The Literature Review
Objectives By the end of this presentation, students will be able to: ➢ Describe the four most important steps involved in the literature review. ➢ Identify the different types of literature reviews. ➢ Analyze the benefits of literature review in research.
What is a Literary Review in a Research Project? ➢ It is the results of search and consultation of bibliographic sources to collect relevant and necessary information related to the variables under investigation and when expanding and / or developing a theoretical framework. ➢ One of the purposes of a literature review is to know if the research questions and hypotheses can be supported by a theory or part of one, or if several theories apply to the research problem. ➢ Determine and consult what other studies and researches have been done on the target research problem or issue.
Benefits of a Literature Review
It summarizes available information about a topic or problem.
It identifies the theoretical and methodological information available in the literature about a topic.
Benefits of a Literature Review If you review an area of interest, you can discover an investigation topic. You can find answers to new inquiry
You can discover evidence needed to prove an idea or theory.
Benefits of a Literature Review
You can identify the variables associated to a research topic It provides comprehensive information about a topic.
It can provide divergent discussion and contradictions provided through different investigated sources.
A Literature Review Includes
➢
Historical background of the study topic
➢A Theoretical framework ➢Related studies already conducted
Types of Literature Reviews
Exhaustive - annotated bibliography Descriptive - provides an update on useful concepts Evaluative - answers a very specific question (etiological, diagnostic, clinical or therapeutic). Clinical cases - combined with the literature review
Approaches to Literature
Search in documentary sources
• Support and justify the problem
Extract and collect relevant information
• To build the theoretical framework
Critical Reading Scientific articles must be evaluated in three aspects: ➢ Can we trust the results? ➢ What are the results? For example, does the experimental intervention versus the control show a large effect? How do you measure the effect? Are the results accurate? ➢ Are these results relevant or applicable to my study?
Planning □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □
Define the topic Identify the descriptors Identify relevant articles Evaluation and selection Take notes Sketch Revise Final work
Search for Sources ď‚Ą
Ask yourself: What kind of bibliographic material do we hope to find?
What format is it in?
Locating Relevant Sources
Ascending procedureLocate resources from bibliographic references Descending procedureFind studies that cite a document already recovered KeywordsUsing thesauri Centers, associations, institutions Identify leading institutions in the subject of study
.
Documentation centers Libraries, film libraries, archives and virtual libraries
Sources
• Theses • Testimonies • Magazines • Manuscripts • Speeches
• Indexes • Summaries • Annual magazines • References
• Symposiums • Bulletins • Documents • Conferences
Primary sources
Secondary sources
Other sources
Evaluation Criteria
➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢
Reliability and value Arbitrated / not arbitrated News Peer reviewed Authority Internal consistency of objectives
Analysis of Studies Accessed
Author and Year
Purpose
Sample
Design
Procedure
Findings
Conclusions
Recapping- You need to Document: Bibliographic references Problem or purpose Subjects Instruments
Methodology Findings Results Conclusion Recommendations
The Outline of a Literature Review
I
Introduction
I I Literature Review I I I Comparative analysis I V Conclusion
Parts of the Literature Review
Introduction
Methodology
Analysis
Conclusion
References
Synthesizing Literature before Writing Consider your purpose and express it before you start writing. Plan how you will organize your results in an analysis with an outline. Create an outline of the topic that traces your discussion: First explain to the reader your line of discussion (or thesis); then your narrative that follows must explain and justify your argument.
Synthesizing Literature before Writing
Rearrange your notes according to the trajectory of your discussion. Within each subtitle, observe the differences between studies. Within each subtitle, search for areas that need more research. Plan to describe relevant theories.
Synthesizing Literature before Writing
Plan to discuss how individual studies relate to and advance theory. Plan to summarize periodically and, again near the end of the review. Synthesize the conclusions and implications. Plan to suggest specific directions for future research near the end of the review.
During the Writing Process Use the evidence to support your points. Highlight weak points. Identify the differences of opinion between scholars in a field document and the accepted knowledge in the matter. Write the patterns or themes that emerge. Identify problem areas. Quickly indicate in the review why the issue is important.
During the Writing Process Distinguish between research finding sources and other sources. Indicate why certain studies are important. Be specific in describing the time frame. Refer the reader to other reviews in issues you will not discuss in detail. Justify comments, such as "No studies were found."
During the Writing Process
ď‚Ą Avoid long lists of non-specific references. ď‚Ą If the results of previous studies are inconsistent or widely varying, cite them separately. ď‚Ą Cite all relevant references in the thesis review, dissertation, or journal article section.
During the Writing Process Examples
Authors such as Pérez, (2001) and Suárez (2007)… Investigations by Arrita in 2019…. According to the literature (Rivera, 2018)… As evidenced by Paiget (1960)
Tips: If your review is long, provide a description at the beginning of the review. Explicitly state what and will not be covered. Quickly specify your point of view in the review. Write clear and consistent paragraphs. Use captions, especially in reviews.
Tips: You don't need to include every article or quote you can find in your literary research. Be sure that the literature is focused, credible, and relevant. Base the conclusions on the research and provide your best discussion. Provide clear, understandable, and readable sections.
Tips: □ Write a conclusion at the end of the review. □ On the other hand, a review in a thesis, a dissertation, or a journal article that presents the original research usually leads to research questions that will be addressed. □ Check the flow of your discussion for consistency.
Final Presentation Title Introduction and objectives Theoretical framework Methodology Development and discussion of theme Conclusion
Ethics and Investigation
Avoid plagiarism. Show respect for your sources. Comply with confidentiality of data. Demonstrate responsibility for the information collected. Show honesty in the analysis, interpretation, and the discussion of the results.
Final Presentation- Pay Attention to:
APA Stylebook: Correctly formatted pages, in-text citations, and language
Correctly formatted bibliographic references
Self-Evaluation
□ Did you consult databases? □ Did you consult at least four scientific journals? □ Did you consult sources not older than five years? □ Did you find a thesis or dissertation related to the subject?
Self-Evaluation Did you search for books in at least two libraries? Did you consult with more than one expert on the subject? Did you discover references in data banks, libraries, newspaper archives, video libraries and film libraries? Did you contact any scientific association related to the research topic?
Self-Evaluation If, in the geographic location you’re living in, it was difficult to obtain an original work, did you write to an author so that he can send you a copy? Did you search the Internet? (Forums, Blogs, WIKIs, Electronic Magazines, Virtual Libraries, Data Banks).
Self-Evaluation Who are the most important authors within the chosen field of study? Is there any researcher who has studied the problem in a context similar to yours? What aspects and variables have already been studied? Did you access and research “holes” in the literature related to my topic?
Self-Evaluation □ Has your summary of current literature contributed to the reader's understanding of the problem presented? □ Does the survey design show the methodological implications of the literature review? □ The literature review will be judged in the context of the research already conducted. □ The review should promote the reader's understanding of the problem and whether a rationale for their investigation is provided.
Examples of Literature Reviews Example 3: Language and gender: A brief Literature Review. http://www4.caes.hku.hk/acadgrammar/litrev/exampl es/litex3.htm Study support. http://www.usq.edu.au/learningcentre/alsonline/asse ssment/assign/assigntypes/sample Literature Review Sample 1
Literature Review Sample 2 Literature Review Sample 3
References Hernández, S, R., Fernández, C. C. & Baptista L., P. (2007). Methodology of Investigation. (4th.). México: McGraw Hill. Galván, José L. (2006). Writing literature reviews: a guide for students of the social and behavioral sciences. (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Pyrczak Publishing. Snider, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/artic le/pii/S0148296319304564