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2 | DEFINITION
BUT WHY...COLOURS? 3
4 | MYSTERY OF COLOURS
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INTRODUCTION
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DEFINITION OF COLOUR
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What is colour?
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PAST What is colour Theory?, What is colour psychology and harmony?
PRESENT
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What do designers consider when choosing colours in their practice?, What are some possible uses of colours?
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FUTURE What does the future hold for colours?
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CONCLUSION
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INTRODUCTION
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?
he mysteries of colours “is a 3,198 word and visual research illustrating the importance, technique and theories of colours. It is meant to find answers to questions and understanding of one specific aspect in graphic design. In fact colour is a subject that is usually underestimated by many people.
“much of the time we take the importance of color in our lives for granted much as we take for granted the air we breathe. Especially in our modem cities, we barely notice the fantastic abundance and intensity of human-made color, perhaps because, with so much color around us, we have grown used to its passing pleasure.” (Betty E.,2004:15) 6 | MYSTERY OF COLOURS
A designer should not take colours lightly, as it plays at important role when it is used. It can influence how the product will be perceived. Again, the reason to choose colours as a subject to study is that designers underestimate this aspect of design. Colours are chosen in practice because of aesthetic taste more than it effectiveness. Lastly, this research is exploring the topic, providing constructive knowledge and awareness of how colours affect people’s lives today and in the future.
Firstly it will define colours, “what is colour?” and it will divided in 3 parts: Past, Present, and Future. . This structure will help to divide each section into theories, present practice and possible future solutions Past (Part 1) questions are ““What is colour Theory?”, “What is Colour psychology and harmony?” Present (Part 2) “What do designers consider when choosing colours in their practice?”, “What are some possible uses of colours?” Future ( Part 3) “What does the future hold for colours?”
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DEFINITION OF COLOUR
WHAT IS COLOUR? ? “In a physical sense, there really is no such thing as colour, just light waves of different wavelengths�(Adams M 2006 :8)
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olour is simply a white light wave from an artificial or natural source such as the sun or a torch, with different wavelengths that humans and other animal perceive if used a prims the white light will
split into different colours: red, orange, yellow, green indigo and violet. Fig 1 shows the prism that separate the white light in it various wavelengths.
WHITE LIGHT
Fig 1: prism, (n.d)
PRISM
“The property possessed by an object of producing different sensations on the eye as a result of the way it reflects or emits light.”(lexico.com,2019) However, in this case light is defined as a reaction produced to the eyes. “This property” means the nature (hue, saturation, brightness) of the light on an object that cause a visual sensation or response of our eyes. Therefore colour could be also defined as a simply visual sensation. Having this 2 quotes together,
proves that colour could be “something” or simply nothing. Is a banana truly yellow?. Or “yellow” it a sensation occurring inside our mind? And what do colour blind see? Therefore we can conclude that “visual sensation” perceived by the eyes depends from whom perceives it, as said in this quote:c
“ Not everyone’s color sensing cells respond alike,so identification of a specific color is highly subjective” (Adam M, 2006:10) 11
Fig 2: Visible Spectrum (n.d)
We can conclude that colours are light perceived by the eyes. When this visual response occurs in our brain, is called visible spectrum or human colour space. The visible spectrum is the range of colours that humans can see that is from the longest wavelength red, to the shortest violet. . In a light there are other wavelengths not visible
to the human eye which are ultraviolet (above violet in the visible spectrum) and infrared (bellow red in the visible spectrum). White contains all colours of the spectrum and black that has the complete absence of all colours. Our eyes have 3 types of colour receptions or cones: red, green, and blue or simply RGB. This might sound familiar, as these
“Primary colours are basic colours that can be mixed together to produce other colours. They are usually considered to be red, yellow, blue, and sometimes green.� (collinsdictionary, 2019) 12 | DEFINITION
Fig 3: Colour-mixing
colour receptors RGB are defined as the primary colours. As seen in Fig 3 there are two types of primary colours: addictive and subtractive. Additive colours are RGB, made from pure light and CMY, subtractive, are made by reflected light. In addition there is another subtractive colour set RYB. By making a
small reflection, we understand that RGB primary colours are mostly for devices such as, smartphones TV etc. On the other hand, CMY are produced by reflected light, therefore it would be used for prints such as magazines posters etc. This is an important principle to consider in a designer practice because I believe there is a possibility that with the
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Fig 4a: Lapis Lazuli, RGB (2019)
advancing of technology, future designers might adapt more in digital formats, with a result of forgetting printed formats.
14 | DEFINITION
This illustrations ,fig 4 (a,b),are a fanart of a fictional character from Steven Universe displaying Lapis Lazuli. It shows the design in RGB and how it would look if it was printed. On the left the colours are bright however on the
Fig 4b: Lapis Lazuli CMYK(2019)
right the picture looks dull and muted. Future designers working in illustration will need to consider if it is, on a device in RBG colour, or printed CMY plus K (K stands for black). If the designer chooses to
work with RGB colours as the printed version, the designer will need to change the colour physical propriety to ensure that the design maintains its colours.
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“Scientific description of color, or coloumetry ,involves the specification of these colour proprieties […] in term of hue, saturation, and brightness (HSB)”(Adam M,2006:12)
Fig 5: Colour properties (2019)
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The Past
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Understanding theories behind the colours.
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WHAT IS COLOUR THEORY? ? “ Colour theory is a term used to describe the collection of rules and guidelines regarding the use of color in art and design, as developed since their early days. Color theory informs the design of color schemes, aiming at aesthetic appeal and the effective communication of a design message on both the visual level and the psychological level.�( institution design foundation, 2019)
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hile looking at colour properties future designers should consider also colour theory. Since the ancient times there have been colour theorists that developed interpretation and colour relationships. Isaac Newton developed the first
colour wheel by using the prism to split white light into its various colours. He also joined the end of the visible spectrum, red and violet to create the circular colour wheel, see Fig 6.
Fig 6: Colour wheel (1704) 21
“Artists were fascinated by Newton’s clear demonstration that light alone was responsible for color. His most useful idea for artists was his conceptual arrangement of colors around the circumference of a circle, which allowed the painters’ primaries (red, yellow, blue) to be arranged opposite their complementary colors (e.g. red opposite green), as a way of denoting that each complementary would enhance the other’s effect through optical contrast” (webexhibits,2019).” From Isaac Newton’s wheel, other theorists found inspiration. In addition, artists were inspired by how he was capable to develop a relationship with colours. Other theorists came with rules and guidelines like Munsell Colour System, see Fig 7(a, b).
Munsell theory is scientifically 22 | PAST
based in three factors hue, saturation and brightness. The system of Munsell is designed around a circle with segments of the identical size, where each shortening refers to a colour such an “R” for red. Lastly, a cylinder at the centre, with values that run up or down, from one to nine. By taking a “slice” as seen in Fig 7(c), it is possible to
Fig 7a: Colour wheel (1704)
identify the variation of red on the Axis. Saturation stands on the horizontal axis and chroma (Brightness) stands in the vertical Axis.
Newton and Mussel came up with a scientific approach to the theory of colours. Can the scientific approach define colours? Johann Wolfgang von Goethe another designer theorist, disagreed with Newton colour theory.
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Fig 7b: Munsell Colour system (1905)
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“Goethe reformulates the topic of color in an entirely new way. Newton had viewed color as a physical problem, involving light striking objects and entering our eyes. Goethe realizes that the sensations of color reaching our brain are also shaped by our perception — by the mechanics of human vision and by the way our brains process information. Therefore, according to Goethe, what we see of an object depends upon the object, the lighting and our perception.”( webexhibits, n.d)
Goethe believed that science was not enough to define the nature of colours. He equally considered the psychological effect, the human’s reaction to colours. In his book of colour theory, he divided his reflection into 2 categories.
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“-Influence of our emotion, psychological mechanism when our brain interprets color”(Gia,2010)
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“-Certain colors or color combination that could create a certain feeling/ atmosphere.”(Gia, 2010). 25
Therefore, colours cannot have just a scientific approach such as hue saturation and chroma but can also have a psychological effect while perceived. It’s
wort to consider these things as it can be an important key in design because this will determine the effectiveness on the end-user.
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WHAT IS COLOUR PSYCHOLOGY AND HARMONY? ?
“How does green make you feel ?” or “What do you associate with the colour blue?” This is what colour psychology is all about.
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t explores how we give a meaning to colours and how it impacts our mood and emotions. The following illustrations are by Cindy Chiug, a designer and illustrator from Los
Angeles, shows how colours are related positively and negatively
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Fig 8 Colour Psychology by Cindy Chung (n.d) 32 | PAST
Colour harmony involves the combination of colours. How well do they work together to create a master piece? While looking at the illustrations by Cindy Chiung is it possible to see how well colours are balanced? In her illustration she used a combination of monochromatic colours. The following picture shows
the Adobe colour wheel, where a designer can use the tool to create harmony with colours. Examples of known combination are as said before monochromatic, complementary, shades and triad combination.
Fig 9 Monochromatic Adobe Colour (n.d) 33
Fig 9b Analogous Adobe Colour (n.d)
Fig 9c Complementary Adobe Colour (n.d)
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The Present
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Thanks to colour theories / psychology today designers use colours in different ways... 37
WHAT DO DESIGNERS CONSIDER WHEN CHOOSING COLOURS IN THEIR PRACTICE?
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o answer this question I would first consider the manifesto
“First thing first”. The manifesto invited designers to be socially responsible and not to focus only on financial gain. It proposed that design could be used for a better use such
? as education, public service that promotes the betterment of society. Because of this , designers today have developed an awareness to be socially responsible of their practice. Again, they always have to consider while creating their work how it impacts society.
“Written in 1963 and published in 1964 by Ken Garland along with 20 other designers, […] the manifesto was a reaction to the staunch society of 1960s Britain and called for a return to a humanist aspect of design. It lashed out against the fast-paced and often trivial productions of mainstream advertising, calling them trivial and timeconsuming. It's solution was to focus efforts of design on education and public service tasks that promoted the betterment of society.”( designishistory, n.d) 39
Fig 10: Waitrose Trio of Easter ducklings (2019)
It is reasonable to ask yourself, “what should this manifesto have to do with colours?� Consider this design in Fig. 10 it displays a product by Waitrose that was sold on Easter 2019. They are the trio Ester ducklings, 3 simple shaped ducks in 3 flavours Crispy chocolate milk, Fluffy white milk and lastly
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Ugly dark chocolate. The problems start here, as the company has been accused of racism over the three names of the chocolate ducklings. Furthermore, people started questioning about the products in their social accounts, as example in Fig 11 (a,b)
Fig 11 a,b: Twitter comment (2019)
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“Shame on @ waitrose for questionable marketing practises and reinforcing the “ugly black duckling” narrative. INSIDIOUS casual racism that vilifies dark hues #shame #Waitrose #racism. An exposè a lack of diversity among your decision making staff. Stuck in the 60s!@ hopenothate”( Ranieri, 2019)
people have become more sensitive concerning this issue. And by choosing this colours people visualised the products as “dark skin is ugly”. This is the reason why designers from any practice, when picking a colour, they should consider age, culture and many other factors as it can possess a positive influence or negative. Despite the fact that the case of Waitrose received a bad outcome it demonstrates that today designers take a great responsibility but also have the power to influence people’s judgement with the appropriate colours.
The reason is people associated the colour used on the dark chocolate to dark skin. And for many years people with dark skin have been subject to discrimination. Therefore, 42 | PRESENT
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WHAT ARE SOME POSSIBLE USES OF COLOURS? ?
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here are various options to how colour can be used, some of the following are colours as, IDENTITY, SPEED INFORMATION, FORECASTING.
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COLOURS AS IDENTITY The case of the Ugly duckling chocolate, is a form where colours are used as a form of identification. People related the black skin to black colour. Looking at Fig. 12 we find various brands related to colour and their meaning. Colours represent a primary key in branding as it provides Fig 12: Colour brands (n.d)
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the identity and the values of the brand. Again it helps a brand to be recognised and be remembered by people. Think of red and yellow it is easy to relate to McDonalds or think of blue and white you will suddenly think of Facebook. Colours in branding is crucial as it is a vital key for the brand.
More than text or shape, the colour a brand chooses is its calling card. Colour is a signifier, one that commands our attention, and enables companies to establish a brand identity that can become larger than life. It’s crucial when making color decisions for your brand or product to consider how your shade will broadcast the image of the company. As each color has its own message and meaning, the more you learn about this critical design element, the more you will be able to leverage its powerful effects.�( Laurie Pressman, 2016) It is what commands our attention, enables to establish a brand and gives true image to the company because each colour has its own message and meaning.
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COLOURS AS INFORMATIONS Colours can be used in information design, where it can assist designers to fasten research, establish structure and aid experience of reading a design.To get a better picture Fig.13 shows a map of a subway metropolitan in Washington. Here each colour is used to represent different rail lines. Using this the technique of colourcoding navigation system (by
“Psychologists have proven that colour of an object is seen before its shape and details. Because colour works at the basic level, it is very good at keeping things through complex system and data, and aiding navigation through physical spaces�(Graphic Design school, P96)
Fig 13: Washington Metro system (n.d)
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Fig 14: Pie chart with colour palette (n.d)
assigning a colour to a specific rail way), it allows passengers to convey a visual research much faster.
information and create a clear visual navigation thorough the chart.
Another example is this chart in Fig 14. The chart shows the income & growth. Applying colour in charts help to separate 47
COLOUR FORECASTING
Fig 15: Pantone Color of the Year 2019 living coral (2019)
Are you aware that this year 2019 colour theme is living coral? Fig 15 shows a variety of merchandise that follows the trend of the colour of 2019 chosen by Pantone Colour Institute. Pantone is an example of an association that provide colour forecasting. Again, they use colour to predict trends and cultural preference that impact all aspect of design. The forecasters use surveys, test
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and various research techniques to determine if a colour will have a strong or low influence or if it will maintain popularity. Furthermore, since trends change faster, companies will seek assistant to forecaster to find the colour that will support their business. Therefore, Colour forecaster considers various factors before determining the colour of the year like national
culture influence, music and entertainment and economy.
According to Colour design workbook
“Colour Bombards the public from a variety of other venues as[…] result of all this exposure to colours,[…] he or she expects to see new colours offerings in all products”(Adams Moriokas,97,2008) This proves why colour forecasting is important in the design industry as consumers have always been fascinated, attracted and persuaded by colours by designers practice starting from fashion, packaging and advertising. Again, consumers have been constantly exposed to various colours from sources such as TV, newspapers, catalogues,
films music that has lead consumers to increase their expectation leading designers to be consistently ahead of the situation. This makes it clear how colour forecasting is extremely important as it can provide a evident benefit for companies and designers from various practices. However despite the fact that colour forecasting proves to
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Fig 16: Interview answer, (2019)
be an effective tool there are designers that do not agree as seen in fig 16. The image shows a question that have been asked to some student in the BA of graphic Arts about what they thought about the Pantone Colour of the year .The majority of the students expressed their disagreement to this colour forecasting, as they believe , despite how interesting it might be, colour forecasting prevents designers showing their true creative natures. This proves that overall colour forecasting can represent a effective tool in various practices of design but it is not 50 | PRESENT
the only factor.
With this many examples of colour practices done today, it proves how designers possess the possibility to use colours in many ways. Again, with this many examples, we see that there is not a defined answer to how colours can be used as there are more than thousand and infinite ways a designer can use colours.
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The Future
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With designer's practice, colours will also impact the future
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WHAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLDS REGARDING THE USE OF COLOURS?
54 | FUTURE
? Future is “Events that will or are likely to happen in time to come.”( lexico, n.d)
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hen talking about what hold the future regarding colours, it could be in 3 or even 5 years. It not a definite time as can be tomorrow or even after 400 years. Taking into consideration the different forms of everyday
use of colours, as shown previously, they have one thing in common. They can create a strong influence, to the point where peoples have become dependent to colours.
“Colour Bombards the public from a variety of other venue as[…]result of all this exposure to colours,[…] he or she expects to see new colours offerings in all products”(Adams Moriokas,97,2008) Based on the quote from Moriokas A., I started reflecting on the possible consequences regarding colours in the design industry. Again, how possibly current colour practice might influence, positively or negatively, the future. 55
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Colour will become more accessible to designers as they will no longer need to learn colour psychology or theory.
Fig 17a: Color Bridge Guide Set (2019)
Looking at Colour Theory and Psychology, they are an important aspect to learn and apply in every practice such as fashion, textiles graphics arts and packaging. . The whole visual research proves that this principles have been effectively used today. However, in the questionnaires the majority of the students 56 | FUTURE
whom were asked about their knowledge in this theory and psychology of colours gave the same answers that they did not study the rules. They were able to apply, colour principles because they developed knowledge of colours subconsciously. Again they have been able to create within them a strong awareness
Fig 17b: Adobe Illustrator (2019)
of colours because of the constant evolution of colour practice. For example Munsell colour system is no longer required to define the correct values, because a designer can rely on Pantone colour system for printing and for digital devices .A designer can have access to various tools that provide colour proprieties and correction as seen in fig 17(a,b) Therefore in the future designers might lack the
specific knowledge of colour theories however, they still will have awareness of colours because of how todays designers use colour effectively. As a designer, I would apply various rules and principle of colours in order to influence society. Because this will ensure that whoever will look into my work, might recognise colour harmony or colour psychology.
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Colours will advance in various mediums and be of support in people's lives.
Based on the practice done by designers today, the possible future designer will potentially apply both colour theory and psychology to create ideas and mediums that will improve people’s lives. Fig18(a,b) shows "Cool Down Pink"project, that aims to use pink to help calm prisoners by painting
“Thirty jail cells in Switzerland's prison system have been painted pink in an effort to calm aggressive inmates.” (sensing. konicaminolta, n.d)
Fig 18a : The prison cells painted with Baker-Miller pink
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Fig 18b: Jail Cells Painted Pink to Calm Aggressive Inmates (n.d)
the cells pink. Psychologist believe this creative idea could potentially help peoples moods by exposing people to a certain colour, in some specific environment such as prison, psychiatric hospitals and hospitals.
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Fig 19: EnChroma glasses (n.d)
Another example is shown in Fig 19, Another example is shown in Fig 20, Enchroma glasses, that helps colours blind people see more hue and differentiate colours. They designed glasses that cannot cure colour blindness however they are able to support them to see some specific colours. The glasses enhance the vibrancy and saturation of
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colours by using optical filters. Colours will assist even with the upcoming new devices like smartphones, tablet and laptops. Consumers are even more attracted to colours leading them to a strong dependency. However a possible solution has been created to fight addiction to devices as seen in fig 20.
Fig 20: How to turn your iPhone
Since colours attract they also have the power to repel people. With the future technology that are constantly created each year, I think colours will also have an important role however it will depend from us how it could help or even harm us.
“By stripping away all the neuronstimulating colors on your phone, you
are less motivated to check your phone even without any calls ringing or notifications buzzing.�( Cao S, 2018)
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Designers will be overwhelmed by consumer expectations.
As explained the future holds many possibilities including negative outcomes for designers. I believe that designers will struggle to express themselves, because everything will be in the hands of the consumers. For example, taking Pantone colour of the year, all designers follow the colour trend making the consumers, client and the end-user have such expectations in my practice. However as a designer I think to effectively have a balance between my practice and the expectation of the society there should be a form of partnership. That is why I came up with a creative
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solution .Since customers might expect some specific colours, I would give them the right to pick up to two colours
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Fig 21: Pick a colour design (2019)
64 | FUTURE
and leave the third colour at my choice. To get a better idea In Fig 21 it shows a practice research on colours where I asked various people on social media to give me 2 colours. With the colour they gave me I added the third colour white to enhance the choice they made. As a results the clients were able to participate in my practice without taking control of everything and by allowing me to express myself.
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CONCLUSION ? In conclusion, whenever a designer considers colour, they should be aware that colour has more to it than just being aesthetically appealing. Colours have a scientific basis such as hue, saturation, brightness but also a psychological part of how humans interpret them. Today, designers consider the fact that they need to be social responsible in their practice .They also apply the theories and colour psychology in various ways such as colour as information to fasten design research, colour as identification such as branding or even colour forecasting for business. Also, colours can have a good impact and allow more accessibility to people such as Echroma glasses or how colours can ease people’s nerve such as the jail in Switzerland. Lastly, the future holds infinite possibilities on how colour will be used. Like it can have negative consequences such as creating addiction and increasing consumer’s expectation. Therefore, it is understandable why colours are important because they will always remain part of a designer’s practice and people’s lives.
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APPENDIX ? – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT COLOURS Interviewee A w Q: How do you use colour in your practice? A: It depends on the brief a client gives. First of all I am aware of colour theory and psychology however I did not study it principles. In my workflow I study the theme of the brief and pick a colour that will suit the mood. Again taking in consideration the poster I made last year, it was about a film very dark. So I picked colour that where very close to black to reach the intended outcome. Q: What do you think about the colour of the year? A: I think the colour of the year is an unnecessary practice because everyone follows it making every products such as shoes or books look the same. Also, I think that following colour forecasting makes design lack of sense of creativity, because a designers should express him/herself in a different way. Q:What do you think the future holds regarding the use of colours in design practice? A: Overall I do not believe that the future will hold any changes in colours. However if I start considering colour forecasting I 67
think designers will lose their uniqueness. Because in colour forecasting everyd esigner will follow a specific colour, an as a results they would not express their self they will all, at some point, create the same thing. Again, if designer keep on following the mass their will not be able to express their self ,as they would be concerned to be part of the trend or even they will be focus about the client with resulting of not thinking with their minds . Interviewee B Q: How do you use colour in your practice? A: Since I work to become a design tattooist I mainly use monochromatic colours so I don’t need colour psychology or colour theory . To be able to find a strong balance between two colours I add patters such as dots, lines ect. Q: What do you think about the colour of the year? A: I think it a practice that it not needed as I don’t feel comfortable to go outside and find every store, clothes, books almost everything in the same colour. Q:What do you think the future holds regarding the use of colours in design practice? A: Well I don’t think there will be any changes. However it use could increase such as the creation of glasses for the colour blind, or the jails that have been coloured to help people ease people by preventing violence.
68 | MYSTERY OF COLOURS
Interviewee C Q: How do you use colour in your practice? A: It depends on the client, as I worked in the fashion industry every chose of colour was negotiated with the client. When I started working in fashion I ensured that I wouldn’t pick a colour that I would like because the client might not agree, after all we all have different tastes. So picking a colour was always a critical choice and I had to make a deep research before picking one such as considering what the intended purpose of the design I will be making, the clients preference, or even the end user. Q: What do you think about the colour of the year? A: I think colour forecasting it really important—in fashion. The reason are two first people are sheep, that means people follow trends, so when seeing someone in a high position wearing a specific clothes other people will start to wear the same. The second reason in money, we need money and people buy from trend they follow.[‌] Q: What do you think the future holds regarding the use of colours in design practice? A: Well I think colour will be more accessible for people like if a famous stars wear a yellow jacket, people will be able to channel to the same colour.
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REFERENCE LIST ? Fig 1: Prism [digital illustration] Available at: https://www. metlink.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/prism.gif Accessed on: 13/12/2019 Fig 2: Visible Spectrum [digital illustration] Available at https:// www.orcagrowfilm.com/Performance_a/151.htm Accessed on: 13/12/2019 Fig 3: Colour-mixing [digital illustration] Available at https:// scijournallakshmi.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/colour-mixing. jpg?w=300&h=200 Accessed on: 13/12/2019 Fig 4a,b: ShiningbladeArt, Lapis Lazuli [digital illustrations] Available at https://www.deviantart.com/shiningbladeart/art/Lapis-Steven-Universe-778356159 Accessed on: 13/12/2019 Fig 5: Hooper, A . G (2019) Colour properties [digital illustration] Available at Accessed on: 13/12/2019 Fig 6: Newton, I.(1704) Colour Wheel [illustration] Available at https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Colors-and-the-associated-musical-notes-in-Newtons-color-wheel-shown-in-his-book_ fig1_303895862 Accessed on: 13/12/2019 Fig 7a,b,c: Munsell, A. H (1905) Munsell Colour System [posters] Available at http://facweb.cs.depaul.edu/sgrais/munsell_ 70 | MYSTERY OF COLOURS
color_system.htm Accessed on: 13/12/2019 Fig 8:Chung, C (n.d) Color Psychology [digital illustration] Available at https://www.cindydchung.com/verywell Accessed on: 13/12/2019 Fig 9a Monochromatic Adobe Colour [screenshot] Available at https://color.adobe.com/create Accessed on: 13/12/2019 Fig 9b: Analogous Adobe Colour [screenshot] Available at https://color.adobe.com/create Accessed on: 13/12/2019 Fig 9c: Complementary Adobe Colour [screenshot] Available at https://color.adobe.com/create Accessed on: 13/12/2019 Fig 10: Waitrose Trio of Easter ducklings [photo] Available at https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/04/08/waitrose-pulls-ugly-chocolate-ducklings-sale-complaints-racism/Accessed on: 13/12/2019 Fig 11a: Twitter comment [screenshot] Available at https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/09/uk/waitrose-ducklings-scli-intl-gbr/ index.html Accessed on: 13/12/2019 Fig 11b: Twitter comment [screenshot] Available https://unitynewsnetwork.co.uk/waitrose-crumbles-to-pressure-and-pullsracist-easter-chocolate-ducklings/ Accessed on: 13/12/2019 Fig 12: Colour brands [digital illustration] Available at http:// www.sbmarketingtools.com/colours-important-branding/ Accessed on: 13/12/2019 Fig 13: Washington Metro system [poster] Available at http://understandinggraphics.com/design/10-reasons-to-use-color/ Accessed on: 13/12/2019 Fig 14: Pie chart with colour palette [digital illustration] 71
Available at https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/447920/ pie-chart-with-color-palette-info-inside-and-legend Accessed on: 13/12/2019 Fig 15: Pantone Color of the Year 2019 living coral [photo] Available at https://visme.co/blog/pantone-color-of-the-year/ Accessed on: 13/12/2019 Fig 16: Hooper, A.G Interview Answer [screenshot] Fig 17a: Color Bridge Guide Set [photo] Available at https:// www.pantone.com/color-systems/for-graphic-designAccessed on: 13/12/2019 Fig 17b: Hooper, A. G. (2019) Adobe Illustrator [screenshot] Available at https://www.pantone.com/color-systems/for-graphic-designAccessed on: 13/12/2019 Fig 18a: The prison cells painted with Baker-Miller pink [photo] Available at https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/home/interiors/ the-shade-of-pink-that-can-reduce-anxiety-aggression-and-appetite/news-story/801ba2c73cfe50917e1e4f5d413501b8 Accessed on: 13/12/2019 Fig 18b: Jail Cells Painted Pink to Calm Aggressive Inmates [photo] Available at https://sensing.konicaminolta.us/blog/jailcells-painted-pink-to-calm-aggressive-inmates/ Accessed on: 13/12/2019 Fig 19: EnChroma glasses [photo] Available at https://enchroma. com/pages/gift-guide Accessed on: 13/12/2019 Fig 20: How to turn your iPhone gray [screenshot] Available at https://www.ped30.com/2018/01/13/apple-iphone-gray/ Accessed on: 13/12/2019 Fig 21: Hooper, A. G (2019) Pick a colour design [digital illus72 | MYSTERY OF COLOURS
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Newton & Other Theorists of Color (1665-1810). [online] Available at: http://www.openculture.com/2017/12/the-vibrantcolor-wheels-designed-by-goethe-newton-other-theorists-ofcolor-1665-1810.html Accessed on: 09/12/2019 Munsell, A (2019) The Munsell Color Wheel Charts & Theory Behind Them [online] Available at: https://munsell.com/color-blog/themunsell-color-wheel-charts-theory-behind-them/ Accessed on: 09/12/2019 webexhibits. (2019) Newton and the Color Spectrum. [online] Available at: http://www.webexhibits.org/colorart/bh.html Accessed on: 09/12/2019 colourconscious (2019) Uses of Colour. [online] Available at: https://colourconscious.com/colour/usesofcolour/ Accessed on: 09/12/2019 Pantone (2016) CRAZY ABOUT TIFFANYâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S The story behind an iconic brand color. [online] Available at: https://www.pantone.com/color-intelligence/articles/case-studies/ crazy-about-tiffanys-the-story-behind-an-iconic-brand-color?from=pci Accessed on: 09/12/2019 Pantone. (2019) PANTONE 16-1546 Living CoralIntroduction. [online] Available at: https://www.pantone.com/color-intelligence/color-of-the-year/color-of-the-year-2019 Accessed on: 09/12/2019 turquoise-creative (2019) Colour in branding. [online] Available at: https://www.turquoise-creative.co.uk/colour-in-branding designishistory (2019) First thing first [online] Available at http://www.designishistory.com/1960/first-things-first/ Accessed on: 09/12/2019
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