQIDOO IRUHVW ]RQH %HFNHU DQG 'LDOOR

Unit 4 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Planting of NERICA varieties %HIRUH SODQWLQJ 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR FRQGXFW D germination test to establish the actual seed rates to use based on the viability of the seeds.

1(5,&$ VHHG WUHDWPHQW SULRU WR SODQWLQJ 7KH 1(5,&$ VHHGV PD\ EH WUHDWHG ZLWK $SURQ 6WDU :6 WKLD PHWKR[DP GLIHQRFRQD]ROH PHWDOD[\O P DW WKH UDWH RI RQH VDFKHW J SHU NJ RI VHHG ± GD\V EHIRUH SODQWLQJ 2WKHU VXLWDEOH seed treatments may be used according to availability and per the PDQXIDFWXUHUV¶ LQVWUXFWLRQV In an environment where termites and nematodes pose serious threat WR XQLIRUP HPHUJHQFH DQG FURS HVWDEOLVKPHQW LW LV UHFRPPHQGHG 67

Module 6 NERICA rice crop management

to incorporate carbofuran (Furadan) at the rate of 2.5 kg a.i. per KHFWDUH LQWR WKH SODQWLQJ URZV 7R HQVXUH XQLIRUP DSSOLFDWLRQ Furadan should be mixed with sand at a ratio of 1 part of Furadan WR SDUWV RI VDQG 1(5,&$ VHHG SUH JHUPLQDWLRQ SULRU WR SODQWLQJ 7R HQVXUH XQLIRUP VHHGOLQJ HPHUJHQFH DQG JRRG HVWDEOLVKPHQW 1(5,&$ VHHGV FDQ EH SUH JHUPLQDWHG EHIRUH SODQWLQJ

3UH JHUP 6HHGOLQJ HPHUJHQFH

Figure 18.

6HHGOLQJ emergence of SUH JHUPLQDWHG YHUVXV GU\ VHHG LQ 1DPXORQJH Uganda.

7 7VXERL unpublished data).

dry seed

'$6 'D\V DIWHU VRZLQJ

68

Module 6 NERICA rice crop management

8QSXEOLVKHG GDWD RI 7 7VXERL LQ 8JDQGD (DVW $IULFD VKRZ WKDW ZKHQ GU\ 1(5,&$ VHHGV DUH VRZQ GLUHFWO\ LW WDNHV ¿YH GD\V IRU WKH VHHGOLQJV WR HPHUJH %XW IRU SUH JHUPLQDWHG VHHGV L H VHHGV VRDNHG LQ ZDWHU IRU KUV DQG LQFXEDWHG IRU KUV LW WDNHV ± GD\V IRU the seedlings to emerge and the plants are uniformly established in WKH ¿HOG )LJXUH

1(5,&$ VHHG GRUPDQF\ EUHDNLQJ 6RPH 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV KDYH VKRZHG GRUPDQF\ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV (failure of mature seeds to germinate under favourable environmental conditions) inherited from their parent 2 JODEHUULPD (Guei et al

,Q WKLV FDVH SDUWLFXODUO\ ZKHQ XVLQJ QHZO\ KDUYHVWHG VHHGV seed dormancy would need to be broken to enhance uniform seedling emergence and establishment. This can be done by soaking the seeds IRU WR KUV LQ PO RI FRQFHQWUDWHG QLWULF DFLG +12 ) per OLWUH RI ZDWHU IRU HYHU\ NJ RI QHZO\ KDUYHVWHG VHHGV $IWHU VRDNLQJ WKH DFLG VROXWLRQ LV GUDLQHG RII DQG WKH VHHGV DUH VXQ GULHG IRU ± GD\V WR D PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW RI DQG VWRUHG IRU VRZLQJ Unit 5 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Plant density Uniform crop establishment and optimum plant densities are essential WR RSWLPL]H \LHOGV 7KH XVH RI VHHG GUHVVLQJ SUH JHUPLQDWHG VHHGV DQG D VRZLQJ GHSWK RI WR FP LV UHFRPPHQGHG IRU XQLIRUP SODQW establishment. :KHQ WKH VHHGV DUH YLDEOH JHUPLQDWLRQ UDWH RI PRUH WKDQ

VHHGLQJ UDWH RI ± NJ KD is recommended for dibble sowing and NJ KD for sowing by drilling. Five to seven seeds can be sown SHU VWDQG DQG ODWHU WKLQQHG WR ± VHHGOLQJV DW WR GD\V ROG ,I JHUPLQDWLRQ SHUFHQWDJH LV OHVV WKDQ WKH VHHG UDWHV VKRXOG EH LQFUHDVHG DFFRUGLQJO\ 1RWH WKDW RQO\ ¿OOHG JUDLQV VKRXOG EH XVHG IRU VRZLQJ 7KH HPSW\ JUDLQV VKRXOG ¿UVW EH UHPRYHG E\ Ã&#x20AC;RDWLQJ in water.

69

Module 6 NERICA rice crop management

,Q %HQLQ :HVW $IULFD D VSDFLQJ RI FP î FP ZLWK SODQWV SHU VWDQG î 6 plants ha ) for sowing by dibbling is recommended for NERICA cultivation. ,Q 8JDQGD (DVW $IULFD D VSDFLQJ RI FP î FP RU FP î FP LV UHFRPPHQGHG IRU VRZLQJ E\ GLEEOLQJ %XW ZKHQ VRZLQJ LV E\ GULOOLQJ D VSDFLQJ RI FP î ± FP RU FP î ± FP LV UHFRPPHQGHG $ VRZLQJ GHSWK RI ± FP LV UHFRPPHQGHG IRU 1(5,&$ OLQHV 'HHS SODFHPHQW RI VHHGV DW PRUH WKDQ FP UHVXOWHG LQ SRRU JHUPLQDWLRQ DQG GHOD\HG VHHGOLQJ JURZWK 7VXERL XQSXEOLVKHG GDWD

Unit 6 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Weed management in NERICA rice-based cropping systems ,Q :HVW $IULFD EHWZHHQ DQG RI WKH WRWDO ODERU LQYHVWHG LQ ULFH LV WDNHQ XS E\ ZHHGLQJ :$5'$ ,Q WKH PDLQ ULFH JURZLQJ HFRORJLHV ± PDLQO\ WKH UDLQIHG HFRORJLHV DQG WKRVH VXLWDEOH IRU LUULJDWHG ULFH ± ZHHGV DUH WKH PDLQ FRQVWUDLQWV UHGXFLQJ SURGXFWLRQ E\ XS WR DQG SRWHQWLDOO\ FDXVLQJ WRWDO FURS IDLOXUH LI OHIW XQFRQWUROOHG :$5'$ 7KLV FRQVWUDLQW LV ZHOO SHUFHLYHG E\ ULFH IDUPHUV $ VXUYH\ FRQGXFWHG LQ &{WH G¶,YRLUH E\ :$5'$ UHYHDOHG WKDW HYHU\ VLQJOH IDUPHU LGHQWL¿HG ZHHGV DV D PDMRU SUREOHP LQ ULFH FXOWLYDWLRQ regardless of ecology.

70

Module 6 NERICA rice crop management

The commonest weed species found in the rainfed upland ecology in West Africa include 3DVSDOXP VFURELFXODWXP Euphorbia heterophylla Chromolena odorata Oldenlandia herbacea Tridax procumbens 'LJLWDULD KRUL]RQWDOLV Tridax procumbens Cyperus esculentus and Cyperus rotundus ,Q WKH (DVW &HQWUDO DQG 6RXWKHUQ $IULFD (&6$ FRXQWU\ RI 7DQ]DQLD $JHUDWXP FRQ\]RLGHV *DOLQVRJD SDULĂ&#x20AC;RUD Clotalaria incana and Rottboellia cochinensis are cited among the principal weed species encountered in the upland rice ecology.

Though 2 JODEHUULPD has been shown to be competitive against ZHHGV -RKQVRQ et al. )RIDQD DQG 5DXEHU 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV FDQQRW WKULYH LQ DQ XQZHHGHG ÂżHOG

71

Module 6 NERICA rice crop management

Hand-weeding regimes :KHQ VKRXOG , VWDUW ZHHGLQJ 1(5,&$ ULFH ¿HOGV" :KHQ ZHHG SUHVVXUH LV PLQLPDO LQ WKH ¿HOG RQO\ RQH ZHHGLQJ ZLWKLQ ± GD\V DIWHU VRZLQJ '$6 LV VXI¿FLHQW IRU 1(5,&$ ULFH SODQWV WR JURZ ZHOO %XW ZKHQ ZHHG SUHVVXUH LV KLJK D VHFRQG ZHHGLQJ DW SDQLFOH LQLWLDWLRQ VWDJH DERXW ± '$6 LV QHHGHG :HHG D WKLUG WLPH if necessary. +RZHYHU KDQG ZHHGLQJ FDQ EH UHODWLYHO\ LQHIIHFWLYH SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ controlling many of the perennial weeds (e.g. Cyperus spp.) that have XQGHUJURXQG WXEHUV DQG UKL]RPHV IURP ZKLFK WKH\ FDQ UDSLGO\ UH HVWDEOLVK 7KHUHIRUH LQWHJUDWHG PDQDJHPHQW RI ZHHGV LQYROYLQJ WKH XVH of herbicides combined with hand weeding will be the most sustainable approach to managing weeds for NERICA production.

Chemical control :KDW LV WKH UHFRPPHQGHG KHUELFLGH LWV DSSOLFDWLRQ UDWH DQG WLPLQJ IRU 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV" Any herbicide suitable for upland rice production can be used for NERICA varieties.

72

Module 6 NERICA rice crop management

3UH HPHUJHQFH KHUELFLGHV DSSOLHG EHIRUH WKH ZHHGV HPHUJH they provide an extended period of weed control as they are used during land preparation before NERICA rice planting. Table 16 indicates general guidelines to some herbicides used in NERICA rice production.

3RVW HPHUJHQFH KHUELFLGHV WKH\ DUH DSSOLHG DIWHU HPHUJHQFH RI ULFH DQG ZHHGV EXW SUHIHUDEO\ DW WKH HDUO\ JURZWK VWDJHV RI ZHHGV ± OHDYHV

9DULRXV W\SHV RI ZHHGV DUH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK ULFH WKHUHIRUH WKH XVH of a combination of herbicides that kill different types of weeds is advised.

Table 16 6HOHFWHG KHUELFLGHV UHFRPPHQGHG IRU 1(5,&$ ULFH production Herbicide formulation

Rate a.i. (kg ha-1)1

propanil + EHQWD]RQ

±

SURSDQLO '

1

Time of application

Remarks

3RVW HPHUJHQFH

Formulated PL[WXUH $SSO\ ± ± 21 days after transplanting

3RVW HPHUJHQFH

$SSO\ ± ± 21 days GD\V after DIWHU seeding or transplanting $SSO\ ± ± 21 days GD\V after DIWHU seeding or transplanting

propanil + thioben carb

± ±

3RVW HPHUJHQFH

R[DGLD]RQ

± ± 1.25

3UH HPHUJHQFH

butachlor

± ±

3UH HPHUJHQFH

)RU GLUHFW VHHGHG days after sowing) $SSO\ ZLWKLQ WKH ¿UVW three days of sowing

8VH KLJKHU UDWHV ZKHQ WKH ZHHG SUHVVXUH LV KLJK

73

Module 6 NERICA rice crop management

8VH RI OHJXPH IDOORZV WR FRQWURO ZHHGV LQ 1(5,&$ ULFH ¿HOGV :HOO PDQDJHG OHJXPH IDOORZV SURYLGH RSSRUWXQLWLHV WR FRQWURO ZHHGV LQ WKH YDULRXV DJUR HFRORJLFDO ]RQHV LQ XSODQG ULFH EDVHG V\VWHPV RI :HVW $IULFD )DOORZ YHJHWDWLRQ FRPSRVHG RI OHJXPHV including $HVFK\QRPHQH KLVWUL[ 6W\ORVDQWKHV JXLDQHQVLV &DQDYDOLD HQVLIRUPLV &URWDODULD DQDJ\URLGHV and Mucuna prurensis have been shown to control weeds when grown in sequence with upland ULFH LQ WKH VDYDQQDK DQG IRUHVW DJURHFRORJLHV RI &{WH G¶,YRLUH :HVW $IULFD %HFNHU DQG -RKQVRQ

74

Module 7 Soil fertility and NERICA rice nutrition

SOIL FERTILITY AND NERICA RICE NUTRITION Contributors: Sylvester Oikeh, Sitapha Diatta and Tatsushi Tsuboi Background information Studies on soil characterization of rice ecologies in West Africa carried out by Africa Rice Center showed that in the upland SURGXFWLRQ V\VWHPV WKH PDJQLWXGH RI QLWURJHQ 1 GHÂżFLHQF\ increases from the humid forest to the semi-arid zone, whereas SKRVSKRUXV 3 GHÂżFLHQF\ LV KLJKHVW LQ WKH KXPLG IRUHVW EXW VOLJKW in the semi-arid (Oikeh et al., 2006a). On soils developed from sandstones, all three macronutrients N, P and potassium (K ) are GHÂżFLHQW 7KHUHIRUH WR RSWLPL]H 1(5,&$ SURGXFWLRQ LQ WKHVH VRLOV will require the application of chemical fertilizers.

1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV KDYH JUHDWHU \LHOG SRWHQWLDO DQG UHVSRQG VWURQJO\ to the use of inputs such as fertilizers.

Agronomy and Integrated Soil Fertility Management :KDW LV WKH RSWLPXP IHUWLOL]HU UDWH UHTXLUHG IRU WKH UHOHDVHG 1(5,&$ varieties in the humid forest and savanna agroecosystems? &DQ ZH LGHQWLI\ ULFH YDULHWLHV 1(5,&$ DQG Oryza sativa) that are PRUH HIÂżFLHQW LQ WKH XVH RI IHUWLOL]HU"

75

Module 7 Soil fertility and NERICA rice nutrition

Methodology Â&#x2021; Â&#x2021; â&#x20AC;¢

1(5,&$ DQG ZHUH XVHG ([SHULPHQWDO VLWH XQGHU IDOORZ IRU \HDUV ifferent combinations of NPK D

Unit 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Rate and time of fertilizer application and NERICA response to nutrients :KDW LV WKH RSWLPXP IHUWLOL]HU UDWH UHTXLUHG IRU WKH 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV under various input cropping systems?

7KH IROORZLQJ IHUWLOL]HU FRPELQDWLRQV DUH UHFRPPHQGHG IRU 1(5,&$ ULFH FURSSLQJ V\VWHPV LQ %HQLQ 3OHDVH UHIHU WR FRXQWU\ VSHFL¿F UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV IRU UHOHYDQW VLWH VSHFL¿F IHUWLOL]HU DSSOLFDWLRQ Â&#x2021;

&RPELQDWLRQ &RPELQDWLRQ RI NJ 1 NJ 3 DQG NJ . SHU KD ORZ WR RI NJ 1 NJ 3 DQG NJ . SHU KD ORZ WR PRGHUDWH LQSXW KDV SURYHG VXI¿FLHQW WR GRXEOH JUDLQ \LHOG to ca. WRQQHV SHU KHFWDUH DV FRPSDUHG WR ]HUR IHUWLOL]HU application.

â&#x20AC;¢ o DD oubling ublingthe thelevels levelsofofNNand andPPatatthe thesame sameKlevel Klevelincreases increases JUDLQ \LHOG E\ RYHU D PRGHUDWH 13. OHYHO Â&#x2021;

76

NJ 1 NJ 3 DQG NJ . SHU KD DSSURSULDWH IRU KLJK LQSXW NJ 1 NJ 3 DQG NJ . SHU KD DSSURSULDWH IRU KLJK LQSXW IDUPHUV JHQHUDWHV PRUH JUDLQ \LHOG FRPSDUHG WR QR 13. fertilizer application.

Module 7 Soil fertility and NERICA rice nutrition

1 3 . NJ 1 NJ 3 DQG NJ . SHU KD 1 3 . NJ 1 NJ 3 DQG NJ . SHU KD

Figure 19. 1(5,&$ UHVSRQVH WR IHUWLOL]HU DSSOLFDWLRQ LQ WKH KXPLG IRUHVW zone of West Africa.

Â&#x2021; $SSOLFDWLRQ RI NJ 1 KD WR 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV GHOD\V PDWXULW\ E\ GD\V FRPSDUHG WR ]HUR 1 IHUWLOL]HU DSSOLFDWLRQ Â&#x2021; :LWK WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI NJ 1 KD 1(5,&$ PDWXUHV XS WR GD\V HDUOLHU WKDQ WKH RWKHU LQWHUVSHFL¿FV ZKLOH WKH VDPH GRVH RI WKH VDPH 1 IHUWLOL]HU SURORQJV WKH F\FOH RI 1(5,&$ E\ DERXW GD\V Â&#x2021; 7KH DERYH LQIRUPDWLRQ LV LPSRUWDQW DV WKH VKRUW JURZWK F\FOH RI WKH 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV LV DQ LPSRUWDQW WUDLW IRU GURXJKW HVFDSH DQG weed competitiveness, and may enable the farmers to diversify their cropping systems through intercropping or rotations. â&#x20AC;¢

Oikeh et al., E UHFRPPHQG WKH XVH RI NJ 1 NJ 3 DQG NJ . SHU KD IRU VPDOOKROGHU IDUPHUV ZLWK EDVDO DSSOLFDtion of P and K at sowing and top dressing with one-third urea at the beginning of tillering, and the remaining two-thirds at about panicle initiation.

77

Module 7 Soil fertility and NERICA rice nutrition

â&#x20AC;¢

Phosphorus is the second most important nutrient after N for rice production, because chemical fertilizers are not readily available nor affordable to smallholder farmers.

,Q :HVW $IULFD 5RFN 3 LV ORFDOO\ DYDLODEOH LQ 0DOL DQG RWKHU QHLJKERXULQJ FRXQWULHV LQFOXGLQJ %XUNLQD )DVR 0DOL 1LJHU 1LJHULD 6HQHJDO DQG 7RJR On the Ultisols (Ferralsols) of the humid forest agro-ecosystem RI &{WH G¶,YRLUH :HVW $IULFD 'LDWWD et al. (unpublished data) UHFRPPHQG D GRVH RI NJ SHU KHFWDUH RI URFN 3 IURP 0DOL DSSOLHG HYHU\ IRXU \HDUV DW 1(5,&$ ULFH SODQWLQJ Fertilizer requ irements for other agro-ecosystems and the development of integrated soil fertility management packages for the different agro-ecosystems in West Africa are in progress. ,Q 8JDQGD (DVW $IULFD 7 7VXERL SHUVRQDO FRPPXQLFDWLRQ

UHFRPPHQGV IRU VRLOV WKDW DUH VXI¿FLHQW LQ . WKH XVH RI 13. kg ha LQ WKH IRUP RI NJ KD di-ammonium phosphate [D AP, 132O K22 @ DW WR GD\V DIWHU JHUPLQDWLRQ '$* L H DOORZLQJ GD\V EHWZHHQ VRZLQJ DQG HPHUJHQFH DQG NJ ha RI XUHD 1 HDFK DW WR '$6 DQG WR '$* %XW IRU VRLOV WKDW DUH ORZ LQ . WKH XVH RI 13. LQ WKH IRUP RI NJ KD RI 13. DQG WR '$6 ZLWK DGGLWLRQDO WRS GUHVVLQJ ZLWK NJ KD XUHD DW WR '$* DQG NJ KD DW WR '$* DUH UHFRPPHQGHG

78

Module 7 Soil fertility and NERICA rice nutrition

3HUIRUPDQFH RI LQWHUVSHFL¿F OLQHV Oryza glaberrima Ã&#x2014; O. sativa) under aluminium-toxicity growing conditions Background information About two thirds of the West African upland rice is produced in the KXPLG IRUHVW ]RQH RQ KLJKO\ ZHDWKHUHG SKRVSKRUXV 3 GH¿FLHQW DFLGLF VRLOV $OXPLQXP $O WR[LFLW\ LV YHU\ VHULRXV RQ WKLV W\SH RI soil and causes other abiotic stresses, resulting in reduction of rice \LHOGV +RZHYHU LQIRUPDWLRQ LV OLPLWHG RQ $O WROHUDQFH LQ 1(5,&$ lines.

7KH REMHFWLYH RI WKH UHSRUWHG VWXG\ FRQGXFWHG DW WKH ([SHULPHQWDO 6WDWLRQ LQ 1DNKRQ 1D\RN 7KDLODQG ZDV WR HYDOXDWH $O WROHUDQFH LQ VHYHUDO LQWHUVSHFL¿F OLQHV LQFOXGLQJ WKH 1(5,&$ ULFH :$5'$ -RLQW ,QWHUVSHFL¿F +\EULGL]DWLRQ 3URMHFW 3URJUHVV UHSRUW ± SS ±

)RUW\ ¿YH LQWHUVSHFL¿F OLQHV LQFOXGLQJ :$% GHULYHG DQG :$% GHULYHG OLQHV DQG FKHFN OLQHV LQFOXGLQJ VDWLYD DQG WZR JODEHUULPD OLQHV ZHUH XVHG *HUPLQDWHG VHHGV ZHUH SODFHG LQ a sand nursery bed in a greenhouse and the seedlings were grown IRU WZR ZHHNV ZLWK <RVKLGD QXWULHQW VROXWLRQ DGMXVWHG WR S+ 7KH QXWULHQW VROXWLRQ ZDV UHQHZHG HYHU\ GD\V 7KH VHHGOLQJV ZHUH WUDQVSODQWHG RQ D SODWH RI 6W\URIRDP Ã&#x20AC;RDWHG LQ D FRQWDLQHU [ [ FP ¿OOHG ZLWK <RVKLGD FXOWXUH VROXWLRQ DW S+ DQG JURZQ IRU GD\V DIWHU WUDQVSODQWLQJ 7KH $O FRQFHQWUDWLRQ LQ WKH QXWULHQW VROXWLRQ ZDV FKDQJHG E\ DGGLQJ DQG P0 DOXPLQXP chloride (AlCl . 6H22 7KH SODQWV ZHUH KDUYHVWHG GD\V DIWHU WKH initiation of the treatment and served for the determination of the dry weight and Al content in the shoots and roots.

79

Module 7 Soil fertility and NERICA rice nutrition

Highlights $PRQJ WKH LQWHUVSHFL¿F OLQHV VKRZHG EHWWHU JURZWK LQ $O WUHDWHG FRQGLWLRQV WKDQ DQ\ FKHFN OLQHV H[FHSW ,5 DQG &* LQ WHUPV RI GU\ PDWWHU ZHLJKW DQG KHPDWR[\OLQ VWDLQLQJ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV )LJXUH 7DEOH )URP WKH UHVXOWV RI KHPDWR[\OLQ DQG GU\ ZHLJKW GHWHUPLQDWLRQ WKH WHVWHG LQWHUVSHFL¿F OLQHV ZHUH FODVVL¿HG LQWR VHYHQ JURXSV 7KH $O WROHUDQW JURXSV ZKLFK DUH GHULYHG IURP :$% OLQHV DQG :$% OLQHV UHYHDOHG KLJKHU GU\ weight than Al-intolerant groups in such high Al concentrations as P0 DQG P0 7DEOH 7KH DQDO\VLV RI WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ of Al in the shoots and roots showed the accumulated Al in the EHORZJURXQG ELRPDVV ZDV DSSUR[LPDWHO\ IROG KLJKHU WKDQ LQ the aboveground biomass, irrespective of the groups (Figure 20).

7KHUH ZDV QR VLJQL¿FDQW GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WROHUDQW DQG LQWROHUDQW groups in the Al accumulation in the roots. However, in the shoots, D VLJQL¿FDQW GLIIHUHQFH LQ $O DFFXPXODWLRQ ZDV IRXQG EHWZHHQ tolerant and intolerant groups. When the plants were grown in low Al FRQFHQWUDWLRQV P0 RU P0 WKH $O FRQWHQWV LQ WKH VKRRWV was higher in glaberrima (2 lines) than in all the other lines. When WKH SODQWV ZHUH JURZQ LQ KLJK $O FRQFHQWUDWLRQV P0 RU P0

Al contents in the shoots were lower in the three tolerant groups than LQ JODEHUULPD DQG WKH LQWROHUDQW JURXSV 7KH :$% GHULYHG tolerant group showed the lowest Al accumulation in the shoot, IROORZHG E\ :$% GHULYHG WROHUDQW VDWLYD WROHUDQW JODEHUULPD :$% GHULYHG LQWROHUDQW :$% GHULYHG LQWROHUDQW DQG sativa intolerant group.

7KLV VWXG\ LGHQWL¿HG WZR OLQHV LQ WKH :$% GHULYHG WROHUDQW JURXS QDPHO\ :$% , % 3 +% DQG :$% , % 3 ZKLFK KDYH H[WUHPHO\ VWURQJ WROHUDQFH DJDLQVW $O WUHDWPHQW )LJXUH

LPSO\LQJ WKDW WKHVH WZR LQWHUVSHFL¿F OLQHV FDQ EH D XVHIXO JHQHWLF resource for Al tolerance in rice.

80

Module 7 Soil fertility and NERICA rice nutrition

Table 17. 'LIIHUHQFH LQ GU\ PDWWHU SURGXFWLRQ RI ULFH JURXSV LQFOXGLQJ LQWHUVSHFL¿F OLQHV JURZQ IRU GD\V LQ YDULRXV $O WUHDWHG VROXWLRQV

Shoot

Absolute basis

Normalized basis*

Dry weight of shoot (mg plant-1) Low pH 0.15mM Al 0.3mM Al 0.6mM Al 1.2mM Al

(%) Low pH 0.15mM Al 0.3mM Al 0.6mM Al 1.2mM Al

glaberrima ** S.T S.Int WAB450. T

165±26 203±7 115±10 192±8

118±10 133±16 70±7 157±8

98±16 118±10 45±4 138±6

98±16 115±12 43±4 133±6

93±16 105±12 38±4 112±7

100 100 100 100

71 65 61 82

59 58 39 72

59 57 37 69

56 52 33 58

WAB450. Int WAB1159. T WAB1159. Int

137±5 105±6 113±9

92±3 105±3 84±6

75±3 98±7 61±6

65±2 98±7 56±5

60±2 88±13 47±5

100 100 100

67 100 75

55 93 54

47 93 50

44 83 42

glaberrima S.T S.Int

43±10 45±3 34±3

33±4 33±4 21±2

30±6 30±3 13±2

30±6 28±4 11±1

26±5 25±3 8±1

100 100 100

76 72 61

71 67 39

71 61 31

62 56 24

WAB450. T WAB450. Int WAB1159. T WAB1159. Int

47±2 40±1 35±0 29±1

41±2 30±2 35±0 23±2

39±2 26±1 30±3 18±1

39±1 21±1 30±3 16±2

37±1 20±1 23±1 12±1

100 100 100 100

87 76 100 79

83 66 86 62

82 54 86 53

78 51 64 41

Root

1RUPDOL]HG EDVLV SHUFHQWDJH UDWLR RI WKH /RZ S+ $EEUHYLDWLRQ 6 7 VDWLYD WROHUDQW 6 ,QW VDWLYD LQWROHUDQW :$% 7 :$% GHULYHG WROHUDQW :$% ,QW :$% GHULYHG LQWROHUDQW :$% 7 :$% GHULYHG WROHUDQW :$% ,QW :$% GHULYHG LQWROHUDQW

Figure 20. $OXPLQXP DFFXPXODWLRQ LQ URRWV DQG VKRRWV JURZQ IRU GD\V LQ GLIIHUHQW $O WUHDWHG VROXWLRQ FRQGLWLRQV S+

81

Module 7 Soil fertility and NERICA rice nutrition

Figure 21. 3KHQRW\SLF DQDO\VLV RI $O WROHUDQFH &RPSDULVRQV RI URRW YROXPH DQG KHPDWR[\OLQ VWDLQLQJ LQ $O WROHUDQW YV $O LQWROHUDQW ULFH $

9LVXDO V\PSWRPV RI $O WR[LFLW\ LQ WKH URRWV % +HPDWR[\OLQ VWDLQLQJ patterns showing differential Al accumulation in the roots.

82

Module 8 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategies for NERICA

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) STRATEGIES FOR NERICA VARIETIES Contributors: FE Nwilene, MP Jones, DS Brar, O Youm, A Togola, Adebayo Kehinde, MN Ukwungwu, SI Kamara and A Hamadoun Unit 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Major insect pests of rice Table 18 summarizes the major insect pests of rice, which cause \LHOG ORVVHV IURP Âą LQ IDUPHUVÂś ÂżHOGV LQ VRPH :HVW $IULFDQ countries (Nacro et al., 1996;Ukwungwu et al. $WWHPSWV WR help rice farmers reduce the damage caused by these pests is a major FKDOOHQJH WR DJULFXOWXUDO UHVHDUFKHUV LQ :HVW $IULFD Table 18. D istribution and host range of economically-important stem ERUHUV RI ULFH LQ :HVW $IULFD Common name

Species

Pink stalk borer

Sesamia calamistis Hampson

Pink stalk borer

Sesamia nonagrioides botanephaga Tams & Bowden

Pink stalk borer

Sesamia penniseti Tams and Bowden

Order: Family

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Distribution Cameroon, The Gambia, Ghana, CĂ´te dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ivoire, Niger, Nigeria

Ghana, CĂ´te dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ivoire, Nigeria

Ghana, CĂ´te dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ivoire, Nigeria

Host range Rice, maize, sorghum, wheat, millet, sugar cane, wild grasses Rice, maize, sorghum, wheat, millet, sugar cane, wild grasses Rice, maize, sorghum, wheat, millet, sugar cane, wild grasses

83

Module 8 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategies for NERICA

Pink stalk borer

Striped stem borer

Yellow stem borer

Sesamia poephaga Tams and Bowden

Chilo zacconius Bleszynski

Scirpophaga melanoclista Meyrick

Lepidoptera: Nigeria Noctuidae

Lepidoptera: Crambidae

Lepidoptera: Crambidae

Yellow stem borer

Scirpophaga subumbrosa Meyrick

Rice, maize, sorghum, wheat, millet, sugar cane, wild grasses

Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cô te d’Ivoire, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone

Rice, sorghum, Echinochloa crus-galli, Pennisetum spp.

Cameroon, Cô te d’Ivoire, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal

Rice

Ghana, Mali

Rice

Cô te d’Ivoire, Mali, Nigeria

Cultivated and wild rices (Oryza barthii, O. longistaminata, O. punctata)

Lepidoptera: Crambidae

$IULFDQ white borer

Maliarpha separatella Ragonot

Lepidoptera: Pyralidae

84

Module 8 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategies for NERICA

Stalk-eyed ÀLHV

Diopsis longicornis Macquart, Diopsis apicalis alman, D Diopsis collaris :HVWZRRG

iDptera: iopsidae D

Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo

Rice, sorghum, millet, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus difformis, Paspalum orbiculaire

$IULFDQ rice gall midge

Orseolia oryzivora Harris & Gagné

iDptera: Cecidomyiidae

Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda and ambia Z

Oryza sativa, O. glaberrima, LQWHUVSHFL¿F progenies, wild species (O. longistaminata, O. barthii, O. punctata, O. VWDS¿L)

85

Module 8 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategies for NERICA

$IULFDQ white borer

Maliarpha separatella Ragonot

Lepidoptera:

Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Nigeria

Pyralidae

Cultivated and wild rices (Oryza barthii, O. longistaminata, O. punctata)

Stalk-eyed ÀLHV

Diopsis longicornis Macquart, Diopsis apicalis alman, D Diopsis collaris :HVWZRRG

iDptera: iopsidae D

Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo

Rice, sorghum, millet, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus difformis, Paspalum orbiculaire

$IULFDQ rice gall midge

Orseolia oryzivora Harris & Gagné

iDptera: Cecidomyiidae

Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, GuineaBissau, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda and ambia Z

Oryza sativa, O. glaberrima, LQWHUVSHFL¿F progenies, wild species (O. longistaminata, O. barthii, O. punctata, O. VWDS¿L)

86

Module 8 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategies for NERICA

Unit 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Major Components in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategies Background information Integrated pest management (IPM) is particularly relevant to subsistence agriculture. It is environmentally safe, socially acceptable, economically feasible, and compatible with other non-disruptive pest control methods. IPM options include varietal resistance/tolerance, biological control and cultural practices.

Figure 22. Symptoms of rice stem borer damage and components of IPM strategies

1. Varietal resistance/tolerance Key Issues: stem borers/termites â&#x20AC;˘

Rice mixed with maize is a common feature of traditional upland rice cultivation

87

Module 8 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategies for NERICA

â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘

Can maize be used as a trap crop to protect rice against stem borers?

Can traditional management practices for termites be integrated with botanicals Objective

To evaluate management components for rice stem borers in ricebased systems

Methodology Strip-cropping maize ZLWK 1(5,&$ varieties in alternate rows, direct seeded, RCB design with 3 replications

1(5,&$ Âą /$& OS 6, Furadan mixed To evaluate with gari, neem oil, management powder, ripe pawpaw component for mixed with red palm termites in rice oil;split plot design ÂżHOGV with 3 replications

Results

There was less stem borer damage RQ 1(5,&$ OLQHV WKDQ RQ PDL]H ,QWHUVSHFLÂżF +\EULGL]DWLRQ 3URJUDP IHP Report 2000 )

Furadan and gari, and neem seed oil, JDYH WKH EHVW SURWHFWLRQ 1(5,&$ was the least attacked (Nwilene et al., ZRUNLQJ SDSHU :$5'$

1.1 Stem borers Background information Resistant varieties are an important component of integrated pest management. Most of the traditional Oryza sativa varieties grown LQ $IULFD DUH ORZ \LHOGLQJ DQG KLJKO\ VXVFHSWLEOH WR VWHP ERUHUV $UH 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV PRUH RU OHVV YXOQHUDEOH WR VWHP ERUHU GDPDJH WKDQ WKHLU SDUHQWV RU RWKHU ODQGUDFHV" :KDW LV WKH OHYHO RI UHVLVWDQFH RU WROHUDQFH WR VWHP ERUHUV DPRQJ WKH QDPHG 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV" Highlights Â&#x2021;

88

7R 7R ZKDW H[WHQW PLJKW 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV EH UHVLVWDQW RU YXOQHUDEOH ZKDW H[WHQW PLJKW 1(5,&$YDULHWLHV EH UHVLVWDQW RU YXOQHUDEOH to stem borer damage?

Module 8 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategies for NERICA

Stem borer pressure may greatly vary across locations and years, attributable to differences in agroclimatic conditions or crop PDQDJHPHQW IDFWRUV 7KXV 1(5,&$ OLQHV KDYH YDU\LQJ OHYHOV RI resistance to stem borers across locations as summarized below.

Objective

Methodology

1(5,&$ Âą /$& ,'6$ ZHUH GLUHFW VHHGHG To identify upland in a RCB design with 3 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV ZLWK replications in CĂ´te dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ivoire resistance / tolerance between 2001â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2002 WR VWHP ERUHUV LQ :HVW $IULFD 1(5,&$ Âą /$& OS 6;direct seeded;RCB design with 3 replications LQ 1LJHULD EHWZHHQ Âą

Results

1(5,&$ ZDV UHVLVWDQW WR stem borers in CĂ´te dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ivoire (Rodenburg et al., 2006)

1(5,&$ DQG ZHUH UHVLVWDQW to stem borers in Nigeria (Rodenburg et al., 2006)

In CĂ´te dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ivoire, West Africa, NERICA4 was found to be resistant to rice stem borers uDring the 2001 wet season and under natural infestation at Mâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;bĂŠ (BouakĂŠ) in the derived savanna and at Boundiali in the Guinea 6DYDQQD WKH LQWHUVSHFLÂżF :$% % 3 +% ZDV UHSRUWHG to be the least attacked at both locations. ,Q %RXQGLDOL 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ DQG 1(5,&$ VKRZHG OHVV VWHP ERUHU GDPDJH WKDQ 1(5,&$ DQG 1(5,&$ DV ZHOO DV WKH ZLGHO\ JURZQ VXVFHSWLEOH YDULHW\ FKHFN ,'6$

$W 0ÂśEp KRZHYHU WKH VDPH 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ DQG 1(5,&$ KDG PRUH VWHP ERUHU GHDGKHDUWV WKDQ WKH VXVFHSWLEOH FKHFN :$% % 3 +% ZDV UDWHG PRGHUDWHO\ UHVLVWDQW LQ %RXQGLDOL $W 0ÂśEp KRZHYHU it was rated moderately susceptible.

89

Module 8 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategies for NERICA

,Q 1LJHULD :HVW $IULFD 1(5,&$ DQG 1(5,&$ ZHUH UDWHG XQGHU ¿HOG FRQGLWLRQV DV WKH PRVW WROHUDQW WR ULFH VWHP ERUHUV ZLWK infestation levels of less than 10 percent. $W ,NHQQH XQGHU ¿HOG LQIHVWDWLRQ GXULQJ WKH ZHW VHDVRQ WKHUH ZDV QR VLJQL¿FDQW GLIIHUHQFH LQ GHDGKHDUWV EHWZHHQ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ DQG WKH UHVLVWDQW ORFDO YDULHW\ FKHFN /$& DW GD\V DIWHU VRZLQJ '$6 $W '$6 1(5,&$ ZDV VLJQL¿FDQWO\ GLIIHUHQW IURP WKH RWKHU YDULHWLHV 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ 1(5,&$ DQG 1(5,&$

1(5,&$ ZDV QRW VLJQL¿FDQWO\ GLIIHUHQW IURP WKH VXVFHSWLEOH FKHFN 1(5,&$ DQG 1(5,&$ KDG OHVV WKDQ WLOOHU LQIHVWDWLRQ ERUHG stems) and were rated as the most resistant varieties at Ikenne during WKH ZHW VHDVRQ Three lepidopterous borers, Sesamia botanephaga, Chilo zacconius and Maliarpha separatella, were the predominant species on WKH 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV 7KH GLSWHURXV VWDON H\HG ERUHUV Diopsis longicornis and D. apicalis RFFXUUHG LQ WKH ¿HOG ZKHQ WKH 1(5,&$ rice crop was at the early vegetative stage of growth.

1.2 Termites 1(5,&$ ZDV IRXQG WR EH OHVV VXVFHSWLEOH WR WHUPLWH GDPDJH HYHQ ZKHQ XQSURWHFWHG 1(5,&$ DQG 1(5,&$ DOVR VKRZ D GHJUHH of tolerance to termite.

D u ring the course of the experiments Microtermes was the SUHGRPLQDQW WHUPLWH VSHFLHV LQ WKH ¿HOG IROORZHG E\ $QFLVWURWHUPHV and Odontotermes.

90

Module 8 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategies for NERICA

Figure 23. Symptoms of termite attack on rice

1.3 African rice gall midge (AfRGM) Background information 7KH 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV KDYH EHHQ GHYHORSHG IRU SURGXFWLRQ LQ XSODQG systems. Nevertheless, in view of their desirable qualities, they KDYH EHHQ HYDOXDWHG IRU DGDSWDELOLW\ DQG UHVLVWDQFH WR WKH $I5*0 which is rather a serious pest of rainfed and irrigated lowland rice LQ 66$ 'DPDJH E\ $I5*0 LV GLIIHUHQW IURP WKDW RI RWKHU VWHP ERUHU species because the larvae attack the growing points of rice tillers at the vegetative stage (seedling to panicle initiation). Infestation of a tiller prevents panicle production and results in the development of a tubular gallâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; also known as oâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC; nion leafâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;or sâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;ilver shootâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;.

91

Module 8 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategies for NERICA

In spite of the hundreds of screenings of O. sativa accessions, very little progress has been made in identifying good donor material with VWDEOH UHVLVWDQFH WR $I5*0 7ZR $VLDQ O. sativas â&#x20AC;&#x201C;Cisadane (from ,QGRQHVLD DQG %: IURP 6UL /DQND ± KDYH EHHQ VHOHFWHG DV YDULHWLHV WROHUDQW WR $I5*0 DW :$5'$ 7KH IRUPHU ZDV UHOHDVHG DV )$52 LQ 1LJHULD LQ DQG WKH ODWWHU ZDV UHOHDVHG LQ %XUNLQD Faso. One disadvantage of Cisadane is that it is rather sensitive to LURQ WR[LFLW\ %: KDV JRRG WROHUDQFH WR $I5*0 DQG LURQ WR[LFLW\ XQGHU ORZODQG ¿HOG FRQGLWLRQV $ KLJK \LHOGLQJ O. sativa ZLWK VWURQJ UHVLVWDQFH WR $I5*0 LV QRW \HW DYDLODEOH 0DQ\ YDULHWLHV UHVLVWDQW WR $VLDQ ULFH JDOO PLGJH Orseolia oryzae :RRG 0DVRQ DUH VXVFHSWLEOH WR $I5*0 Highlights ,Q WKH DQG ZHW VHDVRQV LQWHUVSHFL¿F OLQHV IURP :$5'$ ZHUH HYDOXDWHG IRU UHVLVWDQFH WR $I5*0 XQGHU QDWXUDO infestation at two hot-spot locations in Nigeria (Ikwo, southeast and Bida, central Nigeria). $W ,NZR :$% $% KDG WKH ORZHVW PHDQ SODQW GDPDJH ZKHQ FRPSDUHG ZLWK WKH UHVLVWDQW FKHFN YDULHW\ 726 $W %LGD :$% $% :$% $% DQG :$% $% SHUIRUPHG WKH EHVW DPRQJ WKH OLQHV WHVWHG (DUOLHU D WHDP RI UHVHDUFKHUV IURP :$5'$ DQG 1$56 IURP Burkina Faso, Mali, Nigeria and Sierra Leone identified an LQWHUVSHFL¿F SURJHQ\ :$% % 3 +% ZLWK VWURQJ UHVLVWDQFH WR $I5*0 :LOOLDPV et al., 2001).

7KH JODEHUULPD SDUHQW RI WKH 1(5,&$V &* DQG PDQ\ RWKHU accessions of O. glaberrima KDYH EHHQ IRXQG UHVLVWDQW WR $I5*0 (Nwilene et al.

EXW QRQH RI WKH 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV KDV EHHQ LGHQWL¿HG DV UHVLVWDQW 92

Module 8 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategies for NERICA

Biological control is an important component of IPM for control of WKH $I5*0 2. Cultural practices :KLFK FURSSLQJ V\VWHP LQFRUSRUDWLQJ 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV LV PRVW sensitive to rice stem borers?

Background information Rice mixed with maize (Zea mays L.) is a common feature of WUDGLWLRQDO XSODQG ULFH FXOWLYDWLRQ LQ PDQ\ :HVW $IULFDQ FRXQWULHV Maize and rice share some common stem borer species. To what H[WHQW PLJKW 1(5,&$ PDL]H LQWHUFURSSLQJ LQĂ&#x20AC;XHQFH VWHP ERUHU activity (infestation, crop damage, species composition)?Can the 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV EH LQWHUFURSSHG ZLWK PDL]H IRU PRUH HIÂżFLHQW management of stem borers under upland conditions?Can maize be used as a trap crop to protect rice against stem borers?

Highlights â&#x20AC;˘

Intercropping has high potential as a cultural method of controlling the major stem borers on rice

â&#x20AC;˘

Maize (Zea mays / FDQ EH D VXLWDEOH WUDS FURS IRU 1(5,&$ DQG 1(5,&$ VWHP ERUHUV

Â&#x2021; 7KHUH ZHUH IHZHU GHDGKHDUWV RQ 1(5,&$ FURSSHG ZLWK PDL]H than on rice or maize monocultures at Mâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;bĂŠand Boundiali in &{WH GÂś,YRLUH :HVW $IULFD â&#x20AC;˘

Strip cropping of four rows of maize alternating with an equal QXPEHU RI 1(5,&$ URZV ZDV IRXQG WR EH HIIHFWLYH LQ UHGXFLQJ VWHP ERUHU GDPDJH RQ 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV 1(5,&$ KDG WKH ORZHVW QXPEHU RI ODUYDH SHU SODQW IROORZHG E\ WKH LQWHUVSHFLÂżF 93

Module 8 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategies for NERICA

OLQHV :$% 3 +% DQG :$% % 3 +% The added advantages of strip cropping are improved yields and HDVH RI ÂżHOG RSHUDWLRQV

D uring the course of the experiments Eldana saccharina was the predominant stem borer on maize (90% ), followed by Maliarpha separatella Sesamia calamistis (3% ), Chilo zacconius (1% ), and Busseola fusca (1% ). Stem borers on rice were Eldana saccharina Maliarpha separatella (26% ), Sesamia calamistis (6% ), Chilo zacconius Diopsis longicornis DQG Busseola fusca (1% ).

3. Biological control of AfGRM Background information Two common parasitoid species, including Platygaster diplosisae and Aprostocetus procerae, DUH FRPPRQ QDWXUDO HQHPLHV RI $I5*0 These parasitoids also attack a related gall midge species, which thrives on Paspalum scrobiculatum but does not attack rice.

Highlights 3ODQWLQJ 3DVSDOXP DW WKH HGJHV RI ULFH ÂżHOGV DWWUDFWV 3DVSDOXP JDOO midge, which harbors parasitoids. These parasitoids then attack WKH $I5*0 3ODQWLQJ SDVSDOXP DURXQG WKH HGJHV RI ULFH ÂżHOGV DQG SODQWLQJ YDULHWLHV PRGHUDWHO\ UHVLVWDQW WR $I5*0 VXFK DV %: and Cisadane may reduce the damage caused this pest.

94

Module 9 Major rice diseases and control

MAJOR RICE DISEASES AND CONTROL &RQWULEXWRUV <DFRXED 6pUp p .RIÂż $NDWRU DQG $PRV 2QDVDQ\D .RIÂż $NDWRU DQG $PRV 2QDVDQ\D Background Three major diseases of key economic importance are common in West and Central Africa and seriously constrain rice production in most rice ecologies. They include the rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV), bacterial leaf blight (BLB) and rice blast.

2I WKH WKUHH GLVHDVHV FLWHG DERYH RQO\ EODVW LV VSHFLÂżF WR WKH UDLQIHG upland ecology for which the NERICA varieties were developed.

Rice ecosystems

Diseases

Irrigated Upland

Lowland

Forest & savanna

Sahel

Blast RYMV BLB

Blast is rice fungal disease caused by 3\ULFXODULD JULVHD (Cke.) Sacc.

[Teleomorphe: 0DJQDSRUWKH JULVHD (Hebert) Barr] and is particularly dangerous in upland rice, but also causes serious damage in rainfed lowland and irrigated systems. Blast is one of the major constraints WR LQWHQVLÂżFDWLRQ

95

Module 9 Major rice diseases and control

Neck blast

Node blast

Leaf blast

Figure 24. Symptoms of leaf, neck and node blast on upland rice

Unit 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Integrated management of disease Background information In the low-input farming systems of SSA where resource-limited farmers can hardly ever afford external inputs, the control of the above diseases is mainly through the use of resistant/tolerant varieties in combination with sound management practices, such as good weed control. One of the principal components of an integrated management system for diseases is varietal resistance though this can be unstable in space and in time depending to the structure of the pathogen population.

This constraint should be taken into consideration either when diffusing material to farmers or when breeders are selecting donor lines.

96

Module 9 Major rice diseases and control

Objective

Methodology

Results

To identify rice lines with durable resistance to blast in West Africa

67 entries were evaluated for horizontal resistance to blast in Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Mali and Guinea

1. WAB 56-104 2. WAB 56-50 3. NERICA9 4. NERICA18 5. WAB 881-1-10-37-18-25-P3-HB 6. WAB 880-1-38-18-8-P3-HB 7. WAB 881-10-37-18-15-P1-HB 8. WAB 881-10-37-18-24-P1-HB 9. WAB 881-10-37-18-14-P1-HB 10. WAB 880-1-38-20-23-P1-HB 11. WAB 880-1-38-18-20-P1-HB

Varietal resistance/tolerance to blast Nine interspecifics, including NERICA9 and NERICA18, consistently show resistance to blast at various hotspots across four countries, namely Burkina Faso, Mali, Guinea and Nigeria.

NERICA12, NERICA15 and NERICA16 show resistance to blast in at least three countries, including Nigeria, Mali and Burkina Faso.

7KH UHVLVWDQFH RI WKH DERYH LQWHUVSHFL多F OLQHV LV EHOLHYHG WR EH DV stable and durable as that of WAB 56-50 and WAB 56-104, which are well known for possessing horizontal resistance to the blast pathogen in West Africa.

97

Module 10 Improving seed delivery in SSA

IMPROVING THE SEED DELIVERY SYSTEM IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Contributors: Robert G. Guei, Eklou A. Somado and Michael Larinde Background information There is wide consensus that seed, especially of improved varieties,, is one of the most important elements for increasing agricultural productivity and improved livelihoods. However, in Africa, only one-third of seed comes from seed companies while two-thirds derive from the informal sector. For example, in Western Africa less WKDQ SHUFHQW RI WRWDO DUHD LV VRZQ WR FHUWL多HG VHHG )DUPHUV GR not use improved seed, mainly because very often it is not available to them or they are not aware of the advantages of using improved varieties. Good quality seed is also not accessible to them as there is often a weak linkage between farmers, extension systems, research institutions and market.

Challenges facing the African seed sector Seed and plant genetic resources hold many challenges for the range of stakeholders involved in the seed sector such as farmers, seed companies and producers, national seed services, research and extension systems and policymakers.

Farmers Most farmers in Africa are subsistence farmers who, although custodians of local cultivars, often suffer from non-availability of adequate quantity and quality of seeds to sustain the crop diversity suitable for their agro-ecological and socio-economic needs as well as the demands of consumers. Overall, farmers in remote areas are often cut off from any agricultural development initiatives and 98

Module 10 Improving seed delivery in SSA

injection of new crops and varieties into their seed systems as rural infrastructure conditions in Africa are the major and most common constraint to the development of agriculture in the region. To improve food security, farmers should have on-going access to quality seed in normal and crisis situations. Viable seed supply systems to multiply and disseminate the seed or plant material are critical for the success of food security and livelihood programs in Africa.

Seed companies and producers There is a crucial lack of sustainable systems for seed production due in part to the dominance of the public sector in seed production with limited private sector participation in seed production. There is often a lack of a clear national policy where the private sectorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s contribution to the development of the seed system is recognized and enhanced. Emphasis is sometimes put on large-scale seed companies which concentrate more on countries with big commercial farmers in the eastern and southern African regions. Their share of the African seed market as a whole is small and limited to hybrid maize seed and seeds of a few other high-value crops. They do not commercialize cultivars or varieties of other important food security crops such as ULFH RU FDVVDYD ZLWK YHU\ QDUURZ SURÂżW PDUJLQV DV IDUPHUV XVXDOO\ save the seed or planting material for the following seasonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s crops.

But these cultivars are the germplasm used by most small and poor farmers, the majority of whom are women. These farmers need to access quality seed, the demand for which could be met by small to medium-scale seed enterprises of varying size and capacities.

These are often made up of individual seed growers, farmer groups or associations, and small seed companies with limited equipment, limited capital investment and very weak market strategies. They have little managerial capacity to undertake seed production and supply as a proper business. Basic accounting, marketing, banking and credit management expertise is often lacking. Also, linkage to research â&#x20AC;&#x201C; even where possible â&#x20AC;&#x201C; for necessary infusion of good

99

Module 10 Improving seed delivery in SSA

germplasm is limited. Backup support from the national extension services is often weak, necessary market intelligence is usually absent and necessary investment policy support expected from national authorities is minimal or totally lacking. Seed quality control systems are frequently inadequate, there is only a limited market for economic seed trade within individual countries, and regular hindrance of cross-border trade in seed caused by application of phytosanitary, regulatory and varietal release protocols.

To sum up, the lack of adequate participation by the private sector in seed trade and distribution, the lack of organization in the seed market, and the lack of economically-worthwhile seed demand from growers create a serious bottleneck in seed sector development in $IULFD 7KH IDUPHU EDVHG VHHG V\VWHP VWLOO SUHYDLOV DQG 多QGLQJ KRZ to link it with a national seed system remains a major impediment to the production of quality seed and to functional distribution channels to ensure access by farmers either within the country or at the regional markets.

Plant breeding/varietal improvement Lack of national capacity in plant breeding has been a chronic limitation to crop improvement in many African countries. This is so partly because investment in plant breeding must be constant and adequate to ensure that trained scientists have resources to run effective breeding nurseries and trial plots in multiple locations for each major crop where improvement is a priority. There are few well-trained scientists and only a handful of these continue with the activity. Such common breaks in continuity of the breeding process JHQHUDOO\ UHVXOW LQ PDMRU ORVVHV LQ HI多FLHQF\ 6WURQJHU DQG UHJXODU support to national plant breeding, linked to extension and to farmers to test new varieties, is essential in nearly all countries in Africa.

Sustaining plant breeding activities is crucial for the continued support and injection of new technologies into the seed systems.

100

Module 10 Improving seed delivery in SSA

Extension services Most extension services are characterized by a lack of information, technical capacity and logistics for timely delivery of advice to farmers. They have inadequate capacity in terms of personnel and are unable to formulate and implement good and sound technology transfer approaches. Reports from 39 countries in Africa show that 77% of these countries have operational extension services; 69% of these countries have reported that extension services are provided by the government; and 31% are provided by development agencies. Many NGOs are deeply involved in agricultural extension, especially in Chad, Ghana, Malawi, Senegal, The Gambia, Guinea and Sierra Leone. The remaining countries either do not have an extension service or the service that exists is ineffective. Lack of or SRRU H[WHQVLRQ VHUYLFHV DUH JHQHUDOO\ GXH WR ÂżQDQFLDO FRQVWUDLQWV poor transportation systems, lack of incentives to motivate extension agents, and poor or inappropriate training of extension agents. A common complaint regarding seed is that extension services do QRW SURYLGH VHHG RI YDULHWLHV WKDW IDUPHUV ÂżQG VXLWDEOH IRU ORFDO conditions. Extension services remain fundamental to the success of agricultural development, including seed production and distribution locally.

Policymakers Many African governments have recognized the fundamental importance of sustainable seed production systems in contributing to increased agricultural production. Presently, the seed policies of most of the African governments are created to ensure that farmers DUH SURWHFWHG IURP SRRU TXDOLW\ VHHG IURP WUDGHUV &RXQWU\ SURÂżOHV show that only 25% of sub-Saharan African countries have passed a 6HHG $FW VWLSXODWLQJ VSHFLÂżF VHHG UHJXODWLRQV WKDW PXVW EH VDWLVÂżHG The remaining 75% of countries in sub-Saharan Africa do not have legislation governing the sale and distribution of seeds. However, in most of those countries where a Seed Act has been passed, putting 101

Module 10 Improving seed delivery in SSA

the various laws and policies into practice has been impeded by LQDGHTXDWH HQIRUFHPHQW PHFKDQLVPV DQG ODFN RI ORJLVWLFDO ÂżQDQFLDO and human resources.

Questions relating to the balance between the formal and informal sectors, role of the private sector, subsidies, farmersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and plant breedersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; rights, seed legislation, biotechnology, and many more SRVH GLIÂżFXOW FKDOOHQJHV IRU ZKLFK DQVZHUV PXVW HPDQDWH QRW IURP the technical domain but from carefully formulated seed policies.

Harmonized regional seed rules will facilitate cross-border movement of seed consignments to alleviate periodic seed shortages.

In this regard, several initiatives are now underway on the African continent (UEMOA/CILSS/ECOWAS and SADC countries) with support from regional organizations, donors and FAO that further need to be supported by national governments.

In the light of the above, the development of rice in Africa and particularly of NERICA rice is clearly faced with many challenges, including the performance of the seed delivery systems. Seed systems in Africa, where NERICA varieties originated, are very complex and usually not well understood.

It is worth noting that over the 10 years since the introduction of NERICA varieties with the potential to revolutionalize rice SURGXFWLRQ DFFHVV WR VXIÂżFLHQW VHHG UHPDLQV D PDMRU FRQVWUDLQW WR the activities of smalholder farmers in SSA. A study in Nigeria funded by the Gatsby Foundation showed that, although farmers who have access to and have adopted NERICA varieties are deriving higher yields and income, those who do not have regular access to seeds have abandoned NERICA lines in favour of low yielding local varieties (Spencer et al., 2006). New approaches are therefore needed but should aim at direct support to farmer organizations and small businesses to strengthen their capacity to manage a seed enterprise. These should take into 102

Module 10 Improving seed delivery in SSA

account development objectives such as equity, gender, sustainable development and poverty reduction.

A basket of strategies for sustainable seed production and distribution in SSA $ ÀH[LEOH VHHG V\VWHP LV FUXFLDO WR UHVSRQG HIIHFWLYHO\ WR WKH FKDOOHQJHV LGHQWL¿HG *LYHQ WKH FXUUHQW VWDWXV RI VHHG SURGXFWLRQ systems in most SSA countries, it is necessary to recognize the informal sector as an important low-cost source of quality seed, and to use it as a vehicle for providing resource-poor farmers with improved seed of modern varieties at affordable prices. The formal sector can continue producing other high value seed along with the informal sector. The creation of small indigenous enterprises, with low-cost structures and close trustworthy relationships with the farming communities they serve, are believed to be better suited to the task.

The proposed approach to the strengthening of the informal seed sector, especially in West Africa where large scale seed enterprises are rather uncommon, consists of: • Enhanced access of the informal sector to NARS/IARC-bred foundation (and/or breeder seed); • Effectively-trained and equipped extension services to advise on seed production, processing, treatment and storage.

The Africa Rice Center (WARDA) Experience The Africa Rice Center (WARDA) has been active in SSA in matters concerning seed and food security. The Center has explored and adapted a range of partnership models that has reinforced SSA’s capacity for rice seed production and distribution. These include several participatory models, such as Participatory Varietal Selection (PVS), Community-based Seed Production Systems (CBSS) and Participatory Learning and Action Research (PLAR). Introduced 103

Module 10 Improving seed delivery in SSA

IRU WKH ÂżUVW WLPH LQ 66$ 396 KDV UHYROXWLRQL]HG WKH VFLHQWLVW IDUPHU interaction across SSA and unleashed the NERICA adoption wave.

The implementation of the project on Participatory Adaptation and Diffusion of technologies for rice-based systems (PADS) used the CBSS-approach to stimulate farmers in taking the lead in seed supply.

PVS and CBSS involved more than 20,000 farmers and many tonnes of NERICA seed were produced and distributed across SSA. Local networks and communication channels have been used to promote the new NERICA seed in which NGOs played a crucial role. PADS also developed extension materials such as technical fact sheets and OHDĂ&#x20AC;HWV RQ LPSURYHG ULFH YDULHWLHV ZHHGV DQG IHUWLOL]HU PDQDJHPHQW the use of bio-pesticides, improved parboiling technology, etc.

Scientists from NARS partners and farmersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; groups have been trained in seed production and varietal release procedures during workshops regularly organized by WARDA since 2000 with hundreds of participants from 30 countries in SSA. In these gatherings, policy reforms required to strengthen the seed sector have been discussed, including intellectual property rights, biotechnology and biosafety regulations.

The Africa Rice Center has also contributed to several initiatives to facilitate the harmonization of regional seed rules with the aim of easing cross-border movement of seed consignments and consequently alleviating seed shortages. As a result of WARDAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s active involvement, several initiatives are being undertaken with support from regional organizations (UEMOA/CILSS/ECOWAS in West Africa and SADC in Southern Africa) and multilateral donors that need to be supported by national governments. These governments have realized the need for a basket of strategies to address the complex issue of quality seed production and distribution in their respective countries. Many countries in SSA have become aware that increased food production depends critically upon FRXQWU\ VSHFLÂżF DQG FURS VSHFLÂżF VHHG V\VWHPV ZKLFK PHHW WKH VHHG needs of a range of farmers, particularly smallholders.

104

Module 10 Improving seed delivery in SSA

They have committed to paying increased attention to: â&#x20AC;˘ implementing a legal framework that permits the marketing of XQFHUWLÂżHG ÂłWUXWKIXOO\ ODEHOOHG´ VHHG ZKLFK ZRXOG FRQIRUP to the prescribed standards regarding the genetic purity, germination and moisture content laid down for the variety, H[FHSW WKDW LW ZRXOG QRW FDUU\ DQ RIÂżFLDO FHUWLÂżFDWLRQ WDJ â&#x20AC;˘ the production of breeder seed and, in some cases, foundation seed â&#x20AC;˘ quality control and maintenance of reserve stocks of seed â&#x20AC;˘ implementation of the national seed policy.

Through its partnerships and network activities, as well as its policy research, the Africa Rice Center is encouraging the private and public sectors towards sustainable impact on constraints such as seed availability, support to farmers and small businesses within farming communities, access to inputs, product quality and markets.

The aim is to substantially minimize the impact of these constraints ZLWK WKH VSHFLÂżF REMHFWLYH WR GHYHORS DQG SURPRWH SXEOLF SULYDWH partnerships for sustainable seed production and distribution in sub-Saharan Africa.

105

Module 11 Improving NERICA seed availability to end-user farmers

IMPROVING NERICA SEED AVAILABILITY TO END-USER FARMERS Contributors: Robert G. Guei, Eklou A. Somado and Inoussa Akintayo Unit 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Conventional Seed Production Scheme vs. Communitybased Seed Production System Background information The ever-pressing demand to make NERICA seed available to end-user farmers remains a challenge many years after the initial introduction of these varieties in SSA in 1996. Weakness in the assessment and planning of seed needs as well as weakness in SSAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s national seed systems are the main constraints to NERICA rice seed availability.

In fact, how long does it take a newly-released improved rice variety to get into the hands of an innovative farmer for cultivation?

Conventional Seed Production Scheme: The conventional seed multiplication system currently in operation in most countries in WCA is typical of most developing countries. Once a variety is released, the breeder provides parental materials (G0) from which three classes of seeds are obtained: 1) breeder seeds (G1, G2 and G3); 2) Foundation 6HHG * DQG &HUWLÂżHG 6HHG 5 DQG 5 7KLV V\VWHP UHTXLUHV VL[ \HDUV IURP WKH UHOHDVH RI D YDULHW\ WR SURGXFH VXIÂżFLHQW VHHG IRU GLVWULEXWLRQ WR D ODUJH QXPEHU RI IDUPHUV &RQVHTXHQWO\ IDUPHUV GR not grow the new variety until the seventh year after its release. In general, the seed multiplication and delivery systems of the formal VHHG LQGXVWU\ DUH LQDGHTXDWH DQG KDYH FRQFHQWUDWHG RQ WKH SURGXFWLRQ and distribution of high value crops, especially hybrids, which have failed to meet the seed needs of the majority of smallholder farmers.

In most countries, little attention has been paid to rice varieties.

106

Module 11 Improving NERICA seed availability to end-user farmers

In the absence of a formal seed sector in most SSA countries, farmers remain dominant as seed sources.

Community-based Seed Production System: As reported in Module 3, WARDA introduced a new seed multiplication scheme, dubbed the Community-based Seed Production System (CBSS), that uses farmersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; practices and indigenous knowledge, and acts as an alternative seed supply mechanism for smallholder farmers.

7KH &%66 VWUHQJWKHQV IDUPHUVÂś FDSDFLWLHV LQ WKH WHFKQLTXHV RI JRRG TXDOLW\ VHHG SURGXFWLRQ 7KH DLP RI D FRPPXQLW\ EDVHG VHHG PXOWLSOLFDWLRQ VFKHPH LV WR SURPRWH RQ IDUP SURGXFWLRQ RI TXDOLW\ rice seed through the involvement of individual farmers or farmersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; groups in such schemes.

In this system, the national seed service may certify only G2, G3 or * %H\H 7KH H[WHQVLRQ VHUYLFHV PDNH VPDOO TXDQWLWLHV RI these seeds available to various informal seed growers, e.g. farmersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; cooperatives, private seed producers and NGOs. These may produce QRQ FHUWLÂżHG EDVLF VHHG IRU WKHLU UHJLRQV IURP ZKLFK WUDLQHG IDUPHUV ZLOO SURGXFH VHHG RI EHWWHU TXDOLW\ IRU WKHLU FRPPXQLWLHV XVLQJ WKHLU normal production practices. In this way, seed can be provided for many farmers within four years of the release of a variety, three years earlier than in the conventional system. Seed production and distribution are done according to the farmersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; practices and capabilities, with some simple guidance given to help farmers maintain the purity of seeds for a period of 3â&#x20AC;&#x201C;5 years. Rice is a selfpollinating crop and seed stocks do not need to be replaced every season. However, extension agents monitor germination ability and purity of seed at the farm level.

CBSS has been adopted by many countries in West Africa, but particularly Guinea and CĂ´te dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ivoire. The experience in these countries has been successfully transferred to several West African countries and is at the heart of the success of NERICA varieties in this region.

107

Module 11 Improving NERICA seed availability to end-user farmers

Unit 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Pathway for NERICA seed production The African Rice Initiative (ARI), under the aegis of the Africa Rice Center (WARDA), has been put in place to help produce highTXDOLW\ 1(5,&$ VHHGV LQFOXGLQJ EUHHGHU DQG IRXQGDWLRQ VHHGV DQG WR IDFLOLWDWH WKHLU VXEVHTXHQW GLVVHPLQDWLRQ WR LWV QDWLRQDO SDUWQHUV in SSA. Where and how to get high quality NERICA seed?

The national agricultural research systems (NARES) are the privileged partners of ARI for NERICA seed dissemination in SSA. However, NGOs as well as farmersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; associations can also be supplied through ARI. Write to the ARI Coordinator for further information (Please visit www.warda.org). ,GHDOO\ ULFH IDUPHUV ZLOO EH VXSSOLHG ZLWK KLJK TXDOLW\ VHHG DQG advised by their respective NARES as to the relevant NERICA varieties to grow in their locations.

Besides, rice farmers can and should produce and secure their own 1(5,&$ VHHG IRU SODQWLQJ LQ WKHLU ÂżHOGV How to produce high quality NERICA seed?

What is quality NERICA rice seed?

Good NERICA seed should not be infested or damaged Good NERICA rice seed should not be a mixture (long grain with short grain or fat with thin grain or grain with awns and without awns, black grains with colored grains, etc.).

108

Module 11 Improving NERICA seed availability to end-user farmers

Variety purity – how to recognize that a rice plant is not a NERICA plant (‘off-type’)?

Based on the NERICA rice variety planted (NERICA1 – NERICA18), and using the characteristics of the passport data of NERICA provided in the Annex to this Compendium, NERICA rice growers VKRXOG DSSO\ WKH IROORZLQJ FRQWUROV LQ WKH ¿HOG WKURXJK FDUHIXO H[DPLQDWLRQ RI WKH 1(5,&$ ULFH ¿HOG Check the height (short, tall) Check the cycle (short, intermediate, long) Check the leaves (droopy, upright, large, thick, and thin) Check the grain color (yellow, red, black) 2II W\SHV LGHQWL¿HG WKURXJK GLIIHUHQFHV LQ WKH DERYH FKDUDFWHUV FDQ be removed before harvesting and used for consumption.

Harvesting – Threshing – Drying – Storage Select healthy NERICA plants for harvest; Carefully harvest each NERICA variety separately; Avoid mixing other farmers’ varieties with NERICA lines during transportation, threshing and drying and storage; Before storage, ensure that seeds are properly dried (sun-drying to about 13%) before placing them in bags. Winnow carefully.

Dress the seeds with an appropriate fumigant, e.g. Phostoxin (aluminium phosphide) and dress them with insecticide, e.g. Actellic 50 (pirimiphos-methyl) or as recommended by local agricultural services. Properly label and safely pack bags containing seeds in areas with good air circulation while preparing for the next cropping season.

At the onset of the cropping season, a germination test should be carried out before sowing to ensure good seedling establishment.

109

Module 11 Improving NERICA seed availability to end-user farmers

Germination testing Randomly select three sets of 100 seeds of the NERICA rice variety to be sown â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Take a shallow basin, which you have previously covered with a wet cloth, or clean jute sacks soaked in water â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Place each set of 100 seeds on a cloth then cover them with it â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Place the basin in the shade â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Slightly moisten as necessary â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Avoid the seeds drying out. After 7 days, count the number of seeds that have germinated in each set. If more than 80 of the 100 seeds have germinated, the NERICA seed is good. If less than 80 of the VHHGV KDYH JHUPLQDWHG WKH 1(5,&$ VHHG TXDQWLW\ VKRXOG EH increased at planting (i.e. more than 60 kg per hectare).

110

Module 12 Harvest and post-harvest operations

HARVEST AND POST-HARVEST OPERATIONS Contributors: Eklou A. Somado and Tareke Berhe Background information Harvest and post-harvest operations constitute principal constraints to rice production, especially in irrigated systems, because of the larger yield that has to be handled. Post-harvest crop losses of up WR KDYH EHHQ UHSRUWHG DQG DWWULEXWHG WR LQHI¿FLHQF\ RI PDQXDO threshing of rice by small-scale farmers. This leads to poor grain quality and rejection of locally produced rice. The Africa Rice Center has spearheaded partnership in Senegal between private local companies (SAED) and the Senegalese Institute of Agricultural Research (ISRA) which led to the development of an improved rice thresher cleaner (ASI), in turn leading to a commercial release of the ¿UVW SURWRW\SH LQ LQ WKH 6HQHJDO 5LYHU 9DOOH\ 7KH $6, WKUHVKHU has been widely adopted in Senegal because it enables farmers to produce high value rice with better competitiveness at the market level. The experience in Senegal has been successfully transferred to several West African countries.

The locally-made ASI-thresher can lessen the drudgery associated with hand threshing and improve the usable yield and marketability of rice. Labor is a serious issue in SSA agriculture, and machinery PXOWLSOLHV ODERU HI¿FLHQF\ Unit 1 – Harvesting, threshing and cleaning NERICA paddy rice Harvesting – when to harvest NERICA varieties?

Rice including NERICA varieties is ready for harvesting when the grains are hard and are turning yellow/brown. NERICA rice should be harvested when at least 80% of the upper portion of the main 111

Module 12 Harvest and post-harvest operations

panicles is straw-colored. The rest of the rice grains should be in the hard dough stage. NERICA varieties should be harvested when grain moisture content is not higher than 20–22%. This should EH SRVVLEOH DERXW WR ZHHNV DIWHU DW OHDVW ÀRZHULQJ RI WKH NERICA rice plants.

Timeliness of harvesting 3URSHU WLPLQJ LV DQ LPSRUWDQW IDFWRU LQ KDUYHVWLQJ DV LW DIIHFWV ¿HOG losses and grain quality and then marketability. If harvesting is too early, the volume of immature paddy increases, leading to an increase in broken rice during milling and, consequently, lower head rice yield and quality.

When harvesting is late, the grains are vulnerable to excessive shattering, or can crack during threshing, resulting in grain breakages during milling. In addition, the crop becomes more exposed to attack by rodents, birds and insects; it will also be less resistant to lodging, PDNLQJ KDUYHVWLQJ GLI¿FXOW How to harvest NERICA rice varieties?

Manual harvesting Local harvesting methods commonly involve cutting the NERICA VWHPV ZLWK D VLFNOH DERXW ± FP DERYH WKH JURXQG RU FXWWLQJ the panicles. The harvested crop is placed in an upright position for drying before threshing.

Threshing This operation should be started immediately after harvesting to avoid the harvested stalks turning yellow and associated discoloring.

112

Module 12 Harvest and post-harvest operations

Mechanical threshing in West Africa is on the increase thanks to the ASI-Thresher developed by WARDA and its partners. ASI is the most ZLGHO\ XVHG ULFH WKUHVKHU LQ WKH 6HQHJDO 5LYHU 9DOOH\ ,W LV D KLJKO\ successful product of the partnership-owned R4D system, which is lessening the load of drudgery previously associated with threshing and improving the usable yield and marketability of rice. The success of the low-cost threshers can be seen as the beginning of the path to commercialization for smallholders. Labor is the number one issue LQ 66$ DJULFXOWXUH DQG PDFKLQHU\ PXOWLSOLHV ODERU HIÂżFLHQF\ How to thresh NERICA varieties?

Manual The most frequent threshing method in West Africa is to beat the harvested stalks on a drum or with a stick. However, threshing is best done on a clean tarpaulin and never on the bare ground. This avoids stones mixing with rice, which reduces the quality and the subsequent marketability of the NERICA rice.

Figure 25. Mechanical threshing of NERICA varieties

113

Module 12 Harvest and post-harvest operations

Cleaning of grain Clean threshed grain to remove impurities such as bulky straws, chaff, weed seeds, leaves, pods, sticks, stones and other foreign matter. Clean grain has improved storability, better milling output and quality resulting in a higher marketable value.

Winnowing Winnowing helps remove light and chaffy material and can be done manually without delay after threshing to avoid contamination and poor quality black rice. Modern rice mills reduce the burden of winnowing mainly carried out by farmers.

Unit 2 – Drying, storing and milling NERICA varieties Grain drying Because of their short cycle the NERICA varieties may be ready for KDUYHVW GXULQJ WKH UDLQ\ VHDVRQ ZLWK FRQVHTXHQW GLI¿FXOWLHV RI VXQ drying. *LYHQ WKDW WKH SDGG\ 1(5,&$ ULFH LV KDUYHVWHG LQ WKH ¿HOG DW D PRLVWXUH level of 20–22%, attempting to store it in this condition will cause grain quality deterioration. To maintain seed quality during storage, paddy rice VKRXOG WKHUHIRUH EH GULHG WR D PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW RI ± ZHW EDVLV

When and how should NERICA varieties be dried?

Drying of grain should immediately follow threshing. Drying should be RQ FRQFUHWH ÀRRUV RU PDWV DQG VKRXOG EH FDUULHG RXW JUDGXDOO\ IRU WKH ¿UVW few days to reduce breakage during milling. To reduce the introduction of sand pebbles and other foreign matter into the paddy, it is important WR DYRLG GU\LQJ RQ EDUH ÀRRUV Sun drying is the traditional method used by most farmers in West Africa, because it is freely available and may give better than or 114

Module 12 Harvest and post-harvest operations

comparable results to conventional but costly methods (Somado et al., 2006). However, the viability of the grain as seed can be adversely affected by untimely sun drying. Rice grain can be sun-dried 4 to 6 hours D GD\ IRU Âą GD\V E\ VSUHDGLQJ JUDLQ LQ WKLQ OD\HUV RQ WKH WDUSDXOLQ RU FOHDQ Ă&#x20AC;RRU ,W LV UHFRPPHQGHG WR WXUQ DQG VWLU WKH JUDLQ PDQ\ WLPHV D day (5â&#x20AC;&#x201C;6 times) for even moisture distribution and rapid drying. When WKH JUDLQ LV VXLWDEO\ GULHG IRU TXDOLW\ VWRUDJH Âą PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW

it breaks easily into two when bitten between teeth. However, the use of a moisture meter can indicate the moisture level of the dried grain more accurately.

Storage To ensure long and safe storage of NERICA paddy rice a few precautions are needed. NERICA is no exception. The paddy rice must not contain PRUH WKDQ Âą PRLVWXUH DQG EH KDQGOHG LQ D ZD\ WR DYRLG PRLVWXUH absorption either from rainfall or the moist air. Paddy should be protected from insects and rodents.

Milling The most critical factors that control optimum milling recovery (ratio of milled rice output to paddy input) include: Â&#x2021; PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW QR PRUH WKDQ Âą â&#x20AC;˘ purity: the presence of impurities reduces the milling recovery and quality â&#x20AC;˘ cracked grain: this breaks easily during milling and whitening, thus reducing milling quality â&#x20AC;˘ varietal characteristics: varieties differ in their milling abilities. immature grain â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the husk content of immature grain can be as high as 40% Milling equipment â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the use of mortar and pestle (hand pounding) is still common in West Africa even if more modern equipment is progressively being used.

115

Module 13 Grain and nutritional quality of NERICA varieties

GRAIN AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF NERICA VARIETIES Contributors: Koichi Futakuchi, Tareke Berhe and Inoussa Akintayo Background information Grain quality, including taste, is one of the key selection criteria highly prioritized by farmers and consumers of the NERICA varieties as highlighted in the farmersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; participatory varietal selection (PVS) trials across West Africa. Desirable NERICA varieties should have not only excellent agronomic performance but also grain quality acceptable to both farmers and consumers.

The pink color of milled rice of O. glaberrima (a parent of the NERICA varieties) as a result of its red pericarp is usually not appreciated at the market level. Frequent grain breakage is also an unfavorable trait of O. glaberrima. Therefore, for the NERICA varieties to have a high marketable value, these improved varieties should not inherit the unfavorable grain quality of O. glaberrima.

Unit 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; NERICA grain quality characteristics Background NERICA is mainly consumed as milled rice in WCA. Milling characteristics of the NERICA varieties determine their grain quality.

In this manual, milling characteristics include i) the husking yield (i.e. the percentage ratio of brown rice/paddy on a weight basis), ii) the milling yield (the percentage ratio of milled rice/ brown rice on a weight basis), and iii) the head rice ratio (the percentage ratio of head rice/milled rice on a weight basis).

116

Module 13 Grain and nutritional quality of NERICA varieties

High husking and milling yields are indicative of small yield losses.

A high head rice ratio corresponds to less grain breakage in milled rice, and this is a desirable trait at market, especially in urban areas.

NERICA lines have showed better milling characteristics than O. glaberrima for all these parameters.

Many of the NERICA varieties have shown a similar level of good milling characteristics to a leading high-quality improved variety such as Bouaké 189, a popular improved rice variety in Côte d’Ivoire (Watanabe et al., 2002b).

Highlights The dimensions of a milled grain of a NERICA variety vary in the range of length (L), 5.6–7.7 mm; width (W), 2.3–3.3 mm; thickness (T), 1.7–2.1 mm; L/W ratio, 2.1–3.0. Rice with slender grains (grains with high L/W values) is generally preferred in WCA. The average L/W ratio in NERICA varieties is 2.6, which is similar to the 2.7 measured in Bouaké 189, but lower than the L/W ratio of 4.0 measured in IDSA 85, another promising variety in Côte d’Ivoire (Watanabe et al., 2002a and 2002b).

Aromatic rice is highly preferred in WCA. Several aromatic lines were LGHQWL¿HG DPRQJ 1(5,&$ FURVVHV 2QH H[DPSOH LV 1(5,&$ $P\ORVH FRQWHQW KDV D VWURQJ LQÀXHQFH RQ ULFH WH[WXUH ZKLFK LV WKH most dominant factor to affect rice taste. Higher amylose content corresponds to harder texture in general. Amylose content of WAB56104, the O. sativa parent, and CG 14, the O. glaberrima parent, is 21.7% and 26.0%, respectively. NERICA lines show a wide range of amylose content from 15.4% to 28.5%, with an average of 25.0%.

Rice consumption preferences differ from one country to another.

For example, consumers in Nigeria seem to prefer varieties about 25% amylose content while in Côte d’Ivoire the preferred value varies between 20 and 25%.

117

Module 13 Grain and nutritional quality of NERICA varieties

Viscosity of rice at high (during cooking) and low temperatures (after cooling) also affect rice texture. The NERICA varieties have quite large variation for this trait.

Unit 2 – NERICA nutritional quality: protein and amino acid content Background Rice is already an important staple food crop for millions of households or is rapidly becoming so in SSA. Increasing rice production and improving its nutritional quality is expected to make a tremendous contribution to improving the livelihoods of millions of households.

Both the high yield of NERICA varieties and their good nutritional TXDOLW\ DUH H[SHFWHG WR SOD\ D VLJQL¿FDQW SRVLWLYH UROH WRZDUGV WKH elimination of hunger and malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa.

Highlights • NERICA varieties’ consistent nutritional quality over years and across countries in West Africa.

• Parboiling has no effect on NERICA amino acid values.

• NERICA2 and NERICA7 (milled) have the highest protein contents (11.8%).

• NERICA4 (milled) has the lowest protein content (9%) – still greater than in imported rice.

• NERICA1 to NERICA6 (milled) have higher protein (9–11%) than imported (7.7%) and USDA standard rice (8.1%). This represents 26–32% higher protein.

• NERICA rice prepared by the parboiling method has higher average protein (10.7%) and amino acid balance than directly milled NERICA rice (10.2%).

118

Module 13 Grain and nutritional quality of NERICA varieties

• The milled NERICA varieties have higher protein contents and show a better balance of amino acids as compared to both imported varieties and the international rice standard.

• The high protein content and good balance of essential amino DFLGV LQ 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV FDQ SOD\ D VLJQL¿FDQW UROH LQ FRPEDWLQJ malnutrition in many sub-Saharan African countries where rice is the main staple food.

2QH FRXOG FDOFXODWH WKH $IULFD ZLGH EHQH¿WV RI WKLV H[WUD SURWHLQ from many angles: health, substitution for costlier protein sources, mental development in youths, etc.

• High micronutrient (iron and zinc) concentration in some LQWHUVSHFL¿FV 7DEOH

Table 19. Rice varieties combining both high Fe and Zn concentration (mg.kg-1) in brown rice samples

Ecology

Rice variety

Iron

Zinc

Upland

WAB 891-SG-25 WAB 709-73-3-2 WAB 488-161-2

21.1 23.1 25.3

53.2 57.3 48.7

Lowland

WAS 63-22-1-1-3-3 WAS 127-B-5-1

18.5 15.8

38.9 42.9

119

Module 13 Grain and nutritional quality of NERICA varieties

Table 20. Protein and selected amino acid values (%) of NERICA rice from Guinea, analyzed* in 2003, and from Benin analyzed in 2005

Seed component

Polished 2003

Polished 2005

Parboiled 2003

Parboiled 2005

NERICA1

Protein Lysine Tryptophan Methionine

10.68 0.35 0.08 0.36

10.04 0.40 0.13 0.31

10.70 0.40 0.10 0.33

11.02 0.42 0.13 0.33

NERICA2

Protein Lysine Tryptophan Methionine

13.25 0.34 0.08 0.38

10.48 0.39 0.11 0.27

13.64 0.35 0.11 0.41

11.81 0.44 0.13 0.37

NERICA3

Protein Lysine Tryptophan Methionine

9.95 0.35 0.09 0.34

10.20 0.39 0.11 0.27

10.1 0.40 0.10 0.36

11.14 0.40 0.09 0.28

NERICA4

Protein Lysine Tryptophan Methionine

8.33 0.26 0.06 0.29

8.87 0.36 0.10 0.23

9.41 0.31 0.10 0.34

9.51 0.35 0.12 0.17

NERICA6

Protein Lysine Tryptophan Methionine

8.7 0.33 0.09 0.32

10.34 0.43 0.14 0.37

9.6 0.36 0.10 0.44

10.76 0.43 0.13 0.37

NERICA7

Protein Lysine Tryptophan Methionine

-----------------

10.43 0.40 0.12 0.34

-----------------

11.69 0.43 0.12 0.37

Taiwanese

Protein Lysine Tryptophan Methionine

7.58 0.34 0.08 0.38

Chinese

Protein Lysine Tryptophan Methionine

7.94 0.33 0.07 0.37

Variety

----------------9.49** 0.37 0.11 0.31

-----------------

10.14** 0.37 0.10 0.31

* Analysis of NERICA9-NERICA18 is being done and result will be reversed to an updated version of this Compendium ** Values are for NERICA8

120

Module 14 NERICA impact and adoption in sub-Saharan Africa

NERICA IMPACT AND ADOPTION IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Contributor: Aliou Diagne Background information Since 1996 rice farmers in many countries in West, Central, East and Southern Africa have been exposed to NERICA varieties. Have they made any difference in the lives of these farmers?

The Africa Rice Center (WARDA), in collaboration with its NARS partners, initiated studies on the impact of NERICA rice adoption in nine countries of West Africa, comprising Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Togo.

By 2006 the studies were completed in Benin, Côte d’Ivoire and Guinea. %HORZ DUH VXPPDUL]HG WKH PDMRU ¿QGLQJV IURP WKH DIRUHPHQWLRQHG studies are summarized below.

Unit 1 – NERICA diffusion and adoption In Côte d’Ivoire, a low diffusion rate (9%) limited the adoption of the NERICA varieties to only 4% in the year 2000. But the adoption rate in the population could have been up to 27% had the whole population been exposed to the NERICA technology (Diagne, 2006a).

The rate of NERICA diffusion was 39% in Guinea, a diffusion rate much higher than that in Côte d’Ivoire. The NERICA population potential adoption rate (were all the farmers in Guinea exposed to the NERICA) is 58%, double the actual adoption rate of 23% observed in the sample (Diagne et al., 2006a). Up to 53% of farmers who were exposed to NERICA lines had adopted them in 2001. The total area under NERICA varieties in Guinea has been estimated to be 28,000 121

Module 14 NERICA impact and adoption in sub-Saharan Africa

hectares in 2002 and 51,000 hectares in 2003 (Diagne et al., 2006b).

The total area planted to NERICA varieties is growing fast and has quickly surpassed that covered by the modern varieties of the Institut de Recherches Agricoles de Guinée – IRAG. The total estimated area in 2006 was, however, but a third of the potential area had all farmers known about NERICA varieties and had access to seed.

In Benin, the NERICA diffusion rate in 2004 was 26%. NERICA varieties were adopted by 18% of the sample of 304 rice farmers surveyed in 24 villages in 2004; this adoption rate was three times lower than estimated potential adoption rate of 57%. Up to 68% of farmers who were exposed to NERICA varieties in Benin in 2004 adopted them. About 2000 hectares were estimated to be under NERICA lines in Benin in 2003. The potential area under NERICA varieties in 2003 (had all farmers known about the NERICA breakthrough) was estimated to be 5500 hectares (Adegbola et al., 2006).

Unit 2 – Determinants of NERICA adoption The results of the econometric analysis of the socioeconomic determinants of NERICA adoption in Côte d’Ivoire show that the main factors which affected the adoption of NERICA varieties (i.e.

ZLWK HVWLPDWHG HIIHFWV VWDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQL¿FDQW DW WKH OHYHO ZHUH growing rice partially for sale (positive impact), household size (positive), age (negative impact), having a secondary occupation (negative impact), growing upland rice (positive impact), and past participation in PVS trials (positive impact) and living in a PVShosting village (positive impact) (Diagne, 2006b). In Guinea, the main socioeconomic determinants of NERICA adoption with positive effects were participation in a training program and living in a village where the NGO SG2000 has previously had activities (Diagne et al., 2006b). In Benin, the main socio-economic determinants with positive effects were land availability and living in a PVS-hosting village. In addition to the analysis of the socioeconomic determinants 122

Module 14 NERICA impact and adoption in sub-Saharan Africa

of NERICAadoption, it was also found in Benin that varietal attributes such as swelling capacity and short growing cycle were important determinants of NERICA adoption (Adegbola et al., 2006).

7KH SROLF\ LPSOLFDWLRQ RI WKH HPSLULFDO ÂżQGLQJV UHJDUGLQJ WKH important role played by PVS both in the diffusion and adoption of the NERICAs and both within and outside the populations involved in the trials goes beyond the endorsement and promotion of PVS as an effective tool for technology development and dissemination.

Indeed, the finding that the mere conduct of PVS trials in a community promotes the adoption of NERICA varieties beyond the subpopulation participating in the trials points to a possible strategy for scaling up PVS: focus on covering more villages with relatively few PVS participants per village (i.e. inter-village scaling up) and let the naturally-occurring phenomenon of â&#x20AC;&#x153;social learningâ&#x20AC;? about the characteristics of a technology do its work within the village community (i.e. the intra-village scaling up).

Unit 3 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Impact of NERICA adoption In CĂ´te dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ivoire, the NERICA impact assessment results show the impact of NERICA adoption on the average yield of rice to be KHWHURJHQHRXV ZLWK D VL]DEOH DQG VWDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQLÂżFDQW LPSDFW IRXQG IRU IHPDOH IDUPHUV NJ KD DQG QR VWDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQLÂżFDQW impact found for male farmers (Diagne 2006b). The results also suggest that a large number of farmers, especially those in the forest ecology, adopt the NERICA not because of its yield potential but because of its non-yield varietal attributes such as its short growth cycle, height, and consumption and grain qualities.

In Guinea, the results of the analysis of the impact of the introduction of NERICA technology on rice biodiversity shows that the relatively high level of NERICA adoption has not led to a concomitant reduction in the number of pre-existing cultivated rice varieties (Barry et al., 2006). It appears that because of their short duration, the NERICA

123

Module 14 NERICA impact and adoption in sub-Saharan Africa

varieties are used by farmers as a complement to traditional varieties and thus enhance the varietal diversity of rice.

In Benin, the results of the analysis of data for the 2003 season show WKDW WKH LPSDFW RI DGRSWLRQ RI 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV LV VLJQLยฟFDQW DQG positive for the yield, production and incomes of producers. Indeed, an additional rice yield gain of 1587 kg per hectare was achieved by NERICA-adopting farmers, giving them a per capita rice production JDLQ RI NJ DQG DGGLWLRQDO LQFRPH RI )&)$ ยง 86'

respectively. However, the impact at the national level was very limited because of the present limited diffusion of the NERICA varieties in Benin (Adegbola et al., 2006). Results from another analysis based on data from the 2004 season show that the impacts of NERICA adoption are higher for women than for men. Women potential adopters have a surplus of production of 850 kg of paddy per hectare compared to 517 kg per paddy for men, and an additional JDLQ RI )&)$ ยง 86' SHU KHFWDUH FRPSDUHG WR )&)$ ยง 86' IRU PHQ $JERK 1RDPHVKLH et al., 2006).

Yet another study on the impact of NERICA technology on child schooling in Benin found NERICA adoption to result in a 6% increase in school attendance rate, a 14% increase in the gender parity index DQG D )&)$ ยง 86' LQFUHDVH LQ VFKRRO H[SHQGLWXUH SHU child (Adekambi et al., 2006).

The impact of adoption of NERICA rice on consumption spending, calorie intake and poverty was also assessed by Adekambi et al., (2006). This study found that NERICA adoption had a positive impact on household spending per equivalent adult (+147.51 FCFA/day ยง 86' 7KH KLJKHVW LPSDFW ZDV REVHUYHG LQ IHPDOH KHDGHG KRXVHKROGV )&)$ GD\ ยง 86' FRPSDUHG WR )&)$ GD\ ยง 86' IRU PDOH KHDGHG KRXVHKROGV +RZHYHU WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH WZR JURXSV LV QRW VWDWLVWLFDOO\ VLJQLยฟFDQW ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH VSHQGLQJ GHยฟFLW UDWLR RI WKH SRRU KDV EHHQ UHGXFHG E\ 19%, proving that NERICA adoption has led to an improvement in 124

Module 14 NERICA impact and adoption in sub-Saharan Africa

the living conditions of poor households, reducing the gap between their expenditure and the poverty line by 19%. The NERICA varieties also led to an improvement in daily calorie intake of 35.82 kcal per HTXLYDOHQW DGXOW VLJQL¿FDQW DW WKH OHYHO

In the East African country of Uganda, rice was little grown until recently. The country became an early adopter of NERICAtechnology, and today rice is a cash crop for Ugandan growers. A NERICApromoting program has been undertaken as one of the major poverty eradication measures. An empirical analysis of NERICA impact on the income of rural households in the country attempted to compare actual crop income with the hypothetical income without NERICA varieties. This study revealed that on average a shift from maize to NERICA varieties with proper crop rotation increased income by between USD 273 and USD 481 per hectare. The introduction of NERICA rice varieties in Uganda tends to improve the incomes of UXUDO KRXVHKROGV LQ WKH FRXQWU\ DQG LV VHHQ DV D VLJQL¿FDQW HQWU\ SRLQW for poverty reduction (Lodin, 2005; Kijima et al., 2006).

Table 21. Summary results of the adoption and impact studies in Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, and Guinea.

Category

Benin

Côte d’Ivoire

Guinea

Average adoption rate of NERICA by farmers in sample (year)

18% (2004)

4% (2000)

23% (2001)

Average adoption rate, had all farmers been exposed to NERICA (year)

50% (2004)

27% (2000)

58%

Percentage of farmers adopting after being exposed to NERICA varieties (year)

68% (2004)

38% (2000)

53% (2001)

NERICA diffusion rate – % exposed to NERICA rice (year)

26% (2004)

9% (2000)

39% (2001)

125

Module 14 NERICA impact and adoption in sub-Saharan Africa

Estimated area under NERICA rice (year)

1995 ha (2003)

-

51,000 ha (2003)

Average NERICA impact on rice yield (year)

1,587 kg/ha (2003)

276* kg/ha (2000)

.085* kg/ha (2003)

Average NERICA impact on per capita rice production per year Average NERICA impact on per capita rice income per year

109 kg/capita (2003) 14,100 CFA ยง

Average NERICA impact on yield for female farmers (year)

850 kg/ha (2004)

741 kg/ha (2000)

Average NERICA impact on yield for male farmers (year)

517 kg/ha (2004)

-134* g/ha (2000)

Average NERICA impact on income for female farmers (year)

171,978CFA/ha ยง KD

-

Average NERICA impact on income for male farmers (year) Average NERICA impact on child school attendance rate

141,568CFA/ha ยง KD

6% (2004)

Average NERICA impact on the child school gender parity index

14% (2004)

Average NERICA impact on school expenditure per child

&)$ ยง

(2004)

Average NERICA impact on total daily consumption expenditure per adult equivalent

&)$ ยง

(2004)

Impact on daily calories intake per adult equivalent

36 kilocalories (2004)

Impact on the consumption exSHQGLWXUH GHยฟFLW UDWLR FRPSDUHG WR the poverty line)

-19% (2004)

* Not statistically different from zero at the 5% level

126

-

Module 15 Policies and institutions for promoting NERICA competitiveness in sub-Saharan Africa

POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS FOR PROMOTING NERICA RICE COMPETITIVENESS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Contributor: Patrick Kormawa Background WARDA member countries together account for nearly 17% of total world rice imports, amounting to an annual USD 1.4 billion in scarce foreign exchange that could instead be used to import strategic industrial and capital goods.

Rice – a major staple in Africa The trend in per capita rice consumption in West Africa is steadily upwards. It increased from 14 kg in the 1970s to 22 kg per person per year in the 1980s and is in 2005 almost 32 kg per person per year. However, the magnitude of increase during each period is also related to supply. As supply has increased over the years, so has per capita consumption which is expected to continue increasing as more rice becomes available and as population increases. This provides governments with both an opportunity and a challenge.

The growing demand provides an opportunity as developments along WKH ULFH FRPPRGLW\ FKDLQ FDQ SURYLGH MREV WR D VLJQL¿FDQW QXPEHU of people both in rural and urban areas.

Share of total rice imports in Africa The leading African rice-importing countries are Nigeria (16%), South Africa (11%), Senegal (9%), Côte d’Ivoire (8%), Sierra Leone (4%), Ghana (4%) and Burkina Faso (3%).

127

Module 15 Policies and institutions for promoting NERICA competitiveness in sub-Saharan Africa

It is projected that imports to these countries will continue to increase in the short and medium term. Among West African countries, the bulk of the projected increase in rice imports and consumption is expected from Nigeria, Senegal, CĂ´te dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ivoire, Sierra Leone, 0DOL *KDQD DQG /LEHULD DOWKRXJK WKH\ DOO KDYH VXIÂżFLHQW VXLWDEOH agro-ecologies for increasing their domestic rice production. These countries and other West African countries will continue to rely on imports unless new policies and programs to adequately promote domestic rice production and development of regional markets are put in place.

African countries need to wake up and invest in rice production, otherwise they will remain heavily dependent on Asia and the USA to supply rice to feed their growing populations, despite having suitable ecologies and water bodies to support for rice production.

What can policy do to improve the competitiveness of domestic rice?

For rice production in SSA to be competitive, production costs have to reduce, quality has to improve and prices of outputs have to be right. But how can this be done?

1. Develop rural input markets Unless farmers get access to seeds, chemical fertilizers and other complementary inputs to improve their yields, African rice farmers FDQQRW SURGXFH VXIÂżFLHQW ULFH WR IHHG WKH WHHPLQJ SRSXODWLRQ Governments should be encouraged to establish national Input Credit Guarantee Funds (ICGF) to accelerate the access of farmers to agricultural inputs. The private sector in most of West and Central Africa is not yet developed to the extent it can meet the task of SURYLGLQJ VXIÂżFLHQW TXDQWLWLHV RI LQSXWV DW WKH ULJKW WLPH 7KH IHZ private sector input dealers face high risks in supplying rural markets.

For example, there is no guarantee that farmers will repay loans if there is a crop failure â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a scenario that is mostly due to natural

128

Module 15 Policies and institutions for promoting NERICA competitiveness in sub-Saharan Africa

factors beyond the control of farmers. Governments can set up or be encouraged to use National Input Credit Guarantee Funds to help cover the risk faced by farmers and private input suppliers.

As extension services in most countries are being rationalized, capacity of the agro-input dealers should be enhanced to provide extension messages to rice farmers, particularly about new technologies.

2. Organize the domestic rice market Following rice market liberalization, farmers themselves now have WR ÂżQG PDUNHWV IRU WKHLU SURGXFH /DFNLQJ FROOHFWLYH DFWLRQ WKH\ DUH unable to negotiate higher prices for their produce with traders.

There is power in organization. When farmers are organized, they can overcome the disadvantage of their atomistic sizes and achieve economies of scale in product bulking, storage, transport and marketing. Most rice farmers do not have access to an organized market for their harvest. They are often left to the mercy of exploitative traders.

As more than 90% of rice farmers in West Africa are smallholders, ZLWKRXW DQ RUJDQL]HG PDUNHW VXFK IDUPHUV ZLOO QRW EHQHÂżW IURP economies of scale and size. Thus, policymakers must be encouraged to support programs that organize the rice market so that farmers and rice millers can get better returns on their investments.

3. Set up effective Market Information Services Market information is needed for farmers to know what to sell â&#x20AC;&#x201C; whether paddy or milled rice, where to sell, when to sell, and at what terms to sell to other market participants. The lack of PDUNHW LQIRUPDWLRQ FUHDWHV XQHTXDO SOD\LQJ ÂżHOGV EHWZHHQ PDUNHW middlemen and farmers. This negatively affects the terms of trade for smallholder farmers and raises market transaction costs. It also leads to poor integration of markets across space and time.

129

Module 15 Policies and institutions for promoting NERICA competitiveness in sub-Saharan Africa

Because traders do not have access to reliable market information, it LV FRPPRQ WR 多QG VLWXDWLRQV RI DUWL多FLDO VFDUFLW\ DV VXUSOXV DUHDV FR H[LVW ZLWK DUHDV RI GH多FLWV 7KLV KDV WKH HIIHFW RI ORZHULQJ IDUP JDWH SULFHV LQ VXUSOXV DUHDV DQG UDLVLQJ WKH SULFH RI ULFH LQ GH多FLW DUHDV 4. Improve policy and rural infrastructure The general policy and rural infrastructure environment needs to be improved to help farmers become competitive in accessing markets and raising their incomes. For this to happen, they need the following: Credit guarantee facility Private companies need to be linked up with rural agro dealers; to be part of an innovative private-public-community partnerships Rice processing technology and quality Rice processing is constrained by inadequate and inappropriate processing equipment, especially for post-harvest operations at the farm or village level, such as threshing, parboiling, milling, destoning and polishing. The inability to provide and use improved technologies in rice processing has led to the production of poor quality and substandard domestic rice that is not competitively marketable. The unavailability of these accessories and farmer and processor practices account for the poor quality of domestic rice processing.

In some countries, there are few existing large mills and most of these are owned by government or quasi-government parastatals. For example in Nigeria, the Pateggi, Uzo-Uwani, and the Agbede rice mills are typical examples of large mills. These mills combine rice milling with rice polishing, and in most cases they possess separate parboiling equipment. In other major rice producing countries like Sierra Leone, large mills are not popular with the farmers. It is also important to note that the existing large mills have broken down as a result of poor management, under utilization of capacity (leading

130

Module 15 Policies and institutions for promoting NERICA competitiveness in sub-Saharan Africa

WR XQSURÂżWDEOH EXVLQHVVHV ODFN RI VSDUH SDUWV DQG WKH JHQHUDO poor maintenance. Although there are private sector investors that might normally otherwise be willing to acquire and manage such large-scale rice mills, their concerns about policy inconsistency and infrastructure deficiencies are overriding factors for nonacquisition.

The major opportunities in the rice commodity chain lie post-harvest in private and public sector intervention to improve processing standards, quality and grades of domestic rice through investment in rice mills and capacity building for farmers and rice millers.

Improved post-harvest technologies to help in the production of uniform rice for seeds or consumption, in drying, destoning and parboiling are necessary. Capacity building will also be enhanced by strengthening processor groups and facilitating linkages not only to improved post-harvest technologies but also to credit. The rice milling industry has considerable potential to increase rural employment but requires initial investment in organization, management and capacity building of the major players in the rice value chain.

Bold government policies needed to help local rice producers Import tariffs: With the exception of Nigeria, the import tax regime of about 30% for rice in West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) countries and non-UEMOA countries encourages rice imports against the use of local production.

The Nigerian governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bold step towards improving the competitiveness of domestic rice production in Nigeria is a good example of what can be done. In Nigeria, the tariff on imported rice is about 120%. This policy provides an opportunity for rice farmers as well as millers to invest. The effect is already evident from a declining volume of imported rice with an attendant increase in the domestic price of rice. The volume of rice imported in 2003 was 2.5 million tonnes at the price of NGN 29.85 billion. In 2004 the volume imported was less than 1 million tonnes (0.84 million tonnes) but the price was higher (NGN 30.31 billion). This policy 131

Module 15 Policies and institutions for promoting NERICA competitiveness in sub-Saharan Africa

is also encouraging rice millers to invest in new equipment and to set up growers’ schemes with farmers. These initiatives will boost domestic output.

Support science and capacity building Africa will need to have solid science if it is to address most of the problems facing its farmers such as drought, soil fertility depletion, diseases and pests. The comparatively new science of biotechnology has much to offer. However, human capacity is still limited in this area.

Take advantage of regional initiatives Sub-Saharan Africa regions should take advantage of the opportunities offered by the subregional organizations – ECOWAS and UEMOA (in West Africa), SADDC (in Southern Africa) – as well as the continent-wide initiative NEPAD to promote rice production.

NEPAD has placed emphasis on agricultural development through its Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP), which has a goal of lifting the agricultural growth rate by &$$'3 KDV LGHQWL¿HG WZR SULRULW\ DUHDV WKDW DUH RI LPSRUWDQFH to rice sector development: • Harmonizing regional policies (ECOWAAP) • Scaling up transfer of selected technologies West African countries should use a subregional approach to promote rice production through common policies and scaling up of rice technologies, within the CAADP framework.

132

Module 15 Policies and institutions for promoting NERICA competitiveness in sub-Saharan Africa

Conclusions First, there is a need to invest in setting up rural input markets to supply agricultural inputs such as seeds and chemical fertilizers to farmers. Unless farmers get access to seeds, chemical fertilizers and other complementary inputs to improve their yields, West African ULFH IDUPHUV FDQQRW SURGXFH VXI¿FLHQW ULFH WR IHHG WKH SRSXODWLRQ Secondly, post-harvest handling and rice milling has to be improved to ensure improved quality.

Thirdly, the market for domestic rice needs to be organized and improved so they can get better returns for rice produced in Africa.

Fourthly, the general policy and rural infrastructure environment needs to be improved, to help farmers become competitive in accessing markets and raising their incomes.

However, developing competitiveness will need to have solid science if it is to address some of the emerging problems facing farmers such as drought, soil fertility depletion, diseases and pests. Thus support to rice research institutes or programs cannot be overstated. Making markets work for rice farmers must be seen as part of a long-term agenda, for which the development of human capacity is critical.

Knowledge drives product innovation. It provides the ‘searchlight’ DQG FDSDFLW\ IRU WKH LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ RI QHZ PDUNHW RSSRUWXQLWLHV It enhances the ability to compete effectively in markets. Also, NQRZOHGJH LV FULWLFDO IRU WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI ULFH VHFWRU VSHFL¿F policies, as well as sound market institutions. Rice market ‘knowledge chains’ need to be developed at several levels: • at the level of farmers associations and civil society • researchers and policy analysts • at the level of the private and public sectors.

133

Module 15 Policies and institutions for promoting NERICA competitiveness in sub-Saharan Africa

Africa Rice Center (WARDA), a knowledge-driven research and development organization, has dedicated its programs to help IDUPHUV SURFHVVRUV JRYHUQPHQWV HWF GHYHORS FRXQWU\ VSHFLÂżF and regional rice development programs to make markets work for farmers.

134

Module 16 NERICA rice and the United Nations Millenium Development Goals

NERICA AND THE UNITED NATIONS MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS Background information The development of NERICA through the partnership-owned Research for Development system has helped WARDA in addressing the United Nations Millennium Development Goal (MDG) priorities.

Here are a few illustrations.

MDG1 – Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger NERICA whose large-scale diffusion was driven by enthusiastic IDUPHU SDUWLFLSDWLRQ KDV DOUHDG\ GHPRQVWUDWHG VLJQL¿FDQW LPSDFWV on poverty alleviation. In Benin, for example, increased yields as a result of NERICA adoption have increased women farmers’ income

by USD 337 per hectare of NERICA cultivated (Agboh-Noameshie et al., 2007).

MDG2 – Achieve universal primary education In 2003–2004 a survey conducted by WARDA in Benin (Module 14) in partnership with the national research program (INRAB) showed that in farming families adopting NERICA there was: • a 6% increase in children’s school attendance rate • a 3% increase in youngsters continuing primary education • about USD 20 increase per child in school expenditure.

A study of NERICA rice growers in Uganda also highlighted schooling as a priority (Kijima et al., 2006a and 2006b).

135

Module 16 NERICA rice and the United Nations Millenium Development Goals

MDG3 – Promote gender equality and empower women The majority of upland rice farmers in SSA are women, who supply 52% labor in land preparation, 80% in sowing, 88% in weeding and 80% in harvesting. The short duration of the NERICA varieties are one of their major attractions for farmers. This can be a useful trait to escape drought and compete with weeds. Women rice farmers are PRVWO\ WDVNHG ZLWK ZHHGLQJ DFWLYLW\ LQ WKH ¿HOG MDG4 – Reduce child mortality The same survey referred to above (MDG2) revealed: • a 2% reduction in the frequency of child sickness in these families • a 5% increase in attendance at hospital when children fell sick • about USD 12 increase in family spending on child healthcare Better harvests with more yield put extra cash in NERICA farmers’ pockets to fund schooling, medical care and better diet.

MDG5 – Improve maternal health The protein content of some of the NERICA varieties has been found to be 25% higher (average of 10% protein for these NERICA lines vs. 8% for Asian rice in the world market). As the NERICA varieties have higher protein content than other rice varieties and are more nutritious than many of the traditional staples, farmers growing NERICAs have improved their diets. An improved diet leads to better health and there is a greater chance that a healthy mother will give birth to a healthy child than a weakened mother.

MDG6 – Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases As the largest employer in SSA, agriculture is particularly affected

by HIV/AIDS. This places a greater burden on the surviving farmers which can be eased by the introduction of improved crop varieties.

136

Module 16 NERICA rice and the United Nations Millenium Development Goals

For example, the high yielding NERICA varieties are also early maturing and thereby lessen the labor burden.

The CGIAR Systemwide Initiative on HIV/AIDS and Agriculture (SWIHA) is promoting NERICA technology as part of its program to mitigate the effects of the pandemic on farmers.

MDG7 – Ensure environmental sustainability %HQH¿WV IURP 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV OLH QRW RQO\ LQ LPSURYHG IRRG security, better diets and higher incomes for resource-limited farmers but also through less pressure on the environment. Since some of the NERICA varieties seem to cope well with less water in droughtprone environments, farmers may no longer have to practice slashand-burn agriculture.

MDG8 – Develop a global partnership for development Rice imports are draining more than USD 1 billion from precious foreign exchange reserves in SSA. Projections by WARDA show that a 20% increase in NERICA planting in SSA countries could result in a 5% reduction in the rice import bill. A range of partnership models including work with advanced universities, NARES and donors is being explored to accelerate NERICA dissemination. In 2006 it was estimated that about 200,000 hectares were under upland NERICA production in SSA.

137

Module 17 NERICA food preparation: from plant to plate

NERICA FOOD PREPARATION: FROM PLANT TO PLATE Contributors: Modesta Brym Akintayo and Inoussa Akintayo Background The performance of NERICA-based processed products suggests 1(5,&$ VRXUFHG ÀRXU FDQ HI¿FLHQWO\ VXEVWLWXWH IRU ZKHDW ÀRXU LQ PDQ\ FRQIHFWLRQHULHV 7KH SURFHVV RI SUHSDULQJ VHOHFWHG 1(5,&$ EDVHG SURGXFWV LV VXPPDUL]HG EHORZ

138

Module 17 NERICA food preparation: from plant to plate

139

Module 17 NERICA food preparation: from plant to plate

Preparation of selected NERICA-based products +RZ WR JHW 1(5,&$ Ã&#x20AC;RXU" 0LOO 1(5,&$ JUDLQ ZKROH RU EURNHQ JUDLQV LQWR Ã&#x20AC;RXU 6LHYH LQ D ¿QH PHVK VWUDLQHU Butter cookies Ingredients: J RI ULFH Ã&#x20AC;RXU 125 g of sugar VDFKHWV RI YDQLOOD VXJDU 3 or 4 eggs Preparation: SUH KHDW RYHQ WR GHJUHHV &HOVLXV 9 9 9 9 9

$GG EXWWHU WR VXJDU DQG EHDW LQWR D VPRRWK FUHDP $GG HJJV RQH E\ RQH DQG FRQWLQXH EHDWLQJ IRU VPRRWKQHVV 0L[ Ã&#x20AC;RXU DQG YDQLOOD VXJDU DQG DGG PL[WXUH WR FUHDP 0L[ DOO LQWR D VPRRWK SDVWH DQG VHW GRXJK LQ FRRNLH PROGV %DNH LQ RYHQ IRU PLQXWHV XQWLO LW VWDUWV WR EURZQ

Cocoa biscuits Ingredients: J RI ULFH Ã&#x20AC;RXU VRXSVSRRQV RI XQVZHHWHQHG FRFRD 100 g of butter 150 g of sugar RU HJJV \

VDFKHWV RI YDQLOOD VXJDU

140

Module 17 NERICA food preparation: from plant to plate

Preparation: SUH KHDW RYHQ WR GHJUHHV &HOVLXV 9 9 9 9

7KRURXJKO\ PL[ WKH Ã&#x20AC;RXU FRFRD DQG YDQLOOD VXJDU 0L[ EXWWHU DQG VXJDU LQWR D VPRRWK FUHDP 0L[ WKH Ã&#x20AC;RXU DQG FUHDP LQWR D VPRRWK SDVWH 'LVWULEXWH SDVWH LQWR ELVFXLW PROGV DQG EDNH LQ RYHQ IRU PLQXWHV XQWLO WKH\ VWDUW WR EURZQ

Ginger biscuits Ingredients: J RI ULFH Ã&#x20AC;RXU 125 g of sugar 125 g of butter 3 to 4 eggs WDEOHVSRRQV RI JUDWHG JLQJHU WHDVSRRQV RI EDNLQJ SRZGHU WHDVSRRQ RI ELFDUERQDWH WHDVSRRQV RI PLON SRZGHU Preparation: SUH KHDW RYHQ WR GHJUHHV &HOVLXV 9 9 9 9 9

0L[ Ã&#x20AC;RXU DQG EXWWHU $GG EDNLQJ SRZGHU DQG VXJDU %HDW HJJV DQG DGG WR PL[WXUH ZKLOH VWLUULQJ WR DYRLG OXPSV 6WLU WKH JLQJHU LQWR WKH SDVWH 0L[ PLON DQG ELFDUERQDWH SRXU LW DOO RQ WKH SDVWH DQG PL[ WKRURXJKO\ 9 .QHDG SDVWH LQWR VKDSH E\ KDQG 9 )ODWWHQ SDVWH LQWR WKH UHTXLUHG WKLFNQHVV DQG FXW 9 %DNH LQ RYHQ IRU WR PLQXWHV

141

Module 17 NERICA food preparation: from plant to plate

Pancakes Ingredients: J RI ULFH Ã&#x20AC;RXU OLWHU RI PLON 100g of sugar 6 eggs 9DQLOOD RU OHPRQ ]HVW Preparation: 9 9 9 9 9

:KLS HJJV DQG VXJDU LQWR D PRXVVH PL[WXUH 3RXU PL[WXUH RQ Ã&#x20AC;RXU DQG PL[ XQWLO VPRRWK 3RXU PLON RQ PL[WXUH DQG FRQWLQXH PL[LQJ XQWLO VPRRWK $GG D OLWWOH YDQLOOD RU OHPRQ ]HVW /HDYH WKH UHVXOWLQJ EDWWHU WR VHWWOH IRU VL[ KRXUV SUHIHUDEO\ LQ D FRROHU

Baking: 9 +HDW D SDQFDNH SDQ 9 2LO SDQ ZLWK D WHDVSRRQIXO RI RLO 9 3RXU D ODGOHIXO RI EDWWHU LQWR SDQ 9 )RU EHVW UHVXOWV WRVV WKH SDQFDNH DIWHU PLQXWHV WR EURZQ ERWK VLGHV 9 5HSHDW XQWLO WKH EDWWHU LV XVHG XS 6HUYH ZLWK KRQH\ RU MDP

142

References

References cited (WARDA staff and associate authorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; names in bold) Adegbola PY, Aminou A, Diagne A and SA Adekambi. 2006.

Evaluation de lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;impact ĂŠconomique des nouvelles variĂŠtĂŠs de riz NERICA au Benin : Evidence avec les modèles basĂŠs sur lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;approche 3DSHU SUHVHQWHG DW WKH ÂżUVW $IULFD 5LFH &RQJUHVV 'DU SUHVHQWHG DW WKH ÂżUVW $IULFD 5LFH &RQJUHVV 'DU contre factuel. 3DSHU es Salaam, Tanzania. 31 Julyâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;4 August, 2006.

Adekambi SA, Diagne A and G Biaou. 2006. Impact de lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;adoption des variĂŠtĂŠs NERICAs sur la scolarisation des enfants au BĂŠnin. MimĂŠo, Centre du riz pour lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Afrique (ADRAO), Cotonou, BĂŠnin. 28 pp. $IULFD 5LFH &HQWUH :$5'$ $QQXDO 5HSRUW %RXDNp &{WH dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ivoire. $IULFD 5LFH &HQWUH :$5'$ $QQXDO 5HSRUW %RXDNp &{WH dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ivoire. $IULFD 5LFH &HQWUH :$5'$ $QQXDO 5HSRUW Âą &RWRQRX Benin. $IULFD 5LFH &HQWUH :$5'$ 3URJUHVV 5HSRUW Âą -RLQW ,QWHUVSHFLÂżF +\EULGL]DWLRQ 3URMHFW :$5'$ &RWRQRX %HQLQ SS Agboh-Noameshie A, Kinkingninhoun FMM and A. Diagne. 2007. *HQGHUHG LPSDFW RI 1(5,&$ DGRSWLRQ RQ IDUPHUVÂś SURGXFWLRQ DQG LQFRPH LQ &HQWUDO %HQLQ 3DSHU SUHVHQWHG DW WKH QG $IULFDQ $VVRFLDWLRQ RI $JULFXOWXUDO (FRQRPLVWV &RQIHUHQFH $FFUD *KDQD 20â&#x20AC;&#x201C;22 August, 2007. $IULFD 5LFH &HQWHU :$5'$ $IULFD 5LFH 7UHQGV 2YHUYLHZ of recent developments in the Sub-Saharan Africa rice sector. Africa 5LFH &HQWHU %ULHI &RWRQRX %HQLQ :$5'$ SS Audebert A, Dingkuhn M, Jones MP and DE Johnson

3K\VLRORJLFDO PHFKDQLVPV IRU YHJHWDWLYH YLJRU RI LQWHUVSHFLÂżF XSODQG ULFHV Âą ,PSOLFDWLRQV IRU ZHHG FRPSHWLWLYHQHVV Japanese Journal of Crop Science Âą

143

References

Balasubramanian V, SiĂŠ 0 +LMPDQV 5- DQG . 2WVXND ,QFUHDVLQJ ULFH SURGXFWLRQ LQ VXE 6DKDUDQ $IULFD FKDOOHQJHV DQG opportunities. Advances in Agronomy Âą Barry MB, Diagne A, Sogbossi 0- 3KDP -/ 'LDZDUD 6 DQG 1 Ahmadi. 2006. Recent changes in varietal diversity of rice in Guinea (in press).

Becker L and R Diallo &KDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG FODVVLÂżFDWLRQ RI ULFH DJUR HFRV\VWHPV LQ &{WH GÂś,YRLUH %RXDNp &{WH GÂś,YRLUH :HVW $IULFD 5LFH 'HYHORSPHQW $VVRFLDWLRQ :$5'$ SS Becker M and DE Johnson /HJXPHV DV GU\ VHDVRQ IDOORZ in upland rice-based systems of West Africa. Biology and Fertility of Soils Âą Beye AM, Nwanze .) DQG * Manners. 2000. Successful on-farm VHHG PXOWLSOLFDWLRQ LQ &{WH GÂś,YRLUH DQG *XLQHD :HVW $IULFD 6HHG DQG 3ODQWLQJ 0DWHULDO Âą &KDXGKDU\ 5DP & DQG 'DW 9DQ 7UDQ &DQ $IULFD EH WKH IXWXUH 5LFH ERZO IRU $VLD" In: Proceedings of the 4th Asian International 5LFH &RQIHUHQFH &HEX WKH 3KLOLSSLQHV SS Dalton TJ and RG Guei. 2003. Productivity gains from rice genetic enhancement in West Africa countries and ecologies. World 'HYHORSPHQW Âą Diagne $ D 7KH GLIIXVLRQ DQG DGRSWLRQ RI 1(5,&$ ULFH YDULHWLHV LQ &{WH GÂś,YRLUH The Developing Economies Vol. 44

Âą Diagne $ E %UHG IRU :RPDQ 5LFH )DUPHUV" ,PSDFW RI 1(5,&$ $GRSWLRQ RQ 5LFH <LHOG LQ &{WH GÂś,YRLUH 0LPHR Mimeo. $IULFD Africa 5LFH &HQWHU :$5'$ &RWRQRX %HQLQ Diagne $ 6RJERVVL 0- 'LDZDUD 6 DQG $ &DPDUD D Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ĂŠtendue du succès de la dissĂŠmination des variĂŠtĂŠs NERICA en GuinĂŠe : (VWLPDWLRQ GHV VXSHUÂżFLHV HPEODYpHV 0LPpR &RWRQRX %pQLQ Centre du riz pour lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Afrique (ADRAO).

144

References

Diagne $ .RXDPH $. &RPRp '+ DQG 5* Guei. 2006b. Les contraintes Ă la diffusion et Ă lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;adoption des variĂŠtĂŠs amĂŠliorĂŠes de riz en CĂ´te dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ivoire. Mimeo. Cotonou, BĂŠnin : Centre du riz pour lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Afrique (ADRAO).

Diatta S, SiĂŠ M, Sahrawat ./ DQG $ Audebert ,URQ 7R[LFLW\ LQ WKH ORZODQGV SRVWHU SUHVHQWHG DW WKH st Technical Working *URXS PHHWLQJ )HEUXDU\Âą 0DUFK :RRGODQGV 7H[DV USA. Dingkuhn M, Jones M, Johnson D, Fofana B and A Sow Oryza sativa and O. glaberrima genepools for high-yielding, ZHHG FRPSHWLWLYH ULFH SODQW W\SHV In: )XNDL 6 &RRSHU 0 6DOLVEXU\ - HGV %UHHGLQJ 6WUDWHJLHV IRU UDLQIHG ORZODQG ULFH LQ GURXJKW SURQH HQYLURQPHQWV $&,$5 3URFHHGLQJV 1R $XVWUDOLDQ &HQWUH IRU ,QWHUQDWLRQDO $JULFXOWXUDO 5HVHDUFK &DQEHUUD $XVWUDOLD SS Âą Dingkuhn M, Jones MP, Johnson DE and A Sow *URZWK and yield potential of Oryza sativa DQG 2. glaberrima upland rice FXOWLYDUV DQG WKHLU LQWHUVSHFLÂżF SURJHQLHV Field Crops Research Âą )DJDGH 62 <LHOG JDSV DQG SURGXFWLYLW\ GHFOLQH LQ ULFH SURGXFWLRQ LQ 1LJHULD 3DSHU SUHVHQWHG DW WKH ([SHUW &RQVXOWDWLRQ RQ \LHOG JDS DQG SURGXFWLRQ GHFOLQH LQ ULFH Âą 6HSWHPEHU )$2 5RPH ,WDO\ SS )DOXVL $2 $JULFXOWXUDO GHYHORSPHQW DQG IRRG SURGXFWLRQ LQ 1LJHULD SUREOHPV DQG SURVSHFWV In: % 6KDLG 12 $GHGLSH 0 $OL\X DQG -LU 0 HGV ,QWHJUDWHG $JULFXOWXUDO 3URGXFWLRQ LQ 1LJHULD 6WUDWHJLHV DQG 0HFKDQLVP 1$53 0RQRJUDSK 1R SS Âą Guei GR, Adam $ DQG . Traore &RPSDUDWLYH VWXGLHV RI VHHG dormancy characteristics of Oryza VSHFLHV DQG WKHLU LQWHUVSHFLÂżF SURJHQLHV 6HHG 6FLHQFH 7HFKQRORJ\ Âą *XLGHUGRQL ( *DOLQDWR ( /XLVWUR - DQG * 9HUJDUD $QWKHU FXOWXUH RI WURSLFDO MDSRQLFD [ LQGLFD K\EULGV RI ULFH Oryza sativa L.).

Euphytica Âą

145

References

-DSDQ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RRSHUDWLRQ $JHQF\ -,&$ 3URFHHGLQJV Promotion of Rice Production and Dissemination in Africa, $,&$' 1DLUREL .HQ\D )HEUXDU\ S Johnson '( 5LFKHV &5 Diallo R and MJ Jones Striga RQ ULFH LQ :HVW $IULFD &URS KRVW UDQJH DQG WKH SRWHQWLDO RI KRVW resistance. Crop Protection Âą

Johnson DE, M Dingkuhn, MP Jones DQG 0& 0DKDPDQH 7KH LQĂ&#x20AC;XHQFH RI ULFH SODQW W\SH RQ WKH HIIHFW RI ZHHG FRPSHWLWLRQ on Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima. Weed Research 207â&#x20AC;&#x201C;216.

Jones 03 D %DVLF EUHHGLQJ VWUDWHJLHV IRU KLJK \LHOGLQJ ULFH YDULHWLHV DW :$5'$ -DSDQHVH - &URS 6FLHQFH H[WUD LVVXH Jones 03 E )RRG VHFXULW\ DQG PDMRU WHFKQRORJLFDO FKDOOHQJHV WKH FDVH RI ULFH LQ VXE 6DKDUDQ $IULFD -DSDQHVH - &URS 6FLHQFH H[WUD LVVXH Jones MP, Dingkuhn M, Aluko *. DQG 0 Semon D . Diversity 'LYHUVLW\ and potential of Oryza glaberrima Steud. in upland rice breeding.

Breeding Science Âą Jones MP, Dingkuhn M, Johnson '( DQG 62 )DJDGH E ,QWHUVSHFLÂżF K\EULGL]DWLRQ SURJUHVV DQG SURVSHFW 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH ZRUNVKRS $IULFD $VLD MRLQW UHVHDUFK LQWHUVSHFLÂżF K\EULGL]DWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH $IULFDQ DQG $VLDQ ULFH VSHFLHV Oryza sativa L. Ă&#x2014; O. glaberrima 6WHXG :$5'$ 0Âś%p %RXDNp &{WH GÂś,YRLUH Âą 'HFHPEHU %RXDNp &{WH GÂś,YRLUH :$5'$ SS .LMLPD < 6VHUXQNXXPD ' DQG . 2WVXND D D +RZ +RZ revolutionary is WKH 1(5,&$ 5HYROXWLRQ" (YLGHQFH IURP 8JDQGD The Developing Economies ;/,9Âą Âą .LMLPD < 2WVXND . DQG ' 6VHUXQNXXPD E $VVHVVLQJ WKH LPSDFW RI D QHZ WHFKQRORJ\ RQ SRYHUW\ UHGXFWLRQ 7KH &DVH RI 1(5,&$ LQ 8JDQGD 3DSHU SUHVHQWHG DW WKH 0LQL V\PSRVLXP Âł1HZ Technology Development to reduce hunger in sub-Saharan Africaâ&#x20AC;?

RUJDQL]HG IRU WKH WK &RQIHUHQFH RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO $VVRFLDWLRQ of Agricultural Economists. 12â&#x20AC;&#x201C;18 August, 2006.

146

References

.RXNR :2 0DNLKDUD ' &KRNH - DQG 3 :DNKX 1(5,&$ UHVHDUFK DQG SURPRWLRQ LQ .HQ\D 3DSHU SUHVHQWHG DW WKH -,&$ Seminar on Sustainable Rice Farming in Africa. 6â&#x20AC;&#x201C;8 December 2006. Accra, Ghana.

Lançon ) DQG 2 Erenstein. 2002. Potential and prospects for rice production in West Africa. Paper presented at the Sub-Regional :RUNVKRS RQ +DUPRQL]DWLRQ RI 3ROLFLHV DQG &R RUGLQDWLRQ RI 3URJUDPPHV RQ 5LFH LQ WKH (&2:$6 6XE 5HJLRQ $FFUD *KDQD ¹ )HEUXDU\ Manneh % 6WDP 3 6WUXLN 3& Bruce-Oliver 6 DQG )$ YDQ (HXZLMN 2007. QTL-base analysis of genotype by environment interaction for grain yield of rice in stress and non stress environments.

Euphytica Âą 1DFUR +% %HQHVW ' DQG / $EEDGLH 'LVWULEXWLRQ RI PLFURELDO activities and organic matter according to particle size in a KXPLG VDYDQQD VRLO /DPWR &{WH GÂś,YRLUH 6RLO %LRORJ\ DQG %LRFKHPLVWU\ Âą Nwilene )( :LOOLDPV &7 8NZXQJZX 01 'DNRXR ' 1DFUR 6 +DPDGRXQ $ .DPDUD 6, Okhidievbie 2 Abamu FJ and A Adam. 2002. Reactions of differential rice genotypes to African rice gall midge in West Africa. International Journal of Pest Management Âą .

Oikeh 62 Nwilene F, Diatta S, Osiname 2 TourĂŠ $ DQG 2 2NKLGLHYELH D Agrophysiological $JURSK\VLRORJLFDO responses UHVSRQVHV of RI upland XSODQG 1(5,&$ ULFH WR QLWURJHQ DQG SKRVSKRUXV IHUWLOL]DWLRQ LQ WKH forest agroecolology of West Africa. Paper presented at the ASA&66$ 666$ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 0HHWLQJV ,QGLDQDSROLV 86$ 12â&#x20AC;&#x201C;16 November 2006.

Oikeh 62 Sahrawat ./ Somado EA, TourĂŠ A, Diatta S and L Narteh. 2006b. Differential phosphorus responses of cover crops DQG WKHLU FRQWULEXWLRQ LQ LPSURYLQJ \LHOGV RI ULFH JURZQ LQ URWDWLRQ on Ultisols in West Africa. Book of Abstracts for the Africa Rice &RQJUHVV -XO\Âą $XJXVW 'DU HV 6DODDP 7DQ]DQLD

147

References

6DQQL / $OHQNKH % (GRVLR 5 3DWLQR 0 DQG $ 'L[RQ 7HFKQRORJ\ WUDQVIHU LQ GHYHORSLQJ FRXQWULHV FDSLWDOL]LQJ on equipment development. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment ± Semagn . Ndjiondjop MN and M Cissoko. 2006. Microsatellites and agronomic traits for assessing genetic relationships among 1HZ 5LFH IRU $IULFD 1(5,&$ YDULHWLHV $IULFDQ -RXUQDO RI %LRWHFKQRORJ\

6SHQFHU ' 'RUZDUG $ $EDOX * 3KLOLS ' DQG ' 2JXQJELOH (YDOXDWLRQ RI DGRSWLRQ RI 1(5,&$ DQG RWKHU LPSURYHG XSODQG ULFH YDULHWLHV IROORZLQJ YDULHWDO SURPRWLRQ DFWLYLWLHV LQ 1LJHULD $ VWXG\ IRU WKH *DWVE\ DQG 5RFNHIHOOHU )RXQGDWLRQV ¿QDO UHSRUW SS 6ROK 0 5LFH LV OLIH LQ DQG EH\RQG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5LFH &RPPLVVLRQ 1HZVOHWWHU 9RO ± 8NZXQJZX 01 :LQVORZ 0' DQG 97 -RKQ 6HYHUH RXWEUHDN of rice gall midge (GM) in the savannah zone, Nigeria. International 5LFH 5HVHDUFK 1HZVOHWWHU 9RO ± Watanabe + Futakuchi . Teslim I and BA Sobambo. 2002a.

0LOOLQJ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG JUDLQ TXDOLW\ WUDLWV RI LQWHUVSHFL¿F progenies of Asian rice (Oryza sativa ZLWK $IULFDQ ULFH Oryza glaberrima). Japanese Journal of Tropical $JULFXOWXUH

± Watanabe + Futakuchi . Jones MP, Teslim I and BA Sobambo.

2002b. Brabender Viscogram characteristics of interspecific progenies of Oryza glaberrima Steud. and O. sativa L. Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi. Japanese Journal of Food 6FLHQFH DQG 7HFKQRORJ\ ± :LOOLDPV &7 8NZXQJZX 01 Singh %1 DQG 2 Okhidievbie. 2001.

Assessment of host plant resistance in Oryza sativa to the African rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzivora +DUULV DQG *DJQH 'LSW Cecidomyiidae ZLWK D GHVFULSWLRQ RI D QHZ PHWKRG IRU VFUHHQLQJ XQGHU DUWL¿FLDO LQIHVWDWLRQ Journal of Applied Entomology

148

References

Further reading $OEDU / %RLVQDUG $ +pEUDUG ( 6RUKR ) 7UDRUH 2 Ndjiondjop MN, Bangratz-Reyser M, Pinel A, SĂŠrĂŠ < .RQDWH * )DUJHWWH ' DQG $ *KHVTXLqUH 5HVLVWDQFH RI ULFH DJDLQVW 5LFH \HOORZ PRWWOH YLUXV LGHQWLÂżFDWLRQ DQG EUHHGLQJ RI D PDMRU JHQH DQG 47/V â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Advances in sources, mechanisms and durability of resistance against plant viruses and vectorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. ResistVir Workshop. Alicante, Spain. 2 February 2006. $OEDU / /RULHX[ 0 $KPDGL 1 5LPEDLOW , 3LQHO $ Sy AA, Fargette ' DQG $ *KHVTXLqUH *HQHWLF EDVLV DQG PDSSLQJ RI WKH UHVLVWDQFH WR ULFH \HOORZ PRWWOH YLUXV , 47/V LGHQWLÂżFDWLRQ DQG UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ UHVLVWDQFH DQG SODQW PRUSKRORJ\ Theoretical and Applied Genetics Âą Asch F, Dingkuhn M, Sow A and A Audebert. 'URXJKW induced changes in rooting patterns and assimilate partitioning EHWZHHQ URRW DQG VKRRW LQ XSODQG ULFH Field Crops Research

Âą Asch F, Dingkuhn 0 :LWWVWRFN & DQG . 'RHUIĂ&#x20AC;LQJ 6RGLXP and potassium uptake of rice panicles as affected by salinity and season in relation to yield and yield components. Plant and Soil Âą Asch F, Sow A and M Dingkuhn 5HVHUYH PRELOL]DWLRQ GU\ PDWWHU SDUWLWLRQLQJ DQG VSHFLÂżF OHDI DUHD LQ VHHGOLQJV RI $IULFDQ rice cultivars differing in early vigor. Field Crops Research Âą %RLYLQ 3 )DYUH ) +DPPHFNHU & 0DHJKW -/ 'HODULYLqUH - 3RXVVLQ -& DQG 0&6 Wopereis. 2002. Processes driving soil solution FKHPLVWU\ LQ D Ă&#x20AC;RRGHG ULFH FURSSHG YHUWLVRO DQDO\VLV RI ORQJ WLPH monitoring data. Geoderma Âą &KHQ ; 7HPQ\NK 6 ;X < &KR <* DQG 65 0F&RXFK 'HYHORSPHQW RI D PLFURVDWHOOLWH IUDPHZRUN PDS SURYLGLQJ JHQRPH ZLGH FRYHUDJH LQ ULFH Oryza sativa L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics Âą 149

References

&KR <* ,VKLL 7 DQG 65 0F&RXFK 2000. 0DSSLQJ Mapping DQG and genome JHQRPH organization of microsatellite sequences in rice (Oryza sativa L.).

Theoretical and Applied Genetics Âą &REXUQ -5 6YLHWODQD 7 (GGLH 3 DQG 65 0F&RXFK 'HVLJQ and application of microsatellite marker panels for semiautomated genotyping of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Crop Science Âą Coyne DL, Sahrawat ./ DQG 5$ 3ORZULJKW 7KH LQĂ&#x20AC;XHQFH of mineral fertilizer application and plant nutrition on plantSDUDVLWLF QHPDWRGHV LQ XSODQG DQG ORZODQG ULFH LQ &{WH GÂś,YRLUH and its implications in long term agricultural research trials.

Experimental Agriculture Âą Dalton TJ and RG Guei. 2003. Productivity gains from rice genetic HQKDQFHPHQWV LQ :HVW $IULFD &RXQWULHV DQG HFRORJLHV :RUOG 'HYHORSPHQW Âą De Dorlodot S, Lutts S and P Bertin. (IIHFWV Effects of RI ferrous IHUURXV iron LURQ WR[LFLW\ RQ WKH JURZWK DQG PLQHUDO FRPSRVLWLRQ RI LQWHUVSHFLÂżF rice. Journal of Plant Nutrition Âą Defoer T, Wopereis 0&6 Jones MP, Lançon ) DQG 2 Erenstein. &KDOOHQJHV LQQRYDWLRQ DQG FKDQJH WRZDUGV ULFH EDVHG IRRG VHFXULW\ LQ VXE 6DKDUDQ $IULFD SS Âą In: Proceedings of WKH WK 6HVVLRQ RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5LFH &RPPLVVLRQ %DQJNRN 7KDLODQG Âą -XO\ 5RPH ,WDO\ )$2 Defoer T, Wopereis 0&6 Jones MP, Lançon F, Erenstein 2 DQG RG Guei. 2004. Rice-based production systems for food security and poverty alleviation in sub-Saharan Africa. International Rice &RPPLVVLRQ 1HZVOHWWHU Âą 'HPEpOp < .DPELUp < DQG 0 SiĂŠ Gestion de lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;eau et de lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;azote en riziculture irriguĂŠe dans la VallĂŠe du Kou (Burkina Faso). Cahiers Agriculture 14(6).

Diagne $ 7DNLQJ 7DNLQJ D QHZ ORRN DW (PSLULFDO 0RGHOV RI $GRSWLRQ D QHZ ORRN DW (PSLULFDO 0RGHOV RI $GRSWLRQ Average Treatment Effect estimation of Adoption rate and its Determinants. (In press, Agricultural Economics Vol. 37.

150

References

Diagne A. 2006. Le NERICA, mythe et rĂŠalitĂŠ. Grain de Sel Numero Âą Diagne A and MJ Sogbossi. 2006. Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;impact de lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;introduction des NERICAs sur la demande actuelle et potentielle de semences de NERICA et autres variĂŠtĂŠs de riz en GuinĂŠe. MimĂŠo. Cotonou, BĂŠnin : Centre du riz pour lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Afrique (ADRAO).

Diagne A, Sogbossi 0- 'LDZDUD 6 'LDOOR $6 DQG $ %DUU\ Evaluation de la diffusion et de lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;adoption des variĂŠtĂŠs de riz NERICA en GuinĂŠe. MimĂŠo. Cotonou, BĂŠnin : Centre du riz pour lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Afrique (ADRAO).

Dingkuhn M and F Asch 3KHQRORJLFDO UHVSRQVHV RI Oryza sativa, O. glaberrima DQG LQWHUVSHFLÂżF ULFH FXOWLYDUV RQ D WRSRVTXHQFH uence in West Africa. Euphytica Âą Dingkuhn 0 0RGHOOLQJ FRQFHSWV IRU WKH SKHQRW\SLF SODVWLFLW\ of dry matter and nitrogen partitioning in rice. Agricultural Systems Âą Dingkuhn M, Audebert A, Jones MP, Etienne . DQG $ Sow &RQWURO RI VWRPDWDO FRQGXFWDQFH DQG OHDI UROOLQJ LQ O. sativa and O. glaberrima upland rice. Field Crops Research Âą Dingkuhn 0 6FKQLHU +) 'H 'DWWD 6. 'RHUIĂ&#x20AC;LQJ . DQG & -DYHOODQD 5HODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ ULSHQLQJ SKDVH SURGXFWLYLW\ DQG FURS duration, canopy photosynthesis and senescence in transplanted and GLUHFW VHHGHG ORZODQG ULFH Field Crops Research Âą (EURQ /$ )XNXWD < ,PEH 7 .DWR + <DQRULD 0-7 Tsunematsu + .KXVK *6 .RED\DVKL 1 DQG 0 <RNRR ,GHQWLÂżFDWLRQ RI EODVW resistance genes in elite indica-type varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Breeding and Genetics 37(1).

Erenstein E, Oswald A, Sumberg J, Levasseur 9 DQG + Kore. 2006.

What future for rice-vegetable production systems in West African ORZODQGV" Agricultural Systems Âą 'HWHUPLQDQWV RI ORZODQG RI ORZODQG Erenstein 2 Oswald A and M Moussa 'HWHUPLQDQWV use close to urban markets along an agro-ecological gradient in West Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment â&#x20AC;&#x201C;217.

151

References

Erenstein 2. ,QWHQVLILFDWLRQ RU H[WHQVLILFDWLRQ" )DFWRUV DIIHFWLQJ WHFKQRORJ\ XVH LQ SHUL XUEDQ ORZODQGV DORQJ DQ DJUR ecological gradient in West Africa Agricultural Systems Âą Fofana B and R Rauber. 2000. Weed suppression ability of upland ULFH XQGHU ORZ LQSXW FRQGLWLRQV LQ :HVW $IULFD Weed Research 40, 271â&#x20AC;&#x201C;280.

Futakuchi . &XUUHQW UHVHDUFK DFWLYLWLHV DQG WKHLU RXWORRN LQ $IULFD 5LFH &HQWHU :$5'$ Agriculture and Horticulture

Âą Futakuchi . Audebert A, Jones MP and M Dingkuhn /RZODQG DGDSWDELOLW\ RI LQWHUVSHFLÂżF SURJHQLHV IURP Oryza sativa and O. glaberrima FURVVHV 6FUHHQLQJ IRU JURZWK DQG \LHOG SHUIRUPDQFH RI SURJHQLHV LQ ORZODQG FRQGLWLRQV -DSDQHVH -RXUQDO RI &URS 6FLHQFH Âą Futakuchi . 6 7RELWD 6 Diatta and A Audebert. 2003. WARDAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ZRUN RQ WKH 1HZ 5LFH IRU $IULFD 1(5,&$ Âą ,QWHUVSHFLÂżF Oryza sativa L. Ă&#x2014; O. glaberrima Steud. Progenies. Japanese Journal of &URS 6FLHQFH ([WUD LVVXH Âą Heuer S, Miezan .0 SiĂŠ M and S Gaye. 2003. Increasing ELRGLYHUVLW\ RI LUULJDWHG ULFH LQ $IULFD E\ LQWHUVSHFLÂżF FURVVLQJ of O. glaberrima Ă&#x2014; O. sativa. Euphytica Âą Guei RG, Sanni .$ Abamu )- DQG , )DZROH. . Genetic diversity of rice (Oryza sativa / ODQGUDFHV IURP &{WH GÂś,YRLUH Agronomie Africaine VSHFLDO LVVXH Âą Haefele 60 DQG 0&6 Wopereis 6SDWLDO YDULDELOLW\ RI LQGLJHQRXV VXSSOLHV IRU 1 3 DQG . DQG LWV LPSDFW RQ IHUWLOL]HU VWUDWHJLHV IRU LUULJDWHG ULFH LQ :HVW $IULFD 3ODQW DQG 6RLO

Âą +DUVFK ( 2004. Un riz miracle africain: Des variĂŠtĂŠs de NERICA Ă haut rendement, contre re la faim et la pauvretĂŠ rurale. Afrique Relance Âą

152

References

Ikeda 5 0XOWLSOLFDWLRQ RI 1(5,&$ VHHGV DQG VXSSRUW IRU African rice cultivation (in Japanese). Sekai no Norin-Suisan

± -DFTXRW 0 9DULHWDO LPSURYHPHQW SURJUDPPH IRU SOXYLDO ULFH in Francophone Africa. In: IW Buddenhagen and GJ Persley HGV 5LFH LQ $IULFD /RQGRQ 1HZ <RUN $FDGHPLF 3UHVV

Johnson DE, Dingkuhn M, Jones 03 DQG 0& Mahamane 7KH LQÃ&#x20AC;XHQFH RI ULFH SODQW W\SH RQ WKH HIIHFW RI ZHHG FRPSHWLWLRQ on O. sativa and O. glaberrima. Weed Research 38, 207â&#x20AC;&#x201C;216.

Johnson DE, Jones MP, Dalton TJ and M Dingkuhn 5LFH SODQW W\SHV IRU DUHDV RI ORZ LQSXW PDQDJHPHQW LQ :HVW $IULFD In: 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK 6HVVLRQ RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5LFH &RPPLVVLRQ ± 6HSWHPEHU &DLUR (J\SW )$2 5RPH ,WDO\ SS ± Jones 03 %DVLF EUHHGLQJ VWUDWHJLHV IRU KLJK \LHOGLQJ ULFH YDULHWLHV DW :$5'$ -DSDQHVH -RXUQDO RI &URS 6FLHQFH H[WUD LVVXH ± Jones 03 )RRG )RRG VHFXULW\ DQG PDMRU WHFKQRORJLFDO FKDOOHQJHV VHFXULW\ DQG PDMRU WHFKQRORJLFDO FKDOOHQJHV 7KH FDVH RI ULFH LQ 6XE 6DKDUDQ $IULFD -DSDQHVH -RXUQDO RI &URS Science H[WUD LVVXH ± Jones MP, Johnson '( DQG 7 .RXSHU 6HOHFWLRQ 6HOHFWLRQ IRU ZHHG IRU ZHHG competitiveness in upland rice. International Rice Research Notes

± .DQJ '- 6HR <- Futakuchi . 9LMDUQVRUQ 3 DQG 5 ,VKLL 6WXGLHV RQ WKH DFLG VRLO WROHUDQFH RI 1(5,&$ ,, $OXPLQXP WROHUDQFH PHFKDQLVP LQ 1(5,&$ OLQHV -DSDQHVH -RXUQDO RI &URS 6FLHQFH ([WUD LVVXH ± .DQJ '- 6HR <- 2KLVKL + Futakuchi . 9LMDUQVRUQ 3 DQG 5 ,VKLL 6WXGLHV RQ WKH DFLG VRLO WROHUDQFH RI 1(5,&$ ,,, *UDLQ \LHOG RI DFLG WROHUDQW 1(5,&$V XQGHU DFLG VXOSKDWH VRLO FRQGLWLRQV -DSDQHVH -RXUQDO RI &URS 6FLHQFH ([WUD LVVXH ±

153

References

Kebbeh M, MiĂŠzan . 6HGJR 05 DQG 6 *XLQNR Performances dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;une gestion intĂŠgrĂŠe des nutriments pour la production de riz irriguĂŠ dans la plaine de Bagre au Burkina Faso. Performance of integrated nutrient management in rice production in the Bagre plain in Burkina Faso. Agronomie Africaine VSHFLDO ial LVVXH Âą Kebbeh 0 1GRXU 0 DQG 0 .RXDPH )DFWRU SURGXFWLYLW\ DQG WHFKQLFDO HIÂżFLHQF\ LQ $IULFDQ ULFH IDUPLQJ FDVH RI LUULJDWHG ULFH in the Senegal River Valley. 3URGXFWLYLWp GHV IDFWHXUV HW HIÂżFDFLWp technique dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ĂŠlevage du riz Africain : le cas de la riziculture LUULJXpH GDQV OD YDOOpH GX Ă&#x20AC;HXYH 6pQpJDO Agronomie Africaine VSHFLDO LVVXH Âą .LMLPD < 6VHUXQNXXPD ' DQG . 2WVXND +RZ +RZ revolutionary is WKH 1(5,&$ 5HYROXWLRQ" (YLGHQFH IURP 8JDQGD The Developing Economies 44 (2).

Kormawa P, Shellemiah . DQG $$ TourĂŠ 'HYHORSPHQW and Future prospects for rice research and production in Africa.

Agronomie mie Africaine Africaine VSHFLDO LVVXH Âą /RULHX[ 0 Ndjiondjop 0 1 DQG $ *KHVTXLqUH $ $ ÂżUVW ÂżUVW LQWHUVSHFLÂżF Oryza sativa Ă&#x2014; O. glaberrima microsatellite-based genetic linkage map. Theoretical and Applied Genetics Âą SiĂŠ 0 'RJEH 6< DQG 0 &RXOLEDO\ 6HOHFWLRQ RI LQWHUVSHFLÂżF hybrids (O. sativa Ă&#x2014; O. glaberrima RU ORZODQG 1(5,&$V DQG LQWUDVSHFLÂżFV DGDSWHG WR UDLQIHG ORZODQG JURZLQJ FRQGLWLRQV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5LFH &RPPLVVLRQ 1HZVOHWWHU Âą 0F&RXFK 65 .RFKHUW * <X =+ :DQJ =< .KXVK *6 &RIIPDQ :5 DQG 6' 7DQNVOH\ 0ROHFXODU PDSSLQJ RI ULFH FKURPRVRPHV Theoretical Applied Genetics Âą 0XUUD\ 0* DQG :) 7KRPSVRQ 5DSLG LVRODWLRQ RI KLJK PROHFXODU ZHLJKW SODQW '1$ 1XFOHLF $FLGV 5HVHDUFK Âą

154

References

Narteh, LT, Winslow M, Youm 2 DQG 62 Keya. 2006. PartnerGULYHQ DJULFXOWXUDO UHVHDUFK IRU GHYHORSPHQW QHWZRUNV LQ :HVW $IULFD 7KH FDVH RI 52&$5,= .0 ' -RXUQDO Âą Narteh, LT, Moussa M, 2WRR ( $QGDK :(, DQG .2 $VXERQWHQJ 2007. Evaluating inland valley agro-ecosystems in Ghana using a multi-scale characterization approach. Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 42.

Semagn . Ndjiondjop 01 /RULHX[ 0 Cissoko M, Jones M DQG 65 0F&RXFK 0ROHFXODU SURÂżOLQJ RI DQ LQWHUVSHFLÂżF ULFH SRSXODWLRQ GHULYHG IURP D FURVV EHWZHHQ :$% (Oryza sativa DQG &* Oryza glaberrima). African Journal of Biotechnology

Ndjiondjop MN, Semagn . Cissoko M, Tsunematsu + DQG 03 Jones. 2006. Genetic relationships among rice varieties based on H[SUHVVHG VHTXHQFH WDJV DQG PLFURVDWHOOLWH PDUNHUV $VLDQ -RXUQDO 3ODQW 6FLHQFH Âą Ndjiondjop 01 $OEDU / )DUJHWWH ' )DXTXHW & DQG $ *KHVTXLqUH 7KH JHQHWLF EDVLV RI KLJK UHVLVWDQFH WR ULFH \HOORZ PRWWOH YLUXV 5<09 LQ FXOWLYDUV RI WKH WZR FXOWLYDWHG ULFH VSHFLHV Plant Disease Âą Nguyen VN and A Ferrero. 2006. Meeting the challenges of global ULFH SURGXFWLRQ 3DGG\ :DWHU (QYLURQPHQW Âą Nwanze .) Mohapatra S, Kormawa P, Keya S and S BruceOliver. 2006. Perspective. Rice Development in sub-Saharan $IULFD -RXUQDO RI 6FLHQFH )RRG DQG $JULFXOWXUH Âą Nwilene FE, Onasanya A, Okhidievbie 2 SĂŠrĂŠ Y, Ndjiondjop 01 DQG , ,QJHOEUHFKW ,GHQWLÂżFDWLRQ DQG GLIIHUHQWLDWLRQ RI ,GHQWLÂżFDWLRQ DQG GLIIHUHQWLDWLRQ RI three Nigerian Orseolia species by RAPD markers. Asian Journal RI 3ODQW 6FLHQFHV Âą .

Nwilene FE, Togola MA, Youm 2 DQG $ +DPDGRXQ )DUPHU SDUWLFLSDWRU\ OHDUQLQJ RQ LQWHJUDWHG FURS PDQDJHPHQW RI ORZODQG ULFH LQ 0DOL ,QWHUQDWLRQDO ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5LFH 5HVHDUFK 1RWHV Âą 5LFH 5HVHDUFK 1RWHV Âą

155

References

Ogunbayo SA, 2MR '., Guei RG, 2\HODNLQ 22 DQG .$ Sanni.

Phylogenetic diversity and relationships among 40 rice accessions using morphological and RAPDs techniques. African Journal of Biotechnology 4 (11), 1234â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1244.

2ND + $QDO\VLV RI JHQHV FRQWUROOLQJ )1 sterility in rice by the use of isogenic lines. Genetics Âą 2OXIRZRWH -2 ;X < &KHQ ; 3DUN :' %HDFKHOO +0 'LOGD\ 5+ *RWR 0 DQG 65 0F&RXFK &RPSDUDWLYH HYDOXDWLRQ RI ZLWKLQ cultivar variation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) using microsatellites and RFLP markers. Genome Âą 2PROR\H $$ 2GHEL\H -$ :LOOLDPV &7 DQG %7 Singh. 2002.

Tolerance indicators and responses of rice cultivars to infestation by the African rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzivora. Journal of Agricultural Science Âą Onasanya A, SĂŠrĂŠ Y, Nwilene FE, Abo 0( DQG . Akator. 2004.

Reactions and Resistance Status of Differential Rice Genotypes to 5LFH <HOORZ 0RWWOH 9LUXV *HQXV Sobemovirus LQ &{WH GÂś,YRLUH $VLDQ -RXUQDO RI 3ODQW 6FLHQFHV Âą Onasanya A, SĂŠrĂŠ Y, SiĂŠ M, Akator . &RXOLEDO\ 00 DQG $ +DPDGRX ([LVWHQFH RI 7ZR 3DWKRW\SHV RI 5LFH <HOORZ virus, Genus Sobemovirus, in Mali. Plant Pathology Journal

Âą 3KDP -/ DQG % %RXJHURO $EQRUPDO VHJUHJDWLRQ SDWWHUQV LQ FURVVHG EHWZHHQ Oryza sativa and O. glaberrima. Rice Genetics 1HZVOHWWHU Âą 3KDP -/ DQG % %RXJHURO $EQRUPDO VHJUHJDWLRQV LQ FURVVHV EHWZHHQ WZR FXOWLYDWHG ULFH VSHFLHV Heredity Âą 3ORZULJKW 5$ Coyne DL, Nash P and MP Jones 5HVLVWDQFH RI the rice nematodes Heterodera sacchari, Meloidogyne graminicola and M. incognita in Oryza glaberrima and O. glaberrima Ă&#x2014; O. sativa LQWHUVSHFLÂżF K\EULGV 1HPDWRORJ\ Âą Âą 3RXVVLQ -&, Diallo Y, /HJRXSLO -& and A Sow. ,QFUHDVH Increase in LQ rice ULFH productivity in the Senegal River valley due to improved collective management of irrigation schemes. Agronomie Âą 156

References

Rodenburg J, Diagne A, Oikeh S, Futakuchi . Kormawa PM, Semon M, Akintayo I, CissĂŠ B, SiĂŠ M, Narteh LT, Nwilene FN, Diatta S, SĂŠrĂŠ Y, Ndjiondjop MN, Youm 2 DQG 62 Keya. $FKLHYHPHQWV $FKLHYHPHQWV DQG ,PSDFW RI 1(5,&$ RQ 6XVWDLQDEOH 5LFH DQG ,PSDFW RI 1(5,&$ RQ 6XVWDLQDEOH 5LFH 3URGXFWLRQ LQ VXE 6DKDUDQ $IULFD ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5LFH &RPPLVVLRQ 1HZVOHWWHU Âą Rodenburg - %DVWLDDQV / .URSII 0- DQG $ YDQ $VW (IIHFWV Effects of RI host plant genotype and seed bank density on Striga reproduction.

Weed Research Âą Sahrawat ./ Jones MP and S Diatta 'LUHFW DQG UHVLGXDO SKRVSKRUXV HIIHFWV RQ \LHOG DQG SKRVSKRUXV HIÂżFLHQF\ RI XSODQG ULFH in an Ultisol. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems Âą Sahrawat ./ Jones MP and S Diatta ([WUDFWDEOH SKRVSKRUXV and rice yield in an Ultisol of the humid forest zone in West Africa. &RPPXQLFDWLRQV LQ 6RLO 6FLHQFH DQG 3ODQW $QDO\VLV Âą Sahrawat ./ Jones MP and S Diatta 3ODQW SKRVSKRUXV DQG rice yield in an ultisol of the humid forest zone in West Africa. &RPPXQLFDWLRQV LQ 6RLO 6FLHQFH DQG 3ODQW $QDO\VLV

Âą Sahrawat ./ Jones MP and S Diatta 3KRVSKRUXV FDOFLXP and magnesium fertilization effects on upland rice in an Ultisol. &RPPXQLFDWLRQV LQ 6RLO 6FLHQFH DQG 3ODQW $QDO\VLV

1201â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1208.

Saito . /LQTXLVW % $WOLQ *1 3KDQWKDERRQ . 6KLUDLZD 7 DQG 7 +RULH 5HVSRQVH RI WUDGLWLRQDO DQG LPSURYHG XSODQG rice cultivars to N and P fertilizer in northern Laos. Field Crops Research Âą Saito . /LQTXLVW % .HREXDODSKD % 3KDQWKDERRQ . 6KLUDLZD 7 DQG 7 +RULH &URSSLQJ LQWHQVLW\ DQG UDLQIDOO HIIHFWV RQ XSODQG ULFH yields in northern Laos. Plant and Soil Âą Âą Saito . /LQTXLVW % .HREXDODSKD % 3KDQWKDERRQ . 6KLUDLZD 7 DQG 7 +RULH Stylosanthes guianensis DV D VKRUW WHUP IDOORZ crop for improving upland rice productivity in northern Laos. Field Crops Research Âą 157

References

6DNXUDL 7 ,QWHQVLÂżFDWLRQ RI 5DLQIHG /RZODQG 5LFH 3URGXFWLRQ LQ :HVW $IULFD 3UHVHQW 6WDWXV DQG 3RWHQWLDO *UHHQ 5HYROXWLRQ The Developing Economies Âą 6DUOD 1 DQG %3 0DOOLNDUMXQD 6ZDP\ Oryza glaberrima A source for the improvement of Oryza sativa &XUUHQW &XUUHQW 6FLHQFH 6FLHQFH

Âą 6HJGD = +DHIHOH 60 Wopereis 0&6 6HGRJR 03 DQG 6 *XLQNR &RPELQLQJ ÂżHOG DQG VLPXODWLRQ VWXGLHV WR LPSURYH IHUWLOL]HU recommendations for irrigated rice in Burkina Faso. Agronomy -RXUQDO Âą Semon M, Nielsen R, Jones MP and SR 0F&RXFK 7KH 7KH population structure of African cultivated rice Oryza glaberrima 6WHXG (YLGHQFH IRU HOHYDWHG OHYHOV RI OLQNDJH GLVHTXLOLEULXP FDXVHG E\ DGPL[WXUH ZLWK O. sativa and ecological adaptation.

Genetics Âą SĂŠrĂŠ Y, Onasanya A, Verdier V, Akator . 2XpGUDRJR /6 6HJGD = &RXOLEDO\ 00 6LGR $< DQG $ %DVVR 5LFHe %DFWHULDO Bacterial /HDI %OLJKW LQ :HVW $IULFD 3UHOLPLQDU\ 6WXGLHV RQ 'LVHDVH LQ IDUPHUVÂś ÂżHOGV DQG VFUHHQLQJ UHOHDVHG YDULHWLHV IRU UHVLVWDQFH WR WKH %DFWHULD $VLDQ -RXUQDO RI 3ODQW 6FLHQFHV Âą SĂŠrĂŠ Y, Onasanya A, Afolabi AS and EM Abo (YDOXDWLRQ and potential of double immunodiffusion Gel Assay for serological FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI ULFH \HOORZ PRWWOH YLUXV LVRODWHV LQ :HVW $IULFD $IULFDQ -RXUQDO RI %LRWHFKQRORJ\ Âą Sharma G, 3DWLO 6., Buresh RJ, Mishra VN, 'DV 52, Haefele SM and /. Shrivastava. 5LFH HVWDEOLVKPHQW PHWKRG DIIHFWV QLWURJHQ use and crop production of rice-legume systems in drought-prone eastern India. Field Crops Research Âą SiĂŠ 0 'RJEH 6< DQG 00 &RXOLEDO\ 6HOHFWLRQ RI LQWHUVSHFLÂżF hybrids (O. sativa Ă&#x2014; O. glaberrima DQG LQWUDVSHFLÂżFV DGDSWHG WR ORZODQG JURZLQJ FRQGLWLRQV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5LFH &RPPLVVLRQ 1HZVOHWWHU Âą

158

References

SiĂŠ 0 *KHVTXLqUH $ DQG . MiĂŠzan Structure gĂŠnĂŠtique des variĂŠtĂŠs traditionnelles de riz (Oryza spp.) du Burkina Faso.

Agronomie Africaine Âą Somado EA, Sanchez IM, SiĂŠ M, Nwilene FE, Ogunbayo AS, &RPSDUDWLYH VWXGLHV VWXGLHV RI RI GU\LQJ GU\LQJ Sanni .$ DQG '' Tia &RPSDUDWLYH PHWKRGV RQ WKH VHHG TXDOLW\ RI LQWHUVSHFLÂżF 1(5,&$ ULFH YDULHWLHV (Oryza glaberrima Ă&#x2014; Oryza sativa) and their parents. African -RXUQDO RI %LRWHFKQRORJ\ Âą 6RUKR ) 3LQHO $ 7UDRUH 2 %HUVRXOW $ *KHVTXLqUH $ +HEUDUG ( .RQDWH * SĂŠrĂŠ < DQG ' )DUJHWWH 'XUDELOLW\ RI QDWXUDO DQG WUDQVJHQLF UHVLVWDQFHV LQ ULFH WR 5LFH \HOORZ PRWWOH YLUXV (XURSHDQ -RXUQDO RI 3ODQW 3DWKRORJ\ Âą Sumberg J. and D Reece. 2004. Agricultural research through a ÂľQHZ SURGXFW GHYHORSPHQWÂś OHQV Experimental Agriculture 40

Âą Sumberg - &RQVWUDLQWV WR WKH DGRSWLRQ RI DJULFXOWXUDO LQQRYDWLRQV Âą LV LW WLPH IRU D UH WKLQN" 2XWORRN RQ $JULFXOWXUH

Âą Sumberg - 6\VWHPV RI LQQRYDWLRQ WKHRU\ DQG WKH FKDQJLQJ DUFKLWHFWXUH RI DJULFXOWXUDO UHVHDUFK LQ $IULFD )RRG 3ROLF\

21â&#x20AC;&#x201C;41.

6\OOD . 6RELD $ Diagne $ 'URXEO\ 0 2XDWWDUD < 'LDOOR 6 .RQp 0 %LQDWp 1 DQG $$ TourĂŠ. Impact des Politiques dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ajustement Structurel sur la Filière Rizicole en CĂ´te dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ivoire. Agronomie Africaine NumĂŠro spĂŠcial).

6\OOD . 'LDOOR 66 0RQQH\ 5) DQG $ Diagne Evaluation GH OÂśHIÂżFDFLWp WHFKQLTXH GHV V\VWqPHV GH SURGXFWLRQ UL]LFROHV HQ CĂ´te dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ivoire: une application du DEA multiproduit. Agronomie Africaine NumĂŠro SpĂŠcial Âą Une approche TourĂŠ $ 0 &KDQR 0 Becker and DE Johnson diagnostique pour mieux cibler les interventions culturales dans les bas-fonds rizicoles de la CĂ´te dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ivoire. Agronomie Africaine 17 (3).

159

References

7UDRUH 2, Sorho F, Pinel A, $EXEDNDU =, %DQZR 2, Maley J, +HEUDUG E, Winter S, SĂŠrĂŠ Y, .RQDWH * DQG ' )DUJHWWH 3URFHVVHV Processes RI of GLYHUVLÂżFDWLRQ DQG GLVSHUVLRQ RI 5LFH \HOORZ PRWWOH YLUXV LQIHUUHG from large-scale and high-resolution phylogeographical studies.

Molecular Ecology Âą van Asten PJA, YDQ %RGHJRP 30 0XOGHU /0 DQG 0- .URSII

(IIHFW RI VWUDZ DSSOLFDWLRQ RQ ULFH \LHOGV DQG QXWULHQW DYDLODELOLW\ RQ DQ DONDOLQH DQG D S+ QHXWUDO VRLO LQ D 6DKHOLDQ LUULJDWLRQ scheme. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems Âą 9HOGERRP /5 DQG 0 /HH *HQHWLF PDSSLQJ RI TXDQWLWDWLYH trait loci in maize in stress and non-stress environments I. Grain yield and yield components. Crop Science Âą :DWDQDEH + Futakuchi . DQG 03 -RQHV *UDLQ TXDOLW\ WUDLWV RI 1(5,&$ ULFH Expert Bulletin for International Cooperation of Agriculture and Forestry Âą :DWDQDEH + Futakuchi . -RQHV 03 DQG %$ 6REDPER *UDLQ SURWHLQ FRQWHQW RI LQWHUVSHFLÂżF SURJHQLHV GHYHORSHG IURP the cross of African rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud.) and Asian rice (O. sativa L.). Plant Production Science Âą

160

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

NERICA1

1. IDENTIFICATION 1.1 Synonym: WAB 450 – I - B – P – 38 – HB 1.2 Species: Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima 1.3 Varietal type: NERICA® 1.4 Parents: WAB 56 – 104 / CG 14 1.5 Genetic nature: Pure line 1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, Bouaké 1.7 Development: 1994 2. AGRONOMIC CH ARACTERISTICS 2.1 Ecology: Upland rice 2.2 Days to 50% heading: 70–75 days 2.3 Maturity: 95-100 days 2.4 Potential yield: 4500 kg/ha 2.5 1000 grains weight: 29.0 g 2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Medium 2.7 Resistance to insects: Good 2.8 Resistance to lodging: Good 3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 3.1 Plant Average height: 100 cm Tillering: Good Basal leaf sheath color: Purple Leaf angle: Erect Flag leaf angle: Erect 3.2 Panicle Type: Compact Exsertion: Good 161

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

3.3 Grain Length: 6.9 mm Width: 2.6 mm Size: Medium Lemma color: Light fawn with black apex Awning: Absent Apex color: Black/purple Caryopsis color: White 4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 4.1 Amylose content: 26.6 % 4.2 Milling rate: 63 % 4.3 Cooking quality: Good 4.4 Aroma: Perfume 5. CULTURAL PRACTICES Contact your Country Extension Services

162

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

NERICA2

1. IDENTIFICATION 1.1 Synonym: WAB 450-11-1-P31-1-HB 1.2 Species: Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima 1.3 Varietal type: NERICA® 1.4 Parents: WAB 56 – 104 / CG 14 1.5 Genetic nature: Pure line 1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, Bouaké 1.7 Development: 1994 2. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2.1 Ecology: Upland rice 2.2 Days to 50% heading: 65–70 days 2.3 Maturity: 90–95 days 2.4 Potential yield: 4000 kg/ha 2.5 1000 grains weight: 26.0 g 2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Resistant 2.7 Resistance to insects: Good 2.8 Resistance to lodging: Good 3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 3.1 Plant Average height: 100 cm Tillering: Good Basal leaf sheath color: Green Leaf angle: Erect Flag leaf angle: Erect 3.2 Panicle Type: Compact Exsertion: Good

163

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

3.3 Grain Length: 6.9 mm Width: 2.3 mm Size: Medium Lemma color: Light fawn Awning: Awned Apex color: Black/purple Caryopsis color: White 4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 4.1 Amylose content: 26.4% 4.2 Milling rate: 62% 4.3 Cooking qualities: Good 4.4 Aroma: None 5. CULTURAL PRACTICES Contact your Country Extension Services

164

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

NERICA3

1. IDENTIFICATION 1.1 Synonym: WAB 450-I-B-P-28-HB 1.2 Species: Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima 1.3 Varietal type: NERICA® 1.4 Parents: WAB 56 – 104 / CG 14 1.5 Genetic nature: Pure line 1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, Bouaké 1.7 Development: 1994 2. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2.1 Ecology: Upland rice 'D\V WR KHDGLQJ í GD\V 0DWXULW\ í GD\V 2.4 Potential yield: 4500 kg/ha 2.5 1000 grains weight: 29.0 g 2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Medium 2.7 Resistance to insects: Good 2.8 Resistance to lodging: Good 3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 3.1 Plant Average height: 110 cm Tillering: Good Basal leaf sheath color: Light green Leaf angle: Erect Flag leaf angle: Erect 3.2 Panicle Type: A bit open Exsertion: Good

165

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

3.3 Grain Length: 7.2 mm Width: 2.2 mm Size: Long Lemma color: Dark fawn Awning: Absent Apex color: None Caryopsis color: White 4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 4.1 Amylose content: 23.8% 4.2 Milling rate: 63% 4.3 Cooking qualities: Good 4.4 Aroma: None 5. CULTURAL PRACTICES Contact your Country Extension Services

166

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

NERICA4

1. IDENTIFICATION 1.1 Synonym: WAB 450-I-B-P-91-HB 1.2 Species: Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima 1.3 Varietal type: NERICA® 1.4 Parents: WAB 56 – 104 / CG 14 2. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2.1 Ecology: Upland rice 'D\V WR KHDGLQJ í GD\V 0DWXULW\ í GD\V 2.4 Potential yield: 5000 kg/ha 2.5 1000 grains weight: 29.0 g 2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Medium 2.7 Resistance to insects: Good 2.8 Resistance to lodging: Good 3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 3.1 Plant Average height: 120 cm Tillering: Good Basal leaf sheath color: Light green Leaf angle: Erect Flag leaf angle: Erect 3.2 Panicle Type: Compact Exsertion: Good

167

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

3.3 Grain Length: 7.2 mm Width: 2.5 mm Size: Long Lemma color: Fawn Awning: Absent Apex color: None Caryopsis color: White 4.ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 4.1 Amylose content: 23% 4.2 Milling rate: 63% 4.3 Cooking qualities: Good 4.4 Aroma: None 5. CULTURAL PRACTICES Contact your Country Extension Services

168

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

NERICA6

1. IDENTIFICATION 1.1 Synonym: WAB 450-I-B-P-160-HB 1.2 Species: Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima 1.3 Varietal type: NERICA® 1.4 Parents: WAB 56 – 104 / CG 14 1.5 Genetic nature: Pure line 1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, Bouaké 1.7 Development: 1994 2. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2.1 Ecology: Upland rice 'D\V WR KHDGLQJ í GD\V 0DWXULW\ í GD\V 2.4 Potential yield: 5000 kg/ha 2.5 1000 grains weight: 29.0 g 2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Resistant 2.7 Resistance to insects: Good 2.8 Resistance to lodging: Good 3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 3.1 Plant Average height: 130 cm Tillering: Good Basal leaf sheath color: Light green Leaf angle: Erect Flag leaf angle Erect 3.2 Panicle Type: Compact Exsertion: Good 169

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

3.3 Grain Length: 6.2 mm Width: 2.8 mm Size: Medium Lemma color: Straw Awning: Absent Apex color: None Caryopsis color: White 4.ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 4.1 Amylose content: 24.5% 4.2 Milling rate: 63% 4.3 Cooking qualities: Good 4.4 Aroma: None 5. CULTURAL PRACTICES Contact your Country Extension Services

170

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

NERICA7

1. IDENTIFICATION 1.1 Synonym: WAB 450-I-B-P-20-HB 1.2 Species: Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima 1.3 Varietal type: NERICA® 1.4 Parents: WAB 56 – 104 / CG 14 1.5 Genetic nature: Pure line 1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, Bouaké 1.7 Development: 1994 2. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2.1 Ecology: Upland rice 'D\V WR KHDGLQJ í GD\V 0DWXULW\ í GD\V 2.4 Potential yield: 5000 kg/ha 2.5 1000 grains weight: 33.0 g 2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Medium 2.7 Resistance to insects: Good 2.8 Resistance to lodging: Good 3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 3.1 Plant Average height: 130 cm Tillering: Good Basal leaf sheath color: Light green Leaf angle: Erect Flag leaf angle: Erect 3.2 Panicle Type: Compact Exsertion: Good 171

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

3.3 Grain Length: 7.3 mm Width: 2.6 mm Size: Long Lemma color: Straw Awning: Absent Apex color: None Caryopsis color: White 4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 4.1 Amylose content: 27.8% 4.2 Milling rate: 63% 4.3 Cooking qualities: Good 4.4 Aroma: None 5. CULTURAL PRACTICES Contact your Country Extension Services

172

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

NERICA8

1. IDENTIFICATION 1.1 Synonym: WAB 450 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; BL1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 136 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; HB 1.2 Species: Oryza sativa Ă&#x2014; Oryza glaberrima 1.3 Varietal type: NERICAÂŽ 1.4 Parents: WAB 56 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 104 / CG 14 1.5 Genetic nature: Pure line 1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, BouakĂŠ 1.7 Development: 1994 2. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2.1 Ecology: Upland rice 'D\V WR KHDGLQJ Ă­ GD\V 0DWXULW\ Ă­ GD\V 2.4 Potential yield: 5000 kg/ha 2.5 1000 grains weight: 29.0 g 2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Good 2.7 Resistance to insects: Good 2.8 Resistance to lodging: Moderate 3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 3.1 Plant Average height: 100 cm Tillering: Good Basal leaf sheath color: Light green Leaf angle: Erect Flag leaf angle: Erect 3.2 Panicle Type: Compact Exsertion: Good

173

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

3.3 Grain Length: 7.0 mm Width: 2.6 mm Size: Medium Lemma color: Fawn Awning: Absent Apex color: light brown Caryopsis color: White 4.ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 4.1 Amylose content: 26.5% 4.2 Milling rate: 70% 4.3 Cooking quality: Good $URPD 1RQH EXW VPHOO DW Ă&#x20AC;RZHULQJ VWDJH 5. CULTURAL PRACTICES Contact your Country Extension Services

174

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

NERICA9

1. IDENTIFICATION 1.1 Synonym: WAB 450 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; B â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 136 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; HB 1.2 Species: Oryza sativa Ă&#x2014; Oryza glaberrima 1.3 Varietal type: NERICAÂŽ 1.4 Parents: WAB 5 6 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 104 / CG 14 1.5 Genetic nature: Pure line 1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, BouakĂŠ 1.7 Development: 1994 2. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2.1 Ecology: Upland rice 'D\V WR KHDGLQJ Ă­ GD\V 0DWXULW\ Ă­ GD\V 2.4 Potential yield: 5000 kg/ha 2.5 1000 grains weight: 29.4 g 2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Good 2.7 Resistance to insects: Good 2.8 Resistance to lodging: Moderate 3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 3.1 Plant Average height: 105 cm Tillering: Good Basal leaf sheath color: Light green Leaf angle: Erect Flag leaf angle: Erect 3.2 Panicle Type: Compact Exsertion: Good

175

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

3.3 Grain Length: 6.8 mm Width: 2.3 mm Size: Medium Lemma color: Fawn Awning: Absent Apex color: light brown Caryopsis color: White 4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 4.1 Milling rate: 62% 4.2 Cooking quality: Good $URPD 1RQH EXW VPHOO DW ÀRZHULQJ VWDJH 5. CULTURAL PRACTICES Contact your Country Extension Services

176

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

NERICA10

1. IDENTIFICATION 1.1 Synonym: WAB 450 – 11-1- 1 – P41 – HB 1.2 Species: Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima 1.3 Varietal type: NERICA® 1.4 Parents: WAB 56 – 104 / CG 14 1.5 Genetic nature: Pure line 1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, Bouaké 1.7 Development: 1994 2. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2.1 Ecology: Upland rice 'D\V WR KHDGLQJ í GD\V 0DWXULW\ í GD\V 2.4 Potential yield: 6000 kg/ha 2.5 1000 grains weight: 28.7 g 2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Good 2.7 Resistance to insects: Good 2.8 Resistance to lodging: Moderate 3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 3.1 Plant Average height: 110 cm Tillering: Good Basal leaf sheath color: Green Leaf angle: Erect Flag leaf angle: Erect 3.2 Panicle Type: Compact Exsertion: Good 177

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

3.3 Grain Length: 6.6 mm Width: 2.3 mm Size: Medium Lemma color: Light fawn Awning: Awned Apex color: Black/purple Caryopsis color: White 4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 4.1 Milling rate: 63 % 4.2 Cooking quality: Good $URPD 1RQH EXW VPHOO DW Ă&#x20AC;RZHULQJ VWDJH 5. CULTURAL PRACTICES Contact your Country Extension Services

178

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

NERICA11

1. IDENTIFICATION 1.1 Synonym: WAB 450 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 16- 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; BL2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; DV1 1.2 Species: Oryza sativa Ă&#x2014; Oryza glaberrima 1.3 Varietal type: NERICAÂŽ 1.4 Parents: WAB 56 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 104 / CG 14 1.5 Genetic nature: Pure line 1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, BouakĂŠ 1.7 Development: 1994 2. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2.1 Ecology: Upland rice 'D\V WR KHDGLQJ Ă­ GD\V 0DWXULW\ Ă­ GD\V 2.4 Potential yield: 7000 kg/ha 2.5 1000 grains weight: 28.4 g 2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Good 2.7 Resistance to insects: Good 2.8 Resistance to lodging: Moderate 3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 3.1 Plant Average height: 105 cm Tillering: Good Basal leaf sheath color: Light green Leaf angle: Erect Flag leaf angle: Erect 3.2 Panicle Type: Compact Exsertion: Good 179

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

3.3 Grain Lenght: 7.0 mm Width: 2.4 mm Size: Medium Lemma color: Light fawn Awning: Awned Apex Color: Black/purple Caryopsis color: White 4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 4.1 Milling rate: 65 % 4.2 Cooking quality: Good $URPD 1RQH EXW VPHOO DW ÀRZULQJ VWDJH 5. CULTURAL PRACTICES Contact your Country Extension Services

180

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

NERICA12

1. IDENTIFICATION 1.1 Synonym: WAB 880 – 1 –38- 20-17–P1- HB 1.2 Species: Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima 1.3 Varietal type: NERICA® 1.4 Parents: WAB 56 – 50 / CG 14 1.5 Genetic nature: Pure line 1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, Bouaké 1.7 Development: 1994 2. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2.1 Ecology: Upland rice 'D\V WR KHDGLQJ í GD\V 0DWXULW\ í GD\V 2.4 Potential yield: 5500 kg/ha 2.5 1000 grains weight: 36.8 g 2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Good 2.7 Resistance to insects: Good 2.8 Resistance to lodging: Moderate 3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 3.1 Plant Average height: 115 cm Tillering: Good Basal leaf sheath color: Light green Leaf angle: Erect Flag leaf angle: Erect 3.2 Panicle Type: Compact Exsertion: Good 181

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

3.3 Grain Length: 7.2 mm Width: 2.5 mm 4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 4.1 Milling rate: 63 % 4.2 Cooking quality: Good 4.3 Aroma: None 5. CULTURAL PRACTICES Contact your Country Extension Services

182

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

NERICA13

1. IDENTIFICATION 1.1 Synonym: WAB 880 – 1 – 38-20-28-P1 – HB 1.2 Species: Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima 1.3 Varietal type: NERICA® 1.4 Parents: WAB 56 – 50 / CG 14 1.5 Genetic nature: Pure line 1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, Bouaké 1.7 Development: 1994 2. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2.1 Ecology: Upland rice 2.2 Days to 50% heading: 65 days 0DWXULW\ í GD\V 2.4 Potential yield: 6000 kg/ha 2.5 1000 grains weight: 32.9 g 2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Good 2.7 Resistance to insects: Good 2.8 Resistance to lodging: Moderate 3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 3.1 Plant Average height: 120 cm Tillering: Good Basal leaf sheath color: Light green Leaf angle: Erect Flag leaf angle: Erect 3.2 Panicle Type: Compact Exsertion: Good 183

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

3.3 Grain Length: 7.2 mm Width: 2.4 mm Size: Long Lemma color: Fawn Awning: Absent Apex color: None Caryopsis color: White 4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 4.1 Milling rate: 63 % 4.2 Cooking quality: Good 4.3 Aroma: None 5. CULTURAL PRACTICES Contact your Country Extension Services

184

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

NERICA14

1. IDENTIFICATION 1.1 Synonym: WAB 880 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 32-1-2-P1-HB 1.2 Species: Oryza sativa Ă&#x2014; Oryza glaberrima 1.3 Varietal type: NERICAÂŽ 1.4 Parents: WAB 56 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 50 / CG 14 1.5 Genetic nature: Pure line 1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, BouakĂŠ 1.7 Development: 1994 2. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2.1 Ecology: Upland rice 'D\V WR KHDGLQJ Ă­ GD\V 0DWXULW\ Ă­ GD\V 2.4 Potential yield: 5000 kg/ha 2.5 1000 grains weight: 33.6 g 2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Good 2.7 Resistance to insects: Good 2.8 Resistance to lodging: Moderate 3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 3.1 Plant Average height: 110 cm Tillering: Good Basal leaf sheath color: Light green Leaf angle: Erect Flag leaf angle: Erect 3.2 Panicle Type: Compact Exsertion: Good 185

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

3.3 Grain Length: 7.3 mm Width: 2.4 mm Size: Long Lemma color: Fawn Awning: Absent Apex color: Brown Caryopsis color: Reddish 4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 4.1 Milling rate: 63 % 4.2 Cooking quality: Good 4.3 Aroma: None 5. CULTURAL PRACTICES Contact your Country Extension Services

186

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

NERICA15

1. IDENTIFICATION 1.1 Synonym: WAB 881 – 10 – 37-18-3-P1 – HB 1.2 Species: Oryza glaberrima × Oryza sativa 1.3 Varietal type: NERICA® 1.4 Parents: CG 14/WAB 181-18 1.5 Genetic nature: Pure line 1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, Bouaké 1.7 Development: 1994 2. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2.1 Ecology: Upland rice 'D\V WR KHDGLQJ í GD\V 0DWXULW\ í GD\V

2.4 Potential yield: 5000 kg/ha 2.5 1000 grains weight: 29.0 g 2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Good 2.7 Resistance to insects: Good 2.8 Resistance to lodging: Moderate 3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 3.1 Plant Average height: 130 cm Tillering: Good Basal leaf sheath color: Light green Leaf angle: Erect Flag leaf angle: Erect 3.2 Panicle Type: Compact Exsertion: Good 187

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

3.3 Grain Length: 7.2 mm Width: 2.4 mm Size: Long Lemma color: Straw Awning: Absent Apex color: None Caryopsis color: Red 4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 4.1 Milling rate: 63 % 4.2 Cooking quality: Good 4.3 Aroma: None 5. CULTURAL PRACTICES Contact your Country Extension Services

188

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

NERICA16

1. IDENTIFICATION 1.1 Synonym: WAB 881 – 10 – 37-18-9-P1 – HB 1.2 Species: Oryza glaberrima × Oryza sativa 1.3 Varietal type: NERICA® 1.4 Parents: CG 14 / WAB 181-18 1.5 Genetic nature: Pure line 1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, Bouaké 1.7 Development: 1994 2. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2.1 Ecology: Upland rice 'D\V WR KHDGLQJ í GD\V 0DWXULW\ í GD\V 2.4 Potential yield: 6000 kg/ha 2.5 1000 grains weight: 29.2 g 2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Good 2.7 Resistance to insects: Good 2.4 Potential yield: 6000 kg/ha 2.8 Resistance to lodging: Moderate 3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 3.1 Plant Average height: 130 cm Tillering: Good Basal leaf sheath color: Light green Leaf angle: Erect Flag leaf angle: Erect

189

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

3.2 Panicle Type: Compact Exsertion: Good 3.3 Grain Length: 7.1 mm Width: 2.4 mm Size: Long Lemma color: Straw Awning: Absent Apex color: None Caryopsis color: Red 4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 4.1 Milling rate: 64 % 4.2 Cooking quality: Good 4.3 Aroma: None 5. CULTURAL PRACTICES Contact your Country Extension Services

190

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

NERICA17

1. IDENTIFICATION 1.1 Synonym: WAB 881 – 10 – 37-18-13-P1 – HB 1.2 Species: Oryza glaberrima × Oryza sativa 1.3 Varietal type: NERICA® 1.4 Parents: CG 14/WAB 181-18 1.5 Genetic nature: Pure line 1.6 Geographical origin: WARDA, Bouaké 1.7 Development: 1994 2. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2.1 Ecology: Upland rice 'D\V WR KHDGLQJ í GD\V 0DWXULW\ í GD\V 2.4 Potential yield: 6500 kg/ha 2.5 1000 grains weight: 35.1 g 2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Good 2.7 Resistance to insects: Good 2.8 Resistance to lodging: Moderate 3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 3.1 Plant Average height: 115 cm Tillering: Good Basal leaf sheath color: Light green Leaf angle: Erect Flag leaf angle: Erect 3.2 Panicle Type: Compact Exsertion: Good 191

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

3.3 Grain Length: 7.4 mm Width: 2.6 m Size: Medium Lemma color: Fawn Awning: Absent Apex color: Brown Caryopsis color: White 4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 4.1 Milling rate: 63 % 4.2 Cooking quality: Good 4.3 Aroma: None 5. CULTURAL PRACTICES Contact your Country Extension Services

192

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

NERICA18

1. IDENTIFICATION 1.1 Synonym: WAB 881 – 10 – 37-18-12 – P3 – HB 1.2 Species: Oryza glaberrima × Oryza sativa 1.3 Varietal type: NERICA® 1.4 Parents: CG 14 / WB 181-18 2. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2.1 Ecology: Upland rice 'D\V WR KHDGLQJ í GD\V 0DWXULW\ í GD\V 2.4 Potential yield: 5000 kg/ha 2.5 1000 grains weight: 32.3 g 2.6 Resistance to leaf blast: Good 2.7 Resistance to insects: Good 2.8 Resistance to lodging: Moderate 3. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 3.1 Plant Average height: 130 cm Tillering: Good Basal leaf sheath color: Light green Leaf angle: Erect Flag leaf angle: Erect 3.2 Panicle Type: Compact Exsertion: Good

193

Annexes NERICA Passport Data

3.3 Grain Length: 7.4 mm Width: 2.3 mm Size: Long Lemma color: Straw Awning: Absent Apex color: None Caryopsis color: Red 4. ORGANOLEPTIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 4.1 Milling rate: 63 % 4.2 Cooking quality: Good 4.3 Aroma: None 5. CULTURAL PRACTICES Contact your Country Extension Services

194

Reader response Annexes NERICA Passport Data

Do you have any comments on this book that you wish to share with the authors?

Have you conducted research relevant to NERICA速 that might usefully be included in future editions of this compendium?

3OHDVH FRS\ WKLV SDJH DQG 多OO LQ GHWDLOV RI \RXU TXHVWLRQ RU FRPPHQW and send it to the following address: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Coordinator, African Rice Initiative Africa Rice Centre (WARDA) 01 BP 2031 Cotonou Benin, West Africa Email: warda@cgiar.org Fax: (229) 21.35.05.56

195

About the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) 7KH &RQVXOWDWLYH *URXS RQ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO $JULFXOWXUDO 5HVHDUFK &*,$5 HVWDEOLVKHG LQ LV D VWUDWHJLF SDUWQHUVKLS RI FRXQWULHV LQWHUQDWLRQDO DQG UHJLRQDO RUJDQL]DWLRQV DQG SULYDWH IRXQGDWLRQV VXSSRUWLQJ WKH ZRUN RI LQWHUQDWLRQDO &HQWHUV ,Q FROODERUDWLRQ ZLWK national agricultural research systems, civil society and the private sector, the CGIAR IRVWHUV VXVWDLQDEOH DJULFXOWXUDO JURZWK WKURXJK KLJK TXDOLW\ VFLHQFH DLPHG DW EHQHÂżWLQJ WKH poor through stronger food security, better human nutrition and health, higher incomes and improved management of natural resources.

ZZZ FJLDU RUJ CGIAR Centers &,$7 &,)25 &,00<7

&,3 ICARDA

&HQWUR ,QWHUQDoLRQDO GH $JULFXOWXUD 7URSLFDO &DOL &RORPELD

&HQWHU IRU ,QWHUQDWLRQDO )RUHVWU\ 5HVHDUFK %RJRU ,QGRQHVLD

&HQWUR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO GH 0HMRUDPLHQWR GH 0DL] \ 7ULJR 0H[LFR ') 0H[LFR

&HQWUR ,QWHUQDoLRQDO GH OD 3DSD /LPD 3HUX

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (Aleppo, Syria) ,&/$50 :RUOG)LVK &HQWHU 3HQDQJ 0DOD\VLD

ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre (Nairobi, Kenya) ,&5,6$7 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &URSV 5HVHDUFK ,QVWLWXWH IRU WKH 6HPL $ULG 7URSLFV

(Patencheru, India) IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute (Washington, D.C., USA) ,,7$ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO ,QVWLWXWH RI 7URSLFDO $JULFXOWXUH ,EDGDQ 1LJHULD

,/5, ,QWHUQDWLRQDO /LYHVWRFN 5HVHDUFK ,QVWLWXWH 1DLUREL .HQ\D

IPGRI International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (Rome, Italy) IRRI International Rice Research Institute (Los BaĂąos, Philippines) ,:0, ,QWHUQDWLRQDO :DWHU 0DQDJHPHQW ,QVWLWXWH &RORPER 6UL /DQND

WARDA Africa Rice Center (Cotonou, Benin)

Africa Rice Center (WARDA) 01 B.P. 2031, Cotonou, Benin www.warda.org